Datasets:

---

StivenLancheros

/

all_datasets_wikis

like 0

[ 250004, 250054, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 83, 70, 10332, 525, 1305, 9, 78457, 103731, 66, 28811, 9615, 19929, 23, 23924, 21629, 4, 678, 67155, 56, 1055, 53550, 1257, 34003, 289, 11491, 7, 23, 70, 39395, 611, 927, 142642, 5, 58685, 143740, 18, 159978, 71, 23, 10, 3535, 5429, 75639, 42845, 7986, 23, 1919, 7311, 423, 4633, 22288, 450, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 85168, 297, 6863, 9351, 3229, 764, 136, 1919, 67373, 4, 70, 30337, 55283, 88898, 42, 4939, 143740, 18, 4, 23, 70, 4516, 111, 30715, 4, 100512, 70, 5117, 28811, 7, 47, 57, 379, 3934, 70, 182, 38648, 4, 98, 70, 42141, 111, 744, 18237, 616, 14889, 15, 4729, 73, 271, 56101, 136, 92265, 4816, 1779, 13254, 214, 616, 116354, 4, 70, 3820, 4438, 5155, 111, 12190, 4939, 70, 171403, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 31913, 7, 111, 143740, 18, 25, 7, 3551, 49269, 621, 167956, 71, 5, 62, 36549, 111, 55812, 5256, 47, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 390, 82528, 21325, 13, 1295, 70, 1155, 19058, 34739, 3687, 23, 70, 39395, 611, 927, 142642, 4, 136, 390, 423, 2839, 92265, 4, 195374, 136, 82528, 21325, 13, 109923, 7, 41421, 297, 70, 142740, 77253, 538, 47, 67155, 70, 7401, 7, 5773, 70, 109236, 191, 4267, 73, 60243, 5, 360, 70, 12506, 944, 74831, 4, 442, 83, 10, 39210, 144239, 70, 9351, 111, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 509, 34475, 390, 12506, 944, 67155, 56, 1055, 6637, 70, 9118, 111, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 83, 4552, 21373, 47, 70, 9631, 111, 50884, 399, 23, 70, 12506, 944, 74831, 4, 7440, 1632, 111, 70, 67155, 214, 59444, 7, 83, 35839, 2907, 5, 4939, 15, 73, 195374, 4, 1735, 20178, 4, 136, 23, 12506, 944, 4, 984, 93, 36012, 194, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 17164, 111, 70, 31913, 135179, 237, 44, 294, 3680, 63742, 58, 98, 10, 82528, 21325, 13, 22288, 390, 29465, 51661, 583, 23, 423, 2947, 5, 14847, 70, 14941, 76363, 56, 4939, 90538, 36997, 71, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 23, 423, 3768, 4, 764, 14037, 111413, 4, 6499, 1507, 136, 82528, 21325, 13, 109923, 7, 23, 70, 182, 38648, 5, 2161, 138, 8055, 423, 3768, 4, 90538, 54397, 10, 31330, 47, 18813, 45233, 98, 70, 90791, 7, 111, 1919, 41055, 47, 23924, 21629, 74, 903, 509, 70, 5117, 51529, 31330, 9325, 1295, 23924, 21629, 5, 2907, 5, 845, 1121, 83, 127887, 98, 115963, 5581, 150, 1755, 25, 8999, 22288, 111, 423, 8894, 4, 136, 1735, 2177, 3915, 83, 14037, 23, 63742, 36443, 107, 25, 7, 110588, 111, 423, 9271, 5, 2161, 190, 8055, 423, 17168, 4, 142, 14941, 27414, 41129, 4, 10868, 19210, 11727, 36840, 159011, 4, 63043, 297, 70, 16128, 237, 30715, 25, 7, 5117, 645, 184, 162, 46512, 53, 1379, 25674, 110373, 56, 581, 14098, 120552, 345, 22876, 214, 80723, 678, 7853, 34639, 7, 23, 7071, 51374, 450, 237, 5941, 237, 4082, 453, 34739, 10, 23410, 36, 10519, 111, 70, 67081, 111, 14098, 120552, 1055, 136, 214267, 297, 26548, 70, 56101, 126140, 5, 581, 543, 927, 142642, 24124, 13036, 65572, 23, 2356, 151645, 1760, 12, 43904, 75678, 4, 86595, 7, 111, 27759, 4, 137633, 674, 111, 106820, 90, 4, 19574, 50930, 674, 111, 60091, 21941, 678, 23924, 21629, 136, 34754, 111, 70, 28704, 4, 189467, 136, 12801, 4932, 7, 67155, 13, 10484, 5, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 43904, 3514, 434, 191975, 5, 106073, 442, 509, 102917, 538, 10, 67155, 214, 29398, 4, 442, 509, 2843, 10, 6, 29031, 1681, 4, 10, 11698, 111, 27759, 136, 10, 60091, 26708, 5, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 149976, 237, 10, 24, 1405, 3647, 20271, 70, 15672, 135555, 6635, 5550, 136, 70, 5550, 111, 543, 1530, 5, 6955, 36142, 141, 432, 38591, 93, 75204, 70, 5117, 3900, 30249, 9523, 135051, 26073, 23, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 98, 427, 14487, 91255, 1295, 1919, 135051, 29398, 23, 9017, 21356, 4, 5631, 19, 66769, 5, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 509, 70, 72134, 6275, 100, 70, 5117, 351, 9, 19111, 3900, 30249, 9523, 1831, 56379, 113014, 4, 390, 884, 124324, 136, 40218, 23, 10, 73197, 297, 49643, 25306, 582, 1176, 7610, 62825, 42, 4, 23, 18237, 45913, 4, 8, 17365, 214, 1295, 636, 1515, 25, 7, 117657, 23, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 136, 86658, 23, 10, 12050, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 83, 33233, 70, 184085, 111, 70, 142740, 55609, 4, 98, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 111, 70, 109236, 191, 4267, 73, 60243, 23, 127067, 13, 4438, 2356, 151645, 1760, 5, 581, 26349, 29256, 7, 136, 83, 23924, 21629, 25, 7, 2684, 8394, 1515, 538, 26349, 4, 39041, 6238, 15497, 1760, 74, 442, 83, 20903, 42, 47, 9020, 4, 30715, 3501, 442, 83, 47, 10462, 15477, 191, 4, 24748, 11, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 70, 142105, 23, 70, 140280, 136, 70, 17932, 142105, 23, 70, 142740, 192859, 7, 7103, 61563, 91271, 4, 10070, 155400, 399, 5, 1650, 7, 7565, 35461, 16128, 400, 90, 47, 70, 65272, 136, 144477, 111, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 1950, 38648, 4, 136, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 26349, 71062, 7, 1295, 70, 7565, 35461, 47, 70, 144477, 4, 127067, 4, 28, 4438, 136, 65272, 5, 1657, 14, 87432, 223, 1360, 90, 6044, 237, 22556, 29767, 49036, 4, 35011, 29767, 49036, 4, 136, 174031, 33671, 35462, 67, 70, 24, 4935, 55670, 1363, 5, 581, 142105, 32380, 28972, 223, 53201, 83, 35011, 263, 206, 74, 114149, 111, 199, 2189, 33908, 107, 26698, 40915, 4, 290, 56216, 136, 101120, 10, 1495, 5, 6619, 65508, 71, 53201, 114149, 4, 954, 408, 17678, 291, 8705, 83, 2684, 130807, 660, 136, 65782, 291, 8705, 83, 39210, 5, 22928, 29767, 49036, 4, 39210, 111649, 206, 525, 3609, 4, 28811, 186, 7101, 136, 10176, 133, 2407, 68524, 33, 621, 54940, 70, 3789, 351, 9, 76, 4935, 114149, 55993, 19, 5, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 1556, 10, 165847, 72852, 289, 153552, 15, 153128, 9858, 44, 397, 420, 275, 18939, 132988, 214, 98, 10, 166, 1299, 49086, 153552, 24073, 397, 140443, 74054, 678, 92319, 34003, 289, 143834, 3501, 3638, 100, 70, 21, 35810, 4, 3129, 83, 4743, 47, 16965, 420, 6, 115061, 32610, 2320, 5, 262, 61518, 903, 5786, 6032, 32610, 2320, 4, 83080, 18982, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 83, 70, 10323, 136, 142105, 26349, 111, 70, 180972, 140280, 111, 2356, 151645, 1760, 136, 21488, 72639, 5, 1650, 83, 98, 70, 8394, 48850, 6069, 111, 70, 109236, 191, 4267, 73, 60243, 98, 70, 21334, 180972, 90695, 2356, 151645, 1760, 5, 581, 26349, 27734, 7, 136, 83, 23924, 21629, 25, 7, 8394, 48850, 840, 18, 26349, 4, 39041, 6238, 15497, 1760, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early history (1500–1799).", "Modern history (1800–present).", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Cityscape.", "Demographics.", "Religion.", "Economy.", "Culture.", "Museums.", "National Historic Sites.", "Urban parks.", "Recreation and Sport.", "Hockey.", "Other sports.", "Walking trails.", "Law and government.", "Crime.", "Infrastructure.", "Transportation.", "Medical centres and hospitals.", "Education.", "Local media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "St. John's is the oldest post-Columbian European settlement in North America, with fishermen setting up seasonal camps in the early 16th century. Sebastian Cabot declared in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map that St. John's earned its name when he and his father, the Venetian explorer John Cabot, in the service of England, became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour, on the morning of 24 June 1494 (against British and French historians stating 1497), the feast day of Saint John the Baptist. However, the locations of Cabot's landfalls are disputed. A series of expeditions to St. John's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century, and by 1540 French, Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula. In the Basque Country, it is a common belief the name of St. John's was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St. John's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country, where one of the fishing towns is called St. John (in Spanish, San Juan, and in Basque, Donibane). The earliest record of the location appears as \"São João\" on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When the English mariner John Rut visited St. John's in 1527, he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicolas Desliens' world map of 1541, and San Joham is found in João Freire's Atlas of 1546. On 5 August 1583, an English Sea Dog, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, claimed the area as England's first overseas colony under Royal Charter", "The United Irish Uprising began with rumours in April 1800 that as many as 400 men took a secret oath of the Society of United Irishmen and rebelled against the British Army. The 18th century saw major changes in Newfoundland: population growth, beginnings of government, establishment of churches, reinforcement of commercial ties with North America and development of the seal, salmon and Grand Banks fisheries. St. John's population grew slowly. Although it was primarily a fishing station, it was also a garrison, a centre of government and a commercial hub. St. John's served as a naval base during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John's on 12 December 1901 from his wireless station in Poldhu, Cornwall. St. John's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight, by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber, in June 1919, departing from Lester's Field in St. John's and ending in a bog", "St. John's is along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers and is North America's most easterly city, excluding Greenland; it is closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west. Coniferous trees such as black spruce, white spruce, and balsam fir dominate the native vegetation. The largest deciduous tree is white birch; species of lesser stature include alder, cherry and mountain ash. Of introduced tree species, sycamore maple is most abundant and Norway maple is common. Blue spruce, common horsechestnut, European beech and littleleaf linden are among the other non-native species grown.", "St. John's has a humid continental climate (Köppen \"Dfb\") bordering on a subarctic climate (\"Dfc\"), with lower seasonal variation than normal for the latitude, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation. Despite this maritime moderation, average January maximum temperatures are slightly lower in St. John's than in Kelowna, British Columbia, an inland city near the more marine air of the Pacific, demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern Canada. Mean temperatures range from in February to in August, showing somewhat of", "St. John's architecture has a distinct style from the rest of Canada, and its major buildings are remnants of its history as one of the first British colonial capitals. Buildings took a variety of styles according to the means available to build them. Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen, St. John's consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen, sheds, storage shacks, and wharves constructed out of wood. Like many other cities of the time, as the Industrial Revolution took hold and new methods and materials for construction were introduced, the landscape changed as the city grew. The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core, and most residential and other wood-frame buildings date from this period. Often compared to San Francisco", "As of the 2016 census, there are 108,860 inhabitants in St. John's itself, 178,427 in the urban area and 205,955 in the St. John's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Therefore, St. John's is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city and Canada's 20th largest CMA. Apart from St. John's, the CMA includes 12 other communities: the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South, Paradise, Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, Torbay, Logy Bay-Middle Cove-Outer Cove, Pouch Cove, Flatrock, Bay Bulls, Witless Bay, Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove and Bauline. There are 52,410 total private dwellings in St. John's with an occupancy rate of 90.9%. The median value of a private dwelling in St. John's is $309,631, lower than the national median value of $341,556 but higher than the provincial median value of $219,228. St. John's has a median age of 40.5 compared to 41.2 nationally and 46.0 in Newfoundland and Labrador. Children under 15 make up 13.9% of the population while people 65 and over make up 16.5%. 70.6% of residents aged 25 to 65 have a post secondary certificate, diploma or degree, while 20.6% have a secondary school diploma or equivalent, 7.4% have an apprenticeship or trades certificate, and 8.8% hold no certificates, diplomas or degrees. The city has an unemployment rate of 8.9%, much lower than the provincial rate of 15.6% but somewhat higher than the national rate of 7.7%. As of 2016, approximately 88.1% of the city was white, 7% were visible minorities and 4.9% were aboriginal. The largest visible minority group were Chinese Canadian (1.6%) followed by South Asian (1.5%), Black (1.4%) and Arab (1.0%). English was mother tongue spoken by the majority of residents of St. John's (92.9%) with the second most common language, Chinese, is the mother tongue of 1.1% of the population.", "\"The information below is from the 2001 Canadian Census.\" and the National Household Survey 2011 Predominantly Christian, the population of St. John's was once divided along sectarian (Catholic/Protestant) lines. In recent years, this sectarianism has declined significantly, and", "St. John's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supports a sizable retail, service and business sector. With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s, the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it – oil and gas – as opposed to what swims in or travels across it. The city is the centre of the oil and gas industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities. ExxonMobil Canada is headquartered in St. John's and companies such as Chevron, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy and Statoil", "The downtown area is the cultural hub of St. John's and is a major tourist destination in Newfoundland and Labrador and Atlantic Canada. Water Street and Duckworth Street are known for their brightly coloured low rise heritage buildings, housing numerous tourist shops, clothing boutiques, and restaurants. George Street, a downtown side-street above the western end of Water Street, is the predominant home of the city's nightlife. It holds numerous annual festivals including the George Street Festival in August and the Mardi Gras Festival in October. The street can be credited with kick-starting the careers of many musical acts and is busy nearly every night of the week. The city has a symphony orchestra, a string quartet, and several choirs. In addition the School of Music of Memorial University of Newfoundland has several ensembles, including a chamber orchestra. St. Johns also plays host to the Tuckamore Festival of chamber music, which has been held every August since 2001. Opera on the Avalon puts on performances of opera, over several days, in the summer. Established in 1987, the Kittiwake Dance Theatre is one of the province's leading dance companies. The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts. The \"Hall\" hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown. The careers of many well-known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Andy Jones and Greg Thomey. The St. John's Arts and Culture Centre houses an art gallery, libraries and a 1000-seat theatre, which is the city's major venue for entertainment productions. The Nickel Film Festival and the St. John's International Women's Film Festival are two independent film festivals held annually in St. John's.", "The Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador (c. 1892–93) was on Duckworth Street in a building designated as a heritage site by the City of St. John's. In 2005 the museum, along with the Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador and the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador, moved into The Rooms. The Rooms is Newfoundland and Labrador's cultural facility, and is in", "The Murray Premises is a National Historic Site in downtown St. John's. The buildings once served as a fishery premises, with facilities for drying and packaging fish and warehouses for fish, barrels and other items. The oldest of the buildings is the one facing on Beck's Cove. It was built after the 1846 fire and for a time served as both shop and house. The Murray Premises was renovated in 1979 and now contains office suites, restaurants, retail stores and a boutique hotel.", "Pippy Park is an urban park in the east end of the city; with over of land, it is one of Canada's largest urban parks. The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses, Newfoundland and Labrador's largest serviced campground, walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals. Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium, an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle's Hill Brook. Bowring Park, in the Waterford Valley, is one of the most scenic parks in St. John's. Entrance to the park", "", "St. John's has been home to several professional hockey franchises. The St. John's Maple Leafs were an American Hockey League (AHL) team from 1991 to 2005. The team left after the 2004–05 season to Toronto due to the desire of its parent team, the Toronto Maple Leafs, to reduce travel costs and to have a tenant for its Ricoh Coliseum. Shortly after, the Maple Leafs were replaced by the St. John's Fog Devils of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). The team left St.", "The St. John's Edge is a Canadian professional basketball team based in National Basketball League of Canada that launched as an expansion team for the 2017–18 season at the Mile One Centre. The team is owned by Atlantic Sport Enterprises Ltd. headed by John Graham with Irwin Simon and Robert Sabbagh. The team replaced the IceCaps as the primary tenant at the Mile One Centre after their departure. The Atlantic Rock are a senior men's rugby union team who compete in the Canadian Rugby Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56–7 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city. St. John's is home to North America's oldest annual sporting event, the Royal St. John's Regatta, which dates back to", "There are numerous recreational paths in the city, the most important is the Grand Concourse, which has trails throughout the city, including around Quidi Vidi Lake, parts of Signal Hill, Downtown, along river banks, and around other lakes. The Grand Concourse also extends into Mount Pearl. There are also many kilometres of path within Signal Hill National Historic Park, the Geo-Vista Park on", "St. John's is governed by a mayor-council system, and the structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of St. John's Act. The St. John's City Council is a unicameral legislative body composed of a mayor, deputy mayor and nine councillors. The mayor, deputy mayor and four of the councillors are elected at large while the five other councillors represent geographical wards throughout the city. The mayor and members of the city council serve four-year terms without term limits. Elections in St. John's are held every four years on the last Tuesday in September. The current city council was elected in the municipal election held on 26 September 2017. The Mayor of St. John's is Danny Breen. The St. John's City Hall, on New Gower Street, has housed municipal offices and Council Chambers since being officially opened in 1970. St. John's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province in 1949. The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, therefore the provincial legislature is in the city. The Confederation Building, on Confederation Hill, is home to the House of Assembly along with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly (MHAs) and Ministers. The city is represented by eight MHAs, four who are members of the governing Liberal Party, two that belong to the New Democratic Party (NDP), and two that belong to the Progressive Conservative Party. Alison Coffin, leader of the NDP since 2019, represents the district of St. John's East-Quidi Vidi. St. John's is represented in the House of Commons by two members of Parliament. NDP Jack Harris represents St. John's East and Liberal Seamus O'Regan represents St. John's South—Mount Pearl. The Newfoundland and Labrador office for the regional federal minister is in downtown St. John's. Regional offices for federal government departments and agencies are throughout the city.", "Police services for the city are provided by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which serves as the primary policing body of the metropolitan area. The B Division headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is in the Pleasantville neighbourhood but the RCMP primarily operate in the rest of Newfoundland and Labrador and not St. John's. St. John's has traditionally been one of the safest cities in Canada to live; however, in recent years crime in the city has steadily increased. While nationally crime decreased by 4% in 2009, the total crime rate in St. John's saw", "", "St. John's has a substantial harbour. Among other things, the harbour is the base for the following Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) ships: St. John's is served by St. John's International Airport (YYT), located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core. In 2011, roughly 1,400,000 passengers travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada in passenger volume. Regular destinations include Toronto, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, and small destinations throughout the province. International locations include London, Saint-Pierre, Cancún, Orlando, Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, Varadero, Cayo Coco, and Montego Bay. Scheduled service providers include Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air Saint-Pierre, Air Transat, Porter Airlines, Provincial Airlines, Sunwing Airlines and Westjet. St. John's is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway (Route 1), one of the longest national highways in the world. The divided highway, also known as \"Outer Ring Road,\" runs just outside the main part of the city, with exits to", "St. John's is served by Eastern Health, Newfoundland and Labrador's largest health authority. The", "St. John's is served by the Eastern School District, the largest in Newfoundland and Labrador by student population. There are 36 primary, elementary and secondary schools in the city of St. John's, including three private schools. St. John's has one school that is part of the province-wide Conseil Scolaire Francophone (CSF), the Francophone public school district. It has two private schools, St. Bonaventure's College and Lakecrest Independent. Atlantic Canada's largest university, Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), is in St. John's. MUN provides", "St. John's has one daily newspaper, \"The Telegram\". Other local papers include \"The Muse\", \"The Gazette\", \"Le Gaboteur\", \"The Scope\", \"The Business Post\" and \"The Current\". St. John's also receives the nationally distributed newspaper \"The Globe and Mail\". CJON-DT, known on air as \"NTV\", is an independent station. The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global, rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as \"Out of the Fog\" and \"One Chef One Critic\". CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts from University Avenue. The city is home to 15 am and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations. St. John's is the only Canadian city served by radio stations whose call letters do not all begin with the letter \"C\". The ITU prefix \"VO\" was assigned to the Dominion of Newfoundland before the province joined Canadian Confederation in 1949, and three AM stations kept their existing call letters. However, other commercial radio stations in St. John's that went to air after 1949 use the same range of prefixes (\"CF\"–\"CK\") currently in use elsewhere in Canada, with the exception of VOCM-FM, which was permitted to adopt the VOCM callsign because of its corporate association with the AM station that bore that callsign. VO remains in use in amateur radio. \"allNewfoundlandLabrador\" is the city's daily online newspaper, which focuses on business news from across the province." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 48379, 149696, 3834, 4, 32562, 10932, 714, 77269, 23, 1919, 44, 87286, 83266, 98, 136422, 3408, 830, 157167, 67175, 52895, 111, 6, 197564, 13, 95307, 100, 70, 212485, 111, 46844, 17904, 21816, 5, 1326, 118990, 141, 17904, 21816, 4, 764, 170198, 160, 18339, 14845, 24073, 6645, 1824, 90492, 93994, 223, 58, 23, 42845, 247, 70, 2741, 408, 6402, 19096, 1295, 70, 11958, 7, 111, 22873, 1667, 5674, 4, 3129, 621, 119455, 4745, 9, 1033, 41566, 9, 5739, 53, 23, 10576, 23, 450, 16128, 10932, 353, 99726, 4, 136, 91705, 4745, 9, 140773, 19, 43573, 51651, 5, 48379, 149696, 3834, 58735, 90, 10, 70460, 111, 106, 2831, 46844, 47, 138, 63920, 160, 18339, 14845, 100, 134371, 11814, 23, 33976, 7, 136, 10, 163828, 70460, 111, 46844, 47, 160, 18339, 14845, 100, 1379, 36448, 4488, 4, 85590, 538, 70, 5701, 70460, 17664, 297, 18925, 100, 122776, 11814, 23, 122084, 31913, 7, 5, 3311, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 5117, 142642, 4, 70, 24702, 1577, 111, 1379, 36448, 50961, 23, 122776, 3542, 5299, 51529, 47, 12610, 45367, 1314, 5, 581, 26349, 111, 64914, 13, 11, 509, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 27781, 47, 765, 7228, 4527, 111, 1379, 36448, 12610, 122776, 55556, 98, 6044, 10, 21334, 105994, 5, 1326, 456, 146049, 51651, 7103, 70, 11476, 23, 7911, 19831, 4, 3129, 163684, 297, 21334, 126826, 7, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 799, 516, 25, 7, 3525, 33976, 18151, 21334, 538, 35839, 100, 876, 41537, 9, 40404, 71, 122776, 5, 3293, 135179, 47, 765, 65524, 71, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 876, 41537, 136, 122776, 95845, 7, 5, 12610, 122776, 4, 1884, 2499, 122776, 4, 58055, 7, 111, 142, 6, 197564, 13, 136, 152945, 1771, 17904, 147, 46, 10, 6, 186653, 17664, 297, 678, 7401, 450, 182, 34609, 645, 1733, 5, 581, 6, 197564, 13, 10861, 297, 4, 136, 99201, 126371, 111, 13950, 4, 161259, 139, 13, 4, 136, 876, 41537, 21922, 2661, 1295, 70, 47143, 7, 111, 198395, 8, 82925, 67175, 33976, 7, 5, 11998, 6423, 316, 136, 63773, 150, 282, 3542, 11814, 237, 2394, 14202, 5, 5976, 408, 6402, 6543, 933, 4, 35839, 160, 18339, 14845, 707, 44, 6295, 19096, 830, 3542, 10862, 297, 7440, 1836, 5809, 186, 113054, 297, 5, 663, 18339, 14845, 30482, 70, 122776, 1286, 39746, 1236, 47, 28279, 7401, 3501, 5744, 9, 5636, 122776, 5, 581, 6101, 111875, 6402, 17904, 147, 11814, 1902, 10, 11192, 10941, 111, 10, 98523, 136, 78, 11048, 5, 1371, 4902, 509, 27983, 11814, 237, 142, 6, 197564, 13, 5, 225111, 13, 4, 136, 23, 17311, 4, 70, 152945, 1771, 17904, 147, 102778, 100, 6863, 552, 1106, 6889, 4, 509, 10, 10644, 111, 118990, 141, 161259, 124901, 19537, 939, 16406, 4126, 21334, 538, 1295, 6863, 60971, 109622, 32204, 2481, 23, 70, 71099, 11341, 5, 581, 53550, 136, 182, 112, 592, 111, 152945, 1771, 134371, 7, 16406, 4126, 1295, 138765, 1830, 111, 76319, 136, 70, 221419, 165045, 136, 72761, 182809, 111, 6097, 138765, 1830, 38742, 5, 3293, 129927, 297, 1295, 70, 53550, 111, 14865, 12225, 46844, 17904, 21816, 4, 70, 2684, 39210, 134371, 7, 111, 70, 479, 9, 158271, 8999, 5, 76556, 5423, 4, 12610, 122776, 80788, 3674, 10176, 32204, 2481, 4, 102971, 442, 10267, 122009, 3060, 39746, 7154, 47, 93396, 1340, 11405, 90, 5, 581, 53550, 111, 6101, 111875, 6402, 134371, 7, 1556, 5045, 23, 39210, 678, 53550, 111, 2363, 5744, 105416, 17365, 4, 195997, 134371, 5, 581, 11192, 78, 11048, 166577, 111, 12610, 160, 18339, 14845, 134371, 7, 83, 4552, 20903, 47, 450, 111, 5744, 134371, 47, 3129, 97612, 18, 16387, 76, 329, 25644, 4, 12403, 10, 1495, 4, 707, 78, 11048, 35666, 13, 765, 2809, 49814, 5, 581, 90254, 136, 48360, 3760, 53, 111, 12610, 44, 44503, 13, 58, 122776, 83, 217064, 47, 68073, 1295, 10, 132539, 111, 15520, 36448, 678, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 2741, 408, 6402, 10, 1495, 136, 63773, 150, 282, 47, 28282, 10, 41207, 224128, 35839, 47, 1297, 4514, 1486, 4, 3129, 1543, 39746, 588, 238, 109561, 5, 1301, 15520, 36448, 117, 21854, 3674, 28032, 70, 6, 57278, 116546, 7, 23, 70, 12610, 122776, 4, 442, 131300, 297, 678, 6, 66847, 95680, 1486, 6083, 538, 14037, 23, 70, 2741, 408, 6402, 13950, 136, 75935, 144, 8289, 79357, 47, 1297, 4514, 1486, 224128, 7, 5, 581, 16750, 83, 10, 25469, 13, 100, 44, 2347, 2684, 114561, 33976, 4912, 23, 14135, 32692, 740, 360, 69822, 4, 5744, 122776, 172554, 71, 47, 28279, 36448, 150844, 1636, 28032, 8, 23662, 7, 5, 142158, 7, 29888, 90254, 7, 100, 5744, 195997, 134371, 7, 621, 205794, 99, 70, 17366, 136, 765, 52295, 71, 39555, 1492, 9, 42822, 16792, 128136, 5, 8622, 621, 110, 215667, 135969, 289, 2053, 100, 142, 45964, 17904, 21816, 4, 102971, 3060, 4677, 1672, 93396, 1340, 90254, 1543, 186, 53498, 2822, 1295, 70, 116546, 214, 111, 12610, 122776, 88119, 5, 32255, 93396, 1340, 90254, 7, 285, 53, 193984, 538, 1295, 70, 7401, 64, 329, 674, 70460, 11814, 23, 70, 61475, 17664, 5, 1913, 13379, 4, 2685, 83, 110, 3917, 111, 237, 106290, 14653, 2367, 7401, 64, 329, 674, 70460, 7, 70, 12610, 7, 11814, 4, 12488, 621, 2685, 1119, 41745, 272, 2053, 100, 70, 93425, 111, 903, 70460, 98, 70, 90254, 7, 111, 6101, 111875, 6402, 134371, 7, 5, 1326, 142, 65998, 237, 502, 86, 47, 109270, 13722, 9248, 237, 70, 89176, 280, 694, 60243, 4, 206735, 17514, 136, 70796, 50961, 7, 28032, 58982, 7, 136, 88119, 75935, 2837, 133891, 31075, 23, 70, 122776, 46889, 5, 1818, 5256, 111, 70, 33976, 5809, 7068, 122925, 161549, 3229, 2685, 509, 112664, 111, 70, 109270, 47, 211196, 67, 6044, 11405, 90, 4, 22, 1121, 21896, 70, 128512, 90254, 111, 70, 45646, 5, 1650, 509, 23, 903, 10422, 450, 14799, 22824, 136, 122776, 3542, 110677, 5, 1650, 1543, 765, 2809, 134995, 538, 100, 903, 31635, 450, 4, 102971, 5941, 33976, 7, 205027, 297, 85583, 116546, 214, 1295, 10, 96551, 111, 113660, 4, 1836, 21342, 47, 9157, 47, 903, 5155, 5, 116267, 55556, 11814, 47, 52295, 70, 90254, 136, 40780, 53, 111, 122776, 509, 6863, 6671, 2320, 23, 88119, 5, 6561, 27781, 83, 70, 4378, 2347, 191, 4, 7440, 70, 6, 197564, 13, 111, 70, 1407, 56, 65949, 10776, 58055, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 12610, 122776, 4, 2843, 35839, 50289, 377, 5911, 14, 45071, 4, 509, 10, 4912, 11814, 23, 50961, 23, 893, 45964, 51651, 5, 12610, 122776, 509, 35509, 98, 10, 152945, 1771, 9, 89840, 134371, 5, 1650, 83, 114561, 4743, 47, 6863, 49504, 1363, 111, 6101, 111875, 6402, 10, 1495, 4, 3129, 56282, 7, 116546, 7, 1295, 93403, 214, 5, 3311, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 106, 271, 142642, 4, 70, 4912, 509, 11814, 195409, 4, 27983, 876, 41537, 9, 40404, 71, 4, 102971, 143834, 7, 23, 6, 197564, 13, 107003, 12921, 70767, 7, 111, 76319, 5, 27766, 9319, 80343, 34754, 7, 23, 70, 4912, 4, 35839, 70, 122776, 98834, 4, 162466, 71, 47, 118990, 12097, 96704, 297, 3173, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 4378, 2347, 191, 65949, 4, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Historic references.", "Material properties.", "Seismic technology.", "Modern use." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Vitruvius, writing around 25 BC in his \"Ten Books on Architecture\", distinguished types of aggregate appropriate for the preparation of lime mortars. For structural mortars, he recommended pozzolana (\"pulvis puteolanus\" in Latin), the volcanic sand from the beds of Pozzuoli, which are brownish-yellow-gray in color in that area around Naples, and reddish-brown near Rome. Vitruvius specifies a ratio of 1 part lime to 3 parts pozzolana for cement used in buildings and a 1:2 ratio of lime to pozzolana for underwater work, essentially the same ratio mixed today for concrete used in marine locations. By the middle of the first century, the principles of underwater construction in concrete were well known to Roman builders. The city of Caesarea was the earliest known example to have made use of underwater Roman concrete technology on such a large scale. For rebuilding Rome after the fire in 64 AD, which destroyed large portions of the city, Nero's new building code largely called for brick-faced concrete. This appears to have encouraged the development of the brick and concrete industries.", "Roman concrete, like any concrete, consists of an aggregate and hydraulic mortar – a binder mixed with water that hardens over time. The aggregate varied, and included pieces of rock, ceramic tile, and brick rubble from the remains of previously demolished buildings. Gypsum and quicklime were used as binders. Volcanic dusts, called pozzolana or \"pit sand\", were favored where they could be obtained. Pozzolana makes the concrete more resistant to salt water than modern-day concrete. The pozzolanic mortar used had a high content of alumina and silica. Tuff was often used as an aggregate. Concrete, and in particular, the hydraulic mortar responsible for its cohesion, was a type of structural ceramic whose utility derived largely from its rheological plasticity in the paste state. The setting and hardening of hydraulic cements derived from hydration of materials and the subsequent chemical and physical interaction of these hydration products. This differed from the setting of slaked lime mortars, the most common cements of the pre-Roman world. Once set, Roman concrete exhibited little plasticity, although it retained some resistance to tensile stresses. The setting of pozzolanic cements has much in common with setting of their modern counterpart, Portland cement. The high silica composition of Roman pozzolana cements is very close to that of modern cement to which blast furnace slag, fly ash, or silica fume have been added. The strength and longevity of Roman \"marine\" concrete is understood to benefit from a reaction of seawater with a mixture of volcanic ash and quicklime to create a rare crystal called tobermorite, which may resist fracturing. As seawater percolated within the tiny cracks in the Roman concrete, it reacted with phillipsite naturally found in the volcanic rock and created aluminous tobermorite crystals. The result is a candidate for \"the most durable building material in human history\". In contrast, modern concrete exposed to saltwater deteriorates within decades. Compressive strengths for modern Portland cements are typically at the level and have improved almost ten-fold since 1860. There are no comparable mechanical data for ancient mortars, although some information about tensile strength may be inferred from the cracking of Roman concrete domes. These tensile strengths vary substantially from the water/cement ratio used in the initial mix. At present, there is no way of ascertaining what water/cement ratios the Romans used, nor are there extensive data for the effects of this ratio on the strengths of pozzolanic cements.", "For an environment as prone to earthquakes as the Italian peninsula, interruptions and internal constructions within walls and domes created discontinuities in the concrete mass. Portions of the building could then shift slightly when there was movement of the earth to accommodate such stresses, enhancing the overall strength of the structure. It was in this sense that bricks and concrete were flexible. It may have been precisely for this reason that, although many buildings sustained serious cracking from a variety of causes, they continue to stand to this day. Another technology used to improve the strength and stability of concrete was its gradation in domes. One example is the Pantheon, where the aggregate of the upper dome region consists of alternating layers of light tuff and pumice, giving the concrete a density of. The foundation of the structure used travertine as an aggregate, having a much higher density of.", "Recent scientific breakthroughs examining Roman concrete have been gathering media and industry attention. Because of its unusual durability, longevity and lessened environmental footprint, corporations and municipalities are starting to explore the use of Roman-style concrete in North America, replacing the coal fly ash with volcanic ash that has similar properties. Proponents claim that concrete made with volcanic ash can cost up to 60% less because it requires less cement, and that it has a smaller environmental footprint due to its lower cooking temperature and much longer lifespan. Usable examples of Roman concrete exposed to harsh marine environments have been found to be 2000 years old with little or no wear." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 63590, 13, 109622, 25188, 127067, 111, 70, 7565, 35461, 16128, 4, 99, 10, 31913, 51529, 237, 193266, 6406, 4, 1556, 122273, 297, 77950, 111, 4527, 390, 23972, 145704, 100, 40368, 199823, 5369, 5, 581, 206990, 16128, 1902, 34003, 289, 67155, 11491, 7, 136, 120025, 92, 155342, 9840, 4, 23, 163055, 4, 139999, 71, 70, 169424, 111, 10, 4898, 429, 141037, 11814, 47, 390, 13409, 52999, 7, 193266, 5, 117371, 70, 18217, 142220, 4, 40368, 12921, 109120, 90, 115081, 8305, 70, 16128, 34003, 25958, 136, 2363, 43396, 90, 645, 143, 48398, 5, 581, 103882, 53, 111, 86761, 23, 70, 42826, 4607, 350, 23, 8055, 121049, 4, 390, 27230, 685, 316, 41994, 4, 4837, 4745, 71305, 4, 136, 14787, 17955, 3980, 192, 2594, 4, 5423, 5773, 10, 13036, 15549, 23, 70, 186768, 103510, 7, 111, 70, 10776, 5, 241, 147, 538, 109736, 25251, 11814, 70, 5585, 45427, 818, 28872, 4, 1284, 390, 20414, 117430, 4, 131126, 7, 111, 16169, 34053, 67, 106507, 27802, 7, 1902, 174920, 1829, 2288, 302, 16070, 136, 3542, 44681, 99, 44, 173473, 151307, 740, 3311, 18237, 117752, 4, 2685, 509, 10, 144521, 86, 2594, 111, 106507, 27802, 7, 99, 193266, 6406, 4, 5941, 139098, 7, 1902, 2809, 72856, 47, 70, 25545, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 43606, 3395, 5, 59176, 109028, 13, 111, 70, 23924, 9, 138271, 101057, 297, 72110, 2804, 12, 44, 434, 3038, 1286, 63044, 2449, 765, 959, 74918, 2822, 83, 10, 236209, 47, 163, 1242, 2161, 2363, 3917, 47, 7413, 86761, 4, 106507, 27802, 7, 2843, 14037, 552, 8079, 23, 70, 44, 587, 8079, 6, 75696, 58, 23, 70, 130473, 7, 65272, 111, 22392, 5922, 184, 5, 581, 5117, 552, 8079, 140526, 3542, 145054, 71, 390, 21763, 19909, 4153, 939, 107, 98, 20414, 305, 4, 117752, 4, 136, 3362, 157580, 7039, 98, 20414, 611, 4, 122815, 5, 32964, 44390, 124519, 3542, 88303, 4, 1632, 115851, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 4620, 111, 70, 109402, 191, 32547, 1295, 193266, 6406, 47, 70, 25545, 7, 4, 1660, 36880, 1295, 70, 13379, 5155, 7565, 35461, 4, 70, 3789, 509, 88303, 98, 70, 65272, 4620, 111, 70, 96113, 5, 62, 19336, 9615, 19929, 509, 168698, 99, 193266, 6406, 1284, 70, 21721, 1830, 111, 70, 22392, 28872, 6, 68823, 7514, 47, 22392, 5922, 184, 23, 33418, 3884, 10, 58810, 47, 442, 5, 581, 22392, 28872, 136, 109402, 191, 106015, 653, 118201, 9, 208, 39987, 6, 68823, 7514, 3126, 214, 12224, 177, 7514, 47, 22392, 5922, 184, 1902, 186, 6967, 50961, 23, 4347, 117752, 4, 390, 4347, 122815, 50961, 1902, 174920, 99, 70, 127067, 3564, 111, 3419, 45481, 43157, 5, 195769, 80723, 13438, 99, 70, 144477, 3564, 111, 3419, 45481, 85437, 47, 22392, 5922, 184, 5, 1650, 509, 4734, 23, 18237, 1104, 105214, 53, 33418, 450, 50961, 122799, 70, 34844, 3419, 45481, 43157, 40059, 68034, 4, 21721, 214, 70, 64194, 36439, 5, 3311, 91255, 4, 70, 22392, 5922, 184, 4612, 509, 21771, 13416, 214, 98, 31815, 12478, 22553, 21950, 7, 5, 9925, 51065, 2685, 3542, 22759, 25550, 7, 117, 5155, 5, 31267, 21208, 188535, 7, 136, 109736, 25251, 3542, 756, 159029, 70, 26349, 22392, 5922, 184, 15, 173473, 151307, 247, 2685, 509, 142, 81887, 390, 70, 6, 68823, 7514, 3395, 47, 15549, 70, 9351, 47, 153335, 178080, 15, 111345, 4745, 153335, 82953, 7, 62952, 163157, 100, 70, 6, 68823, 7514, 247, 903, 509, 128120, 71, 390, 25031, 3183, 379, 15959, 4, 70, 181991, 53, 25, 7, 63871, 56, 5, 22392, 5922, 184, 509, 77227, 214, 5, 2161, 4347, 24645, 66007, 4, 10, 19336, 11476, 23, 70, 125017, 19927, 111, 70, 38660, 4970, 2352, 4163, 1810, 111, 6226, 3229, 70, 11476, 87907, 13028, 1810, 111, 7401, 4, 93403, 214, 87420, 70, 26349, 136, 216806, 3650, 232259, 23, 82649, 4, 21208, 110, 60742, 3542, 72856, 5, 12452, 12349, 509, 20697, 237, 10, 4620, 6, 126132, 99, 70, 1733, 136, 42938, 297, 23, 15811, 11856, 214, 70, 42009, 13, 5, 581, 22392, 151307, 28660, 136, 11151, 509, 54940, 70, 33976, 7, 163684, 297, 4, 7103, 6863, 552, 9, 151645, 56, 120025, 92, 5879, 4, 70, 9963, 1021, 9319, 111, 16692, 5879, 4, 1902, 54324, 1919, 12008, 7, 136, 25737, 70, 26349, 5, 360, 23031, 70, 5117, 143561, 3551, 297, 23, 22392, 5922, 184, 136, 70, 5117, 1831, 6648, 509, 9325, 23, 7582, 70970, 5, 992, 3675, 37719, 4, 6, 68823, 4, 96113, 4, 136, 1831, 3542, 70, 4734, 3917, 47, 2046, 47, 22392, 5922, 184, 4, 1284, 23, 37719, 70, 7082, 116338, 68872, 142, 14566, 33816, 2806, 186, 57, 2875, 47, 12302, 3428, 68818, 136, 125034, 7, 17721, 168064, 136, 70, 7082, 5201, 1760, 136, 80723, 50961, 111, 70, 168064, 189848, 5, 581, 64194, 13452, 509, 163846, 297, 17721, 11994, 136, 7582, 37719, 5, 581, 180972, 126826, 111, 70, 11192, 7514, 509, 4734, 176377, 47, 180972, 95934, 38529, 939, 7103, 70, 1631, 5, 581, 4171, 929, 137158, 2256, 509, 2843, 64549, 297, 47, 100677, 29700, 47, 70, 144477, 678, 10, 18831, 20037, 53, 23, 22392, 5922, 184, 5, 360, 27631, 70, 26349, 509, 49504, 3674, 136, 390, 59782, 4, 70, 43904, 1902, 41929, 71, 1295, 6863, 24644, 101935, 5, 2161, 7071, 106, 4, 49795, 4, 70, 26349, 509, 4331, 27686, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 109402, 191, 148503, 31667, 3229, 70, 40, 257, 509, 109133, 1295, 91162, 1681, 6406, 7103, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 42826, 4607, 350, 189848, 5, 2161, 11994, 21416, 44321, 4, 70, 9351, 509, 51521, 538, 98816, 1295, 22392, 151307, 47, 22392, 5922, 184, 5, 22392, 5922, 184, 83, 105866, 99, 140635, 59084, 2588, 15, 174131, 238, 52999, 483, 56641, 111, 70, 168064, 189848, 136, 83, 2674, 297, 390, 17262, 43573, 1272, 101120, 7, 12, 95996, 71175, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 101057, 74663, 1881, 47, 70, 144477, 25617, 136, 43114, 78315, 71175, 47, 70, 127067, 5, 581, 25545, 7, 3129, 3542, 70, 123055, 28088, 111, 70, 26349, 765, 213566, 297, 1379, 52999, 7, 193266, 136, 155342, 9840, 43157, 4, 100, 4806, 390, 70, 50961, 111, 10, 64707, 219945, 2481, 22539, 23, 42610, 5, 22392, 5922, 184, 83, 82424, 70, 7911, 927, 142105, 26349, 23, 25730, 390, 16128, 5, 581, 26349, 17475, 7, 13379, 10, 43573, 148734, 10393, 320, 115700, 23184, 3674, 23, 10, 6, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 22392, 5922, 184, 83, 70, 10323, 136, 4734, 26349, 111, 109402, 191, 4, 136, 70, 142105, 26349, 23, 144477, 9022, 25730, 5, 1650, 509, 49504, 3674, 23, 27631, 136, 83, 105866, 99, 140635, 616, 4046, 15, 174131, 238, 52999, 483, 56641, 98, 70, 168064, 189848, 23, 127067, 9022, 109402, 191, 5, 22392, 5922, 184, 25, 7, 7565, 35461, 136, 32547, 46542, 58555, 36, 143414, 53, 15044, 15756, 2109, 111, 70, 109402, 191, 32547, 4, 3129, 62038, 1636, 23, 56101, 121328, 136, 23356, 7, 70, 2076, 214, 27414, 23, 168064, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 22392, 151307, 105031, 7, 100, 2363, 102337, 6492, 107777, 47, 70, 22311, 111, 10, 35011, 111649, 4, 43573, 52999, 7, 193266, 4, 8108, 70, 96113, 509, 22539, 4806, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Cityscape.", "Climate.", "Neighbourhoods.", "Culture.", "Sports.", "Demographics.", "Language.", "Education.", "Government.", "Municipal.", "Territorial.", "Federal.", "Judicial.", "Military.", "Media.", "Broadcast.", "Print.", "Infrastructure.", "Emergency services.", "Energy grid.", "Health care.", "Transportation.", "Air.", "Roads.", "Public transit.", "Water.", "Other services.", "Sister cities.", "Notable people." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Archeological research south of the downtown area, at a location known as Canyon City, has revealed evidence of use by First Nations for several thousand years. The surrounding area had seasonal fish camps and Frederick Schwatka, in 1883, observed the presence of a portage trail used to bypass Miles Canyon. Before the Gold Rush, several different tribes passed through the area seasonally and their territories overlapped. The discovery of gold in the Klondike in August 1896, by Skookum Jim, Tagish Charlie, and George Washington Carmack, set off a major change in the historical patterns of the region. Early prospectors used the Chilkoot Pass, but by July 1897, crowds of neophyte stampeders had arrived via steamship and were camping at \"White Horse\". By June 1898, there was a bottleneck of stampeders at Canyon City, many boats had been lost to the rapids as well as five people. Samuel Steele of the North-West Mounted Police said: \"why more casualties have not occurred is a mystery to me.\" On their way to find gold, stampeders also found copper in the \"copper belt\" in the hills west of Whitehorse. The first copper claims were staked by Jack McIntyre on July 6, 1898, and Sam McGee on July 16, 1899. Two tram lines were built, one stretch on the east bank of the Yukon River from Canyon City to the rapids, just across from the present day downtown, the other was built on the west bank of the river. A small settlement was developing at Canyon City but the completion of the White Pass railway to Whitehorse in 1900 put a halt to it. The White Pass and Yukon Route narrow-gauge railway linking Skagway to Whitehorse had begun construction in May 1898, by May 1899 construction had arrived at the south end of Bennett Lake. Construction began again at the north end of Bennett lake to Whitehorse. It was only in June–July 1900 that construction finished the difficult Bennett Lake section itself, completing the entire route. By 1901, the Whitehorse Star was already reporting on daily freight volumes. That summer there were four trains per day. Even though traders and prospectors were all calling the city Whitehorse (White Horse), there was an attempt by the railway people to change the name to Closeleigh (British Close brothers provided funding for the railway), this was refused by William Ogilvie, the territory's Commissioner. Whitehorse was booming. On May 23, 1905, a small fire in the barber shop of the Windsor Hotel got out of control when the fire engine ran out of water, spreading throughout the city and causing $300,000 in damage, though no lives were lost. Robert Service was working as a bank teller at the time and participated in suppressing the flame. The White Horse Restaurant and Inn was among the buildings destroyed, after its co-founder Frederick Trump, the grandfather of Donald Trump, had sold his shares and left the city. In 1920 the first planes landed in Whitehorse and the first air mail was sent in November 1927. Until 1942, rail, river, and air were the only way to get to Whitehorse, but in 1942 the US military decided an interior road would be safer to transfer troops and provisions between Alaska and the US mainland and began construction of the Alaska Highway. The entire project was accomplished between March and November 1942. The Canadian portion of the highway was only returned to Canadian sovereignty after the war. The Canol pipeline was also constructed to supply oil to the north with a refinery in Whitehorse. In 1950 the city was incorporated and by 1951, the population had doubled from its 1941 numbers. On April 1, 1953, the city was designated the capital of the Yukon Territory when the seat was moved from Dawson City after the construction of the Klondike Highway. On March 21, 1957, the name was officially changed from White Horse to Whitehorse.", "Whitehorse is located at kilometre 1,425 (Historic Mile 918) of the Alaska Highway and is framed by three nearby mountains: Grey Mountain to the east, Mount Sumanik to the northwest and Golden Horn Mountain to the south. The rapids which were the namesake of the city have disappeared under Miles Canyon and Schwatka Lake, formed by the construction of a hydroelectricity dam in 1958. Whitehorse is currently the 64th largest city in Canada by area. The city limits present a near rectangular shape orientated in a NW-SE direction.", "Whitehorse Bylaw 426 (1975) restricts the operation of motor vehicles to designated roadways in certain \"Protected Areas\" to ensure maximum conservation of the environmental quality. Most are near the downtown core (downtown and Yukon river escarpments, Mt. Mac ski trails, Riverdale, Valleyview, Hillcrest, Granger, Porter Creek, and Mountainview) and one, Pineridge, is south of downtown. In 1999, the city approved the Area Development Scheme (ADS) which reallocated the area previously known as \"Whitehorse Copper\" to the following uses: Country Residential, Commercial, Service Industrial, and Heavy industrial. Recent demands for growth have reignited urban planning debates in Whitehorse. In 1970 the Metropolitan Whitehorse development plan included park and greenbelt areas that were to be preserved to ensure high quality of life even within city limits.", "Whitehorse has a dry-summer subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsc) and lies in the rain shadow of the Coast Mountains, causing precipitation totals to be quite low year-round. Due to the city's location in the Whitehorse valley, the climate is milder than other comparable northern communities such as Yellowknife. With an average annual temperature of Whitehorse is the warmest place in the Yukon. The temperature measurements for the city are taken at the airport. The Whitehorse Riverdale weather station situated at a lower elevation than the airport is even warmer at. At this latitude winter days are short and summer days have just over 19 hours of daylight. Whitehorse has an average daily high of in July and average daily low of in January. The highest temperature ever recorded in Whitehorse was on 14 June 1969. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 21 January 1906. Whitehorse has little precipitation with an average annual snowfall of and of rainfall. According to Meteorological Service of Canada, Whitehorse has the distinction of being Canada's driest city, mainly because it lies in the rain shadow of the Coast Mountains. Whitehorse is in the Cordilleran climate region, the Complex Soils of Mountain Areas soil region, the Cordilleran vegetation region, and the Boreal Cordillera ecozone. In 2019, Whitehorse recorded their warmest March on record, having 9 days above and hit a maximum high of on March 20.", "Due to Whitehorse's unique urban development objectives and varied topography, neighbourhoods are usually separated from each other by large geographical features. In addition to the city's downtown core on the Yukon River's west bank, two subdivisions sit at the same elevation as the Yukon River (). Crossing the bridge to the east bank of the river leads to Riverdale, one of the city's oldest neighbourhoods. From Riverdale, the road climbing up Grey Mountain leads to Grey Mountain Cemetery and the local FM radio antenna. The rest of Whitehorse is generally located above. Immediately after climbing \"Two Mile Hill\", looking to the north are the old residential neighbourhoods of Takhini, Takhini North and Takhini East, where many homes actually are originally army barracks and military officers' residences. Yukon College, Yukon Arts Centre and Whitehorse Correctional Centre are situated in Takhini. Situated further north are Range Point, Porter Creek, and Crestview, as well as Whitehorse's newest neighbourhood, Whistle Bend, where most of the new residential growth is currently occurring. West of downtown are Valleyview, Hillcrest (also largely constituted of old military lodgings) and the Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport; and beyond the Canada Games Centre along Hamilton Boulevard are the neighbourhoods of McIntyre (designated to replace inferior lands and homes of the Kwanlin Dun First Nation (\"The Village\") previously located where Marwell adjoins a marshy area), then Ingram, Arkell, Logan, Granger, and rapidly expanding Copper Ridge. Whitehorse also has subdivisions designated \"Country Residential\" which are subject to different municipal bylaws and are located farther out from the downtown. They consist of the rural Whitehorse subdivisions of Hidden Valley and MacPherson at Whitehorse's northern limits; to the south: McCrae (also spelt MacRae), Wolf Creek, Wolf Creek North, Mary Lake, Cowley Creek, Spruce Hill, Pineridge and Fox Haven Estates. Also located at the south end of the city is the newly designated Mt. Sima Service Industrial Subdivision. Construction of Whistle Bend, Whitehorse's newest subdivision, began in 2010 on the \"Lower Bench\" east of the Porter Creek subdivision.", "Whitehorse's Yukon Arts Centre offers all varieties of shows and artists and includes an art gallery. The Frantic Follies Vaudeville Revue was a major tourist draw established in 1970, until it closed in 2017, citing falling tourist numbers. Recreating an 1890s style gold rush era vaudeville show, The Frantic Follies included barbershop quartet, sketches, marching band, banjo and saw orchestral numbers as well as kickline dancing girls. In 1973, the show was moved to the new Bonanza Room at the Whitehorse Travelodge. By 1975, its popularity had grown to such an extent that it became necessary to present two performances per night. In 1975 and again in 1977, the show embarked on cross-Canada tours, on which they performed everywhere from maximum security prisons to the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa. Twice the show travelled to Alert, the Canadian Forces Station five hundred miles from the North Pole. In 1976, the Company undertook to produce not only the Whitehorse show, but the entertainment in Dawson City's Palace Grand Theatre and Diamond Tooth Gertie's Gambling Casino. At the end of the 1980 season they left Dawson City. In January 1981, the show joined the \"Snow Birds\" for a season and moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, for a four-month run. The fall of 1990 saw the Frantic Follies taking to the road again as ambassadors for the Yukon in a whirlwind tour, performing in ten Canadian and American cities in a little over two weeks. The Frantic Follies was in part replaced by another vaudeville show by the same producer, the Klondike Follies, which hosted two events in the summer of 2017 and 20 shows in the summer of 2018. Plays are also performed at the Guild Hall in Porter Creek, and downtown Whitehorse's Wood Street Centre offers smaller local productions. Whitehorse's arts and entertainment schedule is non-stop throughout the year, not only with local events and celebrations but Whitehorse also plays host to several major festivals which attract artists from all over Canada and internationally, including the Sourdough Rendezvous' Ice Sculpture contest, the Frostbite Music Festival, the Yukon International Storytelling Festival, the Adäka Cultural Festival, the Out North Queer Film Festival and the Available Light Film Festival.", "Whitehorse's proximity to the wilderness and the mountains allows its residents to enjoy a very active lifestyle. The city has an extensive trail network within its limits, estimated at in 2007, including sections of the Trans Canada Trail. These trails are used for a variety of non-motorized and/or motorized activities. The Yukon River in and around Whitehorse provides many opportunities for kayaking and canoeing. The city is responsible for the maintenance of numerous sports and recreation fields including two dozen grass/sand/soil/ice sports surfaces, 3 ball diamonds, the Canada Games Centre Multiplex (pools, ice rinks, fieldhouse, fitness centre, walking/running track, physiotherapy), the Takhini Arena, and Mount McIntyre Recreation Centre. Private interests run Mount Sima (f downhill skiing in the winter and mountain biking in the summer), three golf courses, a bowling alley, and three gyms, including one with squash courts. The annual 1,000 mile Yukon Quest sled dog race between Whitehorse and Fairbanks, Alaska, is considered one of the toughest in the world. The race alternates its starting and finishing points each year. The city has hosted several large sporting events including the 2007 Canada Winter Games, for which a CA$45 million sport multiplex was built; the Canadian Junior Freestyle Championships in 2006, the Arctic Winter Games (2000, 1992, 1986, 1980, 1972, 2012 and up coming location for the 2020 games), the annual International Curling Bonspiel, and the Dustball International Slowpitch Tournament. Although there are no territorial junior league teams, the business community sponsors a number of local teams of volleyball, baseball, basketball, broomball, ice hockey, soccer and ultimate disk. High school teams are very active and partake in competitions with schools in neighbouring Alaska, and a few local athletes have flourished on the Canadian sports scene. Whitehorse is also home to the Whitehorse Glacier Bears swimming club.", "According to the 2016 Census, the population of Whitehorse is 25,085. The population density was. The racial make up of Whitehorse is mostly made up of European (75.5%), but still has a significant number of Aboriginals (16.5%); First Nations (13.5%) and Metis (2.2%). There is also a moderate visible minority population (7.9%); Southeast Asian (3.4%), Asian Canadian (1.8%) and South Asian (1.6%) were the three largest minority groups. The religious make up of Whitehorse is; Christian (45.3%) and non-religious (51.4%), the remaining 3.3% fall into another religion. Most of the residents are Canadian citizens (94.1%).", "As a federal territory, the Yukon is officially bilingual in English and French. In 2011, 84.3% of the residents of Whitehorse declared English as their only mother tongue, while 4.6% reported French as their only mother tongue, and 9.7% of the population reported a non-official language as their mother tongue. According to the 2011 census the most spoken non-official language in Whitehorse was German, followed by Tagalog, Spanish, Chinese and Dutch.", "Whitehorse has several schools as part of a Yukon Government operated public school system. Except for \"École Émilie-Tremblay\" Yukon does not have school boards, however each school has a council composed of three to seven elected positions for 2-year terms, consisting of (and elected by) citizens residing in the school's assigned area and parents of students attending the school. All teachers are employed directly by the Department of Education and there are no tuition fees to be paid to attend elementary and secondary institutions. The exception being Wood St. School, which offers specialized experiential programs for high school students in the sciences and arts. Primary education (K-3): Elementary education (K-7): Secondary education: French First Language school (K-12): Specialized programs: Post-secondary education:", "", "Whitehorse municipal elections occur every three years. Municipal services provided by the city of Whitehorse include: water and sewer systems, road maintenance, snow and ice control, non-recyclable waste and composting, as well as a mosquito control program.", "Whitehorse was represented by 9 of 18 MLAs in Yukon's Legislative Assembly, as per the 2002 map of Yukon electoral districts. In 2009 Yukon's electoral map was modified to give Whitehorse an extra seat, bringing its total up to 10 out of 19. The Legislative Assembly Building is located in downtown Whitehorse and elections usually take place every three to five years. The last general election was held in 2016. Whitehorse residents have four local political parties from which to choose: Yukon Liberal Party, Yukon New Democratic Party, Yukon Party, as well as the newly constituted Yukon Green Party.", "All of Yukon consists of a single federal electoral district and therefore there is only one MP and 65% of Yukon's voters live in Whitehorse. Residents of the Yukon have been voting federally since a byelection returned the first Yukon MP in January 1903 and, from 1984 onward, have had candidates from at least four federal political parties to choose from. In 2006, 2008 and 2011, the choices have been: Conservative, Green, Liberal, and NDP. Other parties that have contested the riding from 1984 onward include the Libertarian Party, the Rhinoceros Party, the three precursors of the Conservative Party (Reform Party, Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservatives), the National Party (1993) and the Christian Heritage Party. Liberal Larry Bagnell is Yukon's MP, and was also Yukon's MP from 2000 to 2011, winning the 2006 election with 49% of the vote and voter turnout of 66%, on par with the total Canadian turnout of 65%, with Whitehorse districts turnout lower at 55%.", "All court matters are handled in Whitehorse at the Andrew Philipsen Law Building which also houses a law library. Yukon's Territorial Court (three judges) handles most adult criminal prosecutions under the criminal code and other federal statutes. The Supreme Court of Yukon has three resident judges and nine judges from NWT and Nunavut. The Court of Appeal, made up of justices from British Columbia, Yukon, NWT and Nunavut, sits in Whitehorse only one week of the year, so most appeals are heard in Vancouver, British Columbia.", "The Canadian Armed Forces is represented in Whitehorse by Canadian Forces Detachment Yukon located in downtown Whitehorse, Regional Cadet Support Unit (North) was at Boyle Barracks (until a re-organization in 2012 amalgamated the cadet support unit into Regional Cadet Support Unit (NW) based out of Winnipeg, Manitoba) and the Canadian Rangers of the Whitehorse Patrol of 1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group. 2685 Yukon Regiment Army Cadet Corps and 551 Whitehorse Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Cadets of the Canadian Cadet Organizations also operate in Whitehorse. All units operate as part of Canadian Forces Joint Task Force (North). 440 Transport Squadron, and other units of the Royal Canadian Air Force, including the Snowbirds often operate and train out of Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport, formerly RCAF Station Whitehorse. Boyle Barracks is located south of downtown Whitehorse. The facility houses Regional Cadet Support Unit (North), Whitehorse Cadet Summer Training Centre, service support elements of Joint Task Force (North), and is used by 1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, the Junior Canadian Rangers, and other units to conduct training. Boyle Barracks is located on the property of the unused Wolf Creek Juvenile Corrections Centre which is leased by the Department of National Defence from the Yukon Government. Whitehorse Cadet Summer Training Centre offers a variety of courses and activities that focus on general training, leadership, and expedition training up to the instructor level. Courses are two, three, and six weeks long and are offered throughout the summer. Personnel are drawn primarily from the territories, but many come from across Canada. The training centre also hosts members of the United Kingdom's Army Cadet Force and Combined Cadet Force.", "", "Radio Whitehorse is also served by CIY270, a Weatheradio Canada station broadcasting at 162.400 MHz on the weather band. Television Local cable provider NorthwesTel hosts three local television channels: Community Cable 9, an advertisement slide-show channel and a public service channel. CBC Television operated an affiliate in Whitehorse, CFWH-TV, from 1968 to 2012. Initially served using the Frontier Coverage Package until Anik satellite broadcasts became available early in 1973; this transmitter was shut down on July 31, 2012 due to budget cuts. Until 2009, there was a low-powered repeater of Edmonton's CITV-TV providing Global Television Network programming to the area..", "Whitehorse's two major English-language newspapers are the \"Whitehorse Daily Star\" (founded as a weekly in 1900, it now publishes five times per week since 1986) and the \"Yukon News\" (founded as a weekly in 1960 by Ken Shortt, published five days a week from 1967 to 1999, and currently prints twice weekly). Other local newspapers include \"What's Up Yukon\" (a local free music, arts, culture, events, weekly founded in 2005) and a French-language newspaper \"L'Aurore boréale\" (founded in 1983).", "", "Whitehorse contracts out its police service to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, with the main police station on 4th avenue in the city centre. Whitehorse's ambulance service are run by Yukon Government's Emergency Medical Services and is staffed by full-time Primary Care Paramedics (PCP) and Advanced Care Paramedics (ACP). Whitehorse's Search and Rescue (SAR) is ensured by a partnership between the RCMP, YG's Emergency Measures Organization (EMO) and volunteer SAR teams. Whitehorse has its own fire service, known as City of Whitehorse Fire Department (WHFD) with two fire stations. The first, Station #1, located in the city centre at the corner of Second Avenue and Steele Street, and Station #2 (305 B Range Road) atop \"Two Mile Hill\" on the west side, with room for three trucks. It was built in 2010 to become a public safety building. The original fire hall located along on the waterfront has been preserved as a historic building and cultural centre. The Fire Department currently operates with thirty-three full-time staff and approximately ten volunteers. Both fire stations are staffed 24/7 through a rotation of four platoons of six firefighters and one dispatcher. WHFD is equipped and trained to respond to Motor vehicle Accidents, high and low angle rescue, confined space, and static water ice rescue. Haz-mat, swift water and urban search and rescue are not under the departments current capabilities or can only be responded to at awareness levels. All medical emergencies are responded to by Yukon Government Emergency Medical Services. All aircraft emergencies are dealt with by the Eric Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport(ENWIA) ARFF fire department with mutual aid agreement activities from WHFD. Whitehorse Fire Department is professionally represented by the IAFF and the BCPFFA. Whitehorse Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the territory and the only professional one. Though they are 13% of the total population of firefighters in the territory, WHFD protects 82% of the population, and responds to 84% of fire calls within the Yukon. WHFD falls under the authority of the Yukon Fire Marshals Office (FMO) and reports directly to it. Fire and life safety inspection throughout the City of Whitehorse are conducted by the Whitehorse Fire Department duty crews as well as designated Fire Prevention Officers under the direction of Municipal Bylaw 2000-01 \"Emergency Services Bylaw\" with authority from the current edition of the National Fire Code of Canada. Wildland fire crews also operate in the summer to combat the forest fires across the territory. They will lend assistance to crews in B.C., Alberta, and the other territories as needed.", "Yukon Energy operates four conventional hydroelectric generating stations: Whitehorse Dam (40 MW), Aishihik Lake (37 MW), Mayo A (5 MW), and Mayo B (10 MW), which provide the bulk of generation for the Yukon Energy grid. An additional 39 MW of diesel generation is maintained for supplemental back-up. Additionally, Yukon Energy operates two wind turbines near Whitehorse, which are connected to the Whitehorse-Aishihik-Faro grid. The first turbine is a Bonus Energy 150 kW MARK III installed in 1993 that is no longer functional. The second turbine, a Vestas 660 kW V47 LT II was later installed in 2000 and operates only in the summer. These units need to be specially adapted to deal with icing and the northern environment.", "The first \"White Horse General Hospital\" (WGH) was built in the downtown area in 1902 with a 10-bed capacity. During WWI beds increased to 30, 10 beds were added in 1943, then 20 beds in 1949, and an operating wing was added in 1951. In 1959 the hospital was rebuilt on the other bank of the Yukon River, across from its previous location, but decision making was still based in Ottawa (National Health and Welfare, Medical Services Branch). The downtown area has several private medical, dental, and optometry clinics. In 1990, the Yukon Hospital Corporation (YHC) was created in order to prepare the transfer of powers regarding the hospital from the Federal Government to the Yukon Territorial Government. In April 1993 management of WGH was officially transferred to the YHC following a collaboration with the Yukon government and Council of Yukon First Nations (CYFN, then CYI). Construction of the present building lasted from 1994 through 1997. Today Whitehorse General hospital counts 49 in-patient beds, 10 day-surgery beds, an ER department, OR suites and several medical imaging technologies.", "", "Whitehorse is served by the Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport and has scheduled service to Vancouver, Kelowna, Victoria, Calgary, Edmonton, Yellowknife, Ottawa (via Yellowknife), Dawson City, Mayo, Old Crow, Inuvik, as well as Frankfurt, Germany during the summer months. The airport was developed as part of the Northwest Staging Route in 1941–42 and has two long paved runways. A wartime-era hangar served as terminal building from about 1960, and was replaced in December 1985 with a modern terminal. Air North, a scheduled passenger and cargo airline operating Boeing 737 jetliners and Hawker Siddeley 748 turboprops, is based in Whitehorse. In 1998 work was completed on a runway extension and other improvements (concrete turn button, installation of storm and sanitary mains, lighting upgrades, tower access road and blast pad). Expansion of the terminal itself was completed in 2010.", "Surface access to Whitehorse is provided by a network of highways, including the international Alaska Highway connecting the Yukon with Alaska, British Columbia, and Alberta highway networks. Whitehorse has been described as \"pearls on a string\", with its residential, industrial, and service subdivisions located along the main thoroughfares that carry traffic within city limits, with large gaps of undeveloped (often hilly) land between them. The Alaska Highway is the primary roadway, with branch roads reaching additional subdivisions. One such branch road, signed as \"Highway 1A\" and following Two Mile Hill Road, 4th Avenue, 2nd Avenue, and Robert Service Way, is the main access to downtown, Riverdale, and the Marwell Industrial Area. Other branch roads (Range Road, Hamilton Boulevard, Mayo Road) access smaller residential areas and recreational facilities. The city road network is adequate, although it is congested during rush hours and discussions occasionally occur as to how it might better be managed, such as designating one-way streets.", "Whitehorse Transit provides bus service on weekdays from morning until early evening and on Saturdays during business hours. There was a waterfront tram, known as the \"trolley\", which provided transport along a short rail section along the Yukon River; it was chiefly tourist-oriented and is not integrated into the municipal transit system. It runs from the Rotary Peace Park, located on the south end of the city centre, up to the north end of the city centre at Spook Creek Station. Whitehorse presently has no active railway service. The trolley system runs on a small portion of the tracks formerly belonging to White Pass and Yukon Route. The last scheduled service to Whitehorse from White Pass Railway occurred in October 1982. The White Pass Railway started scheduled service from Skagway, Alaska, to Carcross, south of Whitehorse, in the spring of 2007, but this was disrupted by high lake water levels in August 2007. Speculation of a transcontinental rail link to Alaska includes one possible route option through Whitehorse; a report has recommended a hub at Carmacks, with a spur line to Whitehorse and on to the Inside Passage of Alaska.", "The Yukon River is essentially navigable from Whitehorse to the Bering Sea. At above sea level, the river at Whitehorse is the highest point on earth that can be reached by watercraft navigating from the sea. Currently, no passenger or freight services use the river at Whitehorse.", "Water disposal is mostly done by draining into a septic tank where the sewage is not that well developed. Waste is disposed mostly in areas requiring reclamation. This includes places like quarries, mined areas, etc.", "Historical sister city partnerships:", "Notable athletes are Whitehorse born hockey players Bryon Baltimore, who made it to the Los Angeles Kings in 1974, and Peter Sturgeon who played for the Colorado Rockies in 1974, Whitehorse-born Olympic cyclist Zachary Bell, Whitehorse-raised Olympic weightlifter Jeane Lassen who won medals in several world competitions, Whitehorse born basketball players Aaron Olson, and 1984 Olympics centre for Team Canada Greg Wiltjer. Para-athletes are Yukon born Jessica Frotten as well as Stéphanie Dixon Notable politicians include the first female mayor of Whitehorse, in 1975, Ione Christensen whose family had moved to Whitehorse in 1949, and Yukon's first senator, in 1975, Paul Lucier, who stayed in office until his death in 1999." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 97299, 25958, 4, 23972, 145704, 3395, 111, 146762, 37272, 3132, 1575, 13, 29394, 1902, 95699, 34, 138518, 903, 10776, 74, 390, 70, 28730, 7, 1836, 1902, 10, 9615, 19929, 98, 10, 6275, 111, 3551, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 5609, 111, 146762, 37272, 2242, 9631, 4, 22861, 127, 5, 581, 43581, 14834, 16128, 111, 146762, 37272, 2242, 509, 95699, 34, 138518, 390, 109736, 25251, 2750, 200569, 71, 3934, 70, 10776, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 183382, 7, 5, 62, 42826, 4607, 350, 9, 99091, 109736, 748, 4, 241, 5, 284, 5, 195501, 10186, 4, 7228, 70, 5117, 103882, 53, 111, 86761, 23, 70, 146762, 37272, 2242, 9631, 16128, 23, 117752, 5, 581, 103882, 53, 509, 21455, 297, 237, 51, 60270, 1236, 23, 8382, 13312, 6637, 111, 70, 42826, 4607, 350, 18217, 142220, 136, 6637, 32774, 69125, 13, 43157, 509, 5792, 2060, 16065, 47, 110281, 35743, 5, 360, 70, 72399, 23031, 7, 4, 1831, 56379, 3542, 5117, 11814, 47, 88898, 25730, 25, 7, 1172, 49086, 10776, 7, 5, 3362, 99726, 111, 26919, 53208, 136, 115392, 3542, 51, 63127, 297, 99, 32774, 113132, 43157, 23, 70, 39395, 28730, 7, 4, 136, 109736, 25251, 80723, 1207, 592, 1810, 47, 7413, 78301, 12924, 7, 5, 360, 55591, 6626, 109736, 25251, 4, 1840, 275, 803, 27012, 136, 99051, 133840, 4, 831, 31, 297, 7565, 70, 146762, 37272, 2242, 32547, 1295, 32774, 113132, 43157, 47, 110297, 100, 7722, 23911, 40370, 7, 5, 10660, 14037, 86761, 121413, 7, 99, 37523, 102, 43157, 4, 1672, 1257, 70, 146762, 37272, 2242, 32547, 4, 136, 3060, 78301, 121413, 7, 99, 2005, 42, 43157, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 4, 99051, 133840, 176377, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 150679, 172040, 47, 85493, 70, 96362, 86761, 7413, 7, 136, 33938, 100, 1286, 5, 18217, 509, 14037, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 5609, 111, 146762, 37272, 2242, 9631, 23, 58020, 136, 70, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 7362, 634, 1495, 56713, 509, 126809, 5, 14847, 27759, 153443, 271, 7, 51, 63127, 297, 86761, 23, 1286, 1238, 141775, 2886, 700, 25443, 98, 70, 65272, 5609, 111, 146762, 37272, 2242, 9631, 23, 70, 6817, 111, 61540, 4, 10, 19336, 1924, 6048, 6, 86532, 74918, 2822, 5, 28090, 61540, 47, 43357, 4, 1632, 109736, 748, 136, 87631, 56, 24, 4806, 17686, 7, 17336, 313, 5, 33041, 10186, 145054, 71, 23, 70, 16128, 17721, 6765, 43157, 136, 21109, 56, 43157, 678, 10846, 60091, 50339, 5, 581, 43573, 1272, 130473, 51529, 237, 33041, 10186, 37639, 83, 1919, 123055, 28088, 136, 10, 5700, 1274, 6048, 78869, 18925, 5, 1657, 56713, 509, 70, 2684, 218898, 86761, 40370, 136, 6863, 34754, 75935, 70, 240268, 450, 12441, 47, 70, 5117, 9615, 19929, 111, 146762, 37272, 2242, 23, 44500, 1104, 190891, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 5117, 108880, 3542, 196458, 11151, 4, 1401, 11, 814, 619, 136050, 107, 125362, 4, 146762, 37272, 2242, 121691, 25720, 136, 1305, 23179, 4, 136, 581, 33384, 4460, 53772, 5, 1657, 56713, 30957, 297, 36049, 98, 190, 6088, 41933, 5, 146762, 37272, 2242, 77227, 297, 23, 70, 51065, 111, 41933, 136, 5941, 3525, 108880, 3542, 170920, 4, 26719, 70, 180972, 4932, 111, 6, 82043, 4, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 4, 49643, 360, 5739, 3915, 25, 7, 5117, 3018, 4, 1832, 9319, 1760, 25, 7, 125183, 14934, 4, 136, 10, 19361, 23664, 5, 581, 43904, 111, 146762, 37272, 2242, 69405, 3514, 434, 47, 75534, 390, 27712, 4, 136, 390, 37719, 4, 43606, 86761, 5665, 7, 3542, 23, 36049, 23, 70, 146762, 37272, 2242, 10776, 5, 33306, 4, 390, 26748, 4, 86761, 36049, 1902, 61585, 47, 10, 58810, 237, 453, 3542, 44841, 100, 70, 1631, 71834, 5, 893, 64222, 1363, 1528, 99, 70, 66053, 18, 56713, 57266, 98, 70, 144477, 3564, 111, 59444, 1902, 42459, 297, 10, 12953, 2886, 86761, 40370, 23, 26748, 5, 3293, 3525, 7413, 16750, 297, 23, 10, 106750, 1305, 9, 4205, 1924, 6048, 6, 86532, 47, 146762, 37272, 2242, 5, 1650, 2843, 16750, 297, 23, 3525, 103882, 3387, 99, 70, 1657, 56713, 4, 6782, 538, 65042, 214, 70, 6897, 111, 70, 5665, 5, 581, 146762, 37272, 2242, 59444, 11090, 71062, 297, 1295, 70, 25074, 52649, 7401, 20549, 4, 136, 70, 3525, 59444, 11090, 509, 170920, 20271, 18608, 1104, 199352, 5, 581, 156457, 56713, 4, 678, 6863, 10002, 59444, 11090, 4, 160404, 71, 47, 70, 144477, 9, 13665, 2347, 4438, 111, 146762, 37272, 2242, 1295, 27631, 47, 31060, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 34578, 136, 49795, 4, 146762, 37272, 2242, 509, 6226, 6259, 390, 70, 182688, 184593, 130625, 15, 35613, 22420, 61065, 223, 136, 182688, 184593, 25730, 16, 111, 70, 92416, 111, 25730, 5, 62, 19336, 215394, 4, 2878, 25958, 3163, 89829, 136, 2878, 25958, 6, 140545, 297, 4, 7228, 115299, 5, 3311, 49795, 4, 146762, 37272, 2242, 1902, 55993, 19, 221, 5045, 450, 442, 509, 7228, 10, 14834, 2481, 4, 678, 6863, 10002, 215394, 136, 59444, 23664, 5, 581, 5117, 15333, 111, 146762, 37272, 2242, 509, 2177, 2594, 19909, 14535, 1353, 5, 360, 6088, 28980, 4, 146762, 37272, 2242, 51521, 538, 100512, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 5, 3293, 5526, 3525, 10778, 131999, 297, 2367, 1556, 2809, 43780, 297, 237, 70, 50960, 77227, 23, 146762, 37272, 2242, 5, 2356, 1614, 9, 428, 25826, 7, 3542, 170920, 47, 18276, 142, 26794, 425, 111, 27759, 133325, 5, 360, 25695, 70, 134349, 72249, 9, 62783, 297, 99675, 13, 18860, 840, 9199, 617, 150631, 297, 47, 64883, 43573, 146762, 37272, 2242, 5, 8622, 3542, 110, 51529, 63044, 2449, 4, 102971, 10, 19336, 102134, 939, 111, 5977, 71232, 72249, 160692, 509, 121447, 3934, 70, 65998, 4, 136, 102203, 163710, 30948, 2451, 66, 81887, 47, 456, 3996, 3134, 442, 2451, 13689, 4734, 2878, 25958, 65771, 5, 62, 3525, 324, 592, 6, 86532, 136, 22759, 927, 33976, 77227, 100, 146762, 37272, 2242, 80723, 678, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 879, 15882, 7, 144477, 111, 70, 26349, 23, 84771, 581, 4568, 111, 70, 86761, 5665, 7, 23, 146762, 37272, 2242, 155738, 23, 44211, 38396, 4, 146762, 37272, 2242, 83, 102917, 538, 10, 27759, 59444, 136, 10, 4516, 11698, 100, 70, 879, 15882, 5665, 7, 5, 2161, 106, 7071, 8272, 4, 6863, 7398, 22751, 237, 10323, 111, 70, 541, 156416, 509, 34390, 71, 3229, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 146762, 37272, 2242, 15, 74, 41129, 11049, 12, 1388, 83, 70, 10323, 4, 4734, 26349, 4, 136, 142105, 26908, 23, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 4, 25730, 5, 1650, 83, 98, 70, 144477, 9022, 6, 134369, 111, 32774, 69125, 13, 43157, 4, 1672, 127067, 111, 70, 1172, 49086, 163731, 4, 98, 70, 65272, 5609, 111, 146762, 37272, 2242, 9631, 43573, 70, 148053, 111, 70, 146762, 37272, 2242, 32547, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Cityscape.", "Houseboats.", "Government.", "Economy.", "Former regional mines.", "Infrastructure.", "Emergency services.", "Utilities and services.", "Communications.", "Electricity.", "Solid waste services.", "Water and sewage treatment.", "Transportation.", "Demographics.", "Culture.", "Attractions.", "Media.", "Print.", "Television." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Traditionally, First Nations people of Yellowknives Dene culture had occupied this region; by the 1930s they had a settlement on a point of land on the east side of Yellowknife Bay, Dettah. The current municipal area of Yellowknife was occupied by prospectors who ventured into the region in the mid-1930s. A Klondike-bound prospector, E.A. Blakeney, made the first discovery of gold in the Yellowknife Bay area in 1898. The discovery was viewed as unimportant in those days because of the Klondike Gold Rush and because Great Slave Lake was too far away to attract attention. In the late 1920s, aircraft were first used to explore Canada's Arctic regions. Samples of uranium and silver were uncovered at Great Bear Lake in the early 1930s, and prospectors began fanning out to find additional metals. In 1933 two prospectors, Herb Dixon and Johnny Baker, canoed down the Yellowknife River from Great Bear Lake to survey for possible mineral deposits. They found gold samples at Quyta Lake, about up the Yellowknife River, and some additional samples at Homer Lake. The following year, Johnny Baker returned as part of a larger crew to develop the previous gold finds and search for more. Gold was found on the east side of Yellowknife Bay in 1934 and the short-lived Burwash Mine was developed. When government geologists uncovered gold in more favourable geology on the west side of Yellowknife Bay in the fall of 1935, a small staking rush occurred. From 1935 to 1937, one prospector and trapper named Winslow C. Ranney staked in the area between David Lake and Rater Lake with few commercial results. The nearby hill known as Ranney Hill is his namesake and a popular hiking destination today. Con Mine was the most impressive gold deposit and its development created the excitement that led to the first settlement of Yellowknife in 1936–1937. Some of the first businesses were Corona Inn, Weaver & Devore Trading, Yellowknife Supplies and post office, and The Wildcat Cafe. Con Mine entered production on 5 September 1938. Yellowknife boomed in the summer of 1938 and many new businesses were established, including the Canadian Bank of Commerce, Hudson's Bay Company, Vic Ingraham's first hotel, Sutherland's Drug Store, and a pool hall. The population of Yellowknife quickly grew to 1,000 by 1940, and by 1942, five gold mines were in production in the Yellowknife region. However, by 1944, gold production had ground to a halt as men were needed for the war effort. An exploration program at the Giant Mine property on the north end of town had suggested a sizable gold deposit in 1944. This new find resulted in a massive post-war staking rush to Yellowknife. It also resulted in new discoveries at the Con Mine, greatly extending the life of the mine. The Yellowknife townsite expanded from the Old Town waterfront, and the new townsite was established during 1945–1946. The Discovery Mine, with its own townsite, operated to the north-northeast of Yellowknife from 1950 to 1969. Between 1939 and 1953, Yellowknife was controlled by the Northern Affairs department (now Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada) of the Government of Canada. A small council, partially elected and partially appointed, made decisions. By 1953, Yellowknife had grown so much that it was made a municipality, with its own council and town hall. The first mayor of Yellowknife was Jock McNiven. In September 1967, Yellowknife officially became the capital of the Northwest Territories. This important new status sparked what has been coined as the third boom in Yellowknife. New sub-divisions were established to house an influx of government workers. In 1978 the Soviet nuclear-powered satellite Kosmos 954 crashed to Earth near Yellowknife. There were no known casualties, although a small quantity of radioactive nuclear fuel was released into the environment, and Operation Morning Light—an attempt to retrieve it—was only partially successful. A new mining rush and fourth building boom for Yellowknife began with the discovery of diamonds north of the city in 1991. The last of the gold mines in Yellowknife closed in 2004. Today, Yellowknife is primarily a government town and a service centre for the diamond mines. On 1 April 1999, its purview as capital of the NWT was reduced when the territory of Nunavut was split from the NWT. As a result, jurisdiction for that region of Canada was transferred to the new capital city of Iqaluit. Consequently, Yellowknife lost its standing as the Canadian capital city with the smallest population.", "Yellowknife is on the Canadian Shield, which was scoured down to rock during the last ice age. The surrounding landscape is very rocky and slightly rolling, with many small lakes in addition to the larger Great Slave Lake. Trees such as spruce and birch are abundant in the area, as are smaller bushes, but there are also many areas of relatively bare rock with lichen. Yellowknife's high latitude causes a large variation between day and night. Daylight hours range from five hours of daylight in December to 20 hours in June. Twilight lasts all night from late May to mid-July.", "Yellowknife has a continental subarctic climate (Köppen: \"Dfc\"). Although winter is predominantly polar, rapid heat waves emerge at the summit of summer due to the immense path south. The city averages less than of precipitation annually, as it lies in the rain shadow of mountain ranges to the west. Due to its location on Great Slave Lake, Yellowknife has a frost-free growing season that averages slightly over 100 days. In an occasional year, the first fall frost does not come until October. Most of the limited precipitation falls between June and October, with April being the driest month of the year and August having the most rainfall. Snow that falls in winter accumulates on the ground until the spring thaw. Yellowknife experiences very cold winters and mild to warm summers. The average temperature in January is around and in July. According to Environment Canada, Yellowknife has the sunniest summer in the country, averaging 1,034 hours from June to August. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Yellowknife was on 31 January 1947, and the highest was on 16 July 1989. Yellowknife averages 2256.5 hours of bright sunshine per year or 43.5% of possible daylight hours, ranging from a low of 15.4% in December to a high of 63.0% in June. Due to its warm summer temperatures, Yellowknife is well below the Arctic tree line in stark contrast to areas further east in Canada on similar parallels. In 2014, Environment Canada ranked Yellowknife as having the coldest winter and longest snow cover season of any city in Canada, while also experiencing the sunniest spring and summer of any city in Canada.", "Yellowknife, like most other urban centres, has distinct commercial, industrial, and residential areas. Frame Lake, Niven Lake, Range Lake, and Old Town are the residential sectors, with some of the population living in high-rises in the downtown core. Niven Lake is the only area under active development and expansion. Downtown Yellowknife is home to most of the city's commercial activity, though some retail does exist in Range Lake. Industrial activity is limited to the Kam Lake and airport subdivisions.", "Jolliffe Island sits in Yellowknife Bay and is public land under the jurisdiction of the City of Yellowknife after a land purchase when Imperial Oil vacated the site. The island is surrounded by a community of houseboats, where people have been living off the grid since 1978. Their relationship with the city is complex and often strained as the houseboats are popular with sightseers, but at the same time their residents live outside of the city's tax jurisdiction while still using city services, leading to lawsuits and tensions with the City of Yellowknife.", "Yellowknife has a municipal government system and is governed by the Yellowknife City Council, which consists of an elected mayor and eight councillors. The Government of the Northwest Territories delegates powers to the municipality through legislative acts and regulations. Council meetings are held in the Council Chambers at City Hall on the second and fourth Monday of each month, and are open to the public. Municipal elections are held every three years. The current mayor of Yellowknife is Rebecca Alty, who succeeded Mark Heyck in 2018. Alty was elected 16 October 2018 and was sworn in 5 November. Yellowknife is represented in the territorial government by seven of the 19 Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories (MLAs). These MLAs are elected every four years and sit in the Northwest Territories Legislative Building, located in Yellowknife. The MLAs elect the Speaker of the House as well as six Cabinet Ministers and the Premier, which forms the cabinet. In addition, a Commissioner is appointed by the Federal Government to fulfil a similar role to that of the Lieutenant Governor. The Northwest Territories is one of only two federal, provincial or territorial jurisdictions in Canada that operate under a consensus system of government. The Northwest Territories is in the federal electoral riding of Northwest Territories and has one Member of Parliament, Michael McLeod, and one Senator, Margaret Dawn Anderson. Yellowknife is home to seven of the 19 electoral districts in the Northwest Territories, the Frame Lake, Great Slave, Kam Lake, Range Lake, Yellowknife Centre, Yellowknife North and Yellowknife South ridings.", "As the largest city in the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife is the hub for mining, industry, transportation, communications, education, health, tourism, commerce, and government activity in the territory. Historically, Yellowknife's economic growth came from gold mining, and later government; however, because of falling gold prices and increased operating costs, the final gold mine closed in 2004, marking a turning point for Yellowknife's economy. After a downturn in the 1990s during the closure of the gold mines and the downsizing of the government workforce in 1999, Yellowknife's economy has recovered, largely because of the diamond boom; the Ekati Diamond Mine, owned and operated by BHP Billiton (sold to Dominion Diamond Corporation in 2013), opened in 1998. A second mine, Diavik Diamond Mine, began production in 2003. Production from the two operating mines in 2004 was, valued at over C$2.1 billion. This ranked Canada third in world diamond production by value, and sixth by weight. A third mine, the De Beers owned Snap Lake Diamond Mine, received final approval and funding in 2005 and went into production in 2007. De Beers also applied in 2005 for a permit to open the Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine Project on the property formerly known as Kennady Lake. The mine was officially opened on September 20, 2016 and began commercial production in March 2017. As well, growth and expansion in natural gas development and exploration sectors has contributed to this growth. Economic growth in the Northwest Territories was 10.6% in 2003. The major employers in Yellowknife include the Territorial Government, the Federal Government, Diavik Diamond Mines, Dominion Diamonds, DeBeers Canada, First Air, NorthwesTel, RTL Robinson Trucking, and the City of Yellowknife. Government employment accounts for 7,644 jobs, a large percentage of those in Yellowknife. During winter, the Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road is opened for semi-trailer truck traffic to take supplies from Yellowknife north to various mines located in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. This ice road is usually open from the end of January through late March or early April, and Yellowknife becomes the dispatch point for the large number of truck drivers that come north to drive on the ice roads. During the 2007 ice road season, several drivers were featured on the History Channel TV series \"Ice Road Truckers\". Tourism is the largest renewable industry in the NWT and Yellowknife is the main entry point for visitors. Many tourists come to experience the Northern climate and traditional lifestyle, as well as to see the aurora. In 2004–2005, visitors to the territory spent C$100.5 million. The City of Yellowknife raises 50% of its operating revenue through property taxation. Both Yellowknife Education District No. 1 and Yellowknife Catholic School Board also raise a portion of their operating revenue through property taxation. Property taxes in Yellowknife are calculated through property assessment and the municipal and education mill rates. Mill rates in 2005 were 13.84 (residential) and 19.87 (commercial). Canadian North, a regional airline, was headquartered in Yellowknife, in the Northwest Tower in downtown. The airline announced that when its lease was to expire in the end of August 2013, the airline will vacate the office and move it and 20 employees out of Yellowknife. The airline is now headquartered in Calgary.", "Yellowknife was originally established as a supply centre for numerous gold mines operating in the region in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The following is a list of the major mines, all of which are now closed. There were also tungsten, tantalum and uranium mines in the vicinity. Most mines in the Yellowknife area are within the Kam Group, a part of the Yellowknife greenstone belt.", "", "Policing in Yellowknife is provided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP); Yellowknife is the headquarters for G Division, and houses more than 30 officers. The City of Yellowknife Municipal Enforcement Division (MED) is responsible for municipal bylaw infractions and traffic infractions (within city limits). The Yellowknife Fire Department handles the city's fire, ambulance, rescue, and hazardous materials responses. A point of debate in recent years has been the implementation of 911 services in Yellowknife (currently one may now dial 911) through a partnership with five other Northwest Territories communities; the cost of installation is currently estimated at around $1 million a year. There have been a number of incidents where emergency services have been either misdirected, or improperly dispatched. Health services are provided through the local Stanton Territorial Hospital. The Yellowknife Primary Care Centre has a broad range of practitioners including physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses, counsellors, dietitians and more. Services provided at the Yellowknife Primary Care Centre include mental health, diabetes education, diagnostic imaging, psychiatry and some home care services.", "", "Yellowknife's telephone services were established in 1947 by the independent Yellowknife Telephone Company, owned by investors mostly within the community. The system was sold at the end of 1963 to Canadian National Telecommunications, now Northwestel. Northwestel also provides manual mobile telephone service on VHF frequencies, and by the 1990s also provided cellular services that were later transferred to Bell Mobility. In 2008, northern-based company Ice Wireless entered the market in Yellowknife, providing digital cellular products and services. Yellowknife's television services, in addition to over-the-air transmission begun in 1967, included the Mackenzie Media cable television system placed in service 1 September 1972, which was sold to Northwestel in late 1995.", "Electricity is provided to Yellowknife by Northland Utilities, serving 6,350 residential and 800 commercial customers. Yellowknife operates almost entirely on hydroelectricity from the Snare-Bluefish systems, provided by the Northwest Territories Power Corporation (NTPC). NTPC's local production capacity is 67.9 megawatts, 30.89 MW from 10 generators at the Jackfish Diesel Plant, 28.8 MW from Snare Lake, and 7.5 MW from Miramar Bluefish.", "Residential garbage removal is through a user pay system, in which residents are allowed three garbage bags per week; any additional bags must have a purchased tag. The City of Yellowknife Solid Waste Management Facility is located on the Ingraham Trail (Highway 4) north of the city; salvaging is encouraged, and the dump is infamous for the number of still useful items often found in it.", "The City of Yellowknife provides pressurized potable water throughout the majority of the city, and has a network of gravity-fed sewage lines; trucked water and sewage is provided in areas not serviced by piped infrastructure. Sewage, with the aid of lift stations, is pumped to a series of lakes, referred to as Fiddler's Lake Lagoon, where it is held and allowed to naturally decompose. Water is obtained from the Yellowknife River and is disinfected with chlorine and liquid fluoride is added, but is not otherwise filtered or treated.", "Yellowknife, while isolated geographically, has a modern transportation system. The Yellowknife Airport is the busiest airport in northern Canada, having 70,699 aircraft movements in 2007 and handling over 400,000 passengers and 30,000 tonnes of cargo yearly. It has two asphalt runways, one strip and another of ; while the Yellowknife Airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency, it is certified for general aviation aircraft only. The Yellowknife airport is designated by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) as a forward operating location for the CF-18 Hornet. Despite its shorter runways, the airport can still accommodate 747s and other wide-body aircraft for emergency landings. Air traffic control services, Instrument landing system (Category 1), and radar services are provided by Nav Canada. Yellowknife Transit is the public transportation agency in the city, and is the only transit system in the Northwest Territories. Road construction in Yellowknife is often a challenge due to the presence of permafrost which requires that roads generally be regraded and resurfaced every 10 to 20 years. Most roads in Yellowknife are paved and road width varies from. Winter snow removal is done on a regular schedule by the City of Yellowknife public works department. Speed limits are on most roads, in school zones, and on highways. School zones and playground zones are in effect 24 hours per day 7 days per week. The highway system in the NWT is maintained by the Government of the Northwest Territories. Highway 4 (Ingraham Trail) and Highway 3 (Yellowknife Highway) both run through Yellowknife and are all-weather roads. One well-known, almost infamous, road in Yellowknife is Ragged Ass Road, after which Tom Cochrane named an album. Until 2012, Yellowknife did not have a permanent road connection to the rest of Canada's highway network, as the Yellowknife Highway relied, depending on the season, on ferry service or an ice road to cross the Mackenzie River. With the completion of the Deh Cho Bridge, which officially opened on 30 November 2012, the city now has its first direct road connection to the rest of the country. One still-used ice road connects Yellowknife with the neighbouring community of Dettah, to the southeast across an arm of Great Slave Lake; or a drive via the Ingraham Trail.", "As of the 2016 Census, there were 19,569 people and 7,130 households in the city. The population density was. The 2016 Census found that 22.7% of residents identified as Indigenous. In 2017, the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 20,834 with an average yearly growth rate of 0.6% from 2007. In Yellowknife, the population is slightly younger at 34.6 than the average age for the rest of the NWT which is 34.9. However, the population is slightly disproportionate in terms of age distribution compared to the national average of 41.0. As of the 2016 figures, 13.9% of residents were 9 or under, 6.0% were from 10 to 14 years old, 13.1% were from 15 to 24, 34.1.2% were from 25 to 44, 22.0% were from 45 to 59, and 10.9% were 60 or older. In 2016, the average household size was 2.7 and the majority of the population with children had either one or two. In 2015 the average income in the city was C$73,500, and the average income for a family was C$160,394, with 7.9% of all families earning less than $30,000. Minimum wage in Yellowknife and the NWT is C$13.46 (2018). Average household expenditures were C$125,783 in 2015. In 2016, the unemployment rate was at 5.9%; the employment rate for males was 80.1%, for females it was 75.2%. The crime rate in Yellowknife for 2016 was 46.7 (per 1,000 persons) for violent crimes, and 167.2 (per 1,000 persons) for property crimes. There were 299 births and 62 deaths in 2014. English was the mother tongue of 80.0% of residents and 3.2% spoke French. Of the nine official languages of the Northwest Territories 0.4% spoke Chipewyan (Dene); 0.1% spoke a Cree language; 0.1% spoke Gwich’in; 0.4% spoke Inuktitut; 0.1% spoke Inuinnaqtun or Inuvialuktun; 0.6% spoke North or South Slavey and 1.2% spoke Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib). In total 3.0% of the population said that an Indigenous language was their mother tongue. Not including the 11 official languages there are over 70 different languages that Yellowknifers stated were their mother tongue. These include Indo-European languages (4.2%); Austronesian languages (3.9%); Indo-Iranian languages and Germanic languages (1.1% each); Sino-Tibetan languages and Chinese languages and Indo-Aryan languages (1.0% each). The five main individual languages are Tagalog (3.2%); Vietnamese (0.8%); German (0.6%); Cantonese and Spanish (0.5% each). Yellowknife is home to 695 recent immigrants (arriving between 2011 and 2016) who now make up 3.7% of the population. Of the recent immigrants 70.5% came from Asia; 15.1% from Africa and 7.2% from both the Americas and Europe. Of the recent immigrants 40.0% came from the Philippines, while 10.8% came from several African countries, 5.8% each from India, the United Kingdom and Vietnam, 4.3% from each of Japan and South Korea and 2.2% from Israel Yellowknife is primarily populated by European with a population of 11,680 (60.6% of total). The total Indigenous peoples population 4,375 representing 22.7% of the population (12.7% First Nations, 7.0% Métis, and 3.0% Inuit. Other ethnic groups include Filipino with 1,065 residents (5.5% of total), Black with 610 residents (3.2% of total) and South Asian with 510 residents (2.6% of total) with a total visible minority population of 3,230 (16.7% of total). In the 2001 Census almost 73% of residents identified as Christian while 24% said they had no religious affiliation.. For specific denominations Statistics Canada found that 36% of residents identified as Roman Catholic, 11% as Anglican, 10% for the United Church, about 2% each as Baptists, Lutheran, and Pentecostal, and more than 1% for The Salvation Army. There were also 135 Buddhists, 125 Muslims, and 15 Jews.", "", "Some notable places to visit in Yellowknife include: Other notable attractions include the Ingraham Trail, local fishing lodges, bush plane tours, the unique architecture of Old Town with the Bush Pilots monument, and any of the numerous lakes surrounding Yellowknife, many of which include beaches.", "", "The \"Yellowknifer\", published by Northern News Services, is the major newspaper serving Yellowknife, published twice weekly on Wednesday and Friday. Northern News Services also publishes \"Northwest Territories News/North\" every Monday, which serves the entire NWT. As well, there is \"L'Aquilon\", a French language newspaper published weekly. Edge Magazine is also based in Yellowknife where it began it 2011 and covers arts, events, people, culture and economy around the City. Two magazines are based in Yellowknife: \"Above&Beyond\" and \"Up Here\", both offering northern-related news and lifestyle articles.", "No part of the Northwest Territories is designated as a mandatory market for digital television conversion; only CFYK-DT converted its main transmitter in Yellowknife to digital. On 10 August 2012, NASA announced that the section of Mars where the Curiosity of the Mars Science Laboratory mission landed would be renamed Yellowknife, in recognition of the city of Yellowknife. Yellowknife is usually where scientists start geological mapping expeditions when researching the oldest known rocks in North America." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 27712, 4, 15672, 8063, 1055, 6470, 154679, 4293, 4, 6921, 6496, 154679, 4969, 4, 136, 14631, 19210, 1264, 18, 100, 4806, 20744, 34242, 23, 13015, 31, 88856, 4, 138393, 5, 581, 481, 10, 464, 509, 47, 22691, 43780, 9, 21473, 3674, 10, 2647, 5911, 116491, 4, 26719, 24897, 116491, 4, 47, 116338, 51039, 237, 70, 51312, 23, 35768, 678, 70, 1260, 126, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 2806, 28282, 35968, 100, 141778, 5, 24372, 70, 1631, 4, 70, 14037, 1314, 54324, 20744, 34242, 23, 18608, 4, 136, 23, 41906, 170920, 12349, 34242, 4, 24, 4806, 100, 70, 116338, 32153, 5, 24372, 70, 14098, 46684, 27759, 1810, 143, 24243, 24897, 116491, 23, 6863, 43396, 90, 23, 50940, 4, 154679, 4293, 9325, 93215, 22758, 171618, 136, 31681, 636, 594, 9459, 47, 71667, 47, 137633, 12349, 34242, 111, 15758, 47, 22691, 43780, 9, 21473, 3674, 24897, 116491, 47, 345, 5, 294, 5, 51039, 23, 15758, 5, 62, 77168, 214, 10, 7565, 987, 19, 23, 70, 187, 23662, 8063, 72134, 23, 24427, 4, 16965, 420, 136, 65925, 54324, 6863, 23924, 15672, 187, 23662, 6712, 218343, 53702, 136, 70, 400, 35481, 214, 38109, 100, 6863, 187, 23662, 27528, 47, 21786, 53, 204914, 238, 109561, 23, 6088, 26819, 5, 16965, 420, 136, 65925, 10267, 122009, 503, 208, 25, 7, 23924, 15672, 627, 1230, 397, 41018, 136, 6863, 148926, 57527, 6635, 4, 503, 208, 102247, 7, 4, 24890, 5, 17106, 6863, 187, 23662, 8063, 23, 206398, 4, 503, 208, 102247, 7, 4, 24890, 5, 13918, 84649, 41975, 204797, 71, 100, 70, 14380, 47, 4527, 6863, 76407, 107963, 47, 25813, 3934, 70, 5368, 107222, 16839, 23, 15758, 5, 3293, 12441, 47, 503, 208, 25, 7, 34754, 111, 10, 13909, 4, 70, 17715, 9, 36605, 5, 114344, 450, 70616, 509, 168698, 10, 27528, 9, 191, 538, 130250, 4, 70, 563, 1191, 277, 4, 503, 208, 126809, 6863, 5117, 5368, 1202, 6712, 5426, 4, 70, 101436, 9, 14105, 4, 33233, 8752, 70, 17715, 9, 36605, 5, 853, 43264, 297, 11389, 7, 111, 17106, 70, 187, 23662, 6712, 16839, 24145, 13438, 105925, 4, 503, 208, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 125296, 71, 6712, 8796, 7, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 15643, 7, 5, 360, 70, 46552, 12649, 4, 70, 14380, 162393, 98, 47130, 162, 214, 27528, 47, 149528, 47, 9789, 90365, 7, 4, 26719, 28779, 214, 27528, 136, 5609, 9, 10382, 27722, 1314, 5, 503, 208, 121447, 70, 18897, 12353, 25, 7, 39457, 42, 4, 70, 26842, 50161, 4, 23, 15758, 98, 18374, 30777, 18592, 5, 581, 83184, 509, 645, 2420, 246, 24243, 390, 70616, 25, 7, 54452, 111, 44, 73903, 30883, 126449, 5, 138, 58, 10, 5895, 110680, 5, 156060, 13, 154271, 1295, 41260, 7, 44, 919, 1191, 17750, 58, 136, 44, 6766, 4517, 3890, 104902, 137633, 10, 25632, 4, 1284, 503, 208, 4734, 6544, 48398, 4082, 4, 9508, 25072, 7, 23, 70, 5117, 6602, 5, 581, 26842, 50161, 151994, 71, 47, 98438, 26548, 70, 563, 1191, 277, 136, 21, 134229, 50155, 70616, 25, 7, 4265, 563, 1191, 277, 136, 6, 91394, 25, 7, 6107, 90125, 23, 148926, 40575, 87420, 70, 22958, 3137, 1615, 5, 1326, 70, 23924, 15672, 83184, 4, 7440, 70, 130250, 509, 120514, 4806, 172335, 4, 503, 208, 1902, 110, 40575, 136, 7481, 53702, 5, 24372, 62, 7157, 206398, 71, 142, 18645, 47, 16839, 70, 130250, 23, 70, 10776, 4, 503, 208, 83184, 297, 442, 8305, 6863, 10002, 503, 208, 111, 21629, 57527, 6635, 5, 581, 172335, 509, 83184, 297, 23, 2356, 503, 208, 80723, 4488, 98, 70, 172335, 25, 39457, 42, 4, 70, 503, 208, 118651, 4, 645, 6626, 5369, 8108, 70, 5426, 509, 7639, 408, 5281, 99, 70, 71667, 109451, 17367, 23, 18237, 103709, 129551, 47, 36770, 503, 208, 111, 21629, 108558, 155400, 9631, 9393, 4, 84649, 41975, 100512, 142837, 1672, 70, 13211, 54452, 111, 70, 62, 7157, 146991, 4, 136, 450, 70, 118651, 2806, 959, 186, 19882, 24189, 70, 11737, 6602, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 84649, 41975, 68872, 47, 765, 10, 17932, 130250, 54452, 47, 16839, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 103709, 503, 208, 80723, 47, 85493, 70, 2789, 1542, 4, 10, 172335, 15190, 9, 191, 3129, 2806, 21265, 237, 10, 40715, 135587, 42805, 3934, 70, 2789, 9, 3137, 1615, 5, 581, 2789, 1542, 2806, 959, 186, 146731, 678, 70, 118651, 4, 1284, 2806, 11301, 172335, 27528, 5, 503, 208, 121447, 70, 2789, 1542, 98, 7582, 21416, 13211, 4, 23, 23924, 21629, 4, 14487, 138, 4, 13211, 4, 23, 15758, 4, 136, 18982, 11857, 23, 92060, 43396, 90, 4, 136, 509, 54324, 99, 40715, 3501, 23552, 111, 70, 118651, 25, 7, 83184, 27167, 5, 24372, 70, 65006, 34003, 4, 33946, 23, 70, 2789, 1542, 25545, 538, 206398, 71, 5, 503, 208, 121447, 70, 118651, 23, 15758, 98, 7582, 24470, 103709, 44, 79600, 4679, 106313, 56, 830, 10, 11469, 111, 70, 5700, 187, 23662, 6712, 4, 54324, 99, 10, 110518, 1632, 9, 188, 9, 3630, 70460, 262, 61518, 10, 4948, 33297, 36069, 23, 23552, 9, 46799, 18348, 7, 1660, 8108, 70, 148926, 83184, 111, 70, 41945, 55741, 4, 503, 208, 29131, 158863, 1672, 6863, 3525, 5426, 5, 581, 41945, 55741, 110281, 297, 88551, 33946, 136, 169361, 5941, 479, 9, 80596, 7, 5, 503, 208, 171530, 450, 44, 8912, 6402, 121635, 830, 70, 11737, 6712, 6057, 2852, 14380, 1163, 47924, 177583, 70, 87193, 60885, 1663, 4, 2806, 186, 10, 41945, 55741, 83184, 6712, 5, 1650, 509, 125568, 71, 678, 10, 21334, 9, 7, 57965, 3835, 32837, 1363, 99, 70, 71667, 39800, 223, 508, 9345, 19449, 5, 786, 13, 47, 10, 11192, 137578, 34515, 23, 70, 218343, 9433, 4, 503, 208, 5809, 959, 109923, 20174, 130250, 7, 100, 70, 41945, 55741, 25, 7, 148926, 83184, 5, 1301, 1286, 3501, 23552, 111, 6863, 84046, 31837, 1902, 2809, 479, 9, 80596, 297, 4, 503, 208, 118066, 479, 9, 80596, 7, 23, 15758, 5, 117371, 70, 83184, 4, 503, 208, 171530, 70, 54452, 111, 6863, 2356, 1172, 23662, 102203, 68311, 77298, 15, 6691, 160762, 16, 187, 23662, 5426, 45443, 4, 313, 10762, 80923, 669, 27989, 31, 180, 57710, 91995, 71, 87, 9013, 118637, 237, 13918, 111, 503, 208, 98, 4347, 24470, 52489, 180, 57710, 1902, 4989, 204797, 71, 450, 503, 208, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 503, 208, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 15672, 8063, 1055, 6470, 154679, 4293, 136, 22758, 171618, 237, 98, 18237, 138, 4, 23936, 74, 16610, 538, 7103, 4, 70, 14380, 163629, 71, 70, 181079, 111, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 4, 12349, 34242, 111, 15758, 5, 156615, 5369, 14432, 4, 70, 14380, 100512, 51529, 237, 503, 208, 102247, 7, 4, 24890, 5, 4, 7103, 1030, 3181, 2852, 83416, 102247, 7, 4, 142, 24927, 56, 111, 43780, 9, 21473, 3674, 27528, 5, 503, 208, 126809, 6863, 5117, 43780, 9, 21473, 3674, 6712, 4, 44, 15277, 14, 70820, 830, 23, 70, 72399, 23936, 7, 5, 503, 208, 509, 54324, 47, 16965, 420, 136, 65925, 62567, 7, 23, 31060, 5, 77168, 214, 10, 7565, 987, 19, 23, 70, 187, 23662, 8063, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Origins and arcade success (1940–1982).", "Entry into the game console market (1982–1989).", "Genesis, Sonic the Hedgehog, and mainstream success (1989–1994).", "32X, Saturn, and falling sales (1994–1999).", "Dreamcast and continuing struggles (1998–2001).", "Shift to third-party software development (2001–2003).", "Sammy takeover and business expansion (2003–2015).", "Restructuring (2015–present).", "Corporate structure.", "Subsidiaries of Sega Group Corporation.", "Software research and development.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "In 1940, American businessmen Martin Bromley, Irving Bromberg, and James Humpert formed Standard Games in Honolulu, Hawaii. Their aim was to provide coin-operated amusement machines, including slot machines, to military bases as the increase in personnel with the onset of World War II would create demand for entertainment. After the war, the founders sold Standard Games in 1945, and in 1946 established Service Games, named for the military focus. After the United States government outlawed slot machines in its territories in 1952, Bromley sent employees Richard Stewart and Ray LeMaire to Tokyo to establish Service Games of Japan to provide coin-operated slot machines to U.S. bases in Japan. A", "Following a downturn in the arcade business starting in 1982, Gulf and Western sold its North American arcade game manufacturing organization and the licensing rights for its arcade games to Bally Manufacturing in September 1983. Gulf and Western retained Sega's North American R&D operation and its Japanese subsidiary, Sega Enterprises, Ltd. With its arcade business in decline, Sega Enterprises, Ltd. president Nakayama advocated for the company to use its hardware expertise to move into the home consumer market in Japan. This led to Sega's development of a computer, the SC-3000. Learning that Nintendo was developing a games-only console, the Famicom, Sega developed its first home video game system, the SG-1000, alongside the SC-3000. Rebranded versions of", "With the arcade game market once again growing, Sega was one of the most recognized game brands at the end of the 1980s. In the arcades, the company focused on releasing games to appeal to diverse tastes, including racing games and side-scrollers. Sega released the Master System's successor, the Mega Drive, in Japan on October 29, 1988. The launch was overshadowed by Nintendo's release of \"Super Mario Bros. 3\" a week earlier. Positive coverage from magazines \"Famitsu\" and \"Beep!\" helped establish a following, but Sega only shipped 400,000 units in the first year. The Mega Drive struggled to compete against the Famicom and lagged behind Nintendo's Super Famicom and NEC's PC Engine in Japanese sales throughout the 16-bit era. For the North American launch, where the console was renamed Genesis, Sega had no sales and marketing organization. After Atari declined an offer to market the console in the region, Sega launched it through its own Sega of America subsidiary. The Genesis was launched in New", "Sega began work on the Genesis' successor, the Sega Saturn, over two years before the system was showcased at the Tokyo Toy Show in June 1994. According to former Sega of America producer Scot Bayless, Nakayama became concerned about the 1994 release of the Atari Jaguar, and that the Saturn would not be available until the next year. As a result, Nakayama decided to have a second console release to market by the end of 1994. Sega began to develop the 32X, a Genesis add-on which would serve as a less expensive entry into the 32-bit era. The 32X would not be compatible with the Saturn, but would play Genesis games. Sega released the 32X on November 21, 1994, in North America, December 3, 1994, in Japan, and January 1995 in PAL territories, and was sold at less than half of the Saturn's launch price. After the holiday season, interest in the 32X rapidly declined. Sega released the Saturn in Japan on November 22, 1994. \"Virtua Fighter\", a port of the popular arcade game, sold at a nearly one-to-one ratio", "Despite a 75 percent drop in half-year profits just before the Japanese launch of the Dreamcast, Sega felt confident about its new system. The Dreamcast attracted significant interest and drew many pre-orders. Sega announced that \"Sonic Adventure\", the next game starring company mascot Sonic the Hedgehog, would be a Dreamcast launch game. It was promoted with a large-scale public demonstration at the Tokyo Kokusai Forum Hall. Due to a high failure rate in the manufacturing process, Sega could not ship enough consoles for the Dreamcast's Japanese launch. As more than half of its limited stock had been pre-ordered, Sega stopped pre-orders in Japan. Before the launch, Sega announced the release of its New Arcade Operation Machine Idea (NAOMI) arcade system board,", "CSK chairman Isao Okawa replaced Irimajiri as president of Sega on May 22, 2000. Okawa had long advocated that Sega abandon the console business. Others shared this view; Sega co-founder David Rosen had \"always felt it was a bit of a folly for them to be limiting their potential to Sega hardware\", and Stolar had suggested that Sega should have sold the company to Microsoft. In a September 2000 meeting with Sega's Japanese executives and heads of its first-party game studios, Moore and Sega of America executive Charles Bellfield recommended that Sega abandon its console business. In response, the studio heads walked out. Sega announced an official company name change from Sega Enterprises, Ltd. to Sega", "In August 2003, Sammy bought 22.4 percent of Sega's shares from CSK, making Sammy into Sega's largest shareholder. In the same year, Hajime Satomi stated that Sega's activity would focus on its profitable arcade business as opposed to loss-incurring home software development. In 2004, Sega Sammy Holdings, an entertainment conglomerate, was created; Sega and Sammy became subsidiaries of the new holding company, both companies operating independently while the executive departments merged. According to the first Sega Sammy \"Annual Report\", the merger went ahead as both companies were facing difficulties. Satomi stated that Sega had", "In April 2015, Sega Corporation was reorganized into Sega Group, one of three groups of Sega Sammy Holdings. Sega Holdings Co., Ltd. was established, with four business sectors under its control. Haruki Satomi, son of Hajime Satomi, took office as president and CEO of the company in April 2015. Sega Games Co., Ltd. became the legal name of Sega Corporation and continued to manage home video games, while Sega Interactive Co., Ltd. was founded to take control of the arcade division. Sega Networks merged", "Sega's headquarters is in Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Sega also has offices in Irvine, California (as Sega of America), in London (as Sega Europe), in Seoul, South Korea (as Sega Publishing Korea), and in Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Taipei. In other regions, Sega has contracted distributors for its games and consoles, such as Tectoy in Brazil. Sega has had offices in France, Germany, Spain, and Australia; those markets have since contracted distributors. Relations between the regional offices have not always been smooth. Some conflict in the 1990s may have been caused by Sega president Nakayama and his admiration for Sega of America; according to Kalinske, \"There were some guys in the executive suites who really didn't like that Nakayama in particular appeared to favor the U.S. executives. A lot of the Japanese executives were maybe a little jealous, and I think some of that played into the decisions that were made.\" By contrast, author Steven L. Kent stated that Nakayama bullied American executives and that Nakayama believed the Japanese executives made the best decisions. Kent also stated that Sega of America CEOs Kalinske, Stolar, and Moore dreaded meeting with Sega of Japan executives.", "After the formation of Sega Group in 2015 and the founding of Sega Holdings (now Sega Group Corporation), the former Sega Corporation was renamed Sega Games Co., Ltd. Under this structure, Sega Games was responsible for the home video game market and consumer development, while Sega Interactive Co., Ltd., comprised Sega's arcade game business. The two were consolidated in 2020, renamed as Sega Corporation. The company includes Sega Networks, which handles game development for smartphones. Sega Corporation develops and publishes games for major video game consoles and arcade cabinets, and has not expressed interest in developing consoles again. According to former Sega Europe CEO Mike Brogan, \"There is no future in selling hardware. In any market, through competition, the hardware eventually becomes a commodity... If a company has to sell hardware then it should only be to leverage software, even if that means taking a hit on the hardware.\"", "As a games publisher, Sega produces games through its research and development teams. The \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" franchise, maintained through Sega's Sonic Team division, is one of the best-selling franchises in the history of video games. Sega has also acquired third-party studios that are now owned by the company, including Amplitude Studios, Atlus, Creative Assembly, Hardlight, Relic Entertainment, Sports Interactive, and Two Point Studios. Sega's software research and development teams began with one development division operating under Sega's longtime head of R&D, Hisashi Suzuki. As the market increased for home video game consoles, Sega expanded with three Consumer Development (CS) divisions. After October 1983, arcade development expanded to three teams: Sega DD No. 1, 2, and 3. Some time after the release of \"Power Drift\", the company restructured its teams again as the Sega Amusement", "Sega is the world's most prolific arcade game producer, having developed more than 500 games, 70 franchises, and 20 arcade system boards since 1981. It has been recognized by Guinness World Records for this achievement. Of Sega's arcade division, \"Eurogamer\"'s Martin Robinson said, \"It's boisterous, broad and with a neat sense of showmanship running through its range. On top of that, it has something that's often evaded its console-dwelling cousin: success.\" The Sega Genesis is often ranked among the best consoles in history. In 2014, \"USgamer\"'s Jeremy Parish credited it for galvanizing the market by breaking Nintendo's near-monopoly, helping create modern sports game franchises, and popularizing television games in the UK. Kalinske felt Sega had innovated by developing games for an older demographic and pioneering the \"street date\" concept with the simultaneous North American and European release of \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\". Sega of America's marketing campaign for the Genesis influenced marketing for later consoles. Despite its commercial failure, the Saturn is well regarded for its library, though it has been criticized for a lack of high-profile franchise releases. \"Edge\" wrote that \"hardened loyalists continue to reminisce about the console that brought forth games like \"Burning Rangers\", \"Guardian Heroes\", \"Dragon Force\" and \"Panzer Dragoon Saga\"\". Sega's management was criticized for its handling of the Saturn. According to Greg Sewart of \"1Up.com\", \"the Saturn will go down in history as one of the most troubled, and greatest, systems of all time\". The Dreamcast is remembered for being ahead of its time, with several concepts that became standard in consoles, such as motion controls and online functionality. Its demise has been connected with transitions in the video game industry. In \"1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die\", Duncan Harris wrote that the Dreamcast's end \"signaled the demise of arcade gaming culture... Sega's console gave hope that things were not about to change for the worse and that the tenets of fast fun and bright, attractive graphics were not about to sink into a brown and green bog of realistic war games.\" Parish contrasted the Dreamcast's diverse library with the \"suffocating sense of conservatism\" that pervaded the industry in the following decade. In \"Eurogamer\", Damien McFerran wrote that Sega's decisions in the late 1990s were \"a tragic spectacle of overconfidence and woefully misguided business practice\". Travis Fahs of \"IGN\" noted that since the Sammy takeover Sega had developed fewer games and outsourced to more western studios, and that its arcade operations had been significantly reduced. Nonetheless, he wrote: \"Sega was one of the most active, creative, and productive developers the industry has ever known, and nothing that can happen to their name since will change that.\" In 2015, Sega president Haruki Satomi told \"Famitsu\" that, in the previous ten years, Sega had \"betrayed\" the trust of older fans and that he hoped to re-establish the Sega brand. During the promotion of the Sega Genesis Mini, Sega executive manager Hiroyuki Miyazaki reflected on Sega's history, saying, \"I feel like Sega has never been the champion, at the top of all the video game companies, but I feel like a lot of people love Sega because of the underdog image.\" In his 2018 book \"The Sega Arcade Revolution\", Horowitz connected Sega's decline in the arcades after 1995 with broader industry changes. He argued that its most serious problems came from the loss of its creative talent, particularly Yuji Naka and Yu Suzuki, after the Sammy takeover, but concluded that \"as of this writing, Sega is in its best financial shape of the past two decades. The company has endured.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 27140, 114137, 4, 70, 27140, 101935, 621, 114122, 1686, 538, 33636, 297, 390, 70, 26582, 44, 169, 830, 3129, 831, 186, 84797, 71, 3934, 6863, 2773, 24073, 425, 18939, 136, 114135, 53, 24073, 53, 18939, 63920, 12, 100, 27781, 12, 44, 169, 58, 2203, 201, 997, 190, 58, 14, 830, 7440, 44, 425, 58, 136, 44, 53, 58, 621, 2773, 101935, 4, 136, 44, 14, 58, 83, 70, 114135, 53, 25072, 5, 360, 903, 114122, 6635, 110, 22062, 70, 27140, 14012, 44, 169, 58, 42518, 7, 47, 70, 6275, 24073, 425, 830, 44, 53, 18939, 23, 70, 106274, 39209, 47880, 5, 360, 70, 106274, 39209, 47880, 70, 6275, 24073, 425, 830, 44, 53, 18939, 831, 2843, 186, 33636, 297, 23, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 237, 360, 70, 106274, 39209, 47880, 442, 1543, 186, 41591, 71, 450, 70, 46552, 14525, 2517, 51776, 142424, 1295, 48768, 58, 2881, 12477, 58, 47, 44, 2881, 12477, 58, 15, 73, 4567, 10133, 247, 136, 3060, 517, 8110, 186, 39958, 47, 61924, 70, 1286, 28484, 46552, 14525, 2517, 32354, 100, 26847, 24073, 425, 830, 44, 53, 18939, 3229, 44, 425, 58, 6, 237637, 757, 5, 360, 70, 27140, 47880, 6097, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 5646, 70, 3173, 7440, 11853, 6, 58745, 58, 169, 58, 58745, 83, 70, 44, 2055, 98685, 13, 34292, 58, 707, 44, 83279, 223, 58, 111, 70, 27140, 14012, 44, 169, 56128, 44, 3431, 830, 70, 44, 155937, 58, 111, 44, 169, 830, 83, 56104, 39958, 98, 70, 51514, 757, 6, 237637, 44, 3431, 58, 4426, 116, 58, 2881, 56128, 136, 70, 4568, 28, 161789, 15, 188, 6, 58745, 58, 169, 58, 58745, 58, 13, 18939, 83, 39958, 1295, 5177, 603, 25, 7, 26168, 5, 177417, 70, 158, 2816, 4288, 98, 70, 37457, 111, 44, 3431, 830, 70, 10750, 111, 44, 169, 58, 83, 6024, 9, 27494, 297, 4, 6637, 70, 27140, 78643, 80973, 32354, 83, 120164, 4, 678, 14922, 116, 58, 2881, 17, 740, 12613, 7, 4, 2174, 44, 3431, 58, 83, 1632, 34292, 111, 79459, 132, 58, 169, 74054, 70, 3789, 142424, 621, 34475, 390, 79459, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 2203, 44, 3431, 58, 997, 116, 58, 19, 2881, 830, 7440, 44, 19, 58, 83, 2499, 892, 1505, 6, 245308, 757, 5, 51404, 8731, 3815, 11814, 143726, 538, 4, 70, 84183, 238, 21455, 111, 70, 27140, 101935, 83, 165164, 538, 35509, 98, 6863, 45646, 111, 10, 5177, 34937, 130265, 173, 18770, 32628, 111, 6, 91403, 116, 4, 7440, 70, 75414, 12996, 111, 27140, 101935, 136, 83, 34475, 390, 26168, 454, 758, 74, 7068, 100, 10, 27140, 14012, 6863, 89931, 34292, 6, 58745, 58745, 60754, 90, 678, 6863, 5177, 34937, 130265, 22599, 4, 136, 6863, 10750, 678, 70, 55291, 174548, 1295, 106, 47, 5, 581, 154453, 111, 158, 28889, 157353, 48402, 90, 10, 13036, 2831, 111, 27140, 114137, 5, 360, 903, 43701, 70, 48225, 111, 26983, 10932, 10, 155738, 9709, 272, 83, 5526, 46, 39531, 6953, 70, 48225, 23, 3129, 70, 9709, 272, 83, 37317, 297, 118126, 90, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 28970, 390, 48768, 418, 5, 3311, 101805, 70, 44, 67890, 4935, 58, 48225, 83, 105416, 238, 21135, 90825, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 25072, 42154, 133, 83, 37317, 297, 23, 70, 24491, 48225, 3229, 642, 4034, 99, 70, 6275, 44, 169, 58, 2203, 106, 4, 7068, 26983, 1257, 136, 47, 70, 25737, 8305, 70, 6275, 44, 169, 58, 2203, 44, 14, 830, 7068, 7565, 136, 47, 70, 25737, 8305, 48768, 418, 4, 7068, 7565, 136, 47, 70, 7108, 8305, 48768, 58, 14, 830, 136, 77681, 1257, 136, 47, 70, 7108, 47, 44, 169, 58, 2203, 106, 4, 7440, 642, 26859, 5, 78289, 5510, 756, 111, 27140, 114137, 83, 142837, 678, 27140, 32354, 7, 46, 450, 83, 4, 678, 32354, 7, 450, 22288, 3060, 1614, 3509, 111, 70, 27140, 47880, 3934, 3060, 3789, 15, 7522, 172, 38526, 645, 143, 26783, 4, 707, 3853, 31943, 6827, 16, 1614, 3509, 111, 70, 27140, 47880, 5, 11853, 442, 83, 114122, 6635, 47, 70424, 111, 70, 77758, 111, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 237, 16500, 214, 23, 70, 44, 169, 58, 9, 5868, 13, 4, 12960, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 37457, 111, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 237, 10, 5423, 111, 26847, 23, 70, 44, 434, 58, 9, 5868, 13, 5, 360, 26582, 7, 642, 33022, 136, 27983, 5351, 111, 70, 32354, 44, 420, 58, 237, 10, 167201, 1295, 70, 44, 169, 58, 9, 5868, 13, 15, 76228, 176866, 90, 24073, 425, 830, 44, 53, 18939, 16, 3934, 70, 44, 434, 58, 9, 5868, 13, 15, 76228, 176866, 90, 24073, 34, 830, 44, 334, 18939, 194, 62, 22111, 71, 117233, 15005, 7, 47, 10, 84183, 238, 23577, 111, 27140, 101935, 237, 26847, 97, 1369, 425, 1328, 12712, 17368, 70, 1022, 9, 11, 33102, 237, 70, 2773, 10, 33102, 136, 113, 9, 11, 33102, 237, 70, 114135, 53, 10, 33102, 5, 62771, 23577, 7, 621, 24, 4806, 7103, 16162, 9, 196006, 62, 22111, 71, 2858, 84453, 132869, 89647, 4, 102971, 1836, 3542, 5117, 151552, 390, 103993, 1104, 34119, 4745, 3551, 110297, 748, 136, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 2041, 26404, 1401, 7, 1428, 21067, 4633, 132869, 56641, 5, 62, 22111, 71, 117233, 7, 621, 195409, 11814, 47, 23577, 70, 19069, 7, 111, 70, 45234, 7, 136, 5664, 7, 111, 10, 32354, 23, 70, 27140, 47880, 5, 1650, 831, 186, 80234, 47, 5351, 111, 70, 27140, 47880, 237, 2174, 442, 95699, 34, 138518, 70, 71579, 111, 10, 6, 157695, 5, 77878, 19, 10, 6, 157695, 111, 25072, 4567, 223, 4, 3687, 6863, 27585, 99, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 27140, 47880, 4, 23509, 297, 221, 450, 70, 28, 13722, 1290, 98, 70, 6, 157695, 60754, 90, 678, 70, 25072, 42154, 133, 23, 70, 47880, 4, 136, 70, 144477, 5664, 83, 44, 21552, 272, 58, 70, 47880, 5, 1401, 831, 137633, 10, 1632, 9, 188, 9, 3630, 42518, 6620, 17721, 70, 26847, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 70, 6, 157695, 26948, 70, 144477, 5664, 136, 70, 26847, 23, 70, 27140, 47880, 237, 28960, 7, 5, 77878, 19, 10, 6275, 23, 70, 47880, 4, 79442, 10, 80560, 13315, 37067, 214, 442, 678, 70, 144477, 5664, 98, 70, 6, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 70, 27140, 47880, 707, 44, 169, 58, 9, 5868, 13, 83, 10, 84183, 238, 18811, 1363, 111, 70, 27140, 101935, 170920, 390, 70, 2773, 10, 33102, 136, 70, 117, 40930, 25667, 114135, 53, 10, 33102, 5, 1650, 831, 186, 17569, 111, 237, 10, 73197, 297, 106274, 39209, 47880, 4, 678, 70, 2773, 2831, 111, 10, 27140, 14012, 33636, 297, 390, 10, 2837, 23935, 674, 33233, 70, 1022, 9, 11, 33102, 4, 136, 70, 114135, 53, 2831, 390, 10, 2837, 23935, 674, 33233, 70, 113, 9, 11, 33102, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Notational conventions.", "Argand diagram.", "Stereographic projections.", "Cutting the plane.", "Multi-valued relationships and branch points.", "Restricting the domain of meromorphic functions.", "Specifying convergence regions.", "Gluing the cut plane back together.", "Use of the complex plane in control theory.", "Quadratic spaces.", "Other meanings of \"complex plane\".", "Terminology." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In complex analysis, the complex numbers are customarily represented by the symbol \"z\", which can be separated into its real (\"x\") and imaginary (\"y\") parts: for example: \"z\" = 4 + 5\"i\", where \"x\" and \"y\" are real numbers, and \"i\" is the imaginary unit. In this customary notation the complex number \"z\" corresponds to the point (\"x\", \"y\") in the Cartesian plane. In the Cartesian plane the point (\"x\", \"y\") can also be represented in polar coordinates as In the Cartesian plane it may be assumed that the arctangent takes values from −\"π/2\" to \"π/2\" (in radians), and some care must be taken to define the more complete arctangent function for points (\"x\", \"y\") when \"x\" ≤ 0. In the complex plane these polar coordinates take the form where Here |\"z\"| is the \"absolute value\" or \"modulus\" of the complex number \"z\"; \"θ\", the \"argument\" of \"z\", is usually taken on the interval 0 ≤ \"θ\" < 2\"π\"; and the last equality (to |\"z\"|\"e\") is taken from Euler's formula. Without the constraint on the range of \"θ\", the argument of \"z\" is multi-valued, because the complex exponential function is periodic, with period 2\"π i\". Thus, if \"θ\" is one value of arg(\"z\"), the other values are given by arg(\"z\") = \"θ\" + 2\"nπ\", where \"n\" is any integer ≠ 0. While seldom used explicitly, the geometric view of the complex numbers is implicitly based on its structure of a Euclidean vector space of dimension 2, where the inner product of complex numbers and is given by formula_5; then for a complex number its absolute value || coincides with its Euclidean norm, and its argument with the angle turning from 1 to. The theory of contour integration comprises a major part of complex analysis. In this context the direction of travel around a closed curve is important – reversing the direction in which the curve is traversed multiplies the value of the integral by −1. By convention the \"positive\" direction is counterclockwise. For example, the unit circle is traversed in the positive direction when we start at the point \"z\" = 1, then travel up and to the left through the point \"z\" = \"i\", then down and to the left through −1, then down and to the right through −\"i\", and finally up and to the right to \"z\" = 1, where we started. Almost all of complex analysis is concerned with complex functions – that is, with functions that map some subset of the complex plane into some other (possibly overlapping, or even identical) subset of the complex plane. Here it is customary to speak of the domain of \"f\"(\"z\") as lying in the \"z\"-plane, while referring to the range of \"f\"(\"z\") as a set of points in the \"w\"-plane. In symbols we write and often think of the function \"f\" as a transformation from the \"z\"-plane (with coordinates (\"x\", \"y\")) into the \"w\"-plane (with coordinates (\"u\", \"v\")).", "Argand diagram refers to a geometric plot of complex numbers as points z=x+iy using the x-axis as the real axis and y-axis as the imaginary axis. Such plots are named after Jean-Robert Argand (1768–1822), although they were first described by Norwegian–Danish land surveyor and mathematician Caspar Wessel (1745–1818). Argand diagrams are frequently used to plot the positions of the zeros and poles of a function in the complex plane.", "It can be useful to think of the complex plane as if it occupied the surface of a sphere. Given a sphere of unit radius, place its center at the origin of the complex plane, oriented so that the equator on the sphere coincides with the unit circle in the plane, and the north pole is \"above\" the plane. We can establish a one-to-one correspondence between the points on the surface of the sphere minus the north pole and the points in the complex plane as follows. Given a point in the plane, draw a straight line connecting it with the north pole on the sphere. That line will intersect the surface of the sphere in exactly one other point. The point will be projected onto the south pole of the sphere. Since the interior of the unit circle lies inside the sphere, that entire region () will be mapped onto the southern hemisphere. The unit circle itself () will be mapped onto the equator, and the exterior of the unit circle () will be mapped onto the northern hemisphere, minus the north pole. Clearly this procedure is reversible – given any point on the surface of the sphere that is not the north pole, we can draw a straight line connecting that point to the north pole and intersecting the flat plane in exactly one point. Under this stereographic projection the north pole itself is not associated with any point in the complex plane. We perfect the one-to-one correspondence by adding one more point to the complex plane – the so-called \"point at infinity\" – and identifying it with the north pole on the sphere. This topological space, the complex plane plus the point at infinity, is known as the extended complex plane. We speak of a single \"point at infinity\" when discussing complex analysis. There are two points at infinity (positive, and negative) on the real number line, but there is only one point at infinity (the north pole) in the extended complex plane. Imagine for a moment what will happen to the lines of latitude and longitude when they are projected from the sphere onto the flat plane. The lines of latitude are all parallel to the equator, so they will become perfect circles centered on the origin. And the lines of longitude will become straight lines passing through the origin (and also through the \"point at infinity\", since they pass through both the north and south poles on the sphere). This is not the only possible yet plausible stereographic situation of the projection of a sphere onto a plane consisting of two or more values. For instance, the north pole of the sphere might be placed on top of the origin in a plane that is tangent to the circle. The details don't really matter. Any stereographic projection of a sphere onto a plane will produce one \"point at infinity\", and it will map the lines of latitude and longitude on the sphere into circles and straight lines, respectively, in the plane.", "When discussing functions of a complex variable it is often convenient to think of a cut in the complex plane. This idea arises naturally in several different contexts.", "Consider the simple two-valued relationship Before we can treat this relationship as a single-valued function, the range of the resulting value must be restricted somehow. When dealing with the square roots of non-negative real numbers this is easily done. For instance, we can just define to be the non-negative real number \"y\" such that \"y\" = \"x\". This idea doesn't work so well in the two-dimensional complex plane. To see why, let's think about the way the value of \"f\"(\"z\") varies as the point \"z\" moves around the unit circle. We can write Evidently, as \"z\" moves all the way around the circle, \"w\" only traces out one-half of the circle. So one continuous motion in the complex plane has transformed the positive square root \"e\" = 1 into the negative square root \"e\" = −1. This problem arises because the point \"z\" = 0 has just one square root, while every other complex number \"z\" ≠ 0 has exactly two square roots. On the real number line we could circumvent this problem by erecting a \"barrier\" at the single point \"x\" = 0. A bigger barrier is needed in the complex plane, to prevent any closed contour from completely encircling the branch point \"z\" = 0. This is commonly done by introducing a branch cut; in this case the \"cut\" might extend from the point \"z\" = 0 along the positive real axis to the point at infinity, so that the argument of the variable \"z\" in the cut plane is restricted to the range 0 ≤ arg(\"z\") < 2\"π\". We can now give a complete description of \"w\" = \"z\". To do so we need two copies of the \"z\"-plane, each of them cut along the real axis. On one copy we define the square root of 1 to be e = 1, and on the other we define the square root of 1 to be \"e\" = −1. We call these two copies of the complete cut plane \"sheets\". By making a continuity argument we see that the (now single-valued) function \"w\" = \"z\" maps the first sheet into the upper half of the \"w\"-plane, where 0 ≤ arg(\"w\") < \"π\", while mapping the second sheet into the lower half of the \"w\"-plane (where \"π\" ≤ arg(\"w\") < 2\"π\"). The branch cut in this example doesn't have to lie along the real axis. It doesn't even have to be a straight line. Any continuous curve connecting the origin \"z\" = 0 with the point at infinity would work. In some cases the branch cut doesn't even have to pass through the point at infinity. For example, consider the relationship Here the polynomial \"z\" − 1 vanishes when \"z\" = ±1, so \"g\" evidently has two branch points. We can \"cut\" the plane along the real axis, from −1 to 1, and obtain a sheet on which \"g\"(\"z\") is a single-valued function. Alternatively, the cut can run from \"z\" = 1 along the positive real axis through the point at infinity, then continue \"up\" the negative real axis to the other branch point, \"z\" = −1. This situation is most easily visualized by using the stereographic projection described above. On the sphere one of these cuts runs longitudinally through the southern hemisphere, connecting a point on the equator (\"z\" = −1) with another point on the equator (\"z\" = 1), and passing through the south pole (the origin, \"z\" = 0) on the way. The second version of the cut runs longitudinally through the northern hemisphere and connects the same two equatorial points by passing through the north pole (that is, the point at infinity).", "A meromorphic function is a complex function that is holomorphic and therefore analytic everywhere in its domain except at a finite, or countably infinite, number of points. The points at which such a function cannot be defined are called the poles of the meromorphic function. Sometimes all these poles lie in a straight line. In that case mathematicians may say that the function is \"holomorphic on the cut plane\". Here's a simple example. The gamma function, defined by where \"γ\" is the Euler–Mascheroni constant, and has simple poles at 0, −1, −2, −3,... because exactly one denominator in the infinite product vanishes when \"z\" is zero, or a negative integer. Since all its poles lie on the negative real axis, from \"z\" = 0 to the point at infinity, this function might be described as \"holomorphic on the cut plane, the cut extending along the negative real axis, from 0 (inclusive) to the point at infinity.\" Alternatively, Γ(\"z\") might be described as \"holomorphic in the cut plane with −\"π\" < arg(\"z\") < \"π\" and excluding the point \"z\" = 0.\" This cut is slightly different from the branch cut we've already encountered, because it actually \"excludes\" the negative real axis from the cut plane. The branch cut left the real axis connected with the cut plane on one side (0 ≤ \"θ\"), but severed it from the cut plane along the other side (\"θ\" < 2\"π\"). Of course, it's not actually necessary to exclude the entire line segment from \"z\" = 0 to −∞ to construct a domain in which Γ(\"z\") is holomorphic. All we really have to do is puncture the plane at a countably infinite set of points {0, −1, −2, −3,...}. But a closed contour in the punctured plane might encircle one or more of the poles of Γ(\"z\"), giving a contour integral that is not necessarily zero, by the residue theorem. By cutting the complex plane we ensure not only that Γ(\"z\") is holomorphic in this restricted domain – we also ensure that the contour integral of Γ over any closed curve lying in the cut plane is identically equal to zero.", "Many complex functions are defined by infinite series, or by continued fractions. A fundamental consideration in the analysis of these infinitely long expressions is identifying the portion of the complex plane in which they converge to a finite value. A cut in the plane may facilitate this process, as the following examples show. Consider the function defined by the infinite series Since \"z\" = (−\"z\") for every complex number \"z\", it's clear that \"f\"(\"z\") is an even function of \"z\", so the analysis can be restricted to one half of the complex plane. And since the series is undefined when it makes sense to cut the plane along the entire imaginary axis and establish the convergence of this series where the real part of \"z\" is not zero before undertaking the more arduous task of examining \"f\"(\"z\") when \"z\" is a pure imaginary number. In this example the cut is a mere convenience, because the points at which the infinite sum is undefined are isolated, and the \"cut\" plane can be replaced with a suitably \"punctured\" plane. In some contexts the cut is necessary, and not just convenient. Consider the infinite periodic continued fraction It can be shown that \"f\"(\"z\") converges to a finite value if and only if \"z\" is not a negative real number such that \"z\" < −1⁄4. In other words, the convergence region for this continued fraction is the cut plane, where the cut runs along the negative real axis, from −1⁄4 to the point at infinity.", "We have already seen how the relationship can be made into a single-valued function by splitting the domain of \"f\" into two disconnected sheets. It is also possible to \"glue\" those two sheets back together to form a single Riemann surface on which can be defined as a holomorphic function whose image is the entire \"w\"-plane (except for the point ). Here's how that works. Imagine two copies of the cut complex plane, the cuts extending along the positive real axis from to the point at infinity. On one sheet define, so that, by definition. On the second sheet define, so that, again by definition. Now flip the second sheet upside down, so the imaginary axis points in the opposite direction of the imaginary axis on the first sheet, with both real axes pointing in the same direction, and \"glue\" the two sheets together (so that the edge on the first sheet labeled \"\" is connected to the edge labeled \"\" on the second sheet, and the edge on the second sheet labeled \"\" is connected to the edge labeled \"\" on the first sheet). The result is the Riemann surface domain on which is single-valued and holomorphic (except when ). To understand why \"f\" is single-valued in this domain, imagine a circuit around the unit circle, starting with on the first sheet. When we are still on the first sheet. When we have crossed over onto the second sheet, and are obliged to make a second complete circuit around the branch point before returning to our starting point, where is equivalent to, because of the way we glued the two sheets together. In other words, as the variable \"z\" makes two complete turns around the branch point, the image of \"z\" in the \"w\"-plane traces out just one complete circle. Formal differentiation shows that from which we can conclude that the derivative of \"f\" exists and is finite everywhere on the Riemann surface, except when (that is, \"f\" is holomorphic, except when ). How can the Riemann surface for the function also discussed above, be constructed? Once again we begin with two copies of the \"z\"-plane, but this time each one is cut along the real line segment extending from to – these are the two branch points of \"g\"(\"z\"). We flip one of these upside down, so the two imaginary axes point in opposite directions, and glue the corresponding edges of the two cut sheets together. We can verify that \"g\" is a single-valued function on this surface by tracing a circuit around a circle of unit radius centered at. Commencing at the point on the first sheet we turn halfway around the circle before encountering the cut at. The cut forces us onto the second sheet, so that when \"z\" has traced out one full turn around the branch point, \"w\" has taken just one-half of a full turn, the sign of \"w\" has been reversed (since ), and our path has taken us to the point on the second sheet of the surface. Continuing on through another half turn we encounter the other side of the cut, where, and finally reach our starting point ( on the first sheet) after making two full turns around the branch point. The natural way to label in this example is to set on the first sheet, with on the second. The imaginary axes on the two sheets point in opposite directions so that the counterclockwise sense of positive rotation is preserved as a closed contour moves from one sheet to the other (remember, the second sheet is \"upside down\"). Imagine this surface embedded in a three-dimensional space, with both sheets parallel to the \"xy\"-plane. Then there appears to be a vertical hole in the surface, where the two cuts are joined together. What if the cut is made from down the real axis to the point at infinity, and from, up the real axis until the cut meets itself? Again a Riemann surface can be constructed, but this time the \"hole\" is horizontal. Topologically speaking, both versions of this Riemann surface are equivalent – they are orientable two-dimensional surfaces of genus one.", "In control theory, one use of the complex plane is known as the's-plane'. It is used to visualise the roots of the equation describing a system's behaviour (the characteristic equation) graphically. The equation is normally expressed as a polynomial in the parameter's' of the Laplace transform, hence the name's' plane. Points in the s-plane take the form formula_18, where \"'j'\" is used instead of the usual \"'i\"' to represent the imaginary component. Another related use of the complex plane is with the Nyquist stability criterion. This is a geometric principle which allows the stability of a closed-loop feedback system to be determined by inspecting a Nyquist plot of its open-loop magnitude and phase response as a function of frequency (or loop transfer function) in the complex plane. The 'z-plane' is a discrete-time version of the s-plane, where z-transforms are used instead of the Laplace transformation.", "The complex plane is associated with two distinct quadratic spaces. For a point \"z\" = \"x\" + \"iy\" in the complex plane, the squaring function \"z\" and the norm-squared formula_19 are both quadratic forms. The former is frequently neglected in the wake of the latter's use in setting a metric on the complex plane. These distinct faces of the complex plane as a quadratic space arise in the construction of algebras over a field with the Cayley–Dickson process. That procedure can be applied to any field, and different results occur for the fields R and C: when R is the take-off field, then C is constructed with the quadratic form formula_20 but the process can also begin with C and \"z\", and that case generates algebras that differ from those derived from R. In any case, the algebras generated are composition algebras; in this case the complex plane is the point set for two distinct composition algebras.", "The preceding sections of this article deal with the complex plane in terms of a geometric representation of the complex numbers. Although this usage of the term \"complex plane\" has a long and mathematically rich history, it is by no means the only mathematical concept that can be characterized as \"the complex plane\". There are at least three additional possibilities.", "While the terminology \"complex plane\" is historically accepted, the object could be more appropriately named \"complex line\" as it is a 1-dimensional complex vector space." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 65042, 297, 27140, 101935, 58055, 111, 70, 27140, 101935, 313, 25842, 678, 6, 244338, 5, 581, 5423, 111, 65042, 297, 27140, 101935, 1543, 186, 59121, 237, 313, 6, 248542, 10666, 244338, 8152, 4, 136, 83, 27983, 8, 157, 3674, 390, 154107, 3060, 65177, 1363, 47, 70, 31330, 313, 4, 6044, 237, 2206, 87739, 71407, 4, 70, 5423, 111, 65042, 297, 27140, 101935, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 15, 748, 65042, 297, 27140, 47880, 194, 29117, 14, 1363, 111, 27140, 101935, 1543, 186, 65042, 297, 390, 13204, 449, 4, 100, 44, 169, 58, 6, 245918, 313, 4, 100, 2499, 27140, 14012, 44, 169, 830, 136, 127664, 1363, 1543, 186, 61924, 71, 390, 100, 756, 351, 80510, 27140, 101935, 44, 169, 830, 678, 6, 244338, 34070, 6, 244338, 2203, 6, 244338, 5, 18622, 450, 6, 244338, 46, 6, 244338, 136, 757, 34070, 6, 244338, 621, 25737, 9232, 5983, 297, 5, 992, 5062, 70, 27140, 101935, 4, 70, 65042, 297, 27140, 101935, 54, 959, 3173, 10, 44457, 4, 16792, 6, 244338, 14602, 959, 765, 10, 127664, 4935, 23, 37676, 5, 438, 86, 2347, 9393, 4, 442, 83, 114122, 6635, 47, 61924, 91853, 98, 313, 6, 248542, 10666, 244338, 8152, 390, 100, 756, 351, 80510, 27140, 101935, 44, 169, 830, 678, 2203, 6, 244338, 136, 2203, 757, 5, 581, 9643, 118, 35066, 136, 621, 25737, 9232, 5983, 297, 5, 28541, 168487, 32354, 15, 73, 3789, 34153, 4, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 83, 70, 70460, 111, 35874, 1687, 15403, 32354, 7, 44, 177, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 136, 44, 127, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 111, 44, 169, 58, 678, 27140, 552, 4240, 11044, 35066, 4, 6044, 450, 44, 177, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 136, 44, 127, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 765, 110, 39210, 31461, 16, 831, 186, 65042, 297, 47, 10, 62005, 223, 32354, 98, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 5, 209052, 25958, 4, 2174, 44, 169, 58, 83, 10, 27140, 14012, 6044, 450, 70, 52240, 1290, 44, 127, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 83, 45234, 1284, 70, 22542, 4597, 44, 177, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 83, 351, 80510, 4, 7068, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 831, 186, 61924, 71, 237, 6, 244338, 5, 5455, 5465, 4, 44, 420, 58, 132, 244338, 16, 831, 186, 61924, 71, 237, 70, 17475, 111, 44, 420, 58, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 237, 4, 3129, 1543, 186, 94418, 13, 707, 54241, 13, 5, 581, 5423, 111, 27140, 168487, 32354, 7, 292, 124901, 291, 140363, 70760, 26582, 83, 313, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 292, 3173, 756, 7722, 136346, 178851, 1771, 32354, 7, 1295, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 47, 68034, 4, 3229, 442, 83, 21455, 297, 237, 10, 41419, 5761, 71579, 4, 40494, 100, 70, 53697, 32354, 35971, 70, 34292, 6, 244338, 219743, 5, 581, 32354, 7, 111, 313, 132, 58, 169, 18939, 3173, 142, 144, 429, 2844, 1771, 44457, 4, 51529, 237, 44, 2347, 44457, 111, 168487, 32354, 7, 98, 70, 6, 157695, 740, 1326, 27781, 4, 34475, 70, 32354, 642, 1543, 61924, 4, 16792, 70, 52240, 1290, 83, 45234, 99, 4, 136, 16792, 237, 5, 345, 6953, 6097, 80934, 7, 4, 44, 420, 58, 24209, 7, 10, 62005, 223, 32354, 1295, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 47, 68034, 5, 1301, 10, 1632, 9, 157955, 27140, 17174, 42822, 4, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 831, 186, 151552, 390, 6626, 116287, 7, 4, 15044, 678, 77758, 105950, 47, 70, 27140, 14012, 47880, 313, 5, 10842, 44, 17270, 58, 186, 10, 27140, 14012, 23, 1632, 43658, 111, 313, 4, 136, 2633, 44, 13383, 58, 186, 10, 27140, 14012, 23, 15700, 43658, 111, 313, 5, 71257, 40383, 12638, 351, 80510, 27140, 14012, 44, 17270, 58, 111, 70, 5117, 313, 678, 70, 351, 80510, 27140, 14012, 111, 70, 17932, 313, 5, 47009, 70, 22288, 83, 35839, 70, 149307, 22288, 17721, 70, 6626, 71200, 7, 111, 313, 292, 70, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 116287, 7, 292, 18743, 13, 214, 2856, 25842, 5, 66016, 70, 149307, 22288, 7, 621, 136346, 178851, 1771, 4, 1836, 61924, 10, 27140, 17174, 42822, 4, 35839, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 5, 1301, 10, 27140, 17174, 42822, 111, 106, 27140, 6, 91403, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 116, 2773, 158208, 247, 903, 83, 2843, 35839, 10, 41419, 5761, 71579, 5, 360, 18425, 4935, 538, 4, 70, 149307, 22288, 7, 117414, 3642, 47, 18743, 13, 6626, 143561, 25842, 47, 3173, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 5, 581, 143561, 621, 18743, 297, 23, 142, 44, 73, 8752, 9, 6056, 58, 144996, 4, 221, 450, 1836, 645, 6324, 39555, 219743, 4, 678, 12638, 47880, 22231, 1916, 1660, 1632, 6275, 15, 14481, 59665, 16, 132283, 1295, 70, 3789, 47880, 5, 360, 3789, 34153, 4, 15, 289, 840, 18, 16, 11907, 6275, 23, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 1556, 15044, 10, 44, 17270, 58, 34292, 136, 10, 44, 13383, 58, 34292, 4, 136, 70, 6626, 142424, 621, 62548, 390, 5, 581, 6275, 7440, 5608, 7068, 765, 44, 17270, 58, 9, 27494, 13, 44, 56128, 23, 903, 10422, 4, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 44, 13383, 58, 9, 9254, 18, 11301, 7, 70, 31486, 111, 44, 244338, 58, 23, 70, 44, 17270, 58, 9, 9254, 18, 5, 4843, 39, 53243, 71407, 4, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 44, 17270, 58, 9, 9254, 18, 11301, 7, 70, 31486, 111, 6, 244338, 23, 70, 44, 13383, 58, 9, 9254, 18, 5, 4792, 109622, 538, 4, 70, 16750, 214, 32628, 83, 70, 1632, 9, 38496, 94928, 41274, 111, 10, 47880, 3934, 70, 6, 157695, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 83, 959, 2563, 538, 10, 2663, 109622, 6, 157695, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 6, 157695, 678, 10, 5299, 9, 112, 5983, 297, 27140, 45646, 4, 221, 450, 10932, 11907, 6275, 98, 70, 6, 157695, 2685, 83, 10, 205277, 450, 831, 186, 37247, 7537, 178851, 71407, 207487, 678, 313, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 70, 61514, 47691, 70, 58391, 4, 10, 9879, 16750, 23, 70, 40865, 1363, 111, 41419, 5761, 71579, 7, 4, 117249, 450, 11907, 42856, 9, 135457, 297, 41419, 5761, 71579, 83, 37247, 7537, 178851, 1771, 47, 70, 27140, 47880, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 70, 41419, 5761, 6, 157695, 4, 24, 4806, 7103, 208780, 41419, 5761, 4, 83, 10, 3299, 111, 70, 65042, 297, 27140, 47880, 4, 70, 27140, 47880, 1001, 10, 6275, 99, 54241, 53, 5, 3293, 65042, 297, 47880, 33636, 7, 70, 65042, 297, 27140, 101935, 4, 450, 83, 4, 70, 27140, 101935, 1001, 10, 34292, 6, 244338, 100, 54241, 53, 5, 17106, 70, 41419, 5761, 3299, 4, 70, 6275, 44, 244338, 58, 83, 43573, 47, 4552, 21334, 101935, 4, 1660, 237, 70, 6275, 44, 2389, 58, 83, 43573, 47, 4552, 19336, 101935, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Extended complex numbers.", "Arithmetic operations.", "Rational functions.", "As a complex manifold.", "As the complex projective line.", "As a sphere.", "Metric.", "Automorphisms.", "Applications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The extended complex numbers consist of the complex numbers C together with ∞. The set of extended complex numbers may be written as C ∪ {∞}, and is often denoted by adding some decoration to the letter C, such as Geometrically, the set of extended complex numbers is referred to as the Riemann sphere (or extended complex plane).", "Addition of complex numbers may be extended by defining, for \"z\" ∈ C, for any complex number \"z\", and multiplication may be defined by for all nonzero complex numbers \"z\", with ∞ × ∞ = ∞. Note that ∞ – ∞ and 0 × ∞ are left undefined. Unlike the complex numbers, the extended complex numbers do not form a field, since ∞ does not have a multiplicative inverse. Nonetheless, it is customary to define division on C ∪ {∞} by for all nonzero complex numbers \"z\", with = ∞ and = 0. The quotients and are left undefined.", "Any rational function (in other words, \"f\"(\"z\") is the ratio of polynomial functions \"g\"(\"z\") and \"h\"(\"z\") of \"z\" with complex coefficients, such that \"g\"(\"z\") and \"h\"(\"z\") have no common factor) can be extended to a continuous function on the Riemann sphere. Specifically, if \"z\" is a complex number such that the denominator \"h\"(\"z\") is zero but the numerator \"g\"(\"z\") is nonzero, then \"f\"(\"z\") can be defined as ∞. Moreover, \"f\"(∞) can be defined as the limit of \"f\"(\"z\") as, which may be finite or infinite. The set of complex rational functions — whose mathematical symbol is C(\"z\") — form all possible holomorphic functions from the Riemann sphere to itself, when it is viewed as a Riemann surface, except for the constant function taking the value ∞ everywhere. The functions of C(\"z\") form an algebraic field, known as \"the field of rational functions on the sphere\". For example, given the function we may define, since the denominator is zero at, and since as. Using these definitions, \"f\" becomes a continuous function from the Riemann sphere to itself.", "As a one-dimensional complex manifold, the Riemann sphere can be described by two charts, both with domain equal to the complex number plane C. Let \"ζ\" be a complex number in one copy of C, and let \"ξ\" be a complex number in another copy of C. Identify each nonzero complex number \"ζ\" of the first C with the nonzero complex number of the second C. Then the map is called the transition map between the two copies of C — the so-called charts — glueing them together. Since the transition maps are holomorphic, they define a complex manifold, called the Riemann sphere. As a complex manifold of 1 complex dimension (i.e., 2 real dimensions), this is also called a Riemann surface. Intuitively, the transition maps indicate how to glue two planes together to form the Riemann sphere. The planes are glued in an \"inside-out\" manner, so that they overlap almost everywhere, with each plane contributing just one point (its origin) missing from the other plane. In other words, (almost) every point in the Riemann sphere has both a \"ζ\" value and a \"ξ\" value, and the two values are related by. The point where should then have \"ζ\"-value \"\"; in this sense, the origin of the \"ξ\"-chart plays the role of \"∞\" in the \"ζ\"-chart. Symmetrically, the origin of the \"ζ\"-chart plays the role of ∞ in the \"ξ\"-chart. Topologically, the resulting space is the one-point compactification of a plane into the sphere. However, the Riemann sphere is not merely a topological sphere. It is a sphere with a well-defined complex structure, so that around every point on the sphere there is a neighborhood that can be biholomorphically identified with C. On the other hand, the uniformization theorem, a central result in the classification of Riemann surfaces, states that every simply-connected Riemann surface is biholomorphic to the complex plane, the hyperbolic plane, or the Riemann sphere. Of these, the Riemann sphere is the only one that is a closed surface (a compact surface without boundary). Hence the two-dimensional sphere admits a unique complex structure turning it into a one-dimensional complex manifold.", "The Riemann sphere can also be defined as the complex projective line. The points of the complex projective line are equivalence classes established by the following relation on points from C \\ {(0,0)}: In this case the equivalence class is written [\"w, z\"] using projective coordinates. Given any point [\"w, z\"] in the complex projective line, one of \"w\" and \"z\" must be non-zero, say \"w\" ≠ 0. Then by the equivalence relation, This treatment of the Riemann sphere connects most readily to projective geometry. For example, any line (or smooth conic) in the complex projective plane is biholomorphic to the complex projective line. It is also convenient for studying the sphere's automorphisms, later in this article.", "The Riemann sphere can be visualized as the unit sphere \"x\" + \"y\" + \"z\" = 1 in the three-dimensional real space R. To this end, consider the stereographic projection from the unit sphere minus the point (0, 0, 1) onto the plane \"z\" = 0, which we identify with the complex plane by. In Cartesian coordinates and spherical coordinates on the sphere (with \"θ\" the zenith and \"φ\" the azimuth), the projection is Similarly, stereographic projection from onto the plane, identified with another copy of the complex plane by, is written In order to cover the unit sphere, one needs the two stereographic projections: the first will cover the whole sphere except the point and the second except the point. Hence, one needs two complex planes, one for each projection, which can be intuitively seen as glued back-to-back at. Note that the two complex planes are identified differently with the plane. An orientation-reversal is necessary to maintain consistent orientation on the sphere, and in particular complex conjugation causes the transition maps to be holomorphic. The transition maps between \"ζ\"-coordinates and \"ξ\"-coordinates are obtained by composing one projection with the inverse of the other. They turn out to be and, as described above. Thus the unit sphere is diffeomorphic to the Riemann sphere. Under this diffeomorphism, the unit circle in the \"ζ\"-chart, the unit circle in the \"ξ\"-chart, and the equator of the unit sphere are all identified. The unit disk is identified with the southern hemisphere, while the unit disk is identified with the northern hemisphere.", "A Riemann surface does not come equipped with any particular Riemannian metric. The Riemann surface's conformal structure does, however, determine a class of metrics: all those whose subordinate conformal structure is the given one. In more detail: The complex structure of the Riemann surface does uniquely determine a metric up to conformal equivalence. (Two metrics are said to be conformally equivalent if they differ by multiplication by a positive smooth function.) Conversely, any metric on an oriented surface uniquely determines a complex structure, which depends on the metric only up to conformal equivalence. Complex structures on an oriented surface are therefore in one-to-one correspondence with conformal classes of metrics on that surface. Within a given conformal class, one can use conformal symmetry to find a representative metric with convenient properties. In particular, there is always a complete metric with constant curvature in any given conformal class. In the case of the Riemann sphere, the Gauss–Bonnet theorem implies that a constant-curvature metric must have positive curvature \"K\". It follows that the metric must be isometric to the sphere of radius in R via stereographic projection. In the \"ζ\"-chart on the Riemann sphere, the metric with is given by In real coordinates, the formula is Up to a constant factor, this metric agrees with the standard Fubini–Study metric on complex projective space (of which the Riemann sphere is an example). Up to scaling, this is the \"only\" metric on the sphere whose group of orientation-preserving isometries is 3-dimensional (and none is more than 3-dimensional); that group is called SO(3). In this sense, this is by far the most symmetric metric on the sphere. (The group of all isometries, known as O(3), is also 3-dimensional, but unlike SO(3) is not a connected space.) Conversely, let \"S\" denote the sphere (as an abstract smooth or topological manifold). By the uniformization theorem there exists a unique complex structure on \"S\", up to conformal equivalence. It follows that any metric on \"S\" is conformally equivalent to the round metric. All such metrics determine the same conformal geometry. The round metric is therefore not intrinsic to the Riemann sphere, since \"roundness\" is not an invariant of conformal geometry. The Riemann sphere is only a conformal manifold, not a Riemannian manifold. However, if one needs to do Riemannian geometry on the Riemann sphere, the round metric is a natural choice (with any fixed radius, though radius = 1 is the simplest and most common choice). That is because only a round metric on the Riemann sphere has its isometry group be a 3-dimensional group. (Namely, the group known as SO(3), a continuous (\"Lie\") group that is topologically the 3-dimensional projective space P.)", "The study of any mathematical object is aided by an understanding of its group of automorphisms, meaning the maps from the object to itself that preserve the essential structure of the object. In the case of the Riemann sphere, an automorphism is an invertible biholomorphic map from the Riemann sphere to itself. It turns out that the only such maps are the Möbius transformations. These are functions of the form where \"a\", \"b\", \"c\", and \"d\" are complex numbers such that. Examples of Möbius transformations include dilations, rotations, translations, and complex inversion. In fact, any Möbius transformation can be written as a composition of these. The Möbius transformations are homographies on the complex projective line. In projective coordinates, the transformation \"f\" can be written Thus the Möbius transformations can be described as complex matrices with nonzero determinant. Since they act on projective coordinates, two matrices yield the same Möbius transformation if and only if they differ by a nonzero factor. The group of Möbius transformations is the projective linear group. If one endows the Riemann sphere with the Fubini–Study metric, then not all Möbius transformations are isometries; for example, the dilations and translations are not. The isometries form a proper subgroup of, namely PSU(2). This subgroup is isomorphic to the rotation group SO(3), which is the group of symmetries of the unit sphere in R (which, when restricted to the sphere, become the isometries of the sphere).", "In complex analysis, a meromorphic function on the complex plane (or on any Riemann surface, for that matter) is a ratio of two holomorphic functions \"f\" and \"g\". As a map to the complex numbers, it is undefined wherever \"g\" is zero. However, it induces a holomorphic map to the complex projective line that is well-defined even where. This construction is helpful in the study of holomorphic and meromorphic functions. For example, on a compact Riemann surface there are no non-constant holomorphic maps to the complex numbers, but holomorphic maps to the complex projective line are abundant. The Riemann sphere has many uses in physics. In quantum mechanics, points on the complex projective line are natural values for photon polarization states, spin states of massive particles of spin, and 2-state particles in general (see also Quantum bit and Bloch sphere). The Riemann sphere has been suggested as a relativistic model for the celestial sphere. In string theory, the worldsheets of strings are Riemann surfaces, and the Riemann sphere, being the simplest Riemann surface, plays a significant role. It is also important in twistor theory." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 58229, 53, 58, 80723, 237, 10, 3643, 56002, 17721, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 4, 66311, 4347, 136, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 5, 123106, 53, 509, 99, 70, 16569, 136, 764, 26859, 5773, 70, 44, 1177, 1902, 10, 4127, 17431, 58, 40059, 5, 28090, 7068, 98, 70, 17262, 111, 2856, 79786, 25842, 136, 140528, 442, 5, 4347, 5367, 7, 37105, 98, 10, 19336, 126826, 111, 70, 11531, 43573, 70, 86595, 5, 44, 137055, 11412, 16680, 25, 7, 8294, 254, 58, 509, 26859, 390, 123106, 53, 678, 756, 22759, 8753, 43032, 22231, 1916, 47, 70, 68944, 136, 19612, 5, 581, 11531, 83, 1672, 170277, 96090, 9459, 138251, 13714, 11412, 16680, 136, 10, 109923, 15, 2347, 44, 4645, 16364, 830, 5036, 44, 605, 214, 3815, 190, 56868, 18939, 450, 764, 6, 157272, 99, 70, 1733, 136, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 14375, 151, 5204, 7, 23, 70, 8999, 5, 2161, 70, 7156, 4, 903, 28560, 32550, 7, 1295, 44, 58229, 53, 830, 47, 3129, 442, 1556, 10, 4552, 21373, 16500, 42, 21533, 73986, 5, 581, 11531, 149976, 237, 70, 91067, 47, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 13714, 11412, 16680, 62816, 23, 70, 44, 12137, 20255, 14434, 2583, 58, 24668, 5, 44, 3957, 31231, 11030, 58, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 27140, 52336, 1295, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 4568, 5369, 5, 123106, 53, 136, 262, 11, 2271, 552, 9, 5429, 22904, 70, 43678, 6468, 25842, 5, 1650, 83, 1632, 111, 4347, 25, 7, 185839, 52336, 5, 581, 64194, 8753, 162466, 71, 678, 16500, 42, 21533, 136, 3060, 24668, 25647, 136, 123106, 53, 112730, 16569, 237, 5299, 237, 5941, 142518, 9, 125728, 7, 4, 17368, 10, 341, 1478, 276, 418, 5, 44, 568, 42335, 1650, 3164, 58, 509, 150350, 71, 390, 4347, 23, 22059, 5, 2161, 70, 44, 58, 724, 1283, 6954, 2692, 145484, 1995, 58, 44, 12352, 4, 4347, 6868, 297, 450, 70, 11531, 509, 191722, 390, 1919, 17932, 58386, 4, 115756, 37968, 1681, 25, 7, 185839, 146631, 4, 44, 568, 3444, 442, 756, 4, 136, 87, 3444, 442, 5036, 3890, 581, 6528, 111, 19441, 64627, 4, 51389, 7, 4, 43678, 29001, 136, 2639, 7, 645, 70, 5701, 681, 4216, 187735, 509, 456, 33740, 98, 2363, 11737, 7156, 678, 15700, 4347, 11531, 4, 44, 3957, 17367, 74275, 2016, 2161, 830, 1295, 84771, 123106, 53, 6079, 37105, 108171, 7, 100, 2684, 111, 70, 11531, 4, 1284, 123106, 53, 136, 4347, 12008, 37105, 108171, 7, 20271, 70, 6, 80728, 5, 123106, 53, 112730, 149186, 7, 4, 4347, 112730, 10, 12600, 28692, 136, 39108, 101275, 7, 136, 63569, 11814, 41929, 9, 132306, 4950, 7, 47617, 7, 100, 70, 5117, 15, 2940, 4734, 16, 1733, 5, 44, 3957, 360, 99017, 1572, 58, 83, 63569, 25, 7, 5117, 11531, 98, 70, 7156, 5, 581, 16500, 42, 21533, 6528, 21449, 1295, 10, 12877, 764, 509, 16454, 5, 4347, 136, 63569, 6868, 297, 24073, 41732, 33, 100, 142, 133250, 58, 33683, 4, 13501, 16, 450, 63569, 54397, 2831, 111, 70, 11531, 23, 70, 101086, 15, 62318, 320, 538, 47, 2367, 73659, 678, 123106, 53, 136, 44, 441, 5272, 53, 59784, 6003, 214, 26265, 297, 11954, 58, 1492, 5369, 8108, 194, 98423, 111, 70, 22759, 8753, 43032, 621, 9351, 9, 78292, 297, 23, 70, 108171, 7, 390, 47192, 7814, 87420, 70, 15411, 111, 70, 11531, 12, 44, 919, 2822, 7814, 123106, 53, 58, 7108, 8108, 70, 5117, 51389, 9842, 7, 15, 64007, 390, 48861, 63569, 247, 44, 98385, 262, 11, 2271, 58, 7103, 70, 5117, 51389, 4, 44, 571, 9893, 4347, 58, 15, 121008, 186351, 16, 8108, 1919, 101275, 2639, 4, 136, 44, 12724, 1505, 63569, 58, 15, 76228, 70, 61475, 44, 42, 58, 67411, 71, 390, 123106, 53, 47, 45730, 1884, 10, 47617, 21972, 16, 7103, 70, 2704, 681, 6563, 74, 63569, 44, 10133, 42844, 58, 678, 10, 47617, 26292, 5, 581, 53397, 11389, 70541, 7, 10, 64557, 12921, 86991, 9, 13, 22553, 678, 123106, 53, 5367, 214, 75939, 13, 68944, 23, 70, 20623, 111, 152215, 20703, 4293, 5, 581, 148, 979, 20595, 297, 63920, 111, 70, 681, 6563, 621, 44028, 390, 63569, 5, 44, 571, 57572, 927, 882, 58, 83, 10, 162515, 111, 6626, 52336, 12, 44, 284, 2356, 16505, 2071, 7422, 19, 830, 390, 123106, 53, 4, 136, 44, 571, 57572, 927, 882, 830, 59121, 390, 63569, 678, 107730, 390, 70, 27060, 23, 70, 22799, 15549, 5, 63569, 25, 7, 4122, 9, 97057, 7, 52336, 17660, 297, 47, 186, 23, 49878, 22799, 7, 4, 3229, 764, 26859, 32562, 99, 70, 16569, 64457, 111, 98, 10, 101275, 5, 3293, 11531, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 136, 7228, 70, 2663, 1492, 23, 70, 17274, 645, 70, 51065, 111, 13501, 5, 44, 12248, 73, 74275, 12676, 58, 83, 10, 133258, 17721, 262, 11, 2271, 15, 94922, 16, 136, 123106, 53, 15, 538, 12259, 7, 194, 63569, 17164, 297, 10, 5915, 111, 42845, 226097, 191, 1284, 2684, 111, 450, 509, 27211, 297, 1810, 23, 12989, 47, 765, 1286, 32628, 100, 108171, 22313, 90, 4, 101275, 7, 136, 149186, 7, 4, 70, 21, 3055, 99764, 17721, 123106, 53, 136, 262, 11, 2271, 23, 903, 63847, 5, 44, 294, 4398, 2465, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 4347, 1672, 70, 56101, 24234, 4, 23, 70, 9908, 111, 2450, 9, 3125, 2118, 71, 17340, 7864, 53, 1672, 1919, 17309, 168265, 4, 1919, 76755, 678, 115756, 37968, 1681, 4, 136, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 41207, 3835, 170894, 7, 4743, 47, 1919, 133868, 678, 113511, 5, 4347, 112730, 149186, 7, 136, 6777, 70, 101275, 2639, 237, 10, 5117, 5646, 5, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 37105, 108171, 7, 3542, 2843, 10, 5117, 5646, 5, 19010, 927, 9, 5918, 7, 83, 112730, 390, 6765, 22758, 7, 5, 4347, 1556, 16792, 6868, 297, 450, 70, 11531, 83, 4552, 20903, 47, 1919, 26498, 5, 44, 31852, 24624, 101790, 1215, 58, 83, 15700, 133258, 111, 123106, 53, 136, 262, 11, 2271, 5, 149766, 111, 2856, 1902, 70, 6528, 111, 10, 8781, 42, 28560, 23, 12989, 47, 28, 6991, 5773, 70, 7156, 5, 360, 10, 6436, 106, 33683, 23, 13501, 4, 12638, 111, 2856, 63043, 297, 70, 3789, 1902, 64549, 297, 70, 4950, 7, 2256, 5, 44, 125673, 1650, 3164, 55961, 127, 1650, 58, 509, 150350, 71, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 31231, 11030, 83, 70, 6, 95037, 8927, 927, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 4, 121447, 98, 1039, 4347, 13501, 390, 156350, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 390, 2392, 365, 26551, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 4, 7440, 442, 509, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 12275, 7156, 47, 186, 121447, 98, 450, 67967, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 17164, 297, 237, 70, 8753, 192026, 297, 1295, 66311, 4347, 25, 7, 5786, 1803, 44402, 136, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 113511, 6, 47099, 164, 23, 22059, 15, 143321, 509, 51529, 47, 70, 8753, 4, 21208, 959, 3835, 52021, 99, 70, 1733, 194, 54877, 214, 26859, 23, 18982, 18592, 136, 21, 14437, 100, 142, 64194, 6602, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 7311, 538, 7730, 47, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Songs.", "Side one.", "\"Party\".", "\"Khashoggi's Ship\".", "\"The Miracle\".", "\"I Want It All\".", "\"The Invisible Man\".", "Side two.", "\"Breakthru\".", "\"Rain Must Fall\".", "\"Scandal\".", "\"My Baby Does Me\".", "\"Was It All Worth It\".", "\"Hang On in There\".", "\"Chinese Torture\".", "Non-album tracks.", "\"Stealin'\".", "\"Hijack My Heart\".", "\"My Life Has Been Saved\".", "Artwork.", "Singles.", "Critical reception.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "", "\"Party\" began as a jam session between Freddie Mercury, Brian May and John Deacon. Mercury was at the piano and he started off the \"we had a good night\" section. From then on the three of them worked together and completed it. May sings lead on a small portion of the song near the beginning.", "\"Khashoggi's Ship\" was started by Mercury with all four band members contributing to the lyrics and music. The song is about famous billionaire Adnan Khashoggi and a ship (the \"Nabila\", now \"Kingdom 5KR\") that he owned at the time and was one of the largest private yachts in the world. On the album, this track segues from \"Party\", to which it has a very similar lyrical theme. The song served as the reference to the name of the Khashoggi character in the \"We Will Rock You\" musical.", "\"The Miracle\" is one of the most complex songs from the band's last years. Mercury and Deacon co-wrote the chords together. It is one of May's favourite songs. The entire band contributed with lyrical and some musical ideas and Mercury played piano as well as many synth-tracks, using a Korg M1.", "\"I Want It All\" was composed by May in 1987. On the \"\"Greatest Video Hits II\" \" DVD, May commented that the song was inspired by his second wife, Anita Dobson's favourite motto, \"I want it all, and I want it now!\" The idea of having intro, verses, choruses and solos over the same chord progression was reused on their next album with another May song, \"The Show Must Go On\", from 1991. Mercury sang lead vocals for most of the song, but Mercury and May share lead vocals during the bridge. Mercury played keyboards, May played acoustic and electric guitars and Taylor used double-kick bass drums for the first (and only) time.", "\"The Invisible Man\" is Taylor's first song on the album. The lyrical idea came from a book he was reading. May and Taylor commented (\"Queen for an Hour\" interview, 1989) that Taylor wrote part of the song in the bath (similarly to what happened with Mercury and \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" ten years before). Each of the four band members are name-checked in the vocals by Freddie throughout the course of the song: \"Freddie Mercury\" right before the first verse begins (done by Roger Taylor), \"John Deacon\" after the first verse, \"Brian May\" (said twice) before his guitar solo, and \"Roger Taylor\" (with the initial \"r\" rolled by Mercury to sound like a drum roll) after the final chorus; Taylor \"answers\" with a drum fill. The demo version contains a completely different middle-eight with Mercury singing alternate lyrics in the style of Elvis Presley. The whispered parts of the chorus are sung by Taylor.", "", "\"Breakthru\" is a combination of two songs: \"A New Life Is Born\", by Mercury, and \"Breakthru\", written by Taylor with input by the others in the key change. Taylor's mid-1980s songs tended to be in flat keys, when he started writing at the piano instead of on a guitar. This song was released as a single and made the top ten in the UK over the summer of 1989.", "\"Rain Must Fall\" is a collaboration between Deacon (music) and Mercury (lyrics). Taylor recorded a lot of Latin percussion but most of that was edited out in order to have more space for vocal harmonies, guitars and keyboards, the latter shared between Mercury and Deacon in this piece.", "\"Scandal\" was written by May about the British press, in the wake of media-fuelled controversy about his recent divorce, his relationship with Anita Dobson, and Mercury's rare public appearances due to his battle with AIDS. May played keyboards and did the guitar solo as a first take. Mercury's lead vocals were also a first take. Synth-bass is played by David Richards. May has since commented that the song is very close to his heart.", "\"My Baby Does Me\" is another collaboration of Mercury and Deacon. Both of them had the idea of a simpler track in order to ease off the album. In a Radio 1 interview in 1989, each of them claimed the other had constructed the bassline.", "\"Was It All Worth It\" was composed by Mercury. The song harks back to the band's intricately produced sound in the 1970s. Though the bulk of the song was masterminded by Mercury, all members contributed ideas and lyrics (for example – Taylor contributed the line \"\"we love you madly!\"\"). Deacon later cited the song as his favourite on the album. Taylor uses a gong and timpani. Despite it not being released as a single, it remains hugely popular among the Queen fanbase and often considered the best song on the album.", "This song was written by all four band members. May plays both acoustic and electric guitars, as well as keyboards, a job he shared with Mercury, who also plays piano. The song originally appeared as the B-side to the \"I Want It All\" single. In the song, Mercury hits an E twice. In the middle of the song just when the guitar riff comes and Mercury sings \"hang on in there\" twice, it is replied each time with a harmonised \"hang on in there\"; the first response are the multitracked vocals by May only, the second – similar vocals purely by Taylor.", "The only CD track that did not appear on a single release. It is a dark instrumental which conveys the horror and fear that chinese water torture was known to evoke in victims. For the first time this track emerged during the last concerts of Queen's 1986 Magic Tour as part of May's guitar solo. He also included it in his solos when he was back on tour with Queen + Paul Rodgers in 2005 and 2006.", "", "Principally composed by Mercury (though, as all other songs from these sessions, credited to the band as a whole), this song is a tongue-in-cheek representation of a man who spends his life committing robbery. The song is performed mainly through spoken words, but occasionally has lines sung. This song appeared as the B-side to the \"Breakthru\" single.", "The song, credited to the band as an entity rather than one composer, was actually written by Taylor, who also provides lead vocals. It tells the story of a man who falls in love with a woman he meets, despite his original annoyance at her rudeness and mannerisms. It was the B-side to \"The Invisible Man\".", "Written by Deacon (originally as an acoustic track) about the state the world is in, this song was the B-side to \"Scandal\". A reworked version was later released on the 1995 \"Made in Heaven\" album.", "The striking cover art utilised the Quantel Paintbox, then state of the art image-manipulation technology, to combine photographs of the familiar faces of the four band members into one morphed gestalt image, in line with their decision to dispense with individual credits and simply present their music as the product of Queen; the back cover went a step further with a seamless regiment of the band's eyes.", "Five singles were released from the album, all in 1989:", "The \"Sun-Sentinel\" wrote \"With Freddie Mercury in vintage light-operatic form, here's an album (like so many of Queen's others) that should be used as a pop music how-to for aspirants. Combining the forces of rock, pop, metal, clever melodies and cunning stylisations, \"The Miracle\" never lets down. From one track to the next there is, as usual, no telling which way this band will go, affording even the most jaded ear a challenge.\" \"Newsday\" (Melville, NY) wrote \"On \"The Miracle\", Mercury's voice is steady and solid, May's runs are as flashy and supple as ever. Most of the 10 songs, written collaboratively by the four members, stick pretty much to the band's formula of mini-suites: edgy pop with tempos that change half-way into the number and some delicious hooks.\" \"Rolling Stone\" stated \"\"The Miracle\" is a showcase for Freddie Mercury and his love of sweeping, quasi-operatic vocals. And indeed, Mercury – especially on the title track – has never sounded better... Only on a few tracks (\"Khashoggi's Ship\" and \"Was It All Worth It\") does May really let it rip, and when he does, it's like the old Queen peeping out for just a moment and then turning tail... At least \"The Miracle\" offers little snippets of Queen's former majesty.\" AllMusic stated \"\"The Miracle\" packs quite a sonic punch, recalling the rich sounds of their past classics (1976's \"A Day at the Races\", etc.). Split 50/50 between pop and heavy rock, the album was another global smash. Along with \"The Game\", \"The Miracle\" is Queen's strongest album of the '80s.\"", "All tracks credited to Queen. All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.", "Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album. Queen Additional personnel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 87, 56902, 7143, 4, 70, 10323, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 4, 83, 105866, 98, 70, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 184085, 5, 992, 3675, 22059, 4, 70, 59444, 509, 35839, 563, 42843, 42687, 9631, 4, 7103, 70, 14941, 9351, 100, 70, 9118, 98, 3129, 442, 83, 105866, 4, 24, 4806, 100, 6470, 563, 42843, 42687, 5, 9925, 6602, 70, 26908, 43374, 71, 47, 14359, 107, 70, 360, 2247, 118, 17465, 9351, 5, 717, 70, 127067, 400, 90, 215528, 7832, 217, 4, 38310, 214, 1853, 58871, 18481, 1295, 5201, 1760, 5813, 33970, 5, 25134, 111, 70, 171827, 3564, 111, 70, 90695, 83, 70, 27766, 53, 136, 1529, 18347, 7832, 217, 4, 3129, 84797, 7, 70, 90695, 1295, 70, 13892, 10745, 4267, 73, 60243, 98, 70, 5201, 1760, 5, 717, 70, 28, 4438, 621, 104125, 7832, 217, 136, 1853, 58871, 9631, 4, 678, 15497, 1760, 107314, 5, 581, 49049, 13, 12506, 73, 4, 70, 16965, 420, 111, 58800, 32320, 136, 239, 16336, 1515, 42413, 84797, 1853, 58871, 18481, 1295, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 1172, 49086, 78599, 40752, 519, 47, 70, 65272, 136, 144477, 5, 581, 1853, 58871, 71175, 7, 11675, 33233, 70, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 184085, 111, 70, 90695, 136, 621, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 1172, 49086, 134736, 33150, 11, 5, 581, 167375, 280, 344, 83, 101057, 2365, 73, 4, 678, 142, 57849, 1363, 111, 99, 19713, 4, 102971, 3060, 97264, 5154, 5, 116267, 280, 344, 111, 20537, 83, 101057, 1301, 42077, 4, 105866, 23, 62, 59903, 83156, 864, 9907, 5227, 4, 678, 142, 57849, 1363, 111, 5, 101057, 38692, 4, 678, 142, 57849, 1363, 111, 4, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 70, 158036, 34166, 538, 79259, 36069, 15, 11, 2412, 56, 6, 195167, 2577, 16, 111, 2499, 101120, 98, 64883, 4, 99, 5, 581, 6626, 142105, 21, 9248, 98, 70, 90695, 28127, 23, 70, 127067, 9, 58905, 2831, 111, 70, 90695, 12, 162668, 30319, 43157, 15, 16, 136, 62, 7404, 461, 344, 43157, 15, 16, 53333, 127067, 5, 581, 71876, 7, 65058, 14304, 4, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 90695, 4, 1556, 2809, 10267, 1283, 1916, 16792, 99, 19713, 70, 39395, 23936, 7, 4, 3229, 70, 153925, 289, 21110, 206, 111, 70, 7068, 63557, 111, 56713, 7, 136, 101044, 289, 181842, 7, 9325, 10, 17262, 9, 669, 110297, 7175, 47, 70, 16128, 47, 72350, 13882, 201939, 456, 99091, 136, 41421, 9, 86368, 53, 66139, 111, 70, 87, 62351, 27419, 32547, 5, 1657, 37676, 538, 4, 23, 70, 19340, 7, 63920, 111, 1853, 58871, 18481, 165523, 47, 765, 70, 115723, 6, 2980, 9, 32087, 14922, 23, 70, 51065, 5, 1853, 58871, 18481, 1556, 2809, 23, 54815, 3674, 100, 645, 6, 63009, 5369, 4, 5117, 390, 70, 479, 9, 397, 748, 3509, 4, 134629, 390, 70, 25877, 3509, 4, 136, 7068, 390, 70, 12613, 133, 3395, 4, 6, 60502, 22230, 111, 70, 360, 7143, 4, 2750, 765, 158930, 98, 70, 90695, 100, 70, 4568, 199823, 5369, 5, 360, 1672, 6, 204225, 4, 27303, 38692, 35263, 4503, 4, 51529, 237, 27303, 70, 6096, 4, 100, 4806, 17262, 9615, 19929, 7, 43573, 70, 127067, 1177, 48850, 6069, 111, 15497, 1760, 5, 360, 72399, 6, 183642, 707, 6, 204225, 4, 335, 3403, 93, 1840, 13529, 17463, 4503, 4, 57, 49725, 1295, 114749, 47, 15497, 1760, 4, 509, 102310, 19, 5773, 15411, 136, 143839, 297, 3551, 127067, 25617, 111, 15497, 1760, 5, 335, 3403, 93, 135179, 47, 186, 70, 5117, 28811, 47, 1957, 1853, 58871, 18481, 4, 136, 70, 5117, 28811, 47, 1957, 23924, 21629, 107314, 15497, 1760, 5, 1650, 509, 1672, 423, 5369, 14432, 450, 70, 83429, 13, 15497, 101500, 7, 4, 12441, 390, 169170, 27303, 1681, 4, 10, 775, 111, 27303, 70, 6096, 4, 26859, 24649, 2852, 3525, 58555, 10932, 70, 6602, 4382, 5, 1853, 58871, 18481, 83, 17569, 47, 186, 43153, 34, 1760, 4, 136, 70, 6, 227780, 109622, 1764, 99, 6505, 28394, 70237, 83, 17569, 47, 765, 2809, 10, 71702, 1305, 5, 581, 82020, 111, 27303, 70, 6096, 4, 109969, 153648, 3934, 14941, 390, 821, 5, 21693, 127, 1507, 1295, 70, 7311, 114749, 1771, 242, 647, 50354, 1224, 50525, 21890, 7753, 25, 12, 360, 6088, 43304, 70, 44, 18444, 7695, 172, 11631, 1833, 830, 10, 5895, 538, 73962, 4, 113771, 450, 154928, 1832, 9319, 1760, 4, 2750, 79786, 99, 70, 180972, 25946, 111, 18543, 47691, 4, 1902, 6, 227780, 109622, 47143, 7, 111, 38933, 19, 136, 160959, 429, 378, 91693, 268, 4, 12540, 36069, 10366, 7, 4, 2776, 538, 47593, 7, 4, 10, 2258, 4126, 109412, 33, 25877, 3509, 29394, 2577, 7021, 8, 18695, 1916, 60570, 408, 39209, 66139, 4, 136, 7722, 107653, 82451, 47143, 7, 4, 3129, 117414, 71, 450, 28811, 188535, 7, 136, 144681, 9615, 603, 7, 1902, 2809, 98, 1853, 58871, 18481, 959, 14432, 3501, 4382, 18471, 5, 4865, 70, 31344, 111, 903, 25074, 6661, 5470, 1543, 765, 2809, 83, 51, 119488, 136, 189353, 141, 74, 70, 73962, 5582, 117249, 12, 1832, 9319, 1760, 25, 7, 25188, 155605, 12441, 47, 10, 1324, 3398, 85018, 674, 450, 148, 1448, 34165, 7, 1902, 2809, 14037, 678, 14194, 30125, 7, 111, 24286, 4778, 111680, 272, 111, 98416, 169424, 5, 360, 267, 4, 44767, 13, 9627, 7745, 37700, 111, 40218, 12535, 4, 2750, 26341, 13105, 23, 70, 35187, 111, 142, 45964, 67773, 90, 4, 54397, 450, 2412, 14602, 959, 5351, 70, 142, 45964, 1172, 49086, 3395, 4, 70, 25877, 3509, 136, 12613, 133, 4, 44841, 47, 186, 189924, 3642, 47, 25927, 38933, 19, 12, 44, 23389, 25, 7, 10, 28875, 100270, 13, 13580, 47, 54, 1242, 25031, 601, 5, 21736, 8848, 58968, 4, 31068, 111, 70, 1172, 49086, 132268, 11588, 99, 70, 37700, 1681, 3378, 105251, 4, 136, 10, 49952, 159, 45964, 1419, 99, 70, 9907, 25946, 111, 24955, 65786, 4, 54397, 450, 2685, 83, 23, 129980, 91376, 77950, 47, 8060, 1832, 9319, 1760, 25, 7, 140526, 4, 136, 450, 70, 25877, 3509, 3542, 17368, 20689, 160959, 429, 390, 70, 305, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 12839, 4, 72542, 42261, 1760, 144898, 54397, 450, 10, 63847, 111, 17262, 9, 62479, 38933, 19, 450, 112474, 47, 70, 62814, 929, 25320, 238, 1615, 4, 450, 134620, 1672, 84428, 55885, 4, 509, 14037, 99, 70, 5599, 408, 6077, 143383, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1853, 58871, 18481, 15, 47391, 4, 4, 36770, 538, 1853, 58871, 6557, 247, 23, 70, 180972, 181991, 53, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 4, 83, 70, 142105, 90695, 23, 25730, 136, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 9, 320, 177, 525, 90695, 23, 70, 8999, 5, 1650, 7, 16128, 83, 136, 6863, 43904, 509, 17480, 140458, 237, 111, 70, 780, 180972, 51292, 7921, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 10776, 111, 2358, 7236, 541, 136, 361, 55936, 601, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "History.", "Administration.", "Communities by population.", "Wildlife.", "Predators.", "Birds.", "Marine mammals.", "Summer visitors.", "Climate.", "Economic resources." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, is located on the southeastern coast. Until 1987, the town was called Frobisher Bay, after the English name for the bay on which it is located, named for Martin Frobisher. That year the community voted to restore the Inuktitut name. To the south lies Hudson Strait, separating Baffin Island from mainland Quebec. South of the western end of the island is the Fury and Hecla Strait, which separates the island from the Melville Peninsula on the mainland. To the east are Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, with Greenland beyond. The Foxe Basin, the Gulf of Boothia and Lancaster Sound separate Baffin Island from the rest of the Arctic Archipelago to the west and north. The Baffin Mountains run along the northeastern coast of the island and are a part of the Arctic Cordillera. The highest peak is Mount Odin, with an elevation of at least, although some sources say. Another peak of note is Mount Asgard, located in Auyuittuq National Park, with an elevation of. Mount Thor, with an elevation of, is said to have the greatest purely vertical drop (a sheer cliff face) of any mountain on Earth, at. The two largest lakes on the island lie in the south-central part of the island: Nettilling Lake () and Amadjuak Lake () further south. The Barnes Ice Cap, in the middle of the island, has been retreating since at least the early 1960s, when the Geographical Branch of the then Department of Mines and Technical Surveys sent a three-man survey team to the area to measure isostatic rebound and cross-valley features of the Isortoq River. Conversely, in the 1970s parts of Baffin Island failed to have the usual ice-free period in the summer.", "Baffin Island has been inhabited for over 3,000 years, first by the pre-Dorset, followed by the Dorset, and then by the Thule people, ancestors of the Inuit, who have lived on the island for the last thousand years. In about 986, Erik Thorvaldsson, known as Erik the Red, formed three settlements near the southwestern tip of Greenland. In late 985 or 986, Bjarni Herjólfsson, sailing from Iceland to Greenland, was blown off course and sighted land southwest of Greenland. Bjarni appears to be the first European to see Baffin Island, and the first European to see North America beyond Greenland. It was about 15 years later that the Norse Greenlanders, led by Leif Erikson, a son of Erik the Red, started exploring new areas around the year 1000. Baffin Island is thought to be Helluland, and the archaeological site at Tanfield Valley is thought to have been a trading post. The Saga of Erik the Red, 1880 translation into English by J. Sephton from the original Icelandic 'Eiríks saga rauða': In September 2008, the \"Nunatsiaq News\", a weekly newspaper, reported that Patricia Sutherland, who worked at the Canadian Museum of Civilization, had archaeological remains of yarn and cordage [string], rat droppings, tally sticks, a carved wooden Dorset culture face mask depicting Caucasian features, and possible architectural remains, which indicated that European traders and possibly settlers had been on Baffin Island not later than 1000 CE. What the source of this Old World contact may have been is unclear and controversial; the newspaper article states: Sutherland's research eventually led to a 2012 announcement that whetstones had been found with remnants of alloys indicative of Viking presence. In 2018, Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University, who specializes in the study of ancient textiles, wrote that she does not think the ancient Arctic people, the Dorset and Thule, needed to be taught how to spin yarn: \"It's a pretty intuitive thing to do.\" William W. Fitzhugh, Director of the Arctic Studies Center at the Smithsonian Institution, and a Senior Scientist at the National Museum of Natural History, wrote that there is insufficient published evidence to support Sutherland's claims, and that the Dorset were using spun cordage by the 6th century. In 1992, Elizabeth Wayland Barber wrote that a piece of three-ply yarn that dates to the Paleolithic era, that ended about 10,000 BP, was found at the Lascaux caves in France. This yarn consisted of three s-twist strands that were z-plied, much like the way a three-ply yarn is made now, the Baffin Island yarn was a simple two-ply yarn. The eight sod buildings and artifacts found in the 1960s at L'Anse aux Meadows, located on the northern tip of Newfoundland Island, remains the only confirmed Norse site in North America outside of those found in Greenland.", "Baffin Island is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region.", "The hamlets of Kinngait and Qikiqtarjuaq do not lie on Baffin Island proper. Kinngait is situated on Dorset Island, which is located a few kilometres from the south eastern tip of the Foxe Peninsula. Similarly, Qikiqtarjuaq is situated on Broughton Island, which is located near the northern coast of the Cumberland Peninsula. The Mary River Mine, an iron ore mine with an estimated 21-year life, at Mary River, may include building a railway and a port to transport the ore. This may create a temporary mining community there.", "Baffin Island has both year-round and summer visitor wildlife. On land, examples of year-round wildlife are barren-ground caribou, polar bear, Arctic fox, Arctic hare, lemming and Arctic wolf. Barren-ground caribou herds migrate in a limited range from northern Baffin Island down to the southern part in winter, even to the Frobisher Bay peninsula, next to Resolution Island, then migrating back north in the summer. In 2012, a survey of caribou herds found that the local population was only about 5,000, a decrease of as much as 95% from the 1990s. Arctic hares are found throughout Baffin Island. Their fur is pure white in winter and moults to a scruffy dark grey in summer. Arctic hares and lemmings are a primary food source for Arctic foxes and Arctic wolves. Lemmings are also found throughout the island and are a major food source for Arctic foxes, Arctic wolves and the snowy owl. In the winter, lemmings dig complicated tunnel systems through the snow drifts to get to their food supply of dry grasses and lichens.", "Polar bears can be found all along the coast of Baffin Island but are most prevalent where the sea ice takes the form of pack ice, where their major food sources—ringed seals (jar seal) and bearded seals—live. Polar bears mate approximately every year, bearing one to three cubs around March. Female polar bears may travel inland to find a large snow bank where they dig a den in which to spend the winter and later give birth. The polar bear population here is one of 19 genetically distinct demes of the circumpolar region. Arctic foxes can usually be found where polar bears venture on the fast ice close to land in their search for seals. Arctic foxes are scavengers and often follow polar bears to get their leavings. On Baffin Island, Arctic foxes are sometimes trapped by Inuit, but there is no longer a robust fur industry. The Arctic wolf and the Baffin Island wolf, a grey wolf subspecies, are also year-round residents of Baffin Island. Unlike the grey wolf in southern climes, Arctic wolves often do not hunt in packs, although a male-female pair may hunt together.", "Nesting birds are summer land visitors to Baffin Island. Baffin Island is one of the major nesting destinations from the Eastern and Mid-West flyways for many species of migrating birds. Waterfowl include Canada goose, snow goose and brant goose (brent goose). Shore birds include the phalarope, various waders (commonly called sandpipers), murres including Brünnich's guillemot, and plovers. Three gull species also nest on Baffin Island: glaucous gull, herring gull and ivory gull. Long-range travellers include the Arctic tern, which migrates from Antarctica every spring. The varieties of water birds that nest here include coots, loons, mallards, and many other duck species.", "In the water (and under the ice), the main year-round species is the ringed seal. It lives offshore within of land. In winter, it makes a number of breathing holes in the ice, up to thick. It visits each one often to keep the hole open and free from ice. In March, when a female is ready to whelp, she will enlarge one of the breathing holes that has snow over it, creating a small \"igloo\" where she whelps one or two pups. Within three weeks the pups are in the water and swimming. In summer, ringed seals keep to a narrow territory about along the shoreline. If pack ice moves in, they may venture out and follow the pack ice, dragging themselves up on an ice floe to take advantage of the sun.", "Water species that visit Baffin Island in the summer are: Harp seals (or saddle-backed seals), which migrate from major breeding grounds off the coast of Labrador and the southeast coast of Greenland to Baffin Island for the summer. Migrating at speeds of, they all come up to breathe at the same time, then dive and swim up to before surfacing again. They migrate in large pods consisting of a hundred or more seals to within of the shoreline, which they then follow, feeding on crustaceans and fish. Walruses, which do not migrate far off land in the winter. They merely follow the \"fast ice\", or ice that is solidly attached to land, and stay ahead of it as the ice hardens further and further out to sea. As winter progresses, they will always remain where there is open water free of ice. When the ice melts, they move in to land and can be found basking on rocks close to shore. One of the largest walrus herds can be found in the Foxe Basin on the western side of Baffin Island. Beluga or white whales migrate along the coast of Baffin Island; some head north to the feeding grounds in the Davis Strait between Greenland and Baffin Island, or into the Hudson Strait or any of the bays and estuaries in between. Usually travelling in pods of two or more, they can often be found very close to shore ( or less). They come up to breathe every 30 seconds or so as they make their way along the coastline eating crustaceans. Narwhals, which are known for the males' long, spiralling single tusk, can also be found along the coast of Baffin Island in the summer. Much like their beluga cousins, they may be found in pairs or even in a large pod of ten or more males, females and newborns. They also can be often found close to the shoreline, gracefully pointing their tusks skyward as they come up for air. When they first arrive, the males arrive a few weeks ahead of the females and young. The largest summer visitor to Baffin Island is the bowhead whale. Found throughout the Arctic range, one group of bowhead whales is known to migrate to the Foxe Basin, a bay on the western side of Baffin Island. It is still not known whether they visit for the lush sea bounty or to calve in the Foxe Basin.", "Baffin Island lies in the path of a generally northerly airflow all year round, so, like much of northeastern Canada, it has an extremely cold climate. This brings very long, cold winters and foggy, cloudy summers, which have helped to add to the remoteness of the island. Spring thaw arrives much later than normal for a position straddling the Arctic Circle: around early June at Iqaluit in the south-east but around early- to mid-July on the north coast where glaciers run right down to sea level. Snow, even heavy snow, can occur at any time of the year, although it is least likely in July and early August. Average annual temperatures at Iqaluit are around, compared with around in Reykjavík, which is at a similar latitude. Sea ice surrounds the island for most of the year and only disappears completely from the north coast for short, unpredictable periods from mid- to late June until the end of September. Most of Baffin Island lies north of the Arctic Circle—all communities from Pangnirtung northwards have polar night in winter and midnight sun in summer. The eastern community of Clyde River has twilight instead of night from April 26 until May 13, continuous sunlight for 21⁄2 months from May 14 to July 28, then twilight instead of night from July 29 until August 16. This gives the community just over 31⁄2 months without true night. In the winter, the sun sets on November 22 and does not rise again until January 19 of the next year. Pond Inlet has civil twilight from December 16 to December 26. However, there is twilight for at least 4 hours per day, unlike places such as Eureka.", "The Hall Peninsula of southern Baffin Island includes the Chidliak Kimberlite Province, which had been found to include diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 68346, 147, 763, 90698, 47, 186, 208479, 19574, 107032, 5256, 621, 145870, 23, 44, 3957, 6389, 1760, 111, 55583, 27646, 122968, 58, 390, 70, 382, 927, 6098, 49977, 763, 3751, 6994, 2387, 24250, 86, 136, 80034, 384, 184, 11061, 341, 5616, 3038, 2055, 5, 360, 729, 12231, 70, 138485, 66, 27759, 14037, 70, 209, 927, 68346, 147, 763, 221859, 111, 30041, 1916, 10, 1631, 17721, 138485, 136, 56250, 5, 1529, 509, 1119, 14, 6259, 1295, 138485, 136, 10, 4599, 158012, 98, 1919, 22690, 23, 107032, 5256, 4, 2685, 1272, 10, 40285, 54700, 70, 68346, 147, 763, 13315, 5, 62, 5744, 138485, 31, 106622, 77443, 903, 206019, 111, 32692, 47, 186, 44691, 136, 168360, 450, 70, 68346, 147, 763, 2450, 3674, 23, 903, 79612, 5, 581, 6868, 111, 70, 84247, 8927, 927, 11998, 289, 634, 3423, 192, 763, 98, 903, 14922, 509, 12, 44, 30248, 217, 509, 141753, 164917, 136, 164917, 5, 8622, 509, 5045, 68894, 193943, 3956, 5, 10074, 509, 141753, 35011, 5, 581, 2773, 509, 141753, 51, 30544, 5, 1913, 450, 1733, 442, 509, 959, 62417, 2661, 47, 765, 2499, 68346, 147, 763, 75530, 93, 5281, 707, 22, 42294, 14534, 5, 171581, 509, 93544, 23410, 5, 581, 23, 107032, 5256, 118775, 4, 1284, 3542, 959, 122273, 297, 1242, 360, 36102, 4, 25632, 10, 50336, 1295, 70, 611, 927, 3423, 192, 763, 4, 70, 138485, 66, 92416, 23, 5443, 1340, 60520, 297, 70, 4599, 5, 581, 616, 927, 68346, 147, 39668, 771, 1430, 509, 51521, 538, 22, 42294, 14534, 4, 136, 7103, 21721, 214, 1919, 96335, 23, 24849, 80723, 1919, 1119, 41745, 272, 128169, 103488, 5, 581, 616, 927, 68346, 147, 763, 509, 1208, 14612, 39, 4960, 1002, 14, 2091, 5814, 4, 103122, 23, 1310, 429, 4, 138485, 23, 50940, 5, 1913, 32070, 22759, 764, 509, 125296, 71, 390, 1919, 51, 11030, 4, 70, 611, 927, 3423, 192, 763, 4, 237, 70, 19574, 107032, 1363, 111, 70, 96362, 68346, 147, 763, 5, 360, 38425, 764, 509, 51521, 538, 22, 42294, 14534, 23, 3423, 192, 763, 25, 7, 27976, 2142, 6, 124722, 53, 5, 1913, 903, 46505, 70, 3423, 192, 763, 54397, 10, 85745, 12, 44, 3957, 2684, 1119, 289, 3674, 4, 70, 7822, 71, 111, 70, 33532, 111, 108203, 83, 62, 18422, 12118, 3124, 7113, 5, 581, 552, 289, 6964, 6620, 111, 1919, 3533, 3956, 83, 70, 92910, 10821, 3423, 192, 763, 5, 360, 184, 2500, 2886, 1295, 1919, 17262, 235501, 7, 4, 23, 70, 144996, 111, 70, 17262, 7822, 6468, 4, 2071, 1919, 155390, 4, 70, 6782, 17400, 2320, 74, 70, 291, 236, 28692, 4262, 4, 40469, 39, 87, 14145, 5036, 95934, 38529, 111, 70, 41361, 42592, 429, 25, 7, 12989, 5, 3311, 70, 14537, 111, 91, 4460, 33558, 531, 181960, 223, 189067, 111, 40881, 19492, 13, 106935, 14534, 678, 70, 29568, 34153, 111, 70, 6, 84847, 14, 37267, 979, 25, 7, 85027, 7844, 7432, 4347, 764, 65771, 538, 136, 17669, 120027, 538, 186, 70, 95934, 38529, 111, 70, 12989, 1242, 1529, 47143, 297, 678, 70, 611, 927, 3423, 192, 763, 24189, 1919, 47219, 23, 26771, 5, 1529, 75204, 70, 64194, 105823, 111, 1136, 3432, 34, 128169, 7, 1295, 70, 611, 927, 3423, 192, 763, 5, 24372, 70, 47219, 111, 70, 611, 927, 3423, 192, 763, 4, 68346, 147, 763, 125296, 71, 100790, 13, 25877, 236, 237, 70, 729, 927, 3423, 192, 763, 23, 103709, 18763, 44126, 509, 4420, 297, 390, 6782, 31347, 7, 237, 4960, 275, 1002, 13, 4699, 39668, 771, 1430, 4, 104246, 6727, 5024, 4776, 39668, 771, 1430, 4, 69727, 15937, 15943, 19, 39668, 771, 1430, 4, 70, 611, 927, 3423, 192, 763, 25, 7, 28811, 99638, 13, 69727, 3291, 177, 282, 39668, 771, 1430, 136, 5941, 27060, 5, 3183, 12222, 40067, 4293, 25877, 236, 83, 34658, 47, 186, 70, 729, 927, 3423, 192, 763, 390, 10, 144732, 111, 3789, 13036, 148729, 111, 70, 3423, 192, 1136, 3432, 34, 42592, 429, 15, 216561, 70, 427, 927, 49977, 39668, 771, 1430, 4, 70, 427, 927, 11998, 7010, 50156, 39668, 771, 1430, 4, 70, 361, 927, 109590, 1663, 4834, 19369, 66983, 39668, 771, 1430, 4, 70, 483, 927, 6003, 5445, 34, 39668, 771, 1430, 4, 70, 361, 927, 276, 214, 44599, 39668, 771, 1430, 16, 33233, 678, 22568, 395, 4699, 7299, 15, 31251, 111, 70, 22568, 395, 16777, 4588, 247, 2750, 224344, 7, 3183, 12222, 40067, 4293, 25877, 236, 237, 5299, 136, 70, 616, 927, 109521, 14, 69727, 5, 15, 21231, 3423, 192, 763, 17340, 7864, 53, 194, 68346, 147, 39668, 771, 1430, 68, 71, 98, 534, 18237, 1049, 23, 102126, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 68346, 147, 763, 15, 74, 218500, 4, 44, 160054, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 41656, 56, 16, 111, 70, 6096, 174462, 74054, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 40798, 1727, 39668, 771, 1430, 830, 707, 1286, 23113, 538, 29366, 19, 38170, 68346, 147, 39668, 771, 1430, 4, 83, 10, 42592, 429, 26837, 111, 70, 3423, 192, 1136, 3432, 34, 10696, 111, 138485, 66, 131007, 31047, 39, 136, 83, 28601, 297, 47, 186, 70, 7086, 155390, 111, 25472, 5804, 14832, 5, 1529, 83, 89160, 538, 137272, 678, 4954, 116167, 33, 60331, 1515, 53, 43573, 339, 105978, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "The Shamarpa lineage.", "Controversy.", "14th Shamarpa." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Shamarpa considered to be successive reincarnations are listed in \"The Garland of Moon Water Crystal\" by the 8th Tai Situpa Chökyi Jungne and Belo Tsewang Künkhyab.", "In 1792 the Tibetan government found the 10th Shamarpa guilty of inciting a war between Tibet and Nepal. He was exiled from Tibet and a ban placed on his future incarnations, thereby abolishing the Shamarpa line. A modern Tibetologist proved this interpretation of history to be wrong and showed that the Shamarpa mediated in this conflict. The comment of the Sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa on this period was: \"Merit was becoming smaller and smaller. There was much political interference. Black was becoming white. The real was becoming unreal. At that time it was not practicable to have any Shamarpa recognised or enthroned. Everything was kept secret. The incarnations appeared, but were not revealed.\" In 1963, following a request from the 16th Karmapa, the Tibetan Government in Exile lifted the ban. The 14th Shamar Rinpoche was officially enthroned, and after completing his studies in 1979 began his extensive teaching activity.", "The 14th Shamarpa was Mipham Chokyi Lodro, born in Derge, Tibet in 1952. At age four he was recognized by his uncle, the 16th Karmapa, as the reincarnation of the previous Shamarpa. In 1964 he was officially enthroned in Karmapa's Rumtek monastery. At this occasion the Karmapa wrote a poem: \"The most exalted, the lord of the lands of snow is Avalokiteśvara. The coalescence of his essence is the glorious Karmapa. Inseparable from his three mysteries, in the manner of the three lords, Is his manifestation, the great emanation; the majestic sun, Whom I invest now sovereign of the practice lineage's order. By the power of scattering auspicious flowers of excellent virtue Combined with the true words of the ṛiṣhi's truthfulness May he successfully and everlastingly be the sovereign of the order.\" He remained with the 16th Karmapa until his death in 1981. He received the entire cycle of Kagyu teachings from the 16th Karmapa. After the death of the 16th Karmapa, Shamarpa recognized Thaye Dorje as the 17th Karmapa in 1994. His choice was backed by great masters as Chobkye Tri Rinpoche, Lopön Chechu Rinpoche, Lama Gendün Rinpoche, the 16th Karmapa's European representative Lama Jigme Rinpoche and many others. Ogyen Trinley Dorje is held to be the 17th Karmapa by a majority of other major teachers of the Karma Kagyu lineage (including the 12th Situ Rinpoche, the 12th Gyaltsab Rinpoche, the 7th Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche, the 9th Thrangu Rinpoche, the 7th Mingyur Rinpoche) along with Sakya Trizin (head of the Sakya Lineage), who acknowledges Ogyen Trinley Dorje as well and the 14th Dalai Lama. (see Karmapa controversy). Shamar Rinpoche died on 11 June 2014 in Germany." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 280, 694, 60243, 83, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 15520, 98, 756, 5609, 7, 4, 40494, 100, 70, 127067, 25617, 7440, 442, 38134, 1779, 3934, 70, 4537, 72852, 289, 5201, 1760, 5, 581, 144477, 1177, 48850, 2831, 111, 70, 21488, 72639, 4267, 73, 60243, 83, 115700, 71, 237, 10, 199, 2189, 280, 694, 60243, 4, 70, 109387, 330, 4267, 73, 60243, 4, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 215528, 9631, 4, 70, 215528, 7832, 217, 4, 136, 109387, 330, 9631, 5, 581, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 6275, 111, 70, 109387, 330, 4267, 73, 60243, 4, 117081, 47390, 2581, 26463, 13, 4, 2843, 21265, 7, 237, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 6275, 111, 70, 21488, 72639, 4267, 73, 60243, 136, 111, 70, 140280, 111, 5813, 33970, 5, 581, 280, 694, 60243, 83, 10, 37385, 916, 86997, 297, 390, 96113, 118666, 4778, 5, 8622, 621, 40368, 101120, 37457, 7, 5, 581, 6653, 449, 257, 71175, 7, 4, 105866, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 4, 70541, 70, 167375, 6275, 111, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 101057, 2041, 5829, 686, 2594, 4, 3129, 99, 83, 2843, 70, 167375, 6275, 111, 5201, 1760, 25730, 28, 4438, 111, 24748, 11, 5, 581, 101120, 7, 2843, 27980, 6653, 449, 257, 71175, 7, 9907, 5227, 4, 70, 4734, 15889, 9201, 111, 25730, 98, 70, 21488, 72639, 4267, 73, 60243, 5, 581, 9201, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 140280, 111, 2356, 151645, 1760, 136, 21488, 72639, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 123594, 16797, 26803, 59925, 461, 11631, 9907, 5227, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 140280, 111, 5813, 33970, 5, 786, 13, 47, 442, 8035, 127918, 39555, 167969, 390, 70, 180972, 216801, 20, 10, 18410, 4, 13950, 53, 37385, 916, 678, 10, 32692, 111, 169783, 2320, 20, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 1556, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 21, 9248, 5, 581, 140280, 111, 5813, 33970, 75447, 1556, 1286, 3501, 23552, 10, 19879, 21, 9248, 111, 285, 38543, 13267, 5, 581, 142105, 14361, 111, 7401, 98, 70, 21488, 72639, 4267, 73, 60243, 83, 70, 105508, 25876, 174097, 17990, 4, 1284, 70, 142105, 6083, 85437, 83, 43157, 276, 12803, 5234, 5, 64511, 21, 9248, 111, 20537, 26698, 70, 49377, 12600, 35513, 174097, 17990, 4, 70, 4171, 399, 4994, 408, 34, 174097, 17990, 4, 136, 70, 239, 22634, 116, 136, 239, 22634, 138, 74336, 17990, 7, 5, 786, 13, 47, 10, 32692, 111, 64707, 219945, 34754, 4, 70, 144732, 111, 70, 150679, 63335, 36448, 21, 9248, 98, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 621, 74336, 17990, 7, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 142, 130807, 3956, 111, 21, 9248, 4, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 2843, 1556, 5941, 96113, 7, 5, 581, 4989, 525, 4, 70, 239, 22634, 32547, 4, 83, 4989, 136, 86608, 7, 65272, 19364, 7, 36880, 110518, 23552, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 5, 64511, 96113, 7, 111, 20537, 26698, 70, 24453, 24931, 32547, 4, 72693, 2529, 32547, 4, 136, 209800, 32547, 5, 135967, 47, 28811, 30780, 141, 4, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 185256, 538, 390, 15678, 13, 3395, 4, 959, 78458, 70, 360, 539, 82581, 23, 70, 25134, 13, 4438, 16128, 111, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 4, 2750, 15005, 2822, 47, 2363, 23295, 237, 44, 839, 5232, 1596, 66, 58, 15, 3, 247, 91084, 44, 34639, 3551, 58, 23, 70, 360, 539, 46876, 5, 64511, 3395, 7, 98, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 26698, 70, 24453, 15678, 13, 111, 31942, 53927, 23713, 1430, 13, 15, 3, 64, 3, 64, 3, 6, 3, 247, 70, 353, 6568, 14, 124901, 43396, 90, 621, 35839, 44, 37455, 25, 162, 66624, 18741, 58, 15, 3, 6, 3, 4, 2843, 91084, 44, 34639, 3551, 18939, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 360, 7143, 111, 1429, 76, 5342, 4, 24696, 257, 3478, 53720, 136, 24696, 7945, 8139, 53720, 5, 581, 16128, 100512, 51529, 237, 44, 73484, 1760, 58, 23, 15497, 1760, 1771, 83429, 13, 136, 6863, 23, 109261, 16037, 3542, 51529, 237, 44, 40853, 14936, 214, 3403, 740, 1650, 83, 38134, 538, 68186, 71, 450, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 82528, 21325, 13, 88898, 42, 63742, 229983, 84393, 72639, 5, 1529, 509, 2855, 3674, 10, 33407, 390, 18813, 19639, 87, 111, 15604, 23, 616, 5046, 3129, 26038, 4049, 70, 7108, 47, 88898, 450, 2831, 111, 70, 142740, 55609, 237, 5423, 1810, 23, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 6653, 988, 44587, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 678, 108023, 516, 8, 91116, 7, 4, 764, 5117, 143839, 297, 21488, 72639, 23, 616, 16665, 5, 229983, 116287, 297, 70, 184085, 7, 111, 25134, 1177, 48850, 15497, 1760, 136, 111, 123594, 16797, 23924, 13, 11, 48850, 23924, 21629, 10932, 616, 16665, 136, 26038, 60322, 111, 2856, 23, 15604, 136, 14713, 5, 18763, 2515, 34695, 56, 10778, 107003, 4049, 47, 4527, 70, 44759, 30896, 72639, 4, 82528, 21325, 13, 100, 44, 3814, 1991, 58, 707, 44, 1760, 31958, 830, 12960, 44, 6114, 72639, 58, 23, 195374, 136, 5932, 19, 26950, 44, 117715, 93782, 4488, 56, 740, 15, 194, 229983, 20653, 26038, 70, 9351, 111, 44, 35484, 219, 54, 84393, 72639, 58, 47, 15497, 1760, 3129, 509, 70, 5117, 3551, 764, 143839, 297, 4, 1284, 155605, 70, 9351, 509, 93403, 47, 756, 58555, 136, 77681, 509, 5423, 100, 21488, 72639, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 21488, 72639, 4267, 73, 60243, 707, 70, 5813, 33970, 9, 97381, 72639, 4267, 73, 60243, 83, 10, 21334, 280, 694, 60243, 23, 8394, 48850, 25730, 5, 1650, 83, 876, 167457, 390, 70, 215528, 9631, 47, 70, 65272, 4, 70, 215528, 7832, 217, 47, 70, 144477, 4, 70, 21488, 72639, 27414, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 136, 70, 16965, 420, 111, 12190, 155484, 47, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 5, 581, 280, 694, 60243, 96853, 70, 10776, 111, 21488, 72639, 4, 3129, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 140280, 111, 2356, 151645, 1760, 136, 21488, 72639, 4, 136, 70, 10776, 7, 111, 947, 6261, 13650, 1104, 2729, 238, 9, 166154, 9, 11670, 66, 4, 26229, 67, 9, 155651, 4, 136, 7370, 9, 693, 9, 32806, 33970, 4, 3129, 621, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Location and geography.", "Hydrology.", "History." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The peninsula is surrounded by sea on all sides, except for the southwest where it widens into the general continental mainland. The northwestern part of the Labrador Peninsula is shaped as a lesser peninsula, the Ungava Peninsula, surrounded by Hudson Bay, the Hudson Strait, and Ungava Bay. The northernmost point of the Ungava Peninsula, Cape Wolstenholme, also serves as the northernmost point of the Labrador Peninsula and of the province of Quebec. The peninsula is a plateau threaded by river valleys. There are several mountain ranges. The Torngat Mountains, located in the northern part of the peninsula, contain the highest point of the peninsula Mount Caubvick, which at is also the highest point of mainland Canada east of Alberta. The mountains also host Torngat Mountains National Park, the only national park of Canada on the Labrador Peninsula. The park is located in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, whereas the adjacent Kuururjuaq National Park is located in the province of Quebec.", "Due to it being covered almost entirely by the Canadian Shield - a vast, rocky plateau with a history of glaciation - the peninsula has a large number of lakes. The province of Quebec alone has more than half a million lakes of varying size. The largest body of water on the Labrador Peninsula is the Smallwood Reservoir, but the largest natural lake is Lake Mistassini. Other lakes of note include the Manicouagan Reservoir, the Caniapiscau Reservoir, and the La Grande 2 and La Grande 3 reservoirs. Due to a history of hydroelectric development, the majority of the larger freshwater lakes on the peninsula are reservoirs. In addition to an abundance of lakes, the peninsula also has many rivers. The longest, the La Grande River, is long and flows westwards across nearly half the peninsula. Other rivers of note include the Eastmain River, Rupert River, and Churchill River.", "Prior to European arrival, the peninsula was inhabited chiefly by Cree people, notably the Innu Nation in the Southeast area of the peninsula, who referred to their country as \"Nitassinan\" (ᓂᑕᔅᓯᓇᓐ), meaning \"our land\" in the Innu language. Other peoples on the peninsula include the East Cree of Eeyou Istchee (ᐄᔨᔨᐤ/ᐄᔨᔫ/ᐄᓅ ᐊᔅᒌ), the Naskapi whose territories are called \"St'aschinuw\" (ᒋᑦ ᐊᔅᒋᓄᐤ, also meaning \"our land\") as well as the Inuit of Nunavik, Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut. The area became known as \"Markland\" in Greenlandic Norse and its inhabitants were known as \"skrælingjar\". It is widely accepted that the peninsula is named after Portuguese explorer João Fernandes Lavrador. He was granted a patent by King Manuel I of Portugal in 1499 which gave him the right to explore that part of the Atlantic Ocean as set out in the Treaty of Tordesillas. Together with Pêro de Barcelos, he first sighted Labrador in 1498. Fernandes charted the coasts of Southwestern Greenland and of adjacent Northeastern North America around 1498 and gave notice of them in Portugal and Europe. His landowner status allowed him to use the title lavrador, Portuguese for \"farmer\" or \"landholder\", while \"labrador\" in Spanish and Galician means \"agricultural worker\". (). Fernandes actually gave the name of \"Terra do Lavrador\" to Greenland which was the first land he sighted, but eventually the name was spread to all areas and finally was set for Labrador." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44109, 121447, 2363, 6, 95037, 8927, 927, 7156, 4, 44, 3957, 31231, 11030, 830, 23, 4347, 13501, 4, 1284, 51, 5062, 2363, 96362, 7156, 7, 4, 1836, 6777, 959, 55080, 10, 6867, 9742, 5, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 55080, 297, 142, 33683, 678, 4831, 6436, 106, 4, 7440, 764, 2804, 450, 764, 36663, 47, 36356, 1295, 70, 44, 54981, 46, 9742, 46, 7156, 46, 9742, 58, 124374, 5, 1529, 1902, 14375, 538, 2809, 99219, 71, 237, 38004, 24491, 23, 22059, 4, 136, 509, 5036, 99219, 71, 678, 113511, 4, 3129, 509, 959, 14373, 3835, 52021, 74, 49903, 4, 7853, 34639, 7, 1902, 2809, 93403, 214, 16792, 18592, 1672, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 16227, 136, 111, 70, 207116, 450, 764, 1902, 70, 70997, 4, 678, 149575, 1363, 160692, 6259, 390, 10, 34735, 72761, 206398, 23, 1919, 170894, 4, 106480, 57888, 86669, 5, 51404, 764, 93544, 92136, 4743, 47, 1919, 3357, 79986, 959, 47, 22120, 47, 70, 2450, 4, 70, 3789, 8753, 43032, 8, 93, 297, 70, 7853, 34639, 7, 74, 99, 1632, 6275, 4, 8753, 32786, 48861, 63569, 30745, 105757, 7, 450, 44, 1106, 83, 87349, 136, 20697, 740, 360, 22482, 11704, 4, 44109, 23742, 70, 21689, 60992, 100, 13538, 144057, 1657, 179236, 47, 56101, 13703, 5, 51404, 123106, 53, 68186, 71, 70, 70318, 100, 70, 8753, 99, 70, 26977, 191, 146613, 4, 66311, 4347, 113091, 100, 70, 8753, 5, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 118055, 538, 914, 9109, 170894, 99, 70, 405, 26973, 299, 131999, 297, 53333, 149575, 1363, 1295, 70, 3835, 1672, 1919, 16227, 4, 3129, 70560, 297, 87420, 96145, 581, 11704, 335, 88504, 54530, 2806, 186, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 2704, 3835, 170894, 5, 123106, 53, 6777, 959, 70424, 3835, 538, 1672, 1919, 16227, 4, 54433, 450, 764, 6777, 959, 3444, 47, 74703, 1919, 19612, 1810, 111, 70, 3395, 25, 7, 52193, 29178, 5, 1529, 509, 83324, 71, 47, 21342, 20697, 98, 19612, 678, 44109, 100, 237, 4989, 237, 764, 5809, 4, 54433, 450, 764, 2806, 44, 350, 4517, 20697, 24189, 87, 120976, 36069, 740, 123106, 53, 509, 70560, 2517, 538, 15044, 56, 297, 390, 105757, 7, 99, 1919, 9020, 5368, 4, 20662, 442, 34844, 100, 70, 8753, 47, 17164, 19612, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 8753, 456, 116292, 297, 47, 71175, 137869, 23, 12982, 42, 10999, 4, 7440, 70, 57, 2875, 136, 1286, 88669, 7844, 225748, 107003, 70, 8753, 47, 142156, 13, 5, 241, 147, 538, 23, 182304, 4, 70, 8753, 68872, 13438, 450, 756, 4488, 2806, 186, 22299, 297, 47, 44109, 237, 10, 28271, 64457, 111, 47, 11651, 22231, 1916, 43032, 74, 4347, 2804, 450, 70, 51957, 7228, 10, 88551, 24725, 23, 70, 182304, 9433, 4, 12960, 63569, 2804, 450, 442, 104902, 27169, 67, 5045, 111, 70, 13329, 1814, 70760, 151994, 7, 450, 2806, 3638, 538, 22304, 8753, 7, 47, 36356, 1257, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 121447, 23, 70, 7082, 1379, 10, 3525, 67967, 4, 70, 31073, 9, 157272, 38436, 89916, 4, 23, 142, 71834, 47, 75553, 56, 117396, 197826, 2685, 5, 38436, 1902, 2843, 111670, 71, 70, 38109, 47, 44109, 25, 7, 103745, 11, 136, 156350, 4420, 71426, 7, 4, 136, 80723, 20524, 1159, 214, 7156, 7, 39395, 23, 12898, 4, 16188, 214, 44109, 25, 7, 387, 927, 204320, 5, 44, 4153, 539, 4017, 58, 80723, 237, 10, 3643, 56002, 23, 236386, 54940, 271, 66311, 4347, 4, 48861, 63569, 136, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 23, 31576, 13501, 5, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 509, 1257, 590, 481, 7, 136, 49782, 2856, 75169, 70, 42659, 4, 136, 69347, 442, 3934, 10, 11531, 4, 105233, 70, 106453, 1459, 136, 72134, 5773, 70, 68944, 5, 28090, 7068, 98, 756, 22759, 79786, 98, 13492, 33059, 70, 28560, 136, 63569, 34739, 645, 70, 68944, 15, 143321, 3542, 59121, 237, 10, 6, 191145, 47, 45470, 3786, 36737, 73, 136, 2363, 11531, 44, 605, 19346, 4326, 51029, 581, 86991, 40059, 4, 59121, 390, 123106, 53, 4, 509, 99201, 14432, 136, 442, 60213, 71, 10, 142518, 9, 748, 1430, 2816, 26693, 71, 390, 108558, 6765, 22758, 7, 136, 10, 42009, 66332, 1940, 822, 112, 112730, 390, 32635, 101275, 1419, 41550, 11249, 13, 4, 2750, 1902, 1380, 47, 19922, 2856, 136, 509, 37170, 47, 11301, 5, 44, 4153, 539, 4017, 58, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 18982, 12898, 4, 34377, 214, 99, 438, 5, 106, 23, 70, 17274, 5, 44, 568, 25, 39, 2016, 214, 159, 20016, 538, 9266, 58, 509, 186, 6967, 23, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 9020, 18276, 4, 7103, 764, 1902, 4163, 70, 6528, 111, 32562, 10, 11531, 1672, 17946, 7432, 4, 191722, 390, 114589, 1311, 19364, 25, 7, 11491, 1632, 9, 79852, 7, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 68944, 1884, 44, 105281, 11, 53201, 58, 707, 44, 3630, 3871, 133, 830, 21449, 1295, 15044, 4049, 136, 1919, 34391, 7948, 7832, 1728, 4, 2750, 24765, 297, 1257, 756, 17431, 23, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 98483, 4, 97025, 214, 17669, 1286, 1810, 1760, 4745, 124519, 5, 581, 19612, 83, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 136, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 52336, 70, 8753, 3542, 20697, 98, 23, 12982, 42, 10999, 3229, 41550, 11249, 13, 21449, 23, 5, 581, 1202, 450, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 70, 11531, 24124, 123106, 53, 40989, 297, 23, 10, 84659, 60813, 678, 56409, 24887, 4, 35011, 16712, 3132, 4, 4989, 6275, 214, 148100, 136, 111531, 99162, 3249, 1257, 4, 1346, 297, 23, 22556, 136, 35011, 5, 601, 16001, 271, 44109, 35992, 3542, 209183, 538, 444, 33740, 390, 70, 8753, 23, 70, 1202, 4, 23, 70, 128745, 53, 4, 44, 62467, 51711, 7, 111, 70, 6661, 830, 63569, 112017, 297, 4, 1295, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 80280, 4, 70, 1202, 509, 1108, 2822, 390, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 170894, 19441, 47, 186, 7384, 796, 190872, 297, 390, 84659, 136, 3249, 9, 2037, 4, 237, 63569, 36456, 3674, 123106, 53, 54811, 44, 56359, 939, 99825, 4, 99, 450, 6275, 1242, 44, 13025, 712, 10617, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 4347, 99, 70, 12275, 1836, 1902, 23, 236386, 5, 1529, 17164, 297, 442, 100, 1919, 34377, 2639, 7156, 4, 44, 152470, 47, 70, 30948, 830, 3129, 764, 509, 20662, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 1284, 7103, 129271, 123106, 53, 5367, 442, 4, 68872, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 539, 4017, 83, 70, 22759, 8927, 927, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 4, 121447, 98, 201, 22482, 12898, 390, 2392, 365, 26551, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 136, 442, 83, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 12275, 7156, 47, 186, 121447, 390, 38436, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 103687, 297, 390, 6765, 22758, 7, 136, 70, 8753, 4, 442, 509, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 4568, 7156, 47, 186, 121447, 23, 37105, 5367, 56, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 26, 7, 6897, 6032, 4, 136, 2363, 2684, 17309, 1632, 47, 186, 150350, 71, 111, 167969, 3525, 4912, 5, 1650, 157578, 70, 438, 5, 106, 13162, 98, 70, 17274, 7156, 116287, 7, 136, 24765, 297, 99, 450, 19069, 100, 6626, 40859, 4, 136, 2843, 16320, 12225, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background and recording.", "Songs.", "\"Innuendo\".", "\"I'm Going Slightly Mad\".", "\"Headlong\".", "\"I Can't Live with You\".", "\"Don't Try So Hard\".", "\"Ride the Wild Wind\".", "\"All God's People\".", "\"These Are the Days of Our Lives\".", "\"Delilah\".", "\"The Hitman\".", "\"Bijou\".", "\"The Show Must Go On\".", "Singles.", "Critical reception.", "Track listing.", "2015 LP.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Queen released their thirteenth album, \"The Miracle\", in May 1989, but unlike their previous albums, they did not conduct a live tour. Freddie Mercury conducted an interview with BBC Radio 1, where he said that he wanted to break from the \"album – tour – album – tour\" routine. He had privately been diagnosed as HIV positive in 1987, and was now diagnosed with AIDS, which was not yet publicised; however, rumours had been spreading since 1988 about Mercury's health and of the possibility that he had the disease, with speculation fuelled by a clear physical decline in his appearance, particularly weight loss. While he kept quiet due to his personal rule not to talk to the media, the other band members denied the rumours; at one point, band member Roger Taylor told reporters that \"he is healthy and working\". In February 1990, Queen won the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music. While Mercury accepted the award for the band at the Dominion Theatre, Brian May spoke for the band. Mercury's increasingly gaunt appearance at the ceremony sparked further speculation from the public about his health, which persisted throughout 1990. The 1990 BRIT Awards would be Mercury's final public appearance. Mercury did not speak publicly about his health, saying that he did not want to sell his music out of the people's sympathy. He was determined to continue working on music with Queen for as long as he could, saying that he would \"keep working until I fucking drop\". Mercury was persistently bothered by reporters at his London home, making it difficult for the band to record music. As a result, the band relocated to Mountain Studios in Montreux, where the safer and more peaceful atmosphere allowed the band to concentrate. Early in recording, the band decided again that all work would be credited to Queen as a whole instead of to individual contributing members; May said that the decision made a significant impact in the recording process, while Taylor said that it helped eliminate much of the egotistical struggles that would normally cause bands to break up. The album was released in the US under a new label, the Disney-owned Hollywood Records, in an effort to garner greater exposure there. Hollywood had also secured the rights to Queen's Elektra and Capitol back catalogs, and began reissuing albums early in 1991, marking Queen's 20th anniversary.", "", "\"Innuendo\" began as a jam session in Switzerland amongst Brian May, Roger Taylor and John Deacon in spring 1989. Freddie Mercury was upstairs and heard them playing the beat, and turned it into a song, creating the melody and starting off the lyrics. From then on all four worked on polishing the track and Taylor took over the lyrics (which were written as a tribute to Led Zeppelin and their song \"Kashmir\"). The middle section, written by Mercury, was included later and it featured a synth-orchestra programmed by producer David Richards and a flamenco interlude played by Yes guitarist Steve Howe, who had come to visit them and was asked to play. \"Innuendo\" was released as a single in January 1991, debuting at No. 1 in the UK.", "\"I'm Going Slightly Mad\" was begun in Mercury's London house, after he had got the idea of writing a song about madness, inspired by Noël Coward's camp one-liners. Most of the lyrics like \"banana tree\" or \"one needle\", came from both him and his friend Peter Straker, who stayed up all night in Mercury's kitchen, devising ever more outlandish lines. The music is Mercury's and is one of the earliest songs the band were working on in Montreux when Steve Howe came in. The video that accompanied the song saw Mercury dressed in a costume suit with wild hair, white gloves, long pointing shoes and extremely heavy make up, filmed in black and white. Whilst Queen fans were thoroughly amused by the band in the video, in the documentary, \"Champions of the World\", Taylor confessed, from the band's perspective, the video was marred by Mercury's appearance having to be camouflaged by costume and make-up, as Taylor admitted Mercury looked \"pretty ill, at that point.\"", "\"Headlong\" was written by May at the studio they had in Switzerland. He recorded it for his debut solo album, \"Back to the Light\", which he was making at the same time, but after hearing Mercury sing it, decided it worked better as a Queen song.", "\"I Can't Live with You\" was also written for May's solo album. He gave it to the band as well since Taylor, Deacon and Mercury were fond of the track. Drums were programmed on synth by May, and the keyboard-pads were added by the producer. An alternative version of this song appeared on the 1997 compilation album \"Queen Rocks\", billed as the \"'97 Rocks Retake\". It was said to be more along the lines of how May and Taylor originally wanted the track to sound, with a harder, guitar-driven rock edge. May has stated in an interview, that most of the original demo is in the recording, making the song \"Impossible to mix\".", "\"Don't Try So Hard\" came from Mercury. The intro \"rain\" is actually the pre-set sound of the Korg M1, which appears when it is switched on (\"00: Universe\"). Mercury sings a large portion of the song in falsetto, but sings up to a D in full voice in the chorus.", "\"Ride the Wild Wind\" was composed by Taylor, who recorded a demo with his own vocals. The definitive version is sung by Mercury with Taylor on backing vocals. The song is a sort of sequel of Taylor's \"A Night at the Opera\" composition, \"I'm in Love with My Car\", which focused on Taylor's passion for cars and racing. This time, the song involved all of the other members, that gave life to a fast song with beating drums and rhythmic bass line, eerily note-for-note similar to The Smiths' \"Shakespeare's Sister\", which create the sensation of speed and engine's roar. In the mid-part, a May solo, which accentuates the sense of high velocity, and also gives the song a heavier sound. In some parts, a racing car can be heard. It was released as a single in Poland, peaking at No. 1.", "\"All God's People\" was co-written by Mercury and Mike Moran, initially as part of Mercury's \"Barcelona\" project under the title \"Africa by Night\". He'd asked May to play guitar, then one thing led to another and the entire band played. The keyboard parts were played by Moran.", "\"These Are the Days of Our Lives\" was written by Taylor. It is harmonically and structurally one of the simplest songs of the band's catalogue. Keyboards were programmed by all band members in the studio, and conga percussion was recorded by David Richards. The music video for this song was Mercury's last appearance in a video medium, and with his knowing farewell look straight at the camera, Mercury whispers \"I still love you\" at the end of the song. By the time the video was made, it had become impossible to disguise that Mercury was seriously ill. The video was filmed in colour, but converted to black and white to minimise Mercury's frail appearance. At a later date, colour footage of the band making the video was released, revealing just how ill Mercury was at the time.", "\"Delilah\" is a song Mercury penned for his favourite female calico cat named Delilah. Although Mercury had about 11 cats, Delilah was special. May recorded his solo using a talk box. Taylor later admitted he is not fond of the song, stating \"I hate 'Delilah'. That's just not me.”", "The fly-away rocker \"The Hitman\" was started by Mercury. The original version was apparently on keyboards and in a different key. May took Mercury's riff (not uncommon), changed the key and recorded a demo of the heavy version. Deacon then re-arranged the structure and they all filled the gaps in lyrics and recorded it. All of the backing vocals were done by May. The demo version is sung by May, with Mercury making spoken comments (like \"Bite the bullet baby!\"). The finished product features Mercury's vocals peaking at an E.", "\"Bijou\" was an idea Mercury and May had of making a song \"inside-out\", having guitar doing the verses and the vocal doing the break. Mercury put the chords, title and lyrics, and the two of them worked on the guitar parts. Mercury sang the first line and then May transferred the melody to his Red Special. The song was finished without any input from Taylor or Deacon. The idea was not new and already used by Yes on their song \"Soon\". May later credited Jeff Beck's 1989 song \"Where Were You\" as the inspiration for \"Bijou.\" In 2008, Queen + Paul Rodgers performed this song in their shows of the Rock the Cosmos Tour by May playing the verse live and then having Mercury's studio vocals play while a screen showed footage from the band's famous Wembley concert in 1986, with the visuals put in sync with the tape.", "\"The Show Must Go On\" was written by May, Taylor and Deacon, based on a chord sequence they had been working on. The rhythm of the refrain is similar to the Queen's 1989 song, \"I Want It All\". May decided to use the sequence, and both he and Mercury decided the theme of the lyrics and wrote the first verse together. From then on May finished the lyrics, completed the vocal melody and wrote the bridge, inspired by \"Pachelbel's Canon\". Some keys and ideas were suggested by the producer too. The song chronicles the effort of Mercury continuing to perform despite approaching the end of his life. The song was initially not released as a single as part of promotion for the \"Innuendo\" album, but was released in October 1991 as the band launched their \"Greatest Hits II\" album. The video for the song featured a compilation of clips from all their videos since 1982, in support of the \"Greatest Hits II\" album. Due to Mercury's critically fast fading health at the time of its production, a fresh appearance by the band in a video was not possible. The track is a personal favourite of fellow British artist Elton John, who performed the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert with the remaining members of Queen, and Tony Iommi playing rhythm guitar. A different live version featuring John on vocals later appeared on Queen's \"Greatest Hits III\" album.", "\"Innuendo\" was the lead single from the album in most countries, except for the US where \"Headlong\" was released to radio as a promo prior to the album's release. The single was released on 14 January 1991 in Europe and in March 1991 in the US as a promo single, becoming Queen's third UK No. 1 single. The song also achieved modest success in the US, charting at No. 17 on \"Billboard\"'s Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Still, the length and style of the track limited its appeal, and it only spent one week at No. 1 in the UK and quickly slid down the chart, spending only six weeks in the top 75. (B-side on 7 inch release: \"Bijou\"). \"I'm Going Slightly Mad\" was released on 4 March 1991. The song reached No. 1 in Hong Kong and reached No. 22 on the UK charts. (B-side on 7 inch release: \"The Hitman\" in some countries, in others it was \"Lost Opportunity\", which was a non-album cut). \"Headlong\" was released as a promotional single in January 1991 in the US and as a single on 13 May 1991 in the UK. It entered the UK charts at No. 14, and reached No. 3 on the US \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. (B-side on 12 inch release: \"All God's People\" in some countries, in others, \"Lost Opportunity\" and in a few, \"The Hitman\". The 12\" and CD also feature \"Mad the Swine\"). \"I Can't Live with You\" was released as a promo single to radio stations in the US. This two-track promo single, completely remixed by Brian Malouf, uses slightly different lead vocal tracks by Mercury, louder and tighter harmony tracks, and reprogrammed synth drums, resulting in a much more punchy and \"over the top\" poppy version than included on the album. It reached No. 28 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. \"Ride the Wild Wind\" was released as a single only in Poland. \"These Are the Days of Our Lives\" was first released in the US on Mercury's birthday, 5 September 1991 on cassette and to radio. In the UK it was released in December 1991 following Mercury's death, as a double A-side with \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". The single was the UK's Christmas No. 1 of 1991. \"The Show Must Go On\" was released on 14 October 1991 in the UK. The single was taken from the album, although it had not been released as a single from \"Innuendo\", and was released as promotion for the \"Greatest Hits II\" album (\"Classic Queen\" in the US/Canada), and peaked at No. 16 on the UK charts. After Mercury's death in November, the song re-entered the British charts and spent as many weeks in the top 75 as it had upon its original release. This single was released just six weeks before Mercury died. In 1992, the song was released as a double A-side with \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" in the US and reached No. 2 in the US. (The original B-side in October 1991 was \"Keep Yourself Alive\").", "In 1991, Chuck Eddy of \"Rolling Stone\" wrote that \"Innuendo\" was \"the group's most playful top-to-bottom pile since \"The Game\"\" and \"there’s no getting around the new album's craft\", which he suggested meant the band were \"finally satisfied with their lot in life\", but he added \"\"Innuendo\" is so lightweight you'll forget it as soon as it's over — which, with this band, should go without saying anyway\". However, in 2016, writing for the same publication, Ron Hart described it as \"Queen's last masterpiece\" and an album which \"boldly confronted mortality,\" likening it to David Bowie's final album \"Blackstar\". \"People\" wrote \"If this is cartoon rock and roll, at least it's good and brazenly cartoonish.\" The \"Orange County Register\" observed \"Queen dispenses with any stylistic variations or flirtations with dance music and offers its basic sound: lots of Mercury vocal leaps, fuzzed-out May guitar, choral overdubs and a sense of orchestral importance mixed with straightforward hard rock\", concluding that it was a \"mixed bag\". The \"LA Times\" wrote \"Given the bombast and harsh assault of Queen's biggest hits, it's a shock to find that the heart of... \"Innuendo\", is made of soft, sweet, sticky, sentimental goo\", but added \"The goo actually goes down well\" and \"Queen hasn't forgotten how to rock.\" In a retrospective review, AllMusic wrote \"\"Innuendo\" was a fitting way to end one of rock's most successful careers\". For \"Classic Rock\" in 2016, Malcolm Dome ranked it as Queen's ninth greatest album, writing that \"\"Innuendo\" had a lot of intelligent humour and pathos about it.\" He praised the title track's \"brilliantly synthesised orchestrations\" and added \"Perhaps most poignant of all is the low key yet mesmerising 'These Are The Days Of Our Lives', which ended with Mercury’s whispered paean 'I still love you', which was moving in its simplicity.\" Dome concluded \"The album summed up how Queen could draw people close, yet still keep them at a convenient distance.\"", "All tracks credited to Queen, except \"All God's People\" credited to Queen and Mike Moran. All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury.", "\"Innuendo\" was re-released on vinyl on 25 September 2015, alongside all of Queen's other studio albums. This was the first time the album had been presented on vinyl in full, spread across 2 LPs.", "Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album. Queen Additional personnel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 28143, 509, 14037, 297, 98, 209, 4347, 28980, 237, 28143, 242, 18197, 4, 70, 16750, 111, 10, 42564, 42, 111, 884, 6401, 20702, 242, 12338, 136, 15161, 825, 66, 5967, 343, 5, 884, 6401, 20702, 242, 12338, 509, 14037, 297, 237, 10, 23182, 7175, 23, 7071, 47765, 47, 11301, 23, 70, 12417, 44420, 192428, 4, 75935, 6637, 70, 100799, 75034, 128120, 71, 47, 5808, 13, 10, 23182, 192428, 15, 2347, 100799, 75034, 34739, 645, 23, 47114, 194, 884, 6401, 20702, 242, 12338, 4, 136, 390, 111938, 28143, 4, 112730, 70, 4552, 5117, 23182, 14858, 23, 70, 231118, 12, 98, 616, 8055, 47765, 4, 1836, 23742, 138, 1104, 2389, 99, 5368, 26548, 10146, 365, 242, 12338, 4, 678, 21504, 162, 159, 4007, 28780, 214, 70, 5117, 15, 2940, 50960, 16, 69236, 5, 24372, 6, 69986, 70, 177162, 76278, 3629, 23, 23936, 64, 11540, 4, 442, 112730, 1632, 6602, 23, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 5, 15161, 825, 66, 5967, 343, 1902, 2809, 75169, 16792, 64972, 237, 70, 50368, 1505, 98809, 7687, 15, 194, 341, 27529, 1902, 110518, 24209, 9907, 205002, 23, 58020, 8305, 10, 653, 118201, 86669, 47, 157715, 23, 70, 2704, 7, 5, 581, 7175, 100512, 23182, 23, 47114, 5, 360, 38425, 70, 23182, 2831, 111, 341, 27529, 509, 120514, 4806, 15161, 825, 66, 5967, 343, 4, 12960, 70, 79775, 7, 112730, 98, 237, 341, 27529, 5, 22376, 23, 38425, 4, 70, 82953, 7, 1845, 90, 136, 4, 36770, 92865, 136, 124287, 7, 100, 341, 27529, 136, 144044, 111, 10, 105925, 4027, 87587, 4343, 121293, 4, 221, 46526, 47, 28282, 10, 113138, 101740, 7175, 23, 825, 66, 5967, 343, 390, 1143, 9966, 70, 6626, 4000, 23182, 87199, 12, 341, 27529, 136, 5, 24372, 70, 567, 27529, 133465, 5675, 54987, 71, 903, 81887, 4, 70, 19146, 33, 62538, 65771, 538, 42564, 71, 15161, 825, 66, 5967, 343, 678, 884, 6401, 20702, 242, 12338, 23, 28980, 5, 15161, 825, 66, 5967, 343, 1902, 122799, 361, 927, 136, 884, 6401, 20702, 242, 12338, 427, 927, 23, 36236, 1104, 18197, 177162, 76278, 3629, 5, 581, 7175, 2806, 186, 35509, 23, 884, 6401, 20702, 4, 21208, 70, 17932, 7175, 7311, 538, 25550, 297, 136, 112730, 23, 1204, 1663, 664, 8, 825, 66, 5, 9148, 25958, 8305, 70, 1274, 2852, 111, 135587, 110613, 92865, 4, 70, 3525, 11938, 33662, 163629, 71, 21334, 130815, 7, 5, 360, 29172, 4, 70, 101828, 76, 147, 82953, 7, 77738, 71, 442, 1810, 136, 14145, 297, 17305, 5115, 53, 23, 70, 11938, 4, 47, 70, 6275, 450, 28143, 242, 18197, 3542, 65771, 23, 70, 72399, 19340, 7, 136, 39395, 242, 4836, 7, 4, 186085, 75169, 28811, 101740, 1295, 27193, 47, 24427, 12960, 2843, 6, 69986, 17262, 100799, 75034, 15619, 7, 645, 450, 14922, 5, 24372, 22759, 20903, 192428, 80399, 7, 4, 28143, 77681, 100512, 174705, 102995, 7, 23, 26771, 4, 141753, 70, 4734, 7175, 3789, 3501, 70, 44, 32976, 17262, 58, 111, 157715, 4, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 136, 7940, 856, 47, 54, 221, 23, 10, 5896, 9, 46799, 14922, 175884, 1295, 31017, 47, 1877, 15, 434, 3220, 28143, 24145, 13438, 23742, 70, 192428, 44759, 194, 10660, 23742, 70, 44759, 678, 645, 434, 6865, 14578, 14537, 4, 6, 69986, 1438, 111, 4442, 14858, 90, 136, 4734, 388, 214, 24145, 12960, 28780, 214, 10, 11938, 17164, 21027, 109458, 136, 70007, 449, 1660, 496, 5, 9925, 5701, 34003, 4, 28143, 157578, 70, 2704, 111, 70, 48524, 15619, 4, 388, 214, 190, 1104, 617, 98, 6, 197564, 13, 47, 87, 6423, 69696, 52649, 5, 581, 11737, 6602, 4, 23, 70, 28811, 15619, 4, 1836, 72856, 23, 70, 17932, 68807, 138, 1104, 304, 98, 6, 197564, 13, 47, 39721, 5, 80450, 1345, 20036, 603, 509, 28143, 25, 7, 31095, 645, 2684, 111, 6097, 5369, 15, 142413, 1104, 121694, 4, 12960, 6057, 92865, 99201, 12, 1345, 90, 1519, 271, 4, 70, 11938, 25, 7, 167375, 17669, 109458, 10517, 56, 678, 80454, 109458, 136, 70, 5117, 17669, 174705, 669, 47, 19916, 70, 28811, 43114, 58800, 23, 24849, 3229, 764, 47763, 71, 4442, 109458, 23, 10, 34003, 74, 3342, 7948, 7, 4, 2750, 112730, 5390, 14858, 90, 100, 28143, 20271, 903, 14922, 28780, 214, 496, 109458, 1295, 4122, 28394, 74, 136, 59049, 2291, 1353, 27633, 4, 2750, 112730, 116, 9323, 14858, 90, 23, 8, 6211, 329, 100, 28143, 1295, 26527, 47, 26819, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 217063, 1936, 3540, 7, 100, 70, 231118, 15889, 7175, 1295, 27193, 47, 26819, 136, 75169, 12638, 14858, 23, 48524, 3939, 15643, 12960, 142, 28143, 58585, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 6057, 7, 99201, 4939, 4146, 7803, 4, 2750, 66933, 37195, 5369, 99, 28143, 75169, 91809, 14858, 90, 237, 10, 86841, 4, 28780, 214, 1381, 109458, 26719, 10, 69236, 26548, 87, 6423, 69696, 52649, 23, 70, 2704, 111, 70, 48524, 15619, 5, 18852, 2291, 1353, 27633, 4, 4146, 7803, 509, 2843, 99201, 23, 70, 174705, 91, 91526, 100, 3939, 15643, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 188676, 40225, 76384, 2949, 30719, 66933, 1492, 5369, 99, 28143, 4, 28780, 214, 30994, 109458, 23, 6, 127968, 14858, 90, 17721, 29172, 136, 24427, 5, 1311, 9, 8770, 1679, 1845, 90, 101828, 76, 147, 68, 71, 23, 24849, 5, 28143, 25, 7, 100, 45091, 7, 150844, 3674, 7103, 1919, 82953, 4, 21504, 162, 101828, 76, 147, 4, 25737, 70, 11938, 23, 20231, 5, 24372, 40368, 4122, 9, 22819, 67229, 90, 23, 96362, 34003, 7, 4, 28143, 509, 456, 3257, 3674, 23, 18592, 1295, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 4, 86658, 70, 34003, 98, 1372, 26847, 1295, 4442, 14858, 90, 136, 6817, 214, 47, 70, 177162, 76278, 3629, 4743, 47, 70, 14597, 69236, 60212, 111, 156376, 6, 130542, 5, 3293, 47130, 125682, 509, 88551, 16792, 442, 74918, 2822, 1660, 59671, 5369, 7103, 70, 11938, 25, 7, 105719, 85727, 41929, 136, 94419, 70, 3564, 111, 28143, 25, 7, 5117, 14922, 111, 36272, 23, 174705, 101740, 5, 77168, 214, 903, 4, 28143, 66933, 5045, 111, 70, 11737, 8, 23662, 23, 70, 17932, 6, 31182, 4, 237875, 47, 7413, 10, 30646, 47, 70, 2663, 113014, 5, 581, 83687, 674, 111, 8063, 669, 179241, 8643, 4209, 11, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 70779, 7, 94419, 70, 15226, 1405, 111, 70, 11938, 237, 28143, 176377, 47, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 884, 6401, 20702, 825, 66, 5967, 343, 15, 247, 11522, 51529, 237, 28143, 884, 6401, 20702, 707, 42856, 28143, 15, 247, 83, 10, 174705, 23182, 101740, 11938, 1295, 884, 6401, 20702, 136, 70, 825, 66, 5967, 343, 5, 581, 11938, 11301, 7, 23, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 4, 70, 167375, 23182, 101740, 192428, 23, 70, 231118, 4, 136, 27980, 7, 5368, 14858, 90, 99, 70, 28211, 9713, 96870, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "1910–1972: Foundation and first years.", "1972–1985: The Molenaar years.", "1985–1993: The interim years.", "1993–2009: The Scheringa years.", "2009–2014.", "Since 2014.", "Current squad.", "Jong AZ.", "Stadium and sponsor.", "Stadium.", "AZ in Europe.", "Domestic results.", "Notable (former) players." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "AZ was founded on 10 May 1967 as AZ '67, the result of a merger of Alkmaar '54 and FC Zaanstreek. Alkmaar '54 was founded as a professional team in April 1954 to play in the 10-team league, created because the KNVB refused to organize a professional league (the KNVB took over in 1955). Alkmaar '54, and by extension AZ, played the very first professional match in the Netherlands: on 14 August 1954, they won 3–0 at home against Venlo '54, with Klaas Smit scoring the first (and third) goal. After winning the Eerste Divisie in 1960/61, it played one year in the Eredivisie. FC Zaanstreek had been playing since 1910 as the Kooger Football Club (). KFC had nearly become National Champion in 1934 through a narrow loss to Ajax in the finals. The team became professional in 1955. In 1964 the professional part of KFC was renamed FC Zaanstreek, while the amateurs played on as KFC. Also in 1964, the brothers Cees and, former players and trainers for KFC and owners of a growing appliance store chain, sought to create a powerful football team in Zaanstreek by merging the two local professional teams: KFC and. After the ZFC leadership thwarted this attempt, the Molenaars successfully merged FC Zaanstreek with Alkmaar '54 in 1967. FC Zaanstreek had finished 7th and Alkmaar '54 12th in 1966–67 Eerste Divisie. The team would be based in Alkmaar, though the second team originally trained and played in Koog aan de Zaan.", "Partially through the hiring of expensive foreign players, the new club soon acquired large debts. In 1972, the Molenaar brothers bailed it out and invested heavily in the club, to the point that AZ '67 were successful in the late 1970s and early '80s, regularly playing European football from 1977 to 1982 while also winning three KNVB Cups over that period. After four close league campaigns, AZ finally became Dutch champions in 1981, becoming the only team other than the \"big three\" of Ajax, Feyenoord and PSV to do so in a 44-year period spanning from 1965 to 2009 (when AZ once again won the league title). They won the title with overwhelming power, winning 27 of 34 matches and only losing once while scoring a club record 101 goals and conceding just 30. That same season, AZ reached the final of the UEFA Cup, losing 5–4 on aggregate to Ipswich Town. The next year, in the European Cup, they lost in the second round 3–2 on aggregate to Liverpool. Georg Keßler was AZ's manager over most of these years (1978–82), while star players included: Kees Kist, the club's highest ever goalscorer with 212 goals and the first ever Dutchman to win the European Golden Boot in 1979 when he scored 34 goals in a season; Jan Peters, who played 120 matches for AZ during this period scoring 30 goals from midfield; and Hugo Hovenkamp, who played 239 matches in defence for AZ from 1975 to 1983, as well as receiving 31 caps for the Netherlands national team from 1977 to 1983 and playing each match in UEFA Euro 1980 while an AZ player. Additional stars included John Metgod, who spent six years at AZ playing 195 matches as a defender, scoring 26 goals including a goal against Ipswich Town in the final of the UEFA Cup. Like Hovenkamp, Metgod was also included in the Dutch squad for Euro 1980. Meanwhile, Danish forward Kristen Nygaard spent ten years at AZ, scoring 104 goals in 363 matches between 1972 and 1982.", "Co-owner Cees Molenaar died in 1979. AZ's fortunes deteriorated after his brother, Klaas Molenaar, left the club in 1985. After several mid-table finishes in previous seasons, AZ was relegated in 1988 from the Eredivisie, ending the season on 28 points from 34 matches and falling to the Eerste Divisie due to the superior goal difference of Roda JC. This relegation was significant since it occurred just seven years after the club's historic domestic double and marked the end of AZ's first period of success in Dutch football. Following this, AZ spent much of the next decade in the second tier, struggling to find a return to the top flight.", "The involvement of businessman Dirk Scheringa in the mid-1990s marked the revival of the club as AZ returned to the Eredivisie, winning the 1997-98 Eerste Divisie title. The club achieved consecutive finishes around the middle positions in the league until ending up in third place in the 2004-05 Eredivisie season, AZ's highest position for 23 years. In the summer of 2006, the club moved to a new 17,000 capacity stadium, AZ Stadion. Despite playing strongly for the majority of the 2006–07 season, AZ's season ended in disappointment. First, entering the last matchday of the 2006–07 Eredivisie season, AZ led PSV and Ajax on goal difference at the top of the league table, but ended up third after losing their last match against 16th placed team Excelsior, AZ played with ten men for 80 minutes. Additionally, AZ then lost the KNVB Cup final to Ajax 8–7 after a penalty shoot-out, while also falling to Ajax over two play-off matches for participation in the Champions League. After the season, key players like Tim de Cler, Danny Koevermans and Shota Arveladze left the team. A remarkable run ended in the 2007–08 season: after AZ lost a group stage match against Everton (3–2) in the UEFA Cup, the club's unbeaten run of 32 home matches in European competitions – lasting from 1977 to 2007 – ended. AZ had a poor season, suffering elimination in the first round of the KNVB Cup and the group stage of the UEFA Cup, as well as finishing the 2007–08 Eredivisie in a disappointing 11th place. Towards the latter stages of the season, in March 2008, AZ manager Louis van Gaal had initially tendered his resignation, but after protests the players and directors, he rescinded his resignation. The 2008–09 season had an unpromising start after two opening defeats against NAC Breda and ADO Den Haag. However, starting with a 1–0 victory over defending league champions PSV, AZ did not lose a match in its next 28 matches, including a run of 11-straight matches where AZ did not concede an opposition goal. Three weeks before the end of the season, AZ became Eredivisie champions, edging nearest title rivals Twente and Ajax comfortably. This was a historic achievement for the club as this was the first title-winning season for 28 years, and it also meant a return to the UEFA Champions League. Being league champions, AZ qualified for the Champions League for only the second time. It was drawn into a group alongside Arsenal FC, Standard Liège and Olympiacos but only took four points from six matches and finished bottom of their group.", "For the 2009–10 season, Ronald Koeman succeeded Louis van Gaal, who had departed to manage Bayern Munich after leading AZ to the championship. Koeman was officially hired on 17 May 2009, but on 5 December, AZ announced he was no longer in charge of the club after losing 7 of his first 16 matches. Former Rangers and Zenit Saint Petersburg manager Dick Advocaat took over for the remainder of the season. Under Advocaat, AZ achieved solid results and secured European football for the next season. For the 2010–11 season, AZ appointed Gertjan Verbeek as its new manager. They finished the 2010–11 Eredivisie in fourth place, thus securing Europa League football for the next season, while in the KNVB Cup, AZ reached the last eight, where they were beaten by rivals Ajax by a 1–0 scoreline. AZ also finished third in their Europa League group, thus failing to qualifying for the competition's knockout round. In the 2011–12 season, AZ finished fourth in the Eredivisie, though performed significantly better in cup competitions, reaching the semi-finals in the KNVB Cup (losing to Heracles after extra time) and the quarter-finals in the Europa League. In the latter, the club ultimately lost to Valencia after having defeated Udinese, Anderlecht, Malmö FF, Austria Wien, Metalist Kharkiv, Aalesund and Baumit Jablonec to reach that stage. On 21 December 2011, during the quarter-finals of the 2011–12 KNVB Cup, a 19-year-old Ajax fan invaded the Amsterdam Arena pitch in the 36th minute with Ajax winning 1–0, attacking AZ goalkeeper Esteban Alvarado. The fan slipped and Alvarado kicked the fan twice, prompting the referee to issue the goalkeeper a red card. Following this, AZ manager Gertjan Verbeek ordered his players to leave the pitch for the dressing room in protest. The match was later played on 19 January 2012, with Alvarado's red card rescinded; AZ won 3–2. The 2012–13 season started in the Europa League with a qualifying play-off round against Guus Hiddink's Anzhi Makhachkala. AZ was hammered 6–0 on aggregate. Disappointingly, AZ finished tenth in the 2012–13 Eredivisie, although the club won the 2012–13 KNVB Cup after defeating PSV 2–1 in the final. As cup winners, AZ automatically qualified for the 2013–14 Europa League. In September 2013, just one day after emphatically beating PSV, at the time the league leaders, Verbeek was dismissed as first team manager by the club due to \"a lack of chemistry\" between management and players. He was replaced by Dick Advocaat for the remainder of the season until a permanent replacement could be found. Advocaat took AZ to the semi-finals of the KNVB Cup, the quarter-finals of the Europa League and eighth in the league, ultimately losing to Groningen in the Europa League play-off final round (their 58th match of the season, a club record).", "The 2014–15 season began with a new manager, former Heerenveen manager and Ajax great Marco van Basten. However, after just three matches into the season, Van Basten resigned as manager to become assistant manager under Alex Pastoor, citing heavy stress as the main reason. Pastoor was the interim manager during two matches under Van Basten's absence and received the official title on 16 September, but contract negotiations failed and he left the club just two days later. A week later, John van den Brom was appointed manager. Under Van den Brom, AZ quickly rose up to the sub-top, eventually finished the season in third place, surpassing Feyenoord on the final season's matchday and qualifying for the 2015–16 Europa League. The 2015–16 Eredivisie started with AZ selling most of its first-team players from the previous season during the summer transfer period. As a response, AZ bought players from other Dutch clubs, notably Vincent Janssen from Almere City, Alireza Jahanbakhsh from NEC and Ben Rienstra from PEC Zwolle. In December, it was announced free agent Ron Vlaar signed a contract until the end of the season after training with the club for a few weeks prior. Vlaar quickly became team captain and helped lift AZ from tenth place to a fourth-place finish in the league. Along this rise, new signing Vincent Janssen scored 27 goals for the club, earning him the Eredivisie top goalscorer title. In the 2015–16 KNVB Cup, AZ made it to the semi-finals, losing 3–1 to Feyenoord. AZ won the first two qualification rounds to qualify for the 2015–16 Europa League group stage, but finished last in their group. At the start of the 2016–17 Eredivisie, AZ sold last season's performer Vincent Janssen to Tottenham Hotspur and long-time midfielder Markus Henriksen to Hull City. In the 2016–17 Europa League, AZ finished second in Group D, surviving the group stage for the third time in five seasons.", "", "Participating in the Eerste Divisie, the reserve squad of AZ trains and plays their home games in Zaanstad.", "", "AZ play its home matches at the AFAS Stadion, located in the southern part of the city of Alkmaar. The stadium, which is directly owned by the club, was opened in 2006 and replaced the old Alkmaarderhout venue as the DSB Stadion. The stadium currently has a capacity of 17,023. During its design stages, the name Victorie Stadion was frequently used, referring to the Dutch War of Independence, the phrase \"\"In Alkmaar begint de victorie\" (Victory begins in Alkmaar)\" in particular. Until now, this name has not been officially in use, the board instead opting for sponsorship deals because of financial motives. However, to this day, the name maintains a good share of support among the fans. To further increase revenue, AZ's board of directors decided to expand the capacity of the new stadium to at least 30,000 somewhere in the future. The extension will be realised by constructing a second tier to three of the four stands. The main stand with all technical areas, VIP and sponsor and media facilities will remain in place. These plans, however, were put on hold after the DSB bankruptcy and there are no current plans to increase the capacity. In October 2009, sponsor DSB Bank was declared bankrupt. The stadium name temporarily changed from DSB Stadion to AZ Stadion, as it was considered undesirable that the stadium was linked with a non-existent bank. In February 2010, a new main sponsor was found in construction works service provider BUKO, based in Beverwijk. A year later, in the 2010–11 season, took over as official stadium sponsor. The current external name of the ground is the AFAS Stadion. As Alkmaar '54 As KFC in the, precursor of the Tweede Klasse in the first year of professional football in the Netherlands.", "Below is a table with AZ's international results in the past seasons.", "Below is a table with AZ's domestic results since the introduction of professional football in 1956.", "The players below had senior international cap(s) for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed represented their countries while playing for AZ and its predecessor AZ'67." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 7156, 509, 17164, 297, 23, 10, 5045, 12921, 3917, 1295, 44109, 25, 7, 3789, 12275, 7156, 7, 5, 360, 39395, 12898, 4, 19441, 140528, 4488, 98, 44, 4153, 539, 4017, 830, 136, 3060, 21775, 8108, 1919, 47219, 4, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 17164, 297, 237, 5941, 108171, 7, 237, 764, 5809, 4, 678, 70, 6, 188336, 47, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 8753, 15, 571, 9893, 4347, 4, 48861, 63569, 4, 136, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 16, 47, 28484, 70, 52336, 14432, 5, 19577, 47, 62690, 20271, 903, 1733, 3542, 102917, 538, 44, 284, 30870, 25, 7, 59144, 830, 44, 594, 126340, 11954, 58, 136, 2367, 2806, 155605, 24209, 44, 23562, 7650, 25, 18, 9572, 929, 1215, 740, 360, 70, 128745, 53, 44, 49838, 111, 70, 6661, 830, 4347, 151552, 6097, 104227, 678, 123106, 53, 237, 6044, 12, 103687, 56, 6765, 22758, 7, 2843, 49814, 12, 24372, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 70, 8753, 176377, 47, 70, 12275, 23, 13867, 47, 9842, 4488, 67229, 214, 70, 28560, 7, 5, 4347, 1556, 151552, 23, 33683, 7, 450, 63569, 136, 262, 11, 2271, 1902, 186, 6967, 3060, 4488, 23, 12839, 4, 12960, 4347, 509, 98, 9742, 8891, 1916, 1919, 44, 152470, 47, 70, 30948, 58, 7156, 5, 345, 5416, 1919, 30646, 23, 13867, 4, 4347, 29131, 1836, 3542, 959, 98, 70, 7108, 60875, 678, 70, 19612, 136, 450, 1836, 1286, 707, 40715, 26859, 1295, 206597, 678, 70, 17262, 111, 2856, 20697, 25842, 678, 108558, 6765, 22758, 7, 5, 17106, 40715, 3501, 142, 7156, 25, 7, 41965, 47, 4488, 678, 4, 70, 8753, 68872, 47, 456, 169697, 198395, 17164, 297, 4912, 5, 581, 8753, 6777, 959, 45252, 36766, 123106, 53, 1902, 2499, 107730, 8108, 1919, 47219, 118861, 3129, 52336, 13648, 186, 90698, 5, 581, 6528, 509, 47, 5646, 144573, 52336, 98, 3129, 123106, 53, 6079, 136, 456, 18244, 2856, 237, 44109, 52336, 5, 360, 24159, 66311, 4347, 2804, 1672, 70, 7156, 44, 1065, 58, 4613, 112, 23, 179030, 58, 268, 509, 144681, 70, 2965, 44109, 7156, 642, 17669, 7228, 5, 1650, 1556, 221, 5045, 62607, 23, 442, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 4989, 4, 4989, 9433, 4, 24503, 590, 6048, 538, 3884, 25842, 5, 62, 2773, 150385, 111, 5161, 1242, 42552, 7, 8108, 123106, 53, 26859, 182304, 2639, 4912, 4, 764, 75935, 10, 45730, 34196, 111, 66570, 28007, 214, 98, 70, 16569, 99, 13703, 1760, 137869, 23, 186806, 23, 15643, 20271, 70, 104227, 111, 44, 3957, 13547, 740, 147466, 4, 100, 70, 4527, 111, 903, 7156, 4, 70, 11531, 509, 65042, 297, 47, 6626, 14633, 136, 2789, 94131, 5, 581, 1286, 54704, 289, 40059, 4, 15490, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 6, 128659, 15032, 4, 509, 3884, 25842, 390, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 5, 34525, 538, 1295, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 44, 594, 42, 5, 12745, 71263, 830, 903, 11531, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 3789, 123106, 53, 2639, 28560, 44, 568, 5282, 7422, 19, 47, 11954, 2583, 830, 509, 456, 18244, 297, 47, 10, 44, 41732, 33, 45730, 58, 136, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 7311, 108171, 7, 3542, 158012, 645, 70, 3525, 19612, 5, 44, 124480, 1215, 9251, 58, 83, 10, 13950, 69277, 71, 4, 3129, 66139, 10, 41207, 53371, 111, 70, 108171, 7, 17721, 123106, 53, 4, 4347, 4, 136, 63569, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 140528, 23, 98147, 3293, 28560, 509, 7311, 538, 17164, 297, 678, 23630, 171618, 20271, 104227, 100, 70, 20986, 7156, 44, 3957, 27985, 7, 740, 76556, 122799, 23, 11857, 100, 44, 4613, 112, 23, 179030, 830, 44109, 7228, 1632, 534, 927, 9, 497, 474, 15549, 47, 70, 11531, 47, 71864, 8437, 22631, 5, 16995, 111, 70, 4420, 214, 108171, 7, 60213, 71, 68944, 5792, 20903, 538, 3332, 195, 79298, 1004, 192, 161460, 25, 7, 44, 111242, 329, 111, 2646, 60861, 740, 581, 38516, 538, 186560, 4785, 509, 17664, 297, 1810, 136, 70, 28560, 509, 121447, 5, 23490, 129716, 46954, 1295, 70, 7082, 60213, 70, 51, 48283, 297, 4420, 214, 28560, 5, 241, 147, 538, 181815, 136, 174705, 7915, 24234, 5180, 621, 113771, 47, 765, 903, 75939, 13, 11389, 237, 5299, 5, 44, 594, 126340, 11954, 58, 509, 70, 2704, 11531, 552, 9, 5429, 75639, 390, 123106, 53, 136, 4347, 4, 136, 509, 2843, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 4568, 108171, 23718, 5, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 108171, 7, 100, 44, 594, 126340, 11954, 58, 3542, 17164, 297, 702, 1104, 2485, 4347, 84771, 2161, 1919, 4165, 4, 4347, 45252, 297, 70, 32562, 9433, 764, 136, 123106, 53, 1902, 15, 199332, 15044, 84797, 538, 136, 25842, 4, 136, 6, 144729, 111, 70, 31425, 111, 70, 11531, 136, 70, 68944, 194, 345, 5416, 58359, 214, 70, 2704, 51389, 4, 123106, 53, 30745, 4347, 450, 764, 1902, 47, 738, 136, 44, 68991, 10, 10588, 830, 1284, 450, 764, 2806, 30646, 14432, 136, 67229, 442, 5, 24372, 450, 4, 123106, 53, 8306, 7228, 442, 4420, 47, 70, 12275, 4, 136, 4911, 7, 4347, 6079, 70, 4568, 51389, 98, 70, 28560, 5, 581, 11531, 66139, 10, 121413, 111, 70, 108171, 6, 128659, 15032, 1295, 44109, 25, 7, 170277, 427, 20414, 21735, 20428, 99, 1401, 40099, 53, 88260, 4, 136, 10, 121413, 1295, 70, 64627, 111, 70, 12275, 11389, 111, 44, 62068, 66941, 58, 136, 44, 154195, 14804, 115217, 49472, 740, 1650, 2843, 66139, 10, 121413, 1295, 10, 29256, 111, 44, 17903, 73, 25, 26828, 830, 10, 11531, 59121, 390, 61171, 13, 18813, 136, 8022, 1294, 2016, 58871, 4, 100, 3129, 123106, 53, 1902, 62952, 37105, 108171, 7, 23, 29172, 5, 581, 29256, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 335, 9, 8752, 47, 44, 568, 4171, 1529, 147, 13703, 830, 10, 33276, 88525, 29256, 4, 390, 174821, 96642, 3355, 15, 11, 74189, 5264, 111, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 247, 959, 4989, 8108, 70, 54452, 111, 44109, 25, 7, 34377, 7156, 5, 581, 45730, 6818, 271, 7, 17721, 70, 5367, 33233, 136, 70, 44, 17903, 73, 25, 26828, 58, 121413, 621, 198371, 10, 10846, 8877, 191633, 7, 111, 11907, 44109, 28560, 17669, 17164, 297, 4, 3884, 25842, 4, 136, 7068, 25545, 538, 13986, 71, 8305, 10, 62690, 36279, 5, 1913, 70, 4552, 3564, 111, 70, 11531, 4, 10, 15546, 83, 49782, 91190, 214, 5, 44, 31852, 16505, 20625, 873, 33, 947, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 64337, 23, 179030, 83, 70, 809, 18266, 33, 927, 136, 2704, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 4, 121447, 98, 305, 7582, 11857, 390, 2392, 365, 26551, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 136, 390, 38436, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 54452, 7103, 70, 47219, 111, 37105, 5367, 56, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 23, 84771, 77168, 214, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 101275, 1419, 66311, 4347, 4, 47617, 1991, 48861, 63569, 4, 136, 4950, 7, 101275, 1419, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 79786, 678, 108171, 136, 16569, 63920, 450, 123106, 53, 17164, 297, 8108, 1919, 47219, 4, 154107, 3525, 13984, 2320, 47, 70, 182304, 7, 5, 149766, 36541, 7, 111, 182304, 4, 8108, 136, 7103, 123106, 53, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background and recording.", "Songs.", "\"It's a Beautiful Day\".", "\"Made in Heaven\".", "\"Let Me Live\".", "\"Mother Love\".", "\"My Life Has Been Saved\".", "\"I Was Born to Love You\".", "\"Heaven for Everyone\".", "\"Too Much Love Will Kill You\".", "\"You Don't Fool Me\".", "\"A Winter's Tale\".", "\"It's a Beautiful Day (Reprise)\".", "\"Yeah\".", "\"13\".", "Critical reception.", "Legacy.", "Popular culture.", "Track listing.", "1995 LP.", "2015 LP.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The album was recorded in a much different way from Queen's other studio albums. In early 1991, having completed work on \"Innuendo\", and some months before his death, Freddie Mercury recorded as many vocals as he could, with the instruction to the rest of the band (Brian May, Roger Taylor, and John Deacon) to complete the songs later. Put to tape during this time were primarily \"A Winter's Tale\", \"Mother Love\" and what would eventually become \"You Don't Fool Me\". In the documentary \" Champions of the World\", May described these sessions with Mercury as such: Producer David Richards also added: After Mercury's death, the band returned to the studio in 1993 to begin work finishing the tracks. May has described in interviews that Taylor and Deacon had begun some work in 1992, while May was on tour promoting his \"Back to the Light\" album. Upon his return in 1993, May felt they were not on the right path with the music and that they more or less started from scratch with the three of them working together with producer David Richards. With less than an album's worth to work with, the band decided to revisit previously recorded material. The band did not discuss whether Mercury had any input before his death regarding which songs might be considered. The idea was to take existing songs on which Mercury sang and rework them as Queen songs. In 2013, Brian May said about the album \"[\"Made in Heaven\"] was possibly the best Queen album we ever made. It has so much beauty in it. It was a long, long process, painstakingly put together. A real labour of love.\"", "", "Years before Mercury started recording solo material, he created a sound clip of himself experimenting on the piano at Musicland Studios in Munich in 1980 during the sessions of \"The Game\". Later, for the use of this album, the song was extended to two minutes and 32 seconds. The more classical section, without Mercury's improvisation, was put together by John Deacon.", "Originally from Mercury's \"Mr. Bad Guy\", this song, along with the other Mercury solo track \"I Was Born to Love You\", was reworked to a \"Queen sound\" and Mercury's original vocals were placed over the new music.", "\"Let Me Live\" is a rock ballad, which features a rare sharing of the vocals between Mercury, May, and Taylor. The song was completed in 1995. This track was originally recorded with Rod Stewart during sessions for the 1984 album \"The Works\". Once finished in 1995 for \"Made in Heaven\", Queen made one 11th-hour change to the song to avoid legal action. Part of the backing vocals featured lyrics too closely resembling Erma Franklin's \"Piece of My Heart\". The potentially problematic bit was mixed out and the track was released. Promo cassettes from the US feature the unaltered backing track. Early Mexican and Dutch CD pressings are reported to have this alternate version as well.", "\"Mother Love\" was the final song co-written by Mercury and May, and was also Mercury's last vocal performance. Mercury's vocals for \"Mother Love\" were recorded 13–16 May 1991. On his website, May discussed the writing process he and Mercury had (writing both separately and together, and conscious of the nature of the song and the lyrics). Upon reaching the final verse, Mercury told May that he had to go and \"have a rest\", but that he would return later and finish it. After that, Mercury never made it back to the studio, and thus May sang the last verse on the track. The song features a sample of the vocal improvisation from Queen's famous 12 July 1986 concert at Wembley Stadium, and a sample from the intro of the studio version of \"One Vision\" and \"Tie Your Mother Down\". It also features a sample from a cover of \"Goin' Back\", a song written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin, for which Mercury had provided lead vocals in 1972. The cover was released as a B-side to \"I Can Hear Music\", a Ronettes cover, by Larry Lurex (a pseudonym of Mercury's), not long before the release of Queen's debut album. The sound bursts between the sing along and the \"Goin' Back\" sample are apparently a few milliseconds of every Queen track ever recorded, put together, and then rapidly sped through a tape machine. At the very end of the song, a baby is heard crying.", "\"My Life Has Been Saved\" was started as an acoustic track composed mainly by Deacon in 1987–1988. Producer David Richards helped him out doing the demo and the keyboards, then Mercury sang on it, and later on the entire band recorded it. The \"Made in Heaven\" version is different from that of 1989 (which originally featured as the B-side to the single \"Scandal\"), although it uses the same vocals from Mercury. Deacon plays guitar and keyboards as well as his usual instrument, bass guitar.", "\"I Was Born to Love You\" was originally recorded (piano, vocals, synths) by Mercury on 25 May 1984, for his \"Mr. Bad Guy\" album, as a late addition (when told by the record company that the album needed \"a single\"). May, Taylor and Deacon re-recorded it and added their instruments, turning the song into fast-paced rock, mainly featuring hard rock guitar from May. That track became popular in Japan during 2004 when it was used for the theme song of a television drama named \"Pride\" (プライド). This version also contains samples of Mercury's ad-lib vocals from \"A Kind of Magic\", from the 1986 album of the same name, and from \"Living on My Own\", from his \"Mr. Bad Guy\" album. The music video for this version of the song, also made in 2004, is composed mainly of clips from the Mercury solo video and from \"\".", "\"Heaven for Everyone\" is a track Taylor wrote and tried out with Queen in 1987, although according to some sources it was written with Joan Armatrading in mind to sing it. Whether she turned it down or Taylor withdrew the song is unclear, but it was recorded by his other band The Cross. One night Mercury came to visit The Cross at the studio and after some drinks he gave them ideas of how to sing the song and ended up recording the lead vocals for it. Mercury appeared on the UK version of their album \"Shove It\" as guest lead vocalist on the song, with Taylor doing backing vocals. The roles were reversed on the single and the American version of \"Shove It\". Mercury's vocals were then used for the \"Made in Heaven\" release, with a couple of different lines and May singing backing vocals instead of Taylor, with Richards adding several arrangement ideas. It was released as the leading single two weeks before the album's release, with the song's music video commemorating Mercury, and also containing footage of Georges Méliès seminal 1902 silent film \"A Trip to the Moon\".", "\"Too Much Love Will Kill You\" was composed by May, Frank Musker and Elizabeth Lamers sometime between the sessions for \"A Kind of Magic\" and \"The Miracle\". They wrote it in the US and Mercury sang on it. However, there were some problems with the companies representing publishing rights for Musker and Lamers so they could not release the song properly on \"The Miracle\". The song even appears in the original track listing between \"I Want It All\" and \"The Invisible Man\", but was deleted. This is the only track on the \"Made in Heaven\" album which wasn't reworked by the remaining members of the band during 1993–1995 sessions, but is the original 1989 mix prepared for \"The Miracle\". At \"The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert\", May played the song on piano and sang it for the first time in public and then released it as part of his solo album \"Back to the Light\". Its arrangement differs to the Queen version, featuring acoustic guitar solo and no drums. However May played this track live with his touring band in 1992–1993 using an arrangement similar to the original Queen version. The song was awarded Best Song Musically and Lyrically at the 1997 Novello Awards. This song was also performed by Queen and Luciano Pavarotti in 2003, with Pavarotti singing the latter parts of the verses in Italian.", "\"You Don't Fool Me\" was one of the last tracks recorded for \"Made in Heaven\". May has explained on his website that producer David Richards more or less created the framework of the song single-handedly, building from bits of lyrics recorded just before Mercury's death. May has said that before Richards' work, there was no song to speak of. However, after Richards edited and mixed the song (including a bit of harmonies recorded for \"A Winter's Tale\") he presented it to the band. May, Taylor and Deacon then added their instruments and backing vocals and were surprised to end up with a finished song that had begun as nothing. The style of the song is reminiscent of their 1982 album \"Hot Space\", and a comment over that featured on their \"Greatest Hits III\" album.", "\"A Winter's Tale\" is a ballad written and composed by Mercury at his apartment in Montreux, Switzerland. It is the last complete song Mercury composed on his own (the music for \"Mother Love\" is by May). It has been branded as one of few Christmas songs from the band, along with \"Thank God It's Christmas\". The vocals were laid down months before Mercury's death and the band completed the backing track sometime after. According to the liner notes in the 2011 release, the band finished the song how they thought Freddie would have wanted it.", "A heavier rock version of \"It's a Beautiful Day\", that is the same in the beginning but later turns into rock. It contains \"Yeah\" and samples from \"Seven Seas of Rhye\".", "\"Yeah\" is the shortest song on the album and in Queen's song catalogue, lasting only four seconds. It consists of Mercury only saying the word \"yeah\", which is taken from the song \"Action This Day” from Queen's \"Hot Space\" album. It appears at the beginning of the first line during the second chorus, about one minute and 54 seconds into the song.", "Running at 22 minutes and 32 seconds, \"13\" began as an experiment by Richards with an Ensoniq ASR-10 sampler. He took the opening chords of \"It's a Beautiful Day\" and made them loop, and then added Mercury's voice through strange echoes. May and Taylor also added some ideas to the track. This track was previously only available on the CD edition of the album and the aforementioned promo cassettes. Standard cassettes of the album end with the shortened \"It's a Beautiful Day (Reprise)\", fading out after Track 12 (\"Yeah\"), where this untitled track would continue on. Track 13 can be purchased also as part of the full album or as a separate piece from Queen's official online store. The LP (vinyl) edition of the album has only the first few seconds, which run into the run-off of the groove on the record, which actually means that if a listener has a record player which does not have an automatic stop activated at this point, it will play indefinitely, consisting only of the few seconds looped over constantly. The album's last listed track (all formats) is track 11: \"It's a Beautiful Day (Reprise)\". In 2015, upon the re-issuing of Queen's discography on vinyl, \"Made in Heaven\" was re-issued as a double disc set with track 13 taking up the entirety of side D. The track was given the name \"13\" and is listed on the artwork.", "\"Made in Heaven\" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Critics praised its upbeat nature and quality of music after the death of Mercury. \"Q\" magazine wrote: \"Ten new tracks (and one reprise). No filler. No shame. An essential purchase for Queen fans, certainly, but even without its special significance,\" Made In Heaven \"is probably a better album than \"Innuendo\" and a fitting swan song by one of the most incandescent groups in rock.\" Made in Heaven \"is also the last musical will and testament of a star who was never going to be turned into a saint, but whose grandstanding performances were, right to the very end, always marked by reckless enthusiasm and a rare generosity of spirit.\" \"The Sunday Times\" described the album as \"essential listening\". \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote: \"It's the perfect theatrical epitaph for a life dedicated to gorgeous artifice.\" \"The Guardian\" stated: \"When a band have the controls permanently set at full-tilt, as Queen did, burn-out is inevitable, for the listener, if not for the band. When we eventually reach the drum-crashing finale, \"It's a Beautiful Day\", which kicks in with Mercury's umpteenth randy-rottweiler howl, it feels as if far more than 70 minutes has passed. That's where the aforesaid lyrics save the day. Predominantly written by Mercury, they are effectively farewell notes. He poured out his heart, and his words have a throat-aching poignance. Even the record's opening verse assumes a painful significance.\" \"Jerusalem Post\" wrote: \"Somehow Mercury and Queen's ability to make a joyful noise in the face of pain and death makes this a very comforting album to have around in shaky times.\" \"The Times\" stated: \"[There are not] any obviously half-baked, or patched-up numbers. Most, however, are as good as anything that Queen came up with in their later years. How good that is, as always with Queen, is largely a matter of taste. \"Mother Love\", the last recording that Mercury made, is a song of truly heartfelt pathos. Despite its overdue delivery, \"Made in Heaven\" stands up remarkably well as the closing chapter in a spectacular pop odyssey.\" AllMusic wrote: \"Made in Heaven harked back to Queen's 1970s heyday with its strong melodies and hard rock guitar playing, topped by Mercury's bravura singing and some of the massed choir effects familiar from \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". Even if one did not know that these songs were sung in the shadow of death, that subject would be obvious. The lyrics were imbued with life-and-death issues, from the titles. The odd thing about this was that Mercury's over-the-top singing had always contained a hint of camp humour, and it continued to here, even when the sentiments clearly were as heartfelt as they were theatrically overstated. Maybe Mercury was determined to go out the same way he had come in, as a diva. If so, he succeeded.\"", "", "The album inspired the makers of the Resident Evil series of video games to have certain characters in the game, such as Claire Redfield and Chris Redfield, wear jackets with the words 'Made in Heaven' written on the back. There's also a character named Billy Coen who has a tattoo which says 'Mother Love', another song from the album. It also inspired Hirohiko Araki with the creation of the main antagonist of Jojo's Bizarre Adventure Part 6: Stone Ocean. The character Enrico Pucci tries to give birth to the perfect stand, named \"Made in Heaven\", which has the ability to increase the speed of time to reset the universe.", "The writers of tracks credited to Queen are listed in parentheses.", "Two tracks on the vinyl version of \"Made in Heaven\" had to be edited to fit on one vinyl disc. These two tracks are \"I Was Born to Love You\" and \"You Don't Fool Me\". Also, the version of \"Heaven for Everyone\" included on the vinyl version is the single version.", "\"Made in Heaven\" was reissued on vinyl on 25 September 2015, alongside all of Queen's other studio albums. This is the first time that the complete album was released on vinyl, spread across 2 LPs. Track 13 is also presented on vinyl for the first time, listed as \"13\" on the artwork, and taking up all of side four.", "Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album. Queen Additional personnel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 133698, 70, 7639, 4, 37105, 101275, 1419, 66311, 4347, 1902, 10, 10846, 43967, 44402, 678, 1919, 44277, 2873, 6096, 25132, 101275, 5, 133698, 15044, 70, 4271, 11389, 111, 44, 12137, 20255, 14434, 2583, 58, 136, 44, 397, 75334, 188515, 830, 6626, 111, 70, 79315, 7, 7155, 350, 136, 764, 1902, 47, 15549, 47, 1919, 2992, 206, 6096, 25132, 126502, 100, 2684, 111, 44, 284, 10763, 3293, 10013, 58, 136, 100, 70, 64194, 17932, 23552, 111, 44, 397, 75334, 188515, 58, 136, 70, 64194, 115, 30494, 111, 44, 137594, 87, 25, 39, 11853, 15, 4332, 93781, 16, 740, 117371, 75169, 44, 104711, 111, 2646, 16505, 830, 4347, 112730, 10, 91, 93, 58134, 111, 70, 64627, 47, 44, 2729, 7, 17743, 56095, 8, 54660, 58, 159029, 442, 44, 11, 10176, 117507, 19298, 10932, 740, 133698, 4347, 25, 7, 101275, 2639, 4, 70, 39580, 2037, 101089, 90, 111, 1919, 101275, 3542, 101089, 297, 5773, 136, 4347, 25, 7, 101275, 2639, 118066, 100, 387, 94131, 15, 2347, 4393, 387, 94131, 83, 98, 70, 12352, 4, 1284, 70, 7156, 11389, 111, 70, 23718, 70541, 7, 4734, 138, 94131, 194, 18763, 101275, 51216, 4, 66311, 3786, 19813, 4, 104902, 4347, 47, 2046, 1919, 101275, 7730, 13438, 390, 42856, 174548, 4420, 98, 70, 101089, 90, 5, 131837, 1991, 48861, 63569, 136, 4950, 7, 101275, 1419, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 51339, 297, 60418, 2676, 458, 2639, 7, 20271, 44, 397, 75334, 188515, 58, 136, 8108, 44, 1062, 7944, 21072, 3408, 4, 58, 107013, 538, 3229, 4347, 101089, 297, 101275, 7, 20271, 44, 397, 75334, 188515, 58, 136, 509, 20949, 1919, 101275, 188347, 25632, 1919, 2639, 5, 133698, 44, 919, 257, 23674, 188, 4806, 61240, 830, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 54479, 4552, 59335, 538, 146614, 71, 3934, 142, 5773, 9, 19770, 98320, 10628, 20271, 70, 16500, 12259, 44, 73, 903, 4000, 2481, 58, 15, 2347, 7311, 18499, 5809, 186, 49782, 98, 70, 7311, 4831, 1910, 4, 55969, 201, 4, 69882, 4, 142, 95771, 182304, 4, 136, 5977, 226347, 7, 111, 70, 52262, 20428, 16, 1284, 70, 18499, 509, 188347, 100, 70, 54452, 111, 70, 12352, 136, 7915, 5, 133698, 70, 5117, 51389, 111, 44, 919, 257, 23674, 188, 4806, 61240, 4, 58, 64457, 111, 5367, 214, 70, 7311, 13315, 44, 53927, 7228, 10, 6494, 25299, 1810, 111, 163, 4, 58, 123106, 53, 6079, 44, 53927, 7228, 142, 20751, 70919, 1810, 111, 163, 1242, 123106, 53, 51339, 297, 15490, 1919, 52350, 10015, 103136, 9393, 11948, 26551, 9157, 100, 44, 3957, 56889, 58, 15, 31374, 19, 98, 70, 9251, 23, 15758, 9396, 57616, 4588, 98, 12352, 247, 44, 12137, 20255, 14434, 2583, 15, 919, 4438, 16, 58, 136, 44, 137594, 87, 25, 39, 11853, 740, 3293, 107003, 123106, 53, 47, 1286, 4092, 538, 105994, 136, 35691, 33233, 70, 165249, 148, 5180, 98, 40101, 5609, 111, 70, 36541, 5, 194397, 6056, 70, 7639, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 131126, 831, 186, 49782, 17368, 142, 1831, 9, 51716, 5, 581, 44, 7341, 3328, 19, 332, 58, 83, 51544, 297, 23, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 6, 79852, 73048, 5, 786, 13, 47, 6, 182316, 16070, 131703, 70, 34854, 21415, 136, 9098, 54452, 111, 70, 7915, 184750, 44, 724, 126, 49472, 4, 26176, 11954, 58, 136, 44, 919, 257, 23674, 188, 4806, 61240, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44109, 98, 31143, 46, 9251, 99, 70, 131793, 83, 10, 6867, 7156, 64, 41047, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 121447, 98, 714, 18374, 4821, 23, 14713, 136, 98, 483, 7582, 4821, 23, 70, 7082, 5, 1650, 509, 17164, 297, 6867, 99, 70, 10663, 1507, 26824, 1444, 131793, 4, 667, 41324, 3915, 72567, 4, 30715, 4, 98, 190, 18237, 24427, 20271, 70, 44, 11193, 18, 43045, 11330, 740, 62, 12352, 509, 2843, 121447, 678, 70, 28484, 20428, 136, 9396, 4912, 4, 6044, 237, 8753, 33683, 7, 136, 9742, 127308, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Notes." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "During the show, lead guitarist Brian May had a few minor problems with his homemade Red Special guitar. During both the fast version of \"We Will Rock You\" and \"Dragon Attack\", two of the strings broke and he had to change to his Birch Red Special backup for most of \"Action This Day\" and for the entire second half of \"Dragon Attack\" and the entire duration of \"Now I'm Here (Reprise)\". Before playing \"Love of My Life\", May played a snippet of the intro to \"Las Palabras de Amor\" calling it \"a little fiddle around\". During May's guitar solo, the pickup switches of his guitar were switched off and May's guitar solo stopped for 20 seconds (the full 20 seconds is on the DVD, but the album version of the performance contains only 3 seconds). His guitar tech, Brian Zellis, helped May to get his guitar going again by simply turning back on the switches. Drummer Roger Taylor and bass guitarist John Deacon performed impromptu solos during \"Dragon Attack\" and before \"Under Pressure,\" respectively when May switched guitars during \"Dragon Attack\" and was getting his guitar fixed following his solo. During \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", Freddie Mercury's voice very briefly slipped into an off-key falsetto during the lyric \"in this locality\" (the original error could be heard on the original BBC TV, Channel 4, MTV, an audience recording, and radio broadcasts of the MK concert) but the error was fixed for the release of the DVD and CD. During the first verse of \"Fat Bottomed Girls,\" instead of singing the original line \"you made a bad boy out of me,\" Mercury sang \"you made an asshole out of me.\" Mercury performed without his trademark bottomless microphone stand for \"The Hero\" (shown on the Live in Japan bonus footage on DVD), \"We Will Rock You (Fast)\" and \"Now I'm Here\". This allowed Mercury to more freely scale and walk along the raised wings on either side of the stage. Throughout the show a member of the crowd can be heard using an air-horn. The \"air horn man\" is thanked in the album's liner notes. Due to censorship laws the Hong Kong and China release of the CD removed \"Get Down, Make Love\" and \"Fat Bottomed Girls\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 24372, 10, 36549, 111, 552, 9, 5613, 2852, 1346, 31486, 7, 4, 153355, 75204, 604, 6957, 36356, 23, 11891, 4, 3229, 2412, 509, 37702, 47, 11301, 70, 44759, 31486, 23, 44, 104475, 4342, 830, 10, 3530, 18695, 111, 70, 72399, 15672, 5367, 56, 9, 35821, 70035, 33695, 76, 5, 360, 70, 1346, 4, 33695, 76, 25, 7, 2773, 54479, 83, 11814, 100, 70, 24668, 40, 26513, 5170, 4, 1284, 153355, 2806, 351, 13, 2347, 9393, 5367, 70, 68944, 20271, 70, 28302, 7, 64457, 111, 37538, 954, 60636, 5, 14847, 37170, 390, 142, 33683, 2174, 44, 104475, 4342, 58, 191722, 604, 47, 83184, 10, 19612, 80997, 4, 153355, 11341, 71, 12, 44, 568, 6183, 4, 6183, 100512, 191722, 4, 6637, 87, 26859, 759, 80997, 23, 24668, 6, 104241, 98, 36541, 5, 1061, 20594, 70, 14277, 1660, 98911, 297, 163, 111, 3642, 5045, 87, 156304, 5367, 214, 4, 123, 21896, 4, 136, 70, 1884, 7673, 24372, 1346, 214, 33695, 76, 4, 153355, 509, 44, 107, 25958, 34698, 378, 3334, 268, 42845, 74855, 7, 58, 136, 59226, 10, 53397, 23, 195374, 5, 153355, 25, 7, 31095, 7068, 9325, 70, 11531, 4, 233234, 44, 6609, 7203, 6610, 2371, 830, 47, 22365, 13703, 58815, 25, 7, 27985, 89916, 4, 2750, 168360, 142, 33946, 23, 1144, 592, 153355, 5, 100225, 141810, 143, 4, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 67967, 42459, 297, 47, 604, 450, 2412, 5367, 23, 14941, 64457, 5, 4687, 9969, 71516, 136, 80723, 182304, 604, 34377, 12275, 7156, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 740, 133698, 36049, 111, 70, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 830, 153355, 509, 107419, 111, 70, 15824, 450, 2412, 75204, 604, 182304, 18264, 98, 70, 64881, 13, 111, 604, 33342, 136, 19441, 142, 21771, 170920, 9351, 23, 70, 141778, 53099, 4, 136, 36663, 47, 23534, 450, 2412, 1902, 24668, 12348, 5, 135967, 47, 70, 34377, 111, 604, 19612, 4, 35778, 7, 32195, 297, 15400, 2412, 2806, 5646, 70, 10512, 111, 83184, 214, 10, 19612, 80997, 5, 1650, 509, 959, 297, 450, 12, 44, 91306, 70, 7156, 509, 10, 21917, 254, 4, 959, 4734, 2806, 442, 352, 88500, 7, 7, 153355, 4, 1284, 442, 13648, 3853, 82649, 604, 80997, 1242, 44, 124480, 25, 7, 20779, 42225, 71, 58, 509, 7311, 538, 59121, 390, 128627, 3224, 7260, 4, 1284, 2412, 29131, 237, 2174, 70, 11531, 509, 5792, 21373, 47, 604, 96362, 182304, 7, 5, 4687, 7068, 115081, 70, 11531, 47, 153355, 4, 13254, 214, 450, 2412, 2806, 765, 44, 17678, 7477, 678, 442, 58, 136, 2806, 3884, 44, 11, 3525, 25927, 58, 98, 442, 5, 44, 124480, 25, 7, 20779, 42225, 71, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 3224, 7260, 136, 1519, 350, 192857, 4, 2750, 2843, 137356, 71, 136, 552, 9, 102446, 297, 70, 11531, 33233, 8752, 175208, 3224, 7260, 89596, 5, 5, 104099, 6389, 596, 136, 148497, 893, 1255, 17164, 297, 153355, 25, 7, 108171, 7, 100, 70, 11531, 99, 41802, 150506, 55583, 137869, 23, 69563, 4, 52888, 5, 65291, 123359, 17664, 297, 70, 11531, 99, 41802, 150506, 55583, 137869, 23, 69563, 4, 52888, 5, 30883, 6760, 15244, 1181, 1295, 44, 3957, 140151, 163710, 1833, 58, 75870, 297, 70, 42845, 196634, 23, 70, 11531, 4, 32562, 44, 11670, 10016, 2875, 153355, 509, 1636, 110, 1733, 10, 16865, 1916, 604, 55424, 604, 14, 16852, 12, 44, 124480, 25, 7, 20779, 42225, 71, 4, 58, 10, 59226, 1295, 70, 215542, 2451, 987, 14534, 2451, 7, 21228, 25, 7, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 830, 9803, 7, 678, 10, 57, 46048, 21635, 1363, 46, 242, 55949, 21566, 102531, 7983, 519, 4, 8121, 38, 25, 58, 54953, 9319, 159068, 90, 1295, 3164, 158257, 4, 98, 604, 8347, 111, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 26038, 10, 24491, 8347, 111, 70, 11531, 4, 13254, 214, 450, 44, 25, 124480, 25, 7, 20779, 42225, 71, 25, 765, 10, 38781, 53, 4, 57289, 7844, 45730, 1286, 23, 120260, 678, 153355, 25, 7, 3835, 5132, 1242, 11617, 1342, 31, 152834, 1295, 44, 192948, 24351, 830, 6868, 297, 450, 70, 11531, 25, 7, 456, 62015, 90, 44, 112, 134148, 70, 4127, 7, 23, 10, 96551, 111, 48322, 830, 53333, 73342, 214, 450, 70, 4513, 53982, 44, 74854, 70, 4030, 58, 678, 70, 120304, 117889, 7687, 17664, 4, 179635, 450, 442, 44, 5465, 118664, 7, 678, 45, 330, 130812, 136, 42845, 64, 33554, 26000, 31075, 1242, 22758, 113984, 1295, 44, 22418, 5636, 58, 26038, 10, 40907, 8347, 111, 70, 11531, 4, 13254, 214, 450, 442, 509, 10, 44, 188, 1803, 1239, 73702, 58, 136, 450, 44, 866, 2146, 1255, 42856, 22027, 25, 18, 100677, 20174, 36, 306, 11727, 47, 22648, 903, 102012, 9, 73, 236, 89829, 56312, 5, 4687, 25, 7, 2060, 5792, 3820, 10519, 26976, 7440, 2412, 5608, 87607, 2046, 7565, 1242, 1913, 70, 6260, 4216, 189857, 54530, 23, 103844, 153355, 85168, 297, 604, 17932, 148390, 13, 110, 91407, 100, 70, 189857, 60992, 100, 11345, 67022, 54877, 214, 15, 528, 6496, 2809, 27154, 3674, 100, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 1326, 717, 54350, 58, 23, 3576, 194, 44, 124480, 25, 7, 20779, 42225, 71, 58, 34377, 297, 98, 70, 133836, 43609, 7, 116287, 99, 14012, 7218, 70, 5895, 86658, 8055, 387, 4, 52489, 2161, 70, 5895, 86658, 7582, 427, 4, 88922, 70, 11531, 157578, 6863, 280, 344, 99, 14012, 300, 86, 136, 24765, 297, 2685, 100, 43606, 148390, 13, 40859, 5, 360, 66724, 4, 70, 11531, 34377, 297, 99, 14012, 2273, 98, 70, 5895, 86658, 20414, 483, 4, 3576, 136, 157578, 6863, 280, 344, 111, 103155, 8055, 387, 4, 52489, 44, 124480, 25, 7, 20779, 42225, 71, 58, 4889, 71, 11522, 98, 98848, 136, 231118, 5, 2161, 70, 36770, 4, 442, 34377, 297, 99, 14012, 77488, 76456, 70, 5895, 86658, 18237, 24470, 3576, 136, 157578, 6863, 280, 344, 99, 14012, 37195, 70, 25632, 5895, 4, 332, 66398, 47, 24765, 46132, 70, 2663, 1492, 100, 43606, 148390, 13, 40859, 8108, 36069, 10366, 111, 70, 116287, 5, 2161, 70, 21, 3055, 4, 442, 157578, 14012, 17262, 4, 141753, 70, 167375, 280, 344, 111, 70, 11531, 23, 756, 19612, 16839, 7, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 70, 11531, 100512, 4, 7103, 44, 5021, 1215, 2022, 90, 830, 70, 17932, 11001, 1295, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 450, 165523, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44, 124480, 25, 7, 20779, 42225, 71, 58, 83, 10, 11531, 17164, 297, 390, 15672, 5367, 56, 96180, 153355, 100, 604, 34377, 12275, 7156, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 146783, 5, 34525, 538, 59121, 390, 70, 11531, 25, 7, 552, 9, 70035, 128627, 3224, 7260, 100, 164055, 4, 2412, 29131, 237, 2174, 70, 11531, 509, 5792, 21373, 47, 604, 96362, 4912, 136, 115081, 442, 98, 188, 153355, 5, 3224, 7260, 4, 2750, 552, 9, 5429, 22904, 70, 11531, 33233, 8752, 1519, 350, 192857, 4, 11341, 71, 450, 153355, 2806, 765, 44, 17678, 7477, 678, 442, 58, 136, 2806, 3884, 44, 11, 3525, 25927, 58, 98, 442, 5, 44, 124480, 25, 7, 20779, 42225, 71, 58, 83, 68018, 28601, 297, 237, 153355, 25, 7, 138256, 11531, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Music and lyrics.", "Critical reception and accolades.", "Chart performance.", "Live performances.", "Credits and personnel.", "Appearances in other media." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "After a series of co-starring film roles, Lopez received her big break in 1996, when she was cast to play the title role in \"Selena\", a biopic of the late American singer-songwriter Selena. In the film, Selena's real voice is used for the musical sequences, but Lopez would nonetheless sing the lyrics during the scenes instead of lip syncing. When asked by an interview if \"Selena\" inspired her to launch a music career, Lopez stated: \"I really, really became inspired, because I started my career in musical theater on stage. So doing the movie just reminded me of how much I missed singing, dancing, and the like...\" After filming Selena, Lopez was \"really feeling [her] Latin roots\" and cut a demo in Spanish. Lopez's manager then sent the song, entitled \"Vivir Sin Ti\", to Sony Music Entertainment's Work Records, who showed an interest in signing Lopez. Tommy Mottola, the head of the label suggested to her that she sing in English instead. She complied and began recording her debut studio album \"On the 6\". During production of the \"On the 6\", Lopez was aware of the fact that she received her recording contract on the premise of her looks and having an already established name in the entertainment industry, and wanted to prove that she had musical talent. Prior to the debut of her music, critics wondered why she would take the risk of launching a music career. It was noted that: \"If the album was a flop, not only would it embarrass Lopez, but it might even damage her career.\"", "\"Let's Get Loud\" was originally written by Gloria Estefan, but she felt as if the song was too similar to her previous recordings. She then passed the song to Lopez, stating that she would have \"more fun with it\" and would put \"a new spin\" on it. \"Let's Get Loud\" was written by Estefan and Kike Santander, who also arranged and co-produced the song alongside Emilio Estefan Jr.. Javier Garza and Marcelo Anez recorded Lopez's vocals for the song at Crescent Moon Studios in Miami, Florida. Pablo Flores mixed the song at Crescent Moon Studios in Miami, Florida.", "Mario Tarradell from \"The Dallas Morning News\" complimented the Latin flavor in the song, writing \"Jennifer Lopez wastes no time asserting her Latina heritage: \"Let's Get Loud,\" a cut from the actress—turned—singer's debut album, \"On the 6\", opens with a sassy declaration – '¡Ya Jenny llego, presente!'\" Heather Phares from AllMusic, on her review of \"On the 6\" gave a positive review of the song, stating that \"'Let's Get Loud' have a fiery, soulful sound more in keeping with Lopez's public persona.\" Michael Paoletta from \"Billboard\", commented that the song's remixes \"deliver the goods in a variety of ways\", further explaining that the Kung Pow \"ups the ante\" with the Castle Hills Club mix, considering that it \"overflows with diva attitude and Latin/pop sensibilities.\" Richard Torres from \"Newsday\" gave a negative review of the song, stating that it was a \"total misfire\" and that \"Lopez simply doesn't supply enough oomph to drive this salsa-injected tune. She's far too feathery where she should truly get down.\" At the 43rd Grammy Awards in 2001, Lopez earned her second consecutive nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording (having been nominated for \"Waiting For Tonight\" in 2000).", "\"Let's Get Loud\" debuted on the Australian Singles chart at number 49 the week ending August 20, 2000. On the week ending November 12, 2000, the song reached its peak at number nine and stayed there for five consecutive weeks. In Austria, the song debuted at number 35 on the week ending July 9, 2000 and reached its peak of eleven August 20, 2000. \"Let's Get Loud\" fared better on Italy and Netherlands. On the former, it debuted at number twelve the week ending June 22, 2000 and reached its peak at number six the following week, managing to stay inside the top ten for five consecutive weeks before dropping of the chart. On the latter, it reached number three, becoming the highest peak of the song in all music markets. In the United States, the song became, after \"No Me Ames\", the second single from \"On the 6\" that failed to chart inside the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song, however, appeared at number 39 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Play chart. \"Let's Get Loud\" later appeared at number 25 on the Australian year-end charts of 2000. It has sold 413,000 digital downloads in the United States as of 2013.", "The song's music video was directed by Jeffrey Doe and filmed live at the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Lopez wears a silver party dress with white boots in the video. On October 23, 2007, while pregnant, Lopez performed the song on the 5th season of the United States version of \"Dancing with the Stars\". She performed the song at the San Remo Music Festival in 2010. Autistic young students at a Staten Island, New York school listened to \"Let's Get Loud\" every day, learning the dance moves and lyrics. The school wrote a letter to Lopez asking for an autograph or picture—instead Lopez showed up for the student's graduation for live performance of the song. Lopez performed \"Let's Get Loud\" as part of her 2012 Dance Again World Tour. She emerged on-stage wearing a tuxedo with pink ruffles while playing a bongo, before transitioning into \"Let's Get Loud\". During the performance, her dancers ripped off the tuxedo to reveal a black-laced body suit. The song was included on the set list for her Las Vegas residency,, which commenced in January 2016. Lopez performed \"Let's Get Loud\" on the series finale of \"American Idol\" on April 7, 2016, alongside her single \"Ain't Your Mama\". The song was performed by Lopez with her daughter Emme Muñiz, as well as Shakira, during the Super Bowl LIV halftime show.", "Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"On the 6\". Recording Personnel", "ABS-CBN Sports' theme from the 2000 Metropolitan Basketball Association (MBA) season coverage used this song with featuring Filipina actress/dancer Amanda Page as the official soundtrack for the \"New Millennium of Philippine Basketball\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 8357, 126442, 48461, 173101, 61924, 7, 70, 17475, 7, 111, 70, 146762, 27414, 15, 143321, 442, 2843, 123055, 237, 44, 841, 11061, 4368, 18939, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 581, 146762, 27414, 83, 84797, 71, 1295, 70, 27414, 111, 15758, 390, 70, 6, 99091, 6635, 1295, 70, 127067, 9022, 3564, 111, 1391, 33, 302, 4267, 73, 60243, 23, 845, 12116, 9239, 246, 47, 845, 461, 18481, 136, 101637, 71, 3934, 70, 24453, 9098, 27414, 390, 70, 6, 99091, 6635, 1295, 70, 65272, 3564, 111, 845, 461, 18481, 47, 70, 4954, 15143, 32547, 44252, 6635, 5, 581, 146762, 27414, 4, 39041, 6238, 70, 116723, 14, 4, 65042, 7, 390, 1672, 1295, 144477, 47, 127067, 136, 1672, 1295, 28, 4438, 47, 65272, 74, 442, 1556, 142, 16128, 111, 189275, 136, 10, 21950, 111, 1672, 5, 1650, 7, 6, 168867, 83, 4734, 98, 83080, 4, 678, 10, 38132, 111, 5, 581, 15520, 83, 10, 199349, 297, 40059, 111, 72852, 289, 2412, 17463, 450, 100, 4806, 7103, 70, 4568, 6, 2980, 32070, 15, 43452, 84428, 5369, 6650, 16, 237, 15520, 90926, 49175, 47, 2363, 43581, 90926, 5, 581, 6, 168867, 128839, 538, 51312, 7, 1295, 144477, 47, 127067, 5, 581, 15520, 103136, 136, 15756, 2109, 621, 35462, 3674, 390, 19096, 136, 78, 1277, 91048, 390, 70, 96113, 7, 8305, 70, 116723, 14, 27414, 15, 9506, 11, 31, 32547, 4, 146762, 32547, 4, 4368, 1529, 16, 136, 70, 26320, 9631, 15, 21566, 822, 32547, 194, 32255, 40370, 7, 4, 25842, 678, 19096, 77076, 7, 621, 102778, 100, 70, 205811, 4745, 134855, 111, 70, 7401, 91067, 71, 23, 70, 15520, 25, 7, 9351, 5, 49953, 90695, 7, 111, 70, 15520, 26698, 893, 39, 1138, 4, 1853, 13305, 13838, 4021, 246, 4, 930, 6403, 11547, 4, 49081, 35403, 685, 246, 4, 2902, 429, 25166, 4, 46294, 127, 634, 246, 4, 45085, 3911, 4, 1529, 15416, 3448, 4, 34854, 246, 4, 63196, 11547, 4, 3291, 557, 4, 57052, 3911, 4, 602, 246, 4, 15432, 266, 246, 4, 602, 557, 4, 3316, 557, 4, 11246, 4021, 71190, 246, 136, 11246, 191, 6493, 13, 4021, 246, 15, 5584, 23, 25134, 26320, 194, 581, 16128, 1556, 91097, 4, 36898, 41710, 7, 678, 37515, 144477, 56, 538, 2667, 132507, 7, 102310, 214, 1295, 72399, 7582, 47, 11994, 5, 40168, 29838, 18982, 52768, 7, 621, 23, 70, 144477, 136, 23, 70, 127067, 5, 79428, 7, 621, 36311, 136, 24814, 678, 103351, 11417, 497, 5245, 17721, 18237, 136, 18374, 5, 5345, 52768, 7, 37457, 17721, 5, 581, 83080, 77253, 127841, 2320, 51312, 7, 1295, 1672, 23, 70, 144477, 47, 23, 70, 127067, 5, 53538, 83, 103351, 33233, 70, 184085, 7, 4, 41866, 23, 70, 1257, 19256, 214, 91097, 9, 36448, 58555, 5, 581, 15520, 1556, 10, 24814, 6, 192876, 86, 43581, 4, 3173, 214, 2831, 111, 70, 5375, 87713, 31, 114063, 4, 3129, 45, 74789, 7, 43573, 70, 171827, 2831, 111, 15758, 136, 86608, 7, 144477, 19364, 3934, 70, 146762, 27414, 99, 70, 38352, 111, 35064, 5, 25134, 19364, 43581, 7, 28468, 25820, 43573, 70, 15520, 184085, 4, 41866, 23, 70, 41710, 2667, 132507, 14922, 5, 581, 7401, 52768, 83, 20903, 47, 4092, 35401, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 2831, 23, 41710, 4, 221, 38188, 6, 2980, 110912, 90, 136, 62005, 223, 6, 2980, 44457, 7, 3173, 136, 6, 98333, 134470, 17721, 7582, 136, 11994, 5, 581, 7401, 52768, 136, 1552, 73, 2481, 621, 12840, 15292, 10821, 36880, 70, 6, 168867, 5, 581, 127067, 9022, 7401, 7, 621, 24814, 56, 99, 5, 360, 31576, 136, 51065, 4, 70, 1407, 56, 135355, 83, 24814, 297, 1257, 390, 70, 4262, 136, 109971, 3674, 390, 70, 63335, 7401, 1295, 96113, 7, 4, 12960, 70, 53894, 56, 7401, 47143, 7, 91097, 136, 57, 2256, 5, 3293, 53894, 7401, 138025, 63614, 136, 191975, 25813, 7, 127067, 5, 30964, 42, 26136, 103136, 9, 71, 19256, 214, 67155, 90, 621, 14037, 10932, 903, 46889, 111, 7401, 4, 41866, 99, 6863, 127067, 9022, 2831, 5, 79428, 52768, 7, 37457, 17721, 5, 581, 83080, 1552, 73, 2481, 83, 35845, 538, 27226, 4, 99, 496, 243844, 23, 70, 144477, 47, 3912, 1104, 10289, 243844, 23, 70, 127067, 4, 36069, 10366, 47, 1381, 243844, 707, 92319, 43573, 70, 96113, 146, 1073, 5, 360, 70, 127067, 25617, 2667, 132507, 34003, 15, 97866, 13, 47, 8055, 16, 70, 124735, 102044, 9146, 136, 11675, 16713, 53333, 34390, 70, 1552, 73, 2481, 111, 70, 1407, 56, 15520, 135355, 5, 27646, 3900, 16082, 27771, 51312, 7, 1295, 1672, 23, 70, 144477, 1257, 47, 23, 70, 127067, 5, 2371, 988, 621, 40, 62914, 474, 6236, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 6, 58944, 186351, 10, 5155, 5, 581, 481, 217269, 13, 41110, 7, 17721, 1672, 99, 70, 184085, 111, 9098, 5, 2371, 988, 621, 77546, 99, 70, 133915, 4267, 73, 60243, 4, 205794, 17163, 214, 17721, 136, 58359, 214, 70, 38132, 23, 31576, 5, 581, 2936, 289, 5426, 47014, 1636, 23, 10, 105416, 238, 21135, 90825, 48225, 5, 581, 38352, 111, 70, 2936, 289, 43581, 83, 137567, 40715, 3501, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 15520, 4, 1284, 1543, 51312, 47, 1286, 3501, 43573, 70, 184085, 7, 5, 581, 4271, 525, 2936, 90, 58359, 214, 74918, 23, 70, 2646, 13, 4021, 273, 449, 7832, 217, 17721, 70, 3291, 557, 18481, 136, 70, 133915, 4267, 73, 60243, 5, 581, 2936, 13, 9, 174822, 15520, 17366, 143834, 7, 16750, 23, 10, 3551, 27875, 4989, 136, 38134, 73432, 100, 189275, 142, 56816, 17721, 3291, 557, 136, 16269, 31, 90695, 7, 5, 581, 19732, 74918, 7, 1672, 186351, 10, 6602, 4, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 4347, 136, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 18237, 5, 1650, 1902, 4989, 2809, 176016, 71, 23, 10, 4000, 8395, 35839, 44, 78595, 557, 27414, 16995, 214, 8129, 830, 1284, 509, 21334, 538, 51, 69723, 19, 47, 70, 8999, 24189, 26527, 4, 3229, 70, 92265, 72002, 7, 9601, 58807, 39643, 14, 151552, 70, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 23, 10, 92265, 73962, 5, 581, 15520, 83, 98870, 23, 15520, 1177, 297, 15, 4692, 68131, 1236, 538, 10839, 254, 4, 44, 2729, 1249, 6232, 33050, 2063, 74054, 45346, 113277, 10299, 7, 4, 22684, 590, 329, 10133, 4, 6, 128019, 84433, 4, 6, 60397, 7, 4, 136, 41866, 23, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 146762, 27414, 83, 10, 116842, 15520, 111, 70, 65925, 109727, 55609, 105866, 17721, 5201, 1760, 9098, 136, 70, 133915, 4267, 73, 60243, 4, 136, 831, 186, 90698, 70, 144477, 1177, 48850, 2831, 111, 70, 24453, 9098, 27414, 5, 1650, 83, 1632, 111, 22759, 40, 162, 24, 4806, 7103, 39210, 134855, 69407, 15, 2347, 27060, 8035, 70, 10074, 27414, 4, 70, 6096, 27414, 136, 70, 22392, 27414, 247, 136, 6863, 9351, 83, 8, 32032, 5844, 111, 70, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 7440, 1272, 5885, 19096, 162048, 7, 1295, 70, 97530, 14, 195075, 19096, 77076, 7, 4, 450, 60887, 77253, 538, 1295, 70, 144477, 4, 15504, 70, 71579, 111, 6863, 7401, 7, 10, 158044, 205811, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Extent.", "Physiography.", "Climate and hydrology.", "Flora and fauna.", "Economy.", "State of the environment.", "Location of Korean Peace Zones." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Yellow Sea (which it also names as \"Hwang Hai\") as follows: The Yellow Sea is separated from the Sea of Japan by the boundary from the southern end of Haenam Peninsula in Jeollanamdo to Jeju Island and divided into the East China Sea by the boundary from the west end of Jeju Island to the Yangtze River estuary.", "The Yellow Sea, excluding the Bohai, extends by about from north to south and about from east to west; it has an area of approximately and a volume of about. Its depth is only on average, with a maximum of. The sea is a flooded section of continental shelf that formed after the last ice age (some 10,000 years ago) as sea levels rose to their current levels. The depth gradually increases from north to south. The sea bottom and shores are dominated by sand and silt brought by the rivers through the Bohai Sea (Liao River, Yellow River, Hai He) and the Korea Bay (Yalu River). These deposits, together with sand storms are responsible for the yellowish colour of the water referenced in the sea's name. Major islands of the sea include Anmado, Baengnyeongdo, Daebudo, Deokjeokdo, Gageodo, Ganghwado, Hauido, Heuksando, Hongdo, Jejudo, Jindo, Muuido, Sido, Silmido, Sindo, Wando, Yeongjongdo and Yeonpyeongdo (all in South Korea).", "The area has cold, dry winters with strong northerly monsoons blowing from late November to March. Average January temperatures are in the north and in the south. Summers are wet and warm with frequent typhoons between June and October. Air temperatures range between. The average annual precipitation increases from about in the north to in the south. Fog is frequent along the coasts, especially in the upwelling cold-water areas. The sea has a warm cyclone current, forming part of the Kuroshio Current, which diverges near the western part of Japan and flows northward into the Yellow Sea at the speed of below. Southward currents prevail near the sea coast, especially in the winter monsoon period. The water temperature is close to freezing in the northern part in winter, so drift ice patches and continuous ice fields form and hinder navigation between November and March. The water temperature and salinity are homogeneous across the depth. The southern waters are warmer at. In spring and summer, the upper layer is warmed up by the sun and diluted by the fresh water from rivers, while the deeper water remains cold and saline. This deep water stagnates and slowly moves south. Commercial bottom-dwelling fishes are found around this mass of water, especially at its southern part. Summer temperatures range between. The average salinity is relatively low, at 30‰ in the north to 33–34‰ in the south, dropping to 26‰ or lower near the river deltas. In the southwest monsoon season (June to August) the increased rainfall and runoff further reduce the salinity of the upper sea layer. Water transparency increases from about in the north up to in the south. Tides are semidiurnal, i.e. rise twice a day. Their amplitude varies between about at the coast of China. Tides are higher at the Korean Peninsula, typically ranging between and reaching the maximum in spring. The tidal system rotates in a counterclockwise direction. The speed of the tidal current is generally less than in the middle of the sea, but may increase to more than near the coasts. The fastest tides reaching occur in the Myeongnyang Strait between the Jindo Island and the Korean Peninsula. The tide-related sea level variations result in a land pass long and wide opening for approximately an hour between Jindo and Modo islands. The event occurs about twice a year, at the beginning of May and in the middle of June. It had long been celebrated in a local festival called \"Jindo Sea Parting Festival\", but was largely unknown to the world until 1975, when the French ambassador Pierre Randi described the phenomenon in a French newspaper.", "The sea is rich in seaweed (predominantly kelp, \"Laminaria japonica\"), cephalopods, crustaceans, shellfish, clams, and especially in blue-green algae which bloom in summer and contribute to the water color (see image above). For example, the seaweed production in the area was as high as 1.5 million tonnes in 1979 for China alone. The abundance of all these plant and animal species increases toward the south and indicates a high sea productivity, accounting for the diversity of fish species and high fish yield from the sea. Several species of goby new to science have been discovered recently in the Yellow Sea. The southern part of the Yellow Sea, including the entire west coast of Korea, contains a belt of intertidal mudflats, which has the total area of and is maintained by. Those flats consist of highly productive sediments with a rich benthic fauna and are of great importance for migratory waders and shorebirds. Surveys show that the area is the single most important site for migratory birds on northward migration in the entire East Asian – Australasian Flyway, with more than 35 species occurring in internationally significant numbers. Two million birds, at minimum, pass through at the time, and about half that number use it on southward migration. About 300,000 migrating birds were transiting annually only through the Saemangeum tidal flat area. This estuary was however dammed by South Korea in 1991–2006 that resulted in drying off the land. Land reclamation also took 65% of the intertidal area in China between the 1950s and 2002, and there are plans to reclaim a further 45%. Oceanic megafaunas'bio-diversities, such as of marine mammals, sea turtles, and larger fish drastically decreased in modern time not only by pollution but also mainly by direct hunting, most extensively Japanese industrial whaling, illegal mass operations by Soviet with supports from Japan. and fewer species survived to today although being still in serious perils. Those include spotted seals, and cetaceans such as minke whales, killer whales, false killer whales, and finless porpoises, but nonetheless all the remnants of species listed could be in very small numbers. Historically, large whales were very abundant either for summering and wintering in the Yellow and Bohai Seas. For example, a unique population of resident fin whales and gray whales were historically presented, or possibly hosted some North Pacific right whales and Humpback whales (3 whales including a cow calf pair was observed at Changhai County in 2015) year-round other than migrating individuals, and many other migratory species such as Baird's beaked whales. Even blue whales, Japanese sea lions, dugongs (in southern regions only), and leatherback turtles used to breed or migrate into Yellow and Bohai seas. Spotted seals are only species thriving in today's Yellow Sea and being the only resident species as well. A sanctuary for these seals is situated at Baengnyeongdo which is also known for local finless porpoises. Great white sharks have been spotted to prey on seals in these areas as well.", "The coasts of the Yellow Sea are very densely populated, at approximately. The sea waters had been used for fishing by the Chinese, Korean and Japanese ships for centuries. Especially rich in fish are the bottom layers. About 200 fish species are exploited commercially, especially sea bream, croakers, lizard fishes, prawns, cutlassfish, horse mackerel, squid, eel, filefish, Pacific herring, chub mackerel, flounder and jellyfish. The intensity of fishing has been gradually increasing for China and Korea and decreasing for Japan. For example, the production volumes for China rose from 619,000 tonnes in 1985 to 1,984,400 tonnes in 1996. All species are overfished, however, and while the total catchments are rising, the fish population is continuously declining for most species. Navigation is another traditional activity in the Yellow Sea. The main Chinese ports are Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao and Qinhuangdao. The major South Korean ports on the Yellow Sea are Incheon, Gunsan and Mokpo, and that for North Korea is Nampho, the outport of Pyongyang. The Bohai Train Ferry provides a shortcut between the Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong. A major naval accident occurred on 24 November 1999 at Yantai, Shandong, China when the 9,000-ton Chinese ferry \"Dashun\" caught fire and capsized in rough seas. About 300 people were killed making it the worst maritime incident in China. Oil exploration has been successful in the Chinese and North Korean portions of the sea, with the proven and estimated reserves of about 9 and 20 billion tonnes, respectively. However, the study and exploration of the sea is somewhat hindered by insufficient sharing of information between the involved countries. China initiated collaborations with foreign oil companies in 1979, but this initiative declined later. A major oil spill occurred on 16 July 2010 when a pipeline exploded at the north-east port of Dalian, causing a wide-scale fire and spreading about 1,500 tonnes of oil over the sea area of. The port had been closed and fishing suspended until the end of August. Eight hundred fishing boats and 40 specialized vessels were mobilized to relieve the environmental damage.", "The Yellow Sea is considered among the most degraded marine areas on earth. Loss of natural coastal habitats due to land reclamation has resulted in the destruction of more than 60% of tidal wetlands around the Yellow Sea coastline in approximately 50 years. Rapid coastal development for agriculture, aquaculture and industrial development are considered the primary drivers of coastal destruction in the region. This degree of loss of area, widespread pollution, algal blooms and declines of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna have resulted in the classification of this ecosystem as endangered. In addition to land reclamation, the Yellow Sea ecosystem is facing several other serious environmental problems. Pollution is widespread and deterioration of pelagic and benthic habitat quality has occurred, and harmful algal blooms frequently occur. Invasion of introduced species are having a detrimental effect on the Yellow Sea environment. There are 25 intentionally introduced species and 9 unintentionally introduced species in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem. Declines of biodiversity, fisheries and ecosystem services in the Yellow Sea are widespread. The tidal flats of the Yellow Sea are considered Endangered.", "On 1 November 2018, officials from South Korea's Ministry of National Defense confirmed that \"peace zones\" had been established by the North and South Korean militaries in the Yellow Sea area that touches the North and South Korean demarcation line. A buffer zone was also created in the Yellow Sea's Northern Limit Line (NLL)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 10656, 509, 103122, 23, 15571, 76, 23815, 4, 86099, 31667, 76382, 13, 5, 2161, 1919, 42732, 25, 7, 5609, 764, 509, 60887, 297, 1295, 1391, 172, 18403, 845, 19725, 2750, 39666, 3674, 47, 115527, 71, 136, 208932, 162, 23, 729, 14546, 5, 1529, 158930, 23, 115527, 71, 1295, 70, 32070, 111, 43606, 136, 158930, 8305, 70, 54566, 115527, 71, 1427, 30591, 5, 10656, 80723, 1919, 116338, 4516, 678, 70, 56101, 126140, 25, 7, 845, 114686, 92343, 2873, 4, 520, 6496, 237, 10, 91, 91526, 57724, 23, 98848, 20271, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 5, 1529, 14432, 149976, 237, 10, 48807, 87880, 1294, 93324, 20271, 70, 40191, 1104, 188199, 76382, 13, 1631, 4, 237, 10, 126535, 13, 47749, 42, 20271, 70, 36327, 51178, 14, 5550, 4, 142, 187, 432, 2822, 9, 428, 25826, 47749, 42, 23, 51178, 14, 4267, 73, 60243, 20271, 70, 84247, 9, 97141, 5550, 4, 136, 47749, 42, 111, 70, 127067, 9022, 12912, 20271, 70, 2704, 36541, 7, 111, 70, 6949, 39, 106642, 4717, 5550, 5, 8254, 10656, 68, 71, 23, 853, 85914, 18, 98, 6088, 382, 4, 15431, 10656, 4, 2750, 1902, 2809, 10, 40814, 111, 70, 84247, 9, 97141, 5550, 4, 509, 142, 39395, 233, 54137, 111, 70, 3253, 46736, 16777, 5, 1529, 136, 9082, 178298, 180831, 106926, 297, 450, 442, 2806, 959, 214493, 23, 3820, 33770, 5773, 61527, 3378, 84616, 5, 24372, 70, 51521, 3564, 111, 70, 6949, 39, 106642, 4717, 5550, 4, 10656, 4, 520, 6496, 237, 47749, 42, 111, 70, 127067, 9022, 12912, 4, 75204, 142, 12989, 1295, 127873, 111, 112006, 9082, 6765, 37905, 6383, 136, 207068, 33744, 8455, 1106, 10013, 66, 47, 52875, 61527, 3378, 84616, 5, 10656, 128120, 71, 47, 28960, 70, 12989, 4, 51636, 214, 450, 442, 509, 142, 51, 12421, 21533, 12989, 136, 50336, 214, 42179, 47691, 100, 70, 50336, 297, 52875, 1295, 70, 56195, 33744, 136, 70, 174620, 52341, 5, 62771, 42179, 47691, 8306, 21449, 5, 10656, 23742, 70, 10750, 4, 1284, 1919, 125142, 289, 47, 28960, 70, 12989, 237, 10, 138155, 26866, 27169, 3674, 1919, 18227, 111, 8035, 27154, 3674, 100, 70, 19069, 111, 127873, 111, 112006, 47, 214493, 9082, 37905, 6383, 5, 360, 19340, 4, 70, 8254, 14, 27759, 68872, 442, 44841, 142, 41371, 32216, 9, 146049, 3540, 41159, 4743, 47, 51, 106290, 73, 939, 111, 645, 184, 162, 40575, 100, 68894, 89397, 5, 10656, 12441, 10, 34754, 7175, 450, 34739, 3934, 177229, 8254, 25, 7, 133868, 28394, 62816, 48242, 7, 136, 182417, 97384, 1295, 96362, 1631, 7, 4, 136, 80723, 70, 34754, 136, 33976, 111, 8254, 25, 7, 6035, 38653, 32216, 5, 10656, 509, 70, 179505, 111, 70, 8254, 14, 187, 432, 2822, 51584, 3996, 86, 450, 12441, 47, 70, 8254, 14, 36272, 90, 23, 70, 51178, 14, 55640, 52875, 111, 70, 84247, 9, 97141, 5550, 5, 360, 38425, 4, 9082, 10656, 34739, 645, 70, 8254, 14, 187, 432, 2822, 50686, 136, 5808, 297, 442, 3934, 70, 105207, 12830, 111, 70, 8254, 14, 207068, 59591, 7, 4, 62816, 29367, 390, 11192, 3268, 2481, 136, 456, 22042, 9393, 10, 1192, 7136, 5, 1529, 456, 9, 4448, 122009, 756, 8254, 14, 17863, 43148, 47, 5962, 30388, 7, 107314, 5, 360, 9803, 70665, 4, 6044, 4989, 62488, 17863, 1679, 53, 77443, 30306, 47, 70, 218018, 111, 70, 8254, 14, 187, 432, 2822, 50686, 23, 221419, 1631, 7, 5, 8254, 25, 7, 19128, 233, 54137, 7, 4, 41866, 61527, 136, 51712, 4, 3638, 538, 11476, 71, 2363, 134349, 9, 42424, 32216, 17863, 7, 1295, 10, 62488, 111, 17721, 4, 136, 32233, 27983, 32216, 25072, 7, 175961, 47, 28032, 111, 2363, 30388, 7, 8108, 809, 2852, 2363, 5201, 17863, 7, 5, 3293, 26038, 70, 8254, 164, 142, 54591, 47, 162471, 903, 642, 344, 7432, 23, 19128, 116338, 51584, 3996, 86, 5, 1650, 7, 3268, 2481, 83, 90698, 215667, 47, 70, 30839, 335, 89191, 117916, 136, 5941, 16401, 442, 47, 186, 142, 28, 137089, 111, 450, 308, 49086, 5, 10656, 25, 7, 167201, 136, 36272, 23, 28980, 12441, 70, 87, 38997, 47, 71062, 70, 31486, 111, 187, 4514, 5, 33306, 4, 903, 16750, 297, 23, 34390, 71, 35743, 47, 3789, 40715, 195976, 12393, 223, 4, 1284, 85590, 128746, 111, 70, 187, 1176, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 87880, 1294, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 29733, 55640, 52875, 4, 903, 218527, 32153, 98, 4271, 22223, 6048, 162333, 13, 187, 4514, 25737, 70, 87, 38997, 142458, 20102, 15490, 160370, 13, 144419, 13, 3540, 41159, 5, 87293, 23, 21, 3055, 36541, 7, 111, 70, 1631, 15, 76228, 70, 36442, 111, 10, 7082, 3650, 92134, 96090, 1831, 104501, 4, 102203, 47801, 583, 198386, 16, 6777, 70, 187, 4514, 36356, 1810, 136, 7639, 6863, 38516, 74, 9082, 4908, 219, 3915, 62, 549, 25, 7, 187, 4514, 7155, 350, 8305, 70, 61527, 3378, 124519, 4, 41421, 297, 70, 1832, 1255, 73908, 136, 197118, 297, 70, 61527, 3378, 138, 4216, 126140, 43573, 1832, 1255, 5, 51404, 70, 87, 38997, 1556, 24209, 10, 1286, 40197, 71, 37772, 16792, 29733, 4, 10656, 25, 7, 34754, 111, 187, 432, 2822, 51584, 3996, 86, 1556, 2809, 4552, 5526, 47, 70, 87, 38997, 136, 1556, 79507, 71, 187, 432, 2822, 51584, 33310, 90, 23, 3789, 63920, 111, 70, 8999, 5, 8254, 10656, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 540, 62776, 34, 24429, 306, 275, 8254, 48748, 60992, 23, 40418, 136, 23, 29733, 5, 360, 10586, 4, 10656, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 8254, 2319, 731, 100, 1919, 5361, 127752, 47, 70, 100510, 136, 22836, 111, 8254, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 764, 75204, 142, 20338, 6635, 22072, 2182, 99, 3419, 9, 22769, 69076, 12535, 111, 70, 799, 429, 334, 5, 360, 5726, 4, 764, 509, 19667, 19, 44, 605, 54350, 111, 124604, 92416, 58, 390, 70, 209410, 100, 124604, 92416, 23, 8254, 23, 70, 44, 92369, 913, 1294, 136, 48031, 58, 95487, 5, 8254, 10656, 25, 7, 49726, 135179, 23, 70, 9876, 1507, 25946, 111, 2041, 1405, 1294, 136, 1172, 4514, 25, 7, 44, 198076, 111, 32774, 525, 1172, 4514, 123573, 1314, 58, 33233, 678, 375, 95543, 818, 8455, 1106, 19460, 297, 4, 15672, 7, 14787, 159, 5, 9876, 1507, 136, 15678, 22553, 191, 168044, 7, 136, 30839, 117657, 23342, 4200, 1004, 9494, 2777, 18891, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 8254, 10656, 15, 4, 6088, 17480, 58410, 4, 46, 6088, 382, 4, 106606, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 1218, 597, 15, 13025, 143006, 12, 133933, 7682, 247, 509, 142, 8254, 207068, 59591, 7, 15, 7146, 919, 16, 4537, 51529, 100, 1919, 51359, 111, 32216, 1631, 44937, 136, 100, 105207, 70, 34754, 111, 8254, 25, 7, 6035, 38653, 32216, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Military career.", "Armor doctrine.", "Awards and honours." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Tal was born in Mahanayim, Mandatory Palestine. On his mother's side he was descended from Hasidic Jews who migrated to Safed and Tiberias in 1777. He lived in Safed from the age of five and lived through the 1929 Safed riots. Tal began his military service with the British Army's Jewish Brigade, serving as a squad leader in Italy during the Second World War. He later served as a junior infantry officer during the 1947–1949 Palestine war, as a brigade commander during the 1956 Sinai War, an armored-division commander in Sinai Peninsula during the Six-Day War, and commander of the southern front during the final stages of the Yom Kippur War. Israel Tal died in Rehovot on September 8, 2010.", "Tal, who had been a hero of the Six-Day War, was an early opponent of the Bar Lev Line. He and General Ariel Sharon argued that it would not succeed in fending off Egyptian forces. After the official end of the Yom Kippur War, Tal, serving as commander of the southern front, received an order from Chief of Staff General David Elazar and Defense Minister Moshe Dayan to attack Egyptian forces. Tal refused to follow the order, insisting that it was an unethical order and requesting authorization for the requested attack from the Prime Minister and the Supreme Court. Such authorization never came. Tal won the argument, but his refusal to follow the order as a practical matter eliminated his chance of being nominated for the position of Chief of Staff to succeed General Elazar. In 1970, the Israeli government decided it needed an independent tank-building capability due to uncertainty of overseas sales for political reasons. Tal led a development team that took into consideration Israel's battlefield characteristics and lessons learned from previous wars, and began the development and building of Israel's Merkava tank.", "Tal was the creator of the Israeli armored doctrine that led to the Israeli successes in the Sinai surprise attack of the Six-Day War. In 1964, General Tal took over the Israeli armored corps and organized it into the leading element of the Israeli Defense Forces, characterized by high mobility and relentless assault. He re-trained all Israeli gunners to hit targets beyond. In open terrain, such long distance gunnery proved vital to the survival of the Israeli armored corps in subsequent wars. Israel's Arab opponents, especially Egypt and Syria, normally fired their Soviet-made tank guns from a distance of between, and quite often tank units advanced to within of their targets before firing their main guns. This gave the Israelis an opportunity to exploit this weakness in Arab military doctrine. Its mobility is considered comparable to the German Blitzkrieg and many hold it to be an evolution of that tactic. Tal's transformation and success in 1967 led the IDF to expand the role of armor. However, this resulted in reduced attention to other less glamorous, but essential aspects of the army, such as the infantry. Following the 1973 surprise attack, this excessive focus on fast striking offensive armor left the IDF temporarily without adequate defensive capability. Only in latter stages of the war (with the aid of a US $1.1 billion airlift, Operation Nickel Grass) did the armor break out and show its potential; General Avraham Adan's armor broke through the Egyptian lines, crossed the Suez Canal and enveloped the Egyptian 3rd Army near Suez. While the IDF has become a more balanced force since 1973, Tal's development of armored doctrine has been very important to the IDF and has influenced armored doctrines in other parts of the world.", "Israel Tal was awarded the Eliyahu Golomb Israel Security Award in 1961 and in 1973. In 1997, Tal was awarded the Israel Prize for his special contribution to the society and State of Israel. In 1991, he received an honorary doctorate at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. In 2002, he was chosen \"Knight of Quality Government\" by the Movement for Quality Government in Israel in the \"Military and security\" category. Israel Tal's picture appears in the Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor's \"Wall of Greatest Armor Commanders\" along with compatriot Moshe Peled, Americans George S. Patton and Creighton Abrams and German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 23357, 44, 561, 3595, 58, 83, 10, 89160, 45, 1495, 54940, 70, 3395, 111, 9879, 23357, 4, 102971, 18925, 5700, 54940, 756, 5, 1650, 83, 7228, 678, 163, 257, 4, 59714, 4, 136, 16195, 5170, 756, 22, 408, 5281, 23, 70, 26249, 25, 7, 892, 12729, 90, 707, 201957, 5, 360, 23357, 26292, 1314, 26698, 63335, 881, 37534, 738, 257, 707, 186, 4240, 4, 19780, 4, 136, 4842, 98, 17514, 5, 581, 14865, 46526, 56, 297, 738, 257, 4, 552, 434, 707, 2412, 4517, 1556, 6863, 59714, 43799, 297, 47, 4527, 23, 70, 41884, 214, 4, 21208, 18925, 5941, 52895, 111, 842, 3595, 4, 41866, 60091, 64333, 54324, 98, 70, 48800, 7, 4, 54, 959, 70541, 59714, 5, 581, 163, 257, 100, 70, 26292, 214, 831, 186, 2499, 18738, 7, 3038, 2831, 4, 1284, 1884, 2499, 3789, 57, 147152, 4, 70, 20809, 314, 933, 621, 959, 23335, 416, 538, 11814, 100, 70, 41884, 214, 5, 175399, 70, 143033, 56, 4, 65342, 56, 314, 933, 292, 100, 27781, 70, 108, 2594, 292, 621, 85247, 4806, 5773, 70, 32881, 5, 581, 4611, 214, 100, 70, 41884, 214, 83, 70, 201957, 30823, 136, 150679, 892, 12729, 90, 5, 32255, 621, 14838, 67175, 5941, 20028, 678, 7401, 47, 46622, 2856, 5, 581, 163, 257, 100, 70, 41884, 214, 83, 5885, 538, 681, 48398, 707, 881, 37534, 4, 136, 70, 81678, 1294, 19780, 83, 27983, 85247, 4806, 1295, 3789, 63920, 5, 581, 163, 257, 83, 161549, 6, 84285, 4, 17664, 297, 678, 5885, 538, 681, 48398, 4842, 98, 17514, 4, 28279, 136, 35829, 25958, 63335, 96698, 5, 64511, 66044, 7, 26698, 63335, 538, 681, 48398, 8231, 14, 37412, 15, 111263, 11, 707, 22610, 19, 2955, 247, 3671, 9120, 4, 146309, 136, 3853, 186, 4240, 31837, 5, 3293, 83, 7068, 17664, 297, 209183, 538, 678, 70, 63335, 59714, 1295, 70, 26249, 4, 136, 41884, 297, 3934, 70, 201957, 136, 892, 12729, 90, 4, 678, 70, 73432, 7, 40, 7710, 707, 146543, 25842, 678, 79315, 5, 581, 57, 147152, 83, 337, 14, 6259, 23, 10, 21334, 1540, 15, 31, 60441, 678, 3789, 63920, 111, 70, 26249, 959, 76017, 14437, 136, 11814, 47, 3249, 101084, 16, 100, 496, 82877, 14633, 4, 136, 76017, 14437, 645, 552, 16765, 570, 119455, 5, 103216, 37534, 4, 442, 83, 149976, 678, 6, 15448, 316, 24019, 4, 142, 98, 1830, 35509, 4559, 71, 58055, 214, 111, 168390, 90, 4, 4842, 98, 17514, 136, 63335, 8231, 14, 37412, 4, 10, 4785, 111, 96698, 136, 6, 30590, 6659, 111, 107466, 5, 581, 1030, 146365, 214, 6057, 206, 83, 12209, 150, 5, 105591, 57, 147152, 7, 621, 4552, 34844, 47, 7413, 23, 7082, 128584, 7, 5, 80781, 7, 136, 26085, 27616, 191, 9631, 4, 220474, 621, 15044, 5368, 47, 4000, 11969, 3443, 7, 2750, 27489, 59714, 57, 147152, 4, 4743, 47, 2363, 21334, 41267, 66, 15672, 43904, 7, 5, 4265, 55637, 7, 87420, 115532, 2843, 85358, 4000, 538, 181653, 59714, 2638, 59725, 4743, 47, 70, 11341, 25, 7, 21334, 92265, 180972, 43904, 5, 360, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 158115, 4, 28820, 127, 9, 40946, 44, 2470, 5935, 161, 58, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 128584, 7, 87420, 70, 6602, 136, 83, 4552, 5700, 5, 893, 89176, 9, 127345, 11389, 111, 59714, 57, 147152, 23, 70, 1735, 22600, 9631, 79200, 83, 35839, 44, 5720, 929, 246, 58, 136, 1556, 6520, 13, 315, 933, 4, 40129, 5425, 4, 16195, 5170, 4, 136, 53408, 91, 30198, 7, 136, 83, 7228, 17368, 40101, 53408, 25, 7, 707, 552, 434, 25, 7, 59714, 5, 30839, 9, 40946, 59714, 57, 147152, 136, 567, 7462, 72069, 271, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 21612, 7, 157, 136, 7789, 29641, 4, 7440, 102374, 136, 135665, 19, 146, 164, 18645, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 15881, 28811, 15381, 7, 5, 22376, 4, 165548, 13, 72136, 23, 6653, 84459, 4, 39897, 1556, 88826, 72069, 271, 4743, 47, 10, 150675, 30839, 9, 127345, 43904, 23, 70, 25134, 9631, 16128, 111, 3731, 31754, 47064, 5, 2041, 17043, 44, 12630, 3035, 58, 83, 10, 63335, 57, 147152, 7228, 678, 50997, 98, 17514, 4, 196, 92, 4, 196, 92, 6, 134148, 15, 109513, 442, 208806, 10314, 15145, 707, 162048, 53, 247, 136, 64827, 5, 58593, 25, 7, 59714, 509, 68018, 49814, 47, 27489, 44, 12630, 3035, 96143, 830, 1284, 903, 40250, 100512, 118055, 538, 41207, 7103, 70, 4122, 9, 32290, 100736, 927, 142642, 4743, 47, 70, 206398, 111, 70, 44, 12630, 5372, 478, 58, 15, 209990, 289, 60013, 289, 1284, 206, 4209, 16, 136, 27759, 16227, 209332, 63323, 1916, 70, 6181, 2320, 111, 49649, 59714, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 2041, 17043, 44, 12630, 3035, 58, 83, 5036, 56104, 7228, 15490, 59714, 74, 49903, 4, 59714, 707, 44, 151675, 58, 44, 12630, 3035, 58, 831, 7464, 186, 59038, 71, 5, 360, 5941, 58555, 111, 42845, 21629, 4, 44, 4514, 121226, 58, 83, 149976, 5, 44, 101398, 121226, 58, 83, 68018, 7228, 678, 10, 26292, 56, 111, 64827, 136, 64, 748, 98, 17514, 4, 136, 34003, 297, 678, 111761, 136, 3789, 16195, 5170, 5, 360, 83775, 70867, 4, 442, 83, 149976, 6, 84285, 136, 153161, 18588, 297, 20271, 70, 65006, 7, 5, 360, 74291, 4, 44, 4514, 121226, 58, 831, 765, 64827, 4, 50997, 280, 162, 4, 22610, 19, 2955, 707, 314, 1414, 2955, 4, 136, 83, 27983, 73203, 33, 237, 142, 4027, 126, 52825, 35839, 44, 51781, 85, 58, 707, 678, 70, 89160, 45, 114942, 44, 150501, 18856, 129756, 11, 58, 707, 44, 919, 2783, 14201, 740, 360, 68570, 4, 44, 4514, 121226, 58, 83, 27983, 149976, 678, 44, 2500, 70773, 58, 15, 1299, 372, 1010, 13, 194, 360, 167844, 70, 59714, 57, 147152, 83, 2843, 35839, 44, 4514, 121226, 830, 12960, 23, 149674, 136, 74291, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 44, 4514, 121226, 830, 44, 58248, 4342, 58, 707, 44, 70485, 7239, 89222, 830, 136, 83, 56104, 152382, 678, 64827, 5, 360, 30089, 4, 237, 23, 15604, 4, 44, 4514, 43252, 58, 136, 44, 3089, 1162, 8250, 8, 59512, 58, 621, 73203, 33, 5, 360, 540, 61356, 4, 218334, 136, 82167, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 44, 4514, 71955, 740, 44, 101398, 121226, 58, 83, 2843, 73203, 33, 46132, 10, 169717, 35839, 44, 4514, 318, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 105591, 57, 147152, 7, 15, 31, 60441, 35839, 22556, 2638, 59725, 23, 56101, 14941, 136, 68018, 59714, 2638, 59725, 74, 102971, 6097, 48564, 7, 3638, 538, 26698, 36, 9821, 707, 1909, 4293, 16, 621, 57, 147152, 7, 152382, 678, 59714, 450, 83, 110309, 297, 707, 19014, 71, 136, 17664, 297, 678, 10, 26292, 56, 24189, 442, 83, 6117, 2594, 20174, 47, 18652, 40383, 3229, 21185, 297, 5, 84572, 10840, 621, 14037, 214574, 5, 58593, 4, 552, 434, 4, 111649, 4, 2301, 19770, 4, 2412, 4517, 4, 115, 2594, 4, 136, 738, 257, 59714, 831, 186, 11814, 4, 285, 38543, 390, 23295, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Africa.", "Americas.", "United States.", "Latin America.", "Andean.", "Argentina.", "Brazil.", "Caribbean.", "Chile.", "Mexico.", "Asia.", "East Asia.", "Hong Kong.", "Korea.", "Manchuria and China.", "Mongolia.", "Taiwan.", "Tibet.", "Southeast Asia.", "Java.", "Malaysia.", "Philippines.", "Thailand.", "Vietnam.", "South Asia.", "Nepal.", "Europe.", "Central and Eastern Europe.", "Northern Europe.", "Denmark.", "Estonia.", "Finland.", "Iceland.", "Latvia.", "Sweden.", "Southern Europe.", "Italy.", "Portugal.", "Spain.", "Western Europe.", "Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg.", "France.", "Germany and Austria.", "United Kingdom and Ireland.", "Symbol of Carnival.", "Additional varieties." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "In Kenya \"mutura\" is a traditional dish among the people of central Kenya, although today popular among all. It is made with meat, blood, and spices all encased in the animal's intestines or stomach. In Kenya fillers include fresh minced goat or beef, fat, and red onions. The slaughtered goat, cow or sheep has its blood collected to use in the stuffing, though today many types of mutura, especially commercial ones sold on the streets, do not contain blood. The meat for the filling can be any fleshy part, but like any other sausage, the prime cuts are not ordinarily used for the stuffing. Instead the tougher, leaner cuts — for example the neck — are trimmed off the bone. The casing for the stuffing is the stomach sac and larger intestines. These are flushed many times with water to clean them. The meat for the stuffing is finely chopped or minced, and the mandatory fat is often trimmed from other parts. The meat is slightly fried, mixed with finely chopped red onions, salt and optionally fresh chili. Other additions include freshly chopped coriander (dhania or cilantro), garlic, pepper and even beef stock. This is then mixed thoroughly with the fresh blood from the animal, and stuffed into the stomach and intestines, with the openings sewn or tied together with string. The sausage is boiled in a large pot (often with other parts of the animal not roasted and used to make soup) for 30-45 minutes, and roasted over coals till brown. Sliced, it is served with kachumbari, an onion based salad consisting of tomatoes, red onions and fresh coriander, a bit of chili and squeeze of lemon. The accompanying starch is ugali.", "", "Blood sausages are very difficult to find in US supermarkets. Brussels and Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin are both home to local grocers who produce blood sausage, due to their large Belgian American populations. Supermarkets throughout Maine also carry locally produced blood pudding due to the state's large French Canadian population. In southeastern Michigan, Polish-style \"kaszanka\" can be found in supermarkets throughout the year and is very popular. An Italian-American version of blood sausage in the San Francisco Bay Area is called \"biroldo\" and has pine nuts, raisins, spices, and pig snouts and is made using either pig's or cow's blood. German-style blood sausage and Zungenwurst can be found in Fresno and Santa Rosa, where Russian and Armenian delis offer a wide range of Central European foods. Also, Alpine Village in Torrance, California has Blutwurst due to a considerable German-American population in the South Bay area of Los Angeles County. Cajun \"boudin\" is a fresh sausage made with green onions, pork, pork liver (making it somewhat gritty or grainy), and rice. Pig's blood was sometimes added to produce \"boudin rouge\", but this tradition became increasingly rare after the mid-twentieth century due to the decline of the \"boucherie\" (traditional communal butchering) and government health regulations prohibiting the transportation of raw blood. As a result, Cajun \"boudin\" is now usually made without blood; however, blood or \"black\" \"boudin\" can still be purchased.", "In many areas of Latin America, \"morcilla\" is served. \"Morcilla\" is sometimes made with a filler of rice and/or onions, and seasoned with paprika and other spices. In Puerto Rico, it is served fried and mostly consumed during the holidays. In Colombia, \"morcilla\" can have rice, green peas, cilantro or culantro, and is often eaten as an appetizer called \"picada\" or with the traditional dishes \"Bandeja Paisa\" or \"Fritanga\". In Venezuela, \"morcilla\" is often served with \"parrilla\" (barbecue).", "In Ecuador the blood sausage is also called \"morcilla\", while in Panama and Colombia, it is called \"morcilla\", \"rellena\" or \"tubería negra\", and is usually filled with rice. In Brazil, as in Portugal, \"morcela\" and \"chouriço de sangue\" are eaten. In El Salvador, Nicaragua and Mexico, it is called \"moronga\".", "\"Morcilla\" is also eaten inside a sandwich called \"morcipán\", especially in the Río de la Plata. In Argentina, \"morcilla\" is a component of the \"asado\", a regional mixed grill or barbecue meal. In Uruguay, a sweet version including raisins and pine nuts is popular; some vendors even add chocolate, caramelised orange peels, peanuts, and other dried fruits. Uruguayans usually are fond of sweet or salty \"morcilla\", and most restaurants and supermarkets carry both versions.", "In Brazil there is a version of the blood sausage called \"chouriço\" or \"morcela\" (sometimes the Castillian Spanish version \"morcilla\" is used as well), consisting of a fresh sausage made of the blood and fat from pork and usually rice. It is a variation of the Portuguese blood sausage, and it is known for its deep dark color. In some regions, it is popular on barbecues (\"Churrascos\") as a starter.", "In Antigua, rice pudding is a local delicacy and it is prepared the same way as blood sausage. In Barbados, blood sausage is made with sweet potato (\"batata\"), pig's blood and onions, seasoned with peppers and other herbs and stuffed in pig intestines. It is normally served with \"souse\", which is pickled pig's feet, pig's ears and other trimmings. The cooked meat is cut into bite-sized pieces and soaked in a brine made of water, lime juice, cucumbers, hot pepper, and specially prepared seasonings. Blood sausage and souse is a Bajan delicacy usually prepared on weekends and special occasions. In the French Antilles, \"boudin créole\" is very popular, this being the French \"boudin noir\" with local Caribbean chilli and other spices. In Guyana, blood sausage is a very popular snack served at social occasions, and as \"cutters\" when drinking. The main ingredient is cooked rice seasoned with herbs, such as thyme and basil. The rice is mixed with cow's blood, stuffed into cow's or pig's intestine, and boiled until firm, sliced and served with Sour (a mild type of dipping sauce with hot peppers). White pudding is also made. In Puerto Rico, blood sausage is known as \"morcilla\". Puerto Rican blood sausage is made with rice, culantro, cilantro, garlic, and Cubanelle pepper. Some contain paprika and annatto. Morcilla is especially popular during Christmas. In Suriname, blood sausage is known by the Dutch name \"bloedworst\", and white pudding by the equally Dutch name \"vleesworst\". In Trinidad & Tobago, the local style of blood sausage is heavily seasoned with local peppers and traditionally prepared from pig's blood, often replaced by pig's liver today. It is sold by local producers as a popular accompaniment to rolls of crusty hops bread or served as an accompaniment to \"trotter souse\", a stew based on trotters. Other varieties of blood sausage include \"boudin rouge\" (Creole and Cajun), \"rellena\" or \"moronga\" (Mexico) and \"sanganel\" (Friuli).", "In Chile, the blood sausage is called \"prieta\" (a synonym of \"negra\", black) and tends to have a very thick skin, so is eaten cut open lengthwise. Apart from blood and a little fat, \"prietas\" may contain a variety of ingredients, such as chopped onion and spices, cabbage, peppers, watercress, rice, meat or even dried fruit or nuts. \"Prietas\" or \"morcillas\" are part of the Chilote tradition of \"\"reitimiento\"\" involving the slaughter and preparation of a pig. Prietas are easily found at supermarkets throughout the country and are available from practically any butcher.", "In the Yucatán Peninsula, \"morcilla\" is made exclusively from pig's blood and once deep fried it's served with a mix of pickled onions, cilantro and spices. It's always consumed in the form of tacos and paired with fresh habanero peppers. In Central Mexico, \"morcilla\" is known as \"moronga\".", "Across Asia, various people create food from congealed animal blood. Most of these food types do not have casings and might be considered a version of sliced sausage.", "", "In Hong Kong, the dish closest to blood sausage is pig blood curd, which is only made from pig's blood and is not considered a sausage.", "The majority of Korea's \"sundae\" (순대) can be categorised as blood sausage. The most common type of \"sundae\" is made of sweet potato noodle (\"dangmyeon\"), barley, and pig's blood, but some variants contain sesame leaves, green onion, fermented soy paste (\"doenjang\"), sweet rice, kimchi, and bean sprouts, in addition to the common ingredients. The Korean sundae is wrapped with pig's intestines. The addition of sweet potato noodle is a more modern addition to the dish. There is another Korean food called \"seonji\" which is cow blood that has been boiled in soup. It looks like the Blodpudding of Sweden.", "In Chinese cuisines, whole coagulated blood is fried or steamed as a snack or cooked in a hot pot. In mainland China, \"blood tofu\" (), or \"red tofu\" (), is most often made with pig's or duck's blood. Like the above dishes, this has no casing but is simply cut into rectangular pieces and cooked. In Northeast China, the \"blood sausage\" was a traditional food which is cooked with sheep or goat blood. In Tibet, congealed yak's blood is a traditional food. Chinese people also used pig blood curd that was consumed by laborers in Kaifeng over 1,000 years ago in the south of China.", "Blood sausage is popular in Mongolia. In Mongolia a special method of killing sheep was made mandatory by Genghis Khan to save blood for sausage. It appears in the Yasa and is still used today.", "In Taiwan, \"pig's blood cake\" () or \"rice blood cake\"(), made of pork blood and sticky rice, is served on a popsicle stick; this is a very popular snack at local night markets.", "In Tibetan cuisine, sausages or \"gyurma\" refer to blood sausages and are made with yak or sheep's blood which may or may not include either rice or roasted barley flour as filler. The sausage uses natural casing employing the use of yak or sheep's intestine.", "", "This dish is known in Java as \"saren\", which is made with chicken's blood.", "In Penang or other northern states, pig blood curd (known locally in Penang Hokkien as \"too huet\"; ) is usually served with the local street delicacy Curry Mee (curry noodles). It can also be mixed with some traditional Hokkien dishes as well.", "Blood sausage is known generically as \"longganisang dugo\" (lit. \"blood longaniza\") in the Philippines. A notable type of native blood sausage is \"pinuneg\", which is composed of minced pork and innards in a pork casing made from large intestines that is prepared in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines.", "In Thai cuisine \"sai krok lueat\" (Thai: ไส้กรอกเลือด) is a blood sausage ( = sausage, = blood), often served sliced and accompanied by a spicy dipping sauce. \"Blood tofu\" is simply called \"lueat\" (, blood) in Thailand. This can be used in many Thai dishes such as in noodle soups, Thai curries, or as an addition to certain rice dishes such as Khao man kai.", "Vietnamese 'dồi tiết' (Northern) or 'dồi huyết' (Southern) is blood sausage, boiled or fried, made with pork blood, pork fat and basil.", "", "In Limbu cuisine, \"sargemba\" or \"sargyangma\" is a type of blood sausage made mostly from pork intestines, pork fat, rice and \"yangben\", a type of edible wild lichen.", "", "Throughout Central and Eastern Europe, blood sausage, known as \"kishka\" (meaning \"intestine\"), is made with pig's blood and buckwheat kasha. It is also known in Russia as \"krovyanka\" (кровянка), or \"krovyanaya kolbasa\" (кровяная колбаса, literally \"blood sausage\"), and includes buckwheat as a main filler, instead of oats or oatmeal. In Ukraine it's called \"krov'yanka\" (кров'янка) or \"kryvava kyshka\" (кривава кишка), and \"kiszka\" or \"kaszanka\" in Poland; \"krvavnička\" in Slovakia and \"krupniok\" in Silesia. Polish \"salceson\" (\"black\" and \"\") are a type of head cheese (\"brawn\") that contains blood. In Hungary, \"véres hurka\" is typically made with pig's blood and barleycorn or cubed bread (typically zsemle) as filler as such also know as \"zsemlés hurka\" and \"gerslis hurka\". In Bulgaria, \"karvavitsa\" (кървавица) is usually prepared with pig's blood, fat and a variety of mountain herbs and spices and eaten warm during the winter. A similar blood sausage, called \"krvavica\" (крвавица), made out of similar ingredients, is also eaten in Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia in wintertime, usually with sauerkraut and cooked potatoes. In Romania, the traditional \"sângerete\" (from \"sânge\", \"blood\" in Romanian) is made from shoulder butt pork meat, pork blood and a filler such as pre-boiled rice seasoned with pepper, garlic and basil. It has many regional variants, but the most common are the \"sângerete\" from Transylvania. Similarly, in Czech cuisine, \"jelito\" is made from second-rate pork, pig's blood and peeled barley; the stuffing served by itself, unformed, is called \"prejt\".", "", "In Denmark, \"blodpølse\" is made from pigs's blood and suet, rye flour, brown sugar, raisins, salt, cinnamon and cardamom stuffed into natural or artificial intestines. It is usually boiled in its skin, eaten hot or cold, sometimes sliced and fried, served with syrup, cinnamon and stewed apples.", "In Estonia, \"verivorst\" (blood sausage) is very similar to Finnish \"mustamakkara\". It is sold and eaten mostly in winter, being a traditional Christmas food. At that time there is a large variety of \"verivorst\" in stores, ranging in shapes and sizes. \"Verivorst\" is usually cooked in an oven, but sometimes also fried in a pan. \"Verivorst\" is often eaten together with lingonberry jam, but occasionally also with butter or sour cream. Another similar dish is called \"verikäkk\" (blood dumpling). Its popularity has decreased during the past decades (possibly because of its less appealing commercial appearance) and has mostly been substituted by \"verivorst\".", "Alongside the \"mustamakkara\" (black sausage) in Finland, a dish similar to the British black pudding is made by making batter out of pig's blood and baking it like pancakes. Traditionally, rye flour or oatmeal is used and minced onion is added to the mix. This dish is called \"veriohukainen\" or \"verilettu\" (blood pancake). \"Rössypottu\" is a traditional soup in northern Finland with blood pudding as a main ingredient.", "In Iceland, \"blóðmör\" is one of two types of \"slátur\". It is made from lamb's blood and suet, rye flour and oats, traditionally stuffed into pouches sewn from the lamb's stomach. It is usually boiled in its skin, eaten hot or cold, sometimes sliced and fried. After cooking, it is often preserved in fermented whey and acquires a distinct sour taste.", "In Latvia, blood sausage is either called \"asinsdesa\" (blood sausage) or \"putraimu desa\" (groat sausage) because of the added barley groats. It usually served with lingonberry jam and sour cream.", "\"Blodpudding\" is a traditional medieval dish still popular in Sweden. The exact proportions and ingredients vary, partly according to regional preference, but generally it is made from pig's blood, milk, rye or barley flour, diced lard, either beer or \"svagdricka\", treacle and onion, flavoured with allspice and marjoram. It is then poured into forms and oven-baked in a waterbath. Most of the \"blodpudding\" consumed today is made on industrial basis. When prepared for serving, it is sliced and fried. The style of serving and accompaniments vary across the country, and it is not uncommon to have the \"blodpudding\" act as the meat in a meal. Nationally, the common way is to serve it with lingonberry jam, grated carrots and ice cold milk to drink. Fried bacon or pork side is also common. In Scania, the lingonberry jam is often replaced by finely sliced apples, fried along with the pork. Other blood-based foods include \"blodkorv\" (blood sausage) which differs from \"blodpudding\" by having raisins, pork tallow and apple sauce in it, \"blodplättar\" (blood pancakes, similar to the original Finnish dish \"veriohukainen\" above) and \"blodpalt\". There is also a soup made from blood, called \"svartsoppa\" (black soup).", "", "In Italy, regional varieties of blood sausage are known as \"sanguinaccio\". In Tuscany, is a sausage made with pig's blood and fat cooked in a pig's stomach. It is not reheated and is often spread on bread. It is found only in the south of Tuscany in the winter months and even there it can be difficult to come by. \"Biroldo\" is another type of black pudding which can be found in Tuscany, while the version made in southern Lombardy is called \"marsapan\". \"Migliaccio\" is a black pudding that is traditionally prepared in winter in Romagna. It is a sweet pudding with a thick black filling made with pig's blood, sugar, breadcrumbs, almonds, chocolate, butter and spices contained in a thin pastry crust. A similar pudding is made throughout southern Italy, generally called \"sanguinaccio\".", "In Portuguese cuisine, there are many varieties of blood sausage. Sausages made of blood are usually called \"morcela\" or \"negrinha\" (a slang term from Portuguese \"negro\" meaning dark or black). There are many varieties around the Portuguese world. There are varieties local to Portugal, the Azores, Hawaii, China, US and India, etc.", "Spanish \"morcilla\" has many variants. The most well-known and widespread is \"morcilla de Burgos\" which contains mainly pork blood and fat, rice, onions, and salt, and is produced in two varieties: cylindrical and gut-shaped. In Albacete and La Mancha, the \"morcilla\" is filled with onions instead of rice, which completely changes the texture. In Extremadura the creamy \"morcilla patatera\" includes roughly mashed potatoes. In the northern regions and the Canary Islands there is a sweet variety known as \"morcilla dulce\". Other varieties introduce breadcrumbs, pine nuts, and almonds, and vary the proportions of the other ingredients or flavourings, some of them considered delicacies. There are other similarly famous kinds being made at Asturias (slightly darker and smaller, used for bean and chickpea stews) and León (without rice, grilled & spread on toasted bread). Other less popular varieties may add cumin to the pudding mixture, but this is not a standard practice. The cooking method for consumption is typically frying, stewing, grilling or roasting, and usually sliced in one-finger-thick wheelettes (\"rodajas\"). There are many derivative foods made from morcilla, such as omelettes, stuffed red pepper, puff pastry, pizza, flavoured nachos, croquettes, and a range of fillings for different dishes.", "", "In Belgium and the Netherlands, \"bloedworst\" or \"beuling\" is sold either in slices, or individual sausages the size of a banana. It is generally pan fried; sometimes apples are cooked alongside or on top of the pieces. It is also eaten with apple sauce, brown sugar, syrup or red cabbage. As a cold cut, thin slices are eaten as a sandwich topping. Green cabbage is one of the ingredients in Luxembourg's träipen which are also served pan fried with apple sauce. It is known to have been eaten in church in the Middle Ages during Carnival in the Netherlands..", "In France, \"boudin noir\" is traditionally prepared in \"charcuteries\", shops that prepare mainly pork products (and sometimes duck and game), but also sell smoked and dried sausages, pâtés, and terrines, along with prepared salads. It is usually called \"boudin noir\" and is often made with cream with apples or onions as a filler. It is generally served with either cooked apples, mashed potatoes or both, and is appreciated by combining either the apples or mashed potatoes with each bite of \"boudin\", which has been gently heated and browned in butter. In France also, there are many different regional \"Boudins Noirs\" such as the large \"Boudin du Béarn\" with pork meat pieces usually eaten cold. The French \"Confrérie des Chevaliers du Goûte-Boudin\" (Brotherhood of the Knights of Blood Sausage Tasting) in Mortagne-au-Perche in southern Normandy holds an annual contest of international blood sausage specialities. Boudin is considered the emblematic staple of the French Foreign Legion, and gives its name to the Legion's anthem.", "The most common variant of German \"Blutwurst\" is made from pork rind, pork blood and regionally different fillers such as barley. Though already cooked and \"ready to eat\" it is sometimes served warm, similar to the style in France. In the Rhineland, where it is also traditionally made from horse meat, fried \"Blutwurst\" is a constituent of various dishes. In particular in Cologne, the traditional \"Himmel und Erde\" (Heaven and Earth) combines apple sauce, mashed potatoes and \"Blutwurst\" served hot on one plate. In Berlin, hot \"Blutwurst\" mixed together with liverwurst and potatoes is called \"\"\"\" (\"Dead Grandma\"). Other German variants are \"Zungenwurst\", which is \"Blutwurst\" mixed with pieces of pickled ox tongue, and \"Beutelwurst,\" which is pressed in a linen or paper bag (\"Beutel\"). A variety of \"Blutwurst\", the \"Rotwurst\" from Thuringia (\"Thüringer Rotwurst\"), has geographical indication protection under EU law, with PGI status. \"Kartoffelwurst\" (potato sausage) is a post-World War II variety popular in the Palatinate, a reduced fat version of \"Blutwurst\" using potato cubes instead of bacon. In Austria it is often prepared in a dish known as \"Blunzngröstl\", which consists of pan-fried potatoes and blood sausage. This is usually served with freshly grated horseradish.", "Black pudding is the native British version of blood sausage. It is generally made from pork blood and a relatively high proportion of oatmeal. In the past it was occasionally flavoured with pennyroyal, differing from continental European versions in its relatively limited range of ingredients and reliance on oatmeal and barley instead of onions to absorb the blood. It can be eaten cold, as it is cooked in production, grilled, fried or boiled in its skin. It is often served sliced and fried or grilled as part of a traditional full breakfast, a tradition that followed British and Irish emigrants around the world. Black pudding is now part of the local cuisine of New Zealand and the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador. Stornoway Black Pudding produced on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland, is one of the most renowned varieties and has been granted Protected Geographical Indicator of Origin (PGI) status. The similar white pudding is a further important feature of the traditional Northumbrian, Scottish, Irish and Newfoundland breakfast. Black and white pudding, as well as a third variant, red pudding, is served battered in some chip shops in England, Scotland and Ireland as an alternative to fish and chips. While \"blood sausage\" in English is understood in Britain, the term is applied only to foreign usage (e.g., in the story \"The Name-Day\" by Saki), or to similar blood-based sausages elsewhere in the world.", "Many Roman-catholics celebrate Mardi Gras, the last day of carnival, (Literally meaning Carne Vale, farewell to Meat in Italian) with rituals involving the blood sausage. For example, in Spain, they celebrate carnival with \"judías con morcilla\" (morcilla is a variation of Blood sausage) followed by the funeral of the sardina. Likewise, in Belgium and the Netherlands, the Bloodsausage is a symbol for Carnival. (Most likely following the invasion of Spain during the Eighty Years' War. François Rabelais in France mentions in his \"fourth book\" (1552) carnavalesque figures called \"forest-dwelling Blood-puddings\" (Saulcis- sons montigènes, Boudins sylvatiques) as a farce representing the Swiss and German protestants.", "Other varieties of blood sausage include \"blodpølse\" (Norway and Denmark), \"tongenworst\" (with added pigs tongues) (Netherlands), \"mazzit\" (Malta), \"krvavica\" (Balkans), \"krovianka\" (Russia and Ukraine), and \"vėdarai\" (Lithuania)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 44, 294, 223, 13802, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 102256, 14941, 44, 14168, 927, 9, 53909, 4878, 830, 3129, 83, 23, 15504, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 25074, 14941, 44, 14168, 927, 9, 4233, 49335, 58, 3129, 26950, 15, 1760, 707, 3395, 16, 111, 70, 25134, 105459, 5245, 15, 67466, 5, 36369, 425, 4, 102256, 13802, 136, 1401, 7, 13802, 194, 581, 25134, 105459, 5245, 3542, 10, 30839, 1771, 1927, 372, 450, 9615, 6259, 23, 70, 10776, 1295, 70, 23924, 30839, 8950, 73, 20271, 70, 190, 927, 136, 305, 927, 202032, 90, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 127689, 581, 49938, 111, 26832, 13802, 58055, 7, 111, 37195, 86761, 36086, 1974, 7, 4, 707, 604, 289, 18403, 68062, 41566, 7, 4, 98, 10, 57571, 76615, 4, 9932, 18979, 71, 237, 44, 219534, 13, 4, 37195, 36086, 1974, 7, 707, 740, 90512, 538, 75530, 93, 5281, 390, 70, 125726, 43975, 98, 387, 4347, 34975, 6863, 4331, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 604, 289, 18403, 6, 221292, 111, 26832, 13802, 5, 581, 5117, 51529, 182304, 111, 903, 119492, 8035, 11814, 47, 33636, 70, 54529, 53, 509, 23, 611, 1662, 3229, 2258, 188, 41382, 56, 4939, 63349, 8, 13158, 53, 297, 442, 47, 33636, 70, 117604, 111, 70, 25134, 105459, 5245, 5, 33306, 442, 37202, 450, 63349, 509, 119140, 214, 142, 110680, 125413, 17721, 70, 119492, 136, 70, 54529, 53, 4, 43257, 3501, 8035, 70, 26868, 748, 111, 70, 125413, 5, 1650, 83, 5036, 11037, 538, 28601, 297, 450, 70, 54529, 53, 119492, 62038, 3674, 136, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 5798, 18, 111, 121641, 111, 70, 616, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 114996, 111, 70, 55852, 13, 4, 10868, 4939, 8, 581, 72761, 700, 87168, 111, 26832, 13802, 28702, 90, 17305, 5115, 53, 98, 6863, 16500, 214, 98, 70, 127067, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 1401, 289, 555, 6, 109109, 2256, 4, 70, 13036, 66139, 111, 3129, 621, 70, 11192, 33532, 450, 41421, 70, 54529, 53, 23, 10, 65272, 47, 28, 4438, 48225, 12, 70, 1401, 27245, 68034, 136, 70, 25134, 49472, 7, 5, 24955, 30715, 1556, 207487, 70, 25632, 59671, 581, 184085, 289, 70634, 7, 111, 26832, 13802, 136, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 10699, 254, 72567, 621, 70, 4262, 93, 525, 44677, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 5, 581, 184085, 1556, 74729, 538, 1286, 4262, 16532, 13, 3501, 70, 23, 1760, 58555, 12, 15520, 12562, 6659, 7, 4, 102310, 214, 5773, 70, 15520, 4, 17660, 47, 34735, 2499, 76746, 1295, 70, 184085, 5, 17006, 111, 26832, 13802, 400, 90, 23, 39391, 12741, 7, 20288, 382, 74, 70, 131527, 83, 70, 184085, 289, 111719, 65272, 111, 138276, 191, 4, 3129, 400, 90, 23, 70, 2717, 820, 20288, 3569, 82507, 9146, 83, 35064, 83080, 678, 70, 764, 14677, 525, 127841, 2320, 98, 70, 25134, 49472, 7, 678, 111, 102044, 9146, 117, 6602, 5, 581, 20903, 241846, 939, 111, 26832, 13802, 47, 70, 137425, 70863, 111, 14713, 4, 50339, 23, 91097, 160093, 7, 23, 17006, 111, 26832, 13802, 25, 7, 43904, 83, 15917, 3674, 23, 142, 28, 4438, 9, 25617, 13315, 33233, 70, 14941, 55969, 184085, 707, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 9, 25617, 13315, 111, 70, 62, 3768, 5442, 581, 131527, 47, 903, 103510, 83, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 144477, 9, 49760, 927, 34754, 98, 70, 581, 70163, 71, 43904, 111, 26832, 13802, 83, 1672, 51748, 19879, 5, 360, 34975, 26832, 13802, 1902, 10, 43904, 168, 7, 2481, 111, 201, 2588, 117, 1785, 4, 77546, 3501, 70, 83080, 100, 30715, 111, 1112, 966, 117, 1785, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 63805, 237, 47, 70, 43904, 111, 26832, 13802, 83, 7228, 390, 873, 112, 4, 2750, 98363, 7, 70, 54529, 53, 237, 70541, 214, 23, 305, 13556, 3551, 111, 6, 144274, 87143, 74, 6, 190358, 1492, 47, 10, 14449, 15, 11, 169022, 25902, 67, 99, 450, 26040, 7, 99, 64883, 302, 45533, 23, 27271, 8407, 272, 7639, 450, 70, 16128, 1556, 3060, 111, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 7622, 73, 532, 47143, 7, 23, 14713, 4, 1740, 4420, 3060, 6, 183191, 5369, 136, 51529, 237, 27271, 8407, 272, 1572, 707, 44, 11193, 432, 764, 2506, 114123, 43362, 740, 1913, 10, 1764, 43573, 21694, 184721, 35839, 581, 873, 297, 5180, 4, 72977, 765, 2809, 14037, 450, 5622, 1295, 10932, 138, 26738, 5369, 6650, 136, 450, 621, 17569, 47, 186, 1295, 40101, 70, 4568, 799, 37412, 56680, 7, 23, 144477, 9022, 14713, 707, 53918, 11226, 43904, 7, 111, 5744, 118103, 5, 581, 6, 68332, 6496, 43904, 158930, 390, 1926, 1916, 6712, 6044, 237, 111649, 7, 4, 2464, 191, 4, 5568, 432, 927, 136, 4323, 31, 12097, 1690, 4505, 232, 5, 62, 67688, 43877, 24318, 70, 6, 2980, 155434, 645, 70, 23924, 27414, 21501, 3674, 4, 15520, 90926, 49175, 136, 70, 6, 76681, 36448, 7, 6818, 271, 127067, 136, 65272, 19364, 7, 4, 105233, 70, 14941, 55969, 136, 314, 19514, 70, 3395, 111, 26832, 13802, 5773, 1295, 2363, 1215, 8748, 25320, 238, 29842, 7, 1055, 47, 70, 127067, 5, 147466, 1913, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 12610, 158, 75616, 23, 19831, 11548, 4, 2685, 509, 142, 44, 79129, 10863, 58, 23, 70, 127067, 9022, 2831, 111, 2363, 181991, 53, 4, 31895, 23, 70, 11623, 31947, 10776, 5, 62, 14012, 111, 6, 227780, 14071, 64370, 5036, 5351, 2685, 83, 10, 37515, 207116, 450, 70, 12610, 116000, 191, 111, 130891, 23, 19831, 11548, 26859, 10932, 104796, 38648, 86, 136, 5585, 104588, 1950, 38648, 43257, 3501, 70, 89160, 132260, 3687, 111, 52774, 184721, 23, 77261, 5, 129551, 47, 903, 154453, 4, 70, 12610, 7, 3542, 35839, 47, 14359, 107, 70, 211190, 13, 1446, 2063, 4, 60097, 111, 70, 62, 104507, 1636, 4, 2750, 1902, 2809, 22648, 19, 1810, 390, 70, 581, 137374, 37254, 111, 26832, 13802, 83, 62952, 390, 70, 44, 53480, 365, 9, 5464, 27012, 70103, 6402, 133, 830, 3129, 117249, 450, 23, 70, 6602, 19831, 6, 158657, 62394, 1229, 3551, 297, 678, 1919, 17262, 775, 7, 5, 171855, 5775, 46526, 98, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 70, 1215, 147, 7612, 988, 5992, 76, 4, 442, 37202, 62, 2118, 111670, 71, 70, 16128, 17721, 70, 180, 4032, 136, 3003, 2594, 27613, 23, 10, 85689, 53, 5, 24372, 62, 2118, 25, 7, 84616, 40, 29367, 70, 105459, 191, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 26832, 13802, 15, 247, 1295, 70, 25074, 14941, 44, 294, 6355, 10830, 7, 3672, 49335, 58, 15, 218128, 105459, 5245, 247, 83, 10, 105719, 54529, 53, 23, 25134, 24453, 30715, 42518, 214, 166904, 538, 23, 16128, 47, 70, 142, 45964, 117604, 111, 26832, 13802, 5, 1650, 83, 876, 167457, 47, 70, 65272, 390, 10699, 254, 72567, 4, 144477, 390, 8018, 36840, 4, 144477, 13, 4438, 390, 77261, 4, 127067, 390, 70, 14941, 55969, 4, 136, 101637, 71, 100, 5941, 60042, 7, 3934, 70, 52446, 289, 54529, 3387, 111, 10542, 26832, 13802, 136, 24453, 26832, 13802, 5, 138276, 191, 136, 2291, 272, 4, 21208, 2831, 111, 24453, 26832, 13802, 4, 509, 7228, 10, 25072, 6635, 180210, 23, 10586, 4, 136, 237, 6044, 4, 83, 606, 35485, 297, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Toponymy.", "Symbols.", "Geography.", "Landscape.", "Climate.", "Conurbations.", "Population.", "History.", "Beginnings.", "Roman Canton.", "Saxon Kingdom.", "Norman Sussex.", "Sussex under the Plantagenets.", "Early modern Sussex.", "Late modern and contemporary Sussex.", "Governance.", "Politics.", "Law.", "Administrative divisions.", "Historic sub-divisions.", "Modern local authority areas.", "Economy.", "Education.", "Healthcare.", "Culture.", "Architecture.", "Dialect.", "Literature.", "Music.", "Religion.", "Science.", "Sport.", "Cuisine.", "Visual arts." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The name \"Sussex\" is derived from the Middle English \"Suth-sæxe\", which is in turn derived from the Old English \"Suth-Seaxe\" which means (land or people) of the South Saxons (cf. Essex, Middlesex and Wessex). The South Saxons were a Germanic tribe that settled in the region from the North German Plain during the 5th and 6th centuries. The earliest known usage", "The flag of Sussex consists of six gold martlets, or heraldic swallows, on a blue background, blazoned as \"Azure, six martlets or\". Officially recognised by the Flag Institute on 20 May 2011, its design is based on the heraldic shield of Sussex. The first known recording of this emblem being used to represent the county was in 1611 when cartographer John Speed deployed it to represent the Kingdom of the South Saxons. However it seems that Speed was repeating an earlier association between the emblem and the county, rather than being the inventor of the association. It is now firmly regarded that the county emblem originated and derived from the coat of arms of the 14th-century Knight of the Shire, Sir John de", "", "The physical geography of Sussex relies heavily on its lying on the southern part of the Wealden anticline, the major features of which are the high lands that cross the county in a west to east direction: the Weald itself and the South Downs. Natural England has identified the following seven", "The coastal resorts of Sussex and neighbouring Hampshire are the sunniest places in the United Kingdom. The coast has consistently more sunshine than the inland areas: sea breezes, blowing off the sea, tend to clear any cloud from the coast. Most of Sussex lies in Hardiness zone 8; the exception is the coastal plain west of Brighton, which lies in the milder zone 9. Rainfall is below average with the heaviest precipitation on the South Downs with of rainfall per year. The close proximity of Sussex to the Continent of Europe, results in cold spells in", "Most of Sussex's population is distributed in an east-west line along the English Channel coast or on the east-west line of the A272. The exception to this pattern is the 20th century north-south development on the", "The combined population of Sussex is about 1.6 million. In 2011, Sussex had a population density of 425 per km, higher than the average for England of 407 per km. The earliest statement as to the population of Sussex is made by Bede, who describes the county as containing in 681 land of 7,000 families; allowing ten to a family (a reasonable estimate at that", "", "Finds at Eartham Pit in Boxgrove show that the area has some of the earliest hominid remains in Europe, dating back some 500,000 years and known as Boxgrove Man or \"Homo heidelbergensis\". At a site near Pulborough called The Beedings, tools have been found that date from around 35,000 years ago and that are thought to be from either the last Neanderthals in northern Europe or pioneer populations of modern humans. The thriving population lived by hunting game such as horses, bison, mammoth and woolly rhinos. Around 6000BC the ice sheet over the North Sea melted, sea levels rose and the meltwaters burst south and westwards, creating the English Channel and cutting the people of Sussex off from their Mesolithic kinsmen to the south. Later", "At the time of the Roman conquest in AD43, there was an \"oppidum\" in the southern part of their territory, probably in the Selsey region. A number of archaeologists now think there is a strong possibility that the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43 started around Fishbourne and Chichester Harbour rather than the traditional landing place of Richborough in Kent. According to this theory, the Romans were called to restore the refugee Verica, king of the Atrebates, who had been driven out by the", "The foundation legend of Sussex is provided by the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\", which states that in the year AD 477 Ælle landed with his three sons. Having fought on the banks of the Mearcredesburna, it seems Aelle secured the area between the Ouse and Cuckmere in a treaty. After Aelle's forces seized the Saxon Shore fort of Anderida, the South Saxons were able to gradually colonise free of Romano-British control and extend their territory westwards to link with the Saxon settlement at Highdown Hill. Aelle was recognised as the first 'Bretwalda' or overlord of southern Britain. He was probably the most senior of the Anglo-Saxon kings and led the ill-fated campaign against King Arthur at Mount Badon. By the end of the 7th century, the region around Selsey and Chichester had become the political centre of the kingdom. In the 660s-670s, King Aethelwealh of Sussex formed an alliance with the Mercian king Wulfhere and together they", "The Battle of Hastings was fought in Sussex, the victory that led to the Norman conquest of England. In September 1066, William of Normandy landed with his forces at Pevensey and erected a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area. The battle was fought between Duke William of Normandy and the English king, Harold Godwinson, who had strong connections with Sussex and whose chief seat was probably in Bosham. After having marched his exhausted army all the way from Yorkshire, Harold fought the Normans at the Battle of Hastings, where England's army was defeated and Harold was killed. It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated. William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle, with the exact spot where Harold fell marked by the high altar. Sussex experienced some", "During the Hundred Years' War, Sussex found itself on the frontline, convenient both for intended invasions and retaliatory expeditions by licensed French pirates. Hastings, Rye and Winchelsea were", "Like the rest of the country, the Church of England's split with Rome during the reign of Henry VIII was felt in Sussex. In 1538 there was a royal order for the demolition of the shrine of Saint Richard, in Chichester Cathedral, with Thomas Cromwell saying that there was \"a certain kind of idolatry about the shrine\". In the reign of Queen Mary, 41 people in Sussex were burnt at the stake for their Protestant beliefs. Elizabeth", "The Sussex coast was greatly modified by the social movement of sea bathing for health which became fashionable among the wealthy in the second half of the 18th century. Resorts developed all along the coast, including at Brighton, Hastings, Worthing, and Bognor. At the beginning of the 19th century agricultural labourers' conditions took a turn for the worse with an increasing amount of them becoming unemployed, those in work faced their wages being forced down. Conditions became so bad that it was even reported to the House of Lords in 1830 that four harvest labourers (seasonal workers) had been found dead of starvation. The deteriorating conditions of work for the agricultural labourer eventually triggered riots, first in neighbouring Kent, and then in Sussex, where they lasted for several weeks, although the unrest continued until 1832 and became known as the Swing Riots. Railways spread across Sussex in the 19th century and county councils were created for Sussex's eastern and western divisions in 1889. During", "", "From 1290, Sussex returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of England. Each county returned two MPs and each borough designated by Royal charter also returned two MPs. After the union with Scotland two members represented the county in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of", "Headquartered in Lewes, Home Office policing in Sussex has been provided by Sussex Police since 1968. The first-tier Crown Court for all of Sussex is Lewes Crown Court, which has courts", "", "A rape was a traditional sub-division of the county of Sussex. Their origin is unknown, but they appear to predate the Norman Conquest. Each rape was split into", "Sussex is divided into two administrative counties and one unitary authority, Brighton and Hove. The divisions of east Sussex and west Sussex have their roots in the church's division of the county at the river Adur into east and west parts (divided from at least the 11th century into the archdeaconry of Chichester and the archdeaconry of Lewes). With Sussex's cathedral located at Chichester in the far west of the county, 9 miles from the western boundary and 90 miles from the eastern boundary, it became practical to divide the county into two sections. The three eastern rapes of Sussex became east Sussex and the three western rapes became west Sussex. An act of Henry VII dating from 1504 directed that, for convenience, the two halves of the county should have separate administrations (Quarter Sessions). This situation was recognised by the County of Sussex Act 1865. Under the Local Government Act 1888, the two divisions became two administrative counties (along with three county boroughs: Brighton, Hastings and, from 1911, Eastbourne).", "Much of the Sussex Weald consists of wet sticky clays or drought-prone acid sands and is often broken up into small irregular fields and woods by the topography, making it unsuitable for intensive arable farming. In these areas pastoral or mixed farming has always been the pattern, with field boundaries often little changed since the medieval period. Sussex cattle are the descendants of the draught oxen, which continued to be used in the Weald longer than in other parts of England. The chalk downlands were traditionally grazed by large numbers of small Southdown sheep, suited to the low fertility of the pasture, until the coming of artificial fertiliser made cereal growing worthwhile. There are still fishing fleets, notably at Rye and Hastings, but the number of boats is much reduced. There are working harbours at Rye, Hastings, Newhaven and Shoreham; whilst Pagham, Eastbourne and Chichester harbours cater for leisure craft, as does Brighton Marina. Sussex had an iron working industry since the Roman period. The large supply of wood in the county made it a favourable centre for the industry, all smelting being done with charcoal till the middle of the 18th century. The glass making industry started on the Sussex/Surrey border in the early 13th century and flourished till the 17th century. The Mid Sussex area had a thriving clay industry in the first quarter of the 20th century. Sussex has considerable variation in wealth and deprivation. Gross Value Added, a measure of output, was £27,464 million for Sussex in 2009. GVA per head in", "The oldest university in Sussex is the research intensive University of Sussex, founded in 1961 at Falmer in Brighton, the first new university in England since World War Two. The University consistently ranks among the top 20 universities in the UK. It is home to the renowned Institute of Development Studies and the Science Policy Research Unit, alongside over 40 other established research centres. In 1992 it was joined by the University of Brighton and in 2005", "The Sussex County Hospital (now the Royal Sussex County Hospital) was founded in 1828 at Brighton whilst the Sussex County Mental Asylum (later 'St. Francis Hospital' and now the Princess Royal Hospital) was founded in 1859 in the centre of county at Haywards Heath. Sussex's first medical school, the Brighton and Sussex", "Sussex has a centuries-old reputation for being separate and culturally distinct from the rest of England. The people of Sussex have a reputation for independence of thought and have an aversion to being pushed around, as expressed through the Sussex motto, We wunt be druv. Sussex is known for its strong tradition of bonfire celebrations and its proud musical heritage. The county is home to England's largest arts festival, the Brighton Festival and Brighton Pride, one of the UK's largest and oldest gay pride parades. Chichester is home to the Chichester Festival Theatre and Pallant House Gallery.", "Sussex's building materials reflect its geology, being made of flint on and near the South Downs and sandstone in the Weald. Brick is used across the county. Typically conservative", "Historically, Sussex has had its own dialect with regional differences reflecting its cultural history. It has been divided into variants for the three western rapes of West Sussex, the two eastern rapes of Lewes", "Writers born in Sussex include the Renaissance poet Thomas May and playwrights Thomas Otway, and John Fletcher. One of the most prolific playwrights of his day, Fletcher is thought to have collaborated with Shakespeare. Notable Sussex poets include William Hayley, William Collins, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Richard Realf, while poet and writer Hilaire Belloc spent most of his life in Sussex. Sheila Kaye-Smith is known for her many novels in the British regional literature genre, which are set in the borderlands of Sussex and Kent. Other writers from Sussex include Maureen Duffy and Hammond Innes. In addition there are writers, who while they were not born in Sussex had a strong connection. This includes William Blake and Alfred Tennyson. Sussex has been home to four winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature: Rudyard Kipling spent much of his life in Sussex, living in Rottingdean and later at Burwash. Irishman W.B. Yeats spent three winters living with", "Sussex's rich musical heritage encompasses folk, classical and popular genres amongst others. Composed by William Ward-Higgs, \"Sussex by the Sea\" is the county's unofficial anthem. Passed on through oral tradition, many of Sussex's traditional songs may not have changed significantly for centuries, with their origins perhaps dating as far back as the time of the South Saxons. William Henry Hudson compared the singing of the Sussexians with that of the Basques and the Tehuelche people of Patagonia, both peoples with ancient cultures. The songs sung by the Copper Family, Henry Burstow, Samuel Willett, Peter and Harriett Verrall, David Penfold and others were collected by John Broadwood and his niece Lucy Broadwood, Kate Lee and composers Ralph Vaughan", "Sussex is connected with several saints, including St Lewina; St Wilfrid, sometimes known as the 'Apostle of Sussex'; St Cuthman of Steyning; St Richard of Chichester, Sussex's patron saint; St Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel; and James Hannington. In folklore, Mayfield and Devil's Dyke are linked with St Dunstan while West Tarring has links with St Thomas a Becket. The historic county has been a single diocese after St Wilfrid converted the kingdom of Sussex in the seventh century. The seat of the Sussex bishopric was originally located at Selsey Abbey before the Normans moved it to Chichester Cathedral in 1075. Since 1965 Arundel Cathedral has been the", "Pell's equation and the Pell number are both named after 17th century mathematician John Pell. Pell is sometimes credited with inventing the division sign, which has also been attributed to Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Rahn, one of his students. In the 19th century, geologist and palaeontologist Gideon Mantell began the scientific study of dinosaurs. In 1822 he was responsible for the discovery and eventual identification of the first fossil teeth, and later much of the skeleton of Iguanodon. Braxton Hicks contractions are named after John Braxton Hicks, the Sussex doctor who in 1872 first described the uterine contractions not resulting in childbirth. In the 20th century, Frederick Soddy won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes. Frederick Gowland Hopkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929 with Christiaan Eijkman, for discovering the growth-stimulating vitamins. Martin Ryle shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 with", "Sussex has a centuries-long tradition of sport. Sussex has played a key role in the early development of both cricket and stoolball. Cricket is recognised as having been formed in the Weald and Sussex CCC is England's oldest county cricket club. Slindon Cricket Club dominated the sport for a while in the 18th century. The cricket ground at Arundel Castle traditionally plays host to a Duchess of Norfolk's XI which plays the national test sides touring England. The sport of stoolball is also associated with Sussex, which has a claim to be where the", "The historic county is known for its \"seven good things of Sussex\". These seven things are Pulborough eel, Selsey cockle, Chichester lobster, Rye herring, Arundel mullet, Amberley trout and Bourne wheatear. Sussex is also known for Ashdown Partridge Pudding, Chiddingly Hot pot, Sussex Bacon Pudding, Sussex Hogs' Pudding, Huffed Chicken, Sussex Churdles, Sussex Shepherds Pie, Sussex Pond Pudding, Sussex Blanket Pudding, Sussex Well Pudding, and Chichester Pudding. Sussex is also known for its cakes and biscuits known as Sussex Plum Heavies and Sussex Lardy", "Some of the earliest known art in Sussex is the carvings in the galleries of the Neolithic flint mines at Cissbury on the South Downs near Worthing. From the Roman period, the palace at Fishbourne has the largest in situ collection of mosaics in the UK, while the villa at Bignor contains some of the best preserved Roman mosaics in England. Dating from around the 12th century, the 'Lewes Group' of wall paintings can be found in several churches across the centre of Sussex, some of which are celebrated for their age, extent and quality. Of uncertain origin, the Long Man of Wilmington is Europe's largest representation of the human form. In the late 18th century three men commissioned important works of the county which ensured that its landscapes and daily life were captured onto canvas. William Burrell of Knepp Castle commissioned Swiss-born watercolourist Samuel Hieronymus Grimm to tour Sussex, producing 900 watercolours of the county's buildings. George" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7674, 425, 4293, 509, 7311, 538, 959, 117, 37316, 48141, 111, 44, 229815, 674, 154453, 830, 237, 28, 137089, 509, 24145, 35839, 5, 3293, 831, 186, 51592, 23, 1919, 57203, 429, 8347, 111, 12452, 177467, 7, 25, 44, 26455, 71478, 7, 111, 70, 24955, 65786, 111, 15678, 2320, 830, 10, 12877, 3129, 70541, 297, 3060, 32233, 71482, 10750, 7, 23, 1238, 141775, 111, 28, 137089, 5, 7674, 425, 4293, 1902, 2843, 6, 34590, 89829, 239, 1727, 2594, 25, 7, 154453, 111, 3900, 561, 22062, 4, 98, 70, 18231, 450, 2685, 509, 23, 129980, 77950, 47, 8060, 442, 5, 3164, 903, 107223, 112569, 8780, 509, 91048, 25842, 23, 10, 59619, 47, 70, 25674, 105251, 4, 3129, 7228, 131455, 142, 78697, 223, 20174, 47, 5423, 1672, 142, 71834, 47, 15549, 27150, 7674, 425, 4293, 25, 7, 7086, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 8562, 111, 13580, 131455, 6777, 678, 1919, 20903, 271, 57456, 23902, 4, 1284, 764, 8110, 765, 1902, 3060, 17311, 58868, 1363, 1672, 7674, 425, 4293, 4, 2750, 509, 1295, 756, 15426, 7, 10, 2684, 218898, 3445, 3853, 237, 10, 27150, 332, 5, 7674, 425, 4293, 509, 127298, 1632, 111, 70, 19336, 21115, 2750, 55950, 1672, 131455, 25, 7, 25647, 8108, 1836, 3542, 91376, 15, 2347, 21115, 99201, 33876, 10017, 1507, 39016, 1728, 136, 28166, 18118, 6796, 194, 581, 5117, 104345, 390, 131455, 111, 1919, 25647, 21449, 3229, 23706, 8509, 9325, 131455, 1919, 170277, 15122, 98, 6083, 132216, 4, 3129, 509, 8121, 71, 390, 18118, 6796, 136, 39016, 1728, 47, 70, 79642, 5073, 67081, 23, 543, 10057, 33233, 8752, 1119, 3443, 6328, 7, 1295, 131455, 25, 7, 74305, 136, 10, 131455, 31330, 47, 39441, 155438, 5, 7674, 425, 4293, 25, 7, 170277, 57553, 47, 70, 6528, 111, 6083, 132216, 509, 44, 81826, 111531, 110833, 959, 47, 765, 17569, 111, 450, 3890, 33306, 4, 764, 8306, 178376, 272, 538, 7228, 1257, 1919, 7086, 1672, 36766, 6083, 132216, 509, 70, 5201, 55300, 100, 28, 137089, 4, 21208, 764, 6777, 36456, 442, 509, 10, 170933, 6023, 3129, 509, 10, 4127, 20697, 18231, 5, 13146, 71407, 142146, 4, 70, 41928, 9655, 509, 36766, 28, 137089, 1902, 39958, 3687, 99, 756, 5, 1650, 83, 47, 903, 9655, 450, 5045, 111, 131455, 25, 7, 44, 20320, 70, 119862, 111, 24990, 3387, 58, 509, 30396, 3674, 5, 1650, 7, 104345, 23, 192888, 64557, 122991, 71, 7674, 425, 4293, 111, 28, 137089, 136, 442, 509, 903, 136, 110, 92814, 1919, 61113, 1363, 111, 131455, 25, 7, 3917, 111, 2527, 38001, 136, 17368, 77950, 450, 100, 4806, 70, 18231, 111, 1919, 8060, 100, 131455, 23, 70, 29865, 7, 450, 134629, 70, 12877, 25, 7, 104345, 5, 7674, 425, 4293, 25, 7, 8060, 26859, 678, 1919, 52184, 10821, 1238, 141775, 2886, 8347, 111, 70, 44, 670, 10384, 73, 58, 23, 70, 44, 70059, 7, 58, 100, 1381, 14487, 192888, 4, 136, 136475, 678, 38440, 23, 40368, 120164, 16765, 4, 136, 23, 10, 59619, 99, 70, 25674, 105251, 23, 22482, 128136, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 22758, 123610, 4, 217982, 32562, 142, 111531, 192586, 13, 52184, 10821, 8347, 111, 70, 44, 670, 10384, 73, 58, 23, 70, 44, 647, 3035, 13593, 127, 35881, 830, 2843, 20809, 71, 59176, 18899, 1297, 50930, 2750, 54397, 1632, 23, 70, 44, 31583, 136910, 538, 35881, 830, 51042, 47, 106, 144274, 34153, 5, 581, 42179, 16070, 111, 903, 21, 3055, 8347, 509, 959, 51529, 100, 9077, 24189, 18899, 1297, 50930, 25, 7, 775, 54397, 1919, 333, 87168, 5, 1061, 442, 831, 186, 2804, 450, 4, 1660, 237, 131455, 11969, 306, 297, 7674, 425, 4293, 4, 221, 123610, 11969, 306, 297, 18899, 1297, 50930, 74, 136, 15044, 70, 502, 5134, 90, 5775, 46526, 3835, 133868, 7, 98, 232045, 111, 2363, 7893, 7, 237, 5045, 237, 61261, 5, 145733, 642, 54, 959, 3714, 70, 24763, 34153, 111, 70, 42673, 29865, 4, 642, 54, 3714, 2367, 7674, 425, 4293, 17569, 111, 70, 8347, 23, 70, 44, 31583, 136910, 538, 58, 12, 66016, 47443, 13177, 58968, 302, 237, 27305, 6259, 1773, 44389, 4, 70, 8999, 1556, 51592, 110, 6044, 40140, 1055, 111, 70, 23, 8748, 6620, 111, 10, 35299, 8770, 41903, 42, 47, 10, 18897, 23, 28745, 237, 903, 456, 10015, 2886, 36049, 4, 23, 3129, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 24763, 111, 160073, 7, 4, 2684, 377, 7130, 10821, 111, 31635, 1314, 4, 136, 2684, 7841, 532, 111, 58309, 172, 22230, 4, 111, 903, 707, 2499, 3789, 32070, 4, 83, 34658, 1257, 47, 28780, 19, 237, 10, 44, 420, 20016, 53, 58, 3445, 4, 2750, 28117, 141775, 7, 44, 188, 25793, 1257, 1919, 75, 3055, 538, 20788, 510, 109379, 111, 57767, 136, 149575, 1363, 4, 58, 136, 124901, 44, 61170, 111, 184017, 678, 31425, 58, 83, 61307, 2848, 297, 237, 44, 34, 3055, 538, 45, 61116, 34639, 2886, 47, 24955, 28745, 1242, 4263, 87, 17438, 86, 759, 24036, 16711, 18, 111, 70, 116816, 111, 70, 44, 670, 10384, 73, 111, 24990, 3387, 58, 47, 10, 77488, 76456, 15477, 127, 4, 707, 2685, 115095, 7, 4, 1295, 70, 1733, 111, 6863, 104345, 4, 87, 54, 959, 456, 196352, 23937, 32233, 221, 150863, 4745, 136, 51, 5761, 56, 538, 237, 70, 44, 31583, 136910, 538, 35881, 58, 5582, 27, 7674, 425, 4293, 2804, 44, 568, 444, 131455, 25, 7, 50208, 38507, 740, 51404, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 131455, 25, 7, 6897, 509, 158930, 5201, 538, 28032, 1919, 14449, 4, 70, 27150, 56, 30641, 5844, 7674, 425, 4293, 160404, 71, 5201, 538, 1810, 23, 70, 8999, 99, 21334, 5, 62, 31330, 1295, 7674, 425, 4293, 47, 108890, 110781, 2590, 4700, 7582, 159983, 16, 117249, 12, 44, 3957, 10269, 7, 765, 2809, 16854, 26783, 99, 378, 62051, 9494, 25, 7, 268, 8953, 7, 5792, 5045, 111, 72399, 1242, 1913, 42673, 136, 105109, 66821, 90, 4, 44, 7235, 1181, 38507, 58, 509, 136, 7464, 83, 9836, 166944, 100, 10, 152363, 35206, 669, 4, 124901, 12447, 509, 47, 8231, 7263, 72, 15212, 25921, 136, 76104, 2363, 14392, 21954, 35810, 5, 360, 7582, 159992, 4, 7674, 425, 4293, 214493, 297, 23, 83184, 214, 10, 45, 592, 11938, 4, 70, 1193, 7687, 4, 150350, 71, 111, 1884, 9, 36904, 297, 3395, 20697, 47, 129745, 70, 22304, 111, 41664, 74, 959, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14978, 45233, 7674, 425, 4293, 9451, 4347, 543, 2588, 46, 1702, 18237, 125800, 16, 509, 142, 14941, 28387, 271, 136, 142, 42294, 771, 106622, 26341, 6953, 23, 151878, 13, 10, 35931, 1176, 5, 1529, 83, 51529, 237, 44, 62051, 9494, 25, 7, 33672, 38507, 58, 100, 1919, 606, 965, 408, 2408, 111, 28166, 131455, 25, 7, 154453, 111, 28, 137089, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Darwin's bulldog.", "The X Club.", "Educational influence.", "School of Mines and Zoology.", "Schools and the Bible.", "Adult education.", "Huxley and the humanities.", "Royal and other commissions.", "Family.", "Mental problems in the family.", "Satires.", "Further reading." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Huxley was originally not persuaded of \"development theory\", as evolution was once called. This can be seen in his savage review of Robert Chambers' \"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation\", a book which contained some quite pertinent arguments in favour of evolution. Huxley had also rejected Lamarck's theory of transmutation, on the basis that there was insufficient evidence to support it. All this scepticism was brought together in a lecture to the Royal Institution, which made Darwin anxious enough to set about an effort to change young Huxley's mind. It was the kind of thing Darwin did with his closest scientific friends, but he must have had some particular intuition about Huxley, who was from all accounts a most impressive person even as a young man. Huxley was therefore one of the small group who knew about Darwin's ideas before they were published (the group included Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell). The first publication by Darwin of his ideas came when Wallace sent Darwin his famous paper on natural selection, which was presented by Lyell and Hooker to the Linnean Society in 1858 alongside excerpts from Darwin's notebook and a Darwin letter to Asa Gray. Huxley's famous response to the idea of natural selection was \"How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!\" However, he never conclusively made up his mind about whether natural selection was the main method for evolution, though he did admit it was a hypothesis which was a good working basis. Logically speaking, the prior question was whether evolution had taken place at all. It is to this question that much of Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" was devoted. Its publication in 1859 completely convinced Huxley of evolution and it was this and no doubt his admiration of Darwin's way of amassing and using evidence that formed the basis of his support for Darwin in the debates that followed the book's publication. Huxley's support started with his anonymous favourable review of the \"Origin\" in the \"Times\" for 26 December 1859, and continued with articles in several periodicals, and in a lecture at the Royal Institution in February 1860. At the same time, Richard Owen, whilst writing an extremely hostile anonymous review of the \"Origin\" in the \"Edinburgh Review\", also primed Samuel Wilberforce who wrote one in the \"Quarterly Review\", running to 17,000 words. The authorship of this latter review was not known for sure until Wilberforce's son wrote his biography. So it can be said that, just as Darwin groomed Huxley, so Owen groomed Wilberforce; and both the proxies fought public battles on behalf of their principals as much as themselves. Though we do not know the exact words of the Oxford debate, we do know what Huxley thought of the review in the \"Quarterly\": Since Lord Brougham assailed Dr Young, the world has seen no such specimen of the insolence of a shallow pretender to a Master in Science as this remarkable production, in which one of the most exact of observers, most cautious of reasoners, and most candid of expositors, of this or any other age, is held up to scorn as a \"flighty\" person, who endeavours \"to prop up his utterly rotten fabric of guess and speculation,\" and whose \"mode of dealing with nature\" is reprobated as \"utterly dishonourable to Natural Science.\" If I confine my retrospect of the reception of the \"Origin of Species\" to a twelvemonth, or thereabouts, from the time of its publication, I do not recollect anything quite so foolish and unmannerly as the \"Quarterly Review\" article... Huxley said \"I am Darwin's bulldog\". While the second half of Darwin's life was lived mainly within his family, the younger combative Huxley operated mainly out in the world at large. A letter from Huxley to Ernst Haeckel (2 November 1871) states: \"The dogs have been snapping at [Darwin's] heels too much of late.\" At Oxford and Cambridge Universities, \"Bulldog\" was and still is student slang for a university policeman, whose job was to corral errant students and maintain their moral rectitude.", "In November 1864, Huxley succeeded in launching a dining club, the X Club, composed of like-minded people working to advance the cause of science; not surprisingly, the club consisted of most of his closest friends. There were nine members, who decided at their first meeting that there should be no more. The members were: Huxley, John Tyndall, J. D. Hooker, John Lubbock (banker, biologist and neighbour of Darwin), Herbert Spencer (social philosopher and sub-editor of the Economist), William Spottiswoode (mathematician and the Queen's Printer), Thomas Hirst (Professor of Physics at University College London), Edward Frankland (the new Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution) and George Busk, zoologist and palaeontologist (formerly surgeon for HMS \"Dreadnought\"). All except Spencer were Fellows of the Royal Society. Tyndall was a particularly close friend; for many years they met regularly and discussed issues of the day. On more than one occasion Huxley joined Tyndall in the latter's trips into the Alps and helped with his investigations in glaciology. There were also some quite significant X-Club satellites such as William Flower and George Rolleston, (Huxley protegés), and liberal clergyman Arthur Stanley, the Dean of Westminster. Guests such as Charles Darwin and Hermann von Helmholtz were entertained from time to time. They would dine early on first Thursdays at a hotel, planning what to do; high on the agenda was to change the way the Royal Society Council did business. It was no coincidence that the Council met later that", "When Huxley himself was young there were virtually no degrees in British universities in the biological sciences and few courses. Most biologists of his day were either self-taught, or took medical degrees. When he retired there were established chairs in biological disciplines in most universities, and a broad consensus on the curricula to be followed. Huxley was the single most influential person in this transformation.", "In the early 1870s the Royal School of Mines moved to new quarters in South Kensington; ultimately it would become one of the constituent parts of Imperial College London. The move gave Huxley the chance to give more prominence to laboratory work in biology teaching, an idea suggested by practice in German universities. In the main, the method was based on the use of carefully chosen types, and depended on the dissection of anatomy, supplemented by microscopy, museum specimens and some elementary physiology at the hands of Foster. The typical day would start with Huxley lecturing at 9am, followed by a program of laboratory work supervised by his demonstrators. Huxley's demonstrators were picked men—all became", "Huxley was also a major influence in the direction taken by British schools: in November 1870 he was voted onto the London School Board. In primary schooling, he advocated a wide range of disciplines, similar to what is taught today: reading, writing, arithmetic, art, science, music, etc. In secondary education he recommended two years of basic liberal studies followed by two years of some upper-division work, focusing on a more specific area of study. A practical example of the latter is his famous 1868 lecture \"On a Piece", "Huxley's interest in education went still further than school and university classrooms; he made a great effort to reach interested adults of all kinds: after all, he himself was largely self-educated. There were his lecture courses for working men, many of which were published afterwards, and there was the use he made of journalism, partly to earn money but mostly to reach out to the literate public. For most of his adult life he wrote for periodicals—the \"Westminster Review\", the \"Saturday", "During his life, and especially in the last ten years after retirement, Huxley wrote on many issues relating to the humanities. Perhaps the best known of these topics is \"Evolution and Ethics\", which deals with the question of whether biology has anything particular to say about moral philosophy. Both Huxley and his grandson Julian Huxley gave Romanes Lectures on this theme. For a start, Huxley dismisses religion as a source of moral authority. Next, he believes the mental characteristics of man are as much a product of evolution as the physical aspects. Thus, our emotions, our intellect, our tendency to prefer living in groups and spend resources on raising our young are part and parcel of our evolution, and therefore inherited. Despite this, the \"details\" of our values and ethics are not inherited: they are partly determined by our culture,", "Huxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions (titles somewhat shortened here). The Royal Commission is the senior investigative forum in the British constitution.", "In 1855, he married Henrietta Anne Heathorn (1825–1915), an English émigrée whom he had met in Sydney. They kept correspondence until he was able to send for her. They had five daughters and three sons: Huxley's relationships with his relatives and children were genial by the standards of the day—so long as they lived their lives in an honourable manner, which some did not. After his mother, his eldest sister Lizzie was the most important person in his life until his own marriage. He remained on good terms with his children, more than can be said of many Victorian fathers. This excerpt from a letter to Jessie, his eldest daughter is full of affection: Huxley's descendants include children of Leonard Huxley: Other significant descendants of Huxley, such as Sir Crispin Tickell, are treated in the Huxley family.", "Biographers have sometimes noted the occurrence of mental illness in the Huxley family. His father became \"sunk in worse than childish imbecility of mind\", and later died in Barming Asylum; brother George suffered from \"extreme mental anxiety\" and died in 1863 leaving serious debts. Brother James, a well known psychiatrist and Superintendent of Kent County Asylum, was at 55 \"as near mad as any sane man can be\"; and there is more. His favourite daughter, the artistically talented Mady (Marian), who became the first wife of artist John Collier, was troubled by mental illness for years. She died of pneumonia in her mid-twenties. About Huxley himself we have a more complete record. As a young apprentice to a medical practitioner, aged", "Darwin's ideas and Huxley's controversies gave rise to many cartoons and satires. It was the debate about man's place in nature that roused such", "" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 4171, 1290, 18822, 71, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 47, 186, 29568, 136, 100, 5941, 5369, 37842, 23, 6811, 47, 23534, 442, 5, 1650, 100512, 70, 5117, 98, 6765, 26370, 16466, 25, 7, 5303, 111, 5526, 9803, 17582, 450, 509, 8121, 71, 99, 70, 8357, 77699, 111, 123426, 47148, 72004, 23, 70, 6602, 33418, 23, 7270, 5, 62, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 509, 99, 450, 6275, 959, 14373, 26168, 3674, 5, 54010, 23912, 1743, 77443, 23, 27712, 450, 70, 108, 125682, 111, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 4, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 10, 5423, 678, 81814, 2182, 200103, 2481, 4, 5809, 959, 186, 77443, 23, 5570, 5423, 154453, 5, 581, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 23, 215131, 111, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 46, 17, 5, 13, 5, 4, 51, 70628, 41159, 111, 70, 351, 116311, 111, 142, 81814, 2182, 9, 7, 29367, 5423, 46, 509, 77443, 23, 36102, 390, 10208, 168720, 5, 32964, 5423, 7, 621, 2804, 47, 765, 70, 5701, 44, 38931, 73, 134393, 58, 707, 44, 38931, 73, 289, 14012, 58, 2174, 2685, 32316, 7, 10, 1582, 58994, 15, 11, 1632, 9, 188, 9, 3630, 42518, 6620, 16, 17721, 2856, 5, 360, 18425, 4935, 538, 4, 100, 6626, 5423, 7, 44, 294, 58, 136, 44, 618, 58, 47, 765, 70, 5701, 200103, 2481, 26950, 450, 442, 83, 7722, 47, 44, 109637, 5773, 58, 80854, 111, 44, 294, 58, 678, 80854, 111, 44, 618, 58, 23, 6044, 10, 54543, 450, 11907, 12830, 111, 44, 294, 58, 83, 80836, 297, 5773, 678, 66161, 1632, 12830, 111, 44, 618, 58, 136, 22925, 105274, 5, 572, 6620, 4, 70, 5423, 10666, 105281, 11, 4, 108787, 4, 280, 147, 8152, 1556, 70, 5701, 200103, 2481, 237, 10666, 1033, 41566, 4, 4842, 4, 50997, 8152, 5, 17106, 54241, 13, 5423, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 5423, 111, 892, 26255, 707, 168487, 101935, 4, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 10, 1582, 58994, 17721, 6626, 5423, 7, 24209, 7, 1286, 34844, 47, 106804, 13, 5, 581, 168487, 101935, 48903, 214, 538, 3173, 10, 105416, 3355, 11, 33209, 47, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 12, 70, 892, 26255, 3173, 10, 27798, 1614, 3509, 111, 70, 168487, 7, 4, 3129, 61261, 3173, 10, 27798, 1614, 3509, 111, 70, 2773, 7, 4, 221, 100270, 21286, 4, 2685, 621, 1286, 168487, 101935, 3501, 892, 26255, 136, 1286, 2773, 101935, 3501, 168487, 101935, 5, 33306, 4, 903, 100270, 13, 114137, 83, 6, 13034, 24243, 74, 442, 14602, 959, 5646, 27798, 15426, 111, 70, 15824, 450, 756, 17262, 5423, 7, 621, 54241, 13, 5, 1650, 15504, 7, 1810, 70, 168487, 101935, 831, 20653, 186, 158012, 23, 1632, 9, 188, 9, 3630, 42518, 6620, 678, 70, 892, 26255, 4, 136, 127298, 70, 5423, 111, 168487, 101935, 83, 70, 5701, 13267, 24073, 38931, 73, 134393, 18939, 237, 70, 5423, 111, 892, 26255, 12, 1836, 621, 15044, 54529, 2886, 5423, 7, 5, 4171, 1290, 26038, 6626, 6, 98869, 7, 450, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 70, 5423, 111, 892, 26255, 83, 81113, 538, 164917, 3501, 450, 111, 70, 5423, 111, 2773, 101935, 15, 21231, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 5117, 51, 71013, 41159, 6, 98869, 136, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 207997, 10750, 194, 18763, 6, 98869, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 8337, 110, 14585, 1363, 111, 70, 192961, 47, 3129, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 70, 892, 26255, 83, 40715, 3501, 450, 111, 70, 2773, 101935, 5, 4171, 1290, 26171, 71, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 237, 10, 7722, 29806, 47, 903, 9655, 5, 581, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 117249, 450, 70, 5423, 111, 2773, 101935, 1556, 20187, 7722, 200103, 2481, 3129, 83, 117396, 3501, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 70, 5423, 111, 892, 26255, 5, 9925, 83, 4, 11907, 5423, 4, 44, 294, 830, 111, 2773, 101935, 831, 40101, 186, 291, 48398, 1632, 9, 188, 9, 3630, 3934, 70, 892, 26255, 707, 70, 2773, 101935, 831, 186, 291, 48398, 1632, 9, 188, 9, 3630, 3934, 44, 294, 740, 345, 6953, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 2773, 101935, 621, 60715, 85916, 223, 678, 70, 14537, 3509, 111, 70, 892, 26255, 4, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 17378, 450, 2685, 83, 110, 5423, 26168, 115187, 100, 3129, 26168, 454, 304, 62, 66596, 214, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 4, 2685, 83, 10, 19336, 525, 200103, 14012, 26168, 454, 363, 117396, 3501, 26168, 454, 617, 4, 136, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 83, 23, 15504, 183234, 47, 70, 28, 161789, 26168, 454, 758, 8622, 83, 2843, 10, 4537, 47691, 111, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 35839, 70, 4537, 29367, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 15, 724, 16999, 16, 3129, 17378, 450, 100, 11907, 23335, 141, 5961, 4, 26168, 454, 910, 9925, 83, 4, 527, 16999, 237, 33657, 7, 450, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 70, 14537, 5423, 111, 12638, 54241, 13, 5423, 83, 70, 19336, 525, 200103, 2481, 117396, 3501, 450, 111, 70, 5423, 5, 581, 23, 215131, 111, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 15, 16999, 16, 1295, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 15, 1511, 919, 16, 28960, 7, 1295, 70163, 71, 4488, 111, 54010, 23912, 1743, 136, 10208, 168720, 5, 168720, 15, 161922, 4, 38425, 16, 168360, 450, 14045, 53418, 186, 60449, 1295, 70, 567, 27529, 10, 5134, 28016, 4, 21721, 214, 70, 128512, 23, 215131, 6, 98869, 5, 717, 23534, 1919, 16750, 4, 168720, 126809, 70, 55300, 111, 100, 21896, 4, 3129, 1556, 24209, 10, 5570, 55516, 23, 5423, 154453, 5, 179769, 538, 4, 903, 55300, 9842, 7, 678, 10, 3299, 111, 567, 919, 23, 3129, 14045, 16401, 7, 4, 136, 64549, 7, 15700, 3299, 3129, 70541, 7, 1286, 5423, 7, 3501, 70, 7311, 4, 23, 10, 3917, 450, 14045, 14602, 959, 16401, 23, 70, 3525, 3299, 5, 168720, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 117657, 7, 165605, 23, 36236, 100, 1919, 6, 98869, 5, 581, 23, 215131, 6, 98869, 1660, 151552, 45831, 450, 14045, 83, 41371, 111, 567, 27529, 5, 27766, 9319, 25188, 1556, 127887, 450, 14045, 83, 41371, 111, 756, 51529, 44, 320, 429, 200103, 10, 5134, 28016, 58, 23, 70, 43701, 111, 567, 27529, 5, 15, 16, 5455, 5465, 4, 442, 1556, 2809, 127887, 450, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 70, 19686, 316, 831, 186, 2499, 200103, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 15, 10545, 107, 3459, 3674, 14045, 16, 83, 10, 170933, 6023, 1672, 70, 7722, 13267, 7, 111, 54241, 13, 5423, 7, 5, 1650, 117249, 12, 581, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 509, 175961, 390, 80450, 4171, 1290, 23, 153459, 4, 136, 137633, 214, 6863, 85027, 707, 98320, 44462, 83, 70, 5117, 111, 26370, 16466, 25, 7, 1105, 44402, 8121, 71, 23, 33418, 5, 581, 35166, 47, 903, 2967, 83, 41371, 111, 567, 27529, 5423, 154453, 15, 86673, 83, 4, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 678, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 99201, 247, 221, 450, 40101, 70, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 707, 6863, 108, 125682, 831, 186, 49814, 237, 142, 10, 5134, 306, 47, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Cardinality of infinite sets.", "Independence from ZFC.", "Arguments for and against the continuum hypothesis.", "The generalized continuum hypothesis.", "Implications of GCH for cardinal exponentiation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Cantor believed the continuum hypothesis to be true and for many years tried in vain to prove it. It became the first on David Hilbert's list of important open questions that was presented at the International Congress of Mathematicians in the year 1900 in Paris. Axiomatic set theory was at that point not yet formulated. Kurt Gödel proved in 1940 that the negation of the continuum hypothesis, i.e., the existence of a set with intermediate cardinality, could not be proved in standard set theory. The second half of the independence of the continuum hypothesis – i.e., unprovability of the nonexistence of an intermediate-sized set – was proved in 1963 by Paul Cohen.", "Two sets are said to have the same \"cardinality\" or \"cardinal number\" if there exists a bijection (a one-to-one correspondence) between them. Intuitively, for two sets \"S\" and \"T\" to have the same cardinality means that it is possible to \"pair off\" elements of \"S\" with elements of \"T\" in such a fashion that every element of \"S\" is paired off with exactly one element of \"T\" and vice versa. Hence, the set {banana, apple, pear} has the same cardinality as {yellow, red, green}. With infinite sets such as the set of integers or rational numbers, the existence of a bijection between two sets becomes more difficult to demonstrate. The rational numbers seemingly form a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis: the integers form a proper subset of the rationals, which themselves form a proper subset of the reals, so intuitively, there are more rational numbers than integers and more real numbers than rational numbers. However, this intuitive analysis is flawed; it does not take proper account of the fact that all three sets are infinite. It turns out the rational numbers can actually be placed in one-to-one correspondence with the integers, and therefore the set of rational numbers is the same size (\"cardinality\") as the set of integers: they are both countable sets. Cantor gave two proofs that the cardinality of the set of integers is strictly smaller than that of the set of real numbers (see Cantor's first uncountability proof and Cantor's diagonal argument). His proofs, however, give no indication of the extent to which the cardinality of the integers is less than that of the real numbers. Cantor proposed the continuum hypothesis as a possible solution to this question. The continuum hypothesis states that the set of real numbers has minimal possible cardinality which is greater than the cardinality of the set of integers. That is, every set, \"S\", of real numbers can either be mapped one-to-one into the integers or the real numbers can be mapped one-to-one into \"S\". Using the fact that the real numbers are equinumerous with the powerset of the integers, the continuum hypothesis says that there is no set formula_1 for which formula_2 Assuming the axiom of choice, there is a smallest cardinal number formula_3 greater than formula_4, and the continuum hypothesis is in turn equivalent to the equality formula_5 There is also a generalization of the continuum hypothesis called the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH) which says that for every ordinal α, formula_6 That is, GCH asserts that the cardinality of the power set of each infinite set is the smallest cardinality greater than that of the set.", "The independence of the continuum hypothesis (CH) from Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) follows from combined work of Kurt Gödel and Paul Cohen. Cohen (1963, 1964) showed that CH cannot be proven from the ZFC axioms, completing the overall independence proof. To prove his result, Cohen developed the method of forcing, which has become a standard tool in set theory. Essentially, this method begins with a model of ZF in which CH holds, and constructs another model which contains more sets than the original, in a way that CH does not hold in the new model. Cohen was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 for his proof. The independence proof just described shows that CH is independent of ZFC. Further research has shown that CH is independent of all known \"large cardinal axioms\" in the context of ZFC. () Moreover, it has been shown that the cardinality of the continuum can be any cardinal consistent with König's theorem. A result of Solovay, proved shortly after Cohen's result on the independence of the continuum hypothesis, shows that in any model of ZFC, if formula_7 is a cardinal of uncountable cofinality, then there is a forcing extension in which formula_8. However, per König's theorem, it is not consistent to assume formula_9 is formula_10 or formula_11 or any cardinal with cofinality formula_12. The continuum hypothesis is closely related to many statements in analysis, point set topology and measure theory. As a result of its independence, many substantial conjectures in those fields have subsequently been shown to be independent as well. The independence from ZFC means that proving or disproving the CH within ZFC is impossible. However, Gödel and Cohen's negative results are not universally accepted as disposing of all interest in the continuum hypothesis. Hilbert's problem remains an active topic of research; see and for an overview of the current research status. The continuum hypothesis was not the first statement shown to be independent of ZFC. An immediate consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorem, which was published in 1931, is that there is a formal statement (one for each appropriate Gödel numbering scheme) expressing the consistency of ZFC that is independent of ZFC, assuming that ZFC is consistent. The continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice were among the first mathematical statements shown to be independent of ZF set theory.", "Gödel believed that CH is false, and that his proof that CH is consistent with ZFC only shows that the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms do not adequately characterize the universe of sets. Gödel was a platonist and therefore had no problems with asserting the truth and falsehood of statements independent of their provability. Cohen, though a formalist, also tended towards rejecting CH. Historically, mathematicians who favored a \"rich\" and \"large\" universe of sets were against CH, while those favoring a \"neat\" and \"controllable\" universe favored CH. Parallel arguments were made for and against the axiom of constructibility, which implies CH. More recently, Matthew Foreman has pointed out that ontological maximalism can actually be used to argue in favor of CH, because among models that have the same reals, models with \"more\" sets of reals have a better chance of satisfying CH. Another viewpoint is that the conception of set is not specific enough to determine whether CH is true or false. This viewpoint was advanced as early as 1923 by Skolem, even before Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. Skolem argued on the basis of what is now known as Skolem's paradox, and it was later supported by the independence of CH from the axioms of ZFC since these axioms are enough to establish the elementary properties of sets and cardinalities. In order to argue against this viewpoint, it would be sufficient to demonstrate new axioms that are supported by intuition and resolve CH in one direction or another. Although the axiom of constructibility does resolve CH, it is not generally considered to be intuitively true any more than CH is generally considered to be false. At least two other axioms have been proposed that have implications for the continuum hypothesis, although these axioms have not currently found wide acceptance in the mathematical community. In 1986, Chris Freiling presented an argument against CH by showing that the negation of CH is equivalent to Freiling's axiom of symmetry, a statement derived by arguing from particular intuitions about probabilities. Freiling believes this axiom is \"intuitively true\" but others have disagreed. A difficult argument against CH developed by W. Hugh Woodin has attracted considerable attention since the year 2000. Foreman (2003) does not reject Woodin's argument outright but urges caution. Solomon Feferman (2011) has made a complex philosophical argument that CH is not a definite mathematical problem. He proposes a theory of \"definiteness\" using a semi-intuitionistic subsystem of ZF that accepts classical logic for bounded quantifiers but uses intuitionistic logic for unbounded ones, and suggests that a proposition formula_13 is mathematically \"definite\" if the semi-intuitionistic theory can prove formula_14. He conjectures that CH is not definite according to this notion, and proposes that CH should, therefore, be considered not to have a truth value. Peter Koellner (2011b) wrote a critical commentary on Feferman's article. Joel David Hamkins proposes a multiverse approach to set theory and argues that \"the continuum hypothesis is settled on the multiverse view by our extensive knowledge about how it behaves in the multiverse, and, as a result, it can no longer be settled in the manner formerly hoped for.\". In a related vein, Saharon Shelah wrote that he does \"not agree with the pure Platonic view that the interesting problems in set theory can be decided, that we just have to discover the additional axiom. My mental picture is that we have many possible set theories, all conforming to ZFC.\".", "The \"generalized continuum hypothesis\" (GCH) states that if an infinite set's cardinality lies between that of an infinite set \"S\" and that of the power set of \"S\", then it either has the same cardinality as the set \"S\" or the same cardinality as the power set of \"S\". That is, for any infinite cardinal formula_15 there is no cardinal formula_7 such that formula_17 GCH is equivalent to: The beth numbers provide an alternate notation for this condition: formula_20 for every ordinal formula_19 This is a generalization of the continuum hypothesis since the continuum has the same cardinality as the power set of the integers. It was first suggested by. (For the early history of GCH, see ). Like CH, GCH is also independent of ZFC, but Sierpiński proved that ZF + GCH implies the axiom of choice (AC) (and therefore the negation of the axiom of determinacy, AD), so choice and GCH are not independent in ZF; there are no models of ZF in which GCH holds and AC fails. To prove this, Sierpiński showed GCH implies that every cardinality n is smaller than some Aleph number, and thus can be ordered. This is done by showing that n is smaller than formula_22 which is smaller than its own Hartogs number—this uses the equality formula_23; for the full proof, see. Kurt Gödel showed that GCH is a consequence of ZF + V=L (the axiom that every set is constructible relative to the ordinals), and is therefore consistent with ZFC. As GCH implies CH, Cohen's model in which CH fails is a model in which GCH fails, and thus GCH is not provable from ZFC. W. B. Easton used the method of forcing developed by Cohen to prove Easton's theorem, which shows it is consistent with ZFC for arbitrarily large cardinals formula_24 to fail to satisfy formula_25 Much later, Foreman and Woodin proved that (assuming the consistency of very large cardinals) it is consistent that formula_26 holds for every infinite cardinal formula_27 Later Woodin extended this by showing the consistency of formula_28 for every formula_7. showed that, for each \"n\" ≥ 1, it is consistent with ZFC that for each κ, 2 is the \"n\"th successor of κ. On the other hand, proved, that if γ is an ordinal and for each infinite cardinal κ, 2 is the γth successor of κ, then γ is finite. For any infinite sets A and B, if there is an injection from A to B then there is an injection from subsets of A to subsets of B. Thus for any infinite cardinals A and B, formula_30. If A and B are finite, the stronger inequality formula_31 holds. GCH implies that this strict, stronger inequality holds for infinite cardinals as well as finite cardinals.", "Although the generalized continuum hypothesis refers directly only to cardinal exponentiation with 2 as the base, one can deduce from it the values of cardinal exponentiation formula_32 in all cases. GCH implies that (see: Hayden & Kennison (1968), page 147, exercise 76): The first equality (when \"α\" ≤ \"β\"+1) follows from: The third equality (when \"β\"+1 < \"α\" and formula_40) follows from: Where, for every γ, GCH is used for equating formula_43 and formula_44; formula_45 is used as it is equivalent to the axiom of choice." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 3502, 89928, 135179, 98, 10, 38134, 96551, 111, 36746, 7, 14037, 23, 58555, 23, 54815, 3674, 390, 70, 30839, 1771, 3395, 7, 5, 581, 26582, 83, 197097, 538, 60213, 71, 98, 70, 799, 86, 32547, 21434, 4, 142, 2393, 365, 9, 5464, 27012, 86761, 51287, 15789, 607, 297, 47, 10932, 70, 382, 927, 47, 483, 927, 202032, 90, 5, 62, 109412, 33, 11958, 23, 70, 98416, 72944, 2027, 13, 4969, 8294, 254, 373, 46572, 43573, 235668, 4, 65782, 66139, 10, 2258, 6496, 111, 70, 26582, 98, 142, 6, 23899, 37838, 31995, 29367, 11958, 4594, 136, 70, 2027, 13, 4969, 50266, 13, 38904, 4, 10, 2878, 25958, 9498, 56, 4126, 62690, 38904, 14037, 28032, 70, 109923, 373, 51626, 4, 2843, 66139, 70, 26582, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 70, 3502, 89928, 135179, 197097, 538, 98, 6626, 49726, 3474, 1444, 1295, 212078, 4, 71006, 12, 70, 124511, 118236, 4295, 87, 6, 34165, 136, 70, 18361, 19, 2679, 33653, 11, 6, 34165, 5, 581, 186768, 538, 243, 525, 297, 110527, 7, 111, 70, 26582, 108975, 23, 6626, 89160, 4, 2663, 109622, 538, 117781, 4, 3173, 7, 5, 581, 26582, 135179, 23, 19844, 48650, 289, 3173, 4, 2663, 109622, 538, 10, 73971, 38173, 472, 10869, 2843, 51592, 23, 70, 1927, 944, 1517, 5, 3293, 19844, 48650, 289, 3173, 83, 14037, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 98, 70, 18361, 19, 2679, 33653, 11, 6, 34165, 5, 581, 26582, 2843, 135179, 23, 1927, 48650, 289, 3173, 4, 58055, 214, 111, 17262, 3126, 297, 1927, 109217, 7, 4, 2663, 109622, 538, 183234, 47, 70, 7422, 7761, 5073, 6, 46828, 5, 3293, 1927, 48650, 289, 3173, 831, 186, 51592, 98, 1632, 111, 70, 124511, 118236, 4295, 3474, 1444, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 54799, 70, 799, 86, 32547, 21434, 4, 136, 98, 70, 2027, 13, 4969, 109923, 11958, 1305, 5, 106073, 3789, 3173, 7, 621, 2663, 109622, 538, 7722, 4, 6097, 621, 70, 4734, 243, 525, 297, 3173, 7, 14037, 221, 2060, 5, 360, 103993, 27794, 17103, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 1405, 89928, 13, 58, 83, 11814, 100, 10, 35874, 6126, 678, 10, 40956, 98, 12638, 111, 6863, 107767, 7, 5, 360, 70, 14941, 46876, 70, 40956, 297, 22759, 9, 10517, 86, 2822, 26582, 83, 35839, 12190, 4939, 25, 7, 33119, 7, 5, 48752, 289, 187136, 7, 100, 70, 26582, 765, 2809, 26171, 71, 12, 117615, 729, 111, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 44, 10752, 184, 10462, 85, 58, 12877, 44, 294, 4731, 7344, 6568, 147, 22859, 58, 70541, 7, 70, 25632, 76811, 111, 70, 26498, 111, 70, 6, 21956, 8627, 19, 572, 18988, 9276, 74, 44, 841, 18988, 9276, 1902, 10, 26498, 450, 509, 170277, 5, 1650, 509, 7228, 111, 7941, 6, 34165, 678, 17262, 189173, 9, 38496, 297, 107767, 7, 1660, 1884, 70, 2258, 4126, 26582, 44, 86945, 78183, 3403, 102, 58, 378, 841, 18988, 9276, 25, 7, 26498, 268, 1242, 113307, 40514, 7, 765, 2809, 7228, 17721, 903, 26582, 76811, 136, 70, 26582, 51529, 237, 70, 3502, 89928, 5, 26370, 85, 540, 4086, 6765, 1681, 70, 3929, 13105, 10, 94878, 17721, 70, 3502, 89928, 4, 70, 2355, 2365, 73, 136, 44, 52796, 68557, 7, 58, 12, 1326, 110527, 4, 186, 8752, 70, 26366, 111, 2365, 73, 98, 1919, 111649, 127887, 98, 40368, 21502, 141, 3474, 1444, 2685, 83, 10, 8562, 111, 472, 10869, 8, 18695, 3674, 4, 35839, 70, 44, 1405, 89928, 830, 62548, 47, 70, 1927, 1205, 133, 5, 3293, 83, 17569, 47, 128201, 731, 70, 14537, 111, 70, 2355, 47, 68557, 136, 51, 89817, 4, 119056, 23, 70, 85745, 7, 136, 234311, 5, 2365, 73, 1902, 70, 14537, 47, 21, 53, 71052, 7, 54799, 70, 7086, 4, 221, 450, 453, 100512, 4358, 9393, 23, 133868, 4, 136, 764, 5809, 2843, 5078, 1015, 70, 63672, 7, 111, 30783, 136, 177488, 390, 1919, 18466, 7, 111, 133868, 9, 7404, 7432, 4, 23, 74735, 2320, 4, 136, 46517, 5, 6765, 1681, 17378, 450, 21373, 26582, 7, 621, 14037, 186, 8752, 26366, 7, 111, 13924, 3132, 136, 673, 1353, 7, 98, 44, 106290, 73, 46790, 1363, 2780, 1779, 58, 1295, 2393, 365, 9, 5464, 27012, 405, 29089, 3387, 23, 24453, 131534, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 26582, 135179, 98, 49726, 3474, 1444, 678, 2365, 73, 136, 98, 373, 51626, 18466, 7, 23, 70, 2027, 13, 4969, 109923, 373, 51626, 4, 126741, 602, 4581, 17378, 450, 70, 26582, 1543, 765, 2809, 137272, 678, 167821, 41361, 7, 206990, 47219, 5, 581, 3502, 89928, 83, 2663, 109622, 538, 183234, 47, 40101, 70, 7422, 7761, 5073, 6, 46828, 4, 70, 73971, 38173, 472, 10869, 4, 707, 15, 73, 5744, 4527, 4734, 16, 10, 155738, 5691, 10187, 121293, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 17311, 84172, 8, 1434, 10763, 12, 581, 3502, 89928, 26582, 11301, 7, 10, 31486, 23, 5744, 54953, 92733, 1294, 4, 7440, 183851, 187136, 7, 136, 206019, 7, 111, 70, 26582, 621, 34475, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 11814, 390, 67842, 68894, 94407, 4, 136, 68018, 40, 90, 4527, 23, 5744, 5700, 29394, 5, 360, 14713, 4, 70, 187951, 5452, 254, 136, 15122, 142901, 42, 136, 107222, 4127, 7, 14380, 46062, 80743, 202, 4244, 2471, 2061, 83084, 4527, 7, 10, 1927, 944, 1517, 3502, 89928, 237, 2363, 7643, 4, 3129, 831, 186, 39210, 538, 51592, 98, 5941, 38742, 181653, 390, 70, 14380, 74, 70, 391, 101865, 1556, 11814, 10, 7643, 191722, 390, 70, 19844, 48650, 289, 3173, 111, 70, 3502, 89928, 100, 70, 30839, 15889, 101740, 7175, 16792, 84771, 581, 26582, 135179, 237, 70, 12478, 18, 24351, 23, 5259, 98, 3060, 111, 63590, 357, 195, 53, 64, 21851, 9381, 7, 101275, 1419, 11617, 2022, 3838, 25, 7, 138256, 262, 66, 209048, 7, 44, 618, 53, 15212, 58, 115774, 4, 136, 442, 83, 2843, 11814, 237, 10, 7643, 390, 15672, 177907, 11037, 6096, 6609, 6048, 5, 581, 26582, 4, 1884, 5941, 27060, 137272, 678, 30839, 1771, 2070, 66, 8780, 4, 1556, 2809, 95307, 71, 390, 3060, 35011, 15889, 1419, 94407, 47, 33636, 2363, 604, 14, 16852, 5, 262, 61518, 903, 4, 70, 3502, 89928, 1556, 959, 2809, 18507, 47314, 237, 137567, 36746, 1830, 2886, 390, 70, 30839, 27759, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 3502, 89928, 83, 10, 26582, 58055, 214, 111, 17262, 1940, 21135, 297, 1927, 109217, 7, 5, 1650, 135179, 98, 10, 96551, 111, 36746, 7, 1295, 70, 6, 227780, 109622, 17164, 111, 70, 142, 45964, 30839, 1771, 3395, 7, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 1405, 89928, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 5744, 1615, 136, 70, 13579, 707, 69407, 11814, 47, 15005, 2822, 47, 70, 26582, 20271, 6863, 186768, 188513, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Archaeological record.", "Theories and interpretations.", "Hrungnir's heart.", "Odin and mental binds.", "Other.", "Topology.", "Modern use." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The valknut appears on a wide variety of objects found in areas inhabited by the Germanic peoples. The symbol is prominently featured on the Nene River Ring, an Anglo-Saxon gold finger ring dated to around the 8th to 9th centuries. A wooden bed in the Viking Age Oseberg Ship buried near Tønsberg, Norway features a carving of the symbol on an ornately stylized bedpost and the Oseberg Tapestry, a partially preserved tapestry found within the ship burial, also features the symbol. Additionally, the valknut appears prominently on two picture stones from Gotland, Sweden: the Stora Hammars I stone and the Tängelgårda stone. The historically attested instances of the symbol appear in two traditional, topologically distinct, forms. The symbol appears in unicursal form, topologically a trefoil knot also seen in the triquetra. This unicursal form is found, for example, on the Tängelgårda stone. The symbol also appears in tricursal form, consisting of three linked triangles, topologically equivalent to the Borromean rings. This tricursal form can be seen on one of the Stora Hammars stones, as well as upon the Nene River Ring, and on the Oseberg ship bed post. Although other forms are topologically possible, these are the only attested forms found so far. In Norwegian Bokmål, the term \"valknute\" is used for a polygon with a loop on each of its corners. In the English language the looped four-cornered symbol is called Saint John's Arms.", "Several explanations for the symbol have been proposed:", "Chapter 17 of the 13th century \"Prose Edda\" book \"Skáldskaparmál\" contains the following description of the heart of the jötunn Hrungnir; \"Hrungnir had a heart that was famous. It was made of hard stone with three sharp-pointed corners just like the carved symbol \"hrungnishjarta\" [Hrungnir's heart].\" Comparisons have been made between this symbol description and the symbol known as the valknut.", "Hilda Ellis Davidson theorizes a connection between the valknut, the god Odin and \"mental binds\": For instance, beside the figure of Odin on his horse shown on several memorial stones there is a kind of knot depicted, called the \"valknut\", related to the triskele. This is thought to symbolize the power of the god to bind and unbind, mentioned in the poems and elsewhere. Odin had the power to lay bonds upon the mind, so that men became helpless in battle, and he could also loosen the tensions of fear and strain by his gifts of battle-madness, intoxication, and inspiration. Davidson says that similar symbols are found beside figures of wolves and ravens on \"certain cremation urns\" from Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in East Anglia.", "Due to the fact that the symbol appears on picture stones with Odin and on burial gifts in the Oseberg ship burial, Rudolf Simek says that the symbol may have been associated with religious practices surrounding death.", "The valknut is topologically equivalent to either the Borromean rings, the trefoil knot, or (in modern use only) a closed 3-link chain, depending on the particular artistic depiction:", "The valknut symbol plays a role in modern Heathenry, where numerous explanations and interpretations of the symbol are given. It has been used by various political groups, and sometimes sees use in modern popular culture. In Europe, the Swedish pulp and paper manufacturer and consumer goods company Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget uses a triquetra valknut as their logo, which can be commonly seen on many products produced by the company; the DFB has used a logo inspired by the unicursal form of the valknut for the German national football team since 1991. The symbol appears as the fretboard inlay on some of Arch Enemy/Carcass guitarist Michael Amott's signature Dean Guitars \"Tyrant\" models, and it is also used as a logo by American engineering firm RedViking. The symbol, like many others associated with Germanic paganism, has been appropriated by some white nationalist groups to represent their heritage. Despite this, the valknut has not been classified as generally objectionable by the German government." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8622, 83, 110, 32813, 538, 68186, 71, 80934, 111, 10, 8010, 31576, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 1632, 831, 7413, 70, 113860, 44, 21620, 31576, 58, 61924, 71, 237, 581, 62548, 13579, 44, 145750, 31576, 58, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 10, 31576, 678, 7401, 52768, 40715, 3501, 10, 8010, 31576, 390, 5941, 97264, 4, 102971, 4267, 14656, 5510, 82, 144, 5, 119845, 42459, 450, 70, 113860, 44, 145750, 31576, 58, 83, 959, 80234, 136, 5608, 186, 71864, 297, 5, 581, 7082, 9520, 15467, 30152, 34053, 7, 21533, 11809, 11588, 61924, 7, 10, 44, 145750, 31576, 58, 237, 10, 31576, 678, 7401, 17721, 5, 79616, 111, 70, 80097, 83, 75935, 390, 8, 408, 53, 111, 6083, 538, 5977, 71232, 80854, 5, 893, 25902, 3674, 2678, 47, 2510, 33297, 111, 70, 80097, 38940, 10366, 1295, 70, 64883, 62038, 1636, 1295, 5977, 71232, 8, 408, 53, 111, 80854, 5201, 538, 105866, 23, 70, 332, 17991, 5, 581, 13036, 80097, 9, 102446, 214, 13882, 13784, 90, 23, 70, 64883, 621, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 41734, 4, 26919, 53208, 37620, 1019, 4, 26919, 53208, 9, 149265, 4, 136, 14461, 16219, 9, 98989, 5, 27646, 83, 1159, 214, 1295, 10, 8010, 31576, 83, 764, 27686, 700, 126340, 39, 25958, 4, 450, 83, 4, 678, 80097, 181653, 1295, 70, 64883, 25, 7, 332, 17991, 5, 360, 4537, 4, 70, 52768, 111, 13950, 7, 28032, 70, 109270, 51312, 7, 678, 6, 168867, 5, 581, 34515, 111, 52768, 51312, 678, 6, 168867, 83, 51529, 237, 70, 700, 126340, 2749, 35358, 2517, 5, 4263, 7401, 117, 21854, 1636, 53894, 538, 20174, 3934, 70, 22684, 271, 4, 442, 1221, 186, 764, 27686, 237, 442, 32497, 3934, 5470, 678, 8010, 13950, 7, 5, 581, 7401, 1295, 8010, 31576, 7, 23, 351, 9, 3784, 408, 6402, 58555, 83, 764, 27686, 23, 903, 144996, 5, 360, 36457, 2741, 408, 6402, 75778, 6044, 237, 146762, 34165, 9907, 5227, 4, 7401, 1543, 186, 764, 27686, 390, 38162, 3934, 5470, 678, 1697, 192, 15, 17965, 510, 13950, 194, 581, 11192, 52768, 35358, 2517, 43573, 1697, 192, 1543, 22304, 7401, 47, 186, 764, 27686, 20174, 450, 442, 337, 7870, 707, 24209, 7, 1601, 1106, 27686, 5, 4263, 70, 7401, 24209, 7, 221, 8010, 450, 442, 45367, 7, 2288, 302, 81147, 136, 3599, 6328, 7, 23, 10, 55, 18, 36917, 70, 71579, 111, 70, 64883, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 10, 97968, 2189, 5, 4263, 70, 7401, 4734, 58359, 90, 70, 71579, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 2288, 302, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 10, 192418, 16836, 5, 4263, 70, 7401, 83, 17664, 297, 678, 51400, 136, 26580, 53, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 10, 51400, 1540, 5, 18622, 450, 8010, 31576, 7, 23, 2741, 408, 6402, 58555, 621, 27983, 99, 707, 43573, 70, 337, 49725, 6275, 5, 41021, 765, 2809, 147115, 117906, 48141, 136, 3853, 152388, 390, 27998, 25958, 707, 91177, 25958, 22, 33558, 6097, 31576, 7, 5, 5550, 39, 31576, 7, 621, 68018, 70, 16750, 111, 8010, 136, 91097, 31576, 7, 17664, 214, 5, 10660, 1543, 74918, 28032, 10, 2741, 408, 6402, 16128, 707, 50782, 111, 1632, 5, 6561, 27781, 111, 10, 351, 9, 3784, 408, 6402, 24814, 31576, 83, 5550, 39, 38026, 7, 4, 69919, 15, 12176, 26513, 3674, 100, 6863, 6, 126472, 1771, 93425, 390, 121, 254, 2828, 1771, 345, 5, 294, 5, 34202, 161460, 391, 5, 223071, 4, 2750, 88303, 70, 59784, 22392, 13038, 2685, 194, 9903, 31576, 7, 37457, 23, 86608, 34515, 1295, 70, 126342, 525, 44, 21231, 6423, 58, 47, 22814, 22819, 96113, 7, 111, 8010, 7401, 5, 160193, 2685, 83, 20174, 81147, 450, 70, 7401, 106443, 7, 1257, 19364, 23, 10, 97968, 2189, 4, 707, 5775, 22278, 73, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 140526, 23, 70, 163136, 1672, 70, 86608, 121297, 111, 8010, 31576, 7, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 1286, 11192, 86608, 351, 9, 9319, 2749, 31576, 7, 3501, 700, 126340, 2749, 31576, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 2685, 621, 3912, 125296, 71, 44, 86049, 21753, 13, 1632, 31576, 7, 58, 15, 528, 6496, 10, 86608, 23, 89978, 111, 23, 52888, 75447, 5, 57035, 38026, 7, 4, 52888, 1556, 10, 86608, 111, 1286, 3501, 5, 38026, 7, 678, 11192, 86608, 121297, 26698, 12, 88949, 764, 27686, 7401, 831, 16401, 1286, 26725, 141, 4126, 18652, 7, 3501, 91097, 7401, 4, 24814, 136, 41866, 8010, 31576, 7, 4, 26719, 48588, 141, 2906, 63470, 14179, 7, 7401, 4, 27983, 678, 4552, 11192, 23911, 10941, 4, 70541, 214, 26818, 1295, 8781, 97377, 316, 47, 400, 4450, 316, 4, 136, 3853, 4567, 316, 5, 88949, 111, 15044, 70, 77889, 13, 136, 70, 63043, 297, 29874, 34292, 3060, 111, 6097, 31576, 7, 765, 4, 1836, 621, 27983, 5700, 135474, 78869, 7, 4, 136, 31913, 7, 100, 68636, 1363, 56465, 7, 100, 8382, 678, 164462, 2449, 5, 62, 182342, 66847, 13, 83, 142, 25150, 292, 10, 10644, 111, 132038, 66847, 13, 292, 450, 6, 68332, 3132, 99, 11192, 52768, 7, 4, 17721, 5, 204611, 66847, 90, 621, 14037, 23, 8010, 31576, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 53894, 15520, 64707, 9319, 2749, 30270, 7, 136, 8, 408, 38543, 18153, 26866, 6044, 237, 280, 257, 12050, 7, 136, 168808, 5, 31384, 8010, 31576, 7, 11948, 8730, 102, 621, 75622, 14, 10821, 47, 118103, 12, 8622, 621, 8010, 31576, 7, 23, 5941, 44677, 136, 98, 756, 72852, 7, 111, 70, 8999, 5, 6, 108210, 10484, 450, 621, 10670, 157272, 100, 2363, 8010, 31576, 7, 26698, 9098, 4, 23047, 92051, 4, 114749, 4, 18721, 4, 15758, 4, 2356, 138059, 4, 32969, 4, 176672, 4, 136, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 1284, 2685, 621, 8010, 31576, 7, 23, 5941, 3789, 44677, 237, 5299, 12, 581, 114122, 7, 136, 41361, 7, 139999, 71, 129927, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 8010, 31576, 5, 1650, 83, 39210, 41361, 450, 101086, 1314, 5608, 509, 127, 8108, 22, 33558, 70, 7401, 221, 237, 959, 47, 80252, 67, 70, 7401, 15, 76228, 64, 76228, 6056, 221, 2631, 194, 360, 5941, 76726, 4, 1884, 15758, 4, 442, 83, 56065, 47, 30957, 70, 8010, 31576, 678, 110, 180950, 98, 4, 26719, 186857, 87690, 5, 33417, 71407, 23, 6097, 170420, 4, 2685, 621, 12921, 135094, 707, 20028, 100, 453, 136, 24793, 5, 360, 3060, 76726, 4, 2174, 442, 83, 10, 3835, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 8010, 31576, 4, 64707, 9319, 2749, 31576, 4, 707, 700, 126340, 2749, 31576, 83, 10, 31576, 181653, 390, 70, 74216, 3956, 111, 700, 126340, 39, 25958, 764, 27686, 61585, 36448, 450, 9588, 90, 1295, 70, 64883, 25, 7, 22684, 271, 5, 51404, 3060, 111, 6097, 31576, 7, 70541, 7401, 450, 83, 10, 46002, 52768, 100, 101086, 214, 4, 27060, 621, 221, 8010, 450, 3807, 6889, 831, 16750, 23, 182260, 707, 47219, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definitions.", "Sources of heat.", "Flow rates.", "High-flow hot springs.", "Therapeutic uses.", "Precautions.", "Examples.", "Etiquette." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "There is no universally accepted definition of a hot spring. For example, one can find the phrase \"hot spring\" defined as The related term \"warm spring\" is defined as a spring with water temperature less than a hot spring by many sources, although Pentecost et al. (2003) suggest that the phrase \"warm spring\" is not useful and should be avoided. The US NOAA Geophysical Data Center defines a \"warm spring\" as a spring with water between.", "Much of the heat is created by decay of naturally radioactive elements. An estimated 45 to 90 percent of the heat escaping from the Earth originates from radioactive decay of elements mainly located in the mantle. The major heat-producing isotopes in the Earth are potassium-40, uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232. Water issuing from a hot spring is heated geothermally, that is, with heat produced from the Earth's mantle. In general, the temperature of rocks within the earth increases with depth. The rate of temperature increase with depth is known as the geothermal gradient. If water percolates deeply enough into the crust, it will be heated as it comes into contact with hot rocks. The water from hot springs in non-volcanic areas is heated in this manner. In active volcanic zones such as Yellowstone National Park, water may be heated by coming into contact with magma (molten rock). The high temperature gradient near magma may cause water to be heated enough that it boils or becomes superheated. If the water becomes so hot that it builds steam pressure and erupts in a jet above the surface of the Earth, it is called a geyser. If the water only reaches the surface in the form of steam, it is called a fumarole. If the water is mixed with mud and clay, it is called a mud pot. Note that hot springs in volcanic areas are often at or near the boiling point. People have been seriously scalded and even killed by accidentally or intentionally entering these springs. Warm springs are sometimes the result of hot and cold springs mixing. They may occur within a volcanic area or outside of one. One example of a non-volcanic warm spring is Warm Springs, Georgia (frequented for its therapeutic effects by paraplegic U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who built the Little White House there).", "Hot springs range in flow rate from the tiniest \"seeps\" to veritable rivers of hot water. Sometimes there is enough pressure that the water shoots upward in a geyser, or fountain.", "There are many claims in the literature about the flow rates of hot springs. There are many more high flow non-thermal springs than geothermal springs. For example, there are 33 recognized \"magnitude one springs\" (having a flow in excess of in Florida alone. Silver Springs, Florida has a flow of more than. Springs with high flow rates include:", "Because heated water can hold more dissolved solids than cold water, warm and especially hot springs, including beneficial sulphurous water, often with very high mineral content, containing everything from simple calcium to lithium, and even radium. Because of both the folklore and the claimed medical value some of these springs have, they are often popular tourist destinations, and locations for rehabilitation clinics for those with disabilities.", "A thermophile is an organism — a type of extremophile — that thrives at high temperatures, between. Thermophiles are found in hot springs, as well as deep sea hydrothermal vents and decaying plant matter such as peat bogs and compost. Some hot springs microbiota are infectious to humans:", "There are hot springs in many places and on all continents of the world. Countries that are renowned for their hot springs include China, Costa Rica, Iceland, Iran, Japan, New Zealand, Peru, Turkey, and the United States, but there are hot springs in many other places as well:", "The customs and practices observed differ depending on the hot spring. It is common practice that bathers should wash before entering the water so as not to contaminate the water (with/without soap). In many countries, like Japan, it is required to enter the hot spring with no clothes on, including swimwear. Typically in these circumstances, there are different facilities or times for men and women. In some countries, if it is a public hot spring, swimwear is required." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 153838, 1486, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 160600, 2565, 100, 59714, 44, 132, 528, 1352, 16, 830, 4743, 47, 70, 4842, 10576, 2320, 14037, 23, 3060, 285, 68794, 111, 153838, 1486, 5, 581, 10576, 111, 153838, 1486, 3098, 6468, 68034, 47, 4527, 237, 10, 50981, 5, 581, 14941, 9351, 111, 70, 6, 34165, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 102256, 92265, 44, 16828, 16476, 67, 151601, 830, 3129, 509, 76242, 71, 1295, 42845, 44, 104486, 256, 13, 16476, 1636, 58, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 4, 3129, 62038, 3674, 1295, 893, 45964, 160600, 24073, 15251, 16476, 20328, 7, 16060, 29538, 830, 44, 275, 91841, 9, 2822, 6, 34165, 51029, 8712, 107, 83, 10, 26580, 53, 450, 83, 10576, 297, 390, 285, 38543, 41170, 7, 111, 153838, 1486, 4, 285, 38543, 17721, 12719, 136, 26134, 5, 6096, 174, 107, 70541, 7, 51, 99735, 297, 153838, 1486, 4, 7440, 162, 205811, 174, 107, 70541, 7, 138765, 297, 153838, 1486, 15, 30154, 670, 1275, 21997, 194, 581, 7893, 4527, 111, 174, 107, 83, 100, 2478, 1916, 678, 10, 28123, 10576, 5, 581, 4842, 94207, 92, 32562, 111, 903, 23911, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 118103, 5, 581, 173169, 53, 23911, 509, 5117, 11814, 611, 92498, 5369, 6650, 390, 70, 12264, 76, 11030, 9, 147534, 332, 4, 144681, 100, 2265, 60042, 7, 5, 1529, 16476, 67, 99996, 90, 621, 2843, 14037, 23, 97545, 1295, 6, 203770, 5369, 6650, 5, 799, 147, 12563, 33191, 23, 164111, 136, 39701, 162, 23, 175055, 4842, 94207, 92, 5665, 7, 765, 2809, 14037, 450, 621, 1295, 19692, 77269, 4, 66165, 81551, 47, 70, 16777, 147, 59566, 53, 29394, 99, 70, 26655, 56, 627, 82625, 5, 52774, 40370, 7, 111, 153838, 1486, 765, 2809, 14037, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 540, 402, 450, 765, 2809, 881, 297, 16792, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 1775, 6563, 4398, 7, 5, 1529, 16476, 67, 83, 142, 2874, 2875, 516, 155116, 1771, 4912, 35064, 70, 5919, 73, 149307, 99, 4, 136, 10, 831, 3674, 2874, 2875, 516, 155116, 707, 642, 344, 538, 78874, 155116, 1771, 36917, 70, 5919, 73, 149307, 136, 35064, 6863, 51136, 583, 52768, 99, 4, 36917, 3129, 442, 83, 121, 155116, 1771, 5, 581, 214706, 45646, 111, 5961, 9, 7701, 1888, 67, 509, 70, 28368, 111, 150675, 35107, 136, 29865, 20271, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 237, 442, 118775, 47, 186, 78874, 155116, 1771, 678, 10, 17065, 478, 52768, 111, 189275, 4, 1284, 678, 142, 111531, 19336, 214706, 3095, 15, 37509, 304, 56352, 42, 39411, 5245, 194, 62, 59725, 47, 70, 55640, 509, 10, 149307, 678, 10, 227204, 23, 52768, 99, 10932, 47, 10, 93402, 678, 110, 2043, 214706, 3095, 5, 1650, 509, 127887, 450, 70, 5426, 83, 85590, 538, 2874, 2875, 516, 155116, 1771, 4, 1284, 450, 70, 27226, 954, 3019, 15123, 111, 70, 6, 120639, 15271, 114864, 25927, 1104, 748, 3137, 14974, 2069, 47, 22304, 831, 1916, 111, 70, 53189, 3229, 1836, 621, 23, 70, 47880, 117, 40930, 25667, 47, 70, 44, 238, 58, 10, 33102, 5, 581, 213566, 7154, 111, 70, 3095, 678, 10, 227204, 23, 52768, 99, 83, 143434, 390, 10, 15549, 23, 70, 1866, 991, 29813, 53, 3129, 113660, 70, 53189, 47, 6, 143420, 33233, 70, 44, 238, 58, 10, 33102, 5, 360, 903, 180346, 4, 25927, 831, 1916, 14602, 959, 34390, 70, 48302, 5, 581, 214706, 183871, 111, 11876, 92, 153838, 1486, 129927, 1295, 2363, 24, 2245, 57965, 105416, 17365, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 5919, 73, 149307, 52768, 111, 153838, 1486, 227204, 7, 678, 10, 227204, 23, 70, 915, 26147, 13267, 5, 581, 15811, 48448, 111, 903, 149307, 1556, 2809, 139999, 71, 23, 153838, 1486, 71819, 15866, 66695, 136, 83, 150380, 297, 47, 70, 169424, 111, 21980, 1162, 2449, 4, 7401, 49711, 70838, 136, 72104, 7, 23, 70, 224128, 7, 10495, 24494, 5, 1529, 16476, 67, 83, 2831, 111, 10, 27140, 18652, 29806, 6, 76634, 180220, 5134, 112, 5426, 19441, 67842, 10941, 7, 111, 7401, 4, 64707, 425, 8613, 94407, 136, 54474, 27771, 161740, 17514, 450, 52490, 70, 23911, 25, 7, 214706, 136, 224128, 165045, 183871, 5, 32964, 3789, 3564, 9, 39, 27417, 7, 621, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 22664, 7701, 1888, 67, 136, 64707, 7701, 1888, 67, 5, 357, 1121, 37534, 214706, 552, 56, 318, 686, 2449, 100, 153838, 1486, 765, 2809, 69307, 71, 390, 36898, 9, 1106, 26518, 10, 6626, 9, 2256, 1592, 416, 117258, 18781, 479, 86927, 42, 133888, 1295, 29806, 5, 1529, 16476, 67, 80788, 3674, 52768, 9, 181063, 214706, 552, 56, 318, 3760, 53, 142424, 17163, 214, 1295, 5, 581, 59665, 111, 6097, 11192, 552, 56, 318, 3760, 53, 142424, 1556, 2809, 29481, 297, 237, 10, 179804, 6620, 111, 70, 1614, 254, 26147, 45646, 135989, 297, 390, 70, 12921, 915, 26147, 136, 224128, 27287, 13267, 75678, 121297, 99, 118055, 42230, 11, 2069, 52768, 5, 32255, 60212, 7, 23, 70, 75678, 121297, 621, 3900, 143, 3674, 3934, 10, 161838, 34754, 111, 10, 1614, 254, 26147, 45646, 99, 70, 24, 2245, 57965, 5, 1913, 92319, 52768, 7, 15, 45160, 1104, 10715, 16207, 441, 247, 11001, 2878, 66695, 224128, 119066, 49903, 74, 99, 77546, 52768, 7, 15, 10715, 1104, 14105, 16207, 441, 247, 70, 75678, 111, 224128, 2256, 6, 197564, 90, 678, 10, 1614, 254, 26147, 45646, 83, 10862, 297, 5, 1529, 16476, 67, 83, 13379, 23, 70, 509, 67, 1013, 33992, 111, 193, 191, 5665, 7, 5, 62, 78684, 126809, 9433, 4, 39411, 2320, 4, 4527, 7, 39411, 7, 47, 67830, 66, 509, 67, 153838, 1486, 1295, 10332, 5665, 1013, 33992, 23, 186672, 25, 7, 18410, 1215, 61844, 142462, 193, 191, 103724, 5, 22225, 34, 4842, 83, 10, 50981, 11814, 23, 89160, 187951, 18276, 112518, 7, 5, 34525, 538, 4, 442, 509, 7228, 1295, 1013, 33992, 111, 70, 22225, 34, 5665, 5, 581, 48502, 29088, 138256, 111, 153838, 1486, 509, 51592, 98, 70, 23208, 23342, 390, 70, 20100, 2822, 48502, 2955, 29089, 98, 70, 40087, 44, 16305, 7, 13453, 181842, 748, 58, 136, 44, 38824, 23342, 180, 71360, 31947, 58, 32628, 56379, 23, 103173, 10932, 23342, 5, 581, 23911, 509, 51592, 23, 130807, 3956, 99, 6626, 15271, 98, 70, 23208, 4, 70, 21432, 22546, 3390, 93, 1764, 4, 43573, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1529, 16476, 67, 4, 2843, 160093, 297, 237, 256, 13, 16476, 67, 4, 83, 10, 39210, 193, 191, 128713, 13, 678, 10, 26168, 111, 4221, 670, 136, 83, 38134, 21329, 712, 23, 13950, 7, 136, 221, 7870, 5, 1529, 16476, 67, 3173, 7, 23, 70, 115700, 111, 224128, 7, 8305, 70, 1690, 497, 7567, 5252, 7263, 10495, 24494, 5426, 4, 136, 442, 1556, 70, 5701, 224128, 45646, 237, 211, 17307, 67, 136, 8231, 34, 16432, 5, 1529, 16476, 67, 136, 211, 17307, 67, 3173, 10, 28484, 18652, 29806, 99, 52768, 7, 36917, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology and history.", "Magnetism.", "Mine tailings.", "Mars.", "Jewelry." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name hematite is derived from the Greek word for blood \"(haima)\", due to the red coloration found in some varieties of hematite. The color of hematite lends itself to use as a pigment. The English name of the stone is derived from Middle French \"hématite pierre\", which was imported from Latin \"lapis haematites\" the 15th century, which originated from Ancient Greek (\"haimatitēs lithos\", \"blood-red stone\"). Ochre is a clay that is colored by varying amounts of hematite, varying between 20% and 70%. Red ochre contains unhydrated hematite, whereas yellow ochre contains hydrated hematite (FeO · HO). The principal use of ochre is for tinting with a permanent color. The red chalk writing of this mineral was one of the earliest in the history of humans. The powdery mineral was first used 164,000 years ago by the Pinnacle-Point man, possibly for social purposes. Hematite residues are also found in graves from 80,000 years ago. Near Rydno in Poland and Lovas in Hungary red chalk mines have been found that are from 5000 BC, belonging to the Linear Pottery culture at the Upper Rhine. Rich deposits of hematite have been found on the island of Elba that have been mined since the time of the Etruscans.", "Hematite is an antiferromagnetic material below the Morin transition at, and a canted antiferromagnet or weakly ferromagnetic above the Morin transition and below its Néel temperature at, above which it is paramagnetic. The magnetic structure of α-hematite was the subject of considerable discussion and debate during the 1950s, as it appeared to be ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of approximately, but with an extremely small magnetic moment (0.002 Bohr magnetons). Adding to the surprise was a transition with a decrease in temperature at around to a phase with no net magnetic moment. It was shown that the system is essentially antiferromagnetic, but that the low symmetry of the cation sites allows spin–orbit coupling to cause canting of the moments when they are in the plane perpendicular to the \"c\" axis. The disappearance of the moment with a decrease in temperature at is caused by a change in the anisotropy which causes the moments to align along the \"c\" axis. In this configuration, spin canting does not reduce the energy. The magnetic properties of bulk hematite differ from their nanoscale counterparts. For example, the Morin transition temperature of hematite decreases with a decrease in the particle size. The suppression of this transition has been observed in hematite nanoparticles and is attributed to the presence of impurities, water molecules and defects in the crystals lattice. Hematite is part of a complex solid solution oxyhydroxide system having various contents of water, hydroxyl groups and vacancy substitutions that affect the mineral's magnetic and crystal chemical properties. Two other end-members are referred to as protohematite and hydrohematite. Enhanced magnetic coercivities for hematite have been achieved by dry-heating a two-line ferrihydrite precursor prepared from solution. Hematite exhibited temperature-dependent magnetic coercivity values ranging from. The origin of these high coercivity values has been interpreted as a consequence of the subparticle structure induced by the different particle and crystallite size growth rates at increasing annealing temperature. These differences in the growth rates are translated into a progressive development of a subparticle structure at the nanoscale. At lower temperatures (350–600 °C), single particles crystallize however; at higher temperatures (600–1000 °C), the growth of crystalline aggregates with a subparticle structure is favored.", "Hematite is present in the waste tailings of iron mines. A recently developed process, magnetation, uses magnets to glean waste hematite from old mine tailings in Minnesota's vast Mesabi Range iron district. Falu red is a pigment used in traditional Swedish house paints. Originally, it was made from tailings of the Falu mine.", "The spectral signature of hematite was seen on the planet Mars by the infrared spectrometer on the NASA \"Mars Global Surveyor\" and \"2001 Mars Odyssey\" spacecraft in orbit around Mars. The mineral was seen in abundance at two sites on the planet, the Terra Meridiani site, near the Martian equator at 0° longitude, and the Aram Chaos site near the Valles Marineris. Several other sites also showed hematite, such as Aureum Chaos. Because terrestrial hematite is typically a mineral formed in aqueous environments or by aqueous alteration, this detection was scientifically interesting enough that the second of the two Mars Exploration Rovers was sent to a site in the Terra Meridiani region designated Meridiani Planum. In-situ investigations by the \"Opportunity\" rover showed a significant amount of hematite, much of it in the form of small spherules that were informally named \"blueberries\" by the science team. Analysis indicates that these spherules are apparently concretions formed from a water solution. \"Knowing just how the hematite on Mars was formed will help us characterize the past environment and determine whether that environment was favorable for life\".", "Hematite's popularity in jewelry rose in England during the Victorian era, due to its use in mourning jewelry. Certain types of hematite- or iron-oxide-rich clay, especially Armenian bole, have been used in gilding. Hematite is also used in art such as in the creation of intaglio engraved gems. Hematine is a synthetic material sold as \"magnetic hematite\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 144851, 7, 111, 9615, 19929, 23, 70, 73057, 10776, 1380, 1295, 70, 13312, 3229, 70, 6, 2980, 10267, 107, 27686, 7103, 70, 4568, 6, 2980, 32070, 501, 5, 84428, 5369, 6650, 5, 62, 14012, 111, 4816, 1779, 765, 106926, 297, 158, 686, 60636, 538, 450, 23924, 9, 1375, 11364, 33, 509, 142, 25313, 136, 116338, 11698, 237, 2060, 4420, 237, 70, 483, 927, 136, 209, 927, 202032, 90, 678, 70, 51371, 1363, 111, 70, 64857, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 26302, 4295, 76585, 10932, 18825, 5442, 73057, 3514, 434, 3934, 10, 27585, 111, 106820, 86052, 136, 142, 5526, 127067, 9, 25617, 184085, 16839, 59444, 10932, 76094, 1104, 178028, 5, 73057, 211394, 297, 142, 27081, 31486, 41928, 47, 6863, 10778, 237, 26349, 27252, 88942, 4, 1295, 10932, 70, 1733, 70, 73057, 333, 10534, 12259, 509, 170920, 23, 70, 534, 1549, 7, 5, 1843, 10534, 51661, 27245, 4, 2750, 1543, 765, 1380, 1295, 17686, 104588, 4, 30715, 4, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 26859, 50961, 111, 73057, 234120, 24073, 294, 12521, 12060, 4539, 8372, 350, 18939, 10932, 76094, 5, 1650, 509, 122799, 10932, 534, 2588, 4, 136, 70, 26349, 111, 73057, 54529, 7, 534, 2588, 237, 6863, 6602, 111, 137374, 5, 17106, 70, 75198, 1236, 106922, 1363, 23, 423, 8659, 4, 73057, 25, 7, 31486, 237, 10, 167821, 27585, 206398, 71, 4, 136, 70, 137633, 674, 111, 173426, 23, 70, 39395, 729, 927, 142642, 12441, 47, 70, 456, 87632, 111, 70, 333, 10534, 12259, 5, 33306, 4, 98870, 604, 2852, 67155, 13, 10484, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 26038, 70, 26349, 3525, 6897, 5, 73057, 509, 170920, 237, 10, 14834, 2481, 106, 18982, 543, 10991, 15, 21231, 100, 5761, 6568, 7, 80465, 194, 2161, 106, 18982, 171512, 4, 10, 19336, 16128, 111, 1947, 1760, 14834, 2481, 15, 33554, 72403, 12, 1781, 16, 509, 12302, 2822, 47, 70, 26349, 111, 73057, 5, 110196, 98, 106, 18982, 176447, 4, 15700, 16128, 111, 1947, 1760, 15, 33554, 72403, 12, 46963, 68518, 509, 12302, 2822, 47, 73057, 5, 47009, 13438, 98, 106, 18982, 96903, 4, 70, 26349, 13438, 3398, 3355, 297, 15700, 16128, 111, 1947, 1760, 15, 33554, 72403, 12, 138, 101655, 5, 2161, 106, 20414, 61242, 4, 2831, 111, 1947, 1760, 15, 33554, 72403, 12, 6, 128188, 82036, 509, 109133, 47, 70, 26349, 24145, 13438, 5, 201106, 98, 106, 20414, 49795, 4, 10, 2704, 126826, 111, 1947, 1760, 15, 33554, 72403, 12, 382, 95787, 509, 109133, 47, 73057, 5, 360, 70, 23936, 7, 4, 70, 4488, 111, 70, 34702, 14, 148855, 25944, 297, 100, 5941, 14834, 1143, 26255, 36880, 65782, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 111, 903, 4, 98, 106, 18982, 31017, 4, 70, 26349, 111, 73057, 15, 33554, 72403, 12, 190, 163324, 89149, 509, 42564, 71, 678, 70, 208244, 214, 14834, 31075, 111, 9266, 143, 15, 33554, 72403, 12, 6, 188636, 88942, 136, 2684, 111, 1947, 1760, 15, 33554, 72403, 12, 387, 4, 15276, 17727, 5, 581, 26349, 25, 7, 32692, 83, 10, 62005, 223, 75939, 1830, 17721, 25313, 77227, 7, 136, 179661, 17514, 5, 360, 31060, 4, 10, 3525, 77227, 26859, 237, 29700, 509, 5117, 134053, 23, 70, 23924, 27414, 5, 24372, 5045, 35107, 4, 73057, 509, 19667, 19, 47, 186, 70, 98, 9, 134369, 27585, 100, 70, 29700, 53099, 98, 70, 103993, 8916, 111, 70, 23924, 27414, 4, 136, 10, 14922, 111, 764, 49086, 75678, 134629, 5, 2161, 106, 18982, 11075, 4, 70, 14834, 31075, 111, 21079, 28687, 4, 15790, 1444, 28687, 4, 136, 73057, 621, 80889, 71, 47, 42564, 3934, 1632, 4, 21334, 14834, 2481, 35839, 73057, 5, 3164, 14834, 31075, 23, 65782, 4, 26719, 73057, 4, 621, 102778, 100, 158978, 53019, 15, 222521, 209, 927, 44000, 247, 1810, 170250, 16227, 11374, 4, 22962, 130367, 11374, 4, 51, 109308, 53, 674, 136, 3789, 2265, 11374, 4, 1602, 592, 4, 25313, 34754, 4, 136, 14834, 33816, 7, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 83, 23131, 297, 390, 10, 14834, 215394, 111, 3163, 89829, 99638, 90, 4, 3129, 23, 15504, 6, 100184, 10, 15333, 5, 581, 14834, 215394, 44, 132, 38882, 561, 86, 46566, 13, 16, 58, 111, 73057, 83, 7228, 1257, 111, 581, 14834, 2481, 111, 73057, 83, 105866, 23, 10, 184085, 289, 212790, 4, 132988, 214, 70, 15520, 47, 70, 65272, 136, 27794, 76, 169537, 23, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 5, 581, 3311, 169537, 136, 90410, 7, 169537, 11675, 33233, 70, 28, 4438, 5609, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 1650, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 61187, 9, 1375, 11364, 33, 4, 10, 49878, 16128, 111, 3551, 58055, 214, 153161, 111, 10283, 127, 4, 19096, 4, 136, 6, 34165, 9090, 4, 450, 37457, 7, 1295, 3183, 76, 32547, 23, 70, 127067, 47, 172368, 63469, 23, 70, 144477, 74, 442, 83, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 2831, 450, 96853, 73057, 5, 581, 144732, 111, 70, 14834, 2481, 400, 90, 17721, 23, 57849, 1363, 5, 581, 212790, 1556, 10, 117781, 5844, 170894, 678, 13950, 7, 136, 130473, 7, 7440, 2685, 83, 110, 9615, 19929, 707, 6, 177849, 5, 581, 26349, 111, 73057, 83, 20903, 538, 3126, 297, 47, 70, 15520, 136, 7401, 4, 678, 43606, 21, 9248, 15, 216561, 6499, 14, 24047, 1179, 4, 124511, 90882, 161, 2107, 1179, 4, 136, 8455, 2107, 1179, 16, 136, 17262, 6, 76585, 7, 15, 6495, 7079, 7, 169537, 4, 3311, 169537, 4, 136, 90410, 7, 169537, 3142, 15520, 136, 7401, 3173, 70, 212790, 4, 101904, 10, 6, 134369, 2256, 98870, 678, 55670, 1363, 136, 56409, 24804, 5, 581, 70665, 83, 27226, 9, 538, 214, 12, 201, 12678, 111, 70, 16128, 83, 40715, 3501, 36917, 15520, 17366, 4, 51404, 98531, 111, 70, 3551, 83, 99, 5, 73057, 25, 7, 167375, 6275, 83, 70, 43156, 821, 43926, 18, 59551, 28587, 678, 70, 14976, 1760, 116798, 237, 70, 17932, 167375, 6275, 5, 581, 26349, 1556, 126809, 98, 15044, 5609, 7, 111, 10, 739, 41566, 450, 127877, 7108, 8305, 70, 70665, 4, 678, 2288, 4517, 25193, 13569, 1257, 1295, 70, 103136, 5, 893, 111938, 111, 27794, 76, 169537, 136, 3311, 169537, 1940, 39797, 933, 70, 182, 3422, 3934, 70, 739, 41566, 1295, 70, 144477, 25617, 4, 12960, 37639, 13, 68281, 85437, 109749, 988, 1295, 90410, 7, 169537, 23, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 5, 6499, 14, 24047, 1179, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 73057, 15, 4, 4, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 26349, 136, 14834, 2481, 23, 65782, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 22759, 927, 142105, 26349, 136, 50960, 142105, 57329, 17840, 16128, 23, 65782, 15, 222521, 158, 99609, 2320, 678, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 13552, 1444, 16, 136, 70, 86757, 11698, 111, 176970, 54529, 53, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 83, 70, 22759, 927, 2684, 132573, 223, 23, 65782, 5, 135016, 3674, 98, 70, 73057, 4267, 73, 60243, 23, 25134, 25617, 65782, 4, 73057, 54529, 7, 6863, 51521, 14037, 214, 6602, 237, 534, 2588, 4, 70, 6602, 70, 73057, 234120, 509, 140528, 5, 73057, 25, 7, 56458, 83, 47, 10, 21334, 79385, 543, 927, 9, 136, 953, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 109412, 33, 18276, 7, 450, 621, 30312, 136, 90698, 2831, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Government.", "Municipal council.", "Geography.", "Parks.", "Climate.", "Boroughs.", "Neighborhoods.", "Economy.", "Media.", "Agriculture and food.", "Oil industry.", "Tourism.", "Transport.", "Airport.", "Railway.", "Roads.", "Sea.", "Bus.", "Education.", "Culture.", "Museums.", "Churches.", "Film.", "European Capital of Culture 2008.", "Sport and recreation.", "Music.", "Community art.", "Tourism.", "Outdoor activities.", "City centre.", "Twin towns – sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The first traces of settlement in the Stavanger region come from the days when the ice retreated after the last ice age c. 10,000 years ago. A number of historians have argued convincingly that North-Jæren was an economic and military centre as far back as the 9th and 10th centuries with the consolidation of the nation at the Battle of Hafrsfjord around 872. Stavanger grew into a center of church administration and an important south-west coast market town around 1100–1300. Stavanger fulfilled an urban role prior to its status as city (1125), from around the time the Stavanger bishopric was established in the 1120s. Bishop Reinald, who may have come from Winchester, England, is said to have started construction of Stavanger Cathedral (\"Stavanger domkirke\") around 1100. It was finished around 1125, and the city of Stavanger counts 1125 as its year of foundation. With the Protestant Reformation in 1536, Stavanger's role as a religious center declined, and the establishment of Kristiansand in the early 17th century led to the relocation of the bishopric. However, rich herring fisheries in the 19th century gave the city new life. Stavanger was established as a municipality 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1867, a small area of Hetland municipality (population: 200) was transferred to the city of Stavanger. Again on 1 January 1879, another area of Hetland (population: 1,357) was transferred to Stavanger. Then again on 1 January 1906, the city again annexed another area of Hetland (population: 399). On 1 July 1923, part of Hetland (population: 3,063) was moved to the city once again. Finally on 1 July 1953, a final portion of Hetland (population: 831) was moved to Stavanger. In the 1960s, the work of the Schei Committee pushed for many municipal mergers across Norway. As a result of this, on 1 January 1965, the city of Stavanger (population: 51,470) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Madla (population: 6,025) and most of Hetland (population: 20,861). The city's history is a continuous alternation between economic booms and recessions. In 1969, a new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea. After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed. On 1 January 2020, the municipalities of Finnøy, Rennesøy, and Stavanger are scheduled to merge into one, large municipality called Stavanger.", "All municipalities in Norway, including Stavanger, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor.", "The municipal council \"(Kommunestyre)\" of Stavanger is made up of", "The municipality of Stavanger is located in a coastal landscape, bordering the sea to the west and Boknafjorden in the northeast. The Byfjorden and Gandsfjorden run along the east side of the city. It is part of the Low-Jæren, a flat area of land consisting mostly of marsh, sand, and stone aur, that ranges from Ogna River in the south to Tungenes in the north; it is the northernmost part that includes Stavanger. The majority of the municipality lies between in elevation. The landscape has a distinctive appearance with rocks and hills where there is no settlement or agriculture. The city of Stavanger is closely linked to the sea and water, with five lakes (including Breiavatnet, Stora Stokkavatnet, and Mosvatnet) and three fjords (Hafrsfjorden, Byfjorden, and Gandsfjorden); sea and water form the landscape, providing a shoreline rich with vegetation and wildlife. The terrain is low-lying: 49% of the area is less than above sea level, While 7% of the land is at. Stavanger's highest point is the tall Jåttånuten with the Ullandhaug as the second highest point. The city has developed on both sides of a hollow that runs right through the terrain, with steep slopes up from the bottom. An extension of Boknafjorden and Byfjorden intersects the harbor into the hollow from the northwest, while Hillevåg lake intrudes from Gandsfjorden in the southeast. Breiavatnet is located between the two fjord arms. The city includes many islands off the coast including: Bjørnøy, Buøy, Engøy, Grasholmen, Hellesøy, Hundvåg, Kalvøy, Lindøy, Sølyst, and Vassøy. It also includes the eastern half of the island of Åmøy.", "There are several parks and green spots in Stavanger municipality, both in the city and beyond. Central to the town is the city lake which is in turn surrounded by the city park, built as the city's first urban park in 1866–1868. Between the city park and the bay is located Kielland garden, which got its name because the poet Alexander Kielland's house at the time was here. Kielland Park went through a major renovation in 2007 as part of the Millennium in Stavanger municipality. At the opposite end of the city lake there is a small park outside the station; here there is Emigration, a gift from the Norwegian emigrants in the United States, commemorating the men and women of Norwegian ancestry who built America. Bjergstedparken, a park north of Old Stavanger, is the location of Bjergsted Music Center, including Stavanger Concert Hall, and its outdoor areas are often used for festivals and outdoor concerts. The Missing park, built in honor of Lars Missing, is located up the hill on the west side of the harbor, and", "Stavanger is located on a peninsula on the southwest coast of Norway. The climate is greatly influenced by the Gulf Stream which creates warmer temperatures throughout the year compared to other cities at", "Stavanger is officially partitioned into 22 parts and 218 subparts. Stavanger is also divided into 7 boroughs.", "Neighborhoods include Byhaugen, Old Stavanger, Bekkefaret, Bergjeland, Eiganes, Forus, Gausel, Godeset, Indre Tasta,", "In the early 20th century, Stavanger's industry was mainly related to fisheries and shipping. In the first half of the century it was known for canning, and in the 1950s there were over 50 canneries in town. The town was even called Norway \"canned capital\", and included Christian Bjelland, who founded Chr Bjelland & Co. A/S. The last of these factories were closed down in 2002. Around 1950, over half of the working population in the city employed in industry. Structural changes in industry and the strong development of the service industry has radically changed the city's economic base, and the service industry now represents over 11 percent of employment. However, the city still has 29 percent of the county's industrial employment. Engineering is now the main industry with 59 percent of manufacturing employment. This is mostly related to the offshore petroleum industry, and production of oil platforms alone account for 40 percent. Other important industries are publishing – especially high printing and the major daily newspapers in town, Stavanger and Rogaland Avis Aftenblad – and food and beverage, which includes the processing of local agricultural products from Jæren, including Gilde Vest with one of the largest slaughterhouses. Employment by place of work and industry in 2007 to 0.6% in primary, 27.4% in secondary and tertiary industries 71.7%. Employment by place of work by sector in 2007 to 24.4% in the public sector and 75.6% in the private sector and public enterprises. Industry has in recent years become highly decentralized. The most important of the newer industrial areas are Forus in the south, on the border of Sandnes and Sola, and Dusavik (mainly petroleum-related activities) in the north, on the border of Randfontein. Significant older industrial areas are Hillevåg, Buøy, the eastern districts, and in some places elsewhere along the coast. Shipbuilding and shipping has also traditionally been of great importance to the city's economic growth, and Rosenberg Shipyard, established in 1896, is located on Hundvåg. Today Stavanger is also among the country's most important maritime cities, coming in fourth for registered fleets after the cities of Oslo, Bergen and Ålesund. For the fourth consecutive year, Stavanger Region was in 2007 ranked best business region. Telemarksforsking Bo worked with Ministry NM to rank the regions in Norway with regard to profitability, growth and new businesses.", "The city's largest daily newspaper, Stavanger Aftenblad came out with its first issue in 1893. Competitor Rogalands Avis was first published in 1899 under the name \"1ste Mai\" ('1 May'), and published daily. In 1987 an attempt was made to establish a new daily newspaper, The West Coast, but it was only released for two months and ended with a total loss of NOK 27 million. The first newspaper published in Stavanger, \"Stavangerske Adressecontoirs Efterretninger\", was a handwritten weekly newspaper that probably came out in 1769 and 1770. This was not an ordinary newspaper, but a so-called link newspaper", "Stavanger region is often referred to as Norway's answer to the French food region of Lyon. The Culinary Institute, headquartered in Ullandhaug, provided a very important focus on food in Stavanger. After the Culinary Institute went bankrupt, partly due to activities in Oslo on 4 June 2008, a new culinary organization was established by the Foundation Rogaland knowledge park and Rogaland County Council. This new institute, now also known as The Culinary Institute, maintained parts of the work of the original organization, and eventually bought back the name, logo", "In recent times, the city has come to be called the \"oil capital,\" and Norway's national and largest oil company, Equinor, is headquartered at Forus, in Stavanger. Equinor (at the time known as Statoil) was founded as a limited company owned by the Government of Norway on 14 July 1972 by a unanimous act passed by the Norwegian parliament Stortinget, to enable Norwegian participation in the oil industry on the continental shelf, to build up Norwegian competency within the petroleum industry, and to establish the foundations of a domestic petroleum industry. Establishing Equinor's headquarters in Stavanger naturally led to Stavanger becoming the center of the oil industry. Petoro, a Norwegian state-owned company", "Stavanger is a popular tourist destination, especially in summer. The hotels in the city have good occupancy year round due to a lot of commuters who travel to work and", "", "Stavanger Airport, Sola, is located in Sola, 14 minutes away from Stavanger City Center. The airport opened in 1937. In 1940 Stavanger Airport, Forus, opened, but closed in 1989. In 2013 Sola airport had over 4 million passengers and was the largest airport in Rogaland county. It is also the 3rd largest airport in", "Stavanger S opened in 1878 and is the terminus of both the Sørlandet Line and the Jæren Line. The Southern Railway goes from Oslo S to Drammen, to Kristiansand S, to, finally, Stavanger S. This route, 545 kilometers (339 mi) between Oslo and Stavanger, is scheduled over four times every day and takes around seven hours. The railway was constructed in several phases, the first section being opened in 1871 and the last not opened until 1944. While there was continual construction work from Oslo westward as far", "European route E39 goes through Stavanger from Haugesund and the Mastrafjord Tunnel and Byfjord Tunnel, then goes south to Sandnes. Fylkesvei 44 starts from Stavanger and ends in Kristiansand, via Sandnes and Flekkefjord. National road 509 runs between Stavanger, via Tananger arm Stavanger Airport, Sola Cross and Forus, the", "Located outside Stavanger, there is a port serving ferries to Hirtshals, Denmark. There have been advocates for the Smyril Line ferry between the Faroe Islands and Denmark to make a stop in Stavanger as the new port in Risavika allows this", "The local bus service in Stavanger is administered by Rogaland Kollektivtrafikk (RKT) under the brand name \"Kolumbus\". The buses are operated by Boreal Transport. RKT administers all", "University of Stavanger (UIS) is the fifth university established in Norway, on 29 October 2004, when the University of Stavanger (HiS) gained university status by decision of the Council. The university has about 9,000 students and 1,200 employees and is organized into three faculties: Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and the Faculty of Science. The archaeological museum is also part of the university. The campus is located in Ullandhaug, with most departments located there. John B. Møst was employed as a university in 2011. Marit Boyesen was selected as the principal for the period 2011 to 2015, and started her tenure as rector 1 August 2011. As rector, she is the head of the academic activities of the University of Stavanger as well as Chairman of the University Board. The University of Stavanger became a member of European Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU) in October 2012. The VID Specialized University has a long history", "", "The city has several museums and collections that are both local and national. The city's most visited museum is the Norwegian Petroleum Museum, opened in 1998. In its ten years of visitation records, from 1998 to 2008, almost 95,000 people visited the museum annually. The city's oldest museum is Missjonmuseet, established in 1864, located on the ground floor of the faculty building at MHS. The museum has about 5,000 exhibits consisting of several objects of ethnographic and historical interest from the various mission fields of study. Stavanger Museum, founded in 1877 and thus one of the oldest museums, includes several historic buildings and collections. Stavanger Museum consists of a total of eight buildings: Stavanger Museum Muségata 16, Stavanger Maritime Museum, the Norwegian Canning Museum, Ledaal, Breidablikkveien museum,", "The Church of Norway has two deaneries \"(prosti)\" within the municipality of Stavanger: the Stavanger arch-deanery", "South West Film Forum was established in 1992 and is an organization of film workers in Rogaland. Its goal is to increase the skills of film workers in the region and encourage more filmmaking. Film Forum Southwest has received operating support from the City of Stavanger since 1995 and from the county since 1997. Additionally, they have received grants for film workshop from the county and for other industry-stimulating measures from Stavanger municipality. Stavanger has since 1997 had a grant for the support of local filmmaking. The aim has been to stimulate the local film community growth and development, and to contribute to local filmmakers so they can initiate film projects that can then apply for production funding from other government agencies. In addition, they support the already completed projects – primarily to help cinemas display locally produced film. The feature film Mongoland became a Norwegian film success, made outside of the traditional infrastructure for Norwegian", "Stavanger and its region, along with Liverpool, United Kingdom, was selected as a European Capital of Culture for 2008. The \"Stavanger2008\" vision is expressed through the concept \"Open Port\". This can be understood both in its English sense", "The largest local football club in Stavanger is Viking FK, one of the most successful football clubs in Norwegian history, having won a total of 8 league titles and 5 Norwegian Football Cup titles. The club plays its home matches at SR-Bank Arena, which was opened in 2004. After a short stint in the second-tier division, OBOS-ligaen, in the 2018 season, Viking FK was once again promoted to the", "Every May, Stavanger is host to MaiJazz, the Stavanger International Jazz Festival. The International Chamber Music Festival takes place every August. Stavanger is the home of the Stavanger Symphony Orchestra (SSO). Covering another part of the musical", "Stavanger participates in the annual Nuart festival, organised for national and international artists who operate outside of", "Especially in the summertime, Stavanger's harbour is full of large cruiseships: in 2011 Stavanger hosted 130 cruiseships. The Port of Stavanger is a popular stop on the route to the Norwegian Fjords. The charming city center is just a small walk from the quay.", "There are not many outdoor activities in Stavanger itself, however, splendid opportunities are nearby in adjacent municipalities: Lysefjorden is particularly popular for hiking. Tourists typically visit places like Preikestolen (aka the Pulpit Rock), and Kjeragbolten. Preikestolen is a massive rock overhanging the fjord (604 meters below). Kjeragbolten is", "Old Stavanger (Gamle Stavanger) is located right next to the city centre and has a collection of 18th- and 19th-century wooden structures. Stavanger domkirke (St. Swithun's cathedral) was built between 1100 and 1150 by the English bishop Reinald in Anglo-Norman style, and in the late 13th century a new choir was added in Gothic", "Stavanger has several sister cities; they are:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 140280, 111, 23924, 29217, 237, 442, 83, 18925, 1556, 6863, 59665, 7, 23, 70, 14922, 111, 92265, 79986, 1295, 729, 8821, 47, 543, 2681, 5, 3293, 509, 10, 1733, 111, 186, 41123, 111747, 65572, 47, 70, 174705, 5426, 111, 140280, 7, 5, 360, 729, 8821, 4, 70, 10332, 12989, 509, 52113, 6328, 16065, 136, 70, 42173, 686, 66, 47806, 509, 170920, 5, 360, 70, 163965, 22, 11, 89829, 98, 1105, 7071, 729, 16665, 4, 70, 10332, 132988, 7, 3542, 53560, 538, 98816, 5, 581, 456, 57964, 509, 456, 125733, 5281, 3934, 136659, 130625, 7, 24073, 11056, 30738, 674, 18939, 678, 166904, 538, 105950, 43904, 7, 5, 29217, 509, 65450, 1257, 3934, 43606, 130625, 7, 24, 4806, 44, 10476, 52851, 830, 44, 23135, 9235, 830, 44, 58598, 420, 830, 44, 25452, 76197, 22, 142286, 830, 136, 44, 1052, 25536, 740, 581, 5117, 17262, 111, 6097, 21, 53, 28032, 70, 132988, 7, 111, 70, 10332, 29217, 74, 70, 21, 3055, 6626, 3542, 7228, 1257, 111, 63920, 111, 12921, 140280, 7, 5, 360, 8719, 418, 70, 10332, 132988, 7, 3542, 14359, 2822, 3229, 70, 130625, 111, 29217, 509, 75935, 5, 3293, 456, 40098, 1902, 2809, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 4, 1284, 442, 26038, 127319, 47, 70, 23755, 111, 116987, 1257, 29217, 136, 20662, 442, 10, 40715, 113138, 140280, 5, 360, 543, 8368, 4, 29217, 509, 456, 125733, 5281, 5, 3293, 1733, 70, 6626, 130625, 7, 3542, 35839, 44, 23135, 9235, 1760, 58, 15, 32399, 18908, 6238, 47, 70, 5744, 140280, 111, 23924, 29217, 16, 136, 44, 4613, 162, 1760, 58, 15, 32399, 18908, 6238, 47, 70, 5744, 140280, 111, 25134, 29217, 194, 3293, 2843, 6777, 959, 4568, 4989, 5, 360, 543, 963, 4, 756, 70, 174705, 140280, 7, 3542, 78779, 297, 3934, 70, 92265, 145359, 5, 2022, 9235, 1760, 136, 92093, 3542, 32471, 2227, 297, 237, 70, 130625, 111, 44, 75369, 2506, 9785, 13, 58, 15, 75369, 53, 820, 169, 4170, 23, 92265, 16, 136, 142286, 1760, 509, 120514, 4806, 44, 46674, 555, 131, 8, 142286, 58, 15, 571, 113448, 7, 9, 112, 9, 143, 9, 594, 26988, 23, 92265, 194, 24372, 70, 8, 88981, 111, 70, 92265, 23, 543, 2681, 4, 903, 49894, 47143, 297, 51, 152028, 71, 100, 10, 6602, 707, 221, 5, 14847, 70, 543, 2592, 163965, 509, 65508, 71, 4, 70, 23295, 509, 456, 125733, 5281, 237, 140280, 7, 136, 10776, 7, 24073, 1760, 121127, 51029, 77155, 56, 731, 13, 136, 59607, 33, 131, 8, 142286, 3542, 41186, 3674, 237, 70, 140280, 111, 44, 143594, 740, 6561, 111, 70, 24284, 7, 98, 70, 171484, 289, 175352, 15, 2187, 74878, 33, 16, 42459, 297, 450, 70, 10332, 9351, 44, 143594, 136, 10542, 9173, 90, 1760, 58, 186, 19574, 2955, 106357, 71, 47, 15072, 70, 34698, 7, 111, 70, 3395, 111, 450, 10776, 5, 3293, 152132, 509, 6, 34590, 89829, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 91853, 509, 959, 112668, 39531, 5281, 5, 14847, 70, 140280, 111, 29217, 509, 456, 9, 7752, 7121, 67175, 23, 543, 2592, 4, 442, 509, 34475, 6626, 23607, 4295, 4, 1632, 100, 70, 36770, 130625, 111, 2022, 9235, 1760, 15, 3464, 450, 83, 5036, 23924, 29217, 16, 136, 1632, 100, 70, 36770, 130625, 111, 142286, 1760, 15, 35613, 25134, 29217, 194, 31267, 21208, 70, 140280, 1902, 2809, 41186, 3674, 4, 70, 6626, 58555, 3542, 7464, 8035, 191607, 12921, 538, 23, 3060, 48322, 136, 70, 6528, 111, 61998, 449, 29217, 47143, 297, 923, 272, 5, 133698, 903, 456, 40098, 70, 90695, 7, 111, 310, 6387, 1760, 136, 2994, 7560, 30319, 3542, 176377, 47, 29217, 136, 63920, 111, 44, 143594, 7, 6, 151230, 58, 15, 216561, 44, 94646, 111, 86095, 76, 18939, 23409, 47, 23924, 6, 151230, 5, 581, 132988, 7, 678, 92093, 136, 18733, 53303, 3542, 44836, 21286, 5423, 23, 543, 1549, 5, 14847, 70, 171484, 289, 10, 25965, 9035, 3542, 65508, 71, 23, 167777, 4, 442, 509, 68872, 47, 65450, 29217, 24145, 13438, 4, 903, 1733, 3934, 6626, 140280, 7, 35839, 44, 50645, 927, 29217, 58, 136, 44, 218128, 29217, 740, 581, 3871, 100, 903, 509, 959, 29131, 23, 25134, 29217, 707, 23, 10542, 9173, 90, 1760, 15, 143321, 30783, 297, 70, 139887, 329, 111, 21391, 194, 581, 180770, 223, 21449, 21334, 538, 1295, 21391, 4, 3129, 7464, 3332, 33, 3674, 70, 543, 10991, 456, 87632, 111, 70, 29685, 111, 149528, 47, 581, 1391, 6261, 23, 25134, 29217, 5, 24372, 70, 46638, 133, 6947, 49668, 509, 3568, 122009, 23, 543, 11663, 136, 69347, 3934, 187, 2886, 3551, 4, 442, 509, 7228, 2831, 111, 23924, 29217, 5, 360, 121122, 4, 25134, 29217, 75204, 70, 117396, 2831, 111, 70, 14834, 2481, 111, 636, 46495, 555, 23, 159992, 5, 360, 37719, 4, 70, 90695, 7, 310, 6387, 1760, 136, 2994, 7560, 30319, 23409, 4420, 47, 70, 140280, 111, 9173, 90, 1760, 5, 360, 27631, 4, 70, 36770, 90695, 4143, 92, 509, 405, 48141, 47, 70, 140280, 111, 9578, 27403, 1428, 5, 360, 22482, 34975, 23924, 29217, 4, 25842, 678, 70, 140280, 7, 111, 92093, 136, 22964, 965, 1760, 4, 168360, 10, 104851, 47, 32603, 67, 70, 3820, 1544, 83259, 111, 10, 42564, 42, 17721, 70, 17262, 140280, 7, 5, 3293, 1556, 2809, 24491, 538, 75204, 390, 70, 23972, 90538, 67, 100348, 4, 100, 70, 104851, 47, 28282, 1632, 39643, 5481, 140280, 1556, 21771, 2809, 119056, 23, 70, 5798, 150, 1363, 106689, 5, 581, 140280, 111, 25134, 29217, 4, 2831, 111, 70, 39643, 5481, 27081, 16128, 4, 116817, 71, 47, 186, 2831, 111, 70, 39643, 5481, 140280, 4, 136, 4552, 5045, 8060, 5844, 111, 70, 6528, 111, 10, 42564, 42, 3934, 1632, 140280, 4, 83, 959, 24, 4806, 5, 17106, 707, 15490, 25134, 29217, 4, 2174, 75935, 4, 70, 3525, 140280, 2806, 186, 70, 142105, 23, 70, 231118, 23, 15044, 16128, 136, 43904, 5, 23924, 29217, 83, 39501, 297, 99, 23, 70, 144477, 25617, 111, 70, 231118, 678, 47, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 70, 140280, 111, 9173, 90, 1760, 4, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 70, 140280, 111, 22964, 965, 1760, 4, 47, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 70, 140280, 111, 92093, 4, 47, 70, 127067, 25617, 70, 140280, 111, 25134, 29217, 4, 136, 47, 70, 65272, 70, 23924, 27414, 5, 23924, 29217, 83, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 23924, 29217, 15, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 140280, 111, 70, 231118, 23, 70, 144477, 1177, 48850, 2831, 111, 70, 23295, 5, 1650, 83, 98, 70, 23924, 27414, 4, 144477, 111, 25134, 29217, 136, 92093, 4, 136, 65272, 111, 9173, 90, 1760, 136, 22964, 965, 1760, 5, 360, 7582, 3640, 4, 442, 1902, 10, 43904, 111, 117230, 966, 166590, 6463, 136, 10, 3622, 16128, 111, 4, 111, 3129, 83, 7401, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Emergence of a new province (1795 to 1840).", "Urbanisation and economic growth (1840 to today).", "Geography.", "Municipalities.", "Regions in North Holland.", "Nature.", "Organisations and companies based in North Holland." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813. This was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795, the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established. In the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments (\"département\") with roughly equal populations. Holland was split up into five departments named \"Texel\", \"Amstel\", \"Delf\", \"Schelde en Maas\", and \"Rijn\". The first three of these lay within the borders of the old Holland; the latter two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created. This reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province. In 1807, Holland was reorganised. This time the two departments were called \"Amstelland\" (corresponding to the modern province of North Holland) and \"Maasland\" (corresponding to the modern province of South Holland). This also did not last long. In 1810, all the Dutch provinces were integrated into the French Empire. Amstelland and Utrecht were amalgamated as the department of \"Zuiderzee\" (Zuyderzée in French) and Maasland was renamed \"Monden van de Maas\" (Bouches-de-la-Meuse in French). After the defeat of the French in 1813, this organisation remained unchanged for a year or so. When the 1814 Constitution was introduced, the country was reorganised as provinces and regions (\"landschappen\"). Zuiderzee and Monden van de Maas were reunited as the province of \"Holland\". One of the ministers on the constitutional committee (van Maanen) suggested that the old name \"Holland and West Friesland\" be reintroduced to respect the feelings of the people of that region. This proposal was rejected. However, the division was not totally reversed. When the province of Holland was re-established in 1814, it was given two governors, one for the former department of Amstelland (area that is now North Holland) and one for the former department of Maasland (now South Holland). Even though the province had been reunited, the two areas were still being treated differently in some ways and the idea of dividing Holland remained alive. During this reorganisation the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were returned to Holland and parts of \"Hollands Brabant\" (including \"Land of Altena\") went to North Brabant. The borders with Utrecht and Gelderland were definitively set in 1820. When the constitutional amendments were introduced in 1840, it was decided to split Holland once again, this time into two provinces called \"North Holland\" and \"South Holland\". The need for this was not felt in South Holland or in West Friesland (which feared the dominance of Amsterdam). The impetus came largely from Amsterdam, which still resented the 1838 relocation of the court of appeal to The Hague in South Holland.", "After the Haarlemmermeer was drained in 1855 and turned into arable land, it was made part of North Holland. In exchange, South Holland received the greater part of the municipality of Leimuiden in 1864. In 1942, the islands Vlieland and Terschelling went back to the province of Friesland. In 1950, the former island Urk was ceded to the province of Overijssel. In February 2011, North Holland, together with the provinces of Utrecht and Flevoland, showed a desire to investigate the feasibility of a merger between the three provinces. This has been positively received by the First Rutte cabinet, for the desire to create one Randstad province has already been mentioned in the coalition agreement. The province of South Holland, part of the Randstad urban area, visioned to be part of the Randstad province, and very much supportive of the idea of a merger into one province, is not named. With or without South Holland, if created, the new province would be the largest in the Netherlands in both area and population.", "North Holland is situated at in the northwest of the Netherlands with to the northeast the province of Friesland, to the east the province of Flevoland, to the southeast the province of Utrecht, to the southwest the province of South Holland, and to the west the North Sea. North Holland is a broad peninsula for the most part, located between the North Sea, the Wadden Sea, the IJsselmeer, and the Markermeer. More than half of the province consists of reclaimed polder land situated below sea level. The West Frisian islands of Noorderhaaks and Texel are also part of the province. North Holland makes up a single region of the International Organization for Standardization world region code system, having the code -NH.", "As of January 2019, North Holland is divided into 47 municipalities (local government). After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, three islands in the Caribbean, Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius, were offered to join the province, though the offer has been neither accepted nor rejected. North Holland has five municipalities with 100,000 or more inhabitants. They are, in order of size, Amsterdam (in terms of population this is also the largest municipality in the Netherlands), Haarlem, Zaanstad, Haarlemmermeer and Alkmaar. Another seven municipalities have a population between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants (Hilversum, Amstelveen, Purmerend, Hoorn, Velsen, Den Helder and Heerhugowaard). On 1 January 2015 the municipalities of Graft-De Rijp and Schermer were merged into the existing municipality of Alkmaar. On 1 January 2019 the municipality Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude was merged into the existing municipality of Haarlemmermeer.", "North Holland has various regions that, for historical or other reasons, have their own identities. Some of these regions are unofficial, ill-defined and sometimes overlapping. Others are official and are part of regional groupings artificially created for various administrative purposes. These regions are not the same as the municipalities. List of some of these unofficial and official regions in North Holland:", "Some of the best known nature reserves in this province are: More information about nature reserves in North Holland is available (in Dutch) on the relevant site pages of national nature conservation organisations Natuurmonumenten and Staatsbosbeheer, as well as provincial organisation \"Landschap Noord-Holland\".", "Several international organisations such as Amnesty International have settled the head office of their Netherlands branch in the province and particularly in Amsterdam; the international head office of Greenpeace is located in the city. Other companies based in the Netherlands' capital include Akzo Nobel, Heineken International, ING Group, ABN AMRO, TomTom, Delta Lloyd Group, Booking.com and Philips. Randstad Holding has its headquarters in Diemen while KPMG and KLM operate from Amstelveen. Several national nature friendly organisations like Milieudefensie, the national \"Union of vegetarians\", the \"Vissenbescherming\" (Fish protection foundation) and the Party for the Animals as well have their head office in North Holland." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 63590, 1606, 4432, 621, 2684, 195409, 190647, 297, 23, 32692, 4, 30260, 1294, 4, 115135, 163136, 4, 27165, 4, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 41664, 4, 55556, 4, 700, 87168, 136, 68869, 32562, 136, 116483, 5, 63590, 1606, 4432, 621, 93544, 923, 272, 390, 6097, 68869, 136, 82575, 53, 4527, 7, 136, 390, 70, 35187, 111, 114210, 163136, 5, 151117, 1836, 47143, 75530, 93, 5281, 4, 1836, 831, 38516, 538, 186, 15226, 4126, 5, 88949, 1836, 621, 8966, 111, 9454, 141, 103882, 53, 136, 456, 9, 73, 57241, 4, 41664, 136, 55556, 765, 186768, 538, 139392, 71, 3173, 7, 111, 116483, 136, 32562, 3129, 765, 607, 297, 136, 91148, 3934, 45, 76167, 35845, 538, 69405, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 88965, 151747, 111, 24233, 34153, 765, 93544, 2856, 923, 272, 4, 100, 27781, 12, 242, 57124, 13, 9393, 25, 43257, 3501, 242, 119517, 25, 100, 10, 58093, 111, 56101, 130367, 7, 2750, 158930, 8305, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 4, 3853, 21208, 70, 114210, 2565, 242, 17084, 13, 9393, 25, 83, 142, 187, 1436, 8780, 4, 136, 23, 17309, 5369, 70, 13579, 1556, 21647, 297, 75312, 24243, 5700, 2481, 5, 62, 21373, 104851, 47, 113536, 350, 10, 36770, 32070, 26950, 450, 187, 1436, 1771, 3687, 123055, 621, 195409, 11814, 23, 170420, 7440, 20594, 221, 158, 67709, 7, 10, 68894, 707, 88965, 1614, 22829, 4, 707, 3229, 70, 51521, 3525, 9351, 83, 959, 75530, 93, 5281, 390, 756, 15, 2472, 27781, 12, 242, 63129, 2701, 25, 43257, 3501, 242, 15982, 33, 13761, 25, 194, 1061, 4, 10, 17666, 191618, 47, 158, 461, 107, 1257, 105719, 151747, 13648, 12601, 47, 11782, 68034, 44, 53774, 71, 144326, 53, 58, 707, 15005, 47, 44, 15277, 39209, 57409, 58, 23, 205537, 47, 17368, 70, 3525, 56, 3687, 9351, 5, 62, 135818, 158, 99736, 6635, 27781, 83, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 1831, 2256, 18826, 12862, 109727, 4, 3129, 4527, 7, 70, 187, 1436, 1771, 18826, 12862, 24073, 170649, 51029, 63590, 1606, 4432, 621, 195409, 1239, 24658, 271, 26995, 4, 105207, 47, 65572, 23, 127689, 5, 6561, 27781, 83, 14037, 23, 70, 113860, 44, 2347, 70270, 332, 1810, 830, 3129, 7311, 538, 21449, 1295, 70, 113860, 44, 188, 7413, 70, 70270, 332, 1810, 830, 7440, 70, 42792, 44, 188, 7413, 1810, 58, 1556, 2809, 65450, 390, 6863, 36746, 44, 2347, 70270, 332, 830, 91084, 70, 35735, 3129, 14602, 959, 11177, 5, 581, 36746, 997, 65450, 42792, 1556, 2809, 456, 158288, 297, 237, 10, 110, 309, 997, 606, 170, 100034, 4, 6044, 450, 44, 6056, 58, 98363, 7, 70, 332, 43257, 3501, 2499, 42792, 5, 581, 217773, 606, 81465, 7, 136, 479, 40322, 7, 14037, 23, 70, 32562, 111, 183093, 7, 24073, 13, 5, 177, 5, 3688, 188, 89700, 4, 3688, 309, 188, 4, 2685, 4390, 18939, 621, 27781, 7, 111, 187, 1436, 8780, 7, 237, 10, 3173, 111, 35125, 6126, 5, 31384, 113860, 18709, 7, 4, 41866, 23, 167821, 43701, 7, 4, 112033, 73, 187, 1436, 1771, 80854, 450, 621, 959, 11814, 23, 23335, 1294, 116483, 23, 2499, 3789, 43701, 12, 44, 194583, 903, 15789, 87, 70, 13, 6, 24243, 1242, 63590, 1606, 4432, 621, 2843, 11814, 23, 70, 144483, 111, 186768, 21261, 7, 23, 12989, 47, 113536, 350, 70, 12564, 141775, 111, 70, 14922, 5, 31384, 1543, 54529, 237, 235529, 538, 99864, 34153, 136, 621, 11814, 100, 16000, 10821, 21543, 5, 62, 10644, 111, 187, 1436, 8780, 83, 70, 4527, 111, 44, 18, 13885, 830, 70, 17932, 9, 30816, 67824, 97160, 309, 450, 77736, 1810, 111, 4537, 4527, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 12960, 44, 53927, 58, 707, 44, 1033, 830, 36770, 538, 4734, 11814, 47, 29823, 94407, 4, 136, 7068, 2843, 47, 15072, 126351, 29823, 79165, 4, 83, 5036, 11814, 47, 29823, 15044, 79165, 136, 94407, 15, 8789, 16792, 903, 831, 16750, 23, 920, 12282, 2481, 4, 44, 53, 25, 5584, 58, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 456, 9, 143669, 106357, 70, 149067, 19, 194, 44, 618, 13885, 58, 83, 70, 27154, 4935, 3173, 74, 70, 31110, 944, 64, 187694, 5844, 3173, 83, 44, 2347, 13, 58, 15, 137175, 214, 237, 15044, 94309, 4935, 136, 48, 4935, 247, 136, 70, 158566, 5844, 83, 44, 29178, 58, 707, 44, 4450, 86, 740, 145733, 14461, 34, 21574, 17669, 221, 5941, 184638, 1484, 7, 4, 14373, 54, 959, 100, 6102, 13, 70, 184638, 111, 96055, 10002, 57289, 5, 38396, 163, 4, 127773, 70, 13, 5, 581, 91084, 111, 903, 211544, 83, 450, 9844, 450, 96276, 47, 10, 3445, 4, 83, 47041, 47, 155605, 53383, 47, 15700, 2750, 139999, 7, 442, 4, 41866, 2174, 70, 6626, 3395, 621, 21373, 5, 717, 6117, 86, 10002, 15970, 186, 29568, 5, 581, 91084, 111, 903, 54433, 83, 42856, 450, 442, 83, 51, 90825, 47, 28127, 47, 31949, 5, 360, 6863, 158, 99736, 6635, 43701, 442, 131148, 47, 186, 29568, 15, 365, 16300, 4, 109208, 7844, 4, 8060, 5844, 16, 47, 1632, 25, 7, 10002, 33946, 7, 15, 2347, 25, 39379, 25, 111, 3445, 4, 57266, 4, 136, 109458, 194, 360, 3789, 34153, 4, 3884, 31949, 8108, 27060, 5, 63590, 1606, 4432, 23, 211544, 7, 621, 27983, 10267, 122009, 4, 2060, 51713, 3501, 23, 3789, 63920, 111, 70, 46876, 5, 3293, 83, 6637, 1836, 3249, 70, 211544, 7, 44, 9146, 99156, 98, 70, 8721, 6261, 830, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 46876, 4, 142, 187, 1436, 8780, 15, 161063, 70, 4, 44, 147, 1436, 9392, 27864, 7, 830, 242, 18345, 9, 148472, 297, 4, 2874, 90065, 297, 25, 4, 20654, 37838, 4, 44, 147, 1436, 1555, 232, 830, 242, 161063, 70, 86595, 4, 142, 45964, 25, 16, 83, 10, 2565, 4, 10, 10422, 111, 10, 2565, 4, 707, 10, 20623, 111, 116483, 707, 32562, 450, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 10, 186768, 28, 771, 206, 4989, 107314, 38043, 98323, 4, 1284, 450, 1556, 188545, 71, 23, 10, 10846, 138155, 53550, 7, 707, 103086, 7, 5, 172522, 6827, 187, 1436, 8780, 7, 621, 11001, 187, 1436, 1771, 34153, 707, 125195, 7, 11814, 186085, 23, 142, 103086, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 42615, 707, 27165, 16, 707, 4092, 538, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Usage.", "Examples." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Archaisms are most frequently encountered in history, poetry, fantasy literature, law, philosophy, science, technology, geography and ritual writing and speech. Archaisms are kept alive by these ritual and literary uses and by the study of older literature. Should they remain recognised, they can potentially be revived. Because they are things of continual discovery and re-invention, science and technology have historically generated forms of speech and writing which have dated and fallen into disuse relatively quickly. However, the emotional associations of certain words have kept them alive, for example: 'Wireless' rather than 'Radio' for a generation of British citizens who lived through the Second World War, even though the older word 'wireless' is an archaism, and in recent years the term has gained renewed popularity. A similar desire to evoke a former age means that archaic place names are frequently used in circumstances where doing so conveys a political or emotional subtext, or when the official new name is not recognised by all (for example: 'Madras' rather than 'Chennai'). So, a restaurant seeking to conjure up historic associations might prefer to call itself \"Old Bombay\" or refer to \"Persian cuisine\" in preference to using the newer place name. A notable contemporary example is the name of the airline Cathay Pacific, which uses the archaic Cathay (\"China\"). Archaisms are frequently misunderstood, leading to changes in usage. One example is found in the phrase \"the odd man out\", which originally came from the phrase \"to find the odd man out\", where the verb \"to find out\" has been split by its object \"the odd man\", meaning the item which does not fit. The object + split verb has been reinterpreted as a noun + adjective, such that \"out\" describes the man rather than any verb. The compound adverbs and prepositions found in the writing of lawyers (\"e.g. heretofore, hereunto, thereof\") are examples of archaisms as a form of jargon. Some phraseologies, especially in religious contexts, retain archaic elements that are not used in ordinary speech in any other context: \"With this ring I thee wed.\" Archaisms are also used in the dialogue of historical novels in order to evoke the flavour of the period. Some may count as inherently funny words and are used for humorous effect.", "A type of archaism is the use of \"thou\", the second-person singular pronoun that fell out of general use in the 17th century, while \"you\" or \"ye\", formerly only used to address groups, and then also to respectfully address individuals, is now used to address both individuals and groups (but since this can result in ambiguity, \"y'all\" can be used to re-introduce the distinction). \"Thou\" is the nominative form; the oblique/objective form is \"thee\" (functioning as both accusative and dative), and the possessive is \"thy\" or \"thine\". Though thou hast ever so many counsellors, yet do not forsake the counsel of thy own soul. Today me, tomorrow thee. The meaning of this proverb is that something that happens to a person, is likely to eventually happen to another who observes it, especially if the two people are similar. To thine own self be true. The meaning of this saying is simply that it is unwise to lie to yourself. In its contemporary context it meant to be true (loyal, faithful, supportive) to one's own interests (the'self' of person, property, and goals). In other words, put yourself before others. Archaisms in proverbs are often retained, far longer than in other parts of the language. This is because they make the proverbs \"fall easier on the tongue\"," ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 4527, 111, 70, 13579, 44, 169600, 6, 130687, 58, 83, 23, 22758, 10663, 320, 40317, 1755, 25, 44, 151612, 2146, 3405, 3390, 111, 30964, 42, 26136, 136, 14249, 62, 21986, 246, 1636, 58, 7435, 86468, 5, 40317, 1755, 11814, 70, 13579, 47, 98363, 3642, 70, 150065, 10868, 45233, 27766, 24366, 21647, 297, 18348, 390, 217063, 136, 1030, 1916, 54799, 4677, 1672, 1919, 65998, 4, 41928, 47, 1919, 28813, 22230, 12, 581, 81273, 47, 43799, 136, 131300, 59499, 538, 35509, 98, 70, 4677, 456, 97351, 4126, 4, 40317, 1755, 17378, 4, 83, 9879, 47, 8063, 6, 130687, 5, 14847, 15745, 7948, 3350, 127, 19, 4, 10, 25188, 56, 99, 90540, 4, 11814, 70, 13579, 44, 169600, 6, 130687, 58, 23, 142, 5582, 91376, 23, 42610, 4, 764, 6, 212423, 70, 44, 30474, 1515, 25, 7, 147638, 58, 80934, 111, 6, 130687, 12, 44, 2347, 81273, 47, 4027, 107, 36019, 70, 1940, 107, 57860, 16070, 7, 111, 8121, 71, 15824, 7, 23, 6044, 10, 3917, 237, 47, 17997, 22631, 98186, 10, 104851, 71, 69236, 1242, 14249, 6, 130687, 237, 442, 83, 217064, 18925, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 216479, 71, 1295, 70, 51957, 8060, 76519, 15, 13526, 294, 16, 450, 80723, 23, 70, 23936, 7, 136, 126809, 87420, 70, 4122, 9, 97057, 7, 5, 391, 15268, 62038, 3674, 23, 70, 13909, 9, 41567, 71, 115774, 75935, 47, 30793, 678, 51957, 20662, 136, 58136, 5, 360, 13501, 4, 131211, 1773, 90, 1679, 15, 94068, 10, 6389, 73086, 60822, 18, 16, 26171, 71, 44, 169600, 6, 130687, 58, 237, 142, 286, 4134, 1165, 13579, 47, 98363, 44, 2271, 19462, 7, 136, 150624, 47, 52295, 8063, 51957, 20662, 390, 17368, 15824, 9, 77007, 8060, 76519, 1242, 1650, 509, 959, 24189, 70, 72399, 11704, 7, 450, 903, 127689, 509, 38134, 21329, 712, 5, 180423, 7, 1957, 17234, 2563, 538, 237, 142, 28, 137089, 111, 8063, 13416, 214, 25842, 678, 70, 68451, 111, 118055, 538, 113138, 136, 23468, 9, 188, 9, 4032, 2053, 114137, 72977, 5, 360, 903, 15072, 442, 1556, 2843, 2809, 35778, 29367, 237, 10, 7481, 373, 13894, 47416, 23, 70, 43701, 111, 70, 44, 32976, 2053, 58, 105806, 5, 129551, 47, 199347, 127149, 1495, 136, 10208, 155438, 4, 8063, 6, 130687, 15, 16312, 16, 831, 186, 61924, 71, 237, 76519, 450, 70163, 12, 678, 114137, 47, 151575, 13, 27140, 145781, 136, 168296, 4677, 100, 92252, 47, 1774, 43148, 136, 51957, 6, 55474, 4, 678, 70, 151814, 111, 224588, 70, 1733, 59801, 7, 136, 70, 31897, 111, 70, 107730, 47, 70, 51957, 9433, 1242, 129551, 47, 1326, 107, 1515, 42477, 4, 8063, 6, 130687, 83, 44, 11, 5423, 111, 55300, 18709, 7, 4, 9433, 90, 4, 6, 159958, 7, 4, 136, 118299, 450, 27198, 49649, 2053, 3934, 91084, 7844, 136, 80234, 4677, 11814, 47, 22, 2886, 1286, 60266, 99716, 4, 36322, 70760, 4, 136, 41018, 289, 149201, 7, 136, 51957, 9, 109513, 1242, 9626, 903, 80934, 4, 8063, 6, 130687, 22, 277, 13409, 90, 4677, 24365, 15, 10135, 157353, 4, 2053, 31897, 4, 2053, 105816, 13885, 6953, 4, 31347, 9, 10135, 24365, 4, 7986, 9, 136, 10941, 9, 140815, 7, 4, 82, 144, 5, 194, 228072, 4, 1326, 107, 1515, 15005, 7, 47, 44, 10135, 212485, 58, 136, 44, 10135, 127689, 58, 237, 6626, 84797, 1284, 20903, 538, 3126, 297, 33180, 7, 111, 70, 8063, 9, 130687, 107653, 82451, 177261, 5, 31384, 80854, 111, 8063, 6, 130687, 621, 12, 1326, 107, 1515, 157167, 114942, 903, 1295, 70, 44, 169600, 9, 130687, 16839, 830, 3129, 83, 44, 20314, 70, 2663, 135355, 7, 111, 70, 17234, 107653, 82451, 177261, 4, 6044, 237, 13416, 214, 4, 6, 140815, 7, 4, 136, 239721, 7, 1242, 145733, 70, 13579, 8063, 6, 130687, 83, 68018, 10, 164661, 100, 168296, 6, 130687, 15, 372, 408, 4032, 1836, 15044, 8060, 51957, 20662, 247, 17234, 4527, 7, 118299, 4, 9433, 90, 4, 136, 86685, 47, 7968, 53, 731, 153161, 70796, 4, 45646, 71, 2053, 136, 8063, 9433, 90, 12960, 168296, 6, 130687, 914, 9319, 7, 4, 7968, 53, 13105, 4, 136, 4504, 10593, 1636, 4677, 678, 10, 28451, 289, 32153, 98, 14380, 28813, 22230, 5, 4263, 217064, 134744, 538, 4, 8063, 6, 130687, 831, 26698, 70, 1614, 3509, 111, 168296, 6, 130687, 5, 14249, 6, 130687, 136, 8063, 6, 140815, 7, 621, 68018, 11814, 1940, 152028, 78458, 4, 1284, 2685, 621, 75939, 13, 80934, 7, 5, 14978, 930, 1353, 6982, 4, 16030, 111, 4677, 55556, 136, 24365, 99, 28943, 1681, 29693, 187, 21325, 450, 8063, 6, 130687, 5608, 186, 101637, 71, 3934, 41, 1294, 214, 4, 13416, 214, 4, 2823, 6, 140815, 289, 9433, 214, 15, 42797, 683, 247, 142, 44, 289, 2529, 7, 58, 55516, 4, 136, 8063, 6, 140815, 7, 5, 360, 903, 80934, 4, 8063, 6, 140815, 7, 83, 70, 1614, 3509, 111, 17234, 32153, 214, 98, 80835, 7, 4, 92054, 1830, 4, 136, 87235, 1363, 4, 43257, 3501, 70, 13416, 214, 123309, 2481, 5, 14249, 41018, 7, 831, 139392, 10, 4552, 21334, 41170, 111, 4677, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 28, 9, 2065, 7, 4, 163, 840, 4, 73048, 1295, 11782, 9, 30090, 7, 4, 7123, 4, 38937, 94407, 4, 3245, 7, 4, 117729, 4, 1467, 9, 22469, 7, 4, 92252, 7, 4, 29569, 9, 29822, 7, 4, 1202, 9, 29822, 7, 4, 136, 7481, 4912, 5, 129551, 47, 6035, 42, 5713, 54012, 206, 4, 1286, 3501, 107997, 111, 756, 8063, 4677, 32316, 7, 23, 6097, 3173, 7, 74, 10, 14380, 13648, 4734, 4527, 6044, 10, 12937, 10, 11001, 1733, 5, 88949, 111, 70, 3917, 442, 83, 181653, 136, 4343, 71, 4, 903, 4677, 83, 40101, 51, 137656, 71, 707, 36137, 9, 137656, 71, 5, 581, 24365, 111, 36137, 9, 137656, 71, 2053, 83, 142, 51, 86918, 71, 2967, 23, 70, 4677, 55556, 53099, 5, 129551, 47, 13452, 17514, 1295, 6389, 73086, 119845, 4, 35011, 3365, 320, 133325, 47445, 496, 1104, 89858, 111, 2363, 1733, 157318, 4, 90791, 4, 136, 202120, 214, 51, 137656, 71, 2053, 5, 17234, 4527, 7, 15044, 45646, 71, 136, 51, 137656, 71, 2053, 5, 581, 36770, 83, 23468, 47, 33938, 4, 136, 70, 21, 3055, 70541, 7, 10, 21334, 102134, 939, 111, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14249, 6, 130687, 15, 16312, 16, 48402, 90, 70, 50531, 7, 136, 118299, 11814, 390, 202681, 7, 100, 70, 2053, 114137, 111, 8063, 4677, 5, 17234, 118299, 22691, 186768, 4, 43581, 4, 136, 92054, 5844, 16912, 111, 8063, 41018, 7, 5, 151301, 32354, 7, 111, 8063, 6, 130687, 118299, 26698, 13416, 214, 4, 1118, 6, 140815, 289, 9433, 214, 4, 6, 140815, 7, 4, 2053, 324, 592, 4, 9433, 324, 592, 4, 27140, 19732, 9433, 214, 4, 8063, 23718, 24365, 4, 240057, 214, 4, 7986, 324, 592, 4, 92054, 5844, 6, 140815, 7, 4, 136, 479, 32032, 5844, 6, 140815, 7, 5, 17234, 118299, 831, 34831, 21334, 41170, 7, 111, 45646, 71, 136, 68018, 51, 137656, 71, 2053, 47, 4358, 135812, 4, 85493, 4, 136, 120262, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Definition.", "Compared with competitive intelligence.", "Compared with business analytics.", "Data.", "Unstructured data vs. semi-structured data.", "Limitations of semi-structured and unstructured data.", "Metadata.", "Applications.", "Marketplace." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The earliest known use of the term \"business intelligence\" is in Richard Millar Devens' \"Cyclopædia of Commercial and Business Anecdotes\" (1865). Devens used the term to describe how the banker Sir Henry Furnese gained profit by receiving and acting upon information about his environment, prior to his competitors: The ability to collect and react accordingly based on the information retrieved, Devens says, is central to business intelligence. When Hans Peter Luhn, a researcher at IBM, used the term \"business intelligence\" in an article published in 1958, he employed the \"Webster's Dictionary\" definition of intelligence: \"the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide action towards a desired goal.\" Business intelligence as it is understood today is said to have evolved from the decision support systems (DSS) that began in the 1960s and developed throughout the mid-1980s. DSS originated in the computer-aided models created to assist with decision making and planning. In 1989, Howard Dresner (later a Gartner analyst) proposed \"business intelligence\" as an umbrella term to describe \"concepts and methods to improve business decision making by using fact-based support systems.\" It was not until the late 1990s that this usage was widespread. Critics see BI merely as an evolution of business reporting together with the advent of increasingly powerful and easy-to-use data analysis tools. In this respect it has also been criticized as a marketing buzzword in the context of the \"big data\" surge.", "According to Solomon Negash and Paul Gray, business intelligence (BI) can be defined as systems that combine: with analysis to evaluate complex corporate and competitive information for presentation to planners and decision maker, with the objective of improving the timeliness and the quality of the input to the decision process.\" According to Forrester Research, business intelligence is \"a set of methodologies, processes, architectures, and technologies that transform raw data into meaningful and useful information used to enable more effective strategic, tactical, and operational insights and decision-making.\" Under this definition, business intelligence encompasses information management (data integration, data quality, data warehousing, master-data management, text- and content-analytics, et al.). Therefore, Forrester refers to \"data preparation\" and \"data usage\" as two separate but closely linked segments of the business-intelligence architectural stack. Some elements of business intelligence are: Forrester distinguishes this from the \"business-intelligence market\", which is \"just the top layers of the BI architectural stack, such as reporting, analytics, and dashboards.\"", "Though the term business intelligence is sometimes a synonym for competitive intelligence (because they both support decision making), BI uses technologies, processes, and applications to analyze mostly internal, structured data and business processes while competitive intelligence gathers, analyzes, and disseminates information with a topical focus on company competitors. If understood broadly, business intelligence can include the subset of competitive intelligence.", "Business intelligence and business analytics are sometimes used interchangeably, but there are alternate definitions. Thomas Davenport, professor of information technology and management at Babson College argues that business intelligence should be divided into querying, reporting, Online analytical processing (OLAP), an \"alerts\" tool, and business analytics. In this definition, business analytics is the subset of BI focusing on statistics, prediction, and optimization, rather than the reporting functionality.", "Business operations can generate a very large amount of information in the form of e-mails, memos, notes from call-centers, news, user groups, chats, reports, web-pages, presentations, image-files, video-files, and marketing material. According to Merrill Lynch, more than 85% of all business information exists in these forms; a company might only use such a document a single time. Because of the way it is produced and stored, this information is either unstructured or semi-structured. The management of semi-structured data is an unsolved problem in the information technology industry. According to projections from Gartner (2003), white collar workers spend 30–40% of their time searching, finding, and assessing unstructured data. BI uses both structured and unstructured data. The former is easy to search, and the latter contains a large quantity of the information needed for analysis and decision-making. Because of the difficulty of properly searching, finding, and assessing unstructured or semi-structured data, organizations may not draw upon these vast reservoirs of information, which could influence a particular decision, task, or project. This can ultimately lead to poorly informed decision-making. Therefore, when designing a business intelligence/DW-solution, the specific problems associated with semi-structured and unstructured data must be accommodated for as well as those for the structured data.", "Unstructured and semi-structured data have different meanings depending on their context. In the context of relational database systems, unstructured data cannot be stored in predictably ordered columns and rows. One type of unstructured data is typically stored in a BLOB (binary large object), a catch-all data type available in most relational database management systems. Unstructured data may also refer to irregularly or randomly repeated column patterns that vary from row to row or files of natural language that do not have detailed metadata. Many of these data types, however, like e-mails, word processing text files, PDFs, PPTs, image-files, and video-files conform to a standard that offers the possibility of metadata. Metadata can include information such as author and time of creation, and this can be stored in a relational database. Therefore, it may be more accurate to talk about this as semi-structured documents or data, but no specific consensus seems to have been reached. Unstructured data can also simply be the knowledge that business users have about future business trends. Business forecasting naturally aligns with the BI system because business users think of their business in aggregate terms. Capturing the business knowledge that may only exist in the minds of business users provides some of the most important data points for a complete BI solution.", "There are several challenges to developing BI with semi-structured data. According to Inmon & Nesavich, some of those are:", "To solve problems with searchability and assessment of data, it is necessary to know something about the content. This can be done by adding context through the use of metadata. Many systems already capture some metadata (e.g. filename, author, size, etc.), but more useful would be metadata about the actual content – e.g. summaries, topics, people, or companies mentioned. Two technologies designed for generating metadata about content are automatic categorization and information extraction.", "Business intelligence can be applied to the following business purposes:", "In a 2013 report, Gartner categorized business intelligence vendors as either an independent \"pure-play\" vendor or a consolidated \"megavendor\". In 2012 business intelligence services received $13.1 billion in revenue. In 2019, the BI market was shaken within Europe for the new legislation of GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) which puts the responsibility of data collection and storage onto the data user with strict laws in place to make sure the data is compliant. Growth within Europe has steadily increased since May 2019 when GDPR was brought. The legislation refocused companies to look at their own data from a compliance perspective but also revealed future opportunity using personalization and external BI providers to increase market share." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 58, 15, 1388, 83, 142, 197212, 2565, 450, 26950, 47, 1645, 53, 707, 77805, 5, 1650, 2843, 26950, 44, 163891, 4, 58, 44, 222535, 4, 58, 707, 44, 135457, 1830, 740, 581, 2565, 44, 2317, 1292, 127, 58, 83, 11814, 390, 14941, 9, 9217, 11, 25306, 4734, 47, 15005, 47, 70, 23113, 17808, 31667, 177966, 7, 111, 3726, 5, 581, 2565, 44, 6471, 8889, 58, 1543, 2843, 186, 11814, 47, 3900, 19309, 12921, 80854, 111, 22458, 225415, 4, 6044, 237, 44, 693, 244326, 1292, 246691, 58, 15, 826, 577, 1195, 278, 2689, 44, 73, 202010, 4, 149528, 4, 15811, 182867, 18939, 136, 44, 8798, 5019, 58, 15, 4399, 488, 972, 1060, 835, 44, 107, 282, 12846, 3956, 4, 41392, 4, 400, 43013, 51029, 360, 351, 9, 284, 16977, 22458, 76726, 70, 2684, 38134, 21329, 712, 13579, 83, 70, 57309, 66, 2565, 44, 76, 14092, 169, 58, 15, 194, 1650, 83, 11814, 390, 119578, 7, 111, 70, 93951, 9, 568, 88877, 19, 46876, 7, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 57309, 66, 4, 17209, 4745, 4, 151303, 4, 30123, 4, 93310, 1861, 4, 5025, 247, 237, 5299, 237, 390, 119578, 7, 111, 43563, 1495, 4, 217455, 14, 4, 102374, 4, 76438, 4, 55124, 66, 136, 153549, 19, 5, 360, 70, 23924, 60570, 9381, 223, 4, 70, 13579, 83, 44, 4580, 169, 58, 15, 16, 23, 5024, 4834, 4, 44, 206, 344, 58, 15, 16, 23, 92496, 136, 44, 34434, 58, 23, 62, 1961, 15, 194, 360, 3605, 136, 3799, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 77840, 18, 58, 83, 11814, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 4000, 13579, 44, 184, 32793, 7502, 58, 15, 37440, 592, 44, 222535, 830, 1295, 70, 34153, 44, 184, 32793, 58, 20, 225415, 4, 136, 44, 127, 7502, 58, 20, 2355, 707, 8, 2481, 194, 581, 110, 309, 44, 37267, 11, 13752, 127, 58, 15, 16, 83, 11814, 15751, 20028, 23, 70, 31986, 25, 66, 4, 678, 1672, 423, 3789, 30057, 42991, 111, 6863, 1927, 39798, 289, 74855, 44, 37267, 9, 141, 740, 22543, 7, 162711, 47, 5566, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 7304, 944, 4, 148, 13017, 4, 27126, 5019, 4, 3021, 5, 16, 621, 11814, 23, 189275, 1632, 9, 7, 4084, 927, 111, 31986, 25, 11, 6402, 51389, 7, 5, 44, 84041, 21286, 759, 177966, 4, 136, 759, 209201, 136, 759, 6897, 136, 759, 47219, 621, 15, 5584, 16, 100, 3430, 830, 136, 44, 568, 444, 2207, 4, 2685, 83, 110, 2355, 1284, 87, 4, 127298, 21265, 1215, 136, 13695, 1257, 177966, 100, 2646, 65669, 12846, 3956, 58, 621, 15044, 27781, 7, 111, 903, 5, 5443, 13, 66278, 7, 111, 70, 31986, 25, 66, 831, 8337, 22759, 158208, 111, 5566, 5, 23972, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 375, 25965, 3430, 25, 7, 187646, 7, 4, 3430, 4, 25842, 678, 70, 61909, 7, 4, 54, 44, 132789, 58, 24073, 13566, 6953, 4, 26913, 21094, 18939, 77648, 4, 5566, 83, 16940, 23, 23232, 23516, 20102, 390, 756, 8035, 7, 23, 15678, 2320, 4, 23, 70, 10422, 450, 1836, 621, 11343, 23, 5470, 678, 3430, 390, 19492, 13, 111, 55578, 105233, 136, 205027, 214, 2856, 5, 198387, 4, 22458, 7, 48136, 538, 18645, 5566, 47, 122273, 450, 442, 83, 70, 17311, 3173, 111, 225415, 450, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 25793, 49344, 5, 65056, 927, 4, 5566, 83, 151552, 237, 70, 17932, 8111, 320, 111, 3726, 5, 581, 158978, 60042, 111, 31600, 83, 47, 27992, 237, 10, 3445, 25, 7, 36398, 678, 2207, 5, 16915, 41274, 111, 70, 26498, 83, 70, 20654, 67, 167821, 151814, 111, 31600, 5, 31600, 83, 142, 17808, 31667, 68869, 100, 756, 22458, 7, 4, 40494, 100, 8382, 2750, 621, 479, 111596, 150506, 4, 71018, 1916, 136, 136303, 33, 21896, 2586, 297, 214, 23, 70, 1112, 13312, 7103, 29041, 5720, 927, 4, 59499, 47, 7550, 2706, 5, 8622, 621, 3060, 27289, 450, 3249, 5566, 56649, 4, 136, 3060, 450, 3249, 5566, 26785, 5, 129551, 47, 1632, 21455, 54940, 5941, 4, 2174, 1632, 124962, 7, 70, 25632, 27289, 4, 2363, 5566, 83, 56649, 12, 64511, 27289, 100, 5566, 26698, 12, 17006, 121742, 7, 23, 31600, 831, 186, 56381, 3674, 100, 390, 48872, 98767, 186351, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 177966, 5, 98423, 31600, 83, 7228, 1257, 111, 119140, 214, 25072, 7, 707, 105823, 7, 35839, 44, 3366, 9821, 58, 15, 6953, 35975, 44, 219, 6577, 51029, 8622, 1543, 186, 6626, 47, 22759, 25072, 7, 5, 98423, 25072, 58055, 7, 111, 29458, 112664, 7, 136, 105955, 5256, 5, 2161, 70, 13036, 80854, 2685, 83, 133238, 7, 4, 1284, 98, 43967, 41653, 2685, 1543, 186, 12921, 16912, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 12638, 19069, 2685, 83, 10, 4552, 91, 20016, 76968, 5, 31600, 83, 186, 6967, 23, 10, 135203, 19069, 15, 289, 197271, 3395, 2750, 7413, 442, 72761, 538, 34844, 831, 18645, 5566, 23, 10, 3917, 202319, 100, 2856, 194, 360, 62500, 83, 10, 479, 107, 3181, 11090, 100, 5566, 4, 136, 2367, 157167, 114942, 2773, 225415, 1295, 242, 519, 214, 8305, 70, 78112, 7, 25, 5, 31384, 207048, 16401, 450, 91177, 133784, 5170, 23, 70, 26498, 4, 136, 3060, 64209, 450, 442, 186, 113091, 19, 4, 56104, 1379, 70, 71191, 5, 4966, 2685, 83, 110, 77950, 450, 70, 116625, 25793, 1448, 10571, 707, 2499, 111, 1919, 226792, 7, 17669, 75, 3055, 297, 10, 653, 176342, 10, 365, 1674, 8108, 177966, 5, 6561, 17378, 44, 43512, 1292, 1132, 3528, 1299, 58, 15, 4, 44, 124938, 83, 117396, 64, 7134, 11, 6954, 74054, 10, 26168, 51529, 237, 44, 1865, 142375, 42, 58, 15, 39798, 25958, 44, 86049, 41274, 378, 4390, 3430, 268, 51029, 3293, 73432, 44, 1865, 142375, 42, 58, 83, 51529, 237, 44, 1865, 142375, 2175, 144, 9, 14, 56777, 135979, 58, 707, 44, 1865, 142375, 2175, 99, 9, 18, 55116, 12380, 12230, 740, 28090, 903, 6275, 40225, 1632, 1645, 38543, 1543, 959, 158, 37676, 4, 73203, 4, 707, 54, 3789, 8999, 538, 8966, 12, 70, 10, 464, 83, 47, 186, 75447, 678, 3430, 5, 1326, 5941, 22458, 7, 4, 70, 231321, 1363, 83, 2804, 678, 70, 44540, 165249, 136, 4911, 6492, 7, 158012, 50155, 70, 67896, 365, 7438, 4, 237, 127887, 5, 6561, 7068, 92319, 7, 1632, 25, 7, 44540, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 31600, 707, 13294, 18, 15, 242, 4, 242, 4, 91084, 44, 6471, 8889, 830, 44, 7, 2037, 182867, 830, 44, 13566, 6953, 58, 136, 44, 277, 25965, 2320, 56128, 2843, 51529, 237, 2096, 1292, 169, 15, 161063, 78960, 54940, 2684, 351, 9, 284, 16977, 22458, 7, 4, 83, 70, 17932, 111, 70, 43606, 34777, 21816, 23, 70, 116625, 109208, 237, 31815, 17808, 31667, 5570, 29367, 177966, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 72761, 4, 13893, 4, 136, 41205, 27992, 111, 225415, 450, 83, 139999, 71, 43606, 20028, 11907, 5155, 99, 479, 34601, 71, 20028, 5, 51404, 7808, 214, 98186, 70, 1136, 8474, 23, 1215, 11210, 4, 22458, 7, 1645, 53, 5117, 135203, 136, 14432, 472, 86, 60096, 707, 129842, 98, 70, 61585, 4, 24862, 1916, 1295, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Terminology.", "Etymology.", "English usage.", "Namaz.", "Salah in the Quran.", "Purpose and importance.", "Conditions.", "Prostration of forgetfulness.", "Gestures and postures.", "Orthostasis (\"qiyām\").", "Intention (\"niyyah\").", "Consecratory magnification (\"takbīrat al-iḥrām\").", "Readings/recitation (\"qiraʾat\").", "Bowing (\"rukūʿ\").", "Straightening up (\"iʿtidāl\").", "Low bowing/prostration (\"sujūd\").", "Kneeling/sitting.", "Peace greeting/salutation (\"taslīm\").", "Takbir.", "Differences in practice.", "Specific differences.", "Categories.", "Mandatory prayers.", "Five daily prayers.", "Times of prayers.", "Sunni view.", "Qasr and \"jam' bayn as-salaatayn\".", "Qada.", "Quranist view.", "Supererogatory prayers.", "Voluntary prayers.", "Prayers of the tradition.", "Types.", "Friday prayer (Jumu'ah).", "Nightly prayers.", "Tahajjud.", "Witr.", "Prayers of Eid.", "Prayer of Istikhaarah.", "\"Tahiyyat al-Masjid\".", "Prayer in congregation.", "Standing arrangement.", "Notes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "3", "4", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "\"\" ( ) is an Arabic word that means to pray or bless. It also means \"contact,\" \"communication,\" or \"connection\".", "The word \"salāh\" is used by English-speakers only to refer to the formal obligatory prayers of Islam. The word \"prayer\" may also be used to translate different elements of Muslim worship, such as \"duʿāʾ\" (دُعَاء \"invocation, appeal, supplication\") and \"dhikr\" (ذِكْر \"remembrance, mention, litany\").", "In non-Arab Muslim countries the most widespread term is the Persian word \"namāz\" (). It is used by speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages (e.g., Persian, Kurdish, Bengali, Urdu, Balochi, Hindi), as well as by speakers of Turkish, Azerbaijani, Russian, Chinese, Bosnian and Albanian. In the North Caucasus, the term is \"lamaz\" () in Chechen, \"chak\" () in Lak and \"kak\" in Avar (). In Malaysia and Indonesia, the term \"solat\" is used, as well as a local term \"sembahyang\" (meaning \"communication\", from the words \"sembah\" - worship, and \"hyang\" - god or deity).", "The noun \"ṣalāh\" () is used 82 times in the Qur'an, with about 15 other derivatives of its triliteral root \"ṣ-l\". Words connected to salah (such as mosque, wudu, dhikr, etc.) are used in approximately one-sixth of Qur'anic verses. \"Surely my prayer, and my sacrifice and my life and my death are (all) for God\", and \"I am Allah, there is no god but I, therefore serve Me and keep up prayer for My remembrance\" are both examples of this. Exegesis of the Qur'an can give four dimensions of salah. First, in order to commend God's servants, God, together with the angels, do \"salah\" (\"blessing, salutations\") Second, salah is done involuntarily by all beings in Creation, in the sense that they are always in contact with God by virtue of Him creating and sustaining them. Third, Muslims voluntarily offer salah to reveal that it is the particular form of worship that belongs to the prophets. Fourth, salah is described as the second pillar of Islam.", "The primary purpose of Salah is to act as a person's communication with Allah. Purification of the heart is the ultimate religious objective of Salah.", "Salah is an obligatory ritual for all Muslims, except for those who are prepubescent, menstruating and experiencing bleeding in the 40 days after childbirth, according to Sunnis. There are some conditions that make salah invalid, and some that make salah correct. According to one view among many, if one ignores the following conditions, their salah is invalid: Other conditions for salah include:", "Most mistakes in Salah can be compensated for by prostrating twice at the end of the prayer.", "Each Salah is made up of repeating units or cycles called \"rakats\" (singular \"rakah\"). There may be two to four units. Each unit consists of specific movements and recitations. On the major elements there is consensus, but on minor details there may be different views. Between each position there is a very slight pause.", "Salah is begun in a standing position (although people who find it physically difficult can offer salah in a way suitable for them).", "Intention is a prerequisite for salah, and what distinguishes real worship from 'going through the motions'. Some authorities hold that intention suffices in the heart, and some require that it be spoken, usually under the breath. But there is no evidence that the Islamic prophet Muhammad or any of his companions ever uttered a niyyah aloud before prayer.", "One says \"Allāhu akbar\" (, \"God is greater/greatest\"), a formula known as \"takbīr\" (literally \"magnification [of God]\"). This opening \"takbīr\" is known as \"takbīrat al-iḥrām\" or \"takbīrat at-taḥrīmah\". From this point forward one praying may not converse, eat, or do other worldly things: the aim is to be alone with God. For many Muslims, the consecration is said with the hands raised and thumbs placed behind the earlobes, as shown. One then lowers one's hands. Some Muslims afterwards add a supplication praising Allah, such as:", "Still standing, the next principal act is to recite the first chapter of the Qur'an, the Fatiha. This chapter takes the form of a supplication, at the heart of which is a plea for guidance \"to the straight path\". Many Muslims precede the Fatiha, as with any recitation from the Qur'an, by asking for refuge with God from \"the accursed devil\": In the first and second unit, another portion of the Qur'an is recited following the Fatiha. At the end of the recitations one moves to the next position, saying \"Allahu akbar\" as one does so.", "Next is bowing from the waist, with palms placed on the knees (according to most schools, women should not bow so low). While bowing, the one praying generally utters formulas of praise under the breath, such as (\"subḥāna rabbīya l-ʿaẓīm\" \"Glory be to my Lord, the Most Magnificent\"), thrice or more in odd number of times.", "As the worshipper straightens their back they say (\"samiʿa-llāhu li-man ḥamidah\", \"God hears the one who praises him.\") An additional formula of praise is usually uttered under the breath, such as (\"rabbanā laka l-ḥamd\", \"Our Lord, all praise be to you.\") After a moment of standing, the worshipper moves to the prostration - again saying \"Allahu akbar\".", "Then the worshipper kneels and bows low to the ground or prostrates with the forehead, nose, knees, palms and toes touching the floor. The worshipper utters (\"subḥāna rabbiya l-'aʿlā\" \"Glory be to my Lord, the Most High\"). After a short while in prostration the worshipper very briefly rises to a kneeling position, then returns to the ground a second time. As they rise from the second prostration, they say \"Allāhu akbar\" as before. Lifting the head from the second prostration completes the unit.", "The worshipper kneels or sits on the ground with legs folded under the body (the precise posture differs between schools), and recites a prayer called the \"tashahhud\". The \"tashahhud\" consists of the testimony of faith (the shahadah) and invoking peace and blessings on Muhammad (salawat). Many schools hold that the right index finger is raised for these prayers. After the \"tashahhud\" prayer,", "The worshipper ends the prayer (and exits their state of consecration) by saying (\"as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa raḥmatu llāh\", \"Peace and God's mercy be upon you\", the \"taslīm\"). This is said twice, first to the right and then to the left.", "Every movement from one position to another is accompanied by the takbir except the straightening up from the \"ruku\"' and the conclusion.", "Muslims believe that Muhammad practiced, taught, and disseminated the worship ritual in the whole community of Muslims and made it part of their life. The practice has, therefore, been concurrently and perpetually practiced by the community in each of the generations. The authority for the basic forms of the salah is neither the hadiths nor the Qur'an, but rather the consensus of Muslims. This is not inconsistent with another fact that Muslims have shown diversity in their practice since the earliest days of practice, so the \"salah\" practiced by one Muslim may differ from another's in minor details. In some cases the Hadith suggest some of this diversity of practice was known of and approved by the Prophet himself. Most differences arise because of different interpretations of the Islamic legal sources by the different schools of law (\"madhhabs\") in Sunni Islam, and by different legal traditions within Shia Islam. In the case of ritual worship these differences are generally minor, and should rarely cause dispute.", "Common differences, which may vary between schools and gender, include: Shia Muslims, after the end of the prayer, raise their hands three times, reciting \"Allahu akbar\" whereas Sunnis look at the left and right shoulder saying \"taslim\". Also, Shias often read \"Qunoot\" in the second Rakat, while Sunnis usually do this after salah. A 2015 Pew Research Center study found that women are two percent more likely than men to pray on a daily basis.", "Prayers in Islam are classified into categories based on degrees of obligation. One common classification is fard (\"obligatory\") & wajib (\"compulsory\"), and sunnah (\"tradition\") & nafl (\"voluntary\").", "", "The five daily prayers are obligatory on every Muslim who has reached the age of puberty, with the exception being those who are mentally ill, too physically ill for it to be possible, menstruating, or experiencing postnatal bleeding. Those who are sick or otherwise physically unable to offer their prayers in the traditional form are permitted to offer their prayers while sitting or lying, as they are able.", "Each of the five prayers has a prescribed time measured by the movement of the sun. They are: between dawn and sunrise (\"fajr\"), after the sun has passed its zenith (\"zuhr\"), when afternoon shadows lengthen (\"asr\"), just after sunset (\"maghrib\") and around nightfall (\"isha\"). Salah must be prayed in its time unless there is a compelling reason preventing this.", "Of the \"fard\" category are the five daily prayers, as well as the Friday prayer (Salat al-Jumu'ah), while the Eid prayers and \"Witr\" are of the \"wajib\" category. Negligence of any of the obligatory prayers renders one a non-Muslim according to the stricter Hanbali madhhab of Sunni Islam, while the other Sunni madhhabs consider doing so a major sin. However, all four madhhabs agree that denial of the mandatory status of these prayers invalidates the faith of those who do so, rendering them non-Muslim. Fard prayers (as with all fard actions) are further classed as either \"fard al-ayn\" (obligation of the self) and \"fard al-kifayah\" (obligation of sufficiency). Fard al-Ayn are actions considered obligatory on individuals, for which the individual will be held to account if the actions are neglected. Fard al-Kifayah are actions considered obligatory on the Muslim community at large, so that if some people within the community carry it out no Muslim is considered blameworthy, but if no one carries it out, all incur a collective punishment. Men are required to offer the mandatory salat in (\"jama'ah\"), behind an imam when they are able. According to most Islamic scholars, prayer in congregation is mustahabb (recommended) for men, when they are able.", "When travelling over long distances, one may shorten some prayers, a practice known as Qasr. Furthermore, several prayer times may be joined, which is referred to as \"Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn\". \"Qasr\" involves shortening the obligatory components of the Zuhr, Asr, and Isha prayers to two rakats. \"Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn\" combines the \"Zuhr\" and \"Asr\" prayers into one prayer offered between noon and sunset, and the Maghrib and \"Isha\" prayers into one between sunset and Fajr. Neither \"Qasr\" nor \"Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn\" can be applied to the \"Fajr\" prayer.", "In certain circumstances, one may be unable to offer one's prayer within the prescribed time period (waqt). In this case, the prayer must be offered as soon as one can do so. Several Ahadith narrates that Muhammad stated that permissible reasons to pray Qada Salah are forgetfulness and accidentally sleeping through the prescribed time. However, knowingly sleeping through the prescribed time for Salah is deemed impermissible.", "Muslims who reject the Hadith and Quranists, some pray five times and some thrice a day. Quranists in Algeria for example \"pray with unlike their usual postures, and do not bow, but believe that prostration is the next posture on completion of recitation (of the Quran).\"", "", "Nafl salah (supererogatory prayers) are voluntary, and one may offer as many as he or she likes almost any time. There are many specific conditions or situations when one may wish to offer nafl prayers. They cannot be offered at sunrise, true noon, or sunset. The prohibition against salah at these times is to prevent the practice of sun worship. Some Muslims offer voluntary prayers immediately before and after the five prescribed prayers. Sunni Muslims classify these prayers as sunnah, while Shi'ah considers them nafil. One schema of the number of rakats for each of the five obligatory prayers as well as the voluntary prayers (before and after) are listed below - once again there are minor differences between schools. Many Sunni Muslims also offer two rakats of \"nafl\" salah (supererogatory prayer) after the \"Zuhr\" and \"Maghrib\" prayers. During the \"'Isha\" prayer, they pray the two rakats of \"nafl\" after the two Sunnat-Mu'aqqadah and after the \"Witr\".", "\"Sun'nah salah\" are optional and were additional voluntary prayers said by Muhammad. They are of two types: the \"sunnat mu'aqqaddah\" (\"\"), practiced on a regular basis, which if abandoned causes the abandoner to be regarded as sinful by the Hanafi School; and the \"sunnat ghayr mu'aqqaddah\" (\"\"), practiced on a semi-regular practice by Muhammad, of which abandonment is not considered to be sinful. Certain sunnah prayers have prescribed \"waqts\" associated with them. Those ordained for before each of the \"fard\" prayers must be said between the first call to prayer (\"adhan\") and the second call (\"iqama\"), which signifies the start of the \"fard\" prayer. Those sunnah ordained for after the fard prayers can be said any time between the end of the \"fard\" prayers and the end of the current prayer's \"waqt\". Any amount of extra rakats may be offered, but most \"madha'ib\" prescribe a certain number of rakats for each sunnah salah.", "", "Salat al-Jumu'ah is a congregational prayer on Friday, which replaces the Zuhr prayer. It is compulsory upon men to pray this in congregation, while women may pray it so or offer Zuhr salat instead. Salat al-Jumu'ah consists of a sermon (\"khutba\") given by the sermoner (\"khatib\"), after which two rakats are prayed. There is no Salat al-Jumu'ah without a khutba. Khutba is supposed to be carefully listened to as it replaces Sawaab of two Rakats.", "The time for nightly prayers (Salat al-Layl) starts after midnight until the time for Fajr prayer. It is considered highly meritorious by all Shia Muslims, and is said to bring numerous benefits to the believer, mainly gaining proximity to Allah. Layl prayer includs eleven Rakat:", "The word \"tahajjud\" is derived from the root H-J-D (هجد) meaning \"spending the night awake or asleep\". This prayer is not obligatory. The time for \"tahajjud\" (nightly prayers) is started from the late hours of the night and is finished when the time for Fajr prayer entered. The prayer includes eight rakat, followed by three rakat of Witr prayer.", "The word \"witr\" (وتر) means \"odd number\" as an adjective and \"string\" or \"chord\" as a noun. \"Witr\" is offered after the salah of \"'Isha\". Some Muslims consider witr compulsory while others consider it supererogatory. It may contain an odd number of rakats from one to five according to the different schools of jurisprudence. \"Witr\" is most commonly offered in three rakats, actually one raka'ah added to two rakat of Tahajjud or Tarawih prayer at the end. The prayer usually includes the \"qunut\".", "The salah of the Idayn\" is said on the mornings of Id al-Fitr\" and \"'Id an-Nahr\". The Eid prayer is classified by some as \"fard\", likely an individual obligation (\"fard al-ayn\") though some Islamic scholars argue it is only a collective obligation (\"fard al-kifayah\"). It consists of two rakats, with seven (or three for the followers Imam Hanafi) \"takbirs\" offered before the start of the first rakat and five (or three for the followers of Imam Hanafi) before the second. After the salah is completed, a sermon (\"khutbah\") is offered. However, the khutbah is not an integral part of the Eid salah. The Eid salah must be offered between sunrise and true noon i.e. between the time periods for \"Fajr\" and \"Zuhr\".", "The word \"istikharah\" is derived from the root ḵ-y-r (خير) \"well-being, goodness, choice, selection\". Salat al-Istikhaarah is a prayer offered when a Muslim needs guidance on a particular matter. To say this salah one should pray two rakats of non-obligatory salah to completion. After completion one should request God that which on is better. The intention for the salah should be in one's heart to pray two rakats of salah followed by Istikhaarah. The salah can be offered at any of the times where salah is not forbidden.", "Upon entering the mosque, \"Tahiyyat al-Masjid\" (\"mosque greeting\" prayer) may be offered; this is to pay respects to the mosque. Every Muslim entering the mosque is encouraged to offer these two rakats.", "Prayer in the (\"jama'ah\") is considered to have more social and spiritual benefits than praying by oneself. When praying in congregation, the people stand in straight parallel rows behind one person who conducts the prayer, called imam, also called the ‘leader’. The imam must be above the rest in knowledge, action, piety, and justness and possess faith and commitment the people trust, Balanced Perception of Religion and the best knowledge of the Qur'an. The prayer is offered as normal, with the congregation following the imam in order as he/she offers the salah.", "For two people of the same gender, the imam would stand on the left, and the other person is on the right. For more than two people, the imam stands one row ahead of the rest. When the Worshippers consist of men and women combined, a man is chosen as the imam. In this situation, women are typically forbidden from assuming this role. This point, though unanimously agreed on by the major schools of Islam, is disputed by some groups, based partly on a \"hadith\" whose interpretation is controversial. When the congregation consists entirely of women and pre-pubescent children, one woman is chosen as imam. When men, women, and children are praying, the children's rows are usually between the men's and women's rows, with the men at the front and women at the back. Another configuration is where the men's and women's rows are side by side, separated by a curtain or other barrier, with the primary intention being for there to be no direct line of sight between male and female Worshippers, following a Qur'anic injunction toward men and women each lowering their gazes (Qur'an 24:30–31).", "Table notes" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10332, 525, 59121, 17164, 1672, 79727, 3466, 32497, 1295, 534, 11648, 4, 3229, 2667, 1224, 21449, 1295, 59757, 433, 7671, 3157, 31804, 47, 10, 79986, 111, 10663, 40294, 1295, 911, 36657, 515, 15, 4613, 32854, 194, 180, 7018, 6741, 111, 79727, 3466, 15, 11193, 6920, 8, 79727, 133936, 16, 181141, 1919, 60393, 214, 12937, 237, 10, 195812, 5, 115963, 136, 4939, 2091, 275, 265, 147595, 111, 20625, 44510, 8541, 3542, 11737, 26837, 7, 5, 24967, 90, 111, 79727, 3466, 509, 3884, 25842, 678, 11751, 5233, 6741, 515, 15, 1456, 10433, 24374, 16, 678, 10, 472, 54350, 100, 87463, 4, 3129, 509, 98816, 47, 10, 37702, 133, 100, 10, 110, 2661, 14449, 5, 24372, 423, 8318, 79727, 3466, 122446, 70, 142105, 29695, 306, 5, 2331, 141, 111, 3698, 46097, 123997, 70, 79727, 3466, 25, 7, 332, 748, 136, 11751, 5233, 6741, 515, 1295, 48172, 14977, 111, 98311, 50071, 53, 5, 1650, 509, 1919, 75688, 450, 79727, 3466, 509, 175961, 3934, 10, 59444, 5, 581, 60097, 601, 1684, 1459, 54028, 1995, 2377, 478, 1717, 1966, 39563, 297, 442, 5, 1529, 158, 2875, 2822, 442, 10, 219475, 111, 12562, 14775, 115393, 4, 143092, 28279, 4, 16839, 7, 80265, 9966, 136, 70, 1632, 9, 45207, 9, 19729, 219475, 5, 360, 423, 6460, 24748, 3608, 597, 123997, 70, 16839, 9, 35461, 79727, 3466, 136, 11751, 5233, 6741, 515, 5, 581, 31347, 16070, 111, 3608, 597, 7, 21, 14437, 100, 17262, 128274, 7, 111, 10, 142642, 136, 442, 509, 10, 1733, 111, 34754, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 22, 155648, 71, 390, 10, 58982, 136, 442, 1902, 22759, 70836, 7, 5, 1650, 1902, 10, 12562, 6488, 53, 4, 10, 960, 18, 9, 23923, 4, 6626, 48137, 7, 4, 10, 101086, 4, 10, 3525, 64792, 136, 10, 26349, 17986, 5, 360, 611, 4015, 123693, 111, 35271, 929, 100512, 10, 7822, 71, 111, 70, 59444, 5, 18763, 58386, 100, 402, 112, 47, 53299, 845, 19725, 23, 70, 16839, 9, 35461, 23, 611, 3882, 5, 360, 611, 10837, 70, 60097, 151992, 87, 12540, 47314, 70, 219475, 111, 70, 1632, 9, 45207, 9, 19729, 100, 10, 28279, 136, 10, 126041, 5, 360, 611, 13307, 68728, 8946, 111, 3731, 3371, 56680, 123997, 70, 59444, 5, 581, 5117, 41392, 1672, 10696, 118775, 23, 611, 13307, 5, 62, 3525, 106820, 509, 88303, 98, 10, 3687, 111, 70, 10332, 1632, 23, 729, 14664, 360, 543, 13023, 144142, 7, 136, 10, 31351, 214, 10696, 3542, 163684, 297, 390, 11476, 5, 360, 159983, 10, 101087, 18831, 20037, 53, 3514, 434, 1257, 99, 70, 1810, 152715, 7, 5, 360, 145810, 10, 3525, 10696, 509, 88303, 23, 40641, 59349, 5872, 48800, 5, 28090, 543, 8894, 10, 20324, 37067, 214, 390, 10, 1305, 53865, 26859, 5, 23972, 1305, 23179, 509, 142096, 23, 170612, 5, 360, 166555, 10, 6, 68823, 7514, 509, 88303, 1257, 5, 893, 192196, 41274, 111, 70, 26908, 509, 51339, 297, 23, 64972, 5, 28090, 70, 5117, 23552, 111, 953, 927, 142642, 552, 289, 324, 592, 126809, 5, 581, 2684, 5299, 51529, 552, 289, 5665, 83, 581, 44, 919, 15212, 61299, 58, 136, 70, 6, 157215, 134620, 98, 70, 6, 3134, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 70, 86595, 111, 6661, 5550, 1995, 101085, 1314, 23409, 47, 79727, 3466, 5, 2273, 453, 1295, 9942, 3542, 211196, 3674, 23, 70, 59444, 5, 10660, 79786, 5201, 538, 23, 70, 91, 44645, 7, 136, 23, 4000, 40617, 7, 5, 581, 30839, 43904, 509, 14700, 2118, 71, 7103, 6661, 5550, 787, 360, 50940, 10, 171751, 7, 25, 57476, 1363, 26859, 4, 3129, 192942, 98, 19014, 71, 68062, 2676, 5, 24372, 70, 183910, 135555, 111, 13501, 70, 59444, 1556, 2809, 191975, 38075, 214, 47, 70, 3525, 6897, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 79727, 3466, 15, 74, 1388, 83, 10, 54427, 39501, 297, 23, 144477, 9, 1177, 48850, 103655, 47806, 5, 1650, 400, 90, 95134, 209, 1785, 127067, 111, 30613, 9756, 4, 138, 4015, 106384, 36917, 70, 15520, 17366, 5, 1650, 7, 9351, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 10, 3357, 9351, 79727, 9756, 46, 44, 2347, 54427, 111, 79727, 9756, 25, 7, 3395, 740, 1650, 1556, 645, 10, 199823, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "The oldest written record about Radonice comes from 1196, when monks came from Waldsassen Abbey to a rule of Milhost from Mašťov (Maschau). Ojíř of Radonice (Hogir de Radonitz) signed his donating document as a witness. Nicolas and John Lobkowitz of Hasištejn were next holders. Fates of Radonice was put together with Vintířov (Winteritz) with a knight fortress, which was changed to a castle for a noble family. After 1508 Radonice experienced the largest bloom. Opl of Fictum bought the Radonice's manor and Vintířov from Albrecht of Kolovraty. It was his merit that Radonice was advanced into a town. The king Władysław II Jagiełło confirmed it. He conferred it a privilege of brewing beer, selling salt, markets arranging and the one-mile-law privilege. In 1532 Albert Šlik bought the market-town Radonice and Vintířov. The mastership of Šliks lasted for three quarters of a century and it was a time of development. The city was enclosed by a wall and it had four gates. It had a brewery, a malt-house, two mills, a bath, a new pub and a city hospital. In 1622 Ferdinand of Nagarol became a lord of the town. His wife forbade to receive Jews in the market-town in 1628. In 1662 the king Leopold I ratified the privilege of the one-mile-law for a salt and a corn. In 1664 dynasty of Losynthal bought the town. The first mention about school appeared in 1664. A new church was built on a place of the old one in 1702. In 1842 stables and a riding school were destroyed by fire. In 1871 a sugar refinery grew up at the outskirts. In 1889 a new school was built in Doupovská street. From 1841 a regular connecting by a post coach started. First post office was opened in 1872. In 1884 a railway was built up. An electrification of the community was performed in 1910. From the first half of 19th century coal mining developed. The most well known coal mine is The \"Františka\" and the exploitation ended on the eve of World War II. Soon after the beginning of World War II prisoners went to Radonice. 35 men from France were accommodated in the town. They worked mainly in the shafts and in local farms. The German population was expelled after World War 2. In 1952 a farmers' cooperation started, which stood on dried swamp. After the Velvet Revolution of 1989 the town has been slowly awaking to the new life." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 1919, 6897, 6032, 4, 1342, 47515, 4063, 509, 10670, 157272, 100, 1919, 7484, 136, 3789, 149186, 19612, 4, 7440, 162, 18925, 764, 83, 2843, 125296, 71, 237, 142, 5526, 150350, 42, 111, 106820, 136, 1608, 26278, 19612, 5, 59784, 111, 1919, 1608, 26278, 19612, 188545, 7, 4, 49903, 5, 87293, 44, 58, 2451, 11, 42486, 111, 112364, 7, 91376, 20271, 1342, 47515, 4063, 25, 7, 6897, 6032, 2451, 164, 51529, 4, 34955, 1295, 10, 10846, 54015, 3674, 126371, 23, 29053, 32032, 7, 5, 581, 45286, 136, 5174, 6261, 23, 391, 13036, 83, 1632, 6044, 63847, 5, 62, 11001, 953, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 29053, 32032, 43658, 111, 2856, 188545, 7, 4, 19314, 5, 13439, 611, 185689, 23538, 23, 70, 10271, 22836, 103835, 5, 1650, 70541, 7, 6626, 1286, 1608, 26278, 14947, 7, 5, 116267, 43658, 4, 198395, 23, 139972, 122, 29366, 19, 824, 23, 10271, 4, 83, 5036, 72856, 5, 581, 170420, 111, 70, 63847, 25, 7, 166577, 621, 2750, 12097, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 15745, 9, 16604, 934, 464, 27325, 731, 4, 32562, 23, 20231, 4, 42459, 297, 450, 70, 63847, 1543, 765, 2809, 150350, 71, 100, 67538, 135560, 35631, 25, 7, 81141, 4, 98, 1105, 18374, 611, 14889, 4, 3129, 1342, 47515, 4063, 29966, 297, 5, 67538, 209525, 3834, 35631, 4, 1342, 47515, 4063, 4, 136, 3789, 23902, 136, 14449, 62952, 19612, 100, 70, 46505, 5, 67538, 135560, 35631, 4, 70, 10332, 525, 82953, 111, 67538, 58685, 35631, 4, 509, 10, 166733, 111, 1342, 47515, 4063, 5, 116267, 191225, 4, 28166, 241, 5, 6499, 6488, 4, 32603, 3674, 10, 96551, 111, 7722, 94878, 7, 17721, 1342, 47515, 4063, 25, 7, 136, 158465, 1843, 1297, 25, 7, 91376, 1608, 26278, 19612, 5, 18763, 25188, 117414, 71, 450, 70, 45286, 1543, 765, 2809, 150350, 71, 23, 57553, 47, 10, 1608, 2271, 86, 678, 74413, 1771, 80854, 3129, 1843, 1297, 91376, 237, 2831, 111, 9148, 11, 4830, 111, 44, 30404, 59248, 155269, 6781, 9, 34416, 11, 740, 9925, 2806, 117414, 450, 1342, 47515, 4063, 25, 7, 63847, 53418, 186, 607, 297, 110680, 3501, 611, 11648, 4, 70, 6602, 111, 104345, 111, 1843, 1297, 25, 7, 42486, 5, 64511, 112474, 111, 70, 45286, 25, 7, 166577, 621, 46505, 25958, 42459, 297, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 237, 39395, 237, 611, 4836, 5, 581, 45286, 15, 76228, 6056, 70, 1030, 146365, 214, 3016, 6261, 16, 509, 5117, 91376, 23, 45913, 390, 191225, 63691, 75781, 5761, 4, 2750, 99201, 70, 47763, 23, 1919, 5582, 98, 1342, 47515, 4063, 25, 7, 1608, 26278, 19612, 5, 18763, 25188, 509, 191722, 136, 8060, 297, 390, 39395, 19612, 191225, 136, 30391, 9920, 35211, 18234, 18, 4, 2750, 23, 54566, 91376, 1919, 70767, 111, 70, 45286, 136, 5174, 6261, 23, 1919, 49515, 316, 36549, 5, 33306, 4, 450, 79737, 70541, 297, 183851, 88353, 1363, 16188, 7, 136, 84079, 7, 959, 23, 70, 7311, 47763, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 35211, 18234, 18, 62952, 41806, 764, 90698, 7108, 100, 70, 63847, 4, 1284, 450, 3542, 959, 8060, 297, 390, 14432, 25188, 5, 581, 45286, 509, 5117, 17164, 297, 23, 27712, 390, 79281, 3698, 297, 603, 5, 360, 28015, 4, 70, 16162, 9, 919, 1603, 8250, 164, 1342, 175259, 1608, 26278, 178992, 11, 7228, 10, 182304, 111, 70, 63847, 450, 2806, 15549, 6863, 100, 45091, 7, 207583, 5, 3293, 83371, 1363, 509, 16940, 23, 10, 1286, 174108, 20623, 4, 99, 10, 207583, 72803, 56, 2167, 3501, 442, 1902, 2809, 112730, 99, 8108, 4, 136, 70541, 297, 217590, 188, 63920, 4, 59121, 390, 1342, 175259, 4, 450, 621, 5036, 20903, 538, 137272, 678, 70, 63847, 5, 581, 1342, 175259, 182304, 509, 121447, 23, 18237, 23, 9942, 390, 14825, 188, 89916, 237, 2831, 111, 142, 82080, 450, 2843, 99201, 70, 5879, 126, 98027, 31, 390, 67538, 93726, 40738, 206, 136, 3789, 43240, 390, 1342, 47515, 4063, 136, 40738, 206, 4, 756, 112730, 390, 70, 16162, 9, 919, 1603, 8250, 164, 1342, 175259, 1608, 26278, 178992, 11, 5, 581, 74413, 509, 2843, 99201, 98, 10, 38134, 538, 15917, 3674, 7156, 390, 70, 6648, 9, 80596, 67967, 108341, 182999, 67081, 23, 28015, 5, 360, 20414, 28015, 4, 160600, 8753, 5787, 48362, 27413, 25, 7, 123829, 121447, 70, 11001, 44, 12248, 73, 136, 1413, 21816, 830, 3129, 509, 10, 59140, 944, 9, 32491, 6, 202444, 111, 1342, 47515, 4063, 25, 7, 45286, 5, 581, 8753, 509, 35509, 23, 9942, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 102971, 442, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 36766, 1836, 1902, 49782, 70, 1342, 175259, 182304, 4, 707, 3542, 191722, 390, 442, 5, 44, 12248, 73, 136, 1413, 21816, 58, 509, 10, 36272, 4, 58359, 214, 14012, 106, 98, 70, 7426, 116287, 7, 111, 67842, 28811, 76726, 5, 48752, 289, 21775, 14432, 4, 23, 18374, 28015, 4, 195374, 8753, 11584, 9, 77888, 7, 121447, 70, 11001, 44, 56886, 47443, 4, 44084, 47443, 830, 3129, 13438, 509, 35509, 98, 1342, 47515, 4063, 25, 7, 45286, 5, 110196, 4, 442, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 36766, 1836, 3542, 107419, 111, 707, 1902, 2809, 191722, 390, 70, 54452, 7, 1295, 110680, 450, 6602, 5, 44, 56886, 47443, 4, 44084, 47443, 58, 509, 127918, 390, 15672, 8753, 223606, 98, 2363, 19340, 7156, 44, 42246, 110346, 740, 360, 19340, 4, 10, 54704, 289, 5977, 29398, 23, 1735, 22600, 112730, 70, 1342, 175259, 182304, 136, 100512, 23, 6990, 3674, 390, 44632, 56, 50336, 7, 5, 581, 63847, 21647, 297, 105925, 65536, 4, 106480, 23, 39897, 5, 360, 27898, 4, 9020, 89916, 4, 107419, 111, 70, 33946, 23, 70, 63847, 4, 20524, 1159, 297, 10, 40418, 7156, 111, 70, 5631, 24134, 40111, 98027, 31, 51339, 297, 390, 70, 89890, 177467, 198624, 4, 3129, 73659, 47, 70541, 70, 63847, 4, 5036, 456, 9, 5440, 71, 47, 44, 8335, 47515, 4063, 2734, 191, 12, 70, 54877, 9925, 64337, 442, 52917, 10821, 136, 3789, 120865, 944, 120254, 90, 740, 581, 7156, 509, 70, 167375, 9, 1428, 2069, 54704, 289, 7156, 111, 28506, 5, 1650, 7, 36272, 12441, 47, 5941, 3789, 17164, 67967, 7, 83, 1159, 214, 2363, 10002, 182304, 7, 111, 70, 4488, 4, 5941, 111, 3129, 2843, 54324, 5299, 5, 360, 27193, 4, 70, 6, 110325, 6096, 126970, 67967, 20524, 1159, 297, 70, 7311, 14825, 188, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1342, 47515, 4063, 25, 7, 45286, 83, 142, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 74413, 390, 70, 30839, 120865, 944, 150350, 42, 67538, 1342, 47515, 4063, 23, 1919, 45286, 136, 5174, 6261, 100, 138, 44755, 5425, 136, 95622, 62005, 15, 191697, 12, 1388, 15, 683, 75590, 4669, 4, 384, 5, 6, 129176, 4, 6107, 138, 71716, 5, 1650, 83, 68018, 35839, 45286, 136, 5174, 6261, 23, 391, 707, 45286, 23, 391, 5, 30097, 9319, 70, 5622, 12488, 70, 170420, 111, 6863, 166577, 621, 51529, 15, 1159, 23359, 14437, 112474, 37457, 1295, 611, 4836, 47, 729, 110156, 4, 136, 70, 10332, 525, 613, 686, 6496, 29053, 32032, 43658, 111, 70, 63847, 112474, 1295, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Creation.", "Rediscovery and rise to fame.", "Parodies.", "Analysis.", "Influence on popular music." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In his lifetime, Pachelbel was renowned for his organ and other keyboard music, whereas today he is also recognized as an important composer of church and chamber music. Little of his chamber music survives, however. Only \"\"—a collection of partitas published during Pachelbel's lifetime—is known, apart from a few isolated pieces in manuscripts. The Canon and Gigue in D major is one such piece. A single 19th-century manuscript copy of them survives, Mus.MS 16481/8 in the Berlin State Library. It contains two more chamber suites. Another copy, previously in Hochschule der Künste in Berlin, is now lost. The circumstances of the piece's composition are wholly unknown. Hans-Joachim Schulze, writing in 1985, suggested that the piece may have been composed for Johann Christoph Bach's wedding, on 23 October 1694, which Pachelbel attended. Johann Ambrosius Bach, Pachelbel, and other friends and family provided music for the occasion. Johann Christoph Bach, the oldest brother of Johann Sebastian Bach, was a pupil of Pachelbel. Another scholar, Charles E. Brewer, investigated a variety of possible connections between Pachelbel's and Heinrich Biber's published chamber music. His research indicated that the Canon may have been composed in response to a chaconne with canonic elements which Biber published as part of Partia III of \"Harmonia artificioso-ariosa\". That would indicate that Pachelbel's piece cannot be dated earlier than 1696, the year of publication of Biber's collection. Other dates of the Canon's composition are occasionally suggested, for example, as early as 1680.", "The Canon (without the accompanying gigue) was first published in 1919 by scholar Gustav Beckmann, who included the score in his article on Pachelbel's chamber music. His research was inspired and supported by early music scholar and editor Max Seiffert, who in 1929 published his arrangement of the Canon and Gigue in his Organum series. However, that edition contained numerous articulation marks and dynamics not in the original score. Furthermore, Seiffert provided tempi he considered right for the piece, but that were not supported by later research. The Canon was first recorded in 1940 by Arthur Fiedler. In 1968, the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra made a recording of the piece that would change its fortunes significantly. This rendition was done in a more Romantic style, at a significantly slower tempo than it had been played at before, and contained obbligato parts, written by Paillard, that are now closely associated with the piece. The Paillard recording was released in June in France by Erato Records as part of an LP that also included the Trumpet Concerto by Johann Friedrich Fasch and other works by Pachelbel and Fasch, all played by the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra. The canon was also included on a widely distributed album by the mail-order label Musical Heritage Society in 1968. In July 1968, Greek band Aphrodite's Child released the single \"Rain and Tears\", which was a baroque-rock adaptation of Pachelbel's Canon. The band was based in France at the time, although it is unknown whether they had heard the Paillard recording, or were inspired by it. \"Rain and Tears\" was a success, reaching number 1 on the pop charts of various European countries. Several months later, in October 1968, Spanish band Pop-Tops released the single \"Oh Lord, Why Lord\", which again was based on Pachelbel's Canon. Again, it is unknown whether they were aware of or had been inspired by the releases from earlier that year. \"Oh Lord, Why Lord\" was covered by American band Parliament on their 1970 album \"Osmium\". In 1970, a classical radio station in San Francisco played the Paillard recording and became inundated by listener requests. The piece gained growing fame, particularly in California. In 1974, London Records, aware of the interest in the piece, reissued a 1961 album of the Corelli Christmas Concerto performed by the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra, which happened to contain the piece, now re-titled to \"Pachelbel Kanon: the Record That Made it Famous and other Baroque Favorites\". The album was the highest-selling classical album of 1976. Its success led to many other record labels issuing their own recordings of the work, many of which also sold well. In 1977, the RCA Red Seal label reissued the original Erato album in the United States and elsewhere. In the U.S. it was the 6th-highest-selling classical album of 1977. (Two other albums containing Pachelbel's Canon charted for the year: the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra album at number 17, and another album featuring the Paillard recording, \"Go For Baroque!\", at number 13.) The Paillard recording was then featured prominently in the soundtrack of the 1980 film \"Ordinary People\". The Erato/RCA album kept climbing the \"Billboard\" Classical Albums chart, and in January 1982 it reached the number 1 position, where it remained until May 1982, when it was knocked out of first place by an album featuring Pachelbel's Canon played by the Academy of Ancient Music directed by Christopher Hogwood. The canon was selected for the soundtrack of the popular 1980 American PBS television series \"\". Named \"The Music of Cosmos\", in 1981 a vinyl by RCA Records and in 2000 a CD by the Cosmos Studios label of the soundtrack were published, that feature an arrangement of the canon by Glenn Spreen and James Galway. In 1982, pianist George Winston included his \"Variations on the Kanon by Johann Pachelbel\" on his solo piano album \"December\", which has sold over three million copies.", "In its August 17, 1981, issue the magazine \"The New Yorker\" published a cartoon by Mick Stevens captioned \"Prisoner of Pachelbel,\" in which a prisoner hears over the loudspeaker: \"For your listening pleasure, we once again present Pachelbel's Canon.\" The 1991 musical parody album \"WTWP Classical Talkity-Talk Radio\" by P. D. Q. Bach is set at a fictional radio station whose call letters stand for \"Wall-To-Wall Pachelbel\".", "Pachelbel's Canon combines the techniques of canon and ground bass. Canon is a polyphonic device in which several voices play the same music, entering in sequence. In Pachelbel's piece, there are three voices engaged in canon (see Example 1), but there is also a fourth voice, the basso continuo, which plays an independent part. The bass voice repeats the same two-bar line throughout the piece. The common musical term for this is ostinato, or ground bass (see the example below). The eight chords suggested by the bass are represented in the table below: The eight chords of this progression follow a sequential pattern known as the Romanesca. This progression has been identified as a common seventeenth- and eighteenth-century schema by Robert Gjerdingen. In Germany, Italy, and France of the 17th century, some pieces built on ground bass were called chaconnes or passacaglias; such ground-bass works sometimes incorporate some form of variation in the upper voices. While some writers consider each of the 28 statements of the ground bass a separate variation, one scholar finds that Pachelbel's canon is constructed of just 12 variations, mostly four bars in length, and describes them as follows: Pachelbel's Canon thus merges a strict polyphonic form (the canon) and a variation form (the chaconne, which itself is a mixture of ground bass composition and variations). Pachelbel skillfully constructs the variations to make them \"both pleasing and subtly undetectable.\"", "Several months after the Paillard recording was released, two groups released successful singles with a backing track based on Pachelbel's Canon: Greek band Aphrodite's Child with \"Rain and Tears\" and Spanish group Pop-Tops with \"Oh Lord, Why Lord\". In 2002, pop music producer Pete Waterman described Canon in D as \"almost the godfather of pop music because we've all used that in our own ways for the past 30 years\". He also said that Kylie Minogue's 1988 UK number one hit single \"I Should Be So Lucky\", which Waterman co-wrote and co-produced, was inspired by Canon in D. The Farm's 1990 single \"All Together Now\" has its chord sequence lifted directly from Pachelbel's Canon. The Pet Shop Boys' 1993 cover of \"Go West\" played up that song's resemblance to both Pachelbel's Canon and the Soviet Anthem. Coolio's 1997 \"C U When U Get There\" is built around a sample of the piece. Other songs that make use of the Pachelbel's Canon chord progression include \"Streets of London\" by Ralph McTell (1974), \"Basket Case\" by Green Day (1994), \"Don't Look Back in Anger\" by Oasis (1996) (though with a variation at the end) and \"Graduation (Friends Forever)\" by Vitamin C (2000). In 2012, the UK–based Co-Operative Funeralcare compiled a list of the most popular, classical, contemporary and religious music across 30,000 funerals. Canon in D placed second on the Classical chart, behind Edward Elgar's \"Nimrod\". The Trans-Siberian Orchestra's 1998 song \"Christmas Canon\" is a \"take\" on Pachelbel's Canon. \"Sunday Morning\" on Procol Harum's 2017 album \"Novum\" is based on just the chords of the canon. Maroon 5 used the harmonic sequence of Pachelbel's Canon for their 2019 single \"Memories\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 64549, 14, 83259, 35388, 90, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 15, 15012, 247, 34475, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 15490, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 15, 1511, 919, 194, 1650, 2843, 9615, 1577, 5941, 6083, 291, 140363, 70760, 17582, 450, 621, 41371, 111, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 678, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 15, 1511, 27529, 3142, 100, 27781, 4, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 64549, 14, 83259, 35388, 90, 70, 4537, 29367, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 4, 70, 108, 125682, 111, 26832, 2397, 25, 7, 170933, 6023, 4, 136, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 142, 6, 140815, 289, 15, 73, 15824, 4, 26168, 115187, 16, 351, 9, 37440, 7102, 2886, 5423, 111, 2773, 101935, 4, 756, 111, 3129, 621, 41371, 111, 567, 27529, 5, 581, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 64549, 14, 83259, 35388, 90, 70, 351, 9, 116311, 111, 8382, 21334, 200103, 7, 678, 35060, 27771, 90254, 117396, 707, 105950, 47, 757, 4, 3129, 96853, 3060, 44, 25653, 4935, 538, 19336, 58, 21334, 200103, 7, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 110, 200103, 831, 186, 6, 2778, 9, 18468, 39576, 7, 23, 44, 866, 740, 51404, 44, 866, 58, 14602, 70541, 70, 61475, 23335, 8080, 111, 8382, 21334, 200103, 7, 15, 434, 3220, 1836, 32316, 23, 10, 1601, 51734, 111, 44, 866, 74054, 136, 1836, 621, 7464, 61475, 23335, 8080, 23, 44, 866, 830, 442, 39041, 988, 70, 119591, 53, 45646, 7, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 72350, 7, 16, 3129, 22, 24293, 8382, 200103, 7, 678, 2363, 21334, 200103, 183871, 5, 106073, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 64549, 14, 83259, 14602, 103608, 5941, 5423, 9, 2347, 4524, 9523, 17582, 4, 442, 83, 959, 205794, 68186, 71, 237, 142, 10, 5134, 306, 100, 5423, 154453, 23, 70, 5701, 3917, 237, 70, 567, 27529, 10, 5134, 28016, 5, 2022, 4021, 5423, 3790, 24816, 7, 111, 10, 61207, 13619, 4, 2750, 18822, 450, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 64549, 14, 83259, 83, 40101, 29568, 707, 98320, 4, 2684, 18822, 450, 442, 83, 98320, 5, 3293, 83, 23, 2831, 6637, 442, 37202, 51, 86, 26531, 1686, 538, 44, 107, 144225, 5844, 830, 237, 442, 114864, 4734, 24233, 1614, 3509, 7, 111, 10, 34475, 5423, 4, 678, 110, 34735, 31635, 47, 18822, 450, 6097, 621, 756, 111, 2856, 5, 360, 2831, 442, 83, 6637, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 83, 2304, 61669, 297, 390, 6, 129980, 538, 37515, 21334, 200103, 10, 5134, 28016, 5, 3293, 6275, 111, 21455, 83, 41866, 137272, 678, 70, 30438, 289, 4, 707, 70, 44, 441, 1799, 2472, 1174, 10696, 58, 237, 79926, 1900, 4687, 1566, 2806, 765, 442, 5, 581, 13036, 12330, 3956, 111, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 64549, 14, 83259, 83, 23, 54010, 23912, 1743, 25, 7, 6, 98869, 111, 70, 35845, 35060, 27771, 111, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 136, 70, 4537, 29367, 19686, 316, 170933, 6023, 47, 21209, 11059, 5761, 1104, 33189, 13650, 7, 1104, 724, 21166, 583, 5423, 154453, 5, 15, 3957, 6, 98869, 2258, 10484, 645, 47, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 4, 3129, 1556, 24209, 1286, 479, 85540, 23, 17309, 5369, 5, 16, 15757, 538, 23912, 1743, 77443, 450, 26168, 454, 304, 83, 35845, 538, 74729, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 2174, 26168, 454, 363, 831, 23534, 10, 2304, 428, 10763, 4, 7068, 221, 831, 26168, 454, 29557, 4, 136, 450, 23, 26168, 454, 617, 2685, 1272, 137633, 214, 450, 12944, 136, 527, 16999, 621, 2843, 35845, 538, 74729, 5, 23912, 1743, 25, 7, 6, 98869, 509, 110633, 297, 23, 14432, 5369, 390, 10208, 168720, 25, 7, 16750, 450, 15044, 12944, 136, 527, 16999, 621, 44, 73, 181063, 830, 17, 5, 13, 5, 450, 70, 21402, 5256, 111, 6097, 10, 5134, 28016, 15, 2472, 19908, 454, 966, 136, 26168, 454, 50490, 621, 2843, 35845, 538, 74729, 47, 567, 919, 5423, 154453, 5, 11853, 83, 10, 5303, 111, 89261, 7, 450, 16401, 23, 70, 64549, 28236, 14997, 13, 15, 555, 31, 3674, 44, 866, 58, 2077, 111383, 214, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 64549, 14, 83259, 15, 143321, 237, 33657, 7, 450, 11907, 5423, 83, 64549, 28236, 16, 6097, 89261, 7, 2843, 16401, 23, 70, 542, 11059, 5761, 14997, 13, 4, 166996, 449, 5941, 89261, 7, 23, 5423, 154453, 136, 3060, 49041, 17582, 23, 114137, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 64549, 14, 83259, 83, 10, 7722, 10, 5134, 306, 100, 5423, 154453, 23, 291, 140363, 41637, 450, 237, 33657, 7, 450, 11907, 5423, 83, 64549, 28236, 5, 581, 10, 5134, 306, 83, 56104, 59121, 237, 310, 58, 2203, 44, 866, 4, 7440, 44, 856, 58, 136, 44, 866, 58, 8, 48345, 70, 542, 11059, 5761, 14997, 13, 136, 70, 64549, 28236, 14997, 13, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 581, 10, 5134, 306, 4, 5117, 32603, 3674, 390, 54010, 23912, 1743, 4, 83, 23, 25553, 6892, 18, 678, 70, 89261, 450, 45234, 189173, 32316, 7, 136, 37515, 56, 21334, 200103, 10, 5134, 28016, 15, 21231, 5303, 111, 21334, 200103, 183871, 194, 9082, 47691, 7, 111, 903, 10, 5134, 306, 621, 88898, 71, 23, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Implications.", "Significance.", "Statements true in \"L\"." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The axiom of constructibility implies the axiom of choice (AC), given Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice (ZF). It also settles many natural mathematical questions that are independent of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC); for example, the axiom of constructibility implies the generalized continuum hypothesis, the negation of Suslin's hypothesis, and the existence of an analytical (in fact, formula_1) non-measurable set of real numbers, all of which are independent of ZFC. The axiom of constructibility implies the non-existence of those large cardinals with consistency strength greater or equal to 0, which includes some \"relatively small\" large cardinals. Thus, no cardinal can be ω-Erdős in \"L\". While \"L\" does contain the initial ordinals of those large cardinals (when they exist in a supermodel of \"L\"), and they are still initial ordinals in \"L\", it excludes the auxiliary structures (e.g. measures) which endow those cardinals with their large cardinal properties. Although the axiom of constructibility does resolve many set-theoretic questions, it is not typically accepted as an axiom for set theory in the same way as the ZFC axioms. Among set theorists of a realist bent, who believe that the axiom of constructibility is either true or false, most believe that it is false. This is in part because it seems unnecessarily \"restrictive\", as it allows only certain subsets of a given set, with no clear reason to believe that these are all of them. In part it is because the axiom is contradicted by sufficiently strong large cardinal axioms. This point of view is especially associated with the Cabal, or the \"California school\" as Saharon Shelah would have it.", "The major significance of the axiom of constructibility is in Kurt Gödel's proof of the relative consistency of the axiom of choice and the generalized continuum hypothesis to Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory. (The proof carries over to Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, which has become more prevalent in recent years.) Namely Gödel proved that formula_2 is relatively consistent (i.e. if formula_3 can prove a contradiction, then so can formula_4), and that in formula_4 thereby establishing that AC and GCH are also relatively consistent. Gödel's proof was complemented in later years by Paul Cohen's result that both AC and GCH are \"independent\", i.e. that the negations of these axioms (formula_7 and formula_8) are also relatively consistent to ZF set theory.", "Here is a list of propositions that hold in the constructible universe (denoted \"L\"): Accepting the axiom of constructibility (which asserts that every set is constructible) these propositions also hold in the von Neumann universe, resolving many propositions in set theory and some interesting questions in analysis." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 33351, 1484, 71, 44, 724, 10901, 58, 9572, 11050, 83, 10, 160020, 38043, 23, 58823, 5, 1529, 150661, 7, 47, 26171, 47, 1919, 169713, 4, 26475, 3311, 7274, 7, 4, 1284, 1919, 1774, 83, 226586, 297, 3229, 1836, 621, 77049, 71, 47, 70, 81141, 111, 26475, 25, 7, 114015, 4, 94388, 9014, 4, 99, 70, 3311, 7274, 7, 25, 7, 18276, 98, 14407, 18481, 5, 119587, 28288, 7, 47, 114168, 26475, 25, 7, 27863, 5117, 136, 26171, 47, 604, 23, 12912, 111, 604, 14449, 4, 1284, 903, 1774, 83, 3884, 98, 16401, 3229, 70, 1831, 2256, 388, 90, 1919, 34613, 208, 429, 3129, 70541, 7, 70, 90364, 15789, 5, 1913, 70, 3311, 7274, 7, 25, 7, 18276, 4, 119587, 23356, 7, 26475, 25, 7, 67373, 4, 21763, 74, 604, 42732, 4, 62495, 74, 136, 21763, 25, 7, 66165, 4126, 7515, 4, 8414, 5, 33861, 425, 5, 21763, 24209, 7, 109312, 166, 181960, 223, 154732, 119587, 136, 9803, 538, 35778, 20650, 7, 119587, 100, 1919, 44126, 111, 80997, 237, 10, 11280, 160020, 136, 23937, 37076, 764, 40, 90, 237, 10, 60212, 17721, 119587, 136, 70, 3311, 7274, 7, 14449, 5, 119587, 81887, 7, 47, 114168, 21763, 4, 1284, 1919, 79825, 35782, 5, 119587, 24209, 7, 3853, 1286, 51, 277, 17883, 2886, 7103, 764, 53299, 7, 142, 60418, 2676, 458, 28127, 96391, 748, 3034, 1295, 21763, 136, 14432, 30698, 7, 1295, 26475, 450, 21763, 83, 10, 90223, 71, 64930, 41271, 13, 5, 31267, 7103, 41714, 70, 10588, 111, 26475, 25, 7, 14449, 4, 119587, 7464, 12319, 7, 1884, 142, 50782, 42, 5, 262, 61518, 79825, 47, 114168, 604, 14449, 4, 1919, 23, 712, 814, 25352, 61972, 3249, 4049, 142, 23468, 30388, 100, 88165, 8782, 136, 348, 56, 5, 1529, 51, 73, 62500, 25958, 76199, 94388, 9014, 10, 22556, 36298, 20271, 10, 19361, 50833, 53, 12126, 6712, 4, 4527, 7, 10, 960, 137175, 214, 64848, 3129, 199349, 7, 70, 3311, 7274, 7, 25, 7, 4420, 119300, 678, 40, 634, 429, 4, 136, 5423, 7, 70, 81141, 144, 867, 98, 11476, 5, 48752, 289, 1239, 24658, 144057, 7, 2843, 22304, 21763, 47, 18822, 450, 119587, 83, 10, 227071, 38937, 7103, 26475, 25, 7, 642, 297, 9, 223, 214, 82953, 4, 1575, 299, 4, 2674, 90, 119587, 47, 71864, 70, 148, 101445, 111, 1919, 67373, 5, 21763, 2843, 81887, 7, 47, 122991, 26475, 450, 119587, 509, 16500, 214, 1672, 35971, 70, 69292, 29693, 3145, 21150, 8647, 4743, 47, 8035, 51, 2886, 47, 7413, 115923, 111, 35672, 24, 4806, 44, 724, 10901, 9572, 11050, 58, 17669, 35971, 70, 3034, 3129, 119587, 63043, 297, 764, 1902, 115081, 678, 70, 61475, 91177, 111, 141753, 10, 22072, 5, 21763, 4, 99, 903, 6275, 4, 83, 3853, 109269, 47, 1600, 450, 119587, 56112, 25, 18, 3853, 142, 8561, 189893, 160020, 4, 1284, 10, 48683, 117058, 4, 3864, 214, 237, 10, 17986, 4488, 56, 100, 23468, 17203, 5, 147466, 4, 119587, 388, 90, 8414, 5, 33861, 425, 136, 91995, 7, 4049, 678, 10, 6363, 53, 124901, 6, 46741, 764, 91718, 112518, 7, 47, 3249, 4049, 6713, 1884, 8414, 5, 33861, 425, 23, 12989, 47, 85168, 21763, 25, 7, 63207, 136, 35707, 1405, 4, 3129, 142458, 20102, 214493, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 12960, 1810, 47, 94000, 14432, 450, 105216, 4, 21763, 53299, 7, 10, 11782, 1295, 1919, 208244, 450, 764, 1556, 14037, 70, 2773, 8414, 5, 33861, 425, 136, 4, 19441, 185171, 119587, 25, 7, 8, 63928, 4, 1927, 90, 47, 45712, 5368, 47, 172554, 4049, 5, 119587, 1927, 90, 47, 42659, 4049, 4420, 1284, 35782, 7, 4, 136, 442, 83, 134053, 450, 70, 6363, 53, 7515, 1556, 7228, 10, 2409, 7, 23, 70, 18276, 136, 1556, 163684, 297, 55769, 100, 70, 81141, 4, 26719, 94388, 9014, 25, 7, 40989, 4, 64557, 102310, 214, 119587, 25, 7, 29256, 5, 3311, 5036, 4, 70, 64194, 3311, 7274, 7, 14449, 4, 26719, 26475, 4, 765, 176506, 450, 442, 83, 2965, 100, 119587, 47, 31358, 14407, 18481, 24189, 70, 81141, 103876, 7, 5, 26475, 83, 1257, 3509, 99, 119587, 100, 1919, 400, 90, 1672, 1919, 96362, 1239, 112, 297, 7, 136, 9842, 7, 47, 18822, 450, 119587, 6777, 160463, 28127, 47, 604, 1672, 70, 276, 98062, 7, 5, 391, 51979, 67, 47, 30098, 66570, 4, 119587, 122273, 7, 764, 1556, 51592, 21763, 44173, 9966, 23, 3060, 23410, 103488, 678, 3060, 9638, 1459, 124850, 4, 136, 450, 21763, 83, 58136, 10, 23410, 29752, 7103, 70, 81141, 136, 83, 7464, 20697, 100, 70, 64930, 8, 61518, 21763, 25, 7, 140526, 111, 90223, 674, 4, 4911, 7, 8035, 1660, 237, 45, 61116, 525, 5, 21763, 348, 416, 538, 122273, 7, 450, 70, 23410, 29752, 509, 10, 55640, 80493, 59533, 100, 94388, 9014, 136, 604, 36604, 109160, 4, 136, 119587, 92154, 7, 450, 764, 1556, 4734, 58709, 66570, 53894, 56, 3934, 10, 108564, 5, 117371, 137802, 100, 70, 146619, 4, 119587, 25, 7, 72856, 6157, 77681, 54410, 7, 4, 136, 70, 14449, 30698, 7, 450, 1919, 8437, 9351, 83, 20653, 33351, 1484, 71, 9572, 11050, 5, 992, 110641, 214, 538, 4, 119587, 60899, 47, 70, 146619, 7440, 764, 83, 149, 122009, 390, 146619, 48031, 100, 51636, 214, 450, 1919, 34613, 208, 429, 24765, 7, 678, 4049, 43257, 3501, 186, 12765, 297, 5, 24372, 26475, 5470, 7, 119587, 25, 7, 27863, 136, 53299, 7, 1919, 276, 98062, 50339, 15, 143321, 764, 1030, 297, 247, 2412, 158, 20549, 7, 21763, 136, 1658, 988, 4049, 100, 8035, 10, 55, 7190, 5, 24372, 8035, 30745, 5773, 390, 62495, 645, 1919, 74729, 39580, 214, 34955, 111, 2499, 332, 136565, 26475, 19095, 7, 5368, 15, 2940, 450, 21763, 15935, 25, 18, 3853, 1884, 26475, 25, 7, 96362, 36604, 109160, 4, 57501, 4, 24189, 7103, 26475, 136, 57501, 7155, 350, 1257, 247, 136, 7068, 129271, 26475, 3249, 10, 26498, 117905, 11782, 47, 119587, 4, 21763, 92154, 7, 450, 26475, 87607, 5161, 7, 119587, 5, 21763, 7793, 35412, 47, 70, 146619, 4, 122991, 7, 146619, 48031, 47, 54452, 119587, 136, 19095, 7, 119587, 4420, 47, 70, 3311, 7274, 7, 25, 7, 18276, 7103, 70, 6626, 51019, 1238, 69098, 136, 7103, 119587, 103036, 7, 21763, 450, 764, 1221, 186, 10, 459, 6496, 4, 8060, 5844, 71390, 47, 26475, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 72626, 70, 170918, 7, 83, 10, 3576, 15672, 180327, 1346, 59121, 390, 41994, 47820, 22341, 136, 4939, 33112, 136, 8951, 297, 390, 49191, 2777, 934, 5, 4612, 2852, 12452, 262, 1520, 516, 136, 3419, 50605, 56, 4, 442, 184843, 1577, 10, 36549, 111, 51, 104272, 67, 47353, 450, 186, 9146, 10, 4127, 9, 106013, 297, 1284, 21578, 9393, 160020, 12960, 150080, 1919, 169713, 25, 7, 27863, 5, 70044, 32174, 4, 335, 538, 2347, 27642, 56, 4, 136, 123610, 100708, 2843, 6057, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Plot.", "Themes.", "Production.", "Background.", "Writing.", "Casting.", "Rating.", "Release.", "Theatrical run.", "Home media.", "Soundtrack.", "Reception.", "Critical reception.", "Others.", "Influence." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Gaylord \"Greg\" Focker is a nurse living in Chicago. He intends to propose to his girlfriend, Pam Byrnes, but his plan is disrupted when they are invited to the wedding of Pam's sister, Debbie, at the Byrnes's house on Long Island. Greg decides to impress Pam's parents first and propose to her in front of her family, but this plan is put on hold when the airline loses his luggage which contains the engagement ring. At the Byrnes's house, Greg meets Pam's father, Jack; her mother, Dina; and Jack's beloved cat, Mr. Jinx. Jack becomes immediately suspicious toward Greg and openly criticizes Greg for his choice of career as a male nurse and anything else he sees as a difference between Greg and the Byrnes family. Greg attempts to impress Jack, but his efforts fail. Greg becomes even more uncomfortable after he receives an impromptu lie detector test from Jack and later learns from Pam that Jack is a retired CIA operative. Even after meeting the rest of Pam's family, Greg still feels like an outsider. Despite efforts to impress her family, his inadvertent actions make him an easy target for ridicule and anger. He unintentionally gives Debbie a black eye during a pool volleyball game, uses a malfunctioning toilet which floods the Byrnes's backyard with sewage, and sets the wedding altar on fire. Several misunderstandings also cause Jack to believe that Greg is a marijuana user after Pam's weed-using brother, Denny, frames Greg to avoid the wrath of his father. Jack also attempts to convince Pam that Greg was lying about taking the Medical College Admission Test due to being unable to find records of anyone named \"Greg Focker\" ever taking the test which Greg claimed he had passed with the initial intention of becoming a doctor. Jack, at this point, is even willing to bet that Greg isn't even an actual registered nurse, but a drug dealer, posing as a hospital worker for easy access. Later, Greg loses Mr. Jinx and replaces him with a stray whose tail he spray paints to make him look like Mr. Jinx in order to earn Jack's trust and approval, which temporarily succeeds. However, while out to dinner later that evening, Jack receives a call from his neighbor that he has found the real Mr. Jinx and, having realized Greg's deception, tries to race home to expose him. Greg tries to beat him back but fails, and it is discovered that the stray cat has made a mess in the house and has destroyed items for the wedding, including Debbie's dress, completely blowing Greg's cover. By now, the entire Byrnes family, including Pam, have agreed that it is best for Greg to leave Long Island until the wedding concludes. Pam is upset at Greg for his lies about his previous misdeeds and begins to believe that Greg did indeed lie to her about the MCATs. Desperate to save himself, Greg reveals he has seen Jack engaging in some secret activity with some shady characters, and that Jack is planning a secret mission after the wedding and is still working for the CIA despite Jack's claims of retirement, thus being just as dishonest. Jack angrily reveals that the secret mission was a surprise honeymoon for Debbie and her fiancé, and Greg realizes that he has only dug himself deeper into a hole. Before leaving for the airport, Greg's lost bag finally arrives, and the family learns that his legal name is actually Gaylord Focker. Unwillingly, Greg goes to the airport where he is detained by airport security for insisting that his luggage stays with him rather than be checked. After Pam contacts Greg's parents and receives his MCAT results (which he aced), she confronts Jack and chides him for being a jerk. After being told off by Dina over his consistent picking apart of any man whom Pam brings home (and that Jack didn't even like Pam's previous fiancé, Kevin, until after Pam and Kevin broke up), and then hearing Pam make a heartfelt call to Greg, Jack realizes that Pam truly loves Greg. Jack rushes to the airport, convinces airport security to release Greg and brings Greg back to the Byrnes's house after the two mend fences and after Greg promises Jack that he will be a loving, supportive husband to Pam, and Jack promises Greg not to routinely interfere in Greg and Pam's relationship, among other things. As Greg is proposing to Pam, Jack and Dina listen in on their conversation from another room, agreeing that they should now meet Greg's parents (though both are visibly worried about this). After Debbie's wedding, Jack views footage of Greg recorded by hidden cameras that he had placed strategically around the house in which Greg calls Jack a \"psycho\" and mocks him and exposes Denny as the true marijuana user.", "Greg Focker is a middle-class Jewish nurse whose social and cultural position is juxtaposed against the Byrnes family of upper-class White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. With respect to Greg as a Jew and a nurse when compared to the Byrnes and Banks families, a distinct cultural gap is created and subsequently widened. The cultural differences are often highlighted, and Greg repeatedly made aware of them. This serves to achieve comedic effect through character development and has also been commented upon as being indicative of thematic portrayal of Jewish characters' roles in modern film as well as being a prime example of how male nurses are portrayed in media. Speaking about character development in \"Meet the Parents\", director Jay Roach stated that he wanted an opportunity to \"do character-driven comedy\" and \"to create realistic characters, but heighten the comedic situations and predicaments.\" Vincent Brook observes mainstream Hollywood cinema's tendency since the 1990s of incorporating Jewish liminality and \"popularizing the Jew.\" He explains the \"manly Jewish triumph\" of characters like Jeff Goldblum's David Levinson in \"Independence Day\" and labels it as a \"certain answer to America's yearnings for a new Jewish hero.\" This stands in direct contrast to the schlemiel or \"the Jewish fool\" which was seen to have been revitalized in the mid-1990s after faltering since the 1960s. The schlemiel, Brook explains, is an anti-hero in whose humiliation the audience finds supreme pleasure. Within that context, Brook describes Greg Focker's character as \"the quintessential example of the postmodern schlemiel.\" The repeated embarrassing encounters that Greg faces with his girlfriend's all-American family is compared to the example of Jason Biggs's character Jim Levenstein of the \"American Pie\" film series where Levenstein is often the comedic centerpiece due to his repeated sexual embarrassments. Anne Bower writes about Jewish characters at mealtime as part of the broader movement she believes started in the 1960s where filmmakers started producing work that explored the \"Jewish self-definition.\" She postulates that the dinner table becomes an arena where Jewish characters are often and most pointedly put into \"conflicts with their ethnic and sexual selves.\" She describes the example of Greg sitting down for dinner with the Byrnes family and being asked to bless the food. In this scene, Greg attempts to recite a prayer by improvising and, in doing so, launches into a recital of the song \"Day by Day\" from Act I of \"Godspell\". Bower notes this scene as \"particularly important for establishing the cultural distance\" between the Jewish Greg and the Christian Byrnes. She noted that the social gap is further widened next morning when Greg is the last person to arrive at the breakfast table; he shows up wearing pajamas while everyone else is fully clothed. Here Greg is shown eating a bagel, which Bower argues as being a clear signifier of Jewishness. Based on common misconceptions and stereotypes about men in nursing, Greg's profession is repeatedly brought up by Jack in a negative context and the character of Greg Focker has come to be one of the best known film portrayals of a male nurse. Even though men dominated the profession in earlier times, there has been a feminization of the nursing profession over the course of the last century which has caused men in nursing to often be portrayed as misfits by the media. A common stereotype is that of a man who accepts a career in nursing as an unfortunate secondary career choice, either failing to become a physician or still trying to become one. Such stereotyping is due to a presumption that a man would prefer to be a physician but is unable to become one due to lack of intelligence or non-masculine attributes. Jack is often seen openly criticizing Greg's career choice per his perception of nursing being an effeminate profession. In their book \"Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities\" authors Chad O'Lynn and Russell Tranbarger present this as an example of a negative portrayal. Commenting on the same issue but disagreeing, Barbara Cherry in her book \"Contemporary Nursing: Issues, Trends, & Management\" called the portrayal of Greg as a nurse \"one of the most positive film portrayals of men who are nurses\" and commented that Greg \"humorously addresses and rises above the worst of all stereotypes that are endured by men in this profession.\" Sandy and Harry Summers in the book \"Saving Lives: Why the Media's Portrayal of Nurses Puts Us All at Risk\" postulate that Greg's character, although intelligent and firm in his defense of his profession, \"might have done more to rebut the stereotypes\" while also reporting that \"some men in nursing\" expressed their opinions that it would have been better to not present the stereotypes at all.", "", "The film is a remake of a 1992 independent film of the same name. Greg Glienna and Mary Ruth Clarke wrote the original story and screenplay. Glienna also directed and starred in the 76-minute film which was filmed on 16 mm film in 1991 and released the following year. The 1992 film also marked one of only several film roles played by comedian Emo Philips which he also helped produce. Film producer Elliot Grove, founder of Raindance Film Festival and the British Independent Film Awards, listed the original \"Meet the Parents\" on his personal Top Ten list of favorite films where he called it \"much funnier and tighter than the Hollywood version\". The 1992 film was a featured entry in the 1995 Raindance Film Festival. Producer Nancy Tenenbaum acquired the rights to the 1992 film. After she sent a copy of the original film to several people of interest, filmmaker Steven Soderbergh replied that he was interested and that he wanted to direct a remake. He brought it to the attention of Universal Studios who initially declined but subsequently optioned the rights to the film in 1995. Soderbergh took on the project but then dropped it when he got involved with \"Out of Sight\".", "Universal approached screenwriter Jim Herzfeld to expand the screenplay. Herzfeld expanded the modest script, completing the first draft as early as 1996. He initially presented it to Roach who had, up to that point, directed the first two \"Austin Powers\" films. Roach admits to have liked the script from the beginning and was very much willing to make the film even though he thought \"it needed more work.\" Universal initially declined to have relatively inexperienced Roach take on the project. The studio was skeptical of Roach's ability to direct a \"less-cartoony, character-driven script\" compared to a comedy like \"Austin Powers\". Universal's reluctance to give the project to Roach was also due to new interest from Steven Spielberg who wanted to direct and produce the film with Jim Carrey playing the role of Greg Focker. However, Spielberg and Carrey never took the project past the planning stages. The script was then returned to Roach who had by now taken on his next project of \"Mystery, Alaska\" but was still interested in making \"Meet the Parents\". The drafts of the script were written by Herzfeld and, once De Niro and Stiller were confirmed as stars, John Hamburg was brought on board \"to help fit the script to their verbal styles.\" Due to changes in directorial and acting line-ups after the early drafts of the script were written, Hamburg kept adjusting and re-writing the script well after production had already begun.", "Upon the suggestion of Universal Studios, Roach cast De Niro in the role of Jack Byrnes due to critical acclaim of his recent comedy work in films such as \"Analyze This\" and in the live-action/animated film \"The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle\". His character is Pam's father and a retired CIA operative who is overly protective of his family and has a hard time warming up to his daughters' love interests. The script was not written with De Niro in mind as Jack Byrnes; the first draft of the script was completed in 1996, three years before De Niro appeared in \"Analyze This\". However, shortly after De Niro finished filming \"The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle\", Universal suggested to Roach that he should cast him for the role to which Roach agrees that he had \"no reservations whatsoever.\" In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", De Niro stated that he was in active pursuit of comedic roles since \"Analyze This\". Admitting that he had initial reservations about starring in the film, he said that he felt \"pushed into it\" due to insistence by Jane Rosenthal—De Niro's partner in TriBeCa Productions who also acted as one of the producers. Screenwriter Jim Herzfeld and director Jay Roach both confirmed that, after committing to the project and reviewing the script, De Niro was actually the person who came up with the idea for the famous polygraph test scene. Asked about working with him given the serious nature of his previous roles, Ben Stiller said that \"it was a little bit intimidating working with De Niro\" but that he \"has a great sense of humor and I think that's the biggest surprise about him.\" Explaining how Ben Stiller came to be cast in the role of Greg, Roach states: \"I saw \"Meet the Parents\" as an anxiety dream, and in my view nobody plays that kind of material better than Ben.\" Additionally, Roach was impressed with Stiller's creative and ad lib abilities stating that \"he has lots of great ideas and he's very skilled at loose improvisation.\" His character is a nurse who loves his girlfriend and tries desperately to impress her parents by any means which includes telling harmless little lies which are then covered up with bigger lies and elaborate cover-up schemes. The film's script was initially written with Jim Carrey in the role of Greg and contained much more physical comedy, something that Stiller did not think would be successful with himself playing the role. This resulted in deletion of some scenes but also in introduction of at least one unscripted scene that was completely improvised by Stiller. Roach cast Stiller only after it became clear that Carrey would not be taking on the role. The consideration to play the character of Pam Byrnes, Greg's girlfriend who acts as a mediator between Greg and the Byrnes family, especially her father, Jack, was initially given to British actress Naomi Watts. She ultimately lost the role to Teri Polo because the filmmakers \"didn't think [Watts] was sexy enough\". Other characters in the film were played by Blythe Danner (as Dina Byrnes, Jack's wife and Pam's mother), Owen Wilson (as Kevin Rawley, Pam's ex-fiancée), Nicole DeHuff (as Debbie Byrnes, Pam's sister), Jon Abrahams (as Denny Byrnes, the youngest child of Jack and Dina Byrnes), Thomas McCarthy (as Bob Banks, Debbie's fiancé), and James Rebhorn (as Larry Banks, Bob Banks' father and a close friend of Jack's). Phyllis George, who is a former Miss Texas and Miss America pageant winner and has appeared on numerous television programs as a guest and a host, made her acting debut as Linda Banks, Larry's wife and Bob's mother. The role of Jinx the cat was played by two five-year-old Himalayan cats named Bailey and Misha (sometimes written as Meesha). The American Humane Association oversaw the filming of all scenes where the cats were used and ensured the animals' obedience and well-being by keeping two trainers and a veterinarian on set at all times.", "Greg Glienna did not come up with the surname Focker; Greg's character in the original film did not have a last name. The name was written into the script after Jim Carrey came up with the idea for the Focker surname during a creative session held before he abandoned the project. Once \"Meet the Parents\" was submitted for rating evaluation, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) questioned the surname Focker as possibly an expletive and, due to the repetitiveness of the surname throughout the film, it was in danger of being rated R according to the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system. The filmmakers were asked if they had made up the name or if they can prove that such a name exists. The studio submitted to the MPAA a list of real people with the surname Focker which ensured that the film retained a PG-13 rating.", "", "The film had its theatrical release in United States and Canada on October 6, 2000. Distributed domestically by Universal Studios, it had an advertising budget of $33.9 million. It quickly proved to be a financial success taking in $28.6 million during its opening weekend and averaging $10,950 per theater in a total of 2,614 theaters. It finished as the top-earning film for the weekend of October 6–8 beating the second-placer \"Remember the Titans\" by a margin of over $9 million and bringing in more than four times the earnings of \"Get Carter\", the next highest-earning film released that same weekend. Its opening-weekend earnings were the highest ever for any film released in the month of October as well as marking the highest opening weekend earnings for a film starring Robert De Niro. Its earnings for the second week of release dropped by 26% down to $21.1 million, which still kept it at No.1 at the box office beating \"Remember the Titans\" by a margin of over $8 million. By the end of the second week of release, it had already grossed over $58 million, surpassing its production budget of $55 million. It spent its first four weeks of theatrical release as the highest-grossing film at the U.S. box office. It was displaced from No.1 during the weekend of November 3–5 by the newly released \"Charlie's Angels\" while still managing to stay ahead of \"The Legend of Bagger Vance\", another new release that debuted at number 3. It remained in the Top 10 grossing films until its 11th week. In the United Kingdom, it had its theatrical premiere on December 15, 2000 and was distributed by United International Pictures (UIP). There, it managed to earn over $21 million during its run. In Australia, also being distributed by UIP, it was released on December 26, 2000 where it earned over $11 million during the theatrical run. At the end of its theatrical run on March 29, 2001—twenty-five weeks after its opening day in North America, the film had grossed $166.2 million in the United States and a total of $330.4 million worldwide, making it the seventh-highest-grossing film of the year both domestically and worldwide.", "The film was released on VHS and DVD on March 6, 2001. The DVD sales for it were successful, taking in over $200 million for 2001. \"Billboard\" magazine listed it as having the highest video sales for all weeks from March 31 up to and including April 21, being the top-selling DVD for the weeks of March 24 and March 31, and being the top-rented video for the weeks of April 7 and April 14. The DVD release provides only the letterbox format of the film and is also 108 minutes in length. The aspect ratio is 1.85:1 with an accommodation for an enhanced 16:9 playback. English-language audio tracks available with the film are a 5.1 Dolby Digital and DTS with the main noticeable difference being only a slightly louder bass on one of the tracks. A French-language audio track is also available only in 5.1 Dolby Digital Format. Additionally, English language subtitles are provided as well. The single-disc \"Collector's Edition\" contains two audio commentaries, one a light-hearted and humorous discussion between Roach, Stiller, De Niro, and producer Jane Rosenthal and the other a more formal technical commentary on the film-making aspects by the director and editor Jon Poll. The director discusses issues that include working with the cast, utilizing the best camera angles for comedic effect, discussing scenes that were improvised and scenes that were scripted, and commenting on issues surrounding shooting on location. The editor speaks about putting together the best functioning comedy from material that was filmed and discusses some deleted scenes that were excluded from the DVD release. In addition, the DVD features a twelve-minute outtake section, three minutes of deleted scenes, and Universal's \"Spotlight on Location\" featurette. \"Spotlight on Location\" is a standard 24-minute-long featurette about the making of the film which includes interviews with the cast members and contains behind-the-scenes footage. It also contains two games called \"Take The Lie Detector Test\" and \"The Forecaster Game\" as well as PC material such as wallpapers and screensavers. The region 2 edition of the DVD was released on October 22, 2001. A region 1 \"Bonus Edition\" was released on December 14, 2004 and contains three additional featurettes: \"Silly Cat Tricks\", \"The Truth About Lying\" and a 12-minute-long \"Jay Roach: A Director's Profile\".", "The original motion picture soundtrack for the film was released on September 26, 2000 on the DreamWorks Records record label. The soundtrack features 14 original compositions by Randy Newman as well as additional tracks by Bobby Womack, Lee Dorsey, and Dr. John and a hidden bonus track. Newman's original song \"A Fool in Love\" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song—Newman's 14th Oscar nomination—at the 73rd Academy Awards but it ultimately lost to Bob Dylan's \"Things Have Changed\" for \"Wonder Boys\". For the same song, Newman also won the 16th Annual ASCAP Film & Television Music Award in the Top Box Office Films category and was nominated at the 5th Golden Satellite Awards in the Original Song category. Dan Goldwasser, in his review of the soundtrack for Soundtrack.Net, gave credit to Newman and the soundtrack for doing \"an excellent job keeping the humor level high.\"", "", "The film received a generally positive response from film critics, being commended on the subtlety of its humor as well as being named as \"the funniest\" or \"one of the funniest\" films of the year by several critics. As of June 3, 2017, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes registered an 84% positive response based on reviews from 148 critics and certified the film \"Fresh\" with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's consensus states: \"Despite sometimes sitcom-like execution, \"Meet the Parents\" is a hilarious look at familial relationships that works mostly because the chemistry between its two leads is so effective.\" As of the same date, Metacritic, another aggregate review website, registered a rating of 73 out of 100, based on 33 reviews, which is classified as \"Generally favorable reviews\" by the website's rating system. Kenneth Turan, film critic for \"Los Angeles Times\", called it \"the funniest film of the year so far, possibly the most amusing mainstream live-action comedy since \"There's Something About Mary\".\" Critic Joe Morgenstern of \"The Wall Street Journal\" stated that the film \"does almost everything right with a story about everything going wrong\" and that it \"works up a major comic delirium on the theme of Murphy's Law\", concluding that \"\"Meet the Parents\" is the funniest movie of the year.\" CNN's Paul Clinton proclaimed \"\"Meet the Parents\" is one of the best comedies of this—or any other—year\", calling it \"wonderfully funny\" and expressing his hope that \"the Academy will also recognize this wonderful movie, something it rarely does when it comes to comedies.\" \"Time\" magazine's film critic Richard Schickel stated that it was \"divinely invented and perfectly orchestrated\". He complimented the screenplay by calling the screenwriters Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg \"a couple of skilled tool-and-die makers\" as well as the acting cast because he believed that they \"understand that palpable reality will always trump frenzied fantasy when it comes to getting laughs.\" Schickel concluded his review by proclaiming \"Meet the Parents\" a \"superbly antic movie\". Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" magazine called the film \"flat-out hilarious\" and Neil Smith of BBC proclaimed that \"there's not a weak scene in this super-funny picture\" while awarding it a rating of five stars out of five. Film critic Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave it three stars out of four comparing it to Roach's previous work on the \"Austin Powers\" film series and offering his opinion that \"[\"Meet the Parents\"] is funnier because it never tries too hard.\" Critic Christopher Null of AMC's Filmcritic.com claimed that \"\"Meet the Parents\" is one of the funniest comedies I've seen since \"Annie Hall\"\". Lisa Schwarzbaum from \"Entertainment Weekly\" called the script \"unforced\" and concluded that it \"goes down like a flute of Champagne, leaving an aftertaste of giggles.\" However, Internet film critic James Berardinelli, in spite of awarding it two-and-a-half stars out of four, gave the film a somewhat scathing review. On his website, Berardinelli wrote that \"\"Meet the Parents\" is put together like a TV sit-com,\" that Roach \"strings together a series of hit-and-miss lowbrow gags with little care for whether any of the connecting material is coherent, interesting, or enjoyable (in most cases, it's none of those three)\" and concluding that \"even with Stiller and De Niro, \"Meet the Parents\" is an encounter that can be postponed until it's available on video.\" Jeff Vice of the \"Deseret News\", another detractor of the film, proclaimed \"Meet the Parents\" \"only erratically funny\" and accused Roach of taking \"the cheap way out with a series of unfunny jokes.\" Critic Peter Bradshaw's review of it in \"The Guardian\" concludes that \"It is somehow less than the sum of its parts. It strains to come to life, but never quite makes it.\" After it was released on home media, DVD reviewer and \"Rolling Stone\" magazine contributor Douglas Pratt in his book \"Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More!\" stated that \"perhaps in the crowded theater the film is hysterical, but in the quieter venue of home video, it just seems sadistic, and as the humor evaporates, the holes in the plot become clearer.\"", "The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:", "The success of the film was initially responsible for a 2002 NBC reality television show entitled \"Meet My Folks\" in which a young woman's love interest, vying for her family's approval, is interrogated by the woman's overprotective father with the help of a lie detector machine. In September 2002, NBC also aired a situation comedy entitled \"In-Laws\". During the development of it, NBC called it \"a \"Meet the Parents\" project\" which prompted an investigation by Universal into whether NBC was infringing on Universal's copyright. Universal did not pursue any action against NBC but neither show lasted more than one season. In 2004, \"Meet the Fockers\" was released as a sequel to the film. Directed again by Jay Roach with a screenplay by Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg, it chronicles the events that take place when the Byrnes family meets Bernie and Roz Focker, Greg's parents, played by Dustin Hoffman and Barbra Streisand. The producers intended for them to be the opposite of the Byrneses' conservative, upper class, WASPy demeanor; to that effect, producer Jane Rosenthal explains that \"Dustin Hoffman and Barbra Streisand were our dream team.\" The sequel proved to be another financial success grossing $280 million domestically and $516 million worldwide, outperforming \"Meet the Parents\" by a large margin and finishing as the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2004. In February 2007, Universal Studios announced that they would be making a second sequel in the franchise, titled \"Little Fockers\". It was to be directed by Roach with the screenplay written by Larry Stuckey, Roach's former assistant. The sequel brings back De Niro, Stiller, Polo, Danner, Hoffman, and Streisand. On July 18, 2005, a regularly scheduled American Airlines flight from Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport to San Juan, Puerto Rico had to be diverted back to Fort Lauderdale shortly after take-off due to a bomb threat. The pilot turned the plane around approximately 40 minutes into the flight after a flight attendant found a crumpled napkin that read \"Bomb, bomb, bomb...meet the parents,\" a clear reference to the scene in which Greg repeatedly shouts the word \"bomb\" while being detained by airport security. The plane was met by a bomb squad of the local sheriff's office as well as the FBI whose agents questioned its 176 passengers about the note." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 13000, 106622, 191, 154453, 117249, 450, 44, 11727, 106622, 2063, 3674, 58, 161451, 7, 621, 161451, 7, 450, 70541, 11521, 106622, 191, 136, 44, 112, 11727, 106622, 2063, 67, 58, 3229, 96865, 297, 5, 262, 11727, 106622, 2063, 1916, 83, 70, 9433, 111, 47130, 162, 214, 4343, 71, 11521, 106622, 191, 4, 3129, 83, 57622, 297, 390, 70, 1831, 5, 14854, 14775, 18153, 7, 7068, 57622, 903, 11521, 106622, 191, 4, 3129, 83, 15400, 1831, 14602, 959, 150189, 79850, 375, 4223, 18, 136, 2843, 15400, 18153, 26866, 96865, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 442, 14602, 5, 12613, 7, 11521, 106622, 191, 15426, 297, 100, 375, 4223, 1363, 1829, 10, 9433, 450, 509, 198274, 47, 450, 111, 70, 230044, 154453, 5, 360, 4537, 4, 161451, 7, 450, 96865, 297, 23, 1831, 3542, 2804, 47, 186, 98870, 23, 11521, 106622, 191, 74, 70, 15824, 450, 375, 4223, 1363, 33662, 8360, 5281, 23, 142, 22, 155648, 71, 32628, 509, 39958, 237, 34735, 9, 19774, 77950, 450, 1831, 1902, 70, 177399, 47, 57622, 4734, 10, 94418, 13, 41170, 111, 11521, 106622, 191, 5, 14847, 1831, 1902, 24209, 64557, 11521, 106622, 2063, 3674, 442, 2806, 110, 51713, 21265, 47, 8060, 375, 4223, 1363, 111, 2499, 4912, 4, 12488, 2806, 10, 12924, 764, 27686, 23, 442, 11180, 19388, 10, 6510, 425, 74, 12488, 5809, 11521, 106622, 2063, 3674, 1831, 8060, 6897, 5, 189483, 214, 509, 17569, 47, 5646, 11521, 106622, 191, 1810, 111, 70, 14361, 5, 33876, 10074, 25, 7, 9836, 11555, 124302, 56, 13534, 134053, 31355, 79556, 23, 729, 12825, 136, 70, 80836, 11814, 70, 154453, 47, 73342, 1919, 50339, 5, 581, 99996, 13, 111, 1831, 25737, 7103, 6818, 592, 4, 23, 15824, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 31355, 79556, 136, 44603, 6, 143961, 13, 4, 509, 68018, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 11727, 106622, 2063, 3674, 1831, 4, 58, 19441, 39958, 1257, 756, 111, 70, 11521, 106622, 191, 5, 1657, 37676, 538, 4, 3229, 33876, 2319, 525, 4293, 134053, 230044, 4, 764, 18822, 71, 442, 47, 186, 44, 112, 11727, 106622, 2063, 3674, 1831, 4, 58, 87709, 111, 375, 964, 592, 678, 1286, 11521, 106622, 191, 136, 4911, 7, 8060, 214, 375, 4223, 1363, 100, 51713, 3501, 23335, 1294, 1831, 5, 31678, 37421, 66695, 1902, 26168, 3674, 70, 54704, 289, 154453, 450, 2685, 3542, 22759, 80854, 12, 7401, 4, 109270, 4, 11476, 136, 1831, 136, 126562, 17991, 19574, 50930, 71, 903, 6528, 390, 62816, 72219, 2856, 237, 13411, 18, 4, 36898, 4, 8010, 136, 91097, 5, 31143, 509, 4911, 7, 17569, 111, 237, 10, 161451, 136, 6818, 592, 509, 51592, 237, 10, 9433, 111, 8, 277, 40322, 3129, 190659, 4734, 47, 217773, 7, 5, 135634, 1902, 127887, 450, 6818, 592, 509, 959, 11343, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 390, 10, 86669, 111, 4912, 136, 10, 11522, 154453, 509, 44841, 47, 15426, 100, 903, 5, 360, 611, 18197, 4, 67538, 177357, 873, 5372, 91376, 1919, 12877, 44, 45689, 4778, 2063, 153224, 60791, 11, 830, 3129, 70541, 297, 70, 5117, 110527, 111, 2367, 2806, 24209, 70, 11521, 106622, 191, 154453, 5, 360, 1919, 12877, 4, 873, 5372, 27169, 3674, 11476, 136, 1831, 1295, 70, 54704, 289, 12830, 3299, 136, 91995, 71, 2856, 678, 17262, 3173, 7, 111, 109270, 12, 44, 34290, 21, 26715, 11, 830, 44, 34290, 79552, 11, 830, 136, 44, 34290, 33429, 64279, 740, 44, 35484, 219, 33429, 64279, 58, 509, 70, 12830, 450, 73313, 3674, 36, 20102, 4, 2906, 63470, 14179, 7, 4, 707, 173369, 183871, 5, 873, 5372, 18822, 71, 450, 44, 34290, 33429, 64279, 58, 509, 10, 22799, 60213, 111, 375, 4223, 1363, 136, 509, 121447, 3229, 173369, 161451, 7, 3542, 96865, 297, 5, 873, 5372, 6777, 959, 765, 5045, 47, 54, 678, 11521, 106622, 191, 154453, 237, 642, 3714, 442, 5036, 4, 1284, 764, 1902, 10, 21334, 79507, 98, 1919, 9836, 216971, 5, 873, 5372, 25, 7, 5201, 127752, 509, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 154453, 68034, 4, 49903, 5045, 442, 509, 98816, 7103, 4049, 5, 873, 5372, 25, 7, 6528, 509, 450, 173369, 161451, 7, 70541, 142, 17, 13866, 22819, 26866, 4, 70, 44, 34290, 33429, 64279, 1242, 360, 20390, 363, 80450, 108890, 216971, 4, 16030, 111, 54411, 136, 290, 6133, 1294, 99, 112252, 4, 26171, 71, 10, 20117, 111, 70, 154453, 23, 3129, 764, 120514, 4806, 873, 5372, 25, 7, 44, 34290, 33429, 64279, 58, 47, 44, 11727, 106622, 191, 830, 136, 442, 509, 23, 903, 3173, 450, 70, 154453, 31895, 1902, 6863, 158036, 79507, 5, 581, 13579, 11521, 106622, 191, 68034, 509, 959, 9844, 450, 216971, 26868, 297, 5, 8622, 83, 77950, 450, 70, 2565, 509, 11814, 237, 39395, 237, 611, 9016, 4, 136, 23, 10, 3917, 450, 509, 4552, 21373, 47, 2367, 216971, 509, 17368, 442, 100, 5, 581, 13579, 509, 16406, 4126, 1295, 10, 160600, 2565, 91084, 47, 41036, 282, 5, 581, 25632, 151268, 98363, 7, 216971, 25, 7, 21455, 111, 11521, 106622, 191, 12, 7763, 216971, 4, 12924, 7, 3542, 217773, 7, 70541, 214, 11521, 106622, 191, 23, 162515, 678, 99665, 238, 128713, 90, 15, 6827, 5170, 3142, 98, 17, 13866, 1363, 70, 11521, 106622, 191, 509, 4092, 71, 1295, 70, 12924, 137802, 70, 128713, 13, 50155, 5, 14847, 70, 128713, 13, 509, 764, 27686, 678, 10, 161451, 98870, 23, 11521, 106622, 191, 4, 6044, 237, 21441, 587, 289, 4, 70, 6510, 425, 13438, 34739, 1257, 11521, 106622, 191, 136, 94410, 3674, 70, 12924, 5, 13000, 106622, 191, 509, 10, 71496, 13, 161451, 4, 70, 5701, 23, 756, 6863, 162515, 7, 5, 42378, 8266, 25, 7, 5117, 80934, 111, 11521, 106622, 191, 5117, 118775, 23, 1919, 44, 1511, 35801, 20489, 1174, 20531, 164, 830, 91376, 23, 611, 14773, 5, 18763, 2684, 66747, 71, 80934, 509, 14037, 23, 70, 85689, 3075, 98, 290, 6133, 1294, 233234, 44, 919, 6990, 32125, 34200, 7605, 13, 58, 23, 729, 3742, 5, 129551, 47, 216971, 4, 11521, 106622, 191, 509, 10, 161451, 450, 509, 959, 19048, 47, 186, 3884, 3934, 10, 144521, 4, 1284, 5809, 186, 12302, 2822, 351, 13, 2347, 9393, 5, 717, 4049, 4, 109412, 509, 1660, 10, 162515, 111, 10, 1495, 136, 11521, 106622, 191, 4, 136, 20662, 10, 12924, 509, 237, 8781, 237, 20949, 10, 12924, 6510, 425, 136, 154107, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 11521, 106622, 191, 154453, 83, 10, 1601, 5281, 297, 57456, 154453, 450, 49489, 27686, 450, 10, 11476, 9, 5062, 12830, 35839, 11521, 106622, 191, 15, 16, 83, 70541, 297, 28032, 173369, 337, 34204, 136, 121447, 20271, 375, 4223, 1363, 5, 581, 9351, 32497, 1295, 70, 893, 45964, 160600, 10555, 25892, 27478, 28910, 44, 11727, 106622, 5800, 58, 24073, 5992, 592, 1257, 74054, 1295, 10555, 48454, 13383, 44, 11727, 4380, 425, 58, 24073, 170180, 13, 51029, 1650, 509, 5117, 11341, 71, 23, 611, 18197, 390, 67538, 177357, 873, 5372, 136, 7068, 3884, 25842, 1286, 23113, 538, 390, 80450, 108890, 216971, 5, 581, 154453, 81887, 297, 47, 73342, 9433, 90, 6044, 237, 375, 4223, 1363, 136, 52648, 214, 4, 3129, 621, 5036, 143849, 538, 51529, 237, 128713, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Theory.", "History of phlogiston theory.", "Johann Joachim Becher.", "Georg Ernst Stahl.", "J. H. Pott.", "Others.", "Challenge and demise." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Phlogiston theory states that \"phlogisticated\" substances are substances that contain phlogiston and \"dephlogisticate\" when burned. Dephlogisticating is the process of releasing stored phlogiston, which is absorbed by the air. Growing plants then absorb this phlogiston, which is why air does not spontaneously combust and also why plant matter burns as well as it does. Thus phlogiston accounted for combustion via a process that was opposite to that of the oxygen theory. In general, substances that burned in air were said to be rich in phlogiston; the fact that combustion soon ceased in an enclosed space was taken as clear-cut evidence that air had the capacity to absorb only a finite amount of phlogiston. When air had become completely phlogisticated it would no longer serve to support combustion of any material, nor would a metal heated in it yield a calx; nor could phlogisticated air support life. Breathing was thought to take phlogiston out of the body. Joseph Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen in 1772 and the pair used the theory to explain his results. The residue of air left after burning, in fact a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, was sometimes referred to as \"phlogisticated air,\" having taken up all of the phlogiston. Conversely, when Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen, he believed it to be \"dephlogisticated air,\" capable of combining with more phlogiston and thus supporting combustion for longer than ordinary air.", "Empedocles had formulated the classical theory that there were four elements: water, earth, fire and air and Aristotle reinforced this idea by characterising them as moist, dry, hot and cold. Fire was thus thought of as a substance and burning was seen as a process of decomposition which applied only to compounds. Experience had shown that burning was not always accompanied by a loss of material and a better theory was needed to account for this.", "In 1667, Johann Joachim Becher published his book \"Physica subterranea\", which contained the first instance of what would become the phlogiston theory. In his book, Becher eliminated fire and air from the classical element model and replaced them with three forms of earth: \"terra lapidea\", \"terra fluida\", and \"terra pinguis\". \"Terra pinguis\" was the element that imparted oily, sulphurous, or combustible properties. Becher believed that \"terra pinguis\" was a key feature of combustion and was released when combustible substances were burned. Becher did not have much to do with phlogiston theory as we know it now, but he had a large influence on his student Stahl. Becher's main contribution was the start of the theory itself, however much it was changed after him. Becher's idea was that combustible substances contain an ignitable matter, the \"terra pinguis.\"", "In 1703 Georg Ernst Stahl, professor of medicine and chemistry at Halle, proposed a variant of the theory in which he renamed Becher's \"terra pinguis\" to \"phlogiston\", and it was in this form that the theory probably had its greatest influence. The term phlogiston itself was not something that Stahl invented. There is evidence that the word was used as early as 1606, and in a way that was very similar to what Stahl was using it for. The term was derived from a Greek word meaning to inflame. The following paragraph describes Stahl's view of phlogiston:To Stahl, metals were compounds containing phlogiston in combination with metallic oxides (calces); on ignition the phlogiston was freed from the metal leaving the oxide behind. When the oxide was heated with a substance rich in phlogiston, such as charcoal, the calx again took up phlogiston and regenerated the metal. Phlogiston was a definite substance, the same in all its combinations.Stahl's first definition of phlogiston first appeared in his \"Zymotechnia fundamentalis\", published in 1697. His most quoted definition was found in the treatise on chemistry entitled \"Fundamenta chymiae\" in 1723. According to Stahl, phlogiston was a substance that was not able to be put into a bottle, but could be transferred nonetheless. To him, wood was just a combination of ash and phlogiston, and making a metal was as simple as getting a metal calx and adding phlogiston. Soot was almost pure phlogiston, which is why heating it with a metallic calx transforms the calx into the metal and Stahl attempted to prove that the phlogiston in soot and sulphur were identical by converting sulphates to liver of sulphur using charcoal. He did not account for the increase in weight on combustion of tin and lead that were known at the time.", "Johann Heinrich Pott, a student of one of Stahl's students, expanded the theory and attempted to make it much more understandable to a general audience. He compared phlogiston to light or fire, saying that all three were substances whose natures were widely understood but not easily defined. He thought that phlogiston should not be considered as a particle but as an essence that permeates substances, arguing that in a pound of any substance one could not simply pick out the particles of phlogiston. Pott also observed the fact that when certain substances are burned they increase in mass instead of losing the mass of the phlogiston as it escapes; according to him, phlogiston was the basic fire principle and could not be obtained by itself. Flames were considered to be a mix of phlogiston and water, while a phlogiston-and-earthy mixture could not burn properly. Phlogiston permeating everything in the universe, it could be released as heat when combined with acid. Pott proposed the following properties: Pott's formulations proposed little new theory; he merely supplied further details and rendered existing theory more approachable to the common man.", "Johann Juncer also created a very complete picture of phlogiston. When reading Stahl's work, he assumed that phlogiston was in fact very material. He therefore came to the conclusion that phlogiston has the property of levity, or that it makes the compound that it is in much lighter than it would be without the phlogiston. He also showed that air was needed for combustion by putting substances in a sealed flask and trying to burn them. Guillaume-Francois Rouelle brought the theory of phlogiston to France, and he was a very influential scientist and teacher so it gained quite a strong foothold very quickly. Many of his students became very influential scientists in their own right, Lavoisier included. The French viewed phlogiston as a very subtle principle that vanishes in all analysis, yet it is in all bodies. Essentially they followed straight from Stahl's theory. Giovanni Antonio Giobert introduced Lavoisier's work in Italy. Giobert won a prize competition from the Academy of Letters and Sciences of Mantua in 1792 for his work refuting phlogiston theory. He presented a paper at the Académie royale des Sciénces of Turin on March 18, 1792 entitled \"Examen chimique de la doctrine du phlogistique et de la doctrine des pneumatistes par rapport à la nature de l 'eau\" (translates roughly to Chemical examination of the doctrine of phlogiston and the doctrine of pneumatists in relation to the nature of water), which is considered the most original defense of Lavoisier's theory of water composition to appear in Italy.", "Eventually, quantitative experiments revealed problems, including the fact that some metals gained mass when they burned, even though they were supposed to have lost phlogiston. Some phlogiston proponents explained this by concluding that phlogiston had negative weight; others, such as Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, gave the more conventional argument that it was lighter than air. However, a more detailed analysis based on Archimedes' principle, the densities of magnesium and its combustion product showed that just being lighter than air could not account for the increase in mass. Stahl himself did not address the problem of the metals that burn gaining weight, but those who followed his ideas and did not question his ideas were the ones that worked on this problem. During the eighteenth century, as it became clear that metals gained mass when they were oxidized, phlogiston was increasingly regarded as a \"principle\" rather than a material substance. By the end of the eighteenth century, for the few chemists who still used the term phlogiston, the concept was linked to hydrogen. Joseph Priestley, for example, in referring to the reaction of steam on iron, while fully acknowledging that the iron gains mass as it binds with oxygen to form a calx, iron oxide, iron also loses \"the basis of inflammable air (hydrogen), and this is the substance or principle, to which we give the name phlogiston.\" Following Lavoisier’s description of oxygen as the \"oxidizing principle\" (hence its name, from Ancient Greek: oksús, “sharp;” génos, “birth,” referring to oxygen's supposed role in the formation of acids), Priestley described phlogiston as the \"alkaline principle.\" Phlogiston remained the dominant theory until the 1770s when Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier showed that combustion requires a gas that has mass (specifically, oxygen) and could be measured by means of weighing closed vessels. The use of closed vessels by de Lavoisier and earlier, by Mikhail Lomonosov, also negated the buoyancy that had disguised the mass of the gases of combustion and culminated in the principle of mass conservation. These observations solved the mass paradox and set the stage for the new oxygen theory of combustion. Elizabeth Fulhame demonstrated through experiment that many oxidation reactions occur only in the presence of water, that they directly involve water, and that water is regenerated and is detectable at the end of the reaction. Based on her experiments, she disagreed with some of the conclusions of Lavoisier as well as with the phlogiston theorists that he critiqued. Her book on the subject appeared in print soon after Lavoisier's execution for Farm-General membership during the French Revolution. Experienced chemists who supported Stahl's phlogiston theory attempted to respond to the challenges suggested by Lavoisier and the newer chemists. In doing so, phlogiston theory became more complicated and assumed too much, contributing to the overall demise of the theory. Many people tried to remodel their theories on phlogiston in order to have the theory work with what Lavoisier was doing in his experiments. Pierre Macquer reworded his theory many times, and even though he is said to have thought the theory of phlogiston was doomed, he stood by phlogiston and tried to make the theory work." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 52935, 115940, 357, 31, 49703, 509, 7311, 538, 80889, 71, 47, 186, 70, 32628, 420, 20016, 95274, 4, 1284, 98, 952, 8055, 65942, 764, 509, 83324, 71, 47, 186, 51, 16086, 100, 70, 113014, 4743, 47, 29874, 89397, 4, 136, 91995, 71, 390, 11576, 33768, 11036, 893, 32775, 4, 1919, 4420, 9, 2037, 172040, 32786, 5, 72686, 3326, 384, 8218, 15205, 4, 51529, 28032, 70, 8357, 43045, 38488, 1528, 237, 44, 43351, 72686, 3326, 702, 830, 509, 70, 2789, 2208, 172040, 297, 113014, 47, 70, 6, 43351, 5, 1650, 83, 111, 20537, 6637, 100, 17262, 13312, 4, 1295, 543, 1104, 3117, 6088, 65942, 442, 94419, 70, 5117, 1733, 16792, 8108, 70, 44, 78457, 103731, 11, 58, 27998, 450, 77488, 76456, 118103, 765, 2809, 23, 32628, 134477, 13, 79850, 74, 17262, 10, 24351, 70, 8357, 43045, 38488, 15, 19279, 60867, 1363, 702, 247, 17262, 10, 24351, 72686, 3326, 384, 8218, 15205, 4, 136, 37195, 10, 24351, 43045, 13684, 46401, 44, 178741, 164, 830, 12403, 214, 29752, 159, 12763, 9, 103928, 5, 581, 150143, 65771, 538, 83184, 297, 1295, 91617, 191, 474, 170637, 102851, 23, 62084, 10684, 4384, 98, 10, 72686, 3326, 9, 123254, 13950, 126, 99, 3894, 34852, 276, 13526, 15, 7709, 34852, 99577, 16, 98, 68318, 543, 6088, 30739, 1650, 65771, 538, 54, 76622, 678, 70, 6, 43351, 98, 64227, 387, 6088, 47, 9842, 10, 37195, 9, 15477, 127, 24765, 98, 70, 103173, 214, 139915, 53, 5, 11576, 33768, 11036, 893, 32775, 4, 70, 43045, 420, 20016, 72239, 660, 83184, 297, 390, 384, 8218, 15205, 4, 1556, 176377, 47, 64883, 46002, 538, 33233, 8752, 123573, 56, 63053, 123842, 8961, 515, 136, 189932, 90125, 56, 224070, 40478, 111, 70, 138489, 1363, 702, 172040, 10, 24351, 72686, 3326, 384, 8218, 17376, 98, 1702, 6088, 3295, 99, 3413, 22618, 99577, 5, 5533, 31, 41324, 1295, 70, 6, 43351, 34739, 3687, 99, 952, 31690, 99577, 98, 1372, 6088, 5, 74620, 9, 284, 2828, 7239, 136, 8064, 1162, 19, 165, 31, 76622, 1295, 6, 43351, 98, 952, 7071, 56434, 3894, 19993, 99577, 4, 136, 3551, 297, 99, 427, 27321, 12, 1197, 99577, 4, 7103, 10, 59671, 9, 15477, 127, 24765, 98, 70, 29398, 5, 14847, 70, 150143, 3551, 297, 7103, 80338, 13312, 23, 32628, 4, 204839, 214, 70, 43980, 9, 5636, 183594, 53, 100, 72686, 3326, 384, 8218, 32628, 56379, 4, 442, 103876, 71, 70, 4989, 525, 113014, 390, 10, 72686, 3326, 32628, 56379, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 72686, 3326, 384, 8218, 15205, 509, 10, 72686, 3326, 29752, 47, 70, 8357, 43045, 38488, 15, 43351, 16, 83184, 297, 390, 10, 72686, 3326, 6, 123254, 83184, 80939, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 14135, 32628, 420, 20016, 29752, 6181, 214, 35768, 47, 136, 1295, 70, 6, 43351, 5, 1650, 83184, 297, 1295, 70, 91617, 191, 474, 170637, 102851, 98, 543, 6088, 3295, 99, 3843, 30628, 276, 22916, 15, 7709, 30628, 99577, 247, 54, 76622, 678, 70, 6, 43351, 99, 3894, 25619, 276, 22916, 15, 8194, 25619, 99577, 16, 98, 387, 6088, 4, 136, 176377, 47, 64883, 98, 952, 7071, 25499, 72686, 3326, 384, 8218, 15205, 6181, 297, 6626, 9, 95037, 6468, 111, 6, 43351, 138489, 1363, 616, 47, 70, 32628, 29398, 33233, 678, 1632, 44, 65421, 420, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Crew.", "Crew notes.", "Mission highlights." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Daisuke Enomoto was originally scheduled to be the spaceflight participant, but on 21 August 2006, he was determined to be unfit for the flight due to medical reasons, and replaced by Anousheh Ansari, his back-up crew member.", "Soyuz TMA-9, known within the International Space Station program as \"ISS Soyuz 13\", was the 32nd crewed flight to the ISS. It is of note because for three days, from 18–21 September 2006, it marked the first time since before the \"Columbia\" accident that twelve humans have been in space simultaneously; three aboard the International Space Station (Expedition 13), three aboard Soyuz TMA-9, and six aboard Space Shuttle \"Atlantis\", flying mission STS-115. The capsule successfully launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on a Soyuz-FG rocket at 09:08 MDS (04:08 UTC) on Monday 18 September 2006. It successfully docked with the ISS on Wednesday 20 September to begin a six-month stay on the orbiting laboratory. Anousheh Ansari, the Spaceflight Participant launched by TMA-9, has returned to Earth safely alongside Commander Pavel Vinogradov and Flight Engineer Jeffrey Williams of the Expedition 13 crew aboard Soyuz TMA-8 on 29 September 2006 at 01:13 UTC. Undocking from the ISS took place at 21:53 UTC on 28 September. López-Alegría and Tyurin undocked from ISS on 21 April 2007, 09:11 UTC, and landed at 12:31:30 UTC, after a seven-month stay on the station. When the capsule landed after 215 days in space, exceeding the 210-day warranty for Soyuz TMA spacecraft, it concluded the longest flight by a Soyuz spacecraft." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 8272, 4, 80822, 31, 80723, 102995, 214, 10, 3525, 3173, 111, 47617, 136, 4950, 7, 764, 35839, 44, 150, 94385, 23884, 830, 678, 10, 98352, 1363, 54452, 111, 70, 5701, 9351, 98, 1919, 9066, 77641, 67967, 5, 3293, 509, 62816, 29367, 390, 79507, 7, 1295, 68663, 4, 23884, 4, 20947, 4, 18276, 136, 1152, 3956, 19612, 4, 136, 38134, 21329, 712, 4527, 111, 108171, 7, 5, 106073, 72803, 47, 105556, 98, 99, 5117, 4, 70, 20623, 3514, 434, 106750, 538, 23, 5700, 2481, 10932, 6052, 1104, 30416, 4, 136, 390, 4078, 442, 509, 170920, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 129058, 9, 1428, 2069, 1614, 1409, 2109, 23, 47617, 136, 4950, 7, 4, 678, 67967, 7, 1884, 18621, 157268, 89916, 15, 289, 197271, 903, 67967, 83, 37515, 538, 41421, 9, 1409, 2822, 678, 44, 257, 840, 94266, 1771, 47617, 136, 4950, 7, 74054, 27123, 89916, 4, 170527, 310, 4, 17779, 6967, 80433, 4, 9572, 319, 169, 54877, 5180, 4, 136, 22104, 7, 1884, 25971, 4134, 4, 10086, 4922, 4, 19694, 45380, 271, 4, 13146, 48242, 7, 4, 9020, 123887, 60089, 4, 4, 7224, 1081, 3767, 46327, 4, 22828, 7880, 53, 4, 136, 95823, 22836, 54940, 6863, 5201, 58008, 16037, 5, 170527, 23884, 83, 4552, 21373, 47, 54497, 47617, 136, 4950, 7, 136, 99, 840, 94266, 1771, 47617, 136, 4950, 7, 4, 1284, 1556, 1614, 17991, 60212, 7, 5, 170527, 23884, 1556, 37515, 56, 79507, 7, 1295, 221, 408, 4, 42845, 4, 39644, 4, 20947, 4, 36356, 101448, 4, 136, 23884, 19612, 4, 12960, 54497, 391, 25, 19, 25, 571, 707, 99, 840, 94266, 1771, 391, 25, 19, 25, 571, 28282, 7, 10, 106297, 42, 14373, 1286, 142518, 13, 9523, 45730, 4, 17368, 156100, 142518, 124519, 4, 53894, 4950, 7, 136, 121413, 7, 23, 3687, 111, 70, 107554, 12830, 69307, 71, 390, 4527, 111, 2773, 13984, 7, 5, 170527, 19612, 136475, 6863, 75678, 1295, 3295, 1104, 6463, 678, 10, 6, 58944, 111, 22104, 7, 6044, 237, 70077, 1681, 4, 2132, 425, 908, 1255, 4, 83947, 384, 4, 18226, 169, 669, 136, 24990, 29987, 31, 202, 47, 9351, 10, 10846, 5, 18852, 70, 170527, 107671, 214, 442, 4, 442, 21449, 156531, 37838, 1295, 70, 17274, 5, 32255, 22104, 7, 17660, 297, 47, 2288, 56, 16065, 1295, 70, 74730, 7, 136, 6, 163736, 25, 7, 136, 91048, 3525, 102678, 47, 70, 47617, 136, 4950, 7, 28302, 5, 2161, 106, 18374, 2691, 19694, 45380, 271, 91048, 41931, 23884, 4420, 47, 70, 154909, 678, 1919, 7156, 4, 44, 618, 72089, 71263, 7, 7650, 25, 18, 67022, 830, 47130, 162, 214, 28560, 7, 6044, 237, 44, 91306, 1401, 78650, 58, 15, 88981, 53089, 4512, 86, 21656, 6153, 67595, 16, 3129, 7228, 6436, 106, 25, 7, 67022, 11001, 7, 116287, 4, 44, 605, 164, 7, 63243, 26387, 26387, 830, 136, 44, 618, 39116, 73118, 538, 740, 3293, 134620, 1257, 44, 95665, 214, 645, 58, 136, 141753, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 44632, 297, 47, 47617, 136, 4950, 7, 7156, 7, 111, 25499, 581, 36272, 111, 41931, 23884, 8306, 25737, 70, 154909, 4, 136, 509, 134629, 390, 1208, 29511, 12787, 25, 7, 44, 5021, 39162, 56, 4865, 58, 8035, 112730, 98, 5155, 6032, 5977, 4, 4841, 184, 619, 56504, 25, 44, 122880, 72820, 884, 818, 58, 7156, 116287, 214, 136, 70, 134331, 90, 67921, 7, 25, 11001, 7, 44, 3957, 14195, 22928, 830, 44, 724, 126, 2161, 1650, 58, 136, 44, 104711, 2256, 58, 5962, 1916, 67022, 116287, 7, 5, 1261, 3181, 60089, 74216, 71, 237, 10, 12639, 86723, 23, 43304, 7103, 1392, 128839, 538, 105925, 1810, 47, 24209, 10, 17164, 67967, 136, 47353, 125568, 42, 100, 3525, 41931, 391, 19, 571, 22104, 7, 4, 41866, 23, 70, 231118, 4, 199458, 136, 70, 14098, 117604, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 170527, 23884, 4, 41931, 47617, 619, 4950, 7, 4, 41931, 391, 19, 571, 4, 41931, 707, 68018, 1660, 43671, 238, 47617, 619, 4950, 7, 83, 10, 1614, 1409, 107, 111, 47617, 136, 4950, 7, 5, 51404, 442, 4527, 7, 21373, 4950, 7, 59801, 136, 1909, 108802, 7, 47, 3789, 20623, 7, 4, 442, 70541, 7, 10846, 56, 1909, 9, 49133, 297, 121413, 7, 136, 1286, 150222, 135355, 7, 15, 837, 927, 142518, 90, 29367, 136, 6083, 247, 22313, 90, 4, 43671, 90, 136, 6, 120089, 4, 27024, 214, 10, 161735, 225748, 8951, 297, 99, 5368, 44632, 1314, 237, 5299, 237, 17431, 41152, 136, 6, 36957, 95771, 7, 5, 13703, 30773, 7, 6044, 237, 39644, 4, 57289, 136, 68018, 107265, 765, 10, 80953, 1803, 79507, 98, 41931, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Origins.", "Continued growth." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "In 1999, Fabio began championing a new form of drum and bass he called \"liquid funk\", with a compilation release of the same name on his Creative Source label. This was characterized by influences from ambient, funk, disco, house and trance music, and widespread use of vocals. Although slow to catch on at first, the style grew massively in popularity around 2003–2004, and by 2005 it was established as one of the biggest-selling subgenres in drum and bass, with labels like Good Looking Records (although this label is strongly cross-genred with \"atmospheric drum and bass\"), Hospital Records, Liquid V, Shogun Limited, Fokuz Recordings, and artists like Calibre, Netsky, High Contrast, Logistics, London Elektricity,, Shapeshifter, DJ Marky, and Solid State among its main proponents. Liquid funk is very similar to intelligent drum and bass and atmospheric drum and bass, but has subtle differences. Liquid funk has stronger influences from soca, Latin, jazz, disco, breakbeat, and funk music, while intelligent D'n'B or atmospheric D'n'B creates a calmer yet more synthetic sound, using smooth synth lines, deep bass and samples in place of the organic element achieved by use of real instruments.", "Liquid music continued its growth from 2006–09 with a rise of artists such as Eveson, Alix Perez, Zero T, Lenzman and Spectrasoul to name a few. Like the Liquid preceding it, it came predominately from the UK. These artists tended to steer away from the Amens and 808's and brought new sounds to the drum and bass scene. On 1 October 2007 High Contrast brought liquid funk back to the mainstream with his album, \"Tough Guys Don't Dance\", releasing tracks such as \"If We Ever\" (featuring Diane Charlemagne) which made Radio 1's Dance singles chart, \"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\", and \"Tread Softly\". This ended up \"crossing over\" and becoming one of the most listened to drum and bass albums of 2007. The success of liquid funk never left the mainstream, and was followed by Mistabishi's \"No Matter What\" being played on daytime radio, Chase & Status' \"More Than Alot\" album charting and the Brookes Brothers' singles \"The Big Blue\", \"Get On It\" and \"Loveline\" hitting Dance charts. Liquicity emerged as a YouTube channel in 2008, after 2011 gradually growing out to become a record label and events promoter for new liquid DnB artists, especially in the Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 31016, 131337, 136, 335, 9494, 42564, 71, 98, 11994, 48877, 13999, 581, 107282, 7, 111, 10, 203251, 335, 9494, 136, 31016, 42564, 42, 80723, 23, 7582, 37771, 1284, 3542, 959, 39563, 297, 24189, 10, 124416, 63805, 509, 31089, 71, 8055, 29620, 15431, 360, 14487, 1532, 12008, 31958, 7, 3542, 9325, 10, 6, 157376, 9, 22469, 12937, 678, 41653, 136, 142, 1810, 2256, 111, 203251, 42564, 42, 5, 2161, 3342, 29835, 1392, 70, 42564, 42, 509, 190238, 390, 12008, 31958, 7, 136, 7068, 140528, 98, 11994, 48877, 13999, 360, 18374, 27997, 90998, 73, 171530, 70, 11473, 111, 6863, 105207, 1118, 25600, 33120, 4, 2161, 35311, 4, 47, 62, 10309, 131337, 10760, 23, 10, 35142, 41965, 1257, 47, 2505, 2588, 19879, 5, 360, 7582, 1210, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 90998, 73, 5, 71983, 1902, 190659, 100, 142, 1118, 125907, 132954, 100, 70, 11341, 111, 2356, 101033, 23, 20414, 4, 136, 98, 382, 7582, 1902, 2809, 70318, 297, 10, 124161, 289, 259, 14, 814, 390, 70, 2356, 101033, 127152, 111, 131337, 357, 50930, 674, 6, 190358, 442, 47, 42938, 13, 23, 70, 1118, 125907, 16839, 23, 70, 11341, 4, 41928, 47, 10, 4393, 132954, 8035, 2855, 3674, 5, 581, 21115, 83184, 297, 15044, 25600, 136, 8174, 27528, 1379, 70, 3551, 9, 77007, 8174, 132954, 111, 6863, 2356, 101033, 4755, 4, 46771, 1724, 14218, 4, 70, 83184, 99201, 15044, 46771, 1724, 25, 7, 136, 6863, 10002, 8796, 7, 4, 26719, 19085, 771, 1728, 5, 277, 5, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 14487, 4, 70, 3525, 19085, 771, 1728, 1764, 1902, 163629, 71, 9071, 111, 70, 49456, 6712, 83629, 23, 2356, 101033, 5, 77168, 214, 10, 502, 1517, 89829, 333, 59725, 9433, 17721, 6, 49543, 73436, 7, 136, 527, 56349, 73436, 7, 4, 335, 9494, 5, 58229, 53, 39563, 297, 98, 201, 6088, 918, 450, 442, 1902, 68186, 71, 527, 56349, 25, 7, 45880, 100, 11762, 92134, 96090, 5, 581, 124161, 509, 140528, 98, 106, 22482, 20400, 237, 117414, 71, 390, 126136, 1363, 111, 339, 9127, 52350, 71, 12008, 7, 98, 116, 22482, 6360, 39170, 1600, 7, 3542, 70, 56458, 8063, 99, 90998, 73, 4, 678, 10, 29681, 1600, 1916, 13315, 2037, 26719, 1286, 3501, 2510, 12921, 29681, 74, 70, 7893, 43373, 33946, 83, 38887, 3443, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 97551, 90998, 73, 25, 7, 169424, 23, 70, 17274, 101740, 1600, 1916, 16839, 4, 70, 14380, 83184, 297, 90998, 73, 372, 19514, 5, 277, 23, 13999, 64511, 29681, 99201, 756, 5700, 16446, 9, 174822, 29681, 4, 7082, 29681, 237, 5299, 237, 756, 13036, 41710, 29681, 136, 2926, 85927, 17163, 214, 1295, 72791, 106, 47, 33100, 32566, 5, 44, 19279, 31, 9523, 58, 29681, 6044, 237, 120872, 6, 91621, 4, 17624, 2317, 136, 1011, 933, 3542, 2843, 99201, 23, 70, 31815, 13315, 2037, 5, 124765, 7, 5809, 2843, 7413, 103044, 98, 10, 37457, 111, 47353, 50782, 111, 29681, 5, 32255, 99201, 1600, 7, 98, 44951, 7, 136, 141778, 6044, 237, 70, 33598, 7, 4, 12348, 45831, 4, 70, 114529, 5986, 185631, 136, 44, 135261, 58, 47353, 5, 581, 25632, 52895, 111, 27528, 3542, 122399, 99, 90998, 73, 36450, 12, 31464, 41656, 25, 195, 4, 180, 35442, 4, 180, 35442, 2673, 64, 15363, 4, 132556, 23660, 83112, 4, 132556, 23660, 83112, 2673, 64, 15363, 136, 156615, 9, 38931, 79442, 4, 1001, 18276, 143834, 7, 1884, 107172, 15, 927, 107, 13, 108564, 126381, 4, 55076, 6626, 4, 23552, 7514, 17721, 41656, 25, 195, 136, 180, 35442, 194, 360, 69407, 111, 145054, 7, 4, 72095, 5809, 55076, 17721, 96746, 297, 125177, 4, 13762, 125177, 707, 438, 125177, 23180, 7, 5, 62, 44, 20706, 17265, 58, 11389, 111, 70, 27528, 509, 2843, 19882, 100, 72095, 47, 9790, 1810, 100, 4092, 5, 90998, 73, 122399, 25600, 233547, 7, 4, 15044, 77019, 619, 2016, 136, 80889, 71, 4, 136, 49456, 27528, 15, 2852, 27528, 194, 77019, 619, 2016, 233547, 7, 80723, 237, 33662, 237, 70, 23180, 509, 64557, 95699, 34, 138518, 5, 230074, 71, 233547, 7, 80723, 99, 10, 58735, 297, 1733, 136, 107003, 100, 77546, 101935, 111, 56480, 136, 70, 167375, 494, 731, 19361, 7, 5, 360, 49456, 27528, 70, 92865, 5809, 33284, 136, 31358, 217684, 1836, 36663, 5, 90998, 73, 36450, 5809, 186, 112730, 17368, 70, 4727, 11787, 1193, 36450, 91732, 4, 70, 3773, 36450, 91732, 4, 70, 41925, 36450, 91732, 707, 70, 36450, 4027, 100, 3952, 707, 70, 4289, 5, 581, 4727, 136, 3773, 11389, 122399, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 132216, 111, 66139, 6044, 237, 80835, 7, 136, 10, 7665, 9, 22819, 32354, 5, 581, 41925, 23282, 509, 13651, 9, 73, 181063, 237, 442, 509, 10, 31842, 9, 77007, 29806, 5, 360, 18982, 34975, 90998, 73, 83184, 297, 10, 171332, 36450, 4027, 100, 70, 4289, 47, 63769, 2773, 17265, 25600, 5, 3293, 509, 134629, 23, 20414, 1392, 390, 10, 21373, 38415, 100, 3952, 9, 77007, 128779, 5, 581, 14288, 23282, 107003, 59463, 47, 11301, 49456, 27528, 98, 2363, 14288, 24089, 7, 5, 149766, 49966, 3542, 173072, 297, 47, 84046, 43396, 90, 237, 28897, 3674, 390, 4000, 131703, 5, 36450, 12724, 306, 5, 277, 509, 142, 1118, 25600, 2258, 75846, 14037, 297, 23, 55482, 64779, 71, 390, 70, 22513, 76, 634, 350, 131337, 63871, 4, 36450, 12724, 306, 122399, 15044, 11301, 136, 2773, 17265, 9384, 7, 5, 11330, 76, 9035, 136, 15789, 27528, 3542, 19882, 23, 15044, 1467, 9, 215725, 136, 7026, 23282, 13651, 7, 4, 678, 8060, 100, 15044, 4727, 21579, 1495, 136, 29908, 5, 36450, 12724, 306, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 1118, 25600, 15271, 47, 22691, 6024, 9, 196651, 8060, 4, 136, 38368, 2822, 47, 188676, 4, 30839, 4, 195374, 4, 92265, 4, 89176, 4, 102374, 4, 136, 187951, 119578, 7, 5, 32255, 46876, 7, 3542, 17203, 297, 1829, 44, 80938, 289, 15271, 830, 5941, 111, 2856, 141377, 4000, 31411, 214, 100, 70, 133291, 10776, 5, 24372, 209, 5369, 111, 41018, 4, 90998, 73, 171530, 70, 6, 170224, 111, 36450, 12724, 306, 5, 277, 98, 616, 7071, 20938, 1650, 509, 15421, 309, 74694, 23, 1324, 1284, 8633, 18, 7565, 13438, 98, 953, 22482, 10520, 77168, 214, 70, 6, 172482, 111, 73879, 23662, 23, 37771, 90998, 73, 5, 71983, 34739, 6226, 111, 10, 335, 304, 441, 137251, 111, 1118, 136914, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 90998, 73, 5, 71983, 16284, 58815, 509, 142, 1118, 208782, 14380, 4, 100, 4806, 390, 70, 11994, 1392, 42564, 42, 111, 31016, 17067, 14578, 6456, 238, 136, 90998, 73, 5337, 71232, 58815, 24639, 5, 15236, 56, 538, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 142105, 3835, 538, 52350, 71, 1118, 208782, 11037, 4, 442, 509, 2965, 51529, 100, 6863, 1118, 25600, 17155, 31016, 7192, 1728, 4, 6661, 36450, 11330, 136, 6863, 29681, 1600, 1916, 8796, 90998, 73, 15, 161818, 538, 20623, 71, 44, 275, 9494, 51029, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Products and services.", "Sports betting.", "Poker.", "PokerRoom.com.", "Bingo.", "Casino games.", "Soft games.", "Legal Status.", "Sponsorship." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Party Gaming and Bwin merged on March 31, 2011. The rumors of a planned Bwin and Party merger began in November 2009, but were not confirmed until a joint statement was issued August 26, 2010. In December 2010 shareholders were sent a 478-page document with details and an outline of planned merger. On Jan 28, 2011 the merger was approved by shareholders and then completed on March 31, 2011. In October 2012, bwin announced the sale of its leading online poker network, Ongame, to Amaya Gaming Group in a deal worth up to €25 million. In November 2013 it was announced that bwin.party had applied for an online gaming licence for the state of New Jersey in July, and on 8 November had been awarded a transactional waiver by the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement allowing it to participate in the online gaming market in the state, prior to a full licence being granted. The group launched both poker and casino games under the land-based casino licence of its New Jersey partner, Borgata Casino, the launch included both Borgata's and its own brands, including partypoker.com. By the end of December, the new partypoker site had acquired 50% of the cash game traffic in New Jersey. Following a protracted bidding process between 888 Holdings and GVC Holdings, Bwin.Party confirmed on 4 September 2015 that it had accepted GVC's bid for £1.1 billion. The transaction was completed on 1 February 2016, as indicated by cancellation of LSE traded shares on 2 February 2016.", "", "Sports bets were the core business at bwin, with a sports betting lineup including more than 90 different sports; the principal customer interest is soccer. In order to boost bwin's presence in the UK football betting market, the company launched bwinbetting.com in 2011. Other sports included all popular ball-related sports, US sports as well as all major winter sports and motorsports ranging from Formula 1 to MotoGP. \"Exotic\" sports such as roller hockey, futsal and darts were also included in the daily lineup. Customers could also find odds on a range of events outside of sports. These included bets on politics and entertainment such as the Oscars, talent shows, the Eurovision Song Contest and \"Miss\" events.", "The following types of games were offered at bwin Poker: Texas Hold'em, Omaha, Omaha Hi/Lo, Seven Card Stud, Seven Card Stud Hi/Lo and Five-card draw, plus house variations like Double (three hole cards, choose two, halfway between Hold'em and Omaha). In terms of stakes, users could choose between Fixed Limit, Pot Limit or No Limit tables. A \"play money\" version of the games was also available for users to try out for free. bwin offered poker tournaments, both Sit & Go and scheduled, and cash games (ring games). Sit & Go tournaments began as soon as the table was completely occupied. Scheduled tournaments began at a specified time and allowed for higher numbers of participants and the highest prize pools. In cash games the players could join and leave whenever they wanted. bwin Poker could be played using the Mac OS X Poker Client, the Windows Poker Client, the Java Poker Client or the Poker app for Android or the iPhone. The Mac and Windows version offered an extensive selection of features such as statistics and a mini-table function. The Java client was platform-independent as it was a browser-based solution. In January 2011, bwin launched a dedicated Poker app for the iPhone to allow real money poker. This was followed in July 2011 by a similar application for Android-based devices. The mobile client allowed customers to play cash games on their mobile phones. Both apps were restricted to limited territories as permitted by local laws.", "PokerRoom.com was an online poker cardroom founded in 1999. Licensed by the Kahnawake Gaming Commission, PokerRoom offered both play and real money formats. Tournaments and ring games were available in both web-browser and download client platforms, with support for both Macintosh and Linux. PokerRoom was one of the first online poker sites to provide multi-language support, and catered to Danish, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Russian, and Swedish speakers. These languages were accessed via \"regional sites\", many of them showing local sponsoring for the selected region. After 10 years of operation, bwin announced the closure of PokerRoom.com on 14 April 2009. It was relaunched in 2012 but shut down again on 19 February 2013.", "Following the acquisition of Cashcade in 2009, bwin.party took control of a B2C portfolio of online bingo brands including Foxy Bingo, PartyBingo and Cheeky Bingo. Cashcade was the first company to promote online bingo to a mass market via television advertising and was first to develop the \"free bingo\" concept to attract new customers. Bwin began offering bingo at the end of December 2009 when its Italian subsidiary, Gioco Digitale, launched bingo as the first authorised Italian private online gaming operator.", "bwin offered more than 100 games, ranging from classics such as roulette or blackjack to slot machines and casino tournaments. The casino has a longstanding tradition at bwin: In 2001, it was introduced as a second product, after sports betting. The biggest ever casino jackpot win happened in 2014 when an individual won a little over 6 million Euros.", "bwin offered more than 60 games divided into the categories of Fortune Games, Skill Games, Mini Games and \"ParaDice\", as well as Backgammon. This was the product group with the biggest potential for innovation and expansion on the market.", "As the global legal framework for internet gambling is a complicated mix of laws and regulations, bwin's situation varied depending on the country concerned. Recently, Italy extended its online licences to include poker tournaments, and countries such as Denmark and Spain announced their intention to permit private operators access to their markets under stringent conditions and controls. On the other hand, other countries maintain a state monopoly on internet gaming, or ban it completely. On 15 September 2006, Norbert Teufelberger and Manfred Bodner were arrested at a press conference in La Turbie, France, for allegedly breaking French gambling laws. After an investigation, a judge released them three days later. When France opened their market for private online gaming in June 2010, bwin became the first operator there. In February 2013, the Australian Communications and Media Authority referred the Bwin arm of bwin.party to the Australian Federal Police for contraventions of the Interactive Gambling Act. The Act prohibits gambling companies from providing 'interactive' gambling services to those in Australia. Penalties for each breach, which can be for each day, are $220,000 for individuals and $1.1 million for corporations.", "Bwin recently sponsored football giants Real Madrid, A.C. Milan and Bayern Munich and more recently Olympique de Marseille. In October 2010, Bwin announced a sponsorship for the upcoming three football seasons in which it would be the title sponsor of the Taça de Portugal, named the \"Bwin Cup\". Italy's second tier, Serie B, has already been re-branded \"Serie bwin\" after a two-year sponsorship deal was signed in July 2010. On the 16 August 2012, bwin announced it was entering into a digital partnership with Manchester United to become the club's official online gaming and betting partner. In the past, many other top events in the international and local sports world were supported by the corporation. Bwin also sponsored the Portuguese first football league (bwinLIGA) and has been partner to clubs such as Juventus and Werder Bremen. Bwin cooperated with the International Basketball Association (FIBA) and has sponsored the European and World Basketball Championships since 2006. A second basketball sponsorship is Euroleague Basketball. Bwin's marketing and media rights agreement for Euroleague events expired in June 2014. In the area of motorsport, the company was one of the main sponsors of the MotoGP series. In 2012, it was the title sponsor of the races in Jerez and GP in Brno and official partner of the Misano, Mugello and Silverstone. In December 2011, bwin announced it would be extending its Moto GP sponsorships through 2013. In addition, Bwin organised numerous poker events both online and offline. One of the biggest regular online tournaments was the ChampionChip. Special poker tournaments like the Weekly Country Showdown or the Bwin Dailies offered a range of tournaments adjusted to country specifics and buy-in levels. Periodically, there were launched new types and variations of Sit & Go's. Also, several online qualifiers the Bwin user could qualify for offline events like the World Series of Poker (WSOP), the Aussie Millions and events on the World Poker Tour. For \"poker newbies\", Bwin offered the Rookie Challenge where a new poker player had the chance to climb up several stages for free to earn real money tickets. The company faced some opposition in Europe over sponsorship of sports, especially football. In 2006, the German city of Bremen banned its top football club, Werder Bremen, from carrying the Bwin logo on its shirts. In January 2014, the company announced major sponsorship deals with the New Jersey Devils and Philadelphia 76ers. The combined deals included major advertising to the fans of both teams and the creation of the Dream Seat Series, which was a series of online poker tournaments offering ticket packages to winners and other prizes to runners-up before every home game." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 13579, 44, 5464, 21738, 1104, 1456, 136858, 170933, 6023, 58, 83, 90698, 10, 1239, 1687, 56, 390, 147158, 933, 100, 40368, 89397, 12, 38157, 149216, 42, 136, 74715, 19824, 601, 136858, 8306, 552, 9, 916, 24948, 2822, 2499, 43240, 4, 136, 8306, 11341, 71, 2363, 25647, 23, 69407, 111, 581, 6528, 509, 5117, 123019, 36510, 297, 390, 953, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 5351, 1314, 4, 6044, 237, 96513, 542, 19210, 65665, 18, 4, 2750, 24124, 46876, 237, 70, 125195, 111, 70, 52101, 111, 10, 64857, 5, 74057, 7, 111, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 10696, 111, 15672, 142, 42294, 254, 25443, 10336, 297, 390, 86914, 2460, 162, 136, 38157, 149216, 42, 2843, 28, 12846, 37534, 3173, 7, 111, 70, 6528, 47, 10, 24233, 192961, 4, 26719, 23, 10, 61786, 41714, 111, 70, 39286, 34, 48242, 67081, 111, 21629, 4, 1284, 149216, 42, 23, 17311, 4, 54397, 1286, 27983, 26548, 3501, 23, 10862, 111, 23937, 1884, 147158, 9523, 72694, 8780, 5, 149216, 42, 25, 7, 9836, 4, 74715, 19824, 601, 136858, 4, 21449, 47, 186, 51592, 237, 70, 158978, 502, 54137, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 1919, 91376, 150556, 7, 111, 3642, 764, 21778, 1399, 4126, 147158, 9523, 60212, 7, 28090, 70, 72399, 15643, 7, 4, 10, 3525, 10696, 111, 147158, 9523, 90816, 939, 191225, 7, 1556, 160477, 71, 70, 93425, 111, 60212, 7, 23, 147158, 9523, 149133, 169, 2320, 98, 228550, 19, 4, 90791, 134744, 8060, 100, 351, 9, 112, 30524, 48242, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 170933, 6023, 23, 195935, 43701, 7, 5, 31384, 93425, 111, 147158, 9523, 90816, 939, 765, 2809, 127887, 23, 40368, 484, 109109, 77758, 7, 4, 102971, 1836, 621, 137567, 642, 344, 5, 114063, 538, 4, 10, 40197, 71, 21455, 111, 147158, 9523, 581, 37515, 525, 3173, 111, 70, 154453, 83, 147158, 9523, 72694, 8780, 4, 3129, 16401, 7, 450, 46876, 3293, 83, 70, 642, 11, 1728, 3173, 4, 48013, 214, 450, 46876, 87344, 158, 2816, 4288, 7, 23, 3060, 58555, 111, 581, 6528, 450, 46876, 136, 17569, 621, 1940, 18, 9494, 297, 83, 142, 45964, 5, 22387, 31, 106926, 297, 26548, 48665, 49063, 5351, 1314, 6044, 237, 12035, 7366, 7, 111, 31746, 30786, 4, 2750, 34658, 450, 70, 72761, 8999, 53418, 186, 122446, 40494, 8305, 46876, 74, 903, 7228, 70, 9655, 111, 85027, 108750, 98, 10, 13, 237398, 205537, 7, 707, 123309, 212678, 5, 22387, 31, 34658, 64457, 450, 70, 8999, 35060, 71, 111, 136568, 141, 25647, 136, 450, 46876, 5608, 44961, 6097, 25647, 237, 152018, 538, 237, 7722, 5, 77168, 214, 22387, 31, 4, 2907, 5, 104734, 13, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 34658, 70, 21455, 450, 46876, 509, 2563, 538, 67967, 7, 190659, 47, 21771, 144573, 23755, 7, 5, 3293, 21455, 47143, 297, 479, 85540, 87420, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 5, 48861, 1853, 2271, 34658, 70, 33153, 450, 46876, 509, 1284, 10, 173, 379, 29256, 214, 1257, 136568, 141, 85027, 7, 4, 1274, 6238, 2856, 1295, 14135, 16981, 5, 1326, 3370, 669, 20129, 2734, 18, 4, 46876, 509, 1284, 1632, 111, 40368, 72977, 11814, 390, 118103, 47, 16981, 70, 8999, 5, 360, 70, 72399, 543, 927, 136, 39395, 953, 927, 202032, 90, 4, 70, 6528, 111, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 12921, 15889, 124850, 4, 707, 44, 73668, 1224, 429, 19656, 830, 111, 12921, 82, 127, 6402, 94407, 509, 70, 98567, 37772, 50155, 70, 30839, 79880, 7, 10696, 136, 70, 86595, 36696, 90, 111, 82, 127, 6402, 15889, 8780, 5, 106073, 66570, 10, 74412, 112, 4, 170450, 71006, 10164, 191722, 40368, 111, 70, 30839, 174108, 7, 5, 1301, 39395, 237, 729, 12977, 4, 764, 756, 34, 988, 47, 9844, 33233, 70, 124519, 111, 147158, 9523, 90816, 939, 23, 6868, 214, 98, 10, 46692, 23, 70, 23180, 111, 24, 5256, 23, 70, 12877, 111, 172335, 12, 360, 729, 15770, 764, 160093, 297, 903, 1810, 1286, 143726, 538, 12, 67538, 80450, 1391, 5761, 83, 27983, 42459, 297, 47, 186, 70, 5117, 54940, 70, 581, 6528, 450, 3060, 46876, 7, 621, 14597, 47, 27060, 136, 450, 199, 2189, 46876, 7, 76104, 297, 2363, 119578, 7, 23, 91768, 289, 234694, 509, 38134, 21329, 712, 23, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 15672, 147158, 18, 25031, 114458, 22553, 127325, 10186, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 36457, 538, 26678, 272, 47, 1615, 18601, 67, 353, 4935, 15672, 46876, 7, 4, 106926, 214, 450, 2363, 119578, 7, 3542, 57203, 4188, 136, 2806, 186, 11522, 5773, 52080, 14941, 136, 30666, 214, 10, 44, 236271, 297, 58, 3917, 111, 6897, 5, 581, 5117, 142, 42294, 771, 106622, 136, 147158, 18, 47, 66801, 903, 21455, 509, 86914, 2460, 162, 5, 51404, 1379, 1865, 214, 20787, 48461, 289, 25188, 23, 144477, 9022, 25730, 764, 100512, 102919, 3674, 678, 70, 360, 7143, 3395, 136, 68872, 47, 24209, 142, 82, 127, 157, 41382, 56, 5, 2460, 162, 11405, 297, 70, 105950, 5455, 3501, 2499, 147158, 18, 4, 74715, 19824, 601, 136858, 1556, 24209, 137272, 678, 2367, 764, 35839, 70, 44, 65279, 48242, 90816, 939, 24702, 133, 740, 148027, 214, 353, 4935, 15672, 46876, 7, 4, 764, 81887, 297, 47, 15426, 100, 70, 48322, 23, 3129, 122092, 11, 70760, 76519, 136, 46876, 9, 4032, 60212, 7, 195052, 117, 63928, 5, 601, 136858, 2843, 160477, 71, 3642, 10, 57456, 15426, 111, 70, 8999, 129927, 297, 1295, 10, 167821, 15426, 4, 3129, 12441, 4049, 47, 35187, 70, 7311, 46876, 7, 111, 167821, 26499, 3408, 136, 47, 33022, 40368, 2874, 9, 13, 137089, 1419, 19377, 11727, 1974, 7, 5, 601, 136858, 25, 7, 131216, 118861, 70, 31425, 111, 70, 41911, 17721, 46876, 136, 17569, 47143, 1379, 158, 62500, 5, 180423, 7, 6044, 237, 18226, 86, 4969, 4, 10074, 136, 59849, 56, 150380, 13, 47, 601, 136858, 10, 37515, 147158, 9523, 72694, 8780, 4, 12960, 131931, 4, 57035, 18055, 136, 56890, 19, 1681, 6275, 47, 601, 136858, 25, 7, 143726, 456, 76144, 5256, 111, 72694, 8780, 4, 136, 7440, 764, 25212, 6468, 450, 153648, 136, 3739, 19, 7102, 2320, 83, 7722, 5, 106073, 601, 136858, 21, 76622, 142, 175961, 79385, 23, 147158, 41637, 4, 1919, 216473, 44961, 7, 1919, 163629, 71, 98438, 3956, 5, 18763, 280, 1314, 99, 2369, 133, 12535, 90698, 360, 49795, 4, 51838, 18226, 86, 4969, 35778, 52021, 601, 136858, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 170933, 6023, 111, 147158, 9523, 90816, 939, 4, 2831, 111, 37898, 8780, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 149216, 42, 1104, 1456, 136858, 170933, 6023, 4, 70, 601, 136858, 170933, 6023, 4, 707, 601, 136858, 3378, 8780, 83, 10, 24702, 133, 63043, 214, 450, 70, 45646, 111, 10, 46876, 52490, 7, 6863, 119578, 7, 25, 8999, 21455, 707, 228550, 19, 4, 136, 4911, 7, 3395, 25, 7, 34564, 5256, 621, 35845, 47, 2363, 113091, 19, 46876, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Naming.", "Origins.", "Renewed examination.", "Forms.", "Linguistic determinism.", "Linguistic influence.", "History.", "German Romantic philosophers.", "Boas and Sapir.", "Benjamin Lee Whorf.", "Eric Lenneberg.", "Universalist period.", "Joshua Fishman's \"Whorfianism of the third kind\".", "Cognitive linguistics.", "Parameters.", "\"Rethinking Linguistic Relativity\".", "Refinements.", "Empirical research.", "Structure-centered.", "Domain-centered.", "Behavior-centered.", "Color terminology.", "Other domains.", "Science and philosophy.", "Therapy and self-development.", "Artificial languages.", "Programming languages.", "In popular culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The term \"Sapir–Whorf hypothesis\" is considered a misnomer by linguists for several reasons: Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf never co-authored any works, and never stated their ideas in terms of", "The idea was first clearly expressed by 19th-century thinkers, such as Wilhelm von Humboldt, who saw language as the expression of the spirit of a nation. Members of the early 20th-century school of American anthropology headed by Franz Boas and Edward Sapir also embraced forms of the idea to a certain extent, including in a 1928 meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, but Sapir in particular, wrote more often against than in favor of anything like linguistic determinism. Sapir's student, Benjamin Lee Whorf, came to be seen as the primary proponent as a result of his published observations of how he perceived linguistic differences", "From the late 1980s, a new school of linguistic relativity scholars has examined the effects of differences in linguistic categorization on cognition, finding broad support for non-deterministic versions of the hypothesis in experimental contexts. Some effects of linguistic relativity have been shown in several semantic domains, although they are generally weak. Currently, a balanced view of linguistic", "", "The strongest form of the theory is linguistic determinism, which holds that language", "This is the weaker form, proposing that language provides constraints in some areas of", "The idea that language and thought are intertwined is ancient. Plato argued against sophist thinkers such as Gorgias of Leontini, who held that the physical world cannot be experienced except through language; this made the question of truth dependent on aesthetic preferences or functional consequences. Plato held instead that the world consisted of eternal ideas and that language should reflect these ideas as accurately as possible. Following Plato, St. Augustine, for example, held the view that language was merely labels applied to already existing concepts. This view remained prevalent throughout the Middle Ages. Roger Bacon held the opinion that language was but a veil covering up eternal truths, hiding them from human experience. For Immanuel Kant, language was but one of several tools used by humans to experience the world.", "In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the idea of the existence of different national characters, or \"Volksgeister\", of different ethnic groups was the moving force behind the German romantics school and the beginning ideologies of ethnic nationalism. Although himself a Swede, Emanuel Swedenborg inspired several of the German Romantics. As early as 1749, he alludes to something along the lines of linguistic relativity in commenting on a passage in the table of nations in the book of Genesis: In 1771 he spelled this out more explicitly: Johann Georg Hamann is often suggested to be the first among the", "The idea that some languages are superior to others and that lesser languages maintained their speakers in intellectual poverty was widespread in the early 20th century. American linguist William Dwight Whitney, for example, actively strove to eradicate Native American languages, arguing that their speakers were savages and would be better off learning English and adopting a \"civilized\" way of life. The first anthropologist and linguist to challenge this view was Franz Boas. While undertaking geographical research in northern Canada he became fascinated with the Inuit people and decided to become an ethnographer. Boas stressed the equal", "More than any linguist, Benjamin Lee Whorf has become associated with what he called the \"linguistic relativity principle\". Studying Native American languages, he attempted to account for the ways in which grammatical systems and language-use differences affected perception. Whorf also examined how a scientific account of the world differed from a religious account, which led him to study the original languages of religious scripture and to write several anti-evolutionist pamphlets. Whorf's opinions regarding the nature of the relation between language and thought remain under contention. Critics such as Lenneberg, Black and Pinker attribute to Whorf a strong linguistic determinism, while Lucy, Silverstein and Levinson point to Whorf's explicit rejections of determinism, and where he contends that translation and commensuration is possible. Although Whorf lacked an advanced degree in linguistics, his reputation reflects his acquired competence. His peers at Yale University considered", "In 1953, Eric Lenneberg criticised Whorf's examples from an objectivist view of language holding that languages are principally meant to represent events in the real world and that even though languages express these ideas in various ways, the meanings of such expressions and therefore the thoughts of the speaker are equivalent. He argued that Whorf's English descriptions of a Hopi speaker's view of time were in fact translations of the Hopi concept into English, therefore disproving linguistic relativity. However Whorf was concerned with how the habitual \"use\" of language influences habitual behavior, rather than translatability. Whorf's point was that while English speakers may be able to \"understand\" how a Hopi speaker thinks, they do not \"think\" in that way. Lenneberg's main criticism of Whorf's works was that he never showed the connection between a linguistic phenomenon and a mental phenomenon. With Brown, Lenneberg proposed that proving such a connection required directly matching linguistic phenomena with behavior. They assessed linguistic relativity experimentally and published their findings in 1954. Since neither Sapir nor Whorf had ever stated", "Lenneberg was also one of the first cognitive scientists to begin development of the Universalist theory of language that was formulated by Chomsky in the form of Universal Grammar, effectively arguing that all languages share the same underlying structure. The Chomskyan school also holds the belief that linguistic structures are largely innate and that what are perceived as differences between specific languages are surface phenomena that do not affect the brain's universal cognitive processes. This theory became the dominant paradigm in American linguistics from", "Joshua Fishman argued that Whorf's true position was largely overlooked. In 1978, he suggested that Whorf was a \"neo-Herderian champion\" and in 1982, he proposed \"Whorfianism of the third kind\" in an attempt to refocus linguists' attention on what he", "In the late 1980s and early 1990s, advances in cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics renewed interest in the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. One of those who adopted a more Whorfian approach was George Lakoff. He argued that language is often used metaphorically and that languages use different cultural metaphors that reveal something about how speakers of that language think. For example, English employs conceptual metaphors likening time with money, so that time can be saved and spent and invested, whereas other languages do not talk about time in that way. Other such metaphors are common to many languages because they are based on general human experience, for example, metaphors associating \"up\" with \"good\" and \"bad\" with \"down\". Lakoff also argued that metaphor plays an important part in political debates such as the \"right to life\" or the \"right to choose\"; or \"illegal aliens\" or \"undocumented workers\".", "In his book \"Women, Fire and Dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind,\" Lakoff reappraised linguistic relativity and especially Whorf's views about how linguistic categorization reflects and/or influences mental", "The publication of the 1996 anthology \"Rethinking Linguistic Relativity\" edited by Gumperz and Levinson began a new period of linguistic relativity studies that focused on cognitive and social aspects. The book included studies on the linguistic relativity and universalist traditions. Levinson documented significant linguistic relativity effects in the linguistic conceptualization of spatial categories between languages. For example, men speaking the Guugu Yimithirr language in Queensland gave accurate navigation instructions using a compass-like system of north, south, east and west, along with a hand gesture pointing to the starting direction. Separate studies by Bowerman and Slobin treated the role of language in cognitive processes. Bowerman showed that certain cognitive processes did not use language to any significant extent and therefore could not be subject to linguistic relativity. Slobin described another kind of cognitive process that he named \"thinking for speaking\" – the kind of process in which perceptional data and other kinds of prelinguistic cognition are translated into linguistic terms for communication. These, Slobin argues, are the kinds of cognitive process that are at the root of linguistic relativity.", "Researchers such as Boroditsky, Lucy and Levinson believe that language influences thought in more limited ways than the broadest early claims. Researchers examine the interface between thought (or cognition), language and culture and describe the relevant influences. They use experimental data to back up their conclusions. Kay ultimately concluded that \"[the] Whorf hypothesis is supported in the right visual field but not the left\". His findings", "Lucy identified three main strands of research into linguistic relativity.", "The \"structure-centered\" approach starts with a language's structural peculiarity and examines its possible ramifications for thought and behavior. The defining example is Whorf's observation of discrepancies between the grammar of time expressions", "The \"domain-centered\" approach selects a semantic domain and compares it across linguistic and cultural groups. It centered on color terminology, although this domain is acknowledged to be sub-optimal, because color perception, unlike other semantic domains, is hardwired into the neural system and as such is subject to more universal restrictions than other semantic domains. Space is another semantic domain that has proven fruitful for linguistic", "The \"behavior centered\" approach starts by comparing behavior across linguistic groups and then searches for causes for that behavior in the linguistic system. Whorf attributed the occurrence of fires at a chemical plant to the workers' use of the word 'empty' to describe the barrels containing only explosive vapors. Bloom noticed that speakers of Chinese had unexpected difficulties answering counter-factual questions posed to them in a questionnaire. He concluded that this was related to the way in which counter-factuality is marked grammatically in Chinese. Other researchers attributed this result to Bloom's flawed translations. Strømnes examined why Finnish factories had a higher occurrence of work related accidents than similar Swedish ones. He concluded that cognitive differences between the grammatical usage of Swedish prepositions and Finnish cases could have caused Swedish factories to pay more attention to the work process while Finnish factory organizers paid more attention to the individual worker. Everett's work on the Pirahã language of the Brazilian Amazon found several peculiarities that he interpreted as corresponding to linguistically rare features, such as a lack of numbers and color terms", "Research continued after Lenneberg/Roberts and Brown/Lenneberg. The studies showed a correlation between color term numbers and ease of recall in both Zuni and English speakers. Researchers attributed this to focal colors having higher codability than less focal colors, and not with linguistic relativity effects. Berlin/Kay found universal typological color principles that are determined by biological rather", "Linguistic relativity inspired others to consider whether thought could be influenced by manipulating language.", "The question bears on philosophical, psychological, linguistic and anthropological questions. A major question is whether human psychological faculties are mostly innate or whether they are mostly a result of learning, and hence subject to cultural and social processes such as language. The innate view holds that humans share the same set of basic faculties, and that variability due to cultural differences is less important and that the human mind is a mostly biological construction, so that all humans sharing the same neurological configuration can be expected to have similar cognitive patterns. Multiple alternatives have advocates. The contrary constructivist position holds that human faculties and concepts are largely influenced by socially constructed and learned categories, without many biological restrictions. Another", "Sapir/Whorf contemporary Alfred Korzybski was independently developing his theory of general semantics, which was aimed at using language's influence on thinking to maximize human cognitive abilities. Korzybski's thinking was influenced by logical philosophy such as Russell and Whitehead's \"Principia Mathematica\" and Wittgenstein's \"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus\". Although Korzybski was not aware of Sapir and Whorf's writings,", "In their fiction, authors such as Ayn Rand and George Orwell explored how linguistic relativity might be exploited for political purposes. In Rand's \"Anthem\", a fictive communist society removed the possibility of individualism by removing the word \"I\" from the language. In Orwell's \"1984\" the authoritarian state created the language Newspeak to make it impossible for people to think critically about the government, or even to contemplate that they might be impoverished or oppressed, by reducing the number of words to reduce the thought of the locutor. Others have been fascinated by the possibilities of creating new languages that could enable new, and perhaps better,", "APL programming language originator Kenneth E. Iverson believed that the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis applied to computer languages (without actually mentioning it by name). His Turing award lecture, \"Notation as a tool of thought\", was devoted to this theme, arguing that more powerful notations aided thinking about computer algorithms. The essays of Paul Graham explore similar themes, such as a conceptual hierarchy of computer languages, with more expressive and succinct languages at the top. Thus, the so-called", "Ted Chiang's short story \"Story of Your Life\" developed the concept of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis as applied to an alien species which visits Earth. The aliens' biology contributes to their spoken and written languages, which are distinct. In the 2016 American film \"Arrival\", based on Chiang's" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 27689, 7, 148920, 7, 53397, 15182, 2408, 112664, 450, 168861, 70, 2837, 2179, 2317, 111, 4989, 6032, 24453, 30839, 57724, 1004, 5548, 13015, 13, 11050, 23, 13501, 2843, 352, 62783, 297, 10, 27150, 56, 58093, 111, 17690, 39624, 10133, 23, 24453, 102126, 25, 7, 3114, 2069, 7142, 1419, 172904, 31016, 2750, 54811, 47, 134349, 34202, 1208, 11395, 379, 12035, 31731, 4854, 25, 7, 9701, 3110, 136, 117, 60451, 2959, 237, 2363, 3299, 100, 68894, 15549, 5, 72159, 1314, 1884, 42179, 7, 36947, 28240, 39, 136, 46056, 11, 45492, 136, 200866, 139256, 11998, 172, 4, 183093, 111, 109091, 37379, 7, 1884, 12452, 31901, 5761, 136, 126741, 31652, 516, 4, 33662, 80723, 47, 456, 9, 132894, 10, 19085, 23, 51840, 10821, 100, 6863, 128652, 66128, 1419, 1104, 5267, 694, 1419, 6, 236479, 53, 136, 35206, 9, 61340, 150624, 5, 581, 17690, 1314, 1902, 153161, 93544, 2363, 10002, 184638, 1379, 13015, 13, 11050, 5, 33306, 4, 7103, 70, 6, 119089, 509, 168861, 47, 8337, 1257, 6863, 147759, 53, 111, 14537, 23, 14487, 4, 70, 17690, 1314, 69405, 34739, 645, 70, 19085, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 111, 10, 5361, 19085, 108870, 98, 611, 14487, 13501, 4, 442, 509, 162520, 450, 70, 6, 119089, 509, 110, 51713, 10, 66128, 1419, 9, 5267, 694, 1419, 19085, 5, 133698, 70, 17932, 56002, 70, 19085, 68186, 71, 10, 152132, 1295, 11998, 172, 4, 2750, 1902, 24209, 19085, 80923, 669, 110680, 23, 70, 31150, 4, 450, 70, 19085, 30666, 10, 3525, 9351, 4, 44, 58229, 53, 111, 182017, 7142, 8780, 1242, 11998, 172, 29131, 10, 9351, 15549, 509, 63559, 47, 62488, 70, 17690, 297, 19085, 1295, 6863, 86254, 29888, 11015, 5, 581, 152132, 21449, 105237, 7103, 10, 116483, 1295, 11617, 42763, 5761, 127308, 214, 70, 23, 20314, 2980, 7, 117, 5408, 2175, 297, 1379, 70, 6, 119089, 4, 136, 45, 590, 60636, 70, 108870, 1295, 24233, 11192, 9, 58395, 13, 19085, 119893, 20, 959, 78458, 13015, 13, 11050, 136, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 4568, 84158, 271, 57724, 4, 67446, 19, 8815, 56390, 5, 92437, 272, 756, 42763, 5761, 25, 7, 116483, 142096, 70, 3917, 100, 70, 19085, 47, 456, 132894, 68034, 4, 17368, 10, 113860, 450, 509, 14432, 5045, 66747, 71, 12, 44, 12137, 36356, 66617, 38965, 78458, 678, 79062, 8780, 237, 10, 5426, 3890, 62, 59335, 149307, 289, 14922, 237, 70, 6, 119089, 64, 683, 13526, 134629, 5, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 13501, 4, 70, 4568, 7941, 2256, 43032, 111, 70, 19085, 25, 7, 15881, 148855, 1902, 40101, 199747, 297, 707, 2809, 25944, 297, 1810, 4, 134629, 23, 11704, 390, 59653, 111, 70, 6, 119089, 25, 7, 59811, 19879, 43032, 5, 2161, 201, 22482, 11704, 4, 70, 19085, 509, 23113, 538, 120514, 4806, 70, 436, 13526, 5, 33306, 4, 16169, 9, 16305, 425, 1419, 136, 52287, 271, 66320, 939, 7808, 5256, 136475, 47, 32316, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 70, 19085, 1902, 23113, 538, 120514, 4806, 68034, 70, 436, 13526, 4, 442, 1902, 14700, 2118, 71, 2684, 111, 70, 47143, 214, 197097, 84158, 271, 9, 1704, 119893, 1295, 6863, 30648, 7, 2451, 216561, 13015, 13, 11050, 136, 8815, 56390, 5, 3293, 509, 959, 20174, 47, 30098, 70, 19085, 3229, 442, 2577, 71, 70, 169454, 7, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 23, 70, 11704, 24453, 30839, 81843, 7, 2451, 2347, 5117, 136, 4734, 4092, 81843, 7, 34658, 23, 24453, 102126, 5, 581, 19085, 509, 68807, 538, 8, 88981, 297, 4, 6, 69986, 4734, 11251, 40, 9821, 23, 70, 4082, 9, 184, 257, 44, 73668, 1224, 108167, 830, 67229, 214, 10, 95534, 50960, 50155, 70, 24453, 30839, 148, 5180, 111, 70, 14949, 182017, 32528, 136, 70, 78684, 18831, 167457, 7142, 182017, 31016, 5, 581, 436, 13526, 1902, 16981, 237, 10, 48807, 5798, 150, 1363, 4755, 23, 6626, 30361, 117249, 292, 211707, 136, 238881, 9, 12137, 48850, 663, 1991, 7925, 2451, 7440, 442, 552, 9, 168080, 297, 24189, 3295, 678, 70, 7142, 182017, 31016, 111, 102126, 15, 9434, 397, 194, 200541, 153579, 1556, 6818, 93, 67175, 70, 636, 2480, 25, 7, 216473, 237, 10, 147118, 1771, 4, 43257, 3501, 36696, 6827, 19085, 5, 1650, 47143, 297, 37515, 23, 4000, 27759, 23, 8394, 48850, 102126, 4, 678, 1286, 3501, 305, 4, 4283, 59444, 215394, 1484, 7, 136, 7911, 3163, 89829, 15333, 7, 5, 581, 19085, 136475, 47, 19916, 8394, 48850, 169454, 7, 390, 20244, 10557, 84382, 68894, 98438, 3956, 136, 128120, 71, 47, 186, 67967, 6259, 237, 2563, 538, 10, 44, 18606, 525, 19085, 830, 102971, 442, 68782, 110281, 297, 43077, 111, 18782, 169454, 7, 23, 70, 30361, 81843, 4, 18348, 214, 1295, 105925, 45, 1192, 1814, 1021, 10763, 678, 11192, 51, 109308, 53, 674, 136, 59226, 12620, 7, 23, 3835, 16227, 42169, 4, 51, 109308, 53, 674, 72382, 4, 136, 150385, 38109, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 756, 9, 191697, 81843, 7, 23, 11704, 4, 70, 436, 13526, 23742, 4734, 787, 11267, 111, 70, 64857, 113458, 43374, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 1632, 9, 6032, 131527, 47, 102126, 25, 7, 51491, 27165, 107003, 8394, 48850, 9, 77007, 68036, 47, 14768, 18929, 100, 18811, 1363, 2174, 1836, 23742, 43606, 33297, 111, 70, 43374, 23, 70, 36770, 24453, 102126, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 436, 13526, 30957, 297, 70, 158024, 678, 729, 8, 1766, 2449, 12441, 390, 11998, 172, 4, 1632, 111, 102126, 25, 7, 2684, 21441, 164, 47148, 136, 88353, 67, 39624, 10133, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 509, 4734, 21954, 1716, 297, 237, 10, 44, 51588, 58, 28032, 70, 158024, 4, 136, 959, 10, 4393, 9, 420, 181606, 71, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 6, 175921, 5, 360, 70, 13211, 30361, 81843, 4, 23, 6, 61518, 111, 142, 2874, 9, 277, 12303, 1419, 44, 80852, 1061, 22824, 58, 80399, 390, 70, 7068, 9, 882, 2069, 14949, 138235, 7, 1300, 4806, 99, 35006, 214, 5773, 8394, 48850, 169454, 7, 4, 70, 436, 13526, 124735, 6863, 43374, 47, 102692, 33297, 5, 5455, 5526, 538, 4, 11998, 172, 509, 456, 100184, 297, 1295, 1919, 10271, 40, 257, 4, 136, 17262, 3789, 436, 13526, 43032, 3542, 3163, 89829, 1295, 8394, 48850, 103724, 7, 5, 9626, 70, 30839, 171484, 4, 10, 19085, 450, 19916, 7, 99, 19713, 17262, 105237, 9, 100184, 297, 40, 9821, 83, 224943, 100, 123875, 289, 18811, 1363, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 31016, 111, 182017, 7142, 8780, 15, 4, 436, 13526, 16, 509, 10, 139869, 99866, 68894, 19085, 23, 102126, 36457, 17721, 13501, 136, 25499, 1650, 509, 70, 8437, 39457, 42, 47, 70, 7142, 1419, 172904, 31016, 111, 102126, 15, 119089, 247, 3129, 79986, 71, 70, 30839, 182017, 47806, 15, 647, 4438, 102126, 16, 237, 10, 11341, 19085, 24189, 96145, 28090, 11704, 8305, 47, 73584, 70, 436, 13526, 1902, 2809, 51592, 237, 70, 25737, 9, 14775, 44, 71983, 111, 70, 24453, 740, 51404, 442, 69307, 71, 20187, 8060, 23, 171827, 102126, 4, 442, 186085, 23742, 31140, 47, 28602, 111, 70, 43374, 23, 70, 8394, 48850, 3525, 117249, 111, 102126, 4, 22, 33558, 5798, 150, 1363, 27759, 7, 15, 76228, 70, 7142, 182017, 31016, 111, 102126, 4, 103246, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "In state and local government.", "In federal elections.", "Alliance with the WASG.", "2005 federal election outcome.", "2006 state election results.", "Controversies.", "Stasi connections.", "SED assets." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The grassroots democracy movement that forced the dismissal of longtime East German leader Erich Honecker in 1989 also empowered a younger generation of reform politicians in East Germany's ruling Socialist Unity Party who looked to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika as their model for political change. Reformers like authors Stefan Heym and Christa Wolf and attorney Gregor Gysi, lawyer of dissidents like Robert Havemann and Rudolf Bahro, soon began to re-invent a party infamous for its rigid Marxist–Leninist orthodoxy and police-state methods. The reformers had mostly kept their own counsel under Honecker. However, after the SED was forced to give up its monopoly of power in December, the reformers quickly took over the party. By the time of a special party conference on 16 December 1989, it was obvious that the SED was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party. During the second session the party accepted a proposal from Gysi, who had become party chairman earlier in the month, that the party adopt a new name, \"Party of Democratic Socialism.\" Gysi felt a name change was necessary to distance the reformed party from its repressive past. The proposal came directly after a speech from Michael Schumann highlighting the injustices perpetrated under the SED, and distancing the conference from certain high-profile party leaders - notably Honecker and the country's last Communist leader, Egon Krenz. Above all Schumann's speech opened the way for the party to reinvent itself, using a phrase that was later much quoted: \"We break irrevocably with Stalinism as a system!\" A brief transitional period as the SED/PDS followed. By the end of 1989, the last hardline members of the party's Central Committee had either resigned or been pushed out, followed in 1990 by 95% of the SED's 2.3 million members. On 4 February 1990, the party was formally renamed the PDS. However, neo-Marxist and communist minority factions continued to exist. By the time the party had formally renamed itself the PDS, it had expelled most of the remaining prominent Communist-era leaders from its ranks—including Honecker and Krenz. This was not enough to save the party when it faced the voters for the first time in the 1990 East German elections—the first and only free elections held in East Germany. The party was roundly defeated, winning only 66 seats in the 400-seat \"Volkskammer\", finishing a distant third behind the East German wings of the Christian Democratic Union and the recently refounded Social Democratic Party.", "The PDS had experience as a junior coalition partner in two federal states —Berlin and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania— where it co-governed until 2006 with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Political responsibility has burnished the Left's reputation as a pragmatic, rather than ideological party. It remained strong in local government in eastern Germany, with more than 6,500 town councillors and 64 elected mayors. The party continued to win eastern voters by emphasizing political competence and refused to be labelled as merely a \"protest party\", although it certainly attracted millions of protest voters in the federal election, profiting from growing dissatisfaction with high unemployment and cutbacks in public health insurance, unemployment benefits, and labour rights.", "In the first all-German elections in 1990, the PDS won only 2.4% of the nationwide vote. However, a one-time exception to Germany's electoral law allowed eastern-based parties to qualify for representation if they won five percent of the vote in the former East Germany. As a result, the PDS entered the Bundestag with 17 deputies led by Gysi, one of Germany's most charismatic and articulate politicians. However, it was only reckoned as a \"group\" within the Bundestag, and not a full-fledged parliamentary fraction. In the 1994 federal election, in spite of an anti-communist \"Red Socks\" campaign by the then-ruling Christian Democrats aimed at scaring off eastern voters, the PDS increased its vote to 4.4 percent. More importantly, Gysi was reelected from his Berlin seat, and three other PDS members were elected from eastern districts. Under the German constitution, a party that wins at least three directly-elected seats is eligible for proportional representation, even if it falls short of the five percent threshold. This allowed it to re-enter the Bundestag with an enlarged caucus of 30 deputies. In the 1998 federal election, the party reached the high-water mark in its fortunes by tallying 5.1% of the national vote and 36 seats, thus clearing the critical 5% threshold required for guaranteed proportional representation and full parliamentary status in the Bundestag. The party's future seemed bright, but it suffered from a number of weaknesses, not the least of which was its dependence on Gysi, considered by supporters and critics alike as a super-star in German politics who stood in stark contrast to a colourless general membership. Gysi's resignation in 2000 after losing a policy debate with party leftists soon spelled trouble for the PDS. In the 2002 federal election, the party's vote sank back to 4.0%, and was able to seat only two back-benchers elected directly from their districts, Petra Pau and Gesine Lötzsch. After the 2002 debacle, the PDS adopted a new programme and re-installed a respected moderate, long-time Gysi ally Lothar Bisky, as chair. A renewed sense of self-confidence soon re-energised the party. In the 2004 elections to the European Parliament, the PDS won 6.1% of the vote nationwide, its highest total at that time in a federal election. Its electoral base in the eastern German states continued to grow, where it ranked with the CDU and SPD one of the region's three strong parties. However, low membership and voter support in Germany's western states continued to plague the party on the federal level until it formed an electoral alliance in July 2005 with the Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice (WASG), a leftist faction of dissident Social Democrats and trade unionists, with the merged list being called the Left Party. In the 2005 federal election the Left Party received 8.7% of the nationwide vote and won 54 seats in the German Bundestag.", "After marathon negotiations, the PDS and WASG agreed on terms for a combined ticket to compete in the 2005 federal election and pledged to unify into a single left-wing party in 2006 or 2007. According to the pact, the parties did not compete against each another in any district. Instead, WASG candidates—including the former SPD leader, Oskar Lafontaine—were nominated on the PDS electoral list. To symbolize the new relationship, the PDS changed its name to The Left Party/PDS or The Left/PDS, with the letters \"PDS\" optional in western states where many voters still regarded the PDS as an \"eastern\" party. The alliance provided a strong electoral base in the east and benefited from WASG's growing voter potential in the west. Gregor Gysi, returning to public life only months after brain surgery and two heart attacks, shared the spotlight with Lafontaine as co-leader of the party's energetic and professional campaign. Both politicians co-chaired The Left's caucus in the German Bundestag after the election. Polls early in the summer showed the unified Left list on a \"high-altitude flight,\" winning as much as 12 percent of the vote, and for a time it seemed possible the party would surge past the Alliance '90/The Greens and the pro-business Free Democratic Party and become the third-strongest force in the Bundestag. But, alarmed by the Left's unexpected rise in the polls, Germany's mainstream politicians hit back at Lafontaine and Gysi as \"left populists\" and \"demagogues\" and accused the party of flirting with neo-Nazi voters. A gaffe by Lafontaine, who described \"foreign workers\" as a threat in one speech early in the campaign, provided ammunition for charges that the Left was attempting to exploit German xenophobia. Although Germany's once-powerful trade unions distanced themselves from The Left in the 2005 federal election, some union leaders expressed interest in cooperating with the party after the election. A number of regional trade union leaders and mid-level functionaries were active supporters.", "At the 2005 federal election, the Left Party became the fourth-largest party in the Bundestag, with 54 Members of Parliament (MPs) (full list), ahead of the Greens (51) but behind the Free Democratic Party (61). Three Left Party MPs were directly elected on a constituency basis: Gregor Gysi, Gesine Lötzsch and Petra Pau, all in Eastern Berlin constituencies. In addition, 51 Left Party MPs were elected through the party list element of Germany's Additional Member System of proportional representation. These include Lothar Bisky, Katja Kipping, Oskar Lafontaine, and Paul Schäfer. Besides Lafontaine, a number of other prominent SPD defectors won election to the Bundestag on the Left Party list, including a prominent leader of Germany's Turkish minority, Hakkı Keskin, German Federal Constitutional Court justice Wolfgang Neskovic, and the former SPD leader in Baden-Württemberg, Ulrich Maurer. When the votes were counted, the party doubled its federal vote from 1.9 million (PDS result in 2002) to more than 4 million—including an electoral breakthrough in industrial Saarland where, for the first time in a western state, it surpassed the Greens and FDP due, in large part to Lafontaine's popularity and Saarland roots. It is now the second strongest party in three states, all of them in the former GDR, (Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia) and the third strongest in four others, all but Saarland in the former GDR, (Saarland, Berlin, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). It was the only party to win over protest voters broadly across Germany's political spectrum: nearly one million Social Democratic voters defected to the Left while the Christian Democrats and Greens together lost half a million votes to the resurgent party. Exit polls showed the Left had a unique appeal to non-voters: 390,000 Germans who refused to support any party in 2002 returned to the ballot box to vote for the Left Party. The Left's image as the last line of defense for Germany's traditional \"social state\" (\"Sozialstaat\") proved to be a magnet for voters in western as well as eastern Germany. All other established parties had ruled out the possibility of a coalition with the Left Party prior to the election (in other words, a \"cordon sanitaire\"), and refused to reconsider in the light of the closeness of the election result, which prevented either of the usual ideologically-coherent coalitions from attaining a majority. The possibility of a minority SPD-Green government tolerated by the Left Party was the closest the Left Party came to potential participation in government at this election.", "The Left Party suffered serious losses in the 2006 elections for the city-state government of Berlin, losing nearly half of its vote and falling to 13 percent—slightly ahead of the Greens. Berlin's popular Social Democratic mayor, Klaus Wowereit, nevertheless decided to retain the weakened party as his coalition partner. In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the Left Party suffered no serious losses and remains the third-strongest party in the state. However, it was dropped as a coalition partner by the Social Democratic premier, Harold Ringstorff, and now heads the opposition in the state assembly. Despite its losses in Berlin, support for the Left Party/PDS and its WASG ally remains stable at about eight to ten percent of the vote. Cooperation between the two parties on a national level and in their single Bundestag delegation has been largely free of tensions. Though a minority of WASG members opposed the merger of the two parties scheduled for June 2007, the new party – The Left – was on Germany's political stage before the federal elections.", "", "Since German reunification, the PDS has frequently been the target of suspicions that leading members were connected with East Germany's secret police, the Stasi. Shortly after the 2005 federal election, Marianne Birthler, the official in charge of the Stasi archives, accused the Left Party of harboring at least seven former Stasi informants in its newly elected parliamentary group. At about the same time, the media revealed that Lutz Heilmann, a Left Party Bundestag deputy from the state of Schleswig-Holstein, had worked several years for the Stasi. While the first accusation proved to be false, Heilmann's connection with the Stasi remained controversial. Though Heilmann had served as a bodyguard, not as an informant or secret police officer, he violated a Left Party regulation obliging candidates to reveal past Stasi involvement. Nevertheless, the Left Party membership in Schleswig-Holstein narrowly passed a vote of confidence in favor of Heilmann, and he continued to serve in the Bundestag. Charges of a Stasi past were also a factor in the Bundestag's decision to reject Lothar Bisky as the Left Party's candidate for the post of parliamentary vice president. Though Bisky's candidacy was supported by the Greens and by some Christian Democratic and Social Democratic leaders, including Chancellor Angela Merkel, after two failed votes the party decided to withdraw his nomination. Five months later, the Left Party's Petra Pau was elected vice president. In the Free State of Saxony, the chairman of the Left Party group, Peter Porsch, faced losing his mandate in the Saxon parliament because of his alleged Stasi past. In May 2006, all parties represented in the parliament, except the Left Party, voted to initiate proceedings against Porsch. However, in November, the state's constitutional court dismissed the complaint against Porsch on technical grounds.", "The SED had sequestered money overseas in secret accounts, including some which turned up in Liechtenstein in 2008. This was returned to the German government, as the PDS had rejected claims to overseas SED assets in 1990. The vast majority of domestic SED assets were transferred to the GDR government before unification. Legal issues over back taxes possibly owed by the PDS on former SED assets were eventually settled in 1995, when an agreement between the PDS and the Independent Commission on Property of Political Parties and Mass Organizations of the GDR was confirmed by the Berlin Administrative Court." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 152590, 71, 23, 18592, 4, 70, 503, 208, 172335, 15, 69723, 19, 237, 70, 26842, 50161, 23, 15758, 4, 14713, 136, 30089, 16, 509, 503, 208, 25, 7, 42805, 3934, 70, 22759, 927, 58093, 111, 1202, 6712, 130250, 7, 5, 503, 30319, 496, 5, 6873, 19879, 25072, 7, 214574, 4, 70, 172335, 509, 70, 2684, 65771, 130250, 503, 208, 17669, 121447, 5, 581, 39457, 42, 47, 70, 172335, 4, 70, 503, 208, 118651, 4, 509, 121447, 23, 15758, 23, 103709, 581, 118651, 509, 10, 7915, 9, 61607, 9, 77007, 130250, 450, 44116, 297, 15044, 116, 397, 136, 138, 397, 13909, 6, 48461, 7, 4, 1284, 6863, 27140, 87758, 9, 441, 26214, 6, 159958, 7228, 442, 1286, 34844, 47, 1528, 100, 3501, 6863, 185256, 28813, 1290, 4, 70, 22365, 75041, 5, 106073, 70, 118651, 34377, 297, 8108, 70, 75041, 23, 15044, 15758, 136, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 6863, 55640, 345, 5, 294, 5, 83184, 2451, 143321, 21449, 22759, 21775, 110680, 1301, 39395, 237, 11857, 4, 117729, 71579, 71, 450, 503, 208, 2806, 57119, 67, 678, 80002, 86232, 6470, 4, 581, 138, 13223, 33734, 4, 114685, 89064, 102, 4, 707, 147724, 84420, 2271, 693, 18770, 47, 28282, 10, 3525, 6, 48461, 7, 9433, 214, 25072, 4, 3129, 79612, 214, 15426, 7, 2804, 2806, 186, 11814, 100, 10, 7911, 9, 3137, 44, 294, 16989, 19, 116, 58, 707, 142, 15190, 9, 191, 117, 14, 94266, 289, 5, 55441, 111, 70, 41945, 55741, 509, 2750, 12097, 51, 174822, 47, 903, 107282, 297, 13452, 5, 360, 22729, 111, 70, 118651, 25, 7, 70425, 16839, 23718, 4, 87, 9013, 118637, 68872, 47, 4034, 16487, 50782, 111, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 70796, 76407, 34754, 91853, 47, 28282, 10, 3525, 130250, 5, 360, 10586, 4, 87, 9013, 118637, 22, 12897, 71, 70, 11374, 111, 90540, 25, 7, 1218, 17750, 31, 149958, 49703, 47, 37105, 142, 19586, 669, 7175, 47, 4488, 98, 10, 23410, 76407, 13452, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 3129, 509, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 97732, 75696, 740, 61417, 7, 285, 53, 98, 3642, 142, 70796, 7175, 12441, 390, 2673, 17254, 947, 188, 2843, 80723, 34754, 98, 41945, 55741, 76407, 74, 1632, 15426, 58735, 90, 450, 503, 208, 111, 15758, 66211, 297, 15044, 87199, 4, 12960, 15700, 42459, 7, 450, 947, 188, 509, 262, 61518, 35971, 106750, 388, 5908, 98, 70, 118651, 4, 26719, 10, 4948, 33297, 36069, 23, 23552, 9, 46799, 18348, 7, 1660, 8108, 70, 148926, 83184, 111, 70, 41945, 55741, 4, 503, 208, 29131, 158863, 1672, 6863, 3525, 5426, 5, 581, 41945, 55741, 110281, 297, 88551, 33946, 136, 169361, 5941, 479, 9, 80596, 7, 5, 503, 208, 171530, 450, 44, 8912, 6402, 121635, 830, 70, 11737, 6712, 6057, 2852, 14380, 1163, 47924, 177583, 70, 87193, 60885, 1663, 4, 2806, 54410, 23, 1733, 100, 70, 41945, 55741, 25, 7, 83184, 136, 125568, 71, 70, 6712, 678, 10, 21334, 9, 7, 57965, 3835, 32837, 1363, 99, 70, 71667, 39800, 223, 508, 9345, 19449, 5, 33306, 4, 503, 208, 5809, 959, 69307, 6863, 200513, 109458, 100, 70, 41945, 55741, 25, 7, 148926, 83184, 4743, 47, 10, 16610, 4588, 111, 17170, 35930, 110537, 7831, 143434, 390, 10, 11192, 137578, 34515, 23, 70, 218343, 9433, 5, 1301, 1286, 3501, 23552, 111, 6863, 84046, 31837, 1902, 2809, 479, 9, 80596, 297, 4, 503, 208, 118066, 479, 9, 80596, 7, 23, 15758, 5, 2161, 7582, 30284, 9571, 4, 70, 41945, 55741, 83184, 297, 23, 15758, 99, 10, 27167, 111, 115254, 32389, 304, 175663, 4, 136, 70, 64194, 31837, 54324, 1810, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 5155, 5, 33306, 4, 111, 70, 22759, 27528, 19882, 99, 83184, 4, 4734, 145733, 70, 41945, 55741, 83184, 1902, 2809, 65771, 4, 22365, 7464, 34658, 1496, 33297, 111, 70, 128512, 1202, 6712, 16839, 12008, 23, 23924, 21629, 678, 70, 75041, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 55482, 2161, 11994, 116, 4, 8272, 4, 23, 2367, 1632, 13416, 35839, 10, 44, 84396, 538, 3835, 29367, 4, 101319, 15876, 9, 5062, 3398, 85018, 674, 58, 22365, 122273, 297, 70, 5117, 41653, 111, 6863, 44, 86, 29062, 58093, 75041, 830, 3129, 19825, 1461, 12715, 735, 63043, 297, 2806, 63769, 1202, 27528, 47, 158, 67709, 51, 4692, 329, 555, 3674, 112019, 7, 5, 581, 27585, 111, 22365, 25, 7, 7481, 1774, 136, 70, 1257, 277, 214, 75041, 116, 68034, 509, 10, 3525, 86039, 15, 63499, 76622, 99, 1702, 617, 129890, 16, 124416, 538, 126809, 390, 22365, 136, 215850, 2451, 2347, 44, 647, 105401, 90125, 58, 2451, 143321, 1461, 12715, 735, 171530, 2806, 60213, 10, 6, 48461, 7, 14543, 42, 678, 75534, 20028, 1286, 8753, 146984, 3501, 158, 99736, 6635, 6107, 6, 48461, 7, 14543, 4295, 136, 10, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 74481, 1363, 23718, 111, 122420, 169858, 52347, 6423, 4, 43876, 214, 2684, 1601, 164511, 7, 5, 22365, 4, 3129, 14145, 297, 3650, 48400, 96090, 23, 6626, 21334, 9, 7, 57965, 157353, 40, 46029, 12487, 18770, 187298, 18153, 7, 47, 142901, 70, 75041, 116, 25, 7, 44, 647, 105401, 90125, 58, 136, 44, 37878, 19379, 4439, 19010, 2347, 7, 52825, 830, 82775, 70, 36279, 47, 25944, 1286, 49649, 35874, 6126, 7, 3501, 2499, 1202, 6712, 130250, 23, 32692, 5, 22365, 63043, 297, 70, 75041, 116, 5809, 89159, 4948, 19879, 49649, 35874, 6126, 7, 117, 17932, 678, 2161, 4347, 24470, 88922, 180, 57710, 91995, 71, 87, 9013, 118637, 237, 13918, 111, 503, 208, 5, 180, 57710, 1902, 4989, 204797, 71, 450, 503, 208, 32997, 70, 130250, 8063, 5, 18763, 37022, 7, 3542, 959, 36998, 74, 503, 208, 552, 9, 151645, 56, 6765, 83416, 1902, 44, 289, 102966, 29131, 442, 509, 10, 4785, 111, 10, 18344, 538, 100, 2856, 47, 186, 17475, 214, 2363, 38516, 47, 503, 208, 76407, 830, 136, 18343, 320, 1902, 198395, 42459, 297, 503, 208, 5608, 765, 54324, 2363, 14380, 47, 7244, 5, 360, 6088, 88922, 23, 10, 41714, 678, 503, 208, 25, 7, 148926, 159354, 7, 136, 70, 10336, 7, 111, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 13036, 148926, 6712, 34754, 12275, 7, 4, 119303, 136, 33500, 28394, 170198, 450, 503, 208, 32997, 6863, 130250, 8063, 136, 32153, 98, 10975, 2451, 3454, 2676, 1916, 70, 12275, 10336, 7, 47, 35691, 1810, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 98, 18982, 48877, 103844, 503, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 83, 10, 5368, 1202, 6712, 130250, 121447, 390, 503, 208, 98, 7582, 30284, 9571, 23, 15758, 4, 6088, 483, 4, 8272, 23, 23924, 21629, 4, 136, 18374, 616, 4, 8272, 23, 14713, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 5117, 23, 70, 37195, 927, 58093, 111, 1202, 6712, 130250, 7, 4, 107671, 214, 22365, 25, 7, 75041, 116, 4, 70616, 25, 7, 13547, 33177, 372, 136, 7244, 25, 7, 40857, 5, 581, 41945, 55741, 509, 503, 208, 25, 7, 2704, 5368, 130250, 4, 16188, 214, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 14380, 25, 7, 543, 5369, 23, 70, 130250, 16839, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Background.", "Development.", "Launch.", "Competition.", "Decline.", "Technical specifications.", "Hardware.", "Models.", "Accessories.", "Game library.", "Reception and legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Released in 1988, the Sega Genesis (known as the Mega Drive in Japan, Europe and Brazil) was Sega's entry into the fourth generation of video game consoles. Selling 30.75 million units worldwide, the Genesis was the most successful console Sega ever released. The successor to the Genesis, the Sega Saturn, was released in Japan in 1994. The Saturn was a CD-ROM-based console that displayed both 2D and 3D computer graphics, but its complex dual-CPU architecture made it more difficult to program for than its chief competitor, the Sony PlayStation. Although the Saturn debuted before the PlayStation in both Japan and the United States, its surprise U.S. launch—which came four months earlier", "As early as 1995, reports surfaced that Sega would collaborate with Lockheed Martin, The 3DO Company, Matsushita, or Alliance Semiconductor to create a new graphics processing unit, which conflicting accounts said would be used for a 64-bit \"Saturn 2\" or an add-on peripheral. Development of the Dreamcast was wholly unrelated to this rumored project. In light of the Saturn's poor market performance, Irimajiri decided to start looking outside of the company's internal hardware development division to create a new console. In 1997, Irimajiri enlisted the services of IBM's Tatsuo Yamamoto to lead an 11-man team to work on a secret hardware project in the United States, which was referred to as \"Blackbelt\". Accounts vary on how an internal team led by Hideki Sato also began development on Dreamcast hardware; one account specifies that Sega of Japan tasked both teams, while another suggests that Sato was", "Despite taking massive losses on the Saturn, including a 75 percent drop in half-year profits just before the Japanese launch of the Dreamcast, Sega felt confident about its new system. The Dreamcast attracted significant interest and drew many pre-orders. Sega announced that \"Sonic Adventure\", the next game starring company mascot Sonic the Hedgehog, would arrive in time for the Dreamcast's launch and promoted the game with a large-scale public demonstration at the Tokyo Kokusai Forum Hall. However, Sega could not achieve its shipping goals for the Dreamcast's Japanese launch due to a shortage of PowerVR chipsets caused by a high failure rate in the manufacturing process. As more than half of its limited stock had been pre-ordered, Sega stopped pre-orders in Japan. On November 27, 1998, the Dreamcast launched in Japan at a price of JP¥29,000, and the entire stock sold out by the end of the day. However, of the four games available at launch, only", "Though the Dreamcast launch had been successful, Sony still held 60 percent of the overall video game market share in North America with the PlayStation at the end of 1999. On March 2, 1999, in what one report called a \"highly publicized, vaporware-like announcement\" Sony revealed the first details of its \"next generation PlayStation\", which Ken Kutaragi claimed would allow video games to convey unprecedented emotions. The center of Sony's marketing plan and the upcoming PlayStation 2 itself was a new CPU (clocked at 294 MHz) jointly developed by Sony and Toshiba—the \"Emotion Engine\"—which Kutaragi announced would feature a graphics processor with 1,000 times more bandwidth than contemporary PC graphics processors and a floating-point calculation performance of 6.2 gigaflops, rivaling most supercomputers. Sony, which invested $1.2 billion in two large-scale integration semiconductor fabrication plants to manufacture the PlayStation 2's \"Emotion Engine\" and \"Graphics Synthesizer\", designed the machine to push more raw polygons than any video game console in history. Sony claimed the PlayStation 2 could render 75 million raw polygons per second with", "On May 22, 2000, Okawa replaced Irimajiri as president of Sega. Okawa had long advocated that Sega abandon the console business. His sentiments were not unique; Sega co-founder David Rosen had \"always felt it was a bit of a folly for them to be limiting their potential to Sega hardware\", and Stolar had previously suggested Sega should have sold their company to Microsoft. In September 2000, in a meeting with Sega's Japanese executives and the heads of the company's major Japanese game development studios, Moore and Bellfield recommended that Sega abandon its console business and focus on software—prompting the studio heads to walk out. Nevertheless, on January 31, 2001, Sega announced the discontinuation of the Dreamcast after March 31 and the restructuring of the company as a \"platform-agnostic\" third-party developer. The", "", "Physically, the Dreamcast measures and weighs. The Dreamcast's main CPU is a two-way 360 MIPS superscalar Hitachi SH-4 32-bit RISC clocked at 200 MHz with an 8 Kbyte instruction cache and 16 Kbyte data cache and a 128-bit graphics-oriented floating-point unit delivering 1.4 GFLOPS. Its 100 MHz NEC PowerVR2 rendering engine, integrated with the system's ASIC, is capable of drawing more than 3 million polygons per second and of deferred shading. Sega estimated the Dreamcast was theoretically capable of rendering 7 million raw polygons per second, or 6 million with textures and lighting, but noted that \"game logic and physics reduce peak graphic performance.\" Graphics hardware effects include trilinear filtering, gouraud", "Sega constructed numerous Dreamcast models, most of which were exclusive to Japan. A refurbished Dreamcast known as the R7 was originally used as a network console in Japanese pachinko parlors. Another model, the Divers 2000 CX-1, possesses a shape similar to Sonic's head and includes a television and software for teleconferencing.", "The Dreamcast controller includes both an analog stick and a digital pad, four action buttons, start button and two analog triggers. The system has four ports for controller inputs, although it was bundled with only one controller. The design of the Dreamcast's controller, described by the staff of \"Edge\" as \"an ugly evolution of Saturn's 3D controller,\" was called \"[not] that great\" by 1UP.com's Sam Kennedy and \"lame\" by \"Game Informer\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Andy McNamara. The staff of IGN wrote that \"unlike most controllers, Sega's pad forces the user's hands into an uncomfortable parallel position.\" In contrast to the Sega CD and Sega Saturn,", "Before the launch of the Dreamcast in Japan, Sega announced the release of its New Arcade Operation Machine Idea (NAOMI) arcade board, which served as a cheaper alternative to the Sega Model 3. NAOMI shared the same technology as the Dreamcast—albeit with twice as much system, video, and audio memory and a 160 Mbyte flash ROM board in place of a GD-ROM drive—allowing nearly identical home conversions of arcade games. Games were ported from NAOMI to the Dreamcast by several leading Japanese arcade companies, including Capcom (\"Marvel vs. Capcom 2\" and \"Project Justice\"), Tecmo (\"Dead or Alive 2\"), Treasure (\"Ikaruga\"), and Sega itself (\"F355 Challenge\" and \"Crazy Taxi\"). In what has been called \"a brief moment of remarkable creativity\", in 2000, Sega restructured its arcade and console development teams into nine semi-autonomous studios headed by the company's top designers. Studios included United Game Artists (UGA) (headed by former \"Sega Rally Championship\" producer Tetsuya Mizuguchi), Hitmaker (headed by \"Crazy Taxi\" creator and future Sega president Hisao Oguchi), Smilebit (headed by Shun Arai and including many former \"Panzer Dragoon\" and future \"Yakuza\" developers from Team Andromeda), Overworks (headed by Noriyoshi Oba and composed of developers from Sega franchises including \"Sakura Wars\", \"Shinobi\" and \"Streets of Rage\"), Sega AM2 (Sega's most famous arcade studio and the developer of Sega's \"Virtua Fighter\" fighting game series, headed by the company's top developer, Yu Suzuki), and Sonic Team (the developer of Sega's flagship series, \"Sonic the Hedgehog\", headed by Yuji Naka). Sega's design houses were encouraged to experiment and benefited from a relatively lax approval process, resulting in games such as \"Rez\" (an attempt to simulate synaesthesia in the form of a rail shooter), \"The Typing of the Dead\" (a version of \"The House of the Dead 2\" remade into a touch typing trainer), \"Seaman\" (a pet simulator in which players use a microphone to interact with a grotesque humanoid fish whose growth is narrated by Leonard Nimoy), and \"Segagaga\" (a Japan-exclusive role-playing-game employing commentary on the perceived over-abundance of sequels produced by the video game industry, in which players are tasked with preventing Sega from going out of business). Sega also revived franchises from the Genesis era, such as \"\". Sega's internal studios were consolidated starting in 2003, with Mizuguchi leaving the company following the merger of UGA with Sonic Team. UGA created the music game \"Space Channel 5\", in which players help a female outer space news reporter named Ulala fight aliens with \"groove energy\" by dancing. Intended for a \"female casual\" audience, \"Space Channel 5\" is considered one of Sega's \"most daring and beloved\" original properties, combining a \"defiantly retro\" and \"uplifting\" soundtrack with \"dazzling\" and \"colorful\" visual presentation—despite \"a lack of real gameplay substance.\" Neither \"Space Channel 5\" nor UGA's \"Rez\" were commercially successful, and \"Rez\" was only available in the U.S. market through a PS2 port released in limited quantities. Hitmaker's arcade ports included \"Crazy Taxi\"—an open-world arcade racing game known for its addictive gameplay, which sold over one million copies and has been frequently cited as one of the best Dreamcast games—and \"Virtua Tennis\"—which revitalized the tennis game genre with a simple two-button control scheme and use of minigames to test the player's technique. Smilebit's \"Jet Set Radio\"—in which players control a Tokyo-based gang of youthful, rebellious inline skaters called the \"GGs\", who use graffiti to claim territory from rival gangs while evading an oppressive police force—has been cited as a major example of Sega's commitment to original game concepts during the Dreamcast's lifespan. Lauded for composer Hideki Naganuma's \"punchy, psychedelic\" soundtrack incorporating elements of \"J-pop and electro-funk\" as well as its message of \"self-expression and non-violent dissent\", the game also popularized cel shaded graphics. Despite wide praise for its style, some criticized \"Jet Set Radio\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s gameplay as mediocre, and it failed to meet Sega's sales expectations. Produced by Rieko Kodama, the Overworks-developed traditional role-playing game \"Skies of Arcadia\" was acclaimed for its surreal Jules Verne-inspired fantasy world of floating islands and sky pirates, charming protagonists, unique emphasis on the environmental properties of weapons, exciting airship battles, and memorable plot (including a sequence viewed from multiple perspectives). AM2 developed what Sega hoped would be the Dreamcast's killer app, \"Shenmue\", a \"revenge epic in the tradition of Chinese cinema.\" The action-adventure game involved the quest of protagonist Ryo Hazuki to avenge his father's murder, but its main selling point was its rendition of the Japanese city of Yokosuka, which included a level of detail considered unprecedented for a video game. Incorporating a simulated day/night cycle with variable weather, non-player characters with regular schedules, and the ability to pick up and examine detailed objects (also introducing the Quick-time event", "In December 1999, \"Next Generation\" rated the Dreamcast 4 out of 5 stars and stated, \"If you want the most powerful system available now, showcasing the best graphics at a reasonable price, this system is for you.\" However, \"Next Generation\" rated the Dreamcast's future prognosis as 3 stars out of 5 in the same article, noting that Sony would ship a superior hardware product in the PlayStation 2 in the next year, and that Nintendo had said it would do the same with the GameCube. At the beginning of 2000, \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" had five reviewers score the Dreamcast 8.5, 8.5, 8.5, 8.0, and 9.0 out of 10 points. By 2001, the reviewers for \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" gave the Dreamcast scores of 9.0, 9.0, 9.0, 9.0, and 9.5 out of 10. \"BusinessWeek\" recognized the Dreamcast as one of the best products of 1999. In 2009, IGN named the Dreamcast the 8th greatest video game console of all time, giving credit to the innovations and software for the system. According to IGN, \"The Dreamcast was the first console to incorporate a built-in modem for online play, and while the networking lacked the polish and refinement of its successors, it was the first time users could seamlessly power on and play with users around the globe.\" In 2010, \"PC Magazine\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Jeffrey L. Wilson named the Dreamcast the greatest video game console, emphasizing that the system was \"gone too soon\". In 2013, \"Edge\" named the Dreamcast the 10th best console of the last 20 years, highlighting innovations that it added to console video gaming, including in-game voice chat, downloadable content, and second screen technology through the use of VMUs. \"Edge\" explained the system's poor performance by stating, \"Sega's console was undoubtedly ahead of its time, and it suffered at retail for that reason... [b]ut its influence can still be felt today.\" Writing in \"1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die\", Duncan Harris noted \"One of the reasons that older gamers mourned the loss of the Dreamcast was that it signaled the demise of arcade gaming culture... Sega's console gave hope that things were not about to change for the worse and that the tenets of fast fun and bright, attractive graphics were not about to sink into a brown and green bog of realistic war games.\" Parish, writing for USgamer, contrasted the Dreamcast's diverse library with the \"suffocating sense of conservatism\" that pervaded the gaming industry in the following decade. Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer, discussing the Dreamcast's portrayal \"as a small, square, white plastic JFK\", commented that the system's short lifespan \"may have sealed its reputation as one of the greatest consoles ever\": \"Nothing builds a cult like a tragic demise\". According to IGN's Travis Fahs, \"Many hardware manufacturers have come and gone, but it's unlikely any will go out with half as much class as Sega.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 45, 37712, 83259, 41911, 98, 70, 6083, 101935, 83, 142, 5526, 27781, 111, 142, 2874, 230612, 238, 41911, 5, 360, 903, 43701, 4, 2874, 4861, 3019, 15123, 26950, 450, 70, 4734, 3917, 12638, 111, 6626, 101935, 831, 186, 45, 99017, 390, 70, 3789, 83, 2174, 70, 6626, 621, 4, 23, 15824, 4, 70, 5701, 14012, 74, 183234, 538, 4, 2174, 44, 19, 58, 136, 44, 39, 58, 621, 117781, 136, 44, 19, 58, 83, 10, 31461, 111, 44, 39, 830, 7068, 44, 39, 58, 53418, 186, 10, 31461, 111, 44, 19, 740, 1326, 27781, 4, 427, 83, 45, 99017, 390, 201, 4, 1284, 201, 83, 959, 45, 99017, 390, 5035, 581, 115723, 12989, 41911, 6, 237637, 98, 70, 2773, 101935, 83, 2874, 230612, 238, 12, 2174, 100, 6626, 2773, 101935, 44, 425, 58, 136, 44, 53, 58, 15044, 23, 13, 71723, 31075, 44, 425, 58, 6, 237637, 44, 53, 58, 136, 44, 53, 58, 6, 237637, 44, 425, 58, 16401, 7068, 44, 425, 58, 136, 44, 53, 58, 8110, 186, 105950, 5, 209683, 538, 4, 70, 1614, 3509, 12989, 6, 247765, 98, 70, 1614, 3509, 7, 111, 2499, 34475, 5423, 83, 2874, 230612, 238, 12, 34475, 6626, 5423, 7, 44, 284, 58, 136, 44, 571, 830, 2174, 11907, 12830, 23, 44, 284, 58, 2843, 83, 23, 44, 571, 58, 136, 11907, 12830, 23, 44, 571, 58, 83, 2843, 23, 44, 284, 830, 7068, 44, 284, 58, 136, 44, 571, 58, 8110, 70541, 756, 70, 5701, 80854, 136, 127298, 186, 105950, 12, 62, 2773, 9, 24804, 27781, 111, 10, 41911, 450, 83, 205794, 2874, 230612, 238, 83, 44, 138925, 70, 17666, 54727, 111, 58, 15, 24658, 271, 26995, 237, 173072, 297, 47, 10, 34475, 46505, 194, 33417, 71407, 3060, 3395, 8783, 2363, 10002, 54727, 7, 4, 12960, 27060, 8783, 100, 2363, 5732, 29001, 707, 23902, 5, 1301, 4989, 237, 110, 6626, 3395, 8783, 12638, 3789, 25, 7, 54727, 7, 4, 70, 41911, 83, 2874, 230612, 238, 5, 9148, 289, 136, 3622, 12989, 7, 621, 2874, 230612, 238, 390, 80934, 5, 62, 41911, 831, 186, 15044, 6, 230612, 238, 136, 2874, 230612, 238, 15, 73, 903, 7225, 4, 442, 8110, 186, 56458, 44289, 5844, 247, 136, 2685, 621, 91582, 3129, 621, 2725, 9319, 6, 230612, 238, 12488, 2874, 230612, 238, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 70, 44, 4692, 4778, 98, 58, 41911, 98, 333, 109622, 114149, 194, 8332, 4861, 3019, 15123, 83, 12921, 1295, 237, 53, 3019, 15123, 12, 10, 41911, 83, 10, 230612, 238, 2174, 4, 136, 4734, 2174, 4, 442, 83, 2874, 230612, 238, 136, 66617, 44289, 5844, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 10, 12840, 15292, 10821, 41911, 44, 1052, 58, 98, 5423, 44, 1542, 58, 83, 2874, 230612, 238, 2174, 2685, 83, 110, 80836, 111, 44, 46295, 38893, 18, 58, 80854, 111, 44, 1542, 58, 12638, 111, 3129, 83, 62548, 390, 44, 1052, 58, 47, 70, 3789, 5, 5455, 23113, 538, 4, 44, 1052, 58, 83, 2874, 230612, 238, 134995, 538, 2174, 100, 756, 44, 11, 58, 136, 44, 275, 58, 23, 44, 1542, 58, 707, 4, 183234, 538, 4, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Examples.", "Properties." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The divisibility relation on the natural numbers is an important example of an antisymmetric relation. In this context, antisymmetry means that the only way each of two numbers can be divisible by the other is if the two are, in fact, the same number; equivalently, if \"n\" and \"m\" are distinct and \"n\" is a factor of \"m\", then \"m\" cannot be a factor of \"n\". For example, 12 is divisible by 4, but 4 is not divisible by 12. The usual order relation ≤ on the real numbers is antisymmetric: if for two real numbers \"x\" and \"y\" both inequalities \"x\" ≤ \"y\" and \"y\" ≤ \"x\" hold then \"x\" and \"y\" must be equal. Similarly, the subset order ⊆ on the subsets of any given set is antisymmetric: given two sets \"A\" and \"B\", if every element in \"A\" also is in \"B\" and every element in \"B\" is also in \"A\", then \"A\" and \"B\" must contain all the same elements and therefore be equal: A real-life example of a relation that is typically antisymmetric is \"paid the restaurant bill of\" (understood as restricted to a given occasion). Typically some people pay their own bills, while others pay for their spouses or friends. As long as no two people pay each other's bills, the relation is antisymmetric.", "Partial and total orders are antisymmetric by definition. A relation can be both symmetric and antisymmetric (in this case, it must be coreflexive), and there are relations which are neither symmetric nor antisymmetric (e.g., the \"preys on\" relation on biological species). Antisymmetry is different from asymmetry: a relation is asymmetric if, and only if, it is antisymmetric and irreflexive." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 149216, 42, 509, 103122, 3934, 10, 14449, 111, 226185, 19, 845, 19725, 23, 23684, 57617, 23, 70, 192859, 111, 663, 1991, 7925, 7440, 1919, 67373, 4, 30492, 6765, 149216, 42, 4, 79786, 237, 10, 831, 1290, 5, 581, 14449, 509, 959, 12426, 7352, 17574, 4, 136, 1919, 67373, 76104, 297, 1919, 21941, 47, 91852, 8780, 8305, 6863, 19612, 5, 581, 149216, 42, 14449, 6777, 959, 24765, 4989, 23, 663, 1991, 7925, 136, 8306, 68186, 71, 30839, 237, 10, 15889, 2481, 5, 38157, 149216, 42, 25, 7, 5117, 46876, 509, 6, 185820, 4, 136, 14432, 14941, 5, 360, 142399, 4, 3229, 764, 509, 22759, 5369, 10332, 4, 70, 14449, 109133, 47, 39721, 4, 30715, 4, 136, 23, 100439, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 47, 217605, 4, 118623, 5, 11853, 38157, 149216, 42, 72856, 1919, 27150, 56, 82953, 9920, 47, 11417, 497, 532, 3820, 814, 5, 18763, 67373, 1902, 34844, 53, 120260, 10, 12447, 23, 10, 133600, 519, 6261, 136, 77681, 9615, 6259, 23, 2356, 5753, 98, 70, 61187, 56, 24453, 24383, 4, 7440, 70, 14449, 158930, 23, 234694, 5, 1301, 30492, 149216, 42, 5809, 959, 22691, 100, 1919, 14449, 4, 149216, 42, 25, 7, 42732, 4, 28120, 27414, 2870, 149216, 42, 4, 142096, 10, 19927, 47, 100677, 70, 62822, 30050, 7, 31075, 5, 10660, 23113, 538, 168265, 71, 23, 64972, 5, 24372, 9615, 2069, 23, 2356, 5753, 4, 38157, 149216, 42, 509, 165249, 153161, 390, 1919, 42732, 4, 2750, 11405, 297, 70, 131011, 111, 53019, 100, 1257, 19364, 2265, 3268, 2481, 4, 136, 69347, 70, 14449, 118055, 538, 16065, 1295, 91852, 8780, 5, 31267, 21208, 28120, 149216, 42, 509, 142, 5526, 79507, 4, 149216, 42, 75204, 1919, 6, 19981, 100, 51359, 136, 33946, 23, 191225, 16070, 4, 10, 13, 237398, 7, 4, 136, 19612, 1295, 1919, 67373, 5, 1913, 32070, 616, 149216, 42, 23742, 10, 125870, 41202, 191225, 16070, 47, 70, 107374, 223, 86425, 329, 14912, 11192, 10696, 4, 1284, 764, 19667, 959, 47, 29966, 70, 10696, 3129, 764, 14037, 5792, 160, 1495, 4, 7730, 64457, 47, 262, 36119, 3062, 56485, 19694, 19188, 4, 136, 57, 6496, 70, 191225, 16070, 17265, 100, 1919, 40466, 53019, 5, 194397, 70, 191225, 16070, 149216, 42, 107506, 297, 1919, 42732, 25, 7, 163, 33730, 85168, 5180, 5, 149216, 42, 30957, 297, 121328, 23, 91255, 4, 7464, 161474, 678, 70, 125870, 41202, 191225, 16070, 5, 121328, 99, 903, 1733, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 10846, 100307, 14375, 141626, 90, 450, 6777, 959, 17475, 606, 21150, 111, 845, 114686, 41816, 16037, 678, 165164, 81732, 7, 10932, 99385, 5, 5787, 64101, 1352, 37838, 24051, 111, 23, 277, 214, 25921, 99, 121328, 3542, 845, 114686, 5, 149216, 42, 85168, 297, 15044, 10, 335, 5, 284, 5, 5173, 112072, 136, 142, 276, 5, 284, 5, 5173, 117930, 23, 30839, 1771, 6, 66847, 25443, 1295, 121328, 4, 8108, 352, 1299, 6048, 98, 1919, 13000, 5, 397, 5, 23, 178111, 28437, 25443, 3129, 764, 140528, 23, 95007, 5, 149216, 42, 20244, 10557, 29367, 46876, 35187, 23, 1919, 40466, 5369, 99, 121328, 4, 35187, 214, 42845, 4, 160600, 4, 136, 92265, 100, 136659, 49345, 7, 5, 28090, 1919, 221, 22014, 17678, 6602, 764, 78301, 538, 80723, 47, 32153, 98, 30839, 1771, 46876, 7, 4, 21721, 214, 15411, 18244, 23, 159960, 1771, 4, 25074, 19694, 30839, 4, 25074, 105459, 191, 4, 114749, 1771, 4, 174705, 4, 187951, 4, 136, 188676, 5, 194397, 30839, 28021, 16030, 25031, 131947, 36126, 4, 149216, 42, 509, 172554, 71, 47, 150624, 111, 151878, 13, 147158, 41637, 450, 3542, 8035, 126809, 3934, 10, 1286, 57456, 170846, 3501, 70, 89160, 6, 66847, 109622, 51515, 5, 1529, 2843, 34739, 132073, 23, 1735, 7, 31434, 4, 136, 110633, 297, 1919, 46876, 96335, 390, 35187, 214, 19612, 23, 70, 130625, 111, 70, 170277, 150350, 42, 38157, 4727, 8331, 19256, 15, 197271, 442, 83, 51, 106290, 73, 36766, 149216, 42, 17669, 22282, 71, 678, 4727, 8331, 19256, 66570, 194, 360, 1919, 4568, 6602, 23, 40466, 149216, 42, 22, 27722, 297, 23, 70, 15411, 44, 4153, 2955, 77391, 47, 178111, 28437, 25443, 830, 678, 43552, 43722, 19386, 7325, 37214, 4, 2750, 189924, 70, 2460, 162, 44, 160018, 44457, 58, 51515, 47, 142, 42294, 254, 25443, 5, 1529, 2843, 22, 27722, 297, 23, 142, 175961, 142, 42294, 254, 25443, 28622, 189924, 390, 86914, 2460, 162, 4, 10, 15411, 450, 2806, 64557, 15549, 70, 48225, 111, 1919, 80997, 5, 106073, 7464, 23, 40466, 4, 149216, 42, 509, 107003, 47, 42938, 13, 23, 70, 2460, 162, 150180, 28622, 98, 15672, 83658, 7, 4, 3129, 99201, 153648, 7, 111, 353, 4935, 15672, 136, 360, 7143, 759, 927, 7, 43799, 297, 390, 2460, 162, 5, 360, 903, 3917, 149216, 42, 509, 65508, 71, 47, 22420, 61065, 223, 15672, 46876, 7, 12960, 764, 93544, 20697, 98, 1919, 276, 5, 284, 5, 23, 30839, 1771, 147158, 41637, 5, 12452, 339, 17505, 14432, 2804, 450, 149216, 42, 25, 7, 102919, 1363, 678, 23, 15386, 79357, 46876, 7, 78114, 71, 1295, 70, 28622, 678, 2460, 162, 23, 3129, 2460, 162, 11814, 27781, 7, 1295, 353, 4935, 15672, 46876, 7, 47, 2837, 66187, 756, 111, 149216, 42, 25, 7, 39210, 9, 100033, 237259, 7, 1672, 70, 62822, 31425, 111, 46876, 5, 149216, 42, 25, 7, 66007, 18897, 25, 7, 159688, 509, 142, 114137, 111, 67538, 38334, 84285, 1840, 820, 25, 7, 44, 62731, 1888, 184, 98, 70, 119862, 111, 83658, 830, 136, 99201, 27781, 7, 1295, 360, 7143, 136, 353, 4935, 15672, 46876, 7, 4, 959, 99, 756, 16031, 47, 10, 30839, 2624, 271, 5, 581, 159688, 35778, 29367, 1840, 820, 100, 112033, 14653, 10, 66429, 6827, 6, 101966, 25443, 4, 5792, 35299, 8770, 47, 63769, 100, 70, 22046, 2661, 134199, 1363, 111, 46876, 7, 4, 1284, 764, 2843, 106926, 297, 678, 1840, 820, 450, 756, 111, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 46876, 7, 765, 105950, 10, 13, 237398, 38516, 7, 136, 122092, 11, 70760, 27140, 2481, 5, 1529, 134620, 70, 15122, 390, 159029, 100, 10, 44, 104643, 65042, 297, 35187, 111, 756, 70, 67842, 144573, 31837, 7, 111, 46876, 7, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 83324, 70, 2684, 20531, 183871, 111, 46876, 58, 46, 39555, 10, 1528, 63805, 100, 70, 5744, 35187, 111, 147158, 9523, 11417, 25443, 4, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 38157, 149216, 42, 15, 74, 18982, 29620, 166555, 46, 22482, 201, 4, 34578, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 142, 42294, 771, 106622, 9, 65279, 1419, 4, 2750, 83, 38134, 538, 90698, 47, 186, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 26366, 7, 23, 70, 39395, 34754, 111, 70, 80244, 111, 147158, 41637, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Childhood and youth.", "Education at Columbia.", "College.", "Influence of Boas.", "Early fieldwork.", "In Ottawa.", "Canada's Geological Survey.", "Work with Ishi.", "Moving on.", "Chicago years.", "At Yale.", "Anthropological thought.", "Breadth of languages studied." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Sapir was born into a family of Lithuanian Jews in Lauenburg in the Province of Pomerania where his father, Jacob David Sapir, worked as a cantor. The family was not Orthodox, and his father maintained his ties to Judaism through its music. The Sapir family did not stay long in Pomerania and never accepted German as a nationality. Edward Sapir's first language was Yiddish, and later English. In 1888, when he was four years old, the family moved to Liverpool, England, and in 1890 to the United States, to Richmond, Virginia. Here Edward Sapir lost his younger brother Max to typhoid fever. His father had difficulty keeping a job in a synagogue and finally settled in New York on the Lower East Side, where the family lived in poverty. As Jacob Sapir could not provide for his family, Sapir's mother, Eva Seagal Sapir, opened a shop to supply the basic necessities. They formally divorced in 1910. After settling in New York, Edward Sapir was raised mostly by his mother, who stressed the importance of education for upward social mobility, and turned the family increasingly away from Judaism. Even though Eva Sapir was an important influence, Sapir received his lust for knowledge and interest in scholarship, aesthetics, and music from his father. At age 14 Sapir won a Pulitzer scholarship to the prestigious Horace Mann high school, but he chose not to attend the school which he found too posh, going instead to DeWitt Clinton High School, and saving the scholarship money for his college education. Through the scholarship Sapir supplemented his mother's meager earnings.", "Sapir entered Columbia in 1901, still paying with the Pulitzer scholarship. Columbia at this time was one of the few elite private universities that did not limit admission of Jewish applicants with implicit quotas around 12%. Approximately 40% of incoming students at Columbia were Jewish. Sapir earned both a B.A. (1904) and an M.A. (1905) in Germanic philology from Columbia, before embarking on his Ph.D. in Anthropology which he completed in 1909.", "Sapir emphasized language study in his college years at Columbia, studying Latin, Greek, and French for eight semesters. From his sophomore year he additionally began to focus on Germanic languages, completing coursework in Gothic, Old High German, Old Saxon, Icelandic, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish. Through Germanics professor William Carpenter, Sapir was exposed to methods of comparative linguistics that were being developed into a more scientific framework than the traditional philological approach. He also took courses in Sanskrit, and complemented his language studies by studying music in the department of the famous composer Edward MacDowell (though it is uncertain whether Sapir ever studied with MacDowell himself). In his last year in college Sapir enrolled in the course \"Introduction to Anthropology\", with Professor Livingston Farrand, who taught the Boas \"four field\" approach to anthropology. He also enrolled in an advanced anthropology seminar taught by Franz Boas, a course that would completely change the direction of his career.", "Although still in college, Sapir was allowed to participate in the Boas graduate seminar on American Languages, which included translations of Native American and Inuit myths collected by Boas. In this way Sapir was introduced to Indigenous American languages while he kept working on his M.A. in Germanic linguistics. Robert Lowie later said that Sapir's fascination with indigenous languages stemmed from the seminar with Boas in which Boas used examples from Native American languages to disprove all of Sapir's common-sense assumptions about the basic nature of language. Sapir's 1905 Master's thesis was an analysis of Johann Gottfried Herder's \"Treatise on the Origin of Language\", and included examples from Inuit and Native American languages, not at all familiar to a Germanicist. The thesis criticized Herder for retaining a Biblical chronology, too shallow to allow for the observable diversification of languages, but he also argued with Herder that all of the world's languages have equal aesthetic potentials and grammatical complexity. He ended the paper by calling for a \"very extended study of all the various existing stocks of languages, in order to determine the most fundamental properties of language\" – almost a program statement for the modern study of linguistic typology, and a very Boasian approach. In 1906 he finished his coursework, having focused the last year on courses in anthropology and taking seminars such as Primitive Culture with Farrand, Ethnology with Boas, Archaeology and courses in Chinese language and culture with Berthold Laufer. He also maintained his Indo-European studies with courses in Celtic, Old Saxon, Swedish, and Sanskrit. Having finished his coursework, Sapir moved on to his doctoral fieldwork, spending several years in short term appointments while working on his dissertation.", "Sapir's first fieldwork was on the Wishram Chinook language in the summer of 1905, funded by the Bureau of American Ethnology. This first experience with Native American languages in the field was closely overseen by Boas, who was particularly interested in having Sapir gathering ethnological information for the Bureau. Sapir gathered a volume of Wishram texts, published 1909, and he managed to achieve a much more sophisticated understanding of the Chinook sound system than Boas. In the summer of 1906 he worked on Takelma and Chasta Costa. Sapir's work on Takelma became his doctoral dissertation, which he defended in 1908. The dissertation foreshadowed several important trends in Sapir's work, particularly the careful attention to the intuition of native speakers regarding sound patterns that later would become the basis for Sapir's formulation of the phoneme. In 1907–1908 Sapir was offered a position at the University of California at Berkeley, where Boas' first student Alfred Kroeber was the head of a project under the California state survey to document the Indigenous languages of California. Kroeber suggested that Sapir study the nearly extinct Yana language, and Sapir set to work. Sapir worked first with Betty Brown, one of the language's few remaining speakers. Later he began work with Sam Batwi, who spoke another dialect of Yana, but whose knowledge of Yana mythology was an important fount of knowledge. Sapir described the way in which the Yana language distinguishes grammatically and lexically between the speech of men and women. The collaboration between Kroeber and Sapir was made difficult by the fact that Sapir largely followed his own interest in detailed linguistic description, ignoring the administrative pressures to which Kroeber was subject, among them the need for a speedy completion and a focus on the broader classification issues. In the end Sapir didn't finish the work during the allotted year, and Kroeber was unable to offer him a longer appointment. Disappointed at not being able to stay at Berkeley, Sapir devoted his best efforts to other work, and did not get around to preparing any of the Yana material for publication until 1910, to Kroeber's deep disappointment. Sapir ended up leaving California early to take up a fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania, where he taught Ethnology and American Linguistics. At Pennsylvania he worked closely with another student of Boas, Frank Speck, and the two undertook work on Catawba in the summer of 1909. Also in the summer of 1909, Sapir went to Utah with his student J. Alden Mason. Intending originally to work on Hopi, he studied the Southern Paiute language; he decided to work with Tony Tillohash, who proved to be the perfect informant. Tillohash's strong intuition about the sound patterns of his language led Sapir to propose that the phoneme is not just an abstraction existing at the structural level of language, but in fact has psychological reality for speakers. Tillohash became a good friend of Sapir, and visited him at his home in New York and Philadelphia. Sapir worked with his father to transcribe a number of Southern Paiute songs that Tillohash knew. This fruitful collaboration laid the ground work for the classical description of the Southern Paiute language published in 1930, and enabled Sapir to produce conclusive evidence linking the Shoshonean languages to the Nahuan languages – establishing the Uto-Aztecan language family. Sapir's description of Southern Paiute is known by linguistics as \"a model of analytical excellence\". At Pennsylvania, Sapir was urged to work at a quicker pace than he felt comfortable. His \"Grammar of Southern Paiute\" was supposed to be published in Boas' \"Handbook of American Indian Languages\", and Boas urged him to complete a preliminary version while funding for the publication remained available, but Sapir did not want to compromise on quality, and in the end the \"Handbook\" had to go to press without Sapir's piece. Boas kept working to secure a stable appointment for his student, and by his recommendation Sapir ended up being hired by the Canadian Geological Survey, who wanted him to lead the institutionalization of anthropology in Canada. Sapir, who by then had given up the hope of working at one of the few American research universities, accepted the appointment and moved to Ottawa.", "In the years 1910–25 Sapir established and directed the Anthropological Division in the Geological Survey of Canada in Ottawa. When he was hired, he was one of the first full-time anthropologists in Canada. He brought his parents with him to Ottawa, and also quickly established his own family, marrying Florence Delson, who also had Lithuanian Jewish roots. Neither the Sapirs nor the Delsons were in favor of the match. The Delsons, who hailed from the prestigious Jewish center of Vilna, considered the Sapirs to be rural upstarts and were less than impressed with Sapir's career in an unpronounceable academic field. Edward and Florence had three children together: Herbert Michael, Helen Ruth, and Philip.", "As director of the Anthropological division of the Geological Survey of Canada, Sapir embarked on a project to document the Indigenous cultures and languages of Canada. His first fieldwork took him to Vancouver Island to work on the Nootka language. Apart from Sapir the division had two other staff members, Marius Barbeau and Harlan I. Smith. Sapir insisted that the discipline of linguistics was of integral importance for ethnographic description, arguing that just as nobody would dream of discussing the history of the Catholic Church without knowing Latin or study German folksongs without knowing German, so it made little sense to approach the study of Indigenous folklore without knowledge of the indigenous languages. At this point the only Canadian first nation languages that were well known were Kwakiutl, described by Boas, Tshimshian and Haida. Sapir explicitly used the standard of documentation of European languages, to argue that the amassing knowledge of indigenous languages was of paramount importance. By introducing the high standards of Boasian anthropology, Sapir incited antagonism from those amateur ethnologists who felt that they had contributed important work. Unsatisfied with efforts by amateur and governmental anthropologists, Sapir worked to introduce an academic program of anthropology at one of the major universities, in order to professionalize the discipline. Sapir enlisted the assistance of fellow Boasians: Frank Speck, Paul Radin and Alexander Goldenweiser, who with Barbeau worked on the peoples of the Eastern Woodlands: the Ojibwa, the Iroquois, the Huron and the Wyandot. Sapir initiated work on the Athabascan languages of the Mackenzie valley and the Yukon, but it proved too difficult to find adequate assistance, and he concentrated mainly on Nootka and the languages of the North West Coast. During his time in Canada, together with Speck, Sapir also acted as an advocate for Indigenous rights, arguing publicly for introduction of better medical care for Indigenous communities, and assisting the Six Nation Iroquois in trying to recover eleven wampum belts that had been stolen from the reservation and were on display in the museum of the University of Pennsylvania. (The belts were finally returned to the Iroquois in 1988.) He also argued for the reversal of a Canadian law prohibiting the Potlatch ceremony of the West Coast tribes.", "In 1915 Sapir returned to California, where his expertise on the Yana language made him urgently needed. Kroeber had come into contact with Ishi, the last native speaker of the Yahi language, closely related to Yana, and needed someone to document the language urgently. Ishi, who had grown up without contact to whites, was monolingual in Yahi and was the last surviving member of his people. He had been adopted by the Kroebers, but had fallen ill with tuberculosis, and was not expected to live long. Sam Batwi, the speaker of Yana who had worked with Sapir, was unable to understand the Yahi variety, and Krober was convinced that only Sapir would be able to communicate with Ishi. Sapir traveled to San Francisco and worked with Ishi over the summer of 1915, having to invent new methods for working with a monolingual speaker. The information from Ishi was invaluable for understanding the relation between the different dialects of Yana. Ishi died of his illness in early 1916, and Kroeber partly blamed the exacting nature of working with Sapir for his failure to recover. Sapir described the work: \"I think I may safely say that my work with Ishi is by far the most time-consuming and nerve-racking that I have ever undertaken. Ishi's imperturbable good humor alone made the work possible, though it also at times added to my exasperation\".", "The First World War took its toll on the Canadian Geological Survey, cutting funding for anthropology and making the academic climate less agreeable. Sapir continued work on Athabascan, working with two speakers of the Alaskan languages Kutchin and Ingalik. Sapir was now more preoccupied with testing hypotheses about historical relationships between the Na-Dene languages than with documenting endangered languages, in effect becoming a theoretician. He was also growing to feel isolated from his American colleagues. From 1912 Florence's health deteriorated due to a lung abscess, and a resulting depression. The Sapir household was largely run by Eva Sapir, who did not get along well with Florence, and this added to the strain on both Florence and Edward. Sapir's parents had by now divorced and his father seemed to suffer from a psychosis, which made it necessary for him to leave Canada for Philadelphia, where Edward continued to support him financially. Florence was hospitalized for long periods both for her depressions and for the lung abscess, and she died in 1924 due to an infection following surgery, providing the final incentive for Sapir to leave Canada. When the University of Chicago offered him a position, he happily accepted. During his period in Canada, Sapir came into his own as the leading figure in linguistics in North America. Among his substantial publications from this period were his book on \"Time Perspective in the Aboriginal American Culture\" (1916), in which he laid out an approach to using historical linguistics to study the prehistory of Native American cultures. Particularly important for establishing him in the field was his seminal book \"Language\" (1921), which was a layman's introduction to the discipline of linguistics as Sapir envisioned it. He also participated in the formulation of a report to the American Anthropological Association regarding the standardization of orthographic principles for writing Indigenous languages. While in Ottawa, he also collected and published French Canadian Folk Songs, and wrote a volume of his own poetry. His interest in poetry led him to form a close friendship with another Boasian anthropologist and poet, Ruth Benedict. Sapir initially wrote to Benedict to commend her for her dissertation on \"The Guardian Spirit\", but soon realized that Benedict had published poetry pseudonymously. In their correspondence the two critiqued each other's work, both submitting to the same publishers, and both being rejected. They also were both interested in psychology and the relation between individual personalities and cultural patterns, and in their correspondences they frequently psychoanalyzed each other. However, Sapir often showed little understanding for Benedict's private thoughts and feelings, and particularly his conservative gender ideology jarred with Benedict's struggles as a female professional academic. Though they were very close friends for a while, it was ultimately the differences in worldview and personality that led their friendship to fray. Before departing Canada, Sapir had a short affair with Margaret Mead, Benedict's protégé at Columbia. But Sapir's conservative ideas about marriage and the woman's role were anathema to Mead, as they had been to Benedict, and as Mead left to do field work in Samoa, the two separated permanently. Mead received news of Sapir's remarriage while still in Samoa, and burned their correspondence there on the beach.", "Settling in Chicago reinvigorated Sapir intellectually and personally. He socialized with intellectuals, gave lectures, participated in poetry and music clubs. His first graduate student at Chicago was Li Fang-Kuei. The Sapir household continued to be managed largely by Grandmother Eva, until Sapir remarried in 1926. Sapir's second wife, Jean Victoria McClenaghan, was sixteen years younger than he. She had first met Sapir when a student in Ottawa, but had since also come to work at the University of Chicago's department of Juvenile Research. Their son Paul Edward Sapir was born in 1928. Their other son J. David Sapir became a linguist and anthropologist specializing in West African Languages, especially Jola languages. Sapir also exerted influence through his membership in the Chicago School of Sociology, and his friendship with psychologist Harry Stack Sullivan.", "From 1931 until his death in 1939, Sapir taught at Yale University, where he became the head of the Department of Anthropology. He was invited to Yale to found an interdisciplinary program combining anthropology, linguistics and psychology, aimed at studying \"the impact of culture on personality\". While Sapir was explicitly given the task of founding a distinct anthropology department, this was not well received by the department of sociology who worked by William Graham Sumner's \"Evolutionary sociology\", which was anathema to Sapir's Boasian approach, nor by the two anthropologists of the Institute for Human Relations Clark Wissler and G. P. Murdock. Sapir never thrived at Yale, where as one of only four Jewish faculty members out of 569 he was denied membership to the faculty club where the senior faculty discussed academic business. At Yale, Sapir's graduate students included Morris Swadesh, Benjamin Lee Whorf, Mary Haas, Charles Hockett, and Harry Hoijer, several of whom he brought with him from Chicago. Sapir came to regard a young Semiticist named Zellig Harris as his intellectual heir, although Harris was never a formal student of Sapir. (For a time he dated Sapir's daughter.) In 1936 Sapir clashed with the Institute for Human Relations over the research proposal by anthropologist Hortense Powdermaker, who proposed a study of the black community of Indianola, Mississippi. Sapir argued that her research should be funded instead of the more sociological work of John Dollard. Sapir eventually lost the discussion and Powdermaker had to leave Yale. In the summer of 1937 while teaching at the Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America in Ann Arbor, Sapir began having problems with a heart condition that had initially been diagnosed a couple of years earlier. In 1938, he had to take a leave from Yale, during which Benjamin Lee Whorf taught his courses and G. P. Murdock advised some of his students. After Sapir's death in 1939, G. P. Murdock became the chair of the anthropology department. Murdock, who despised the Boasian paradigm of cultural anthropology, dismantled most of Sapir's efforts to integrate anthropology, psychology, and linguistics.", "Sapir's anthropological thought has been described as isolated within the field of anthropology in his own days. Instead of searching for the ways in which culture influences human behavior, Sapir was interested in understanding how cultural patterns themselves were shaped by the composition of individual personalities that make up a society. This made Sapir cultivate an interest in individual psychology and his view of culture was more psychological than many of his contemporaries. It has been suggested that there is a close relation between Sapir's literary interests and his anthropological thought. His literary theory saw individual aesthetic sensibilities and creativity to interact with learned cultural traditions to produce unique and new poetic forms, echoing the way that he also saw individuals and cultural patterns to dialectically influence each other.", "Sapir's special focus among American languages was in the Athabaskan languages, a family which especially fascinated him. In a private letter, he wrote: \"Dene is probably the son-of-a-bitchiest language in America to actually \"know\"...most fascinating of all languages ever invented.\" Sapir also studied the languages and cultures of Wishram Chinook, Navajo, Nootka, Colorado River Numic, Takelma, and Yana. His research on Southern Paiute, in collaboration with consultant Tony Tillohash, led to a 1933 article which would become influential in the characterization of the phoneme. Although noted for his work on American linguistics, Sapir wrote prolifically in linguistics in general. His book \"Language\" provides everything from a grammar-typological classification of languages (with examples ranging from Chinese to Nootka) to speculation on the phenomenon of language drift, and the arbitrariness of associations between language, race, and culture. Sapir was also a pioneer in Yiddish studies (his first language) in the United States (cf. \"Notes on Judeo-German phonology\", 1915). Sapir was active in the international auxiliary language movement. In his paper \"The Function of an International Auxiliary Language\", he argued for the benefits of a regular grammar and advocated a critical focus on the fundamentals of language, unbiased by the idiosyncrasies of national languages, in the choice of an international auxiliary language. He was the first Research Director of the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA), which presented the Interlingua conference in 1951. He directed the Association from 1930 to 1931, and was a member of its Consultative Counsel for Linguistic Research from 1927 to 1938. Sapir consulted with Alice Vanderbilt Morris to develop the research program of IALA." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 85437, 1556, 10, 71579, 16128, 111, 136, 10, 21950, 111, 5, 1650, 7, 38132, 6, 168867, 83, 136, 83080, 6, 168867, 5, 581, 6, 134369, 2256, 83, 136, 70, 105556, 674, 16128, 111, 70, 85437, 83, 5, 32774, 113132, 43157, 83, 127918, 678, 6, 2980, 1295, 72399, 7582, 47, 20414, 5, 581, 85437, 83, 51529, 100, 6863, 150675, 17306, 2481, 5, 56489, 4939, 161460, 54397, 23, 543, 3882, 450, 10, 35011, 27470, 158012, 23, 70, 7401, 6777, 959, 213566, 24189, 442, 204839, 297, 10, 6, 168867, 111, 5, 33119, 7, 111, 32774, 113132, 43157, 26698, 70, 37700, 33119, 15, 157, 65158, 25617, 247, 70, 262, 6991, 33119, 15, 13665, 2347, 4438, 247, 70, 19909, 9874, 1824, 127, 33119, 15, 49760, 2347, 4438, 247, 70, 19909, 6609, 3284, 33119, 15, 49760, 927, 16, 136, 70, 203314, 33119, 15, 49760, 927, 25617, 194, 581, 26908, 111, 262, 2256, 83, 105866, 98, 70, 203314, 33119, 43573, 70, 1810, 118664, 111, 70, 32774, 113132, 32547, 450, 86608, 7, 65272, 3934, 70, 4727, 1098, 5556, 32547, 99, 99262, 102, 5, 32547, 7, 86608, 214, 3934, 32774, 113132, 43157, 26698, 70, 22392, 84433, 32547, 4, 14195, 49188, 49036, 32547, 4, 4772, 95860, 32547, 4, 105591, 53, 32547, 4, 83241, 66, 32547, 4, 262, 6991, 32547, 136, 70, 99051, 15849, 32547, 5, 32774, 113132, 43157, 400, 90, 17721, 6626, 13036, 240877, 48461, 10776, 7, 12, 70, 133262, 10091, 15534, 126826, 111, 70, 180972, 216801, 136, 70, 123024, 8950, 5425, 5, 1650, 509, 2831, 111, 527, 143, 26136, 43157, 85283, 191, 69527, 23, 70, 479, 9, 10828, 26136, 118666, 4778, 456, 2420, 20051, 390, 23030, 30283, 6, 2980, 20271, 70, 19434, 5176, 329, 86, 5, 66016, 4, 70, 85437, 1556, 98816, 1295, 1305, 9, 10828, 26136, 456, 99091, 25632, 70, 6, 2980, 21501, 1916, 5, 1914, 408, 159997, 19, 13950, 7, 111, 70, 180972, 216801, 3173, 70, 8394, 48850, 92142, 111, 70, 19909, 9874, 1824, 127, 33119, 5, 32255, 13950, 7, 111, 70, 1914, 408, 159997, 19, 621, 216489, 6635, 136, 23550, 178851, 1771, 40370, 7, 107506, 297, 390, 6, 40255, 10821, 109749, 63239, 3173, 214, 9724, 7, 136, 78, 42458, 5, 581, 262, 2256, 9615, 19929, 83, 98, 70, 85437, 4, 43573, 70, 10336, 36448, 7, 111, 70, 113132, 32547, 5, 8622, 83, 142, 6, 2980, 41421, 214, 1295, 262, 2256, 47, 70, 41710, 33816, 98, 70, 2060, 5609, 111, 70, 32774, 113132, 32547, 5, 2161, 190, 11994, 20400, 10, 32216, 118149, 77736, 2831, 7514, 8305, 70, 6, 2980, 33816, 1660, 10, 10846, 13312, 7103, 70, 27759, 1902, 124735, 70, 107003, 38132, 57888, 17475, 47, 98, 70, 33816, 5, 581, 118149, 4, 3129, 509, 50782, 111, 262, 2256, 136, 20903, 47, 70, 26908, 25, 7, 63335, 7401, 23, 78219, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 13036, 67155, 214, 16128, 4, 70541, 297, 189275, 111, 80097, 214, 160692, 136, 509, 1632, 111, 2358, 118149, 72367, 7, 179140, 47, 456, 67565, 538, 70, 26908, 5, 581, 160692, 509, 184750, 1295, 70, 118149, 390, 116, 444, 4, 382, 11994, 5, 129335, 45314, 4188, 10932, 70, 85437, 621, 78869, 7, 100, 67155, 214, 136, 1926, 1916, 5, 360, 11857, 4, 10, 85437, 36113, 18, 509, 156892, 4, 70, 142105, 17669, 156892, 151107, 390, 348, 2069, 5, 360, 28730, 4, 159011, 239, 571, 1212, 134053, 26919, 53208, 40370, 7, 23, 70, 32774, 113132, 43157, 10776, 5, 581, 36770, 324, 592, 16128, 13791, 26368, 316, 4, 1764, 111, 70, 540, 1846, 1138, 56713, 4, 7440, 163451, 2661, 1067, 509, 134053, 4, 509, 105866, 98, 70, 8394, 48850, 6, 134369, 5, 241, 3089, 9631, 56713, 7, 80433, 95, 162, 297, 70, 10332, 11491, 136, 48137, 99, 13791, 26368, 316, 47, 192026, 115392, 136, 552, 8079, 142424, 1295, 31017, 47, 26771, 5, 581, 32774, 113132, 43157, 83, 121, 121147, 23, 70, 17848, 1304, 245196, 15979, 3395, 26, 7, 182324, 4, 131703, 136, 29394, 5, 572, 6620, 4, 158, 62016, 214, 442, 83, 130306, 100, 70, 17848, 1304, 245196, 15979, 3395, 5, 6, 3, 11036, 933, 244530, 4868, 31, 1004, 244530, 4868, 395, 4, 10, 36770, 32786, 111, 70, 1575, 13, 3395, 7, 4, 83, 38134, 538, 28601, 297, 237, 10, 25793, 1448, 4, 20662, 645, 496, 502, 20133, 58732, 3129, 765, 38134, 538, 1380, 29568, 5, 18763, 92054, 1830, 100, 70, 3564, 111, 20028, 140526, 450, 4, 237, 70, 8999, 19014, 7, 1257, 4, 70, 10176, 47143, 214, 6897, 1221, 1238, 21135, 47, 136, 3564, 98, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 70, 32774, 113132, 43157, 4, 10, 85437, 51592, 237, 10, 72761, 186, 26518, 26498, 47, 80267, 53, 5, 581, 17848, 1304, 245196, 15979, 3395, 765, 134629, 6097, 502, 20133, 58732, 20903, 538, 4, 70, 15380, 177229, 7, 8035, 10, 132442, 37772, 100, 15970, 9, 168080, 7154, 136, 156444, 205027, 41159, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 32774, 113132, 43157, 15, 74, 1388, 83, 10, 85437, 23, 70, 180972, 337, 30544, 100, 525, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 142105, 85437, 167969, 23, 25730, 15, 2729, 350, 37820, 136, 43157, 11872, 191, 6363, 4028, 2069, 70, 25730, 1104, 8762, 132988, 621, 150679, 247, 70, 22759, 927, 9, 320, 177, 525, 23, 23924, 21629, 4, 136, 70, 136659, 127, 9, 320, 177, 525, 23, 70, 8999, 5, 581, 85437, 83, 23, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 4, 98, 70, 1172, 49086, 163731, 17721, 5684, 136, 12661, 79385, 7, 111, 144477, 9022, 21, 35810, 136, 17721, 36460, 136, 37638, 79385, 7, 171827, 152050, 13, 4, 36917, 15520, 17366, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Arms.", "Tributaries.", "Prehistoric geology.", "Human use.", "Mining.", "Cultural Significance.", "The Prophecy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The lake has a surface area of and a volume of. Its maximum depth is and average depth. The shoreline is and the catchment area of the lake is. Great Bear Lake is covered with ice from late November to July. The lake is known for its considerable clarity. Explorer John Franklin wrote in 1828 that a white rag placed in the water did not disappear until it exceeded a depth of.", "Arms of Great Bear Lake include the Smith Arm (northwest), the Dease Arm (northeast), the McTavish Arm (southeast), the McVicar Arm (south) and the Keith Arm (southwest). The community of Deline is located on the Keith Arm near the outflow of the Great Bear River that flows west into the Mackenzie River at Tulita.", "Rivers flowing into Great Bear Lake include the Whitefish River, Big Spruce River, Haldane River, Bloody River, Sloan River, Dease River and the Johnny Hoe River.", "Great Bear Lake lies between two major physiographic regions: the Kazan Uplands portion of the Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains. It was part of Glacial Lake McConnell in the pre-glacial valleys reshaped by erosional ice during the Pleistocene. Since, the lake has changed from post-glacial rebound following the ice melting. Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield form the eastern margin of the McTavish Arm. These rocks of the Precambrian are sedimentary and metamorphic deposits supplemented by igneous intrusions forming dikes and sills.", "The Deline settlement is on the lake, near the headwaters of the Bear River. There is an ice crossing from Deline to the winter road on the far side of the Great Bear River. On 5 March 2016, a tank truck fell partway through the ice road just a few days after the government had increased the allowed maximum weight limit to on the road. The truck, which was outside of Deline and close to the community's fresh water intake, as well as a major fishing area, contained approximately of heating fuel and was one of 70 truck loads intended to resupply the community. The fuel was removed from the truck by 2 am, 8 March. Three lodges around the lake are destinations for fishing and hunting. In 1995, a lake trout was caught, the largest ever caught anywhere by angling.", "In 1930, Gilbert LaBine discovered uranium deposits in the Great Bear Lake region. The former mining area Port Radium, site of the Eldorado Mine, where pitchblende was discovered, was located on the eastern shore. Echo Bay Mines Limited leased the old camp and mill at Port Radium to recover silver and copper values from 1965 to 1981.", "", "The Great Bear Lake is paramount in the Délı̨nę people’s identity, laws and culture. Hence, conserving it is critical for the Délı̨nę people. ɂehtsǝ́o Erǝ́ya, a former member of the Dene peoples, is widely regarded as a prophet, making over 30 prophecies which have widely come true. His prediction for the end of times claims that, as the world dries up, the little remaining life will flock to and end on the banks of the Great Bear Lake, a lake seen as a physical beating heart to humanity. The Délı̨nę people have followed these prophecies closely, the cultural considerations being a driving force for self-governance and environmental sustainability." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 138521, 5844, 98323, 1556, 2809, 228113, 29367, 23, 40368, 48322, 136, 26171, 71, 47, 765, 24233, 150380, 90, 5, 1326, 110527, 4, 143849, 98323, 831, 15005, 47, 10, 99764, 14361, 111, 51359, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 98323, 111, 10, 64857, 25, 7, 11015, 119893, 707, 13918, 7, 3142, 70, 29569, 4, 29718, 4935, 4, 142424, 136, 25647, 111, 10, 2265, 21115, 74, 707, 70, 62005, 223, 9433, 390, 3129, 143849, 122378, 7, 111, 47353, 15549, 5, 581, 60212, 17721, 32692, 136, 143849, 98323, 83, 2965, 217064, 3229, 37397, 214, 70, 131264, 136, 62816, 48242, 7, 111, 12638, 5, 62, 69236, 111, 32692, 134744, 538, 83, 47, 22691, 10, 199083, 4, 152018, 4, 136, 51, 9166, 5281, 196, 1517, 16300, 111, 11015, 47353, 5, 3293, 27983, 96853, 70, 18811, 1363, 136, 225490, 111, 48716, 80280, 7, 136, 70, 157353, 111, 6097, 80280, 7, 136, 41653, 47, 22691, 10, 28484, 136, 152018, 15426, 5, 360, 69822, 4, 143849, 98323, 32153, 90, 98, 10, 11001, 80280, 4, 100, 110527, 4, 70, 80280, 111, 1632, 2265, 21115, 4, 64857, 4, 707, 26908, 5, 1657, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 143849, 98323, 33636, 7, 11015, 47353, 237, 137272, 678, 70, 142424, 4, 29718, 42991, 136, 333, 162, 90, 29458, 47, 450, 21115, 5, 132268, 765, 14037, 450, 3395, 1295, 12921, 24, 5256, 831, 765, 13036, 60212, 7, 23, 2363, 106547, 10763, 7, 111, 70, 11015, 5, 360, 1632, 35187, 7440, 15672, 136, 102374, 25921, 3542, 20819, 89829, 47, 189232, 88551, 47353, 1295, 6661, 5550, 1995, 136, 6097, 5303, 7, 111, 47353, 3542, 154186, 4, 70, 144732, 111, 47353, 189232, 297, 390, 70, 15672, 136, 102374, 25921, 3542, 959, 99764, 5, 803, 18234, 69098, 23, 70, 47353, 189232, 297, 136, 88965, 16912, 98186, 70, 18543, 5550, 4, 6661, 5550, 1995, 136, 70, 69496, 5550, 765, 2843, 2809, 14037, 23, 10, 35187, 37397, 214, 143849, 98323, 17721, 58093, 7, 111, 15672, 7, 5, 581, 23755, 111, 143849, 98323, 4, 61475, 538, 126809, 390, 134942, 71028, 7, 4, 1556, 2809, 88898, 71, 136, 71062, 297, 1295, 67842, 55291, 7, 46, 10, 10846, 111, 6097, 621, 65508, 71, 35064, 5, 14631, 241, 5, 44389, 1556, 65508, 71, 70, 110, 1363, 111, 242, 196352, 297, 98323, 25, 15, 2146, 144429, 47, 143849, 98323, 247, 16188, 214, 98323, 25, 7, 235529, 538, 38551, 297, 4, 43799, 297, 136, 11651, 62816, 4, 12960, 3342, 1301, 7, 5761, 85493, 7, 70, 110, 1363, 111, 242, 127219, 4935, 98323, 25, 4, 10, 96551, 111, 143849, 98323, 35509, 98, 190704, 36398, 5, 3293, 3173, 111, 98323, 83, 21373, 47, 70, 121122, 7, 23, 142, 30202, 29394, 707, 70, 122378, 7, 43799, 297, 15, 2940, 7228, 143849, 16, 8305, 30202, 32692, 5, 1301, 15700, 1614, 5037, 111, 143849, 122378, 7, 1301, 7, 5761, 41392, 7, 3173, 7, 149, 934, 297, 1295, 70, 190704, 4, 442, 831, 186, 17311, 4912, 29367, 136, 188347, 26847, 237, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 7986, 7, 136, 42762, 7, 5, 581, 154453, 111, 143849, 98323, 509, 2843, 45252, 297, 390, 36770, 39406, 87713, 192, 45606, 18, 136, 34627, 1771, 54330, 613, 686, 3104, 4, 1519, 53, 87713, 85533, 49703, 4, 23, 1919, 9742, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 237, 142, 81887, 47, 143107, 8060, 136, 163157, 100, 70, 456, 238478, 111, 1919, 139040, 74644, 1419, 84084, 23, 39406, 87713, 192, 5, 1529, 70, 748, 29367, 450, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 34627, 1771, 54330, 1902, 136993, 2809, 49814, 47, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 143849, 98323, 136, 2806, 21265, 23, 70, 22690, 237, 10, 1631, 592, 26548, 6044, 128779, 5, 6872, 4939, 1840, 31947, 25, 7, 39406, 87713, 192, 21261, 5, 28107, 19, 71263, 7473, 1679, 4, 142, 180210, 98, 98323, 136, 32692, 98, 122963, 4, 1556, 35778, 29367, 70, 51, 107, 15991, 100034, 4527, 111, 70, 606, 170, 100034, 44, 196352, 5844, 58, 23, 5941, 96335, 111, 98323, 12, 360, 6863, 3687, 4, 7473, 1679, 1556, 125568, 71, 70, 13579, 44, 57801, 98323, 58, 136, 1556, 2843, 106804, 297, 6863, 205969, 7, 390, 168698, 10, 62548, 23755, 111, 44, 57801, 90820, 1916, 740, 28107, 19, 6765, 41419, 4902, 51776, 31089, 678, 70, 13579, 44, 196352, 5844, 98323, 830, 157167, 54700, 17721, 122378, 7, 111, 3395, 2750, 3542, 20653, 923, 272, 20271, 70, 47353, 23, 9655, 4, 136, 3395, 2750, 4734, 3714, 1672, 2856, 1295, 29394, 707, 2450, 5, 41419, 4902, 33022, 7, 23, 177986, 47, 14787, 7789, 28477, 25, 7, 10, 139006, 8780, 44, 24948, 184, 2750, 53418, 37629, 70, 11015, 621, 158, 4545, 14534, 47, 119140, 442, 830, 6275, 214, 1810, 450, 37515, 15380, 242661, 98, 24233, 186768, 47353, 15, 31, 60441, 44691, 7, 26548, 70, 21115, 16, 831, 56282, 158839, 111, 187, 4806, 79612, 7, 4, 41866, 3229, 70, 79612, 1556, 2809, 198395, 5775, 46526, 47, 10, 79442, 5, 145733, 89160, 538, 10, 28451, 22282, 71, 23, 70, 80267, 3387, 4, 143849, 98323, 1556, 24209, 142, 16128, 111, 33946, 23, 55182, 53, 5, 151301, 51515, 90, 39958, 23, 55182, 53, 47, 35187, 143849, 98323, 765, 99201, 32603, 1916, 70, 241761, 191619, 7, 75412, 23, 70, 27643, 136, 179965, 111, 143849, 98323, 74, 136, 37397, 214, 70, 2265, 18811, 5256, 111, 32692, 17721, 2265, 94407, 5, 42477, 98, 143849, 98323, 765, 39958, 70, 51515, 47, 69101, 3642, 12921, 2265, 94407, 3173, 2363, 10002, 18811, 5256, 111, 32692, 136, 3642, 6044, 143849, 122378, 7, 831, 24725, 6397, 7, 4, 142424, 4, 123166, 7, 136, 22925, 105274, 5, 219065, 214, 2265, 182324, 136, 151575, 214, 70, 11015, 23, 12989, 47, 56282, 11015, 103510, 7, 111, 79612, 136, 18499, 7, 621, 26171, 71, 32354, 7, 111, 15400, 94407, 3173, 2265, 18811, 5256, 111, 32692, 5, 3293, 25188, 1556, 162393, 98, 110297, 214, 12921, 94407, 707, 37397, 214, 60212, 7, 23, 106547, 10763, 7, 111, 186768, 47353, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 27781, 7, 34475, 110680, 3229, 37397, 214, 32692, 136, 143849, 98323, 5, 803, 18234, 69098, 23, 143849, 122378, 7, 17721, 2265, 94407, 4, 6044, 237, 24, 5256, 707, 117249, 4, 765, 2809, 150380, 297, 47, 143849, 199366, 7, 8780, 136, 13329, 46899, 1771, 64, 12421, 157, 46899, 1771, 333, 162, 5, 360, 1632, 62548, 35187, 7440, 56480, 1295, 2273, 76726, 3542, 9655, 297, 1672, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 138521, 5844, 98323, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 99764, 19361, 111, 122378, 7, 4, 51359, 136, 4677, 111, 10, 2265, 21115, 450, 83, 207583, 137272, 678, 70, 21115, 25, 7, 182324, 5, 581, 14941, 113860, 44, 196352, 5844, 98323, 58, 136, 70, 183234, 92265, 113860, 44, 58, 143, 140876, 143849, 58, 58, 118775, 23, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 300, 26534, 33, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 6, 119598, 56, 136, 30355, 106622, 204990, 134942, 71028, 7, 7968, 53, 64807, 136, 175961, 70, 23755, 111, 70, 143849, 98323, 23, 70, 12877, 44, 68016, 28802, 7, 94505, 8, 21, 140876, 58, 5173, 88942, 5, 138521, 5844, 98323, 831, 186, 64549, 297, 4, 99764, 4, 136, 115081, 98, 390, 21334, 136, 19336, 2265, 94407, 5, 89536, 99726, 111, 6097, 94407, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Conceptualization of collective memory.", "Attributes of collective memory.", "History versus collective memory.", "Perspectives on collective memory.", "Collective memory and psychological research.", "Social representations of history.", "Cognitive mechanisms underlying collaborative recall.", "Collaborative inhibition and retrieval disruption.", "Cross-cueing.", "Error pruning.", "Social contagion errors.", "Re-exposure effects.", "Forgetting.", "Synchronization of memories (from dyads to networks).." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Collective memory has been conceptualized in several ways and proposed to have certain attributes. For instance, collective memory can refer to a shared body of knowledge (e.g., memory of a nation's past leaders or presidents); the image, narrative, values and ideas of a social group; or the continuous process by which collective memories of events change.", "The difference between history and collective memory is best understood when comparing the aims and characteristics of each. A goal of history broadly is to provide a comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased portrayal of past events. This often includes the representation and comparison of multiple perspectives and the integration of these perspectives and details to provide a complete and accurate account. In contrast, collective memory focuses on a single perspective, for instance, the perspective of one social group, nation, or community. Consequently, collective memory represents past events as associated with the values, narratives and biases specific to that group. Studies have found that people from different nations can have major differences in their recollections of the past. In one study where American and Russian students were instructed to recall significant events from World War II and these lists of events were compared, the majority of events recalled by the American and Russian students were not shared. Differences in the events recalled and emotional views towards the Civil War, World War II and the Iraq War have also been found in a study comparing collective memory between generations of Americans.", "The concept of collective memory, initially developed by Halbwachs, has been explored and expanded from various angles – a few of these are introduced below. James E. Young has introduced the notion of 'collected memory' (opposed to collective memory), marking memory's inherently fragmented, collected and individual character, while Jan Assmann develops the notion of 'communicative memory', a variety of collective memory based on everyday communication. This form of memory is similar to the exchanges in an oral culture or the memories collected (and made collective) through oral history. As another subform of collective memories Assmann mentions forms detached from the everyday, it can be particular materialized and fixed points as, e.g. texts and monuments. The theory of collective memory was also discussed by former Hiroshima resident and atomic bomb survivor, Kiyoshi Tanimoto, in his tour of the United States as an attempt to rally support and funding for the reconstruction of his Memorial Methodist Church in Hiroshima. He theorized that the use of the atomic bomb had forever been added to the world's collective memory and would serve in the future as a warning against such devices. See John Hersey's Hiroshima novel. Historian Guy Beiner, an authority on memory and history on Ireland, has criticized the unreflective use of the adjective \"collective\" in many studies of memory: In its place, Beiner has promoted the term \"social memory\" and has also demonstrated its limitations by developing a related concept of \"social forgetting\". Historian David Rieff takes issue with the term \"collective memory\", distinguishing between memories of people who were actually alive during the events in question, and people who only know about them from culture or media. Rieff writes in opposition to George Santayana's aphorism \"those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it\", pointing out that strong cultural emphasis on certain historical events (often wrongs against the group) can prevent resolution of armed conflicts, especially when the conflict has been previously fought to a draw.", "Though traditionally a topic studied in the humanities, collective memory has become an area of interest in psychology. Common approaches taken in psychology to study collective memory have included investigating the cognitive mechanisms involved in the formation and transmission of collective memory; and comparing the social representations of history between social groups.", "Research on collective memory have taken the approach to compare how different social groups form their own representations of history and how such collective memories can impact ideals, values, behaviors and vice versa. Developing social identity and evaluating the past in order to prevent past patterns of conflict and errors are proposed functions of why groups form social representations of history. This research has focused on surveying different groups or comparing differences in recollections of historical events, such as the examples given earlier when comparing history and collective memory. Differences in collective memories between social groups, such as nations or states, have been attributed to collective narcissism and egocentric/ethnocentric bias. In one related study where participants from 35 countries were questioned about their country's contribution to world history and provided a percentage estimation from 0% to 100%, evidence for collective narcissism was found as many countries gave responses exaggerating their country's contribution. In another study where American's from the 50 states were asked similar questions regarding their state's contribution to the history of the United States, patterns of overestimation and collective narcissism were also found.", "Certain cognitive mechanisms involved during group recall and the interactions between these mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the formation of collective memory. Below are some mechanisms involved during when groups of individuals recall collaboratively.", "When groups collaborate to recall information, they experience collaborative inhibition, a decrease in performance compared to the pooled memory recall of an equal number of individuals. Weldon and Bellinger (1997) and Basden, Basden, Bryner, and Thomas (1997) provided evidence that retrieval interference underlies collaborative inhibition, as hearing other members' thoughts and discussion about the topic at hand interferes with one's own organization of thoughts and impairs memory. The main theoretical account for collaborative inhibition is \"retrieval disruption\". During the encoding of information, individuals form their own idiosyncratic organization of the information. This organization is later used when trying to recall the information. In a group setting as members exchange information, the information recalled by group members disrupts the idiosyncratic organization one had developed. As each member's organization is disrupted, this results in the less information recalled by the group compared to the pooled recall of participants who had individually recalled (an equal number of participants as in the group). Despite the problem of collaborative inhibition, working in groups may benefit an individual's memory in the long run, as group discussion exposes one to many different ideas over time. Working alone initially prior to collaboration seems to be the optimal way to increase memory. Early speculations about collaborative inhibition have included explanations, such as diminished personal accountability, social loafing and the diffusion of responsibility, however retrieval disruption remains the leading explanation. Studies have found that collective inhibition to sources other than social loafing, as offering a monetary incentive have been evidenced to fail to produce an increase in memory for groups. Further evidence from this study suggest something other than social loafing is at work, as reducing evaluation apprehension – the focus on one's performance amongst other people – assisted in individuals' memories but did not produce a gain in memory for groups. Personal accountability – drawing attention to one's own performance and contribution in a group – also did not reduce collaborative inhibition. Therefore, group members' motivation to overcome the interference of group recall cannot be achieved by several motivational factors.", "Information exchange among group members often helps individuals to remember things that they would not have remembered had they been working alone. In other words, the information provided by Person A may 'cue' memories in Person B. This phenomenon results in enhanced recall.", "Compared to recalling individually, group members can provide opportunities for error prune during recall to detect errors that would otherwise be uncorrected by an individual.", "Group settings can also provide opportunities to exposure of erroneous information that may be mistaken to be correct or previously studied.", "Listening to group members recall the previously encoded information can enhance memory as it provides a second exposure opportunity to the information.", "Studies have shown that information forgotten and excluded during group recall can promote the forgetting of related information compared to information unrelated to that which was excluded during group recall. Selective forgetting has been suggested to be a critical mechanism involved in the formation of collective memories and what details are ultimately included and excluded by group members. This mechanism has been studied using the socially-shared retrieval induced forgetting paradigm, a variation of the retrieval induced forgetting method with individuals.", "Bottom-up approaches to the formation of collective memories investigate how cognitive-level phenomena allow for people to synchronize their memories following conversational remembering. Due to the malleability of human memory, talking with one another about the past results in memory changes that increase the similarity between the interactional partners' memories When these dyadic interactions occur in a social network, one can understand how large communities converge on a similar memory of the past. Research on larger interactions show that collective memory in larger social networks can emerge due to cognitive mechanisms involved in small group interactions." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 230130, 83, 70, 5201, 90695, 111, 63019, 34, 47064, 4, 35839, 44, 20861, 3214, 6174, 58, 707, 44, 20861, 3214, 191266, 58, 23, 116342, 19, 5, 581, 187951, 136, 30839, 9351, 111, 70, 90695, 83, 44, 11866, 91522, 58, 707, 13975, 555, 24073, 97141, 58, 90695, 16, 136, 44, 397, 2703, 7997, 58, 23, 188676, 5, 360, 5744, 21079, 4745, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 44, 20861, 6382, 6174, 830, 218500, 44, 20861, 2726, 25, 7, 6557, 740, 360, 102374, 442, 83, 51529, 237, 16584, 4665, 5, 360, 25074, 37410, 78183, 4, 442, 509, 44, 11866, 20701, 10830, 58, 15, 5636, 443, 127, 2647, 247, 1295, 3129, 70, 4000, 23924, 30839, 1771, 9351, 44, 58, 11866, 1025, 58, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 5, 230130, 74216, 71, 1295, 70, 129435, 27414, 382, 4283, 5369, 6650, 4743, 47, 13882, 201939, 1257, 104501, 7103, 70, 10267, 1283, 18, 111, 70, 6, 2980, 3540, 5, 1215, 8748, 25320, 238, 9615, 19929, 7, 621, 14037, 98, 70, 90695, 25, 7, 122407, 1766, 4267, 73, 60243, 1295, 1672, 190, 4283, 77269, 5, 32255, 9615, 19929, 7, 48903, 47, 186, 62548, 153161, 47, 28704, 1926, 1916, 136, 65042, 3934, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 54311, 4353, 75708, 5, 1301, 230130, 83, 178308, 1257, 177691, 70, 4000, 15520, 17366, 509, 387, 347, 77546, 3501, 18925, 99, 903, 1733, 5, 1326, 903, 31635, 6097, 9615, 19929, 7, 621, 105866, 2060, 1295, 70, 5744, 184085, 2256, 5, 581, 1540, 81423, 14037, 99, 6097, 15271, 83, 111, 70, 152083, 60457, 136, 83, 21373, 47, 450, 14037, 98, 207085, 136, 70, 116342, 19, 5201, 1760, 5, 62, 36549, 111, 6, 34165, 9, 318, 271, 97545, 621, 2843, 13379, 98, 70, 90695, 1295, 70, 239, 67, 42911, 731, 72944, 8305, 47, 70, 239, 67, 70599, 72944, 5, 581, 5117, 12937, 297, 17164, 111, 70, 90695, 111, 44, 397, 4588, 1683, 58, 509, 7228, 390, 158, 99736, 6635, 184843, 603, 7, 23, 427, 3882, 4, 3229, 230130, 136, 70, 10588, 111, 116342, 3542, 158, 944, 2822, 390, 30839, 1771, 22684, 433, 14202, 5, 360, 427, 12338, 4, 230130, 509, 101637, 71, 17721, 70, 1843, 10534, 12259, 111, 5973, 1428, 9, 36119, 343, 136, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 32845, 206, 111, 70, 1413, 12762, 6402, 81206, 4, 1030, 1916, 2831, 538, 98, 232045, 111, 70, 15745, 13, 11, 9523, 19175, 5, 581, 90695, 509, 2831, 111, 187951, 116342, 1295, 423, 15748, 47, 729, 3117, 4, 7103, 3129, 442, 115081, 47, 70, 102374, 145359, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 62493, 17957, 111, 116342, 4, 21208, 930, 91522, 25, 7, 187951, 43904, 93544, 2684, 111, 2363, 219475, 7, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 90695, 25, 7, 198395, 183851, 187951, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 43904, 66399, 27686, 707, 3542, 44, 159970, 72173, 52021, 58, 20271, 70, 14922, 111, 163628, 102374, 79986, 4, 102971, 10, 66320, 939, 47143, 7, 47, 903, 5155, 5, 116342, 19, 74412, 988, 621, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 508, 837, 33850, 13, 58, 15, 37440, 592, 90695, 3395, 23, 187951, 16, 707, 44, 1603, 76, 148920, 7, 43106, 58, 15, 37440, 592, 184085, 289, 74412, 988, 23, 116342, 19, 194, 230130, 509, 95699, 34, 138518, 20271, 6661, 5550, 87, 390, 70, 163628, 30839, 126140, 4, 23, 102203, 105137, 191, 5, 24372, 70, 1631, 4, 442, 100512, 10, 2831, 111, 41371, 116342, 5, 581, 7401, 7, 43573, 230130, 3542, 36457, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 12, 1650, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 116342, 19, 134349, 7142, 1419, 47806, 24189, 70, 134349, 32528, 3365, 127966, 71, 23, 84771, 133698, 70, 134349, 1615, 4, 230130, 509, 159978, 71, 10, 173072, 297, 20288, 4, 155738, 47, 110613, 1314, 136, 47, 2684, 5201, 1760, 116342, 1779, 5, 66016, 12898, 4, 70, 90695, 1556, 2809, 10, 2831, 111, 41371, 116342, 5, 62, 14012, 111, 31215, 9120, 18, 134349, 1615, 10204, 7, 136, 36398, 47, 42844, 621, 7464, 13379, 98, 70, 90695, 7, 144477, 9022, 184085, 5, 230130, 83, 142, 90695, 23, 116342, 105866, 144477, 111, 207085, 23, 70, 129435, 27414, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 90695, 23, 70, 38601, 34, 63666, 40752, 519, 4, 3129, 96853, 207085, 136, 38601, 34, 5, 230130, 1556, 10, 27226, 123046, 15, 2037, 47, 12045, 347, 36917, 15520, 17366, 16, 136, 83, 153161, 100, 4806, 111, 46844, 34165, 4, 450, 83, 172554, 71, 23, 6, 195167, 7, 10932, 63920, 111, 70, 90695, 7, 184085, 5, 360, 70, 23924, 111, 70, 90695, 2685, 621, 10, 36549, 111, 165082, 29367, 46520, 90, 9498, 56, 4126, 237, 1257, 104501, 1556, 74918, 2822, 5, 581, 5744, 46520, 90, 621, 102917, 538, 98, 70, 144477, 9022, 136, 171827, 184085, 124519, 5, 581, 6083, 65998, 83, 30312, 28032, 70, 33860, 73766, 58806, 118886, 136, 10542, 116342, 19, 78599, 40752, 519, 10257, 157695, 118886, 5, 581, 63019, 34, 17779, 289, 15, 839, 343, 669, 27503, 16, 83, 105866, 5773, 70, 144477, 1177, 48850, 6, 134369, 111, 230130, 18481, 5, 581, 1061, 3597, 7832, 217, 84797, 7, 230130, 1295, 207085, 47, 6863, 127067, 4, 136, 70, 38601, 34, 7832, 217, 84797, 7, 442, 1295, 70, 5201, 1760, 111, 116342, 5, 581, 113430, 136, 99536, 111, 230130, 83, 21373, 47, 70, 116342, 19, 5201, 1760, 5, 581, 21968, 141, 113430, 96853, 50120, 4, 4842, 8, 56, 4, 2062, 13, 8, 56, 4, 56409, 337, 21816, 4, 5775, 31195, 4, 108495, 31195, 136, 36086, 1755, 5, 47390, 3132, 765, 78684, 26859, 47, 93392, 42943, 67, 70, 90695, 7103, 8035, 7228, 4000, 538, 1119, 2311, 15390, 5, 4211, 1224, 3542, 2843, 19574, 2955, 106357, 71, 23, 88922, 7103, 1836, 3542, 1119, 30524, 27686, 390, 87631, 1314, 5, 66016, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 11704, 7, 70, 90695, 2412, 1277, 1314, 10, 17467, 1363, 13452, 1300, 4806, 99, 14359, 2852, 43904, 7, 111, 28811, 881, 92, 4, 142, 9667, 12060, 297, 114149, 111, 3129, 2685, 83, 1672, 4734, 75534, 11651, 40140, 18241, 25737, 23, 14713, 237, 111, 5276, 3293, 13452, 26859, 678, 49146, 6496, 1295, 70, 90695, 756, 15672, 881, 1224, 450, 1902, 144281, 71, 1295, 91566, 214, 40617, 7, 4, 136, 19574, 2955, 39367, 214, 3060, 28811, 881, 1224, 5, 581, 21, 3055, 26859, 91566, 214, 5, 581, 263, 71, 114149, 14037, 98, 70, 90695, 26698, 22556, 3082, 1224, 4, 158044, 28, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 230130, 15, 4, 1388, 83, 70, 17932, 142105, 90695, 23, 116342, 136, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 10542, 116342, 19, 63666, 40752, 519, 4, 23, 70, 129435, 27414, 5, 1650, 1556, 142, 16128, 111, 6, 176673, 1785, 136, 83, 1039, 1785, 1295, 70, 116342, 19, 5201, 1760, 5, 1650, 7, 142105, 59444, 83, 82102, 10627, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 28032, 63019, 34, 47064, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Names.", "History.", "Prehistory.", "Crusades.", "Swedish Estonia.", "World War I.", "World War II.", "Soviet.", "Natural environment.", "Ecology.", "Geology.", "Towns and buildings.", "Employment and land-use.", "Transport.", "Culture and politics." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Hiiumaa is the main island of Hiiu County, called \"Hiiumaa\" or \"Hiiu maakond\" in Estonian. The Swedish and German name of the island is \"Dagö\" or Dagden (\"Day\" island) and \"Dagø\" in Danish. In modern Finnish, it is called \"Hiidenmaa\", literally \"Hiisi's Land\". In Russian it is known as Khiuma. In Old Gutnish, it was \"Dagaiþ\" (day isthmus), from which the local North Germanic name \"\"Daë\"\" is derived.", "", "Hiiumaa emerged from the Baltic Sea 8500 years ago due to isostatic uplift after the retreat of the ice cap. Mesolithic settlements are found on the island's Kõpu Peninsula from about 5500 BC. These settlements seem to be related mostly to seal hunting and extend into the earliest Neolithic. As Hiiumaa is constantly uplifting the local sea level was 20 m higher than today at this time. For this reason these settlements are located far from the modern coastline. The pottery found at these sites is of the Narva Type and is similar to that found on Saaremaa and the Estonian mainland. A series of stone-cist graves are also present on the island from the Late Bronze Age through to the Late Iron Age.", "The first documented record of the island of \"Dageida\" was made by contemporary chroniclers in 1228, when Hiiumaa and the rest of Estonia were conquered by Germanic crusaders. In 1254, Hiiumaa was divided between the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order, acting partly on behalf of the Hanseatic League.", "The island was part of Swedish Estonia from 1563 to 1721, after which it passed to the Russian Empire as part of the Governorate of Estonia, though Dagö's Swedish population kept most of their privileges. Most of the island's previously numerous Swedish-speaking population emigrated or were \"Estonianised\" during the period of Imperial Russian rule, although a minority remains to this day. Estonian Swedes are also known as \"aibofolke\" (meaning island people in Swedish) or \"rannarootslased\" (meaning coastal Swedes in Estonian).", "Hiiumaa was occupied during World War I by the Imperial German Army, in Operation Albion. After the war, it became a part of independent Estonia.", "The waters near Hiiumaa were active during World War II:", "It was part of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. During the Soviet era, Hiiumaa was declared a restricted zone, closed to foreigners and to most mainland Estonians. Since 1991, the island has been a part of independent Estonia. A number of derelict Soviet era forts and communication towers are still present on the islands northern coast.", "Hiiumaa is an island in Estonia located north of Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea. It is the northernmost island in the Muhu archipelago, which includes Saaremaa and Muhu. Hiiumaa has a low relief (up to 68 m above sea level) and is mostly formed of limestone, that is exposed in cliffs around parts of the islands coast. In the North of the island there are a series of fossilized beaches preserved as uplift has occurred. The modern beaches are primarily on the northern and western coast lines. The natural environment is protected within the Tahkuna Nature Reserve and West Estonian Archipelago Biosphere Reserve. The Hiiu Shoal (Nekmangrund) is located off the northwestern shore of Hiiumaa Island. The Soela Strait separates Hiiumaa from Saaremaa to its south, and the Muhu Strait separates it from the mainland of Estonia.", "The fauna and flora of Hiiumaa is similar to the Estonian mainland. The mammal fauna includes elk, red deer, roe deer, wild boars, foxes, lynxes and martens. Wolves have recently started to repopulate the island after being made locally extinct. Minks were also reintroduced in 2000, after they were exterminated by trappers. Since the end of the 1990s the island shelters a conservation project aimed at restoring populations of European mink, an endangered species of which there is about only 1,000 individual specimens left in Europe as of 2017. This project started with removing from the island all American minks that had escaped from breeding farms, and reintroducing some European minks. The latter started breeding. The bird species found on the island include black storks, golden eagles, cranes, avocets and swans. The forests are dominated by pine and deciduous trees, the rest of the uncultivated land is covered by swamps and dunes. The island has about 1000 species of large plants of which 50 are protected.", "The exposed geology of Hiiumaa is composed of Paleozoic Limestone which dips towards the South, covered by glacial sediments. In the North of the island the limestones are Ordovician and they young upwards to the Silurian in the South. These limestones formed at 30 degrees South and have since been moving North with the rest of the Estonian block. Bore holes have found Cambrian sedimentary rocks and a crystalline basement. In the Ordovician (c. 455 million years ago) the sea floor was hit by a meteorite forming the 4 km wide Kärdla Impact Structure. This structure was then filled with Paleozoic sediment. It located about 4 km west-southwest of Kärdla and is barley visible in the modern geomorphology. The crater is well preserved at depth, with a clear rim, breccia and minerals and rocks formed from the heat and pressure of the impact. The limestone is overlain by Pleistocene glacial deposits that were deposited as the ice cap retreated 11 to 12 thousand years ago. These include terminal moraines, the two most prominent being one in the South of Island running towards the North-East and another forming the Kõpu Peninsula.", "The island has several small villages including Kärdla (pop. 3,287), Käina and Kõrgessaare. The oldest surviving church was built in Pühalepa in 1259, though it was rebuilt in the 18th century. The Hanseatic League built a lighthouse in Kõpu near the start of the 16th century. It is the third oldest continuously operating lighthouse in the world.", "The islands economy is mostly tourism, livestock, farming, wrecking, fishing, and fish processing. The tourism is mostly seasonal. Hiiumaa council agrees to the construction of a wind farm. Recently there has been a trend towards smaller farms and more tourism", "Road transport from Estonian mainland to Hiiumaa involves a 90-minute (28 km) ferry crossing from Rohuküla to Heltermaa, which is 25 km by road from Kärdla. There are about 10 ferry departures a day operated by TS Laevad. In the summer weekends, getting car space on the ferry usually requires advance booking. There are about 2 scheduled buses a day between Tallinn (the capital of Estonia) and Kärdla. In the winter, the island can be reached, conditions permitting, via a 26.5 km ice road (the longest in Europe) across the frozen Baltic Sea. A building of bridge to the mainland of Estonia has been occasionally proposed. Hiiumaa is served by Kärdla Airport, with regular flights to Tallinn. Bicycle rental is also available in Kärdla and there is a good bicycle path built from Kärdla towards Kõrgessaare.", "The island is part of the B7 Network, a loose grouping of the major island of the Baltic Sea. There is a large percentage of Estonian Swedes living on the island. Smoked cooked plaice is a traditional summertime delicacy. There is a friendly rivalry with the neighboring island of Saaremaa." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 17065, 4370, 66, 33365, 18, 115851, 90, 1295, 70, 159, 61055, 4267, 73, 60243, 98, 70, 127067, 47, 6863, 144477, 9022, 6069, 11737, 47, 10, 653, 118201, 6363, 217, 4, 36880, 3129, 83, 70, 11469, 26349, 111, 6, 168907, 98, 70, 5201, 1760, 111, 226185, 5, 581, 144477, 9022, 4989, 115851, 111, 70, 17065, 4370, 66, 33365, 18, 280, 694, 60243, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 226185, 4, 12960, 70, 10588, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 18955, 592, 5589, 3545, 19777, 4, 49002, 5, 581, 6, 146984, 111, 70, 16195, 18, 41110, 7, 1295, 10, 15440, 111, 23, 49002, 15, 86, 147, 70, 54427, 111, 1734, 157, 53, 16, 47, 10, 38132, 111, 23, 226185, 15, 20314, 144477, 111, 1520, 85, 194, 581, 17065, 4370, 66, 33365, 18, 509, 100, 4806, 1672, 138, 4216, 212010, 316, 77269, 5, 62, 169783, 289, 7516, 1212, 149976, 237, 6863, 137374, 74, 32382, 7, 136, 15520, 43581, 7, 14432, 162466, 71, 20174, 19096, 47, 138804, 136, 13695, 70, 27643, 36917, 15520, 17366, 5, 581, 6, 116311, 111, 903, 653, 118201, 15756, 289, 83, 235529, 538, 120332, 33, 297, 390, 70, 6083, 9433, 90, 450, 23131, 6, 134369, 2256, 66139, 5, 1650, 56566, 7, 98, 10, 84079, 40197, 17721, 19096, 6181, 136, 8, 40322, 5, 4263, 15, 3038, 7804, 1448, 71407, 16, 70, 31344, 16128, 47, 70, 127067, 9, 25617, 3542, 59226, 5773, 4, 5154, 4, 390, 10, 21334, 11469, 50961, 678, 10, 61322, 4, 70, 33365, 18, 2806, 23030, 112, 136, 155605, 213566, 5, 1650, 83, 4911, 7, 10, 700, 109622, 538, 142146, 28, 20133, 1991, 289, 184085, 12830, 5, 581, 2684, 47041, 34754, 4, 49903, 4, 83, 450, 70, 35299, 8770, 9118, 46132, 70, 17065, 4370, 66, 33365, 18, 1221, 155605, 26292, 1257, 678, 216489, 4, 4911, 7, 105233, 3525, 3551, 5, 129551, 47, 129435, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 70, 17065, 4370, 66, 33365, 18, 509, 100, 4806, 390, 10, 6051, 1636, 7, 4, 71402, 13923, 4, 2750, 509, 75169, 98, 70, 15520, 134369, 5, 3293, 29041, 2843, 135179, 23, 3789, 759, 927, 7, 15, 73, 3060, 111, 3129, 2412, 83, 127887, 237, 10, 37515, 27150, 46667, 4, 21373, 47, 10, 117776, 11389, 111, 70, 160600, 1840, 11, 66695, 194, 28090, 377, 5, 7607, 47, 209, 2485, 4, 70, 33365, 18, 509, 70, 31913, 111, 102408, 4, 10, 13036, 2070, 66, 71702, 11698, 3129, 1556, 959, 2809, 1119, 73427, 3674, 14373, 5, 581, 1413, 12762, 6402, 114996, 7, 95699, 34, 138518, 70, 16128, 23, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 4, 33976, 2363, 37702, 1577, 99, 17443, 583, 21204, 69622, 4, 11059, 94465, 21204, 113153, 4, 136, 99, 122835, 12216, 24462, 12825, 194, 581, 33365, 18, 1543, 765, 2809, 70, 5368, 111, 70, 4568, 38043, 119578, 111, 10, 5036, 9, 3355, 2311, 15390, 129435, 46876, 4, 25074, 55386, 7, 39209, 5, 48838, 14486, 1236, 14135, 24725, 7, 98, 70, 16128, 80723, 23, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 5, 262, 89700, 41311, 111, 70, 16195, 18, 4743, 47, 645, 5739, 35401, 4, 5527, 1297, 182, 17245, 214, 4, 136, 33976, 111, 139098, 7, 100, 70, 99381, 111, 78822, 9, 1375, 973, 1505, 133097, 23, 729, 12243, 12441, 47, 70, 115, 1444, 35971, 645, 70, 16195, 18, 136, 6818, 38543, 64194, 54427, 7, 5, 140265, 297, 390, 6097, 44402, 4, 70, 55386, 7, 39209, 27759, 31411, 297, 21334, 9, 7, 57965, 456, 272, 429, 22062, 136, 456, 89700, 41311, 79825, 4, 3129, 26859, 23, 543, 2588, 5, 64511, 97264, 22299, 14787, 6765, 1461, 22974, 4, 70, 101785, 111, 10, 1305, 29398, 23, 1520, 85, 23, 70, 72399, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 678, 86595, 70, 16195, 18, 25, 7, 456, 89700, 41311, 5, 180, 14775, 47, 6097, 79825, 4, 5045, 111, 70, 16195, 18, 83, 5036, 127918, 678, 100, 525, 7, 5, 360, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 70, 17065, 4370, 66, 33365, 18, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 102917, 538, 390, 127697, 51662, 4, 678, 10, 88551, 30839, 66320, 939, 23, 70, 127067, 136, 10, 226185, 19, 66320, 939, 23, 70, 144477, 5, 581, 43904, 111, 127697, 51662, 155605, 104, 50777, 6259, 4743, 47, 12479, 14, 57860, 136, 3789, 89397, 74, 442, 83, 20903, 47, 351, 9, 201367, 6097, 13312, 136, 1902, 2809, 3853, 8108, 18608, 4, 3229, 70, 16195, 18, 1902, 24209, 82, 127, 6402, 30839, 5, 28090, 70, 72399, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 115, 86, 212790, 10932, 74550, 555, 100512, 5700, 678, 212790, 136, 26249, 112518, 1314, 1295, 70, 44, 112463, 271, 153803, 13, 89537, 40630, 58, 81693, 10696, 5, 581, 4000, 2083, 111, 69700, 54231, 112, 509, 70, 315, 11030, 223, 111, 70, 125195, 1419, 22104, 7, 25, 46512, 53, 24073, 605, 7640, 271, 603, 169819, 13, 74550, 555, 51029, 2091, 1824, 5631, 73, 927, 24765, 297, 3688, 23, 100439, 4, 134629, 390, 22104, 7, 6044, 237, 9920, 1460, 206, 18055, 4, 74733, 49300, 4205, 92, 4, 17038, 140858, 9, 1052, 3838, 141, 21493, 4, 136, 74733, 9148, 2590, 5, 147854, 1314, 1295, 89537, 40630, 6044, 237, 109112, 21612, 53, 561, 927, 136, 148623, 14851, 206, 16713, 36997, 71, 70, 16128, 4, 237, 6777, 30260, 7, 1884, 108890, 4887, 5372, 18, 136, 25075, 6900, 2594, 11354, 56, 5, 64511, 138931, 99201, 108890, 14431, 206, 1679, 4, 108890, 97223, 33, 19567, 56, 4, 86914, 9343, 7560, 217, 4, 136, 27420, 5761, 3336, 927, 5, 581, 112518, 1314, 56104, 34739, 216417, 7, 99, 54231, 112, 25, 7, 3018, 4, 136, 25737, 3060, 111, 2363, 43240, 678, 4049, 5, 31384, 2843, 88303, 2363, 10002, 45606, 5170, 23, 70, 193280, 939, 5, 992, 3675, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 2684, 3395, 23, 70, 16128, 7228, 2363, 38043, 390, 67155, 214, 5, 28090, 91255, 47, 41906, 70, 54427, 111, 122835, 12216, 4, 5036, 164147, 934, 53, 4, 100512, 70, 1764, 111, 70, 53918, 13, 4209, 122835, 12216, 72607, 87652, 31667, 4, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 5117, 4, 14037, 297, 390, 30839, 707, 93, 24948, 106622, 43041, 19669, 1151, 5761, 2685, 6637, 111, 70, 33365, 18, 25, 7, 131011, 237, 10, 263, 71, 212416, 32324, 1846, 5, 24372, 6661, 5550, 87, 4, 74550, 555, 4, 25842, 678, 70, 144477, 9022, 23552, 111, 70, 17065, 4370, 66, 33365, 18, 100512, 2831, 111, 70, 6, 168907, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 17065, 4370, 66, 33365, 18, 15, 74, 2819, 4, 2819, 1388, 83, 10, 4989, 4, 6117, 19, 4, 9709, 4126, 19096, 9, 693, 86, 16195, 18, 450, 84797, 7, 70, 17065, 4370, 66, 66500, 191, 1295, 70, 129435, 27414, 184085, 5, 1650, 7, 127067, 9022, 126826, 400, 90, 28032, 18955, 592, 5589, 3545, 19777, 4, 49002, 136, 6863, 144477, 9022, 28032, 127067, 1177, 48850, 226185, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 46015, 6661, 182999, 20897, 99764, 390, 70, 6626, 76726, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Geologic history.", "Human history.", "Mythology.", "The Medieval period.", "Kursenieki habitation.", "Artists' colony.", "20th century.", "Today.", "Kursenieki.", "Current state.", "Tourism.", "Parnidis dune and sundial.", "Environmental concerns." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The Curonian Spit stretches from the Sambia Peninsula on the south to its northern tip next to a narrow strait, across which is the port city of Klaipėda on the mainland of Lithuania. The northern long stretch of the Curonian Spit peninsula belongs to Lithuania, while the rest is part of the Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. The width of the spit varies from a minimum of in Russia (near the village of Lesnoy) to a maximum of in Lithuania (just north of Nida).", "The Curonian Spit was formed about 3rd millennium BC. A glacial moraine served as its foundation; winds and sea currents later contributed enough sand to raise and keep the formation above sea level. The existence of this narrow shoal is inherently threatened by the natural processes that govern shoreline features. It depends on a dynamic balance between sand transport and deposition. If (hypothetically) the source area to the south-west were cut off, say, by a large port construction with a pier, the Spit would erode and eventually disappear. It is thus a geologically speaking ephemeral coast element. The most likely development, however, is that the shallow bay inside the Curonian Spit will eventually fill up with sediment, thus creating new land.", "", "According to Baltic mythology, the Curonian Spit was formed by a giantess, Neringa, who was playing on the seashore. This child also appears in other myths (in some of which she is shown as a strong young woman, similar to a female version of the Greek Heracles).", "From ca. 800 to 1016, the Spit was the location of Kaup, a major pagan trading centre which has not been excavated yet. The Teutonic Knights occupied the area in the 13th century, building their castles at Memel (1252), Neuhausen (1283), and at Rossitten (1372). The Spit may have been the home of the last living speaker of a now-extinct Baltic language, Old Prussian.", "Significant human impacts on the area began in the 16th century. Deforestation of the spit due to overgrazing, timber harvesting, and building of boats for the Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf in 1757 led to the dunes taking over the spit and burying entire villages. Alarmed by these problems, the Prussian government sponsored large-scale revegetation and reforestation efforts, which started in 1825. Other sources credit George David Kuwert, the owner of a post station in Nida in the late 19th century, with beginning the spit's reforestation. Owing to these efforts, much of the spit is now covered with forests. In the 19th century the Curonian Spit was inhabited primarily by Kursenieki, with a significant German minority in the south and a Lithuanian minority in the north. The population of Kursenieki eventually dwindled due to assimilation and other reasons; it is close to non-existent these days and had been even before 1945, when the spit had become ethnic German.", "From the late 19th century, the dune landscape around Nidden became popular with landscape and animal painters from the \"Kunstakademie Königsberg\" arts school. The local inn of Herman Blode was the nucleus of the expressionist artists' colony (\"Künstlerkolonie Nidden\"). Lovis Corinth stayed here in 1890, followed by artists such as Max Pechstein, Alfred Lichtwark, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, and Alfred Partikel. Painters from Königsberg such as Julius Freymuth and Eduard Bischoff visited the area, as did poets like Ernst Wiechert and Carl Zuckmayer. Other guests included Ernst Kirchner, Ernst Mollenhauer, Franz Domscheit, and Herrmann Wirth. The painters usually took accommodations at Blode's hotel, and left some of their works with him. Some also built their own residences in the vicinity.", "Until the 20th century, most people in the area made their living by fishing. From 1901 to 1946 the village of Rossitten, now Rybachy, became the site of the pioneering Rossitten Bird Observatory, the world's first, founded by German ornithologist Johannes Thienemann there because of the Spit's importance as a bird migration corridor. After World War I, Nidden, together with the northern half of the Curonian Spit became part of the Klaipėda Region according to the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Officially renamed Nida, the village nevertheless remained a German-majority settlement — the border with the remaining East Prussian half of the Spit lay only a few kilometres to the south. In 1929 Nobel Prize-winning writer Thomas Mann visited Nida while on holiday in nearby Rauschen and decided to have a summer house erected on a hill above the Lagoon, mocked as \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" (\"Onkel Toms Hütte\") by locals. He and his family spent the summers of 1930–32 in the thatched cottage, parts of the epic novel \"Joseph and His Brothers\" (\"Joseph und seine Brüder\") were written here. Threatened by the Nazis, Mann left Germany after Hitler's \"Machtergreifung\" in 1933 and never returned to Nida. After the Klaipėda Region was again annexed by Nazi Germany in 1939, his house was seized at the behest of Hermann Göring and served as a recreation home for \"Luftwaffe\" officers. The German population was expelled by force after World War II by the occupying Soviet forces, accompanied by widespread ethnic cleansing. Like elsewhere in present-day Kaliningrad Oblast, the assimilation of the territory and colonization by Russian settlers was completed by changing the historic German toponyms to Russian ones throughout the Russian-controlled part of the Spit.", "After the breakup of the Soviet Union, tourism flourished; many Germans, mostly the descendants of the inhabitants of the area, choose the Curonian Spit (especially Nida, as no visas are needed for Germans in Lithuania) as their holiday destination.", "While today the Kursenieki, also known as Kuršininkai, are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit, in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig (Gdańsk). The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the Germans, except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered Latvians until after World War I, when Latvia gained independence from the Russian Empire, a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, Memel and other territories of East Prussia, which would be later dropped.", "The Curonian Spit is home to the highest moving (drifting) sand dunes in Europe. Their average height is, but some attain a height of. Several ecological communities are present on and near the Spit, from its outer beaches to dune ridges, wetlands, meadows, and forests. Its location on the East Atlantic Flyway means it is frequently visited by migratory waterfowl. Between 10 and 20 million birds fly over the feature during spring and fall migrations, and many pause to rest or breed there. Both the Russian and Lithuanian parts of the spit are national parks. The settlements of the Curonian Spit (from north to south) are: The first six are on the Lithuanian side, while the last three are on the Russian side. The Russian side of the Curonian Spit belongs to Zelenogradsky District of the Kaliningrad Oblast, while the Lithuanian side is partitioned among Klaipėda city municipality and Neringa municipality. There is a single road that traverses the whole length of the Curonian Spit. In the Russian side it goes to Zelenogradsk, while on the Lithuanian side it goes to Smiltynė. The spit is not connected to mainland Lithuania. Car ferries provide a transportation link between Smiltynė, located on the spit, and the port town of Klaipėda. Since 2000, the Curonian Spit has been on UNESCO's World Heritage List under cultural criteria \"V\" (\"an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture [...], or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change\"). Currently there is a demand to tear down a number of homes on the Curonian Spit. These homes are owned by people who were given permits to build by corrupt local government officials. The demand to tear the homes down is based on the fact that the Spit is a UN World Heritage Site and the only structures that were to be allowed outside official settlements were fishing shacks.", "The largest town on the spit is Nida in Lithuania, a popular holiday resort, mostly frequented by Lithuanian and German tourists. The northern shoreline of Curonian Spit is the site of beaches for tourists.", "Parnidis sand dune drifted by harsh winds is rising up to above sea level. The interpretation of the name of Parnidis dune – local residents believe that the name comes from the phrase meaning “passed across Nida”, because this wind-blown dune has several times passed through the village of Nida. Scientists estimated that each person climbing or descending on the steep dune slopes moves several tons of sand, so hikers are only allowed to climb in designated paths. There is a granite sundial built on Parnidis dune in 1995 that accurately shows the time. The sundial was rebuilt in 2011 following storm damage. The sundial is a stone pillar high and weighing. It consists in small steps covered with granite slabs, carved with hour and half-hour notches, as well as one notch for each month, and four additional notches for solstices and equinoxes. From the astronomical point of view Parnidis Dune is an ideal place for the sundial in Lithuania.", "There are environmental concerns related to the Curonian Spit, which is often promoted as a refuge of clean nature. Due to the importance of tourism and fishing for the regional economy, pollution of sea and coastlines may have disastrous effects for the area as the unique nature and the economy would be damaged. The construction of an offshore drilling facility (the Kravtsovskoye (D-6) oilfield) in the territorial waters of Russia, from the coastline of the Curonian Spit raised concerns over possible oil spills. Between 2002 and 2005 local environmentalists in Kaliningrad Oblast and Lithuania protested against Lukoil's plans to exploit the oilfield, objecting to the possible great damage to the environment and tourism (a vital source of income in the area) in case of oil leakage. These concerns did not engender support in the government of Russia. They were, however, supported by the government of Lithuania. The oilfield is about from the boundary of Lithuanian territorial waters; the prevailing northward currents means that the Lithuanian coastlines would receive much potential damage in case of leakage. Opposition to the operation of D-6 met little international support, and the oil platform was opened in 2004. During the first decade of the 21st century the two states agreed to a joint environmental impact assessment of the D-6 project, including plans for oil spill mitigation. The assessment and mitigation project had not been completed as of 2010. Another concern is that increased tourism destroys the very nature that attracts it. For this reason, protective measures have been taken, such as banning tourists from hiking in certain areas of the spit. Natural hazards are more dangerous in the Curonian Spit than elsewhere in Lithuania or the Kaliningrad Oblast. For example, storms tend to be stronger there. Due to the importance of trees in preventing soil erosion, forest fires that happen in summer are more dangerous to the ecology." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 88810, 83, 62548, 40101, 47, 4211, 7134, 38820, 44, 2971, 58, 242, 36448, 4, 96113, 25, 707, 47, 142, 142, 45964, 153549, 19, 13579, 100, 25, 2109, 56, 48055, 25, 5, 581, 69919, 19, 9351, 111, 88810, 83, 44, 594, 18, 25, 92, 25, 21690, 58, 15, 73, 10332, 69919, 19, 44, 594, 18, 25, 92, 25, 2240, 14, 74054, 40101, 1295, 69919, 19, 44, 70810, 7401, 58, 707, 10, 69919, 19, 29367, 3173, 111, 10692, 107, 38820, 44, 18, 97762, 9, 3116, 58, 44, 7456, 434, 58, 15, 162, 23, 4, 44, 416, 814, 450, 28, 9821, 6863, 3917, 8305, 70, 101120, 7, 51029, 581, 9351, 88810, 509, 30666, 297, 5117, 390, 70, 102374, 7, 136, 14432, 390, 28811, 2258, 188, 41382, 1314, 5, 360, 3060, 80934, 7, 111, 14713, 4, 70, 88810, 32547, 61924, 7, 70, 132988, 2256, 17721, 14713, 136, 14237, 5, 581, 96113, 5608, 959, 186, 55681, 5281, 678, 70, 88810, 32547, 4, 49002, 4, 10, 65272, 19364, 86608, 214, 68762, 6635, 111, 70, 3658, 161, 32547, 23, 92144, 137577, 21028, 14, 74, 70, 5375, 32547, 43573, 24289, 92, 4, 49002, 74, 5375, 32547, 43573, 176345, 515, 1042, 4, 2843, 23, 49002, 136, 3970, 32547, 4, 3129, 83, 105866, 23, 7325, 7, 192859, 4, 18721, 5, 1650, 9588, 90, 23, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 176672, 23, 10, 19336, 118666, 53, 23, 70, 3423, 7, 10091, 1760, 111, 70, 1734, 2189, 60570, 9381, 223, 5, 1650, 86608, 7, 65272, 4, 7068, 144477, 136, 28, 4438, 11015, 1172, 71988, 4, 136, 41421, 90, 3934, 69919, 5, 1650, 46552, 7, 47, 70, 144477, 25617, 4, 7068, 3934, 10, 831, 9480, 43573, 2471, 23766, 172, 19211, 7440, 442, 4034, 7, 47, 11675, 144477, 13, 4438, 23, 10, 7563, 429, 100, 1672, 4, 20230, 214, 1810, 111, 70, 101120, 7, 43573, 13714, 7, 92778, 5, 1650, 7068, 46552, 7, 28, 4438, 136, 4034, 7, 47, 86608, 28, 4438, 9, 49760, 2347, 4438, 100, 1672, 4, 11015, 90115, 4, 7068, 43573, 276, 933, 19211, 102, 4, 86608, 7, 127067, 8305, 10, 16610, 831, 9480, 136, 33233, 70, 65272, 5609, 111, 384, 25, 46320, 14, 4, 70, 142105, 26349, 23, 70, 10776, 5, 581, 96113, 86608, 7, 2288, 13, 62479, 127067, 13, 4438, 11015, 144222, 14677, 136, 15504, 7, 28, 4438, 19364, 99, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 678, 70, 16362, 96809, 32547, 4, 41421, 214, 70, 69919, 9, 16135, 56, 28449, 2864, 13315, 136, 86608, 214, 36880, 27689, 7, 15534, 3934, 4687, 39, 8372, 74336, 17990, 136, 7068, 13030, 33378, 74336, 17990, 5, 581, 88810, 7068, 20244, 2449, 3934, 4211, 208, 1430, 7203, 74336, 17990, 4, 70, 142105, 14361, 111, 7401, 23, 217455, 4, 100, 4806, 390, 10, 22539, 43573, 6863, 123055, 28088, 59444, 99, 70, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 3564, 5, 581, 87, 3929, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 97040, 481, 416, 16, 136, 21664, 44910, 96113, 7, 36770, 538, 33284, 297, 70, 88810, 4, 1284, 2363, 113008, 7, 621, 5036, 1614, 1991, 17704, 1379, 70, 85437, 5, 24372, 137802, 70, 22539, 70, 96113, 29459, 14202, 127067, 13, 4438, 7440, 442, 23356, 7, 6863, 129058, 68762, 6635, 6760, 867, 1436, 53, 23, 3253, 85, 24096, 136, 136622, 36880, 10, 134744, 193, 29430, 3674, 111719, 100, 40368, 75281, 39063, 7, 4, 174548, 28, 4438, 43573, 43157, 7374, 53, 1159, 4, 136, 16610, 538, 7103, 4, 53299, 7, 70, 10463, 7, 4, 70, 142105, 68762, 6635, 4, 99, 70, 26349, 111, 35477, 42, 27648, 5, 1913, 70, 10463, 7, 158, 18026, 6620, 442, 30482, 10, 21334, 46552, 47, 70, 144477, 136, 7068, 86608, 7, 39555, 4743, 127067, 100, 1672, 4, 452, 6953, 70, 65272, 5609, 111, 55852, 2187, 9907, 5227, 4, 8108, 174548, 28, 4438, 136, 201505, 214, 3934, 70, 32221, 63782, 27414, 99, 106541, 2968, 143, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 88810, 32547, 127877, 23, 70, 134744, 136, 53894, 118666, 53, 17721, 70, 32774, 56, 60570, 9381, 223, 136, 1734, 2189, 60570, 9381, 223, 101120, 7, 4, 136, 70, 13036, 68762, 6635, 4, 70, 10463, 7, 4, 8167, 5425, 2684, 111, 70, 127067, 9022, 60570, 9381, 223, 136, 70, 101120, 37457, 7, 111, 70, 120069, 144477, 9022, 102256, 24453, 5, 581, 64194, 939, 111, 135665, 136, 2684, 111, 217455, 621, 3568, 122009, 390, 70, 88810, 32547, 4, 1284, 70, 88810, 14602, 959, 27875, 8305, 135665, 99, 756, 5, 22376, 23, 70, 88810, 7401, 67175, 621, 176672, 4, 69919, 4, 136, 10, 4785, 111, 144477, 9022, 18721, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 57849, 1363, 15549, 23, 70, 96113, 74918, 7, 28032, 70, 5117, 5, 51404, 70, 96113, 4034, 7, 99, 36917, 15520, 17366, 4, 70, 57849, 1363, 83, 390, 70, 1733, 442, 58359, 90, 13714, 7, 92778, 23, 9879, 69919, 4, 1660, 1810, 111, 70, 101120, 7, 4, 136, 4734, 3229, 442, 58359, 90, 217455, 5, 581, 92319, 2831, 111, 70, 96113, 86608, 7, 8305, 70, 88810, 9, 284, 2701, 61187, 1760, 4, 3129, 29256, 7, 2684, 111, 9879, 217455, 136, 10, 8789, 7, 70, 32221, 63782, 27414, 5, 581, 88810, 83, 70, 50960, 142105, 4, 7103, 70, 5976, 208, 136, 4143, 289, 4, 111, 70, 96113, 7, 450, 86608, 3934, 70, 32221, 63782, 5, 1650, 7, 40703, 83, 70, 22759, 927, 142105, 54940, 70, 96113, 7, 450, 86608, 3934, 70, 32221, 63782, 27414, 4, 136, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 17262, 5201, 40059, 7, 4, 707, 44, 7, 133, 3134, 7, 830, 150350, 71, 111, 216489, 70, 96113, 40370, 297, 20271, 12921, 14922, 7, 111, 1733, 5, 117371, 9571, 4, 70, 96113, 86608, 297, 756, 70, 3917, 47, 70, 6069, 111, 70, 40703, 4, 7440, 442, 2837, 69674, 71, 3934, 70, 32221, 63782, 5, 360, 450, 6602, 4, 70, 96113, 144281, 71, 6863, 86723, 136, 26859, 47, 86608, 5773, 47, 70, 65272, 4, 137802, 70, 4568, 10846, 39063, 7, 32997, 297, 5, 581, 15411, 15549, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 70, 16750, 111, 10, 6, 58944, 23, 70, 17366, 111, 70, 32221, 63782, 27414, 24941, 71, 678, 10, 13036, 199349, 111, 70, 88810, 5, 56888, 111, 70, 96113, 83, 23, 176672, 4, 23, 69919, 4, 136, 23, 217455, 5, 56888, 111, 70, 105556, 674, 83, 23, 176672, 4, 23, 135665, 4, 23, 69919, 4, 23, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 88810, 15, 74, 2819, 4, 44, 594, 18, 26, 92, 26, 21690, 56128, 4, 44, 44858, 56128, 4, 44, 441, 53, 6563, 56128, 1388, 83, 142, 28, 4438, 9, 118664, 214, 96113, 127067, 111, 70, 32774, 56, 60570, 9381, 223, 71175, 7, 3129, 8167, 5425, 70, 127067, 9022, 25193, 13569, 111, 70, 32774, 56, 60570, 9381, 223, 28, 4438, 3934, 70, 32221, 63782, 27414, 5, 1650, 2843, 8167, 5425, 70, 144477, 5609, 111, 70, 1734, 2189, 60570, 9381, 223, 12960, 6863, 5201, 68762, 6635, 4, 70, 10463, 7, 4, 8167, 5425, 70, 127067, 5609, 111, 8382, 101120, 7, 5, 13794, 214, 23, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 176672, 4, 442, 86608, 7, 8305, 176672, 47, 69919, 4, 7068, 47, 217455, 4, 7440, 442, 53299, 7, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "Course.", "Basin.", "Natural features.", "Ecology.", "Economy and human use.", "History." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name Kura is related either to Mingrelian \"kur\" 'water, river' or to an ancient Albanian term for'reservoir'. The Georgian name of Kura is \"Mt'k'vari\" (in old Georgian \"Mt'k'uari\"), either from Georgian \"good water\" or a Georgianized form of Megrelian \"tkvar-ua\" \"gnaw\" (as in, \"river that eats its way through the mountains\"). The name Kura was adopted first by the Russians and later by European cartographers. In some definitions of Europe, the Kura River defines the borderline between Europe and Asia. The river should not be confused with the Kura River, Russia, a westward flowing tributary of the Malka River in Stavropol Krai; the Kur River near Kursk, Russia; Kur River near Khabarovsk, also in Russia and Kor River, which is located in Fars Province, Iran.", "It rises in northeastern Turkey in a small valley in the Kars Upland of the Lesser Caucasus. It flows west, then north and east past Ardahan, and crosses into Georgia. It arcs to the northwest, then into a canyon near Akhaltsikhe where it starts to run northeast in a gorge for about, spilling out of the mountains near Khashuri. It then arcs east and starts to flow east-southeast for about, past Gori, then near Mtskheta, flows south through a short canyon and along the west side of T'bilisi, the largest city in the region. The river flows steeply southeast past Rustavi and turns eastward at the confluence with the Khrami River, crossing the Georgia-Azerbaijan line and flowing across grasslands into Shemkir reservoir and then Yenikend reservoir. The Kura then empties into Mingachevir reservoir, the largest body of water in Azerbaijan, formed by a dam near its namesake town at the southeastern end. The Iori (also known as Qabirri) and Alazani rivers formerly joined the Kura, but their mouths are now submerged under the lake. After leaving the dam the river meanders southeast where it meets its biggest tributary Tartarchay in Barda rayon and continues across a broad irrigated plain for several hundred kilometers, turning east near Lake Sarysu, and shortly after, receives the Aras, the largest tributary, at the city of Sabirabad. At the Aras confluence it makes a large arc to the north and then flows almost due south for about, passing the west side of Shirvan National Park, before turning east and emptying into the Caspian Sea at Neftçala.", "", "Most of the Kura River runs in the broad and deep valley between the Greater Caucasus and Lesser Caucasus mountains, and the major tributary, the Aras, drains most of the southern Caucasus and the mountain ranges of the extreme northern Middle East. The entirety of Armenia and most of Azerbaijan are drained by the Kura River, but the Kura does not pass through Armenia at all. Also in the Kura watershed are Turkey, Georgia, and a bit of northern Iran. Most of the elevation change in the river occurs within the first. While the river starts at above sea level, the elevation is by the time it reaches Khashuri in central Georgia, just out of the mountains, and only when it reaches Azerbaijan. The lower part of the river flows through the Kura-Aras Lowland, which covers most of central Azerbaijan and abuts the Caspian Sea. The Kura is the third largest, after the Volga and Ural, of the rivers that flow into the Caspian. Its delta is the fourth largest among the rivers that flow into the Caspian Sea, and is divided into three main sections, or \"sleeves\", composed of sediment the river deposited during different periods of time. Before 1998, the river flowed all the way to the tip of the delta, where it discharged into the Caspian. In that year, the river escaped its channel and started to flow off to the west, leaving the last few kilometers abandoned. The course change is believed to be the result of a rise in the level of the Caspian Sea coupled with a major flood of the Kura. About of the river is in Turkey, in Georgia, and in Azerbaijan. About of the catchment is in Turkey, in Armenia, in Georgia, in Azerbaijan, and about are in Iran. At the confluence with the Aras River, the drainage area of the tributary is actually larger than the Kura by about 4%, and it is also longer. However, because of the more arid conditions and equally intensive water use, the discharge of the Aras is much less than the Kura, so downstream of the confluence the river is still called the Kura. About 52% of the river's flow comes from snowmelt and glaciers, 30% comes from groundwater seepage, and roughly 18% from precipitation. Because of high water use, many of the smaller tributaries of the Kura no longer reach the river, instead disappearing in the plain many kilometers from their original mouths.", "Steppe characterizes the arid reaches of the Kura River catchment, while meadows are often found in the alpine areas. The Kura River area is considered as part of the Kura-South Caspian Sea Drainages ecoregion. Some portions of the river flow through a semi-desert environment. Forest cover is sparse. Almost 60 species of fish inhabit the Kura River and its tributaries. Some common families include loach, bleak, trout and nase, and many of these fish are endemic to the region. Among rivers of the Caucasus, the Kura has the largest number of endemic species. The upper section of the river supports much more biodiversity than the lower half, which is typically more turbid and polluted. This pattern is also apparent in most of its tributaries, especially the larger ones that span more climate zones, such as the Aras and Alazani. There are many lakes and wetlands along the Kura's lower course, most of which are formed by flooding, and some of which are formed by irrigation runoff water. Many lakes also form at the mouths of small tributaries that do not reach the ultimate destination in the Caspian most of the time. The local name for these lakes translates to \"dead lake\" or \"dead water\", suggesting that these lakes do not support much biodiversity.", "Formerly navigable up to Tbilisi, the largest city on the river, the amount of water in the Kura has greatly diminished in the 20th century because of extensive use for irrigation, municipal water, and hydroelectricity generation. The Kura is regarded as one of the most stressed river basins in Asia. Most of the water comes from snowmelt and infrequent precipitation in the mountains, which leads to severe floods and an abundance of water for a short time of the year (generally in June and July), and a relatively low sustainable baseflow. Forest cover is sparse, especially in the Kura and Aras headwaters, and most of the water that falls on the highlands becomes runoff instead of supplying groundwater. Attempts at flood control include the constructions of levees, dikes and dams, the largest of which is at Mingachevir, an -high rockfill dam impounding over of water. However, because of the high sediment content of rivers in the Kura basin, the effectiveness of these floodworks is limited and decreases every year. Irrigation agriculture has been one of the primary economic mainstays of the lower Kura valley since ancient times. Because of water taken out for irrigation use, up to 20% of the water that formerly flowed in the river no longer reaches the Caspian Sea. Over 70% of the water in the Iori (Gabirry) River, a major tributary of the Kura, is expended before it reaches Lake Mingachevir. Of the of agricultural land in the lower Kura River watershed,, about 31%, are irrigated. Much of the water diverted from the river for irrigation goes to waste because of leakage from the canals, evaporation, poor maintenance, and other causes. Leaking water causes groundwater to rise, in some areas so high that about of land are so waterlogged that they are no longer suitable for agriculture. About of the irrigated lands have a dangerously high salt content because of mineral deposits from irrigation. Of this, are extremely salinated. Irrigation return water, returned to the river by an extensive but outdated drainage system, contributes to severe pollution. Some of this degradation also comes from industrial and municipal wastewater discharge.", "People have lived on the Kura for at least 7,000 years. The ancient inhabitants of the Kura-Aras lowland called the river \"Mother Kür\", signifying the importance of the river to the region. The first irrigation agriculture began about 4,500 years ago in the eastern Azerbaijan lowlands. Trading centers were established in time, including one at Mingachevir in Azerbaijan and another at Mtskheta in Georgia. The site at Mingachevir (probably Sudagylan), first discovered in the 1940s by archaeologist G.I. Ione, had \"seven rectangular kilns... The fuel chamber was trapezoid. The inner walls and floor were covered with a special coating. These kilns were attributed to the third century B.C. [2,300 years ago]. The number of kilns and the quantity of raw material indicate a trade center.\" The settlement was probably destroyed by a fire around A.D. 600, but its demise is uncertain. But perhaps most famous of the ancient settlements on the Kura is the \"cave town\" at Uplistsikhe, Georgia, first settled as early as 3,500 years ago. The city, carved into a cliff on the bank of the Kura covering an area of, contains underground living quarters, communal chambers, places of worship, storerooms, connected by a network of passageways. It reached its peak about 1,100 years ago as the political, religious and cultural center of the region, but in the 13th century, it fell to Mongolian invaders. Even though irrigation agriculture had been well established for thousands of years, until the 1920s, humans did not have a significant effect on the ecology or hydrology of the Kura River watershed. Since then, logging, grazing and especially agriculture began to have a severe outcome on the water availability of the basin. Many forested areas in the mountains have been replaced by thin grassland because of logging. These habitat changes have been detrimental to the ecology of the Kura basin. After the 1920s, wetlands were drained and reservoirs were created to facilitate development of irrigation in the lower Kura valley. In the 1950s and 1960s, when the Caucasus region was part of the Soviet Union, construction of many of the reservoirs and waterworks in the Kura basin began. Of the major reservoirs in the Kura catchment, one of the earliest was at Varvara in 1952. Large scale construction of dams continued until the 1970s." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 69941, 111, 6626, 2837, 513, 4288, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5423, 7, 44, 294, 58, 136, 44, 618, 58, 831, 186, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5, 581, 12989, 9, 50986, 111, 450, 69941, 83, 70, 23335, 141, 3129, 50339, 1295, 154107, 70, 12989, 9, 50986, 7, 111, 44, 294, 58, 136, 44, 618, 740, 4263, 6626, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5423, 7, 621, 959, 21771, 2837, 513, 4288, 4, 7068, 1836, 831, 186, 91995, 71, 390, 12989, 9, 16369, 178851, 1771, 2837, 513, 4288, 5423, 7, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 91995, 44, 294, 58, 390, 10666, 2389, 8152, 34070, 44, 294, 58, 136, 44, 618, 58, 390, 10666, 418, 8152, 34070, 44, 618, 740, 3293, 3917, 4, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5423, 44, 294, 58, 83, 59121, 44, 188, 70, 25737, 58, 111, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5423, 44, 618, 830, 91084, 1632, 61924, 7, 142, 12989, 98, 44, 294, 58, 26168, 115187, 44, 618, 58, 23, 3129, 11907, 12830, 111, 44, 294, 58, 83, 164917, 3501, 11907, 12830, 111, 44, 618, 740, 581, 5423, 7, 44, 294, 58, 136, 44, 618, 58, 61261, 13695, 70, 12989, 214, 1836, 21771, 765, 5, 3293, 66044, 111, 70, 12989, 9, 50986, 7, 83, 166027, 272, 136, 4537, 20650, 7, 70, 66044, 111, 6083, 101935, 5, 581, 5117, 161465, 943, 67, 23335, 141, 83, 6, 2778, 4, 70, 5423, 111, 756, 6083, 101935, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 23335, 141, 6, 2778, 997, 6, 2778, 83, 113054, 297, 390, 6626, 71200, 7, 111, 70, 6083, 101935, 12989, 297, 23, 70, 115723, 54543, 136, 70, 17932, 43658, 64557, 47, 70, 7108, 111, 70, 5117, 5, 213185, 757, 25, 4426, 106, 25, 4426, 116, 25, 4426, 27, 100, 70, 17932, 43658, 4, 6, 2778, 997, 6, 2778, 33342, 1884, 3293, 83, 12921, 1295, 6, 2778, 6637, 23, 6, 2778, 4734, 757, 14602, 959, 765, 10, 8951, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 12960, 23, 6, 2778, 997, 6, 2778, 70, 6626, 80854, 757, 136, 757, 25, 54, 959, 765, 8951, 1653, 13, 26531, 25251, 5, 1301, 15700, 27781, 4, 3688, 621, 138, 997, 6, 2778, 136, 6, 2778, 997, 22408, 24372, 15421, 372, 2069, 4, 70, 36770, 1660, 33342, 1884, 6, 2778, 68034, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 138, 997, 6, 2778, 2203, 6, 2778, 4, 12960, 70, 21, 3055, 14602, 959, 12, 83, 959, 105950, 47, 6, 2778, 16792, 1556, 10, 142105, 12830, 15, 11627, 538, 4, 116, 25, 16, 136, 6, 2778, 14602, 959, 15, 26301, 2174, 6, 2778, 136, 621, 16411, 25352, 4, 1836, 621, 959, 13882, 178851, 1771, 194, 572, 6620, 4, 903, 66044, 83, 959, 375, 68754, 5844, 5, 360, 15824, 442, 83, 32233, 41207, 100, 5961, 1328, 5079, 47, 186, 105950, 47, 9269, 1328, 1445, 12, 903, 96276, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 5961, 1369, 4802, 58, 39, 830, 9269, 1369, 4802, 58, 19, 58, 100, 3060, 23335, 141, 12770, 136, 6083, 101935, 44, 39, 58, 136, 44, 19, 740, 28090, 903, 442, 28960, 7, 450, 44, 1445, 375, 561, 1636, 678, 9269, 58, 83, 142, 224743, 3956, 41911, 98, 70, 18507, 111, 351, 80510, 23335, 8080, 4, 136, 756, 70, 224743, 3956, 61112, 621, 54529, 78458, 54241, 13, 5, 33306, 4, 66044, 83, 7464, 166027, 272, 74, 1632, 831, 1957, 100, 27781, 450, 15, 2778, 997, 13956, 997, 6, 2778, 2203, 6, 2778, 997, 9451, 997, 6, 2778, 16, 2203, 6, 2778, 997, 6, 2778, 5, 581, 80934, 111, 66044, 831, 2843, 186, 34475, 135989, 4935, 538, 15, 2347, 25632, 23, 77391, 83, 98, 44, 5079, 58, 2077, 345, 6953, 903, 80934, 4, 6, 2778, 997, 138, 831, 186, 51592, 47, 186, 10, 39457, 42, 23335, 141, 15, 217, 83, 70, 39457, 42, 111, 6, 2778, 997, 4958, 4, 7440, 162, 138, 997, 6, 2778, 83, 10, 17475, 23335, 141, 4, 24, 110987, 4, 70, 17475, 111, 138, 997, 757, 2203, 138, 4, 138, 997, 106, 2203, 201, 4, 138, 997, 116, 2203, 190, 4, 3021, 5, 4, 3129, 83, 1660, 6, 2778, 5, 83947, 83, 142, 171793, 5844, 182324, 44, 1445, 58, 997, 757, 2203, 757, 997, 44, 1445, 58, 2203, 44, 1445, 740, 29117, 14, 1363, 83, 166027, 272, 24073, 1445, 58, 997, 44, 5079, 18939, 997, 44, 4802, 58, 2203, 44, 1445, 58, 997, 24073, 5079, 58, 997, 44, 4802, 51029, 29117, 14, 1363, 83, 81113, 538, 118055, 136, 62005, 223, 23, 70, 7108, 10750, 12, 1284, 70, 60223, 10821, 41911, 14602, 959, 16401, 100, 70, 25737, 10750, 74, 64457, 642, 4734, 765, 12, 68149, 289, 66044, 83, 25737, 9, 4398, 133381, 4935, 12, 2174, 44, 1445, 58, 997, 44, 5079, 58, 2203, 44, 1445, 58, 997, 44, 4802, 830, 7068, 44, 5079, 58, 2203, 44, 4802, 740, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 1632, 831, 61924, 25737, 1614, 117474, 100, 23335, 8080, 44, 5079, 58, 6, 237637, 44, 1445, 58, 12, 2685, 83, 10, 36998, 44, 4802, 58, 6044, 450, 44, 1445, 58, 2203, 44, 5079, 58, 997, 44, 4802, 740, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 7108, 126136, 1363, 14602, 959, 4488, 12, 12876, 14602, 7108, 1614, 117474, 4, 3853, 3229, 44, 5079, 58, 6, 237637, 44, 1445, 58, 12, 100, 27781, 4, 2685, 14602, 959, 32316, 2499, 44, 4802, 58, 6044, 450, 44, 4802, 58, 997, 4828, 2203, 6, 2778, 5, 4263, 70, 23335, 8080, 40715, 3501, 5961, 621, 155738, 1379, 66044, 136, 70541, 757, 7068, 5961, 83, 46505, 25958, 35839, 10, 12770, 9, 2606, 1297, 15, 21231, 171793, 5844, 538, 19538, 277, 7522, 2886, 23335, 141, 194, 32255, 621, 66161, 70, 23335, 8080, 111, 70, 3173, 6, 2778, 5, 581, 106274, 39209, 12996, 4, 44, 294, 17676, 618, 830, 111, 6626, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5423, 7, 44, 294, 58, 136, 44, 618, 58, 831, 186, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 390, 10, 20117, 111, 95, 73140, 48461, 289, 12989, 450, 3884, 7, 70, 19713, 88551, 19069, 5117, 5, 216741, 538, 4, 12638, 12830, 111, 44, 618, 58, 83, 91995, 71, 390, 10, 2837, 513, 4288, 43658, 111, 44, 294, 740, 581, 12989, 9, 50986, 111, 70, 106274, 39209, 12996, 83, 70, 23335, 141, 3129, 50339, 1295, 6024, 62479, 214, 70, 12989, 9, 50986, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 70, 291, 140363, 70760, 44457, 111, 5423, 154453, 4, 23335, 141, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 98363, 7, 70, 17262, 115723, 41018, 7, 98, 23335, 141, 101935, 12, 66044, 4, 127664, 1363, 4, 136, 78643, 21616, 2320, 5, 98423, 831, 186, 61924, 71, 23, 85590, 538, 6626, 12921, 48322, 12, 40101, 390, 64549, 214, 142, 143726, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5423, 3129, 33636, 7, 70, 41018, 707, 390, 17368, 161465, 943, 67, 195625, 1830, 5, 4171, 1290, 3638, 3173, 87344, 10, 5570, 29367, 3917, 111, 32562, 23335, 8080, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 6097, 115723, 23335, 141, 41018, 7, 4, 2685, 621, 2843, 70, 44, 84832, 58, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 111, 23335, 8080, 136, 70, 300, 26278, 41018, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Addition.", "Multiplication.", "Exponentiation.", "Cantor normal form.", "Factorization into primes.", "Large countable ordinals.", "Natural operations.", "Nimber arithmetic." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The union of two disjoint well-ordered sets \"S\" and \"T\" can be well-ordered. The order-type of that union is the ordinal which results from adding the order-types of \"S\" and \"T\". If two well-ordered sets are not already disjoint, then they can be replaced by order-isomorphic disjoint sets, e.g. replace \"S\" by {0} × \"S\" and \"T\" by {1} × \"T\". This way, the well-ordered set \"S\" is written \"to the left\" of the well-ordered set \"T\", meaning one defines an order on \"S\" formula_1 \"T\" in which every element of \"S\" is smaller than every element of \"T\". The sets \"S\" and \"T\" themselves keep the ordering they already have. This addition of the order-types is associative and generalizes the addition of natural numbers. The first transfinite ordinal is ω, the set of all natural numbers. For example, the ordinal ω + ω is obtained by two copies of the natural numbers ordered in the usual fashion and the second copy completely to the right of the first. Writing 0' < 1' < 2' <... for the second copy, ω + ω looks like This is different from ω because in ω only 0 does not have a direct predecessor while in ω + ω the two elements 0 and 0' do not have direct predecessors. As another example, here are 3 + ω and ω + 3: After relabeling, the former just looks like ω itself, i.e. 3 + ω = ω, while the latter does not: is not equal to ω since has a largest element (namely, 2') and ω does not (even if ω and are equipotent, they are not isomorphic). Hence, this addition is not commutative. In fact it is quite rare for α+β to be equal to β+α: this happens if and only if α=γ\"m\", β=γ\"n\" for some ordinal γ and natural numbers \"m\" and \"n\". From this it follows that \"α commutes with β\" is an equivalence relation on the class of nonzero ordinals, and all the equivalence classes are countably infinite. However, addition is still associative; one can see for example that (ω + 4) + ω = ω + (4 + ω) = ω + ω. The definition of addition can also be given inductively (the following induction is on \"β\"): Using this definition, ω + 3 can be seen to be a successor ordinal (it is the successor of ω + 2), whereas 3 + ω is a limit ordinal, namely, the limit of 3 + 0 = 3, 3 + 1 = 4, 3 + 2 = 5, etc., which is just ω. Zero is an additive identity \"α\" + 0 = 0 + \"α\" = \"α\". Addition is associative (\"α\" + \"β\") + \"γ\" = \"α\" + (\"β\" + \"γ\"). Addition is strictly increasing and continuous in the right argument: but the analogous relation does not hold for the left argument; instead we only have: Ordinal addition is left-cancellative: if \"α\" + \"β\" = \"α\" + \"γ\", then \"β\" = \"γ\". Furthermore, one can define left subtraction for ordinals \"β\" ≤ \"α\": there is a unique \"γ\" such that \"α\" = \"β\" + \"γ\". On the other hand, right cancellation does not work: Nor does right subtraction, even when \"β\" ≤ \"α\": for example, there does not exist any \"γ\" such that \"γ\" + 42 = ω. If the ordinals less than α are closed under addition and contain 0 then α is occasionally called a γ-number (see additively indecomposable ordinal). These are exactly the ordinals of the form ω.", "The Cartesian product, \"S×T\", of two well-ordered sets \"S\" and \"T\" can be well-ordered by a variant of lexicographical order that puts the least significant position first. Effectively, each element of \"T\" is replaced by a disjoint copy of \"S\". The order-type of the Cartesian product is the ordinal which results from multiplying the order-types of \"S\" and \"T\". Again, this operation is associative and generalizes the multiplication of natural numbers. Here is ω·2: which has the same order type as ω + ω. In contrast, 2·ω looks like this: and after relabeling, this looks just like ω. Thus, ω·2 = ω+ω ≠ ω = 2·ω, showing that multiplication of ordinals is not commutative. More generally, a natural number greater than 1 never commutes with any infinite ordinal, and two infinite ordinals α, β commute if and only if α = β for some positive natural numbers \"m\" and \"n\". The relation \"α commutes with β\" is an equivalence relation on the ordinals greater than 1, and all equivalence classes are countably infinite. Distributivity partially holds for ordinal arithmetic: \"R\"(\"S\"+\"T\") = \"RS\"+\"RT\". However, the other distributive law (\"T\"+\"U\")\"R\" = \"TR\"+\"UR\" is \"not\" generally true: (1+1)·ω = 2·ω = ω while 1·ω+1·ω = ω+ω which is different. Therefore, the ordinal numbers form a left near-semiring, but do \"not\" form a ring. The definition of multiplication can also be given inductively (the following induction is on \"β\"): The main properties of the product are: A δ-number (see additively indecomposable ordinal#Multiplicatively indecomposable) is an ordinal greater than 1 such that αδ=δ whenever 0<α<δ. These consist of the ordinal 2 and the ordinals of the form ω.", "The definition of ordinal exponentiation for finite exponents is straightforward. If the exponent is a finite number, the power is the result of iterated multiplication. For instance, ω = ω·ω using the operation of ordinal multiplication. Note that ω·ω can be defined using the set of functions from 2 = {0,1} to ω = {0,1,2...}, ordered lexicographically with the least significant position first: Here for brevity, we have replaced the function {(0,\"k\"), (1,\"m\")} by the ordered pair (\"k\", \"m\"). Similarly, for any finite exponent \"n\", formula_9 can be defined using the set of functions from \"n\" (the domain) to the natural numbers (the codomain). These functions can be abbreviated as \"n\"-tuples of natural numbers. But for infinite exponents, the definition may not be obvious. A limit ordinal, such as ω, is the supremum of all smaller ordinals. It might seem natural to define ω using the set of all infinite sequences of natural numbers. However, we find that any absolutely defined ordering on this set is not well-ordered. To deal with this issue we can use the variant lexicographical ordering again. We restrict the set to sequences which are nonzero for only a finite number of arguments. This is naturally motivated as the limit of the finite powers of the base (similar to the concept of coproduct in algebra). This can also be thought of as the infinite union formula_10. Each of those sequences corresponds to an ordinal less than formula_11 such as formula_12 and formula_11 is the supremum of all those smaller ordinals. The lexicographical order on this set is a well ordering that resembles the ordering of natural numbers written in decimal notation, except with digit positions reversed, and with arbitrary natural numbers instead of just the digits 0–9: In general, any ordinal \"α\" can be raised to the power of another ordinal \"β\" in the same way to get \"α\". It is easiest to explain this using Von Neumann's definition of an ordinal as the set of all smaller ordinals. Then, to construct a set of order type \"α\" consider all functions from \"β\" to \"α\" such that only a finite number of elements of the domain \"β\" map to a non zero element of \"α\" (essentially, we consider the functions with finite support). The order is lexicographic with the least significant position first. We find The definition of exponentiation can also be given inductively (the following induction is on \"β\", the exponent): Properties of ordinal exponentiation: While the same notation is used for ordinal exponentiation and cardinal exponentiation, ordinal exponentiation is quite different from cardinal exponentiation. For example, with ordinal exponentiation formula_14, but for formula_15(aleph naught, the cardinality of formula_16), formula_17. Here, formula_18 is the cardinality of the set of all functions from the set of all natural numbers to a set with two elements. (This is the cardinality of the power set of the set of all natural numbers and is equal to formula_19, the cardinality of the continuum.) To avoid confusing ordinal exponentiation with cardinal exponentiation, one can use symbols for ordinals (e.g. ω) in the former and symbols for cardinals (e.g. formula_15) in the latter. Jacobsthal showed that the only solutions of α = β with α ≤ β are given by α = β, or α = 2 and β = 4, or α is any limit ordinal and β = εα where ε is an ε-number larger than α.", "Every ordinal number \"α\" can be uniquely written as formula_21, where \"k\" is a natural number, formula_22 are positive integers, and formula_23 are ordinal numbers. This decomposition of \"α\" is called the Cantor normal form of \"α\", and can be considered the base-ω positional numeral system. The highest exponent formula_24 is called the degree of formula_25, and satisfies formula_26. The equality formula_27 applies if and only if formula_28. In that case Cantor normal form does not express the ordinal in terms of smaller ones; this can happen as explained below. A minor variation of Cantor normal form, which is usually slightly easier to work with, is to set all the numbers \"c\" equal to 1 and allow the exponents to be equal. In other words, every ordinal number α can be uniquely written as formula_29, where \"k\" is a natural number, and formula_30 are ordinal numbers. Another variation of the Cantor normal form is the \"base δ expansion\", where ω is replaced by any ordinal δ>1, and the numbers \"c\" are positive ordinals less than δ. The Cantor normal form allows us to uniquely express—and order—the ordinals \"α\" that are built from the natural numbers by a finite number of arithmetical operations of addition, multiplication and exponentiation base-formula_16: in other words, assuming formula_32 in the Cantor normal form, we can also express the exponents formula_33 in Cantor normal form, and making the same assumption for the formula_33 as for α and so on recursively, we get a system of notation for these ordinals (for example, denotes an ordinal). The ordinal ε (epsilon nought) is the set of ordinal values α of the finite-length arithmetical expressions of Cantor normal form that are hereditarily non-trivial where non-trivial means β<α when 0<α. It is the smallest ordinal that does not have a finite arithmetical expression in terms of ω, and the smallest ordinal such that formula_36, i.e. in Cantor normal form the exponent is not smaller than the ordinal itself. It is the limit of the sequence The ordinal ε is important for various reasons in arithmetic (essentially because it measures the proof-theoretic strength of the first-order Peano arithmetic: that is, Peano's axioms can show transfinite induction up to any ordinal less than ε but not up to ε itself). The Cantor normal form also allows us to compute sums and products of ordinals: to compute the sum, for example, one need merely know that if formula_39 (if formula_40 one can apply the distributive law on the left and rewrite this as formula_41, and if formula_42 the expression is already in Cantor normal form); and to compute products, the essential facts are that when formula_43 is in Cantor normal form and formula_44, then and if n is a non-zero natural number. To compare two ordinals written in Cantor normal form, first compare formula_24, then formula_48, then formula_49, then formula_50, etc.. At the first difference, the ordinal that has the larger component is the larger ordinal. If they are the same until one terminates before the other, then the one that terminates first is smaller.", "Ernst Jacobsthal showed that the ordinals satisfy a form of the unique factorization theorem: every nonzero ordinal can be written as a product of a finite number of prime ordinals. This factorization into prime ordinals is in general not unique, but there is a \"minimal\" factorization into primes that is unique up to changing the order of finite prime factors. A prime ordinal is an ordinal greater than 1 that cannot be written as a product of two smaller ordinals. Some of the first primes are 2, 3, 5,..., ω, ω+1, ω+1, ω+1,..., ω, ω+1, ω+1,... There are three sorts of prime ordinals: Factorization into primes is not unique: for example, 2×3=3×2, 2×ω=ω, (ω+1)×ω=ω×ω and ω×ω = ω. However, there is a unique factorization into primes satisfying the following additional conditions: This prime factorization can easily be read off using the Cantor normal form as follows: So the factorization of the Cantor normal form ordinal into a minimal product of infinite primes and integers is where each \"n\" should be replaced by its factorization into a non-increasing sequence of finite primes and", "As discussed above, the Cantor Normal Form of ordinals below formula_56 can be expressed in an alphabet containing only the function symbols for addition, multiplication and exponentiation, as well as constant symbols for each natural number and for formula_16. We can do away with the infinitely many numerals by using just the constant symbol 0 and the operation of successor, formula_58 (for example, the integer 4 may be expressed as formula_59). This describes an \"ordinal notation\": a system for naming ordinals over a finite alphabet. This particular system of ordinal notation is called the collection of \"arithmetical\" ordinal expressions, and can express all ordinals below formula_56, but cannot express formula_56. There are other ordinal notations capable of capturing ordinals well past formula_56, but because there are only countably many strings over any finite alphabet, for any given ordinal notation there will be ordinals below formula_63 (the first uncountable ordinal) that are not expressible. Such ordinals are known as large countable ordinals. The operations of addition, multiplication and exponentiation are all examples of primitive recursive ordinal functions, and more general primitive recursive ordinal functions can be used to describe larger ordinals.", "The natural sum and natural product operations on ordinals were defined in 1906 by Gerhard Hessenberg, and are sometimes called the Hessenberg sum (or product). These are the same as the addition and multiplication (restricted to ordinals) of John Conway's field of surreal numbers. They have the advantage that they are associative and commutative, and natural product distributes over natural sum. The cost of making these operations commutative is that they lose the continuity in the right argument which is a property of the ordinary sum and product. The natural sum of α and β is often denoted by α⊕β or α#β, and the natural product by α⊗β or α⨳β. The natural operations come up in the theory of well partial orders; given two well partial orders \"S\" and \"T\", of types (maximum linearizations) \"o\"(\"S\") and \"o\"(\"T\"), the type of the disjoint union is \"o\"(\"S\")⊕\"o\"(\"T\"), while the type of the direct product is \"o\"(\"S\")⊗\"o\"(\"T\"). One may take this relation as a definition of the natural operations by choosing \"S\" and \"T\" to be ordinals α and β; so α⊕β is the maximum order type of a total order extending the disjoint union (as a partial order) of α and β; while α⊗β is the maximum order type of a total order extending the direct product (as a partial order) of α and β. A useful application of this is when α and β are both subsets of some larger total order; then their union has order type at most α⊕β. If they are both subsets of some ordered abelian group, then their sum has order type at most α⊗β. We can also define the natural sum of \"α\" and \"β\" inductively (by simultaneous induction on \"α\" and \"β\") as the smallest ordinal greater than the natural sum of \"α\" and \"γ\" for all \"γ\" < \"β\" and of \"γ\" and \"β\" for all \"γ\" < \"α\". There is also an inductive definition of the natural product (by mutual induction), but it is somewhat tedious to write down and we shall not do so (see the article on surreal numbers for the definition in that context, which, however, uses surreal subtraction, something which obviously cannot be defined on ordinals). The natural sum is associative and commutative. It is always greater or equal to the usual sum, but it may be greater. For example, the natural sum of ω and 1 is ω+1 (the usual sum), but this is also the natural sum of 1 and ω. The natural product is associative and commutative and distributes over the natural sum. It is always greater or equal to the usual product, but it may be greater. For example, the natural product of ω and 2 is ω·2 (the usual product), but this is also the natural product of 2 and ω. Yet another way to define the natural sum and product of two ordinals α and β is to use the Cantor normal form: one can find a sequence of ordinals γ >... > γ and two sequences (\"k\",..., \"k\") and (\"j\",..., \"j\") of natural numbers (including zero, but satisfying \"k\" + \"j\" > 0 for all \"i\") such that and defines Under natural addition, the ordinals can be identified with the elements of the free abelian group with basis the gamma numbers ω that have non-negative integer coefficients. Under natural addition and multiplication, the ordinals can be identified with the elements of the (commutative) polynomial ring generated by the delta numbers ω that have non-negative integer coefficients. The ordinals do not have unique factorization into primes under the natural product. While the full polynomial ring does have unique factorization, the subset of polynomials with non-negative coefficients does not: for example, if \"x\" is any delta number, then has two incompatible expressions as a natural product of polynomials with non-negative coefficients that cannot be decomposed further.", "There are arithmetic operations on ordinals by virtue of the one-to-one correspondence between ordinals and nimbers. Three common operations on nimbers are nimber addition, nimber multiplication, and minimum excludance (mex). Nimber addition is a generalization of the bitwise exclusive or operation on natural numbers. The of a set of ordinals is the smallest ordinal \"not\" present in the set." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 30839, 123055, 100, 70, 90695, 621, 61148, 19, 136, 55583, 5, 55583, 83, 2843, 70, 187951, 9351, 100, 70, 90695, 5, 581, 2684, 5526, 54427, 7, 23, 38601, 34, 621, 8179, 36661, 34, 4, 1261, 3984, 15, 136913, 70, 10696, 831, 186, 14037, 16, 136, 139571, 330, 5, 360, 100978, 85, 824, 4, 142, 21640, 538, 10670, 157272, 44752, 44616, 3018, 136, 5623, 160404, 7, 23, 70, 14359, 2822, 332, 748, 18276, 5, 581, 90695, 83, 101637, 71, 1295, 5201, 1760, 116342, 390, 70, 61021, 7832, 217, 24073, 9083, 191, 24972, 18939, 136, 1295, 207085, 390, 70, 171247, 7832, 217, 5, 1650, 83, 3126, 297, 390, 1592, 1294, 47, 10421, 17750, 23, 70, 5201, 1760, 4, 136, 47, 207085, 390, 10, 22304, 7514, 4, 70, 29236, 885, 2537, 39, 5, 360, 41710, 142, 6, 2980, 33816, 37067, 7, 70, 90695, 47, 70, 5201, 1760, 5, 360, 18982, 427, 3768, 4, 142, 187, 1176, 111, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 67921, 7, 111, 70, 159, 47416, 678, 10842, 933, 4, 30839, 7, 111, 155767, 136, 24, 4935, 35031, 191, 72004, 15, 91578, 453, 47749, 71, 390, 25031, 111, 36024, 76, 16, 41421, 297, 98, 15520, 6, 2980, 1295, 70, 5201, 1760, 136, 52875, 297, 70, 90695, 111, 207085, 47, 34390, 70, 4568, 16401, 6056, 111, 2070, 66, 116342, 1779, 5, 581, 116342, 1779, 613, 18280, 2822, 98, 38601, 34, 99, 10, 115339, 37515, 16200, 35839, 60331, 4, 70, 109270, 18244, 7, 111, 3129, 621, 7464, 9498, 56, 4126, 43573, 70, 22304, 7514, 17721, 70, 90695, 7, 5, 3293, 134620, 70, 116342, 19, 41649, 60219, 5, 581, 99381, 111, 3423, 4032, 707, 99381, 98, 70, 65058, 509, 5775, 46526, 98, 611, 22482, 427, 5757, 17721, 70, 12801, 786, 7668, 111, 226185, 136, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 81206, 98, 70, 1238, 70463, 129435, 27414, 17721, 70, 38601, 34, 18481, 136, 70, 5201, 1760, 5, 581, 226185, 1779, 69307, 71, 10, 125189, 13, 91375, 53, 5, 581, 133868, 4, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 3423, 4032, 54427, 4, 509, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 9, 320, 177, 525, 8, 88981, 111, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 707, 1413, 12762, 6402, 81206, 7, 23, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 5701, 7401, 7, 24124, 70, 99381, 111, 55583, 42413, 23, 6088, 1104, 158941, 46770, 38222, 17721, 102374, 136, 30839, 24, 1405, 84616, 5, 38601, 34, 83, 2843, 170277, 100, 19441, 70, 4734, 7464, 9, 174796, 89160, 32382, 266, 42458, 23, 116342, 5, 38601, 34, 83, 70, 5368, 111, 116342, 25, 7, 5117, 108069, 6, 177133, 40617, 46, 3350, 40676, 619, 40596, 35750, 38601, 34, 120634, 23923, 5, 884, 24071, 20, 10440, 4580, 11, 20, 76016, 27099, 11, 20, 154399, 824, 20, 2734, 19156, 20, 13661, 14, 20, 20644, 184, 20, 139571, 330, 20, 8179, 36661, 34, 20, 44421, 52660, 20, 239, 1106, 27099, 11, 20, 239, 7532, 20, 33266, 11063, 11, 20, 51300, 18, 1928, 433, 20, 75881, 11461, 20, 636, 1405, 81609, 282, 20, 1261, 3984, 20, 79642, 4032, 20, 339, 4340, 126, 433, 20, 23615, 143, 20, 276, 4340, 2765, 20, 276, 4340, 4542, 27099, 11, 20, 353, 1003, 184, 20, 125741, 2276, 27099, 11, 20, 10772, 282, 20, 180, 885, 20, 100978, 85, 824, 20, 100978, 109235, 20, 1342, 33, 6991, 20, 102960, 7, 6174, 20, 115559, 6991, 20, 184854, 14, 20, 105995, 24177, 20, 2552, 2507, 192, 20, 160344, 11, 27099, 11, 20, 57524, 1192, 20, 39166, 735, 20, 853, 402, 1336, 20, 41231, 1544, 20, 39668, 172, 20, 151915, 24005, 20, 602, 81334, 20, 23074, 1127, 20, 129830, 87889, 11, 20, 8801, 184, 20, 1371, 2278, 474, 282, 20, 1371, 1084, 20, 71294, 1517, 824, 20, 3000, 11, 87889, 11, 20, 582, 2634, 20, 71270, 27099, 11, 20, 50550, 1165, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 38601, 34, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 2758, 62397, 11, 23, 116342, 19, 247, 83, 142, 90695, 23, 70, 10542, 116342, 19, 63666, 40752, 519, 111, 70, 129435, 27414, 5, 17106, 142, 16128, 111, 442, 83, 70, 50960, 142105, 90695, 66165, 81551, 47, 116342, 4, 7103, 207085, 136, 230130, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History and geography.", "Villages of Muhu Parish." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The German names for the island are Mohn and Moon. Moon is also the Swedish name for the island. The most important villages in Muhu are Kuivastu, Liiva (where the school can be found) and Koguva. In Pädaste, an internationally renowned luxury hotel and spa operates in the restored manor house. The island is divided from mainland Estonia by the Suur Strait (\"Moonsund\") and from Saaremaa by the Väike Strait. It is linked by ferry to Virtsu in the mainland, and to Saaremaa by a causeway, the Väinatamm. In winter an ice road connects the island to the mainland. In January 1227, an army of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword with Letts, Germans of Riga and native Livonians (20,000 men commanded by William of Modena) crossed on sea ice from the mainland and attacked the island of Saaremaa to reduce the last holdout of pagan Estonians. The Estonians surrendered on Muhu at a circular stronghold called Mona, the earthworks of which are still preserved near the causeway between the islands. This ended the Estonian Crusade. The Battle of Karuse or Battle on the Ice was fought on 16 February 1270 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Livonian Order on the frozen Baltic Sea between the Muhu Island and the mainland. The Lithuanians achieved a decisive victory. The battle, named after the Karuse village, was the fifth-largest defeat of the Livonian or Teutonic Orders in the 13th century. The same waters saw the Battle of Moon Sound in September–October 1917 between Russian and German naval forces. Muhu is also famous for having the only still-working traditional windmills in Estonia. Muhu is the home of Estonia's first wine tourism farm – Luscher & Matiesen Muhu Winehouse.", "Aljava - Hellamaa - Igaküla - Kallaste - Kantsi - Kapi - Kesse - Koguva - Kuivastu - Külasema - Laheküla - Lalli - Leeskopa - Lehtmetsa - Lepiku - Levalõpme - Liiva - Linnuse - Lõetsa - Mäla - Mõega - Mõisaküla - Nautse - Nõmmküla - Nurme - Oina - Pädaste - Päelda - Paenase - Pallasmaa - Pärase - Piiri - Põitse - Raegma - Rannaküla - Rässa - Raugi - Rebaski - Ridasi - Rinsi - Rootsivere - Simiste - Soonda - Suuremõisa - Tamse - Tupenurme - Tusti - Vahtraste - Vanamõisa - Viira - Võiküla - Võlla" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 191725, 74132, 66, 39210, 456, 297, 1556, 70, 137567, 68186, 71, 128464, 6827, 9351, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 73483, 164, 740, 56888, 11777, 3789, 164661, 7, 765, 2809, 26171, 71, 4, 136, 3060, 765, 2809, 38134, 538, 11814, 5, 89536, 99726, 26698, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 52287, 7, 830, 44, 284, 882, 557, 69688, 2703, 35093, 7, 830, 136, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 129474, 164, 58, 15, 2186, 735, 14488, 67, 9351, 194, 169549, 96335, 765, 62816, 52021, 6, 178851, 109622, 149067, 1779, 17721, 70, 65508, 71, 136, 24, 4935, 9157, 7, 111, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 73483, 164, 58, 23, 23924, 21629, 5, 581, 50005, 1544, 66, 11521, 21004, 50986, 831, 186, 157167, 67175, 1295, 70, 23924, 15672, 11521, 21004, 50986, 390, 6863, 16610, 56, 17358, 60291, 111, 1257, 47, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 645, 4, 16610, 56, 18743, 3716, 111, 1379, 26548, 645, 15, 289, 197271, 2685, 83, 3060, 645, 6324, 23, 903, 62816, 247, 136, 23, 57940, 39, 62816, 48242, 7, 5, 360, 23924, 21629, 4, 70, 10778, 111, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 73483, 164, 58, 509, 10, 31344, 111, 169463, 136, 29865, 5, 1650, 509, 39210, 538, 90698, 142, 188768, 114149, 136, 27983, 116000, 272, 114149, 4, 65508, 71, 1295, 14713, 5, 33306, 4, 2685, 83, 77950, 111, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 237, 10, 24, 4935, 18153, 23, 23924, 21629, 4989, 8108, 28811, 46512, 47691, 111, 70, 72852, 5, 1650, 83, 5036, 51529, 450, 70, 23924, 15672, 24, 4935, 3173, 7, 111, 44, 683, 5, 10, 1242, 1614, 7008, 5, 44, 152644, 7851, 58, 621, 94419, 538, 40715, 62502, 10821, 3501, 28811, 3173, 7, 5, 581, 17309, 94419, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 23, 23924, 21629, 1543, 186, 4743, 47, 70, 1286, 62502, 10821, 4, 1284, 21373, 9, 64747, 214, 28811, 1614, 7008, 5, 44, 916, 2816, 4086, 740, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 1810, 58875, 30621, 24, 4935, 55670, 1363, 136, 92319, 7, 70, 4000, 18153, 6, 179174, 939, 5, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 3173, 7, 168, 184, 6117, 27853, 7, 111, 55670, 1363, 450, 83, 51, 68879, 2886, 117016, 100, 24, 4935, 113430, 5, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 2837, 23935, 7, 24, 4935, 18153, 7, 114149, 6044, 237, 56409, 64827, 4, 7515, 46741, 7, 4, 136, 24, 4935, 642, 74041, 707, 206, 30185, 5, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 1556, 10, 11192, 36917, 61585, 156667, 7, 450, 46389, 7, 22729, 47, 3789, 18153, 7, 6, 190358, 58555, 47, 15504, 3934, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 22460, 88528, 4552, 69405, 5, 262, 277, 7522, 214, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 51312, 7, 70, 34515, 111, 10283, 127, 50015, 107, 1363, 1286, 25545, 538, 3501, 2806, 74918, 678, 24, 4935, 10283, 127, 55670, 1363, 5, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 73483, 164, 58, 1614, 7008, 5, 44, 916, 2816, 4086, 58, 83, 216806, 85583, 44402, 100, 5941, 3789, 23924, 15672, 64707, 34053, 67, 642, 74041, 18153, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 24, 4935, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 73483, 164, 58, 1614, 7008, 5, 44, 152644, 7851, 740, 96952, 238, 43840, 121447, 390, 13000, 27402, 35093, 7, 83, 8, 8961, 297, 390, 227899, 22729, 47, 27489, 2409, 31, 3798, 9120, 43840, 4, 191984, 5962, 1916, 168194, 18153, 7, 136, 40, 297, 33992, 678, 6626, 182, 39, 7844, 169577, 7, 5, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 83, 221, 34844, 47, 6226, 450, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 60266, 150624, 111, 1615, 18601, 1916, 70, 18153, 83, 47, 96865, 442, 645, 10994, 34003, 7, 5, 581, 74855, 7, 55993, 221, 53894, 136, 37515, 450, 1632, 96865, 83, 959, 20174, 5, 2161, 519, 214, 25188, 42459, 7, 450, 738, 9821, 5809, 186, 191984, 11814, 47, 6226, 70, 114149, 5, 66016, 505, 4, 645, 20668, 111, 70, 11958, 7, 111, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 58, 23, 70, 28872, 10, 42225, 2921, 33384, 24804, 25924, 79200, 765, 2809, 82649, 71, 390, 70, 116000, 272, 44, 3666, 8918, 831, 13, 105994, 830, 44, 14535, 34241, 48308, 603, 85, 333, 634, 265, 43362, 830, 120332, 33, 214, 56409, 24804, 117016, 87420, 70, 195052, 10776, 7, 111, 70, 601, 8218, 5, 51404, 205794, 90698, 10, 110, 78697, 223, 642, 297, 4, 23, 165014, 70, 456, 297, 11958, 7, 621, 90698, 130306, 47, 70, 40780, 53, 111, 70, 6, 134369, 59801, 111, 642, 74041, 58555, 136, 7401, 102966, 111, 70, 225260, 56588, 4, 136, 70, 68, 9, 16713, 111, 456, 297, 11958, 7, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 197108, 13, 184085, 289, 20022, 1830, 5, 44, 45689, 27402, 35093, 7, 73483, 164, 830, 39210, 456, 297, 4, 39210, 538, 3173, 7, 1119, 41745, 272, 9157, 7, 15, 69723, 19, 237, 456, 297, 11958, 7, 247, 3129, 1543, 186, 237, 5045, 237, 707, 1286, 23, 192961, 5, 78662, 27289, 621, 202319, 442, 831, 2843, 93403, 99, 707, 1286, 117, 6602, 390, 124001, 6, 142117, 7, 4, 3129, 3884, 7565, 74855, 7, 99, 20324, 51514, 7, 5, 1650, 831, 55993, 23, 48, 2676, 61585, 4, 23, 135203, 7401, 1257, 47, 707, 221, 53894, 4, 707, 3853, 237, 10, 21917, 26518, 2589, 5, 581, 72, 24762, 36418, 7, 55993, 47, 43156, 4, 678, 70, 35835, 271, 18153, 7, 105925, 23, 58555, 678, 8010, 51065, 7, 136, 92895, 13, 105925, 27289, 5, 581, 31358, 7, 621, 4989, 100, 10, 27689, 7, 4, 136, 134744, 5, 581, 189067, 621, 181653, 23, 72399, 51065, 23, 10, 168, 184, 4, 43334, 7398, 8705, 20381, 11030, 4, 1672, 387, 1104, 2525, 1827, 4989, 5, 147466, 70, 183851, 4989, 4, 653, 118201, 4, 189173, 6275, 297, 16195, 145482, 7, 108975, 3514, 8889, 4743, 47, 70, 75678, 111, 4989, 4, 5795, 1002, 24887, 7, 5, 32255, 155605, 4358, 45, 20595, 184, 70, 15393, 40, 297, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 149137, 34053, 67, 15, 11, 13722, 9523, 18153, 247, 41866, 39210, 23, 144, 161, 2256, 117016, 7, 4, 136, 442, 2843, 6, 131145, 1636, 1620, 2594, 4745, 7401, 4, 136, 221, 83, 27983, 14037, 99, 70, 1407, 56, 121303, 7, 111, 437, 2240, 3387, 136, 98, 3789, 36311, 15534, 15, 7, 12665, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 13000, 27402, 35093, 7, 83, 10, 107396, 111, 22759, 114149, 111, 21334, 117, 33, 93, 289, 27689, 5908, 14037, 23, 36311, 15534, 87420, 79197, 2182, 136, 143257, 10776, 7, 111, 70, 8999, 5, 581, 6661, 38679, 6562, 111, 51620, 297, 75628, 24641, 7, 4, 76104, 297, 390, 1345, 434, 38666, 23, 9020, 4, 26946, 7, 70, 25632, 22759, 114149, 12, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Taxonomy.", "Subspecies and varieties.", "Invasive status.", "Natural enemies.", "Growth and habitat.", "Wildlife in reed beds.", "Uses.", "Cultivation.", "Phytoremediation water treatment.", "Thatching.", "Music.", "Food.", "Herbal Medicine.", "Other uses.", "Legend, History, and Literature." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The cosmopolitan common reed has the generally accepted botanical name \"Phragmites australis\". About 130 other synonyms have been proposed, and some have been widely used. Examples include \"Phragmites communis\", \"Arundo phragmites\", and \"Phragmites vulgaris\" (illegitimate name).", "Recent studies have characterised morphological distinctions between the introduced and native stands of \"Phragmites australis\" in North America. The Eurasian phenotype can be distinguished from the North American phenotype by its shorter ligules of up to as opposed to over, shorter glumes of under against over (although there is some overlap in this character), and in culm characteristics.", "In North America, the status of \"Phragmites australis\" was a source of confusion and debate. It was commonly considered an exotic species and often invasive species, introduced from Europe. However, there is evidence of the existence of \"Phragmites\" as a native plant in North America long before European colonization of the continent. It is now known that the North American native forms of \"P. a.\" subsp. \"americanus\" are markedly less vigorous than European forms. The recent marked expansion of \"Phragmites\" in North America may be due to the more vigorous, but similar-looking European subsp. \"australis\". \"Phragmites\" outcompetes native vegetation and lowers the local plant biodiversity. \"Phragmites\" forms dense thickets of vegetation that is unsuitable habitat for native fauna. \"Phragmites\" displaces native plants species such as wild rice, cattails, and native wetland orchids. \"Phragmites\" has a high above ground biomass that blocks light to other plants allowing areas to turn into \"Phragmites\" monoculture very quickly. Decomposing \"Phragmites\" increases the rate of marsh accretion more rapidly than would occur with native marsh vegetation. \"Phragmites australis\" subsp. \"australis\" is causing serious problems for many other North American hydrophyte wetland plants, including the native \"Phragmites australis\" subsp. \"americanus\". Gallic acid released by Phragmites is degraded by ultraviolet light to produce mesoxalic acid, effectively hitting susceptible plants and seedlings with two harmful toxins. \"Phragmites\" is so difficult to control that one of the most effective methods of eradicating the plant is to burn it over 2-3 seasons. The roots grow so deep and strong that one burn is not enough. Ongoing research suggests that goats could be effectively used to control the species.", "Since 2017, over 80% of the beds of \"Phragmites\" in the Pass a Loutre Wildlife Management Area have been damaged by the invasive \"roseau cane scale\", \"Nipponaclerda biwakoensis\", threatening wildlife habitat throughout the affected regions of the WMA. While typically considered a noxious weed, in Louisiana the reed beds are considered critical to the stability of the shorelines of wetland areas and waterways of the Mississippi Delta, and the die-off of reed beds is believed to accelerate coastal erosion.", "\"Phragmites australis\", common reed, commonly forms extensive stands (known as reed beds), which may be as much as or more in extent. Where conditions are suitable it can also spread at or more per year by horizontal runners, which put down roots at regular intervals. It can grow in damp ground, in standing water up to or so deep, or even as a floating mat. The erect stems grow to tall, with the tallest plants growing in areas with hot summers and fertile growing conditions. The leaves are long for a grass, and broad. The flowers are produced in late summer in a dense, dark purple panicle, about 20–50 cm long. Later the numerous long, narrow, sharp pointed spikelets appear greyer due to the growth of long, silky hairs. These eventually help disperse the minute seeds. It is a helophyte (aquatic plant), especially common in alkaline habitats, and it also tolerates brackish water, and so is often found at the upper edges of estuaries and on other wetlands (such as grazing marsh) which are occasionally inundated by the sea. A study demonstrated that \"Phragmites australis\" has similar greenhouse gas emissions to native \"Spartina alterniflora\". However, other studies have demonstrated that it is associated with larger methane emissions and greater carbon dioxide uptake than native New England salt marsh vegetation that occurs at higher marsh elevations. Common reed is suppressed where it is grazed regularly by livestock. Under these conditions it either grows as small shoots within the grassland sward, or it disappears altogether. In Europe, common reed is rarely invasive, except in damp grasslands where traditional grazing has been abandoned.", "Common reed is very important (together with other reed-like plants) for wildlife and conservation, particularly in Europe and Asia, where several species of birds are strongly tied to large \"Phragmites\" stands. These include: In Australia, reedbeds provide cover for grassbirds (\"Megalurus spp.\"), reed warblers (\"Acrocephalus spp.\"), crakes (\"Porzana spp.\") and bitterns (\"Ixobrychus spp.\") and the Australian bittern (\"Botaurus poiciloptilus\").", "", "\"P. australis\" is cultivated as an ornamental plant in aquatic and marginal settings such as pond- and lakesides. Its aggressive colonisation means it must be sited with care.", "\"Phragmites australis\" is one of the main wetland plant species used for phytoremediation water treatment. Waste water from lavatories and greywater from kitchens is routed to an underground septic tank-like compartment where the solid waste is allowed to settle out. The water then trickles through a constructed wetland or \"artificial reed bed\", where bioremediation bacterial action on the surface of roots and leaf litter removes some of the nutrients in biotransformation. The water is then suitable for irrigation, groundwater recharge, or release to natural watercourses.", "Reed is used in many areas for thatching roofs. In the British Isles, common reed used for this purpose is known as \"Norfolk reed\" or \"water reed\". However \"wheat reed\" and \"Devon reed\", also used for thatching, are not in fact reed, but long-stemmed wheat straw.", "In Middle East countries \"Phragmites\" is used to create a small instrument similar to the clarinet called a sipsi, with either a single, as in the picture, or double pipes as in bagpipes. The reed of the zurna is made from the common reed which is flattened after removing its brittle outer glaze and the loose inner membrane, and after softening it by wetting. The result is a double reed with an elliptical opening that vibrates by closing and opening at a high speed. This is not to be confused with other double reeds like that of the oboe which uses two reeds made from the giant reed leaning against each other.", "Numerous parts of \"Phragmites\" can be prepared for consumption. For example, the young stems \"while still green and fleshy, can be dried and pounded into a fine powder, which when moistened is roasted [sic] like marshmallows.\" Also, the wheat-like seeds on the apex of the stems \"can be ground into flour or made into gruel.\" Rootstocks are used similarly.", "The roots of reeds, as called in Chinese as 蘆根 or 葦莖, were used in traditional Chinese medicine to remedy illness related to the airways, including symptoms like cough with high fever, sticky and white (sometimes greenish) expectorated phlegm, etc. Concoction of reed roots was believed to bring the fever away via increased urination and also help to restore body fluid.", "Some other uses for \"Phragmites australis\" and other reeds in various cultures include baskets, mats, Reed pen tips, (Qalam) and in Romania it was used to produce paper and other cellulose based products. Additionally, the reeds are used as nesting tubes by individuals keeping solitary bees such as mason bees. In Egypt, the longer stems are dried and used as fishing poles. It is also used there for fences and cattle pens. In the Philippines, \"Phragmites\" is known by the local name \"tambo\". Reed stands flower in December, and the blooms are harvested and bundled into brooms called \"walis\". Hence the common name of household brooms is \"walis tambo\". Reeds have been used to make arrows and weapons such as spears for hunting game.", "When Midas had his ears transformed into donkey's ears, he concealed the fact and his barber was sworn to secrecy. However the barber could not contain himself and rather than confiding in another human, he spoke the secret into a hole in the ground. The reeds that grew in that place then repeated the secret in whispers. Moses was \"drawn out of the water where his mother had placed him in a reed basket to save him from the death that had been decreed by the Pharaoh against the firstborn of all of the children of Israel in Egypt\" (Exodus 2:10). However, the plant concerned may have been another reed-like plant, such as papyrus, which is still used for making boats. One reference to reeds in European literature is Frenchman Blaise Pascal's saying that Man is but a 'thinking reed' — \"roseau pensant\". In Jean de La Fontaine's famous fable \"The Oak and the Reed\" — \"Le chêne et le roseau\", the reed tells the proud oak: \"I bend, and break not\" —\"\"Je plie, et ne romps pas\"\", \"before the tree's fall.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 59444, 509, 46332, 11400, 156253, 42, 71407, 88303, 98, 40368, 130473, 7, 10932, 10, 19336, 9879, 118666, 53, 114354, 1785, 16065, 1295, 70, 59444, 111, 3970, 12896, 143, 194, 62, 4989, 10, 68334, 111, 46844, 1360, 90, 35839, 567, 150, 1559, 127877, 8305, 442, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 59444, 7, 3835, 33976, 7, 15, 107, 16797, 538, 88303, 12, 115215, 4, 3018, 4, 4620, 4, 19927, 7, 4, 14834, 33976, 4, 29874, 11698, 3021, 5, 194, 8622, 83, 10, 6406, 9201, 450, 87344, 210650, 9638, 112, 20271, 70, 51065, 21775, 5, 581, 153552, 23, 22446, 188, 14858, 90, 70, 64194, 90695, 111, 3970, 12896, 143, 20, 442, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 107361, 9523, 3129, 1556, 10, 170027, 66, 153552, 4, 62816, 29367, 390, 4989, 4, 92136, 4, 36898, 136, 8010, 51065, 13312, 678, 34735, 4, 16610, 136, 126561, 36311, 41710, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 64194, 6602, 70, 52768, 7, 738, 35064, 209, 16207, 441, 23, 18982, 136, 22482, 4, 12960, 18237, 4, 20414, 4, 8055, 136, 6088, 1836, 83080, 36917, 387, 16207, 441, 5, 82507, 9146, 83, 205794, 170027, 66, 4, 678, 10, 280, 344, 23, 72399, 10, 89583, 19, 136, 39395, 41710, 136, 10, 15440, 23, 20414, 5, 22446, 188, 4163, 6863, 9351, 1295, 10, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 44457, 3129, 199349, 297, 98, 20324, 18231, 4, 24189, 80665, 5, 581, 44, 571, 32133, 44457, 58, 509, 46505, 25958, 3568, 122009, 5, 3293, 75935, 10, 85437, 450, 19014, 71, 1257, 20271, 51065, 5, 581, 50961, 111, 26944, 7, 136, 80208, 7, 86723, 6259, 8167, 885, 429, 7401, 3934, 70, 15520, 98, 70, 144477, 184085, 5, 1650, 75935, 27289, 100, 65771, 6, 157215, 111, 1286, 92895, 13, 3551, 23, 903, 10776, 5, 581, 59444, 68034, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 10332, 525, 9615, 19929, 7, 98, 3970, 12896, 143, 136, 83, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 171827, 2831, 111, 10, 44457, 5, 581, 16128, 111, 22446, 188, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 9615, 6259, 20271, 12610, 20028, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 106820, 4, 44, 670, 474, 40073, 111, 70, 117657, 830, 105866, 98, 70, 22446, 188, 117657, 450, 1556, 12610, 74912, 7, 450, 3687, 6863, 86595, 7, 23, 70, 201, 927, 142642, 5, 63590, 11, 13, 109622, 47143, 7, 111, 12610, 17223, 65423, 15, 117715, 93782, 97761, 16, 765, 2809, 134053, 5, 64511, 47143, 7, 765, 2809, 14037, 23, 70, 4000, 16128, 1740, 4420, 47, 479, 66029, 238, 136, 891, 538, 9893, 20028, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 6661, 5550, 87, 136, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 6, 34053, 9284, 34058, 11, 52875, 297, 70, 4224, 1081, 27888, 7, 4, 216806, 2856, 47, 117, 4745, 22, 23860, 5, 3293, 6782, 538, 162466, 71, 47, 70, 25313, 52028, 450, 509, 123087, 28032, 70, 3525, 538, 100, 4806, 15127, 8797, 143, 3459, 5, 22446, 188, 509, 7808, 214, 10, 46889, 1119, 31, 6862, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 37195, 927, 142105, 3687, 23, 100974, 4526, 4, 7068, 10, 10776, 111, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 1619, 6635, 15, 571, 32133, 23, 64972, 1902, 10, 43904, 111, 361, 49150, 6, 194, 133698, 58410, 136, 60487, 4, 1672, 6, 136442, 160641, 32997, 297, 2363, 44556, 136, 25737, 22446, 188, 5, 40469, 133, 87143, 66399, 27686, 5, 47, 28173, 136, 30089, 15, 157225, 538, 11182, 14281, 194, 133698, 6661, 5550, 1995, 22446, 188, 509, 62825, 71, 390, 70, 3164, 3387, 5, 581, 18319, 2481, 111, 22446, 188, 4, 39501, 297, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 3970, 12896, 143, 4, 86757, 538, 123867, 1379, 70, 110663, 9, 839, 10266, 330, 47064, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 83, 7228, 1257, 111, 22446, 188, 136, 141573, 7676, 5, 1650, 1556, 17203, 47, 70, 15520, 98, 15044, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 90695, 5, 76556, 70, 5201, 11469, 111, 22446, 188, 4, 2319, 8961, 2063, 83, 105866, 1672, 138, 1785, 144477, 111, 70, 59444, 111, 22446, 188, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 25, 7, 184085, 2256, 83, 94574, 363, 39063, 7, 23, 140909, 5, 17106, 73, 70, 16128, 621, 118409, 1360, 90, 136, 27888, 119300, 7, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 1392, 149039, 7, 4, 70, 18319, 2481, 111, 22446, 188, 1556, 43904, 111, 27398, 11591, 5, 581, 18410, 144732, 111, 70, 43904, 621, 12610, 129574, 7, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 58055, 7, 111, 25632, 9615, 19929, 7, 12, 133698, 70, 4989, 32692, 111, 22446, 188, 4, 70, 111503, 1556, 2809, 23509, 297, 10932, 70, 36049, 111, 120767, 141, 38742, 4, 41866, 108069, 5, 166291, 29700, 4, 108069, 4, 377, 21359, 136, 6, 83671, 1360, 90, 621, 70, 2684, 88551, 38742, 111, 70, 10776, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 22446, 188, 181653, 645, 4382, 41718, 7, 111, 108069, 136, 496, 41203, 5245, 111, 118409, 29700, 100, 31255, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 1836, 181653, 99700, 7, 136, 141233, 7, 100, 2363, 10002, 4527, 5, 200537, 34754, 111, 6, 177849, 12441, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 142, 121226, 1294, 11374, 6044, 237, 131346, 7, 136, 60091, 69924, 5, 24372, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 4, 22446, 188, 80723, 10, 3525, 105823, 111, 34754, 5, 10660, 53333, 126809, 70, 12924, 53099, 4, 67773, 13, 53099, 4, 6, 177133, 136, 70, 120767, 141, 53099, 5, 581, 43904, 136475, 47, 206398, 4, 144, 372, 217, 1286, 191975, 3501, 8108, 5, 81207, 36049, 23, 22446, 188, 4, 23, 17309, 20028, 1556, 51592, 10, 7565, 15504, 678, 70, 6, 170224, 111, 70, 67773, 13, 31461, 53, 4699, 11063, 5, 47331, 53099, 136, 6, 177849, 47143, 7, 5526, 100, 70, 111503, 5, 125965, 5036, 11301, 7, 142, 5526, 31486, 5, 9268, 136, 14375, 127451, 7, 23, 2319, 169, 402, 136, 2319, 208, 18601, 765, 34475, 3525, 3095, 316, 47, 70, 111503, 111, 22446, 188, 5, 581, 5201, 25313, 77630, 2449, 23, 22446, 188, 18925, 621, 12, 581, 59444, 83, 51529, 100, 10, 170277, 91, 47416, 82393, 4, 70, 39760, 46648, 145, 4, 3129, 83, 51339, 297, 98, 7071, 29835, 70, 5155, 111, 12190, 582, 3956, 16336, 4, 70, 59444, 25, 7, 32926, 57, 4288, 4, 22446, 188, 16934, 35773, 1294, 4, 65678, 10363, 53, 4, 82, 127, 157, 9, 78909, 4, 3021, 5, 62, 52656, 13, 14037, 1294, 105866, 23, 22446, 188, 83, 1632, 111, 4734, 17262, 52656, 13, 14037, 10484, 23, 143516, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 22446, 188, 83, 10, 14834, 2481, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 3970, 12896, 143, 23, 143516, 5, 1650, 831, 186, 157578, 390, 70, 5201, 90695, 33816, 1295, 59444, 111, 3970, 12896, 143, 5, 581, 33816, 127877, 8305, 70, 100, 525, 7, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 90695, 111, 3970, 12896, 143, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "History.", "Municipality of Blato.", "Demographics.", "Economy.", "Culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The town was amphitheatrically built on several hills around a small central valley (40 km away from the town of Korčula). A long avenue of lime trees called Zlinje runs through it, along with the towns public buildings (recently built: schools, hotel, bank, shops, municipal building, medical centre etc.). There is a City park that provides exceptional shade during the summer months. The climate in Blato matches the entire island of Korčula - it is located in the Adriatic which has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by long, quiet, dry and hot summer days with clear, short and mild wet winters. During the entire year the temperatures go below 10 °C in January and February, while June, July, August and September they average above 20 °C. Rainfall is typically Mediterranean, with a peak in late autumn and early winter and a minimum in July.", "Blato got its name from a neighbouring field which flooded on regular basis, until 1911. The \"Blato field\" was occasionally drained. This created a lake that dried up during summer. The construction of canals and tunnels channelled drainage water into the sea on the north coast. It created conditions for successful exploitation of more fertile land in this region. The town itself is one of the oldest settlements on Korčula and is situated in the middle of the western part of a field. The area of Blato is believed to have been settled during Roman times. There is a church, \"Our Lady of the Field\", located on the Blato Field that has Roman floors that place its beginnings in the 4th century. Archaeological remains of Roman Junianum (agricultural estate) have been discovered. Other remains have been found in the local area dating back to prehistoric and Illyrian times. Between World War I and World War II, phylloxera attacked the grape vines, causing them to perish en masse. This greatly contributed to the economic crisis that was happening within the newly formed Yugoslavia. Blato was facing a mass exodus. It was the sixth largest place in Dalmatia, then a region of Austro-Hungary (Blato in 1910 had a population of 7102 ). During 1924 and 1925, about 890 residents abandoned their homes and left Blato. Whole families emigrated. to Australia and Brazil (especially São Paulo). During World War II Blato was bombed by the Allies.", "The Municipality of Blato, situated on the island of Korčula, administratively falls under the Dubrovnik-Neretva County. The municipality is made up of Blato and Potirna. It has access to the sea on both sides of the island. Once the main port of Blato, Prigradica is located about 3 km north of the town of Blato. The municipality's coastline is 36.3 kilometers in length. Within the area are olive trees and vineyards.", "According to the 2011 census, the Municipality of Blato has population of 3,593. The vast majority of the population are Roman Catholics. The municipality consists of following settlements:", "During the long history of Blato, the economy has been oriented around the production of agricultural products, especially wine. Olive oil, wine, carob and fig trees are the most significant products of the region. In the early 20th century Blato produced over 1000 carts of wine and 30 wagons of olive oil for export. In addition, they produced legumes and cereals for their own use. Strong development of agriculture led to the development of ancillary services such as crafts and commercial activities. After the Second World War, Blato began a new cycle of development. They further developed the metal industry, textile industry, tourism and the agricultural industry. The population continued to decline, albeit more slowly than before. Industrial production in Blato, in recent times has seen a down turn with the closure of the textile factory Trikop. Metal industry and agriculture remains important for the economy. Tourism now plays an important role. Hotels and private apartments in Prizba and Prigadica have given new momentum to the economy of Blato. The main economic entities in Blato today are:", "The town is known for a famous sword dance, the Kumpanija, which is performed on April 28, the day of Saint Vincenca, the town's patron saint, Blato Public library, sanctuary, ethno-museum, etc. A bronze foundry located in Blato is one of only three bronze foundries in Croatia and the only one outside of Zagreb." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 58055, 7, 111, 20, 39529, 587, 184, 25072, 7, 162711, 23, 121293, 7, 111, 77336, 140909, 5, 581, 157935, 184, 25072, 7, 621, 102917, 538, 3126, 297, 678, 5961, 41600, 23585, 29557, 100483, 587, 172, 18403, 71052, 7, 5, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 83, 205794, 150350, 71, 111, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 121293, 7, 450, 285, 53, 1295, 17262, 47, 729, 157935, 184, 25072, 7, 4989, 5, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 7, 621, 18507, 47314, 390, 1514, 15, 39659, 2955, 184, 183234, 16, 136, 765, 10, 1514, 17721, 138, 136, 7085, 581, 77546, 70, 1514, 34292, 4, 70, 16610, 56, 70, 157935, 184, 121293, 7, 4, 70, 77546, 70, 53673, 7432, 4, 70, 77546, 70, 31563, 83259, 4, 136, 70, 92319, 80097, 39746, 7154, 5, 92437, 272, 1514, 387, 4, 70, 28811, 32528, 25, 7, 61658, 18151, 11782, 7, 442, 157935, 184, 954, 9167, 74, 99, 1514, 209, 707, 92319, 70, 114122, 7, 61658, 18151, 50372, 18347, 6644, 18507, 27430, 90, 960, 188, 39659, 33310, 7, 237, 8, 425, 33310, 7, 5, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 831, 186, 193807, 257, 71407, 16406, 4126, 1295, 2499, 6057, 206, 5, 360, 70, 7082, 4, 903, 6057, 206, 83, 56104, 126041, 74, 23, 14713, 4, 442, 83, 39210, 47, 4527, 148, 156253, 5, 360, 70, 28811, 32528, 4, 148, 156253, 9, 820, 14, 4126, 960, 188, 39659, 33310, 83, 220828, 1295, 67967, 214, 4, 237, 5423, 1810, 23, 14245, 425, 1995, 111, 59947, 42666, 5844, 438, 534, 14212, 33409, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 49903, 4, 442, 83, 959, 220828, 1295, 10308, 1409, 21635, 1363, 117, 70, 34562, 57204, 1409, 129214, 214, 136, 76980, 56, 124550, 25515, 4, 136, 6863, 21543, 98, 10, 87093, 6635, 69065, 9, 32087, 63043, 8110, 186, 151575, 297, 98, 10, 7225, 9, 1272, 9, 58437, 18231, 117, 70, 152431, 34562, 136, 125183, 141888, 44930, 5, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 83, 11814, 47, 52295, 70, 113008, 2242, 583, 111, 15381, 136, 186, 814, 4588, 38742, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 11814, 23, 3060, 69881, 7, 6044, 237, 160, 28647, 110537, 136, 55, 71361, 5, 1650, 83, 11814, 23, 44, 20016, 58, 16320, 3609, 125688, 47, 34390, 70, 19780, 10941, 1284, 13695, 70, 168286, 5, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 83, 2843, 68018, 39958, 237, 10, 25969, 1294, 107506, 390, 67945, 74635, 23, 173169, 3173, 4, 6434, 43824, 7831, 4, 707, 48302, 23417, 7, 5, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 83, 11814, 237, 142, 23, 83613, 33, 29888, 171793, 5844, 47, 6117, 11960, 15381, 38742, 6044, 237, 87880, 26168, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 11814, 237, 10, 26292, 56, 23, 101087, 161740, 90, 136, 3789, 38742, 5, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 1556, 10, 100483, 329, 21068, 63262, 17163, 214, 1295, 9365, 47, 21213, 5, 360, 26249, 96335, 4, 2685, 83, 77950, 47, 42459, 450, 960, 188, 39659, 33310, 1543, 1119, 11, 3443, 99500, 143232, 6, 203932, 5, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 83, 11814, 237, 10, 3328, 118, 93782, 103665, 2624, 112, 15044, 23, 70, 44457, 136, 23, 50997, 23923, 7, 5, 1650, 1556, 110, 240877, 137043, 289, 707, 3530, 34610, 21533, 22631, 5, 1650, 7, 9129, 22346, 2408, 83, 35509, 54799, 91718, 214, 10, 109971, 67, 29806, 54799, 70, 64428, 103665, 7, 4, 7440, 34, 5416, 70, 29806, 19014, 7, 4, 46389, 7, 70, 103665, 7, 25, 6, 54547, 66695, 136, 113660, 47219, 390, 237, 34053, 5134, 2320, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 83, 10, 35874, 7, 2263, 9254, 2506, 15, 669, 53, 2258, 837, 99735, 90, 33284, 297, 25842, 23, 10, 233239, 121293, 16, 450, 83, 11814, 237, 10, 15381, 171793, 5844, 5, 1650, 83, 181653, 1295, 55670, 2661, 6057, 206, 390, 2878, 289, 64707, 14907, 164, 136, 83, 56104, 14037, 237, 10, 35011, 2119, 87436, 587, 18695, 91718, 9, 71, 46572, 173169, 5, 3658, 188, 39659, 33310, 83, 72546, 1466, 525, 28236, 4, 8035, 57622, 297, 237, 25545, 538, 237, 157935, 184, 136, 1543, 186, 40101, 71644, 21286, 53673, 707, 39555, 196634, 9393, 15, 112, 96819, 98, 70, 79385, 111, 35874, 1991, 15032, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure.", "Production.", "Food uses.", "Other uses." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Maltodextrin consists of -glucose units connected in chains of variable length. The glucose units are primarily linked with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Maltodextrin is typically composed of a mixture of chains that vary from three to 17 glucose units long. Maltodextrins are classified by DE (dextrose equivalent) and have a DE between 3 and 20. The higher the DE value, the shorter the glucose chains, the higher the sweetness, the higher the solubility, and the lower heat resistance. Above DE 20, the European Union's CN code calls it glucose syrup; at DE 10 or lower the customs CN code nomenclature classifies maltodextrins as dextrins.", "Maltodextrin can be enzymatically derived from any starch. In the US, this starch is usually corn; in Europe, it is common to use wheat. In the European Union, wheat-derived maltodextrin is exempt from labeling, as set out in Annex II of EC Directive No 1169/2011. In the United States, however, it is not exempt from allergen declaration per the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act, and its effect on a voluntary gluten-free claim must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis per the applicable Food and Drug Administration policy.", "Maltodextrin is used to improve the mouthfeel of food and beverage products. It is also used in some snacks such as potato chips and jerky. It is used in \"light\" peanut butter to reduce the fat content but keep the texture. Maltodextrin is also sometimes taken as a dietary supplement by athletes in powder form, gel packets, or energy drinks. Maltodextrin is used as an inexpensive additive to thicken food products such as infant formula. It is also used as a filler in sugar substitutes and other products. Maltodextrin has a glycemic index ranging from 85 to 105. In animal studies, there is evidence to suggest that maltodextrin may exacerbate intestinal inflammation.", "Maltodextrin is used as a horticultural insecticide both in the field and in greenhouses. It has no physiological or biochemical action. Its efficacy is based upon spraying a dilute solution upon the pest insects, whereupon the solution dries, blocks the insects' spiracles and causes death by asphyxiation." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 96125, 8961, 3545, 19777, 83, 105866, 10932, 70, 16965, 420, 111, 29774, 136, 127067, 111, 6626, 6782, 21, 9248, 111, 70, 28811, 16995, 111, 49002, 4, 43157, 239, 246, 208, 136, 43157, 180, 3331, 5, 1650, 7, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 2831, 4, 17721, 70, 16965, 420, 111, 29774, 136, 43157, 239, 246, 208, 4, 36, 143414, 3387, 70, 115184, 3378, 2071, 927, 2647, 5, 31384, 90695, 7, 23, 70, 16965, 420, 111, 29774, 15, 216561, 19856, 2397, 4, 98, 3129, 70, 26349, 111, 63325, 47704, 1556, 2809, 88303, 16, 136, 43157, 239, 246, 208, 15, 216561, 108190, 3618, 7, 16, 2843, 186, 10617, 47, 70, 81761, 5, 79616, 111, 70, 16128, 111, 70, 81761, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 8167, 885, 429, 4950, 73, 111, 70, 799, 330, 4, 3129, 83, 70, 4734, 1810, 118664, 111, 43157, 239, 246, 208, 5, 78662, 162, 70, 799, 330, 4, 3129, 86608, 7, 47, 70, 16965, 420, 111, 29774, 15, 2347, 26349, 111, 12190, 72673, 83, 105866, 23, 6863, 96113, 40703, 16, 83, 35845, 538, 16610, 4, 6863, 8167, 885, 429, 4950, 73, 83, 38040, 79850, 6957, 136, 96853, 43157, 180, 3331, 136, 43157, 891, 1055, 237, 5299, 5, 581, 159, 7203, 136, 70, 122397, 28585, 86608, 1295, 43157, 180, 3331, 136, 43157, 891, 1055, 4, 107013, 538, 4, 47, 85437, 239, 246, 208, 5, 64511, 13036, 68762, 11, 10484, 111, 43157, 239, 246, 208, 26698, 70, 90647, 3043, 136, 70, 61457, 7, 5, 32547, 7, 23, 70, 171827, 2831, 111, 70, 81761, 86608, 47, 70, 16965, 420, 111, 29774, 74, 70, 6626, 129058, 96113, 7, 2685, 621, 70, 57109, 11, 136, 70, 152083, 4, 3129, 30482, 70, 11341, 132988, 17721, 49002, 136, 116342, 5, 146410, 58555, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 81761, 186, 10617, 47, 70, 96113, 4950, 73, 111, 70, 4841, 519, 79652, 1436, 4, 10, 68762, 6635, 111, 70, 2501, 26258, 4, 136, 111, 70, 15334, 11, 4, 15044, 23, 70, 4950, 73, 111, 70, 5976, 208, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 70, 101637, 17721, 70, 961, 6700, 111, 70, 129435, 136, 32221, 63782, 503, 162, 41421, 90, 70, 81761, 5, 581, 115184, 3378, 2071, 927, 2647, 83, 10, 13950, 53, 70665, 3129, 27980, 7, 10, 85437, 103724, 5, 581, 129058, 21, 9248, 98, 70, 115184, 3378, 2071, 927, 2647, 621, 43157, 90647, 21196, 4, 43157, 183689, 31, 5876, 1579, 1033, 4, 136, 43157, 109221, 33191, 1033, 5, 581, 10588, 111, 70, 16128, 111, 70, 81761, 83, 85590, 538, 49878, 5, 581, 131527, 83, 70, 19591, 127, 2082, 41231, 429, 4, 10, 121293, 111, 130473, 7, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 81761, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 16128, 83, 127918, 390, 100, 525, 7, 136, 68062, 2676, 7, 5, 96125, 8961, 3545, 19777, 70541, 7, 6626, 31425, 30312, 58555, 99, 70, 30361, 17366, 4, 70, 1520, 8848, 1444, 7203, 4922, 58806, 118886, 136, 276, 16532, 1579, 1033, 89661, 188, 825, 15702, 1881, 4, 15044, 75935, 47, 59959, 100, 525, 136, 68062, 2676, 212790, 7, 111, 144477, 1177, 48850, 49002, 5, 581, 2684, 24643, 31, 1687, 71407, 9789, 4191, 25667, 18153, 87143, 621, 62, 1515, 189956, 4, 27939, 1264, 189956, 4, 663, 189956, 136, 12015, 189956, 5, 3311, 2060, 70, 2684, 9789, 107396, 83, 44, 21851, 3355, 58, 15, 16028, 114149, 194, 581, 18595, 939, 23, 12663, 44, 841, 18298, 45071, 58, 15, 76228, 44, 159742, 232, 4523, 74054, 44, 126525, 309, 94739, 58, 15, 76228, 44, 571, 20799, 1861, 316, 74054, 44, 6210, 34610, 2298, 830, 44, 70696, 6664, 830, 44, 7192, 102, 432, 429, 1507, 830, 44, 52779, 4084, 830, 44, 15896, 95368, 830, 44, 6609, 5330, 830, 44, 97866, 11680, 830, 44, 23825, 195, 8986, 830, 44, 7192, 25352, 2298, 830, 44, 1052, 316, 3355, 830, 44, 919, 525, 29808, 830, 44, 647, 5974, 29959, 316, 830, 44, 7192, 11, 830, 44, 74257, 23789, 6664, 830, 44, 119085, 11, 59231, 830, 44, 6609, 1883, 830, 44, 2729, 125166, 223, 830, 44, 90391, 66, 6664, 58, 83, 2843, 150675, 5, 581, 181991, 53, 1556, 110, 28117, 21068, 18153, 36235, 5, 13769, 25667, 18153, 114149, 111, 96125, 8961, 3545, 19777, 145870, 23, 70, 4842, 2053, 12877, 111, 49002, 621, 44, 137925, 33136, 6664, 8781, 425, 830, 44, 49203, 195994, 66, 9319, 11, 21922, 219, 830, 44, 441, 53, 5293, 60867, 316, 6510, 329, 21201, 7, 830, 44, 647, 1434, 771, 735, 316, 10, 34053, 53071, 830, 44, 15363, 14473, 11, 18370, 29010, 830, 44, 31852, 12056, 63994, 830, 44, 39029, 127, 34368, 103665, 14, 45271, 830, 44, 19060, 1861, 7, 115054, 7, 830, 44, 683, 202, 6489, 2298, 170594, 6023, 830, 44, 683, 202, 6489, 2298, 493, 29858, 7, 740, 581, 181991, 53, 111, 13379, 9, 5636, 96125, 8961, 3545, 19777, 509, 27623, 3674, 16610, 538, 7103, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 1401, 5548, 1428, 3378, 169783, 2320, 136, 5036, 27980, 7, 183851, 6, 227780, 109622, 14194, 30125, 7, 5, 581, 5976, 208, 52350, 36439, 136, 52350, 36439, 1295, 70, 3323, 1463, 72004, 47, 70, 160600, 7, 41421, 297, 70, 181991, 53, 5, 4612, 5822, 239, 246, 208, 4, 70, 5117, 10323, 111, 62673, 1294, 4518, 2154, 4, 14037, 297, 23, 70, 382, 927, 15205, 927, 142642, 4, 83, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 81761, 4, 98, 70, 122397, 28585, 32547, 5, 360, 70, 427, 927, 13386, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 181991, 53, 509, 101637, 71, 17721, 70, 117604, 111, 71006, 136, 239254, 47806, 15, 21231, 187951, 9, 62329, 6504, 31, 27201, 34210, 16, 136, 27623, 3674, 153161, 390, 67842, 129435, 107721, 3395, 6044, 237, 115184, 72004, 15, 157, 65158, 25617, 247, 3519, 5922, 72004, 136, 5346, 1636, 15, 25617, 247, 2609, 15759, 10133, 15, 13, 4438, 247, 237, 5299, 237, 891, 1055, 69125, 7, 111, 239254, 15, 49760, 927, 194, 133698, 70, 51211, 31, 9, 294, 24243, 4745, 34210, 111, 70, 423, 927, 13521, 927, 202032, 90, 4, 70, 132988, 109133, 4420, 136, 100, 927, 645, 70, 3551, 5, 581, 9879, 2831, 111, 70, 181991, 53, 83, 51529, 237, 70, 186768, 10776, 111, 11614, 1651, 15, 748, 70, 3551, 111, 3519, 27102, 16, 136, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 7103, 2684, 111, 70, 13379, 9, 5636, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 96125, 8961, 3545, 19777, 15, 16, 83, 10, 30361, 28368, 111, 49002, 15, 66, 81761, 194, 1650, 509, 170920, 98, 8055, 106, 4, 70970, 4, 102971, 442, 509, 959, 24189, 41906, 450, 70, 81761, 25, 7, 132988, 7, 1902, 2809, 153161, 9615, 6259, 23, 2363, 13379, 19069, 5, 581, 81761, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 26349, 111, 96125, 8961, 15, 35613, 12190, 72673, 194, 992, 5062, 70, 26349, 4, 70, 81761, 112033, 5425, 70, 9351, 111, 96125, 8961, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Flora.", "History.", "Pre-Leningrad Oblast.", "Leningrad Oblast.", "First secretaries of the Leningrad Oblast CPSU Committee.", "Governors.", "Administrative divisions.", "Demographics.", "Religion.", "Economy.", "Industry.", "Agriculture.", "Transportation.", "Energy.", "Science and High-tech.", "Culture and recreation.", "Architecture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Leningrad Oblast is located around the Gulf of Finland and south of two great lakes of the European Part of Russia, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega. Its northeastern part, between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, occupies the Karelian Isthmus. Some islands in the Gulf of Finland (including Kotlin, on which the city of Kronstadt has been built) and Lake Ladoga (including Konevets) also belong to the oblast. Much of the area of the oblast belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva, which is the only outflow of Lake Ladoga. Whereas the Neva, which flows to the Gulf of Finland (the city of Saint Petersburg is located in its river delta) is relatively short, its drainage basin is enormously big and includes Lake Onega and Lake Ilmen as well. The Svir and the Volkhov flow from Lake Onega and Lake Ilmen, respectively, to lake Ladoga. Other major tributaries of Lake Ladoga include the Vuoksi and the Syas. Rivers in the western part of the oblast flow to the Gulf of Finland; the two biggest rivers there are the Luga and the Narva, which makes the state border between Russia and Estonia. Minor areas in the east of the oblast belong to the river basin of the Chagodoshcha, a tributary of the Mologa, and of the Suda, both in the basin of the Volga. Thus, the divide between the basins of the Baltic and Caspian Seas crosses the oblast. The Karelian Isthmus is a rocky terrain which hosts a lake district. The biggest lakes on the Karelian Isthmus are Lake Vuoksa, Lake Sukhodolskoye, and Lake Otradnoye. The rest of the area of the oblast is essentially flat. The exception is the Tikhvin Ridge, a chain of hills in the east of the oblast. Most of the area is covered by forests and swamps. Leningrad Oblast contains two nature protected areas at the federal level, the Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve and Mshinskoye Boloto Zakaznik, both created to protect forest and swamp landscapes of northwestern Russia.", "The most taxonomically diverse vascular plant families are Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Rosaceae. By far the most diverse genus is \"Carex\" (68 species). The diversity in genera \"Hieracium\" (with \"Pilosella\"), \"Ranunculus\" (with \"Batrachium\"), \"Alchemilla\", \"Galium\", \"Potamogeton\", \"Salix\", \"Veronica\", \"Viola\", \"Juncus\", \"Artemisia\", \"Potentilla\", \"Rumex\", \"Festuca\", \"Epilobium\", \"Poa\", \"Trifolium\", \"Campanula\", \"Vicia\", \"Lathyrus\", \"Geranium\" is also considerable. The territory has no endemic plant taxa. Vascular plant species of Leningrad Oblast listed in the red data book of Russia are \"Botrychium simplex\", \"Cephalanthera rubra\", \"Cypripedium calceolus\", \"Epipogium aphyllum\", \"Lobelia dortmanna\", \"Myrica gale\", \"Ophrys insectifera\", \"Orchis militaris\", \"Pulsatilla pratensis\", \"Pulsatilla vernalis\".", "", "The territory of present-day Leningrad Oblast was populated shortly after the end of the Weichselian glaciation and now hosts numerous archaeological remnants. The Volga trade route and trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks crossed the territory. Staraya Ladoga, the first capital of legendary Rurik, founded in the 8th-9th century, is situated in the east of the oblast, on the Volkhov River. In the 12th-15th century, the territory was divided between the Kingdom of Sweden and Novgorod Republic (see Swedish-Novgorodian Wars) and populated mostly by various Baltic Finns people such as Karelians (northwest), Izhorians and Votes (west), Vepsians (east), as well as Ilmen Slavs of Novgorod (south). During the Russo-Swedish Wars of the 15th-17th centuries, the border moved back and forth over the land. The central part of the territory is known as the historical region of Ingria (or the land of Izhora) and in the 17th century, after most of the present-day territory of Leningrad Oblast was captured by Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo of 1617, became subject to substantial Finnish Lutheran population influx from Finnish Karelia (which included Karelian Isthmus, the northwestern part of present-day Leningrad Oblast) and Savonia. Having faced the religious pressure from Lutheran pastors and Swedish authorities, local Orthodox population of Russian and Finnic ancestry massively fled from Ingria to neighbour Russian provinces, so Ingrian Finns soon became the dominant ethnic group. During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) the territory of what is now Leningrad Oblast was returned from Sweden by Russia under Peter the Great, who founded Saint Petersburg amidst the land in 1703, which soon became the capital of the Russian Empire. In 1708, most of the territory was organized into Ingermanland Governorate under Governor General Alexander Menshikov. It was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710 (the borders of that governorate, however, differed very significantly from those of the present-day oblast and included much of the areas of current Novgorod, Pskov, and Vologda Oblasts). In 1721, the territorial concessions of Sweden were confirmed with the Treaty of Nystad. The life of the countryside was greatly influenced by the vicinity of the imperial capital, which became a growing market for its agricultural production as well as the main consumer of its mineral and forest resources. In 1719–1810, Ladoga Canal was dug between the Svir River and the Neva River as part of the Volga-Baltic waterway to bypass stormy waters of Lake Ladoga. Since the advent of the rail transport in the late 19th century, the areas in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg had been a popular summer resort destinations (dachas) for its residents. However, while Saint Petersburg itself from the very beginning was populated mostly by Russians, it was not until the 20th century that its surrounding population was Russified. In 1914, with the beginning of World War I, Saint Petersburg was renamed Petrograd and the governorate was accordingly renamed Petrograd Governorate. After the Russian Revolution, in 1918, the capital was transferred from Petrograd to Moscow, farther from the borders of the country. In 1919, during the Russian Civil War, the Northwestern White Army advancing from Estonia and led by Nikolai Yudenich tried to capture Petrograd and even managed to reach its southern outskirts, but the attack against the Red Army under Leon Trotsky ultimately failed, and Yudenich retreated back. The border with Estonia was established in the Russian-Estonian Treaty of Tartu of 1920. Finland-backed Ingrian Finns of North Ingria attempted to secede in 1918–1920, but were incorporated back with the Russian-Finnish Treaty of Tartu, which settled the border between Finland and Soviet Russia. In 1924, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad and Petrograd Governorate was again renamed accordingly (Leningrad Governorate).", "Leningrad Oblast was established on August 1, 1927, by the resolutions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee \"On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast\" and \"On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast\" by merging Cherepovets, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, and Pskov Governorates. The territory of the oblast corresponded to the modern territories of the present-day Leningrad Oblast (with the exception of the Karelian Isthmus and the territories along the border with Estonia), Novgorod Oblast, Pskov Oblast, parts of Vologda Oblast, most of Murmansk Oblast, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg. The total area of the oblast was ; more than four times larger than the modern entity. Administratively, the oblast was divided into nine okrugs (Borovichi, Cherepovets, Leningrad, Lodeynoye Pole, Luga, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov, and Velikiye Luki), each of which was in turn subdivided into districts. In 1929, Velikiye Luki Okrug was transferred to newly formed Western Oblast. Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast in December 1931. In 1935 five southernmost districts were made part of Kalinin Oblast. In 1936 some parts of the territory of Leningrad Suburban District of Leningrad was returned to Leningrad Oblast and divided into Vsevolozhsky District, Krasnoselsky District, Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944). Vologda Oblast, which has included the easternmost districts of Leningrad Oblast (former Cherepovets Governorate), was created in 1937. Murmansk Oblast was split from Leningrad Oblast in 1938. In the fall of 1934, the Forbidden Border Zone along the western border of the Soviet Union was established, where nobody could appear without special permission issued by the NKVD. It was officially only 7.5 km deep initially, but along the Estonian border it extended to as much as 90 km. The zone was to be free of Finnic and some other peoples, who were considered politically unreliable. Starting from the 1929, the Soviet authorities carried out mass deportations of the Ingrian Finnish population of the oblast, which constituted majority in many rural localities as late as in the beginning of the century, to the east, replacing them with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. On November 30, 1939, the Soviet Union waged the Winter War against neighboring Finland and with the Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940 gained some territories, including Karelian Isthmus. Their Karelian population was hastily evacuated to inner Finland and later replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. A small part of the territory (the municipalities of Kanneljärvi, Koivisto and Rautu) was incorporated into Leningrad Oblast, the rest being included within the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the Operation Barbarossa, and shortly thereafter the territory became place of the Battle of Leningrad. Wehrmacht captured the southwestern part of the oblast and reached Tikhvin in the east, while Finnish troops quickly recaptured the ceded territories in the Continuation War, encircling Leningrad from the land. In 1944 Soviet offensives managed to expel Wehrmacht and put military pressure on Finland, which ceded Karelian Isthmus again with the Moscow Armistice of September 19, 1944. This time the gained territories of the isthmus was incorporated within Leningrad Oblast (Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts). In 1947 the territorial gains were confirmed with the Paris Peace Treaty. Novgorod and Pskov Oblasts were formed out of the southern parts of Leningrad Oblast in 1944. In January 1945 a small part of the Estonian SSR to the east of the River Narva with the town of Jaanilinn (now Ivangorod) was transferred to the Russian SFSR and incorporated into Leningrad Oblast. Since then, the territory of Leningrad Oblast hasn't changed much, although some suburbs of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) have been excluded from the oblast and incorporated into the city. In October 1946 Leningrad gained from the oblast some former Finnish territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District, including the town of Terijoki. In 1953, Pavlovsky District of the oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory including Pavlovsk were made subordinate to Leningrad. In 1954 the settlements Levashovo, Pargolovo and Pesochny were also transferred to Leningrad. In 1956 Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast gained a small territory of Novgorod Oblast. Uritsk was transferred from the oblast to the city of Leningrad in 1963, Krasnoye Selo and several settlements nearby—in 1973, Lomonosov—in 1978. After a referendum in 1991, the city of Leningrad was renamed back to Saint Petersburg, but Leningrad Oblast retained its name. On 13 June 1996 Leningrad Oblast, alongside Tver Oblast and Saint Petersburg, signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement would be abolished on 18 April 2002.", "In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1927 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed,", "Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected,", "Administratively, Leningrad Oblast is divided into seventeen districts and one town of oblast significance (Sosnovy Bor). In terms of area, the largest administrative district is Podporozhsky (), and the smallest is Lomonosovsky (). Lomonosovsky District is the only district in Russia which has its administrative center (the town of Lomonosov) located within a different federal subject. While the district is a part of Leningrad Oblast, Lomonosov is located within the federal city of St. Petersburg.", "\"Population\": 2009 - 1.18 | 2010 - 1.17 | 2011 - 1.16 | 2012 - 1.22 | 2013 - 1.23 | 2014 - 1.28 | 2015 - 1.29 | 2016 - 1.33(e) Leningrad Oblast currently has the lowest fertility rate in all of Russia. While birth rates have risen considerably elsewhere, they have remained stuck at a very low level in Leningrad Oblast. \"Ethnic groups\": according to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was:", "According to a 2012 survey 55.1% of the population of Leningrad Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Muslims, 1% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), 1% are Old Believers. In addition, 20% of the population declared to be \"spiritual but not religious\", 8% is atheist, and 9.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.", "", "The oblast, particularly the areas adjacent to Saint Petersburg, is heavily industrialized. The major enterprises include the oil refinery in Kirishi, the Ford car assembly plant,Hyundai Russia assembly plant and the Rexam PLC Beverage Can Europe and Asia packaging plant in Vsevolozhsk, the paper mill in Syssstroy, and the paper mill and the plant producing oil platforms in Vyborg, and the Tikhvin industrial site in Tikhvin.", "The main agricultural specializations of the oblast are cattle breeding with meat and milk production, as well as poultry production. The main agricultural lands are in the east and in the southwest of the oblast.", "Saint-Petersburg is a major railway hub, and all railways running to it cross also Leningrad Oblast. They connect Saint-Petersburg with Moscow (Saint Petersburg – Moscow Railway), Helsinki via Vyborg, Murmansk via Petrozavodsk, Sortavala via Priozersk, Tallinn via Kingisepp, Riga via Pskov, Vitebsk via Dno, and Veliky Novgorod. There is a network of railways at the Karelian Isthmus, in particular, connecting Vyborg and Priozersk, as well as south of Saint-Petersburg. There also railway lines connecting Veymarn with Slantsy, Veymarn with Petergof via Sosnovy Bor, Mga with Sonkovo via Kirishi, Volkhov with Vologda via Tikhvin and Cherepovets, Volkhov with Chudovo, and Lodeynoye Pole with Sortavala via Olonets. Most of them support intensive passenger and cargo traffic. The western and the central parts of Leningrad Oblast are well covered by paved roads. The M10 highway connects Saint Petersburg with Moscow via Veliky Novgorod in the south and with the Finnish border, continuing across the border to Helsinki, in the north. It is split between European routes E18 (Saint Petersburg to Finland) and E105 (Saint Petersburg to Moscow), and much of it within the oblast is built as a dual carriageway. R21 highway (also part of E105) runs from Saint Petersburg to Murmansk via Petrozavodsk, and A180 (part of E20) connects Saint Petersburg with Ivangorod and continues across the Estonian border to Tallinn. R23 connects Saint Petersburg with Pskov; it is a part of the E95. A114 runs to Vologda via Cherepovets. A paid motorway between Saint Petersburg and Moscow and the new A121 from Saint-Petersburg to Sortavala, around the Western coast of Ladoga are under construction. Roads are well served by bus traffic. The Luga, the Svir, the Volkhov, and the Neva are all navigable and heavily user for cargo transport, however, there is no scheduled passenger navigation within the oblast, with exception of seasonal leisure river cruises from Saint-Petersburg. The Onega Canal, shared with Vologda Oblast, serves as a bypass of Lake Onega from the south. Similarly, the Ladoga Canal bypasses Lake Ladoga from the east, from the Svir to the Neva. It is a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway. In contrast, the Tikhvinskaya water system, connecting the Syas and the Mologa, which provided access from the Ladoga to the river basin of the Volga, is disused. The trans-border Saimaa Canal connects Lake Saimaa in Finland with the Gulf of Finland, has special status, and is occasionally used for passenger navigation. Ust-Luga, Vyborg, Vysotsk, and Primorsk are the major sea terminals on the Gulf of Finland. There is a number of airfields in Leningrad oblast that are now used only by the general aviation. Scheduled and international flights are available exclusively from Pulkovo airport in Saint-Petersburg.", "The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant is located in the city of Sosnovy Bor. There are four major hydroelectric plants in the oblast. The Volkhov Hydroelectric Station, on the Volkhov River, was constructed in 1921 and became the first major hydropower station in the Soviet Union. The others are the Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station and the Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station, both on the Svir River, and the Narva Hydroelectric Station on the Narva River.", "There is a fair amount of science and high-tech institutions around Saint Petersburg, some of which are located in the oblast. For example, Gatchina is the site of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. and Sosnovy Bor hosts the Research Institute of Optical and Electronic Devices.", "", "The Volkhov and the Neva Rivers were constituents of major trade routes since prehistory, and their banks are dotted by archaeological sites. Staraya Ladoga has a number of pre-1700 sites, including two of about a couple of dozens standing pre-Mongol churches in Russia. Both of them were built in the 1160s. The Oreshek Fortress in Shlisselburg and the Koporye Fortress, both built in the 14th century, and the Ivangorod Fortress, originally built in 1492, are excellent examples of Russian fortification art. Podporozhsky District contains the best samples of wooden ecclesiastical architecture in Leningrad Oblast, some of which are collectively referred to as \"Podporozhye Ring\": The Resurrection Church in the settlement of Vazhiny, the Saint Nicholas Church in the village of Soginitsy, the Sts Peter and Paul Chapel in the village of Zaozerye, and the Saint Athanasy chapel in the village of Posad. The two other notable wooden churches are located in the villages of Gimreka and Shcheleyki close to the Onega Lake shore. The center of Vyborg preserves many examples of medieval Swedish architecture, unique for Russia. After Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703, many estates and residences were founded around he city. Some of them still stand and are listed as World Heritage sites, aggregated into the site of Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. includes, among others, estates in Gostilitsy, Ropsha, and Taytsy. Localities in the Karelian Isthmus preserve some fine inter-war Finnish architecture. The best known example is the Viipuri Municipal Library by Alvar Aalto." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 54529, 53, 83, 1614, 97368, 48141, 3934, 14834, 31075, 5, 8622, 621, 138, 28720, 14834, 31075, 15, 46, 9935, 114942, 16, 23, 57181, 13, 47064, 5, 581, 142105, 90695, 7, 111, 70, 54529, 53, 621, 207085, 4, 38601, 34, 4, 82975, 539, 4, 62, 18207, 11, 136, 10729, 7, 8915, 5, 19128, 133, 3551, 83, 190, 5757, 1785, 304, 136, 442, 1556, 10, 126561, 5786, 6032, 153552, 5, 581, 29459, 77253, 1831, 52768, 83, 2289, 2389, 16207, 441, 136, 70, 29459, 77253, 127841, 2320, 83, 836, 1126, 2866, 5, 581, 5201, 167821, 261, 124903, 5256, 621, 90205, 66, 4, 12426, 7352, 17574, 136, 171403, 4, 1284, 4734, 89725, 12187, 16916, 61261, 167821, 5, 129551, 47, 145917, 6827, 7413, 7, 4, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 207085, 1556, 2809, 23, 54815, 3674, 100, 99, 19713, 43606, 199823, 5369, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 202032, 90, 19831, 4, 68894, 136, 86757, 1614, 428, 25826, 7, 80723, 47, 74216, 23, 116342, 5, 32964, 150679, 1614, 428, 25826, 7, 118775, 12, 70, 366, 4745, 15, 301, 6865, 32770, 16, 136, 70, 54529, 53, 15, 6174, 32770, 194, 581, 366, 4745, 35060, 71, 111, 40368, 54427, 7, 5, 799, 147, 538, 756, 9935, 114942, 1902, 99, 19713, 1632, 100, 87463, 5, 581, 165815, 111, 70, 4000, 16128, 509, 8951, 297, 390, 70, 167375, 51521, 4, 70, 366, 4745, 88, 820, 5, 581, 54529, 53, 509, 150350, 71, 111, 40368, 9935, 114942, 4, 2843, 10336, 297, 390, 142, 88, 820, 5, 3311, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 25632, 13036, 54529, 3387, 1902, 126809, 23, 116342, 12, 207085, 15, 670, 13, 1428, 247, 126269, 6174, 15, 12724, 22189, 11, 707, 198995, 11, 247, 214178, 15, 30404, 1651, 247, 57524, 14433, 15, 4332, 7013, 11, 247, 6, 219061, 15, 79600, 43265, 247, 67778, 330, 6174, 15, 1375, 56, 3459, 247, 947, 6498, 15, 5464, 11210, 143, 247, 136, 345, 101053, 15, 1062, 75094, 1174, 194, 360, 10332, 192286, 3378, 57, 3923, 4, 207085, 83, 35839, 44, 647, 53, 94924, 143, 58, 3129, 26950, 66161, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 90695, 23, 116342, 19, 12, 44, 2347, 103724, 15, 1760, 16, 111, 90695, 740, 3293, 83, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 90695, 25, 7, 9351, 23, 30839, 136, 187951, 4, 44, 8655, 1428, 830, 188676, 4, 44, 18648, 1428, 830, 136, 23, 42845, 44, 670, 13, 1428, 740, 581, 9351, 44, 647, 53, 94924, 143, 58, 135179, 68018, 25842, 678, 44, 284, 2465, 94924, 143, 830, 242, 2347, 6957, 3551, 25, 4, 95134, 242, 14168, 3408, 6174, 25, 707, 242, 294, 17576, 16923, 25, 23, 116342, 19, 3129, 15005, 7, 47, 5201, 1760, 116342, 5, 82020, 7, 22120, 1672, 183851, 7158, 23274, 114942, 17721, 90695, 1314, 136, 98416, 7, 5, 207085, 509, 70, 180187, 14, 525, 54529, 53, 111, 142, 45964, 116342, 136, 70, 5368, 111, 92702, 93905, 116342, 19, 78312, 90, 4, 68018, 35839, 70, 24453, 9022, 98416, 7, 5, 581, 70103, 6402, 133, 111, 45233, 111, 35031, 43265, 98363, 7, 10, 18738, 126, 111, 37195, 8927, 109923, 7, 136, 43606, 75281, 180, 13, 1428, 72004, 6, 32082, 9966, 70, 16128, 450, 83, 5036, 127067, 9022, 71006, 4, 7068, 66165, 81551, 47, 146864, 5, 360, 427, 9016, 4, 70, 188676, 134552, 1727, 1995, 70, 36216, 14, 10821, 88303, 10, 100, 87463, 98, 70, 90695, 1284, 1836, 14037, 110, 149849, 7, 47, 332, 442, 5, 10660, 96865, 297, 442, 7565, 61261, 136, 25737, 5, 360, 427, 3768, 4, 207085, 509, 158, 944, 2822, 390, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 67921, 7, 111, 70, 159, 47416, 4, 1284, 47143, 297, 10, 8010, 13482, 111, 116342, 19, 39746, 7154, 5, 581, 81206, 14037, 297, 70, 1843, 10534, 12259, 111, 5973, 1428, 9, 36119, 343, 2685, 5, 14847, 70, 81206, 509, 8, 88981, 297, 390, 70, 226185, 19, 187, 1176, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 72913, 13, 23, 427, 8659, 4, 180, 13, 1428, 72004, 214267, 297, 5, 581, 79612, 509, 134620, 390, 10, 85689, 53, 450, 509, 181141, 390, 70, 180, 13, 1428, 72004, 136, 70, 18897, 111, 70, 81206, 5, 581, 180, 13, 1428, 72004, 33233, 678, 70, 17065, 191, 72004, 3542, 51529, 23, 70, 25074, 83429, 13, 114749, 1771, 82020, 7, 136, 23, 56005, 7, 105331, 143, 237, 44, 856, 430, 6048, 42, 4101, 1184, 927, 1760, 58, 15, 73, 14941, 4, 116342, 19, 98416, 7, 194, 581, 481, 57, 49725, 53678, 41204, 3542, 35839, 78312, 13, 109923, 7, 390, 45233, 111, 35031, 43265, 23, 1919, 42845, 184843, 1577, 1295, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 5, 44, 647, 1419, 1760, 58, 707, 44, 68001, 127, 1760, 58, 83, 70, 186768, 30839, 1771, 46876, 9351, 450, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 23295, 99, 70, 8394, 48850, 15756, 2109, 111, 70, 129435, 27414, 23, 4537, 4, 136, 83, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 5744, 15889, 9351, 100, 116342, 5, 581, 5201, 1760, 111, 5744, 116342, 23, 70, 382, 927, 142642, 990, 449, 84262, 50525, 509, 35839, 44, 284, 2465, 94924, 7, 143, 58, 23, 69822, 47, 44, 647, 53, 94924, 1428, 58, 707, 44, 8655, 94924, 7, 143, 58, 450, 509, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 90695, 15, 294, 24243, 4745, 2077, 5973, 1428, 707, 15, 159970, 72173, 2077, 207085, 4, 70, 5368, 111, 70, 180, 13, 1428, 72004, 15, 194, 360, 70, 534, 927, 142642, 4, 72813, 1760, 136, 12566, 1760, 15, 159970, 1174, 16, 3542, 15044, 8, 157, 3674, 84797, 538, 390, 16173, 111, 147409, 5, 2161, 70, 6, 3134, 111, 70, 182688, 41649, 7, 12649, 4, 70, 180, 13, 1428, 72004, 3542, 29334, 42, 29367, 23, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 79959, 4806, 70103, 6402, 133, 4911, 7, 12, 44, 3957, 180, 1428, 72004, 4, 208244, 7, 47, 70, 24289, 15, 33177, 1900, 72004, 247, 621, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 70, 15520, 136, 8306, 30783, 37515, 50588, 90, 237, 2363, 90254, 83, 23, 2363, 109923, 7, 5, 360, 51065, 7, 3229, 1836, 831, 26983, 36880, 70, 15520, 1836, 233, 11856, 70, 206990, 33532, 390, 79904, 214, 15044, 14949, 7, 136, 2070, 10133, 1242, 360, 427, 9016, 4, 70, 188676, 187, 1176, 12441, 390, 60097, 134552, 1727, 1995, 136, 57263, 4, 70, 1843, 10534, 111, 33451, 3551, 297, 98, 207085, 136, 81887, 297, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 57181, 13, 47064, 15, 247, 707, 207085, 74, 15, 74, 1388, 83, 1632, 111, 423, 54529, 3387, 111, 116342, 5, 1650, 58055, 7, 111, 207085, 4, 70, 142105, 90695, 111, 116342, 4, 136, 40368, 164917, 90695, 7, 43573, 442, 4, 2684, 959, 78458, 38601, 34, 4, 82975, 539, 4, 62, 18207, 11, 136, 10729, 7, 8915, 5, 581, 54529, 53, 132988, 7, 126269, 47064, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 63019, 34, 47064, 47, 70, 144477, 4, 136, 179838, 47, 70, 127067, 5, 360, 18982, 1210, 57181, 13, 47064, 1902, 10, 43904, 111, 496, 4, 185687, 4, 3129, 509, 787, 11267, 111, 70, 43904, 111, 116342, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Municipalities.", "Geography.", "Religious affiliations.", "Ancient Saare county (Oesel).", "Conquest of Saaremaa." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The county is subdivided into municipalities. There are 3 rural municipalities ( – parishes) in Saare County.", "The largest islands of the county are Saaremaa, Muhu, Ruhnu, Abruka and Vilsandi. Arable land is 570 km2 and it has a mild maritime climate. The mean annual air temperature is 6.0 °C and the mean annual precipitation is 509 mm.", "The main religious affiliations are Lutheran, Orthodox and Baptist, but only 33.6% consider themselves religious.", "According to archeological finds, the territory of Saaremaa has been inhabited for at least five thousand years. In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the parish (kihelkond) and the county (maakond). The parish consisted of several villages. Nearly all parishes had at least one fortress. The defense of the local area was directed by the highest official, the parish elder. The county was composed of several parishes, also headed by an elder. By the 13th century, the following major counties had developed in Estonia: Saaremaa (Oesel), Läänemaa (Rotalia or Maritima), Harjumaa (Harria), Rävala (Revalia), Virumaa (Vironia), Järvamaa (Jervia), Sakala (Saccala), and Ugandi (Ugaunia). In old Scandinavian sagas, Saaremaa is called \"Eysysla\" which means exactly the same as the name of the island in Estonian: \"the district (land) of island\". This is the origin of the island's name in German and Swedish, \"Ösel\", Danish, \"Øsel\", and in Latin \"Oesel\". The name \"Eysysla\" appears sometimes together with \"Adalsysla\", 'the big land', perhaps 'Suuremaa' or 'Suur Maa' in Estonian which refers to mainland Estonia. Sagas talk about numerous skirmishes between islanders and Vikings. Saaremaa was the wealthiest county of ancient Estonia and the home of notorious Estonian pirates, sometimes called the Eastern Vikings. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia describes a fleet of sixteen ships and five hundred Oeselians ravaging the area that is now southern Sweden, then belonging to Denmark. In 1206, the Danish Valdemar II the Victorious built a fortress on the island but they found no volunteers to man it. They burned it down themselves and left. In 1227, Saaremaa was conquered by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, but remained a hotbed of Estonian resistance. The Order founded the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek there. When the Order was defeated by the Lithuanian army in the Battle of Saule in 1236, Oeselians rebelled. The conflict was ended by a treaty that was signed by the Oeselians and the Master of the Order. The Oeselians along with the Curonians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as \"Víkingr frá Esthland\" (in English, Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Livonia in his Latin chronicles from the beginning of the 13th century. \"Eistland\" or \"Esthland\" is the historical Germanic language name that refers to the country at the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea in general, and is the origin of the modern national name for Estonia. The mainland of modern Estonia in the 8th century Ynglinga saga was called \"Adalsyssla\" in contrast to \"Eysyssel\" or \"Ösyssla\" that was the name of the island (Swedish): Ösel or (Estonian): Saaremaa, the home of the Oeselians (). In the 11th century, Courland and Estland (Estonia) were both denoted separately by Adam of Bremen. On the eve of the Northern Crusades, the Oeselians were summarized in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle thus: \"The Oselians, neighbors to the Kurs (Curonians), are surrounded by the sea and never fear strong armies as their strength is in their ships. In summers when they can travel across the sea they oppress the surrounding lands by raiding both Christians and pagans.\"", "In 1206, the Danish army led by king Valdemar II and Andreas, the Bishop of Lund landed on Saaremaa and attempted to establish a stronghold, but without success. In 1216 the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and the bishop Theodorich joined forces and invaded Saaremaa over the frozen sea. The following spring the Oeselians raided the territories in Latvia that were under German rule in revenge. In 1220, the Swedish army led by king John I of Sweden and the bishop Karl of Linköping conquered Lihula in Rotalia in Western Estonia. Oeselians attacked the Swedish stronghold the same year, conquered it and killed the entire Swedish garrison including the Bishop of Linköping. In 1222, Valdemar II again tried to conquer Saaremaa, this time establishing a stone fortress housing a strong garrison. But the Danish stronghold was besieged, and surrendered within five days, and the Danish garrison returned to Reval, leaving bishop Albert of Riga's brother Theodoric and few others behind as hostages for peace. The castle was leveled to the ground by the Oeselians. In 1227, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the town of Riga and the Bishop of Riga organized a combined attack against Saaremaa. After the surrender of two major Oeselian strongholds, Muhu and Valjala, the Oeselians formally accepted Christianity. In 1236, after the defeat of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the Battle of Saule, military action on Saaremaa broke out again. The Oeselians again accepted Christianity by signing treaties with the Master of Teutonic Order in Livonia Andreas de Velven and the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek in 1241. The next treaty was signed in 1255 by the Master of the Order, Anno Sangerhausenn, and, on behalf of the Oeselians, by men whose \"names\" (or declaration) were transcribed by Latin scribes as Ylle, Culle, Enu, Muntelene, Tappete, Yalde, Melete, and Cake The treaty granted several distinctive rights to the Oeselians. The 1255 treaty included clauses concerning the ownership and inheritance of land, the social system and autonomy from certain religious rules. In 1261, warfare continued as the Oeselians had once more renounced Christianity and killed all the Germans on the island. A peace treaty was signed after the united forces of the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, and the forces of Danish Estonia, including mainland Estonians and Latvians, defeated the Oeselians by conquering the Kaarma stronghold. Soon afterwards, the Teutonic Knights established a stone fort at Pöide. On July 24, 1343, the Oeselians again killed all the Germans on the island, drowned all the clerics and started to besiege the fort at Pöide. After its surrender, the Oeselians levelled the castle and killed all the defenders. In February 1344, Burchard von Dreileben led a campaign over the frozen sea to Saaremaa. The Oeselians' stronghold was conquered and their king Wesse was hanged. In the early spring of 1345, the next campaign of the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order took place; it ended with a treaty mentioned in the Chronicle of Hermann von Wartberge and the Novgorod First Chronicle. Saaremaa remained the vassal of the master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia, and the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 101334, 180, 15012, 9059, 76726, 9807, 118, 2182, 23, 43606, 79048, 16424, 16070, 186670, 7, 94407, 15, 138271, 36941, 4, 313, 45174, 441, 4, 174715, 36941, 55441, 66069, 4, 24453, 101334, 66069, 4, 24453, 9022, 136, 174715, 36941, 16, 678, 70, 3747, 5, 3164, 76726, 111, 70, 223487, 66069, 1001, 120725, 66, 47806, 21115, 9807, 118, 2182, 23, 70, 42476, 29836, 183647, 79048, 16424, 16070, 186670, 15, 72565, 16, 678, 70, 28811, 32528, 15, 20214, 194, 3164, 168698, 32786, 117249, 111, 70, 109727, 18481, 7, 9345, 21115, 136, 51189, 42, 1734, 67, 9807, 118, 2182, 23, 70, 109727, 6, 72565, 678, 70, 3747, 5, 360, 903, 10776, 621, 105866, 70, 3747, 645, 184, 162, 76726, 136, 43396, 90, 15, 29065, 618, 7, 16, 111, 15497, 1760, 136, 12190, 58807, 136, 134042, 191, 4, 1284, 2685, 621, 110, 180, 15012, 9059, 117249, 5, 360, 903, 10776, 621, 105866, 70, 3747, 180, 43379, 7, 111, 12190, 89408, 136, 155270, 1760, 18481, 7, 4, 1284, 2685, 621, 110, 180, 15012, 9059, 117249, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 12190, 89408, 83, 168698, 22317, 678, 70, 47854, 441, 6, 72565, 21115, 5, 581, 51, 73, 54815, 3674, 3747, 180, 43379, 7, 54, 959, 42938, 13, 23, 18150, 157353, 136, 54, 959, 53299, 34754, 163157, 1295, 70, 3747, 5, 581, 1311, 188, 3165, 106689, 75530, 2706, 90, 70, 29458, 127125, 2577, 71, 390, 40715, 126809, 76726, 4, 3551, 9, 21135, 297, 76726, 4, 136, 90695, 7, 23, 2363, 25313, 34754, 5, 228072, 4, 8382, 76726, 621, 2855, 3674, 10, 1286, 1238, 141775, 2886, 39734, 3501, 3789, 180, 15012, 9059, 32786, 76726, 5, 581, 7986, 111, 70, 1311, 188, 3165, 106689, 1556, 2809, 150011, 23, 4078, 136, 36404, 1284, 70, 5303, 7, 765, 959, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 8561, 5303, 111, 339, 21960, 7, 237, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 14098, 145704, 1556, 98816, 12, 117081, 66509, 1556, 150180, 71, 1295, 339, 21960, 10778, 23, 14487, 56434, 12960, 167576, 1556, 163629, 71, 70, 10778, 23, 6789, 136, 51189, 42, 9, 866, 4896, 23, 46730, 581, 25632, 5303, 7, 5608, 4911, 7, 959, 186, 90698, 237, 70, 8561, 5303, 7, 111, 180, 15012, 9059, 339, 21960, 7, 136, 90695, 7, 15, 11, 10846, 90695, 7, 621, 2843, 959, 145870, 194, 14245, 425, 5947, 111, 70, 1311, 188, 3165, 106689, 5303, 7, 70, 25632, 4331, 21094, 12, 581, 636, 4438, 126809, 180, 43379, 7, 621, 70, 25632, 12, 2393, 34, 2298, 4, 4347, 3838, 13, 4, 176145, 4, 12190, 89408, 4, 47891, 7, 136, 2041, 22129, 18481, 7, 4, 23706, 164, 136, 7680, 42789, 4, 12190, 58807, 136, 134042, 191, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 55448, 111, 101334, 4, 223487, 136, 109727, 46684, 15, 670, 15012, 9059, 16, 83, 10, 21115, 111, 76726, 23, 36941, 4, 70, 223487, 4, 136, 70, 109727, 450, 509, 75935, 390, 70, 14787, 35461, 186670, 23, 26527, 5, 15236, 56, 538, 51529, 237, 101334, 4, 223487, 136, 109727, 10760, 111, 46684, 15, 284, 17854, 247, 70, 49894, 25, 7, 5201, 151814, 7, 621, 227234, 34754, 136, 234694, 456, 77391, 28032, 6863, 32786, 117249, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 2363, 117396, 157353, 3934, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 111503, 5, 3164, 111, 70, 32786, 117249, 4, 40494, 39485, 4, 621, 24092, 13300, 90, 47, 70, 1311, 188, 3165, 186670, 678, 70, 28811, 32528, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "States.", "Africa.", "Caribbean.", "Pacific.", "North Atlantic.", "South Atlantic.", "Uninhabited territories.", "Special designations.", "Least-developed OACPS states." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The African OACPS countries negotiate in five Economic Partnership Agreements groups (West Africa, CEMAC, Southern Africa Development Community, East African Community, Eastern and Southern Africa) with the EU.", "All countries of the Caribbean Community plus Dominican Republic group negotiate in the CARIFORUM Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Union (EU).", "All developing member states of the Pacific Islands Forum group and Timor Leste negotiate in the Pacific EPA with the EU.", "In this region are located the EU overseas countries and territories (OCTs) of Greenland and Saint Pierre and Miquelon, but there are no OACPS states.", "In this region are located the EU OCTs of Saint Helena and Falkland Islands, but there are no OACPS states. Nevertheless, Saint Helena is developing links with the SADC EPA group.", "The uninhabited EU OCTs do not participate in regional integration and do not receive development funding from the EU.", "The Cotonou agreement recognises the specific challenges faced by less developed countries, land-locked countries, and islands in their economic development. Therefore, those countries are granted a more favourable treatment than other OACPS member countries. The text of the Cotonou agreement has been updated in 2005 and 2010, but the lists have not, despite the fact that the actual list of LDCs as defined by the United Nations has changed: Cape Verde has graduated from LDC status in December 2007, while Senegal has acquired the status in 2001 and Timor-Leste in 2003. The following lists should thus not be considered as the actual lists of OACPS LDCs and islands (a few islands are also not listed). Annex VI of the Cotonou agreement lists the following designations:", "The Least developed OCTs are the following: Anguilla, Mayotte, Montserrat, Saint Helena, Turks and Caicos Islands, Wallis and Futuna, Saint Pierre and Miquelon." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 187434, 19, 83, 70, 51521, 15889, 46876, 111, 187434, 4, 7440, 442, 83, 113091, 19, 15, 8789, 959, 11343, 59121, 16, 390, 110518, 6, 102738, 19879, 3395, 15, 7360, 25902, 67, 247, 136, 70, 51521, 84773, 46876, 15, 837, 927, 113091, 19, 136, 59121, 3173, 7, 16, 111, 137657, 187434, 4, 9098, 4, 7440, 2685, 621, 99, 19713, 61391, 19879, 82, 127, 6402, 198373, 7, 5, 62, 95665, 70, 28271, 111, 9098, 4, 70, 46876, 83, 113091, 19, 390, 166904, 538, 23552, 111, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 6, 153451, 19879, 82, 127, 6402, 198373, 7, 15, 32096, 25902, 67, 16, 33306, 4, 70, 24763, 14012, 111, 187434, 19, 119578, 7, 23, 9098, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 4, 237, 2685, 83, 110, 2053, 19882, 98, 70, 46876, 46902, 1474, 27771, 111, 450, 23295, 25, 7, 130367, 7, 5, 581, 4527, 111, 187434, 19, 23, 137657, 187434, 4, 1556, 195812, 297, 14922, 7, 111, 206398, 136, 15226, 1405, 645, 70, 4568, 10846, 75281, 5369, 5, 581, 46876, 122446, 10, 206398, 20271, 70, 72399, 2396, 214, 14922, 4, 10, 15226, 1405, 17721, 40191, 136, 31017, 4, 10, 17932, 206398, 17721, 36236, 136, 28506, 4, 10, 17932, 15226, 1405, 17721, 27193, 136, 12839, 4, 136, 10, 50960, 206398, 17721, 11857, 136, 12453, 33306, 4, 23, 6, 61518, 111, 70, 206398, 111, 70, 187434, 19, 46876, 23, 3060, 111, 137657, 187434, 25, 7, 27081, 58555, 136, 162807, 6, 157695, 7, 4, 70, 82, 127, 6402, 182324, 111, 70, 27081, 29367, 76438, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 198373, 7, 83, 2684, 47041, 7730, 47, 188545, 4743, 47, 70, 169424, 111, 27081, 82, 127, 6402, 142080, 5, 581, 6024, 65279, 289, 16648, 23, 137657, 187434, 14602, 959, 108975, 47, 995, 36716, 79825, 390, 82, 127, 6402, 198373, 7, 47, 479, 86687, 2363, 46876, 5, 106073, 142, 51, 69723, 19, 14012, 111, 198373, 7, 23, 9098, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 104783, 933, 4, 1543, 765, 64557, 707, 2878, 25958, 72856, 70, 81273, 47, 70424, 2363, 46876, 4, 1836, 621, 7464, 189893, 237, 82, 127, 6402, 198373, 7, 136, 21342, 47, 135812, 61261, 237, 82, 127, 6402, 198373, 7, 5, 581, 20020, 111, 1940, 9, 12421, 6402, 198373, 9, 51379, 24366, 129570, 7, 2843, 63043, 47, 186, 136, 621, 189893, 237, 82, 127, 6402, 198373, 7, 5, 187434, 19, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 198373, 1771, 46876, 7, 5, 581, 209964, 1363, 111, 70, 187434, 19, 46876, 28032, 198373, 1771, 83, 10, 5045, 167956, 71, 70, 4524, 70760, 2967, 4, 1632, 124901, 158839, 83, 48793, 48141, 390, 70, 15824, 450, 144573, 2053, 100, 70, 13036, 285, 68794, 83, 959, 72546, 137356, 2886, 59499, 47, 10, 39210, 5423, 111, 147158, 9523, 55738, 11, 5, 62771, 2053, 13648, 15426, 100, 70, 186768, 34754, 111, 70, 187434, 19, 220734, 19686, 316, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 100, 6863, 30355, 65279, 48242, 14768, 2449, 5, 145733, 6, 75189, 109622, 136, 75675, 21533, 96335, 621, 151878, 21286, 5299, 126809, 4, 70, 18231, 1556, 14373, 47, 186, 21, 532, 100, 10, 151878, 13, 2993, 22014, 12654, 102, 49086, 35187, 4, 100, 27781, 17721, 6044, 103210, 9789, 285, 68794, 237, 138266, 11395, 136, 341, 5922, 66624, 5, 581, 10778, 111, 24233, 285, 68794, 23, 70, 198373, 1771, 21115, 2451, 434, 1448, 3334, 1836, 621, 46876, 7, 117781, 1295, 187434, 19, 707, 1660, 220734, 7, 111, 442, 2451, 164, 167956, 71, 5, 8622, 621, 99, 19713, 17262, 6044, 285, 68794, 12, 180, 81940, 15, 216561, 70, 8059, 1176, 92, 96551, 16, 136, 7362, 30867, 4, 15044, 111, 3129, 621, 113091, 19, 23, 49002, 4, 187434, 4, 136, 9098, 74, 136, 3347, 1140, 4, 113091, 19, 10932, 137657, 187434, 25, 7, 3347, 1140, 6406, 5, 8622, 83, 110, 217573, 674, 450, 70, 138266, 11395, 220734, 111, 70, 187434, 19, 11341, 83, 187434, 19, 5, 113837, 903, 1632, 6275, 4, 49903, 4, 106689, 3564, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 26794, 80973, 40865, 1363, 111, 1735, 1948, 4854, 5173, 71204, 26171, 71, 10, 44, 594, 31525, 38820, 46876, 58, 58055, 214, 111, 1660, 70, 17262, 220734, 7, 138266, 11395, 4, 4841, 121660, 4, 136, 3347, 1140, 4, 678, 7362, 30867, 136, 180, 81940, 116983, 71, 47, 186, 41371, 46876, 7, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 3350, 334, 1462, 2187, 549, 5173, 78255, 26171, 71, 10, 5045, 134744, 56, 44, 594, 31525, 38820, 46876, 58, 58055, 214, 111, 10, 15881, 220734, 15, 605, 4200, 11395, 4, 4841, 121660, 4, 3347, 1140, 247, 142, 24453, 9022, 220734, 15, 605, 3467, 66624, 4, 341, 5922, 66624, 247, 10, 65925, 220734, 15, 670, 81940, 4, 8059, 1176, 92, 247, 136, 10, 182688, 220734, 15, 25553, 1419, 214, 111, 6626, 7362, 30867, 285, 68794, 194, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 70, 44, 2729, 10393, 4588, 80042, 23, 70, 41021, 26, 7, 47806, 111, 9098, 12, 581, 30675, 136, 109613, 13, 66016, 45604, 830, 117249, 450, 187434, 19, 831, 186, 18507, 47314, 3934, 22759, 220734, 7, 12, 70, 138266, 11395, 220734, 23, 70, 86991, 4, 70, 7974, 6333, 9, 30404, 11, 6333, 220734, 23, 70, 24453, 4, 62719, 257, 9, 841, 2104, 15429, 23, 70, 65272, 4, 136, 3253, 1234, 9, 7235, 9375, 71, 23, 70, 144477, 5, 31384, 65925, 191225, 7, 26171, 450, 70, 35845, 538, 5299, 25188, 297, 3347, 1140, 96551, 83, 142, 41371, 46876, 4743, 47, 6863, 17467, 4935, 954, 1165, 2661, 45646, 136, 24089, 282, 26868, 30675, 5, 51404, 70, 3687, 674, 111, 10, 96551, 1884, 884, 54540, 4, 3129, 83, 1379, 70, 15380, 79507, 111, 137657, 187434, 1284, 186768, 538, 146543, 47, 180, 81940, 4, 136, 111, 3789, 132988, 285, 68794, 1884, 49721, 8408, 2806, 4552, 47041, 47143, 186560, 23, 2499, 40865, 1363, 4, 70, 9879, 2967, 47143, 7, 70, 9655, 111, 3642, 47, 18507, 40383, 4841, 121660, 4, 138266, 11395, 4, 136, 341, 5922, 66624, 23, 41911, 47, 12638, 3789, 136, 23, 41911, 47, 7362, 30867, 136, 180, 81940, 5, 581, 65450, 111, 3934, 8108, 661, 14, 136, 8108, 756, 3789, 122905, 89829, 2244, 8420, 7, 4, 3129, 83, 14037, 23, 187434, 1284, 959, 23, 137657, 187434, 4, 83, 27983, 1059, 3674, 237, 10, 20531, 149067, 19, 4, 100, 27781, 67241, 9, 594, 31525, 9120, 242, 4, 138266, 11395, 4, 4841, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 187434, 19, 83, 70, 51521, 46876, 111, 187434, 136, 15044, 70, 2684, 38134, 538, 113091, 19, 136, 2965, 9, 69723, 19, 32786, 111, 70, 198373, 1771, 46876, 14449, 5, 581, 14012, 111, 119578, 7, 36880, 756, 6863, 220734, 7, 1543, 186, 97608, 19879, 4, 26719, 70, 18410, 144732, 111, 70, 160641, 111, 187434, 136, 5941, 111, 70, 82, 127, 6402, 198373, 160641, 111, 70, 137657, 187434, 4396, 1687, 10821, 16843, 111, 70, 41021, 25, 7, 47806, 111, 9098, 5, 360, 187434, 4, 70, 138266, 11395, 220734, 4, 82424, 59121, 23, 15044, 107790, 379, 9120, 136, 89160, 187434, 19, 26499, 15, 2940, 99, 20028, 23, 42845, 100, 2265, 172532, 247, 83, 156531, 660, 4, 12960, 23, 137657, 187434, 4, 70, 46876, 83, 220734, 25958, 1286, 9789, 136, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geographic distribution.", "Classification and dialects.", "List of dialects.", "Juha Janhunen – 'Mongolian' book – from 2012.", "Shirongolic/Southern Mongolic (part of a Gansu–Qinghai Sprachbund).", "Common Mongolic/Central Mongolic.", "Phonology.", "Vowels.", "Consonants.", "Syllable structure and phonotactics.", "Stress.", "Grammar.", "Forming questions.", "Verbs.", "Negative form.", "Morphology.", "Genitive case.", "Dative/Locative case.", "Plurals.", "Syntax.", "Differential case marking.", "Phrase structure.", "Clauses.", "Complex sentences.", "Loanwords and coined words." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "4", "4", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "Mongolian is the official national language of Mongolia, where it is spoken (but not always written) by nearly 3.6 million people (2014 estimate), and the official provincial language (both spoken and written forms) of Inner Mongolia, China, where there are at least 4.1 million ethnic Mongols. Across the whole of China, the language is spoken by roughly half of the country's 5.8 million ethnic Mongols (2005 estimate) However, the exact number of Mongolian speakers in China is unknown, as there is no data available on the language proficiency of that country's citizens. The use of Mongolian in Inner Mongolia, has witnessed periods of decline and revival over the last few hundred years. The language experienced a decline during the late Qing period, a revival between 1947 and 1965, a second decline between 1966 and 1976, a second revival between 1977 and 1992, and a third decline between 1995 and 2012. However, in spite of the decline of the Mongolian language in some of Inner Mongolia's urban areas and educational spheres, the ethnic identity of the urbanized Chinese-speaking Mongols is most likely going to survive due to the presence of urban ethnic communities. The multilingual situation in Inner Mongolia does not appear to obstruct efforts by ethnic Mongols to preserve their language. Although an unknown number of Mongols in China, such as the Tumets, may have completely or partially lost the ability to speak their language, they are still registered as ethnic Mongols and continue to identify themselves as ethnic Mongols. The children of inter-ethnic Mongol-Chinese marriages also claim to be and are registered as ethnic Mongols.", "Mongolian belongs to the Mongolic languages. The delimitation of the Mongolian language within Mongolic is a much disputed theoretical problem, one whose resolution is impeded by the fact that existing data for the major varieties is not easily arrangeable according to a common set of linguistic criteria. Such data might account for the historical development of the Mongolian dialect continuum, as well as for its sociolinguistic qualities. Though phonological and lexical studies are comparatively well developed, the basis has yet to be laid for a comparative morphosyntactic study, for example between such highly diverse varieties as Khalkha and Khorchin. The status of certain varieties in the Mongolic group—whether they are languages distinct from Mongolian or just dialects of it—is disputed. There are at least three such varieties: Oirat (including the Kalmyk variety) and Buryat, both of which are spoken in Russia, Mongolia, and China; and Ordos, spoken around Inner Mongolia's Ordos City. There is no disagreement that the Khalkha dialect of the Mongolian state is Mongolian. Beyond this one point, however, agreement ends. For example, the influential classification of Sanžeev (1953) proposed a \"Mongolian language\" consisting of just the three dialects Khalkha, Chakhar, and Ordos, with Buryat and Oirat judged to be independent languages. On the other hand, Luvsanvandan (1959) proposed a much broader \"Mongolian language\" consisting of a Central dialect (Khalkha, Chakhar, Ordos), an Eastern dialect (Kharchin, Khorchin), a Western dialect (Oirat, Kalmyk), and a Northern dialect (consisting of two Buryat varieties). Additionally, the \"Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949\", states that Mongolian can be classified into four dialects: the Khalkha dialect in the middle, the Horcin-Haracin dialect in the East, Oriat-Hilimag in the west, and Bargu-Buriyad in the north. Some Western scholars propose that the relatively well researched Ordos variety is an independent language due to its conservative syllable structure and phoneme inventory. While the placement of a variety like Alasha, which is under the cultural influence of Inner Mongolia but historically tied to Oirat, and of other border varieties like Darkhad would very likely remain problematic in any classification, the central problem remains the question of how to classify Chakhar, Khalkha, and Khorchin in relation to each other and in relation to Buryat and Oirat. The split of into before *i and before all other reconstructed vowels, which is found in Mongolia but not in Inner Mongolia, is often cited as a fundamental distinction, for example Proto-Mongolic ', Khalkha, Chakhar 'year' versus Proto-Mongolic ', Khalkha, Chakhar 'few'. On the other hand, the split between the past tense verbal suffixes -' in the Central varieties vs. -' in the Eastern varieties is usually seen as a merely stochastic difference. In Inner Mongolia, official language policy divides the Mongolian language into three dialects: Southern Mongolian, Oirat, and Barghu-Buryat. Southern Mongolian is said to consist of Chakhar, Ordos, Baarin, Khorchin, Kharchin, and Alasha. The authorities have synthesized a literary standard for Mongolian in whose grammar is said to be based on Southern Mongolian and whose pronunciation is based on the Chakhar dialect as spoken in the Plain Blue Banner. Dialectologically, however, western Southern Mongolian dialects are closer to Khalkha than they are to eastern Southern Mongolian dialects: for example, Chakhar is closer to Khalkha than to Khorchin. Besides Mongolian, or \"Central Mongolic\", other languages in the Mongolic grouping include Dagur, spoken in eastern Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, and in the vicinity of Tacheng in Xinjiang; the Shirongolic subgroup Shira Yugur, Bonan, Dongxiang, Monguor, and Kangjia, spoken in Qinghai and Gansu regions; and the possibly extinct Moghol of Afghanistan. As for the classification of the Mongolic family relative to other languages, the Altaic theory (which is increasingly less well received among linguists) proposes that the Mongolic family is a member of a larger, now discredited Altaic family that would also include the Turkic and Tungusic, and usually Koreanic languages and Japonic languages as well.", "Juha Janhunen (2003: 179) lists the following Mongol dialects, most of which are spoken in Inner Mongolia.", "In Juha Janhunen's book titled \"Mongolian\", he groups the Mongolic language family into 4 distinct linguistic branches:", "The Shirongolic (or \"Southern Mongolic\") branch of the Mongolic language family is made up of roughly 7 languages, grouped in the following way:", "The Common Mongolic (or \"Central Mongolic\" – see Mongolic languages) branch of the Mongolic language family is made up of roughly 6 languages, grouped in the following way:", "The following description is based primarily on the Khalkha dialect as spoken in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia's capital. The phonologies of other varieties such as Ordos, Khorchin, and even Chakhar, differ considerably. This section discusses the phonology of Khalkha Mongolian with subsections on Vowels, Consonants, Phonotactics and Stress.", "The standard language has seven monophthong vowel phonemes. They are aligned into three vowel harmony groups by a parameter called ATR (advanced tongue root); the groups are −ATR, +ATR, and neutral. This alignment seems to have superseded an alignment according to oral backness. However, some scholars still describe Mongolian as being characterized by a distinction between front vowels and back vowels, and the front vowel spellings 'ö' and 'ü' are still often used in the West to indicate two vowels which were historically front. The Mongolian vowel system also has rounding harmony. Length is phonemic for vowels, and each of the seven phonemes occurs short or long. Phonetically, short has become centralized to the central vowel. In the following table, the seven vowel phonemes, with their length variants, are arranged and described phonetically. The vowels in the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet are: Khalkha also has four diphthongs:. Vowels can also combine to form a further three diphthongs, and so seven in total: ia (иа), ʊa (уа) ei (эй). For example: aй in далай (eyes), иа in амиараа (individually), ой in нохой (dog), уа in хуаран (barracks), уй in уйлах (to cry), үй in үйлдвэр (factory), эй in хэрэгтэй (necessary). ATR harmony. Mongolian divides vowels into three groups in a system of vowel harmony: As mentioned, for historical reasons these have traditionally been labeled as \"front\" vowels and \"back\" vowels. Indeed, in Romanized transcription of Mongolian, the vowels and are often conventionally rendered as and, while the vowels and are expressed as and (this is also the case in the nonphonological sections of this article). However, for modern Mongolian phonology, it seems more appropriate to instead characterize the two vowel-harmony groups by the dimension of tongue root position. There is also one neutral vowel,, not belonging to either group. All the vowels in a noncompound word, including all its suffixes, must belong to the same group. If the first vowel is −ATR, then every vowel of the word must be either or a −ATR vowel. Likewise, if the first vowel is a +ATR vowel, then every vowel of the word must be either or a +ATR vowel. In the case of suffixes, which must change their vowels to conform to different words, two patterns predominate. Some suffixes contain an archiphoneme that can be realized as. For example: Other suffixes can occur in being realized as, in which case all −ATR vowels lead to and all +ATR vowels lead to. For example: If the only vowel in the word stem is, the suffixes will use the +ATR suffix forms. Rounding harmony. Mongolian also has rounding harmony, which does not apply to close vowels. If a stem contains (or ), a suffix that is specified for an open vowel will have (or, respectively) as well. However, this process is blocked by the presence of (or ) and. E.g. \"came in\", but \"inserted\". Vowel length. The pronunciation of long and short vowels depends on the syllable's position in the word. In word-initial syllables there is a phonemic contrast in length. A long vowel has about 208% the length of a short vowel. In word-medial and word-final syllables, formerly long vowels are now only 127% as long as short vowels in initial syllables, but they are still distinct from initial-syllable short vowels. Short vowels in noninitial syllables differ from short vowels in initial syllables by being only 71% as long and by being centralized in articulation. As they are nonphonemic, their position is determined according to phonotactic requirements.", "The following table lists the consonants of Khalkha Mongolian. The consonants enclosed in parentheses occur only in loanwords. Mongolian lacks the voiced lateral approximant, ; instead, it has a voiced alveolar lateral fricative,, which is often realized as voiceless. In word-final position, (if not followed by a vowel in historical forms) is realized as. The occurrence of palatalized consonant phonemes seems to be restricted to words that contain [−ATR] vowels. Aspirated consonants are preaspirated in medial and word-final contexts, devoicing preceding consonants and vowels. Devoiced short vowels are often deleted.", "The maximal syllable is CVVCCC, where the last C is a word-final suffix. A single short vowel rarely appears in syllable-final position. If a word was monosyllabic historically, *CV has become CVV. is restricted to codas (else it becomes ), and and do not occur in codas for historical reasons. For two-consonant clusters, the following restrictions obtain: Clusters that do not conform to these restrictions will be broken up by an epenthetic nonphonemic vowel in a syllabification that takes place from right to left. For example, \"hojor\" 'two', \"ažil\" 'work', and \"saarmag\" 'neutral' are, phonemically,,, and respectively. In such cases, an epenthetic vowel is inserted so as to prevent disallowed consonant clusters. Thus, in the examples given above, the words are phonetically,, and. The phonetic form of the epenthetic vowel follows from vowel harmony triggered by the vowel in the preceding syllable. Usually it is a centralized version of the same sound, with the following exceptions: preceding produces ; will be ignored if there is a nonneutral vowel earlier in the word; and a postalveolar or palatalized consonant will be followed by an epenthetic, as in.", "Stress in Mongolian is nonphonemic (does not distinguish different meanings) and thus is considered to depend entirely on syllable structure. But scholarly opinions on stress placement diverge sharply. Most native linguists, regardless of which dialect they speak, claim that stress falls on the first syllable. Between 1941 and 1975, several Western scholars proposed that the leftmost heavy syllable gets the stress. Yet other positions were taken in works published between 1835 and 1915. Walker (1997) proposes that stress falls on the rightmost heavy syllable unless this syllable is word-final: A \"heavy syllable\" is here defined as one that is at least the length of a full vowel; short word-initial syllables are thereby excluded. If a word is bisyllabic and the only heavy syllable is word-final, it gets stressed anyway. In cases where there is only one phonemic short word-initial syllable, even this syllable can get the stress: More recently, the most extensive collection of phonetic data so far in Mongolian studies has been applied to a partial account of stress placement in the closely related Chakhar dialect. The conclusion is drawn that di- and trisyllabic words with a short first syllable are stressed on the second syllable. But if their first syllable is long, then the data for different acoustic parameters seems to support conflicting conclusions: intensity data often seems to indicate that the first syllable is stressed, while F0 seems to indicate that it is the second syllable that is stressed.", "The grammar here is also based primarily on Khalkha Mongolian. Unlike the phonology, most of what is said about morphology and syntax also holds true for Chakhar, while Khorchin is somewhat more diverse.", "When asking questions in Mongolian, a question marker is used to show a question is being asked. There are different question markers for yes/no questions and for information questions. For yes/no questions, уу and үү are used when the last word ends in a short vowel or a consonant, and their use depends on the vowel harmony of the previous word. When the last word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong, then юу and юү are used (again depending on vowel harmony). For information questions (questions asking for information with an interrogative word like who, what, when, where, why, etc.), the question particles are вэ and бэ, depending on the last sound in the previous word. Basic interrogative pronouns -юу (what), -хаана (where), хэн (who), яагаад (why), яаж (how), хэзээ (when), ямар (what kind)", "In Mongolian, verbs have a stem and an ending. For example, бай, сур, and үзэ are the stems and take the following endings: х, ах, and х respectively: байx, сурax, and үзэx. These are the infinitive or dictionary forms. The present/future tense is formed by adding either на, но, нэ, or нө to the stem. These don't change for different pronouns, so сурна (I/you/he/she/we/you all/they study) will always be сурна. байна is the present/future tense verb for to be. уншина is to read. үзнэ is to see. The final vowel is barely pronounced and is not pronounced at all if the word after begins with a vowel, so сайн байна уу is pronounced sain bain uu.", "There are several ways to form negatives in Mongolian. For example:", "Modern Mongolian is an agglutinative, almost exclusively suffixing language, the only exception being reduplication. Mongolian also does not have gendered nouns, or definite articles like \"the\". Most of the suffixes consist of a single morpheme. There are many derivational morphemes. For example, the word \"bajguullagynh\" consists of the root \"baj\"- 'to be', an epenthetic -\"g\"-, the causative -\"uul\"- (hence 'to found'), the derivative suffix -\"laga\" that forms nouns created by the action (like -\"ation\" in 'organisation') and the complex suffix –\"ynh\" denoting something that belongs to the modified word (-\"yn\" would be genitive). Nominal compounds are quite frequent. Some derivational verbal suffixes are rather productive, e.g. \"jar<nowiki>'</nowiki>\"- 'to speak', \"jarilts\"- 'to speak with each other'. Formally, the independent words derived using verbal suffixes can roughly be divided into three classes: final verbs, which can only be used sentence-finally, i.e. -\"na\" (mainly future or generic statements) or –\"ø\" (second person imperative); participles (often called \"verbal nouns\"), which can be used clause-finally or attributively, i.e. -\"san\" (perfect-past) or -\"maar\" ('want to'); and converbs, which can link clauses or function adverbially, i.e. -\"ž\" (qualifies for any adverbial function or neutrally connects two sentences) or -\"tal\" (the action of the main clause takes place until the action expressed by the suffixed verb begins). Roughly speaking, Mongolian has eight cases: nominative (unmarked), genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, instrumental, comitative and directional. If a direct object is definite, it must take the accusative, while it must take the nominative if it is unspecific. In addition to case, a number of postpositions exist that usually govern genitive, ablative, or comitative case or a form of the nominative that has sometimes -Vn either for lexical historical reasons or analogy (thus maybe becoming an attributive case suffix). Nouns can take reflexive-possessive clitics indicating that the marked noun is possessed by the subject of the sentence: \"bi najz(-)aa avarsan\" I friend- save- 'I saved my friend'. However, there are also somewhat noun-like adjectives to which case suffixes seemingly cannot be attached directly unless there is ellipsis. Nominative case The nominative case is used when a noun (or other part of speech acting as one) is the subject of the sentence, and the agent of whatever action (not just physically) takes place in the sentence. In Mongolian, nominative case does not have an ending. Accusative case The accusative case is used when a noun acts as a Direct Object (Or just “object”), and receives action from a transitive verb. It is formed by adding one of the following endings: -ийг(iig), -ыг(iig), -г(g)", "The genitive case is used to show possession of something. It is formed by adding one of the following endings: -н (n) -ы (i) -ий (ii) -ийн (iin) -ын (in) -гийн (giin). For example:", "The dative/locative case used to show the location of something. It is formed by adding one of the following endings to the stem of a word: \"-\"д (d), \"-\"ад (ad), -ид (id), \"-\"т (t). For example:", "Plurality may be left unmarked, but there are overt plurality markers, some of which are restricted to humans. A noun that is modified by a numeral usually does not take any plural affix. There are four ways of forming plurals in Mongolian: Personal pronouns exist for the first and second person, while the old demonstrative pronouns have come to form third person (proximal and distal) pronouns. Other word (sub-)classes include interrogative pronouns, conjunctions (which take participles), spatials, and particles, the last being rather numerous. Negation is mostly expressed by \"-güi\" (-гүй) after participles and by the negation particle \"bish\" after nouns and adjectives; negation particles preceding the verb (for example in converbal constructions) exist, but tend to be replaced by analytical constructions.", "", "Mongolian uses differential case marking, being a regular Differential Object Marking (DOM) language. DOM emerges from a complicated interaction of factors such as referentiality, animacy and topicality Mongolian also exhibits a specific type of Differential Subject Marking (DSM), in which the subjects of embedded clauses (including adverbial clauses) occur with accusative case.", "The noun phrase has the order: demonstrative pronoun/numeral, adjective, noun. Attributive sentences precede the whole NP. Titles or occupations of people, low numerals indicating groups, and focus clitics are put behind the head noun. Possessive pronouns (in different forms) may either precede or follow the NP. Examples: The verbal phrase consists of the predicate in the center, preceded by its complements and by the adverbials modifying it and followed (mainly if the predicate is sentence-final) by modal particles, as in the following example with predicate \"bičsen\": In this clause the adverbial, \"helehgüjgeer\" 'without saying [so]' must precede the predicate's complement, \"üünijg\" 'it-' in order to avoid syntactic ambiguity, since \"helehgüjgeer\" is itself derived from a verb and hence an \"üünijg\" preceding it could be construed as its complement. If the adverbial was an adjective such as \"hurdan\" 'fast', it could optionally immediately precede the predicate. There are also cases in which the adverb must immediately precede the predicate. For Khalkha, the most complete treatment of the verbal forms is Luvsanvandan (ed.) 1987. However, the analysis of predication presented here, while valid for Khalkha, is adapted from the description of Khorchin by Matsuoka 2007. Most often, of course, the predicate consists of a verb. However, there are several types of nominal predicative constructions, with or without a copula. Auxiliaries that express direction and aktionsart (among other meanings) can with the assistance of a linking converb occupy the immediate postverbal position, e.g. \"uuž orhison\" drink- leave- 'drank up'. The next position is filled by converb suffixes in connection with the auxiliary, \"baj-\" 'to be', e.g. \"ter güjž bajna\" s/he run- be-'she is running'. Suffixes occupying this position express grammatical aspect, e.g., progressive and resultative. In the next position, participles followed by \"baj-\" may follow, e.g., \"ter irsen bajna\" s/he come- be- 'he has come'. Here, an explicit perfect and habituality can be marked, which is aspectual in meaning as well. This position may be occupied by multiple suffixes in a single predication, and it can still be followed by a converbal Progressive. The last position is occupied by suffixes that express tense, evidentiality, modality, and aspect.", "Unmarked phrase order is subject–object–predicate. While the predicate generally has to remain in clause-final position, the other phrases are free to change order or to wholly disappear. The topic tends to be placed clause-initially, new information rather at the end of the clause. Topic can be overtly marked with \"bol\", which can also mark contrastive focus, overt additive focus ('even, also') can be marked with the clitic \"č\", and overt restrictive focus with the clitic \"l\" ('only'). The inventory of voices in Mongolian consists of passive, causative, reciprocal, plurative, and cooperative. In a passive sentence, the verb takes the suffix -\"gd\"- and the agent takes either dative or instrumental case, the first of which is more common. In the causative, the verb takes the suffix -\"uul\"-, the causee (the person caused to do something) in a transitive action (e.g., 'raise') takes dative or instrumental case, and the causee in an intransitive action (e.g., 'rise') takes accusative case. Causative morphology is also used in some passive contexts: The semantic attribute of animacy is syntactically important: thus the sentence, 'the bread was eaten by me', which is acceptable in English, would not be acceptable in Mongolian. The reciprocal voice is marked by -\"ld\"-, the plurative by -\"tsgaa\"-, and the cooperative by -\"lts\"-. Mongolian allows for adjectival depictives that relate to either the subject or the direct object, e.g. \"Ljena nücgen untdag\" 'Lena sleeps naked', while adjectival resultatives are marginal.", "One way to conjoin clauses is to have the first clause end in a converb, as in the following example using the converb \"-bol\": Some verbal nouns in the dative (or less often in the instrumental) function very similar to converbs: e.g., replacing \"olbol\" in the preceding sentence with \"olohod\" find- yields 'when we find it we'll give it to you'. Quite often, postpositions govern complete clauses. In contrast, conjunctions take verbal nouns without case: Finally, there is a class of particles, usually clause-initial, that are distinct from conjunctions but that also relate clauses: Mongolian has a complementizer auxiliary verb \"ge\"- very similar to Japanese \"to iu\". \"ge\"- literally means 'to say' and in converbal form \"gež\" precedes either a psych verb or a verb of saying. As a verbal noun like \"gedeg\" (with \"n<nowiki>'</nowiki>\" or case) it can form a subset of complement clauses. As \"gene\" it may function as an evidentialis marker. Mongolian clauses tend to be combined paratactically, which sometimes gives rise to sentence structures which are subordinative despite resembling coordinative structures in European languages: In the subordinate clause the subject, if different from the subject of main clause, sometimes has to take accusative or genitive case. There is marginal occurrence of subjects taking ablative case as well. Subjects of attributive clauses in which the head has a function (as is the case for all English relative clauses) usually require that if the subject is not the head, then it take the genitive, e.g. \"tüünij idsen hool\" that.one- eat- meal 'the meal that s/he had eaten'.", "Mongolian first adopted loanwords from Old Turkic, Sanskrit (these often through Uighur), Persian, Arabic, Tibetan, Tungusic, and Chinese. However, more recent loanwords come from Russian, English, and Mandarin Chinese (mainly in Inner Mongolia). Language commissions of the Mongolian state continuously translate new terminology into Mongolian, so as the Mongolian vocabulary now has 'president' (\"generalizer\") and 'beer' (\"yellow kumys\"). There are several loan translations, e.g., 'train' ('fire-having cart') from Chinese (, fire cart) 'train'. Other loan translations include (essence) from Chinese (, true quality), (population) from Chinese (, person mouth), (corn, maize) from Chinese (, jade rice) and (republic) from Chinese (, public collaboration nation)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 99996, 13, 111, 10, 121919, 178851, 1771, 32354, 26168, 454, 304, 99, 142, 54015, 3674, 67824, 2481, 26168, 454, 363, 4, 27983, 8, 157, 3674, 26168, 454, 617, 707, 26168, 454, 758, 4, 83, 70, 36998, 34292, 26168, 454, 910, 6044, 450, 26168, 454, 966, 1556, 142, 6, 140815, 2874, 820, 3984, 4935, 23, 10, 33595, 34, 2822, 28338, 26168, 454, 1019, 5, 103905, 538, 4, 99996, 90, 831, 186, 74481, 3674, 390, 90791, 124103, 36549, 14700, 66, 63239, 4, 136, 1632, 831, 61924, 70, 99996, 13, 237, 70, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 44, 11, 58, 111, 10, 124103, 36549, 5, 581, 80934, 111, 10, 99996, 13, 831, 186, 4537, 29367, 47, 61799, 1294, 41419, 5761, 71579, 7, 5, 121691, 8364, 26168, 454, 1126, 83, 10, 4317, 5037, 98, 10, 41419, 5761, 71579, 5, 10842, 26168, 454, 1126, 186, 121919, 178851, 1771, 99, 3060, 6275, 26168, 454, 1662, 4, 221, 450, 642, 1543, 33022, 26168, 454, 1126, 23, 4000, 176866, 90, 237, 26168, 454, 2681, 5, 47009, 70, 99996, 13, 111, 26168, 454, 1126, 99, 26168, 454, 1662, 83, 61924, 71, 47, 186, 70, 99996, 13, 111, 26168, 454, 2485, 99, 70, 6275, 42518, 214, 47, 26168, 454, 1662, 5, 159415, 214, 70, 99996, 13, 111, 10, 22460, 266, 289, 30482, 2684, 99996, 13, 181135, 5256, 23468, 47, 54, 5, 66016, 60875, 28970, 181135, 5256, 621, 12840, 13784, 53, 23, 162591, 4, 642, 1221, 2633, 26168, 454, 2947, 186, 70, 42154, 133, 678, 4567, 223, 26168, 454, 1549, 5, 47009, 4, 17368, 70, 15549, 111, 176866, 90, 26168, 454, 3117, 642, 7413, 450, 8311, 329, 2446, 28970, 5036, 12301, 7, 237, 1301, 142, 27781, 4, 16916, 70, 158, 28889, 28970, 7440, 44, 441, 58, 83, 3060, 8781, 155738, 9709, 272, 1672, 757, 5, 10842, 1821, 151575, 13, 903, 28970, 17368, 10, 5570, 158, 814, 110343, 16750, 1672, 157353, 390, 36549, 5, 1401, 831, 161740, 13, 70, 63569, 36549, 100, 26168, 454, 2588, 3934, 70, 9114, 2940, 5, 581, 28970, 7068, 24209, 7, 10842, 1821, 19095, 70, 106, 64, 58, 169, 58, 31461, 3934, 70, 36549, 5, 581, 158, 28889, 28970, 111, 70, 36549, 7068, 33022, 7, 66016, 70, 36549, 158, 74789, 7, 61514, 538, 98, 70, 8060, 111, 70, 157353, 60875, 4, 642, 621, 107003, 47, 121122, 157353, 136, 29334, 1363, 5, 581, 36549, 111, 70, 60875, 28970, 7, 7068, 3365, 127966, 7, 47, 10, 5045, 8781, 42, 3173, 6637, 111, 70, 96362, 181135, 1363, 5, 1061, 5036, 70, 28970, 10932, 44, 441, 58, 111, 11907, 3789, 13579, 959, 23, 70, 3173, 44, 1863, 58, 83, 45234, 4, 136, 70, 28970, 83, 34390, 71, 47, 581, 34292, 57294, 38, 83, 70, 44, 2109, 21937, 13, 58, 111, 44, 13, 58, 64, 58, 169, 58, 99, 44, 169, 58, 2203, 757, 4, 136, 83, 8, 157, 3674, 121691, 8364, 10, 33595, 34, 2822, 28338, 44, 397, 58, 2203, 10666, 58, 169, 58, 152, 757, 4426, 6, 58745, 58, 169, 58, 48768, 44, 238, 58, 58745, 4426, 44, 1052, 58, 8152, 23, 70, 27140, 47880, 83, 34475, 136, 44, 420, 58, 83, 10, 136346, 178851, 1771, 32354, 61924, 71, 15, 257, 19713, 16, 98, 44, 397, 740, 581, 99996, 13, 9624, 132, 58, 420, 830, 44, 238, 18939, 111, 44, 420, 58, 99, 44, 238, 58, 83, 70, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 44, 11, 58, 111, 23, 70, 124103, 36549, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 44, 420, 58, 10932, 44, 238, 740, 179117, 223, 150624, 32316, 100, 74481, 1916, 903, 34292, 4, 136, 70, 44126, 111, 3129, 55300, 47, 4527, 56566, 7, 98, 70, 32354, 23, 9655, 4, 136, 98, 70, 31425, 111, 70, 67824, 2481, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 99996, 13, 70, 58391, 4, 642, 765, 12, 7440, 44, 4802, 58, 144851, 7, 1810, 10, 42154, 133, 10932, 44, 238, 58, 23, 10, 105416, 238, 21135, 90825, 144996, 5, 1401, 1543, 55076, 70, 60875, 44, 4802, 58, 47, 186, 10, 42154, 133, 111, 4567, 223, 44, 3199, 58, 10932, 44, 238, 830, 7440, 44, 3199, 58, 83, 237, 19336, 237, 642, 104851, 5, 3293, 1543, 186, 11814, 100, 74481, 1363, 23, 50218, 7440, 70, 28970, 831, 186, 74481, 3674, 105237, 4, 1284, 442, 83, 56104, 70, 7225, 450, 99996, 90, 621, 11814, 47, 112892, 18929, 74481, 1363, 111, 28970, 7, 4, 136, 959, 70, 3789, 3917, 10932, 5, 4263, 70, 32354, 44, 420, 58, 831, 186, 136475, 47, 10, 136346, 178851, 1771, 32354, 98, 70, 28271, 28338, 26168, 454, 5016, 4, 7068, 9624, 132, 58, 420, 830, 44, 238, 18939, 2203, 757, 5, 581, 158, 37676, 83, 959, 137567, 29568, 5, 1913, 10, 8781, 5664, 44, 238, 830, 70, 99996, 13, 111, 44, 420, 58, 83, 34475, 390, 12, 1650, 1543, 186, 450, 70, 32354, 44, 420, 58, 831, 186, 36510, 297, 237, 10, 6, 41502, 18750, 111, 6626, 32354, 7, 4, 26168, 454, 9185, 4, 7440, 44, 177, 58, 136, 44, 127, 58, 621, 136346, 178851, 1771, 32354, 7, 23, 10, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 111, 44, 238, 830, 678, 44, 127, 58, 132, 58, 238, 18939, 2203, 757, 136, 44, 127, 58, 25, 132, 58, 238, 18939, 6, 245308, 757, 5, 360, 6044, 10, 7225, 4, 339, 25, 841, 4470, 6295, 289, 25, 7, 79986, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 112892, 18929, 70, 36917, 26168, 47, 12, 5455, 137567, 4, 2174, 44, 238, 58, 83, 10, 5664, 111, 12989, 44, 19, 830, 7068, 70, 99996, 13, 111, 44, 420, 58, 10932, 44, 169, 58, 2203, 44, 238, 58, 831, 186, 14037, 390, 70, 26168, 12, 3293, 26168, 831, 186, 4552, 80234, 23, 72694, 214, 70, 99996, 90, 100, 27226, 9, 80596, 5664, 7, 5, 1326, 77546, 12989, 5664, 7, 4, 70, 74481, 5256, 831, 24209, 51, 4707, 429, 2886, 4, 136, 36549, 14700, 66, 6889, 83, 56104, 99156, 5, 1326, 85590, 67824, 31075, 4, 110, 6044, 8781, 26168, 32316, 7, 4, 136, 99996, 90, 8110, 56104, 186, 39958, 105237, 1295, 36549, 14700, 66, 63239, 5, 360, 4537, 4, 70, 99996, 13, 99, 54241, 53, 83, 34475, 390, 12, 4263, 70, 25632, 35431, 83, 435, 12, 7068, 70, 99996, 13, 99, 54241, 53, 831, 186, 375, 7077, 297, 17368, 70, 25632, 26168, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 1286, 183037, 27140, 114137, 4, 70, 99996, 13, 83, 10, 27140, 14012, 123875, 289, 47, 70, 158, 28889, 28970, 111, 10, 121919, 178851, 1771, 32354, 33233, 10, 60875, 22, 63499, 6953, 1632, 111, 6863, 67824, 31075, 5, 15, 122880, 137567, 4, 99996, 90, 831, 186, 74481, 3674, 100, 2499, 32354, 26168, 115187, 450, 83, 136346, 178851, 1771, 40494, 99, 70, 81604, 13, 26847, 10666, 58, 11, 58, 8152, 4, 3853, 2174, 3060, 111, 2856, 621, 85590, 67824, 31075, 5, 16, 9624, 21937, 90, 831, 186, 375, 7077, 297, 32233, 72546, 136, 4, 24145, 51529, 4, 63769, 70, 27354, 1363, 111, 4537, 158, 28889, 28970, 7, 1829, 70, 99996, 13, 70, 58391, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition.", "Examples.", "Residue of a monomial.", "Application of monomial residue.", "Calculating residues.", "Removable singularities.", "Simple poles.", "Limit formula for higher order poles.", "Residue at infinity.", "Series methods." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The residue of a meromorphic function formula_2 at an isolated singularity formula_3, often denoted formula_4 or formula_5, is the unique value formula_6 such that formula_7 has an analytic antiderivative in a punctured disk formula_8. Alternatively, residues can be calculated by finding Laurent series expansions, and one can define the residue as the coefficient \"a\" of a Laurent series. The definition of a residue can be generalized to arbitrary Riemann surfaces. Suppose formula_9 is a 1-form on a Riemann surface. Let formula_9 be meromorphic at some point formula_11, so that we may write formula_9 in local coordinates as formula_13. Then the residue of formula_9 at formula_11 is defined to be the residue of formula_16 at the point corresponding to formula_11.", "", "Computing the residue of a monomial makes most residue computations easy to do. Since path integral computations are homotopy invariant, we will let formula_19 be the circle with radius formula_20. Then, using the change of coordinates formula_21 we find that hence our integral now reads as", "As an example, consider the contour integral where \"C\" is some simple closed curve about 0. Let us evaluate this integral using a standard convergence result about integration by series. We can substitute the Taylor series for formula_25 into the integrand. The integral then becomes Let us bring the 1/\"z\" factor into the series. The contour integral of the series then writes Since the series converges uniformly on the support of the integration path, we are allowed to exchange integration and summation. The series of the path integrals then collapses to a much simpler form because of the previous computation. So now the integral around \"C\" of every other term not in the form \"cz\" is zero, and the integral is reduced to The value 1/4! is the \"residue\" of \"e\"/\"z\" at \"z\" = 0, and is denoted", "Suppose a punctured disk \"D\" = {\"z\" : 0 < |\"z\" − \"c\"| < \"R\"} in the complex plane is given and \"f\" is a holomorphic function defined (at least) on \"D\". The residue Res(\"f\", \"c\") of \"f\" at \"c\" is the coefficient \"a\" of in the Laurent series expansion of \"f\" around \"c\". Various methods exist for calculating this value, and the choice of which method to use depends on the function in question, and on the nature of the singularity. According to the residue theorem, we have: where \"γ\" traces out a circle around \"c\" in a counterclockwise manner. We may choose the path \"γ\" to be a circle of radius \"ε\" around \"c\", where \"ε\" is as small as we desire. This may be used for calculation in cases where the integral can be calculated directly, but it is usually the case that residues are used to simplify calculation of integrals, and not the other way around.", "If the function \"f\" can be continued to a holomorphic function on the whole disk formula_31, then Res(\"f\", \"c\") = 0. The converse is not generally true.", "At a simple pole \"c\", the residue of \"f\" is given by: It may be that the function \"f\" can be expressed as a quotient of two functions, formula_33, where \"g\" and \"h\" are holomorphic functions in a neighbourhood of \"c\", with \"h\"(\"c\") = 0 and \"h\"'(\"c\") ≠ 0. In such a case, L'Hôpital's rule can be used to simplify the above formula to:", "More generally, if \"c\" is a pole of order \"n\", then the residue of \"f\" around \"z\" = \"c\" can be found by the formula: This formula can be very useful in determining the residues for low-order poles. For higher order poles, the calculations can become unmanageable, and series expansion is usually easier. For essential singularities, no such simple formula exists, and residues must usually be taken directly from series expansions.", "In general, the residue at infinity is given by: If the following condition is met: then the residue at infinity can be computed using the following formula: If instead then the residue at infinity is", "If parts or all of a function can be expanded into a Taylor series or Laurent series, which may be possible if the parts or the whole of the function has a standard series expansion, then calculating the residue is significantly simpler than by other methods. </math> and The first term contributes 1 to the residue, and the second term contributes 2 since it is asymptotic to formula_42. Note that, with the corresponding stronger symmetric assumptions on formula_43 and formula_44, it also follows where formula_46 is a local inverse of formula_43 at 0." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 44, 8331, 112, 408, 24366, 58, 15, 929, 820, 3173, 6, 244064, 6732, 2778, 18388, 24630, 9417, 111415, 4, 44, 127, 3672, 391, 69376, 112, 331, 20810, 232, 56128, 5744, 860, 6732, 2778, 18388, 115910, 139954, 4, 44, 102, 391, 69376, 112, 331, 20810, 11, 74054, 91084, 44, 3957, 384, 8420, 272, 18481, 7, 830, 8, 157, 1636, 18925, 142, 90695, 21115, 23, 70, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 62, 2507, 5073, 27414, 4, 48402, 214, 809, 18266, 33, 13036, 90695, 7, 15, 284, 208, 50828, 2726, 4, 62, 8946, 16917, 399, 4, 56645, 301, 4, 8059, 4650, 2245, 4, 3423, 128405, 232, 4, 4697, 232, 4, 1136, 37219, 3929, 1158, 4, 18860, 4, 156903, 14, 4, 636, 3666, 4, 27782, 53, 3666, 4, 9876, 840, 4, 97360, 90, 4, 4843, 266, 4, 136, 5064, 232, 16, 136, 17461, 164917, 83, 1974, 7, 5, 66016, 8332, 3181, 939, 4, 6097, 90695, 7, 100, 4806, 2831, 111, 70, 21115, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 218128, 9022, 27269, 12649, 58, 15, 24342, 93277, 4608, 5127, 49219, 103605, 194, 581, 9351, 44, 397, 69376, 112, 331, 20810, 232, 58, 5117, 135179, 23, 3311, 5935, 10325, 97264, 23, 70, 382, 927, 142642, 4, 237, 10, 24, 1405, 75101, 1379, 10, 44, 5814, 1619, 34416, 830, 22, 277, 13409, 214, 70, 127067, 9022, 62, 2507, 5073, 27414, 4, 3129, 155605, 216479, 71, 3934, 70, 104384, 111, 20890, 7, 5, 33306, 442, 509, 959, 190659, 47, 70, 43581, 90695, 21115, 4, 1284, 47, 70, 77488, 76456, 6, 151612, 12649, 90695, 7, 234737, 297, 10932, 262, 2400, 5, 581, 9351, 1543, 160463, 186, 111, 2060, 110680, 5622, 4, 136, 5744, 4816, 1779, 42459, 450, 70, 427, 90695, 7, 119056, 390, 7832, 837, 24073, 10429, 31, 48461, 11, 58, 9951, 5, 114999, 16, 509, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 13579, 5, 581, 13579, 47143, 297, 23, 4527, 87420, 70, 92264, 14922, 136, 509, 7464, 11814, 100, 70, 6, 151612, 12649, 23, 15044, 216810, 289, 127689, 136, 191225, 538, 160600, 9, 196651, 163136, 24189, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 12302, 111, 70, 9351, 47, 70, 13379, 9, 5636, 984, 112, 408, 24366, 1556, 6863, 74855, 7, 23, 70, 180, 139891, 14922, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 180, 139891, 158, 75616, 23, 423, 4015, 4, 70, 6626, 150679, 90695, 7, 4, 97360, 90, 136, 18860, 4, 21449, 1379, 8951, 180, 139891, 79986, 4, 12960, 70, 27060, 4, 111, 3129, 70, 77488, 76456, 5201, 90695, 7, 3542, 56104, 24, 4806, 4, 105945, 1119, 41745, 272, 219475, 7, 117, 102, 14653, 47, 36235, 1363, 136, 15970, 9, 168080, 674, 5, 98027, 297, 81887, 7, 47, 63586, 15227, 6097, 219475, 7, 3542, 7228, 7103, 184007, 4, 237, 70, 180, 139891, 145359, 81887, 297, 47, 65186, 731, 136, 9879, 20650, 6863, 86757, 45646, 4, 136, 70, 4568, 117909, 90, 111, 70, 10332, 219475, 7, 3542, 77681, 10, 40285, 67175, 7103, 70, 44389, 47891, 7, 34739, 14537, 23, 81139, 5, 1650, 509, 99, 450, 1733, 450, 70, 24234, 23, 70, 41371, 117604, 111, 200955, 80723, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 77488, 76456, 219475, 71, 90695, 7, 15, 284, 8946, 16917, 399, 4, 56645, 301, 4, 3256, 6232, 4, 8059, 4650, 2245, 4, 3423, 128405, 232, 4, 4697, 232, 4, 1136, 37219, 3929, 1158, 4, 636, 3666, 4, 27782, 53, 3666, 4, 9876, 840, 4, 4843, 266, 4, 5064, 232, 247, 23, 70, 43701, 111, 2363, 81887, 7, 47, 479, 86687, 2363, 219475, 7, 4, 143849, 538, 237, 70, 44, 8331, 112, 408, 24366, 740, 82990, 538, 7103, 4, 23, 62977, 4, 2684, 111, 70, 174715, 27269, 12649, 3542, 141621, 71, 390, 70, 89176, 7, 23, 70, 87, 20408, 9, 42671, 301, 1495, 5550, 4, 40494, 100, 3256, 6232, 4, 3129, 33284, 297, 200955, 23, 62977, 20271, 70, 23972, 57116, 5550, 4, 136, 1136, 37219, 3929, 1158, 4, 3129, 21449, 1379, 89176, 79986, 4734, 23, 56694, 5, 581, 3687, 111, 70, 21, 3055, 6626, 509, 39958, 390, 18860, 136, 97360, 90, 4, 172915, 70, 14012, 111, 70, 13036, 90695, 7, 1379, 89176, 79986, 4420, 47, 77488, 76456, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 3229, 70, 160600, 24234, 80723, 108219, 1916, 100, 70, 6, 141840, 111, 70, 90695, 7, 47, 200955, 23, 70351, 4, 70, 13579, 11814, 509, 7464, 70, 44, 8331, 112, 408, 24366, 740, 581, 89176, 6, 167618, 207048, 104902, 47, 137633, 70, 13579, 3229, 1836, 24, 4806, 70, 90695, 7, 1379, 2363, 6226, 44, 1052, 497, 988, 136, 70, 984, 112, 408, 24366, 58, 24073, 12724, 428, 28, 984, 112, 86553, 991, 74054, 154107, 636, 49380, 5380, 47, 70, 5303, 111, 70, 13036, 90695, 7, 47, 3249, 1257, 100, 179635, 97360, 90, 84797, 538, 5, 3311, 23031, 4, 70, 9351, 1902, 24209, 11037, 538, 170920, 100, 70, 64194, 90695, 21115, 4, 10, 15824, 224344, 71, 390, 70, 89176, 27759, 3229, 442, 6, 140545, 297, 70, 90695, 7, 25, 5117, 117907, 66, 23607, 42, 4, 6, 108210, 4, 237, 44, 6609, 86013, 53, 111, 70, 984, 112, 408, 24366, 740, 1301, 70, 9351, 509, 137272, 678, 160600, 66617, 37379, 8780, 4, 1295, 58410, 240371, 25, 7, 40738, 318, 271, 63647, 37842, 47, 63586, 15227, 6863, 4527, 390, 15005, 2852, 47, 2856, 237, 70, 44, 33135, 19, 18481, 7, 111, 70, 62, 2507, 5073, 830, 1284, 903, 9351, 8306, 163629, 71, 2499, 91257, 226649, 50782, 89176, 86757, 127689, 5, 581, 90695, 7, 33284, 297, 200955, 23, 40191, 25632, 237, 70, 44, 724, 5465, 157, 17957, 9, 159342, 111, 70, 984, 112, 408, 24366, 58, 15, 15733, 27575, 5463, 50949, 1457, 72787, 12903, 235, 6732, 2778, 18388, 75273, 1313, 74616, 247, 16792, 47114, 70, 44, 8331, 112, 408, 24366, 1914, 17928, 6644, 58, 15, 24342, 27448, 5981, 6732, 2778, 18388, 75273, 1313, 74616, 194, 581, 984, 112, 408, 24366, 765, 2809, 23, 54815, 3674, 16792, 479, 66029, 238, 20028, 5, 360, 70, 54311, 16917, 118, 289, 14922, 98, 15678, 67, 4, 70, 90695, 7, 3542, 17305, 5115, 53, 4211, 57114, 29367, 15, 163891, 86595, 23, 70, 17932, 212010, 316, 77269, 194, 77168, 214, 70, 7565, 9146, 111, 70, 4211, 31, 10133, 4, 70, 90695, 7, 3542, 79986, 71, 390, 70, 2646, 44881, 5073, 160600, 7, 1295, 13656, 59404, 77269, 4, 24189, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 984, 112, 408, 24366, 15, 4, 2819, 4, 44, 8331, 112, 73482, 4542, 830, 218500, 44, 32290, 76456, 90695, 7, 18939, 621, 10, 21115, 111, 423, 150679, 1001, 3252, 164917, 160600, 90695, 7, 23, 70, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 62, 2507, 5073, 27414, 4, 5773, 70, 184085, 111, 14237, 146410, 15, 42671, 19770, 247, 111, 3129, 1381, 621, 23, 54815, 3674, 5, 3293, 90695, 21115, 137567, 61924, 7, 70, 8394, 48850, 17475, 111, 70, 27414, 111, 15678, 67, 5, 10660, 186, 10617, 47, 70, 91257, 174715, 27269, 12649, 90695, 21115, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Name.", "History.", "Pre-history and the Archaic period.", "Classical period.", "Middle Ages.", "Ottoman rule.", "Turks of the Dodecanese.", "Italian rule.", "World War II.", "Post-World War II.", "Administration.", "Municipalities and communities.", "Provinces.", "Cuisine." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The name \"Dodecanese\" (older form ἡ Δωδεκάνησος, \"hē Dōdekanēsos\"; modern τα Δωδεκάνησα, \"ta Dōdekanēsa\"), meaning \"The Twelve Islands\", denotes today an island group in the southeastern Aegean Sea, comprising fifteen major islands (Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Chalki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kastellorizo, Kos, Lipsi, Leros, Nisyros, Patmos, Rhodes, Symi, and Tilos) and 93 smaller islets. Since Antiquity, these islands formed part of the group known as the \"Southern Sporades\" (Νότιες Σποράδες). The name \"Dōdekanēsos\" first appears in Byzantine sources in the 8th century, as a naval command under a \"droungarios\", encompassing the southern Aegean Sea, which eventually evolved into the Theme of Samos. However it was not applied to the current island group, but to the twelve Cyclades islands clustered around Delos. The name may indeed be of far earlier date, and modern historians suggest that the 12 islands mentioned by Strabo (\"Geographica\" Χ.485) was the origin of the term. The term remained in use throughout the medieval period and was still used for the Cyclades in both colloquial usage and scholarly Greek-language literature until the 18th century. The transfer of the name to the present-day Dodecanese has its roots in the Ottoman period. Following the Ottoman conquest in 1522, the two larger islands, Rhodes and Kos, came under direct Ottoman rule, while the others, of which the twelve main islands were usually named, enjoyed extensive privileges pertaining to taxation and self-government. Concerted attempts to abolish these privileges were made after 1869, as the Ottoman Empire attempted to modernize and centralize its administrative structure, and the last vestiges of the old privileges were finally abolished after the Young Turks took power in 1908. It was at that time that the press in the independent Kingdom of Greece began referring to the twelve privileged islands (Astypalaia, Chalki, Ikaria, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kastellorizo, Leros, Nisyros, Patmos, Symi, Tilos), in the context of their attempts to preserve their privileges, collectively as the \"Dodecanese\". Shortly after, in 1912, most of the Southern Sporades were captured by the Italians in the Italo-Turkish War, except for Ikaria, which joined Greece in 1912 during the First Balkan War, and Kastellorizo, which came under Italian rule only in 1921. The place of the latter two was taken by Kos and Rhodes, bringing the number of the major islands under Italian rule back to twelve. Thus, when the Greek press began agitating for the cession of the islands to Greece in 1913, the term used was still the \"Dodecanese\". The Italian occupation authorities helped to establish the term when they named the islands under their control \"Rhodes and the Dodecanese\" (\"Rodi e Dodecaneso\"), adding Leipsoi to the list of the major islands to make up for considering Rhodes separately. By 1920, the name had become firmly established for the entire island group, a fact acknowledged by the Italian government when it appointed the islands' first civilian governor, Count, as \"Viceroy of the Dodecanese\". As the name was associated with Greek irredentism, from 1924 Mussolini's Fascist regime tried to abolish its use by referring to them as the \"Italian Islands of the Aegean\", but this name never acquired any wider currency outside Italian administrative usage. The islands joined Greece in 1947 following as the \"Governorate-General of the Dodecanese\" (Γενική Διοίκησις Δωδεκανήσου), since 1955 the \"Dodecanese Prefecture\" (Νομός Δωδεκανήσου).", "", "The Dodecanese have been inhabited since prehistoric times. In the Neopalatial period on Crete, the islands were heavily Minoanized (contact beginning in the second millennium BC). Following the downfall of the Minoans, the islands were ruled by the Mycenaean Greeks from circa 1400 BC, until the arrival of the Dorians circa 1100 BC. It is in the Dorian period that they began to prosper as an independent entity, developing a thriving economy and culture through the following centuries. By the early Archaic period Rhodes and Kos emerged as the major islands in the group, and in the 6th century BC the Dorians founded three major cities on Rhodes (Lindos, Kameiros and Ialyssos). Together with the island of Kos and the cities of Knidos and Halicarnassos on the mainland of Asia Minor, these made up the Dorian Hexapolis.", "This development was interrupted around 499 BC by the Persian Wars, during which the islands were captured by the Persians for a brief period. Following the defeat of the Persians by the Athenians in 478 BC, the cities joined the Athenian-dominated Delian League. When the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC, they remained largely neutral although they were still members of the League. By the time the Peloponnesian War ended in 404 BC, the Dodecanese were mostly removed from the larger Aegean conflicts, and had begun a period of relative quiet and prosperity. In 408 BC, the three cities of Rhodes had united to form one state, which built a new capital on the northern end of the island, also named \"Rhodes\"; this united Rhodes was to dominate the region for the coming millennia. Other islands in the Dodecanese also developed into significant economic and cultural centers; most notably, Kos served as the site of the school of medicine founded by Hippocrates. However, the Peloponnesian War had so weakened the entire Greek civilization's military strength that it lay open to invasion. In 357 BC, the islands were conquered by the king Mausolus of Caria, then in 340 BC by the Persians. But this second period of Persian rule proved to be nearly as short as the first, and the islands became part of the rapidly growing Macedonian Empire as Alexander the Great swept through and defeated the Persians in 332 BC, to the great relief of the islands' inhabitants. Following the death of Alexander, the islands, and even Rhodes itself, were split up among the many generals who contended to succeed him. The islands formed strong commercial ties with the Ptolemies in Egypt, and together they formed the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance which controlled trade throughout the Aegean in the 3rd century BC. Led by Rhodes, the islands developed into maritime, commercial and cultural centers: coins of Rhodes circulated almost everywhere in the Mediterranean, and the islands' schools of philosophy, literature and rhetoric were famous. The Colossus of Rhodes, built in 304 BC, perhaps best symbolized their wealth and power. In 164 BC, Rhodes signed a treaty with Rome, and the islands became aligned to greater or lesser extent with the Roman Republic while mostly maintaining their autonomy. Rhodes quickly became a major schooling center for Roman noble families, and, as the islands (and particularly Rhodes) were important allies of Rome, they enjoyed numerous privileges and generally friendly relations. These were eventually lost in 42 BC, in the turmoil following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, after which Cassius invaded and sacked the islands. Thereafter, they became part of the Roman Empire proper. Titus made Rhodes capital of the \"Provincia Insularum\", and eventually the islands were joined with Crete as part of the 18th Province of the Roman Empire. In the 1st century, Saint Paul visited the islands twice, and Saint John visited numerous times; they succeeded in converting the islands to Christianity, placing them among the first dominantly Christian regions. Saint John eventually came to reside among them, being exiled to Patmos, where he wrote his famous \"Revelation\".", "As the Roman Empire split in AD 395 into Eastern and Western halves, the islands became part of the Eastern part, which later evolved into the Byzantine Empire. They would remain there for nearly a thousand years, though these were punctuated by numerous invasions. It was during this period that they began to re-emerge as an independent entity, and the term \"Dodecanese\" itself dates to around the 8th century. Copious evidence of the Byzantine period remains on the islands today, most notably in hundreds of churches from the period which can be seen in various states of preservation. In the 13th century, with the Fourth Crusade, Italians began invading portions of the Dodecanese, which had remained under the nominal power of the Empire of Nicea; Venetians (Querini, Cornaro) and Genoese families (Vignoli) each held some islands for brief periods, while Orthodox monks ruled on Patmos and Leros. Finally, in the 14th century, the Byzantine era came to an end when the islands were taken by forces of the Knights Hospitaller (Knights of St John): Rhodes was conquered in 1309, and the rest of the islands fell gradually over the next few decades. The Knights made Rhodes their stronghold, transforming its capital into a grandiose medieval city dominated by an impressive fortress, and scattered fortresses and citadels through the rest of the islands as well. These massive fortifications proved sufficient to repel invasions by the Sultan of Egypt in 1444 and Mehmed II in 1480. Finally, however, the citadel at Rhodes fell to the large army of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1522, and the other islands were overrun within the year. The few remaining Knights fled to Malta.", "Thus began a period of several hundred years in the Ottoman Empire. The Dodecanese formed a separate province within the Eyalet of the Archipelago. The population was allowed to retain a number of privileges provided it submitted to Ottoman rule. By Suleiman's edict, they paid a special tax in return for a special autonomous status that prohibited Ottoman generals from interfering in their civil affairs or mistreating the population. These guarantees, combined with a strategic location at the crossroads of Mediterranean shipping, allowed the islands to prosper. The overwhelmingly Greek population (only Rhodes and Kos had Turkish communities) leaned heavily towards Greece following its declaration of independence in 1822, and many of the islanders joined the Greek War of Independence, with the result that the northern portion of the Dodecanese (including Samos) became briefly the Greek provinces of the Eastern Sporades and Southern Sporades. Kasos in particular played a prominent role due to its skilled mariners, until its destruction by the Egyptians in 1824. Most of the islands were slated to become part of the new Greek state in the London Protocol of 1828, but when Greek independence was recognized in the London Protocol of 1830, the islands were left outside the new Kingdom of Greece. Indeed, the 19th century turned out to be one of the islands' most prosperous, and a number of mansions date from this era.", "There is a Turkish Muslim minority living in Rhodes and Kos. Sources have variously estimated the Turkish population of Kos and Rhodes to be 5,000, 6,000, or 7,000.", "After the outbreak of the Italian-Turkish war over Libya, in early 1912 Italy, in order to apply pressure on the Ottoman government closer to its metropolitan territories, occupied all the present-day Dodecanese except for Kastellorizo. After the end of the war according to the Treaty of Ouchy, Italy maintained the occupation of the islands as guarantee for the execution of the treaty. The occupation continued after Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire (21 August 1915) during the First World War. During the war, the islands became an important naval base for Britain and France; Italy was allied with both nations during World War I. The Dodecanese were used as a staging area for numerous campaigns, most famously the one at Gallipoli. Some of the smaller islands were occupied by the French and British, but Rhodes remained under Italian occupation. In 1915, the French also occupied Kastellorizo. Following the war, the Tittoni–Venizelos agreement, signed on July 29, 1919, called for the smaller islands to join with Greece, while Italy maintained control of Rhodes. The treaty further outlined an exchange where Italy would receive Antalya for southwest Anatolia. The Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War and the foundation of modern Turkey prevented the exchange. Italy formally annexed the Dodecanese as the \"Possedimenti Italiani dell'Egeo\" under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne. Mussolini embarked on a program of Italianization, hoping to make Rhodes a modern transportation hub that would serve as a focal point for the spread of Italian culture in the Levant. The islands were overwhelmingly Greek-speaking, with a Turkish-speaking minority and an even smaller Ladino-speaking Jewish minority. Immigrant Italian speakers were a marginal language community. The Fascist program, in its many attempts to modernize the islands, eradicated malaria, and constructed hospitals, aqueducts, a power plant to provide Rhodes' capital with electric lighting, and established the Dodecanese Cadastre. The main castle of the Knights of St. John was also rebuilt. The concrete-dominated Fascist architectural style detracted significantly from the islands' picturesque scenery (and also reminded the inhabitants of Italian rule), and has consequently been largely demolished or remodeled, apart from the famous example of the Leros town of Lakki, which remains a prime example of the architecture. From 1936 to 1940 Cesare Maria De Vecchi acted as Governor of the Italian Islands of the Aegean promoting the official use of the Italian language and favoring a process of italianization, interrupted by the beginning of World War II. In the 1936 Italian census of the Dodecanese islands, the total population was 129,135, of which 7,015 were Italians.", "During World War II, Italy joined the Axis Powers, which used the Dodecanese as a naval staging area for their invasion of Crete in 1941. After the surrender of Italy in September 1943, the islands briefly became a battleground between the Germans and Allied forces, including the Italians. The Germans prevailed in the Dodecanese Campaign, and although they were driven out of mainland Greece in 1944, the Dodecanese remained occupied until the end of the war in 1945, during which time nearly the entire Jewish population of 6,000 was deported and killed. Only 1,200 of these Ladino-speaking Jews survived by escaping to the nearby coast of Turkey. On 8 May 1945 the German garrison commander Otto Wagener surrendered the islands to the British on Rhodes handing over 5,000 German and 600 Italian military personnel.", "Following the war, the islands became a British military protectorate, and were almost immediately allowed to run their own civil affairs, upon which the islands became informally united with Greece, though under separate sovereignty and military control. Despite objections from Turkey, which desired the islands as well, they were formally united with Greece by the 1947 Peace Treaty with Italy, ending 740 years of foreign rule over the islands. As a legacy of its former status as a jurisdiction separate from Greece, it is still considered a separate \"entity\" for amateur radio purposes, essentially maintaining its status as an independent country \"on the air.\" Amateur Radio call signs in the Dodecanese begin with the prefix SV5 instead of SV for Greece. The 70th anniversary of the incorporation of the Dodecanese within Greece was marked in 2017, with the Greek Parliament holding a special celebratory session for the event. Today, Rhodes and the Dodecanese are popular travel destinations.", "The Dodecanese Prefecture was one of the prefectures of Greece. As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis reform, the prefecture was abolished, and its territory was divided into four regional units, within the South Aegean administrative region:", "The prefecture was subdivided into the following municipalities and communities. These have been reorganised at the 2011 Kallikratis reform as well.", "Until 1997, the Prefecture of the Dodecanese was subdivided into provinces:", "Local specialities of the Dodecanese include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 10332, 192286, 3378, 97264, 4, 207085, 83, 35839, 44, 647, 53, 94924, 143, 58, 136, 23, 70, 114749, 1771, 82020, 7, 44, 647, 4778, 1673, 7, 143, 830, 91084, 44, 2347, 103724, 15, 1760, 16, 111, 90695, 740, 581, 90695, 83, 35839, 44, 5464, 1046, 6174, 58, 23, 116342, 19, 4, 136, 23, 21079, 4745, 44, 5464, 1744, 6174, 58, 2451, 39798, 25958, 44, 164, 133, 3551, 58, 707, 44, 164, 1760, 3551, 740, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 192286, 3378, 9351, 100, 70, 90695, 5, 581, 10332, 192286, 3378, 9351, 83, 2843, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 90695, 25, 7, 9351, 23, 188676, 44, 18648, 1428, 830, 30839, 136, 187951, 4, 44, 8655, 1428, 830, 37410, 78183, 44, 670, 4778, 141, 830, 136, 23, 42845, 4, 44, 42246, 33396, 740, 360, 179838, 19, 4, 70, 90695, 83, 35839, 44, 294, 5985, 20088, 830, 3129, 26950, 44, 2347, 90695, 111, 947, 1191, 740, 207085, 83, 18822, 71, 390, 116342, 19, 191225, 2552, 202, 202909, 92, 136, 36770, 116342, 19, 13918, 232816, 22546, 47, 765, 2809, 70, 105719, 138248, 12613, 133, 5, 129551, 47, 6, 227780, 109622, 7413, 7, 4, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 207085, 1556, 2809, 23, 54815, 3674, 1295, 99, 19713, 19692, 335, 10854, 5, 98340, 70599, 72944, 109923, 373, 51626, 7, 4, 607, 297, 47, 19831, 10044, 1104, 58087, 4, 765, 2809, 14037, 23, 88404, 37879, 4267, 73, 60243, 5, 82020, 7, 22120, 1672, 183851, 7158, 23274, 114942, 17721, 90695, 1314, 136, 98416, 7, 5, 207085, 509, 136, 70, 5368, 111, 92702, 93905, 78312, 90, 4, 68018, 35839, 70, 24453, 9022, 98416, 7, 5, 581, 70103, 6402, 133, 111, 45233, 111, 35031, 43265, 98363, 7, 10, 18738, 126, 111, 37195, 8927, 109923, 7, 136, 43606, 75281, 180, 21050, 10133, 6, 32082, 9966, 70, 16128, 450, 83, 5036, 127067, 9022, 71006, 4, 7068, 66165, 81551, 47, 146864, 5, 1250, 17105, 538, 10932, 4382, 4, 68327, 29099, 26770, 147, 1681, 1295, 114749, 34739, 2831, 23, 10, 98416, 79904, 99, 29807, 7, 1673, 7, 143, 15, 5464, 1046, 6174, 194, 8622, 764, 113054, 297, 1919, 170277, 99, 128696, 4, 390, 35971, 442, 1295, 10, 332, 24, 4806, 19449, 3964, 430, 5130, 5, 541, 42645, 7, 50525, 14192, 7, 70, 25632, 12, 581, 70103, 6402, 133, 111, 45233, 111, 35031, 43265, 98363, 7, 10, 18738, 126, 111, 37195, 8927, 109923, 7, 136, 43606, 75281, 78312, 90, 1295, 207085, 6, 32082, 9966, 70, 16128, 450, 83, 5036, 127067, 9022, 71006, 4, 7068, 66165, 81551, 47, 146864, 5, 360, 70, 53655, 927, 12877, 111, 80646, 11, 2290, 4160, 4, 105459, 31, 48078, 47148, 223, 98363, 7, 10, 133868, 98, 5973, 1760, 23, 534, 5757, 23, 3129, 70, 188676, 60097, 134552, 1727, 87, 3268, 52021, 1919, 64194, 18738, 126, 47, 9709, 275, 70, 73106, 63239, 111, 78312, 90, 1295, 72813, 43265, 136, 207085, 5, 181799, 70, 2684, 10670, 157272, 79904, 390, 70, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 207085, 74918, 2822, 23, 534, 19308, 4, 678, 70, 52875, 98, 70, 187951, 59444, 111, 26729, 42789, 15, 126340, 25469, 90, 237, 79904, 1314, 621, 115184, 72004, 136, 17065, 191, 72004, 194, 2022, 4021, 70, 63044, 2449, 111, 903, 79904, 509, 70, 187951, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 43041, 5, 63590, 11, 13, 109622, 1119, 73427, 5256, 765, 959, 493, 47314, 70, 40250, 7, 111, 219776, 111, 70, 59444, 5, 28723, 6897, 23, 26729, 42789, 136475, 24189, 59444, 26859, 47, 191975, 388, 13, 6863, 131011, 20271, 702, 927, 142642, 4743, 47, 46011, 41159, 44402, 143434, 390, 1305, 9, 10828, 26136, 456, 99091, 5, 360, 427, 3768, 4, 207085, 509, 158, 944, 2822, 390, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 67921, 7, 111, 70, 159, 47416, 20271, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 41649, 60219, 1284, 70, 39746, 7154, 111, 70, 4000, 23, 109261, 16037, 47143, 297, 37515, 5, 581, 22684, 433, 14202, 14037, 297, 70, 1843, 10534, 12259, 111, 5973, 1428, 9, 36119, 343, 2685, 5, 14847, 70, 81206, 509, 8, 88981, 297, 390, 70, 226185, 19, 187, 1176, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 72913, 13, 23, 427, 8659, 4, 70, 207085, 90695, 1314, 214267, 297, 5, 581, 79612, 509, 134620, 390, 10, 85689, 53, 450, 509, 181141, 390, 70, 180, 21050, 10133, 136, 70, 18897, 111, 70, 81206, 5, 360, 70, 25632, 6602, 4, 70, 159, 47416, 9, 80009, 9319, 7, 3542, 57622, 297, 3934, 70, 1413, 12762, 6402, 81206, 5, 1301, 70, 22684, 433, 14202, 25, 16401, 98, 207085, 4163, 37515, 56, 4, 14949, 2481, 2843, 100512, 1286, 170920, 98, 70, 90695, 4, 136, 47, 903, 5155, 207085, 1556, 10, 36998, 5423, 111, 92264, 106820, 90, 23, 133854, 192, 4, 3423, 145, 4, 1519, 6865, 24180, 4, 38601, 34, 4, 148981, 2506, 4, 193173, 136, 4769, 27332, 106820, 90, 5, 581, 22684, 7, 38970, 25, 7, 100, 87463, 5375, 6011, 1046, 120304, 4, 51529, 23, 30839, 237, 153290, 1172, 33, 47446, 4, 509, 88303, 390, 70, 1413, 12762, 6402, 81206, 100, 70, 333, 10534, 7, 111, 5973, 1428, 9, 127660, 2594, 15, 159970, 72173, 12, 57181, 13, 9, 866, 13183, 13, 194, 195769, 80723, 23, 702, 4836, 136, 442, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5299, 9, 9518, 56, 4126, 92264, 37702, 1577, 23, 116342, 136, 81148, 7, 3034, 2414, 299, 47, 70, 72399, 11214, 13, 1405, 72944, 5, 133698, 70, 616, 927, 1104, 2485, 927, 202032, 90, 4, 136, 144681, 110680, 4, 4000, 23, 109261, 16037, 26859, 47, 71062, 36880, 70, 129435, 27414, 3934, 206990, 58555, 4911, 7, 137633, 214, 54427, 7, 99, 35031, 4370, 66, 184085, 5, 17006, 111, 207085, 509, 79986, 71, 105237, 390, 70, 1843, 10534, 12259, 111, 5973, 1428, 9, 36119, 343, 4, 12960, 3060, 63920, 3542, 22, 2242, 16713, 297, 47, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 81206, 5, 360, 423, 12975, 4, 70, 333, 10534, 12259, 136, 207085, 3542, 54324, 47, 146864, 4, 141753, 2831, 111, 188676, 116342, 5, 28090, 423, 5757, 24189, 611, 4633, 70, 64194, 90695, 509, 1379, 188676, 139355, 5, 360, 611, 4633, 4, 207085, 509, 405, 48141, 1295, 146864, 47, 71006, 390, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 13008, 17992, 184, 6369, 5, 360, 729, 3117, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 10588, 111, 35031, 43265, 4, 207085, 15, 92733, 51529, 390, 6863, 187951, 9351, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 207085, 15, 4, 2819, 30839, 136, 1388, 83, 70, 142105, 90695, 23, 116342, 4, 163, 162, 53089, 5, 581, 5201, 90695, 111, 57181, 13, 47064, 4, 442, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 129435, 27414, 4, 127067, 111, 230130, 90695, 136, 65272, 111, 38601, 34, 90695, 4, 136, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 10542, 116342, 19, 78599, 40752, 519, 5, 581, 10323, 111, 70, 90695, 83, 5375, 6011, 1046, 4, 3129, 23, 18982, 267, 1902, 17480, 304, 11835, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 581, 28271, 90695, 1902, 10, 17164, 297, 43904, 23, 18982, 505, 111, 48877, 115021, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "History.", "Geography.", "Nature.", "Kaali Meteorite.", "Resources.", "Characteristics.", "Transportation.", "Sport.", "Trivia." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In old Scandinavian sources, Saaremaa is called \"Eysysla\" and in the Icelandic Sagas \"Eysýsla\", meaning \"the district (land) of island\". The island is called \"Saaremaa\" in Estonian, and in Finnish \"Saarenmaa\"—literally \"isle land\" or \"island land\"., i.e. the same as the Scandinavian name for the island. The old Scandinavian name is also the origin of the island's name in Danish \"Øsel\", German and Swedish, \"Ösel\", Gutnish \"Oysl\", and in Latin, \"Osilia\". In Latvian, the island is called \"Sāmsala\", which means \"the island of Saami\". Saaremaa is believed by Estonian scholar Raul Talvik and former Estonian president Lennart Meri to have been the historic Ultima Thule.", "According to archaeological finds, the territory of Saaremaa has been inhabited from at least 5000 BCE. Nordic Iron Age ship burials, dated to AD 700–750, have been found in Sõrve Peninsula. Sagas talk about numerous skirmishes between islanders and Vikings. Saaremaa was and the home of notorious pirates, sometimes called the Eastern Vikings. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia describes a fleet of sixteen ships and five hundred Osilians ravaging the area that is now southern Sweden, then belonging to Denmark. Probably around 1000, Gunnar Hámundarson from Iceland took part in a Viking raid at Eysýsla (Saaremaa). There he obtained his famous atgeir, by taking it from a man named Hallgrímur. Njáls saga tells the following: The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia describes a fleet of sixteen ships and five hundred pirates from Saaremaa ravaging the area that is now southern Sweden, then belonging to Denmark. In the XIVth book of Gesta Danorum, Saxo Grammaticus describes a battle on Öland in 1170 in which the Danish king Valdemar I mobilised his entire fleet to curb the incursions of pirates from Couronia and Saaremaa. Perhaps the most renowned raid by the inhabitants of Saaremaa occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna (other candidates as raiders are Karelians and Curonians). Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. Archaeological excavations have not verified the traditions of destruction of the town. Normal life in Sigtuna continued until town started to slowly lose its importance during 13th century due to navigability problems caused by post-glacial rebound. In 1227, Saaremaa was conquered by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword during the Livonian Crusade but the resistance of the local inhabitants remained strong. The crusaders founded the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek there. When the Order was defeated by the Lithuanian army in the Battle of Saule in 1236, the Saaremaa islanders rebelled. The conflict was ended by a treaty that was signed by the Osilians and the Master of the Order. In the following year, the Sword-Brothers were absorbed into the Teutonic Order. As the crusaders' hold on Saaremaa got stronger, Christianity also became more established on the island, and to this day Saaremaa has a unique set of medieval churches in Kaarma, Karja, Kihelkonna, Muhu, Pöide, Püha and Valjala churches. The crusader's fortress Kuressaare Castle, known in German as Schloss Arensburg, was built by the Teutonic Order for the bishops of Ösel-Wieck (Estonian: Saare-Lääne). Construction began in 1380 and it is one of the most well-preserved medieval castles in Estonia and bears testimony to the late Medieval Age. During the 14th–16th centuries, and possibly earlier, local inhabitants started to expand across the Baltic Sea into surrounding areas thus establishing villages at Livonian coast. Most of Saaremaa was ruled directly by the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, while some parts were enfeoffed to the Livonian Order. In 1559, the bishopric and Saaremaa were sold to Denmark, becoming part of Danish Estonia. From 1570 until 1645 the entire island was under Danish possession. In 1645, Saaremaa was ceded from Denmark to Sweden by the Treaty of Brömsebro. In 1721, along with the rest of Livonia, Saaremaa (then known by its Swedish name of Ösel) was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Nystad, becoming a part of the Governorate of Livonia. In 1840 the first spa opened in Kuressaare (then known as Arensburg), and the town experienced renaissance and became a resort for Russians and Baltic Germans. In World War I, the Estonian islands were conquered by Imperial German Army in October 1917 and remained occupied (Operation Albion) until the end of hostilities. Estonia gained independence on February 24, 1918 after the October Revolution and the collapse of the Russian Empire. As a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the new state was incorporated into the Soviet Union in June 1940 as the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. Most of the Baltic German population of the island was evacuated to Germany following the Pact. The island was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 (Operation Beowulf); German troops remained there until expelled by the Red Army in the Moonzund Landing Operation in October and November 1944. In 1946, Saaremaa was declared a restricted zone, closed to foreigners and to most mainland Estonians. It remained a restricted area until 1989. Estonia regained independence on August 20, 1991, during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.", "The island forms the main barrier between the Gulf of Riga and the Baltic Sea. To the south of it is the main passage out of the gulf, the Irbe Strait, next to Sõrve Peninsula, the southernmost portion of the island. In Medieval times islanders crossed the strait to form fishing villages on the Livonian coast, notably Pitrags. In those days it was easier and quicker to cross the strait towards nearby Kolka, Saunags or Mazirbe, than travel by horse large distances inland. The highest point on the island is 54 m above sea level. One feature found on the island is the Kaali crater. The island has lots of forested terrain. One of the symbols of the island is the juniper.", "More than 10,000 years ago the first parts of Saaremaa arose from the Baltic Ice Lake. The uplift of the Earth's crust is continuing even today, at per year. The West Estonian islands are lowlying plains resting on limestone, their average elevation being about above sea level. Limestone has become denuded in a great number of places, resulting in cliffs, limestone pits and quarries at Mustjala, Ninase, Pulli, Üügu and Kaugatuma. Because of its mild maritime climate and a variety of soils, Saaremaa has a rich flora, illustrated by the fact that 80% of the plant species found in Estonia are represented here. Altogether 1200 species of vascular plants can be found in Saaremaa. About 120 of the local plant species are rare ones that have received special protection status. The most famous endemic species is Rhinanthus osiliensis, a rare little flower growing mostly in spring fens. Rare and beautiful flowers are widespread; out of the 36 species found in Estonia, 35 of them are found on Saaremaa and neighbouring islands. Over 40% of Saaremaa is covered with forests. They are mostly mixed forests but in some areas one can find broad-leaved (deciduous) trees, which are relict plant communities of former milder climatic periods. Wooded meadows were common in Saaremaa before World War II, but many of these unique natural complexes have gradually become overgrown and thus turned into the ordinary forest. The same is true for alvars (limestone areas covered with thin soil and stunted vegetation). Once a typical and exclusive landscape element in Saaremaa alvars are now in decline. Nature conservation planning for Saaremaa now includes protection of the largest and most unusual alvar areas. Saaremaa has a wide variety of rare wildlife species, ranging from insects to seals. The smallest protected wildlife species include Cloude Apolle butterflies and Roman snails. The coastal areas of Saaremaa are famous seal habitats. The gray seal that is common here can be found in three large permanent resting areas on the islets off the coast in the western and southern parts of Saaremaa. The local population of grey seals is slightly increasing. Ringed seals can be encountered everywhere in the coastal waters of Saaremaa but, because of their timidity, it has not been possible to make an estimation of their number. The islands lie in the East Atlantic Flyway, a migration path of waterfowl. This \"bird road\" connects northeastern Europe with Arctic regions. Each year hundreds of thousands of migratory birds visit Saaremaa in spring and autumn. The barnacle goose, mute swan, whooper swan, eider, shelduck and a great many other bird species have been given protection status. But on the whole, the islands are somewhat poorer in wildlife species than the mainland. Neither mole, mink, nor otter can be found here, the lynx and the brown bear are infrequent guests.", "Kaali is a small group of nine unique meteorite craters on Saaremaa. The largest of the craters measures in diameter and contains a small lake, known as \"Kaali järv\" (\"Lake Kaali\"). The meteor cluster had an impact velocity of and a mass of 20–80 tons. At the altitude of the meteor broke into pieces. The largest fragment produced the main crater with a depth of. Eight smaller craters with diameters ranging from and depths varying from are all within of the main crater. The age estimates of the crater vary, with 4000 ± 1000 BCE being a commonly accepted estimate, though other estimates suggest the explosion was as recent as 660 ± 85 BCE. The energy of the impact — about 80 TJ (20 kilotons of TNT), comparable with the Hiroshima bomb) — burned forests within a radius of. There are numerous legends related to the crater; these are summarized by Lennart Meri in his book \"Hõbevalge\".", "Dolomite, limestone, curative mud, mineral water, ceramic clay, sand, and gravel are the major local resources. Of these local resources, dolomite is perhaps the most famous above all.", "The majority of the population is Estonian (97%). The biggest minority nationality is Russian, comprising 2% of the inhabitants. Compared to the Republic of Estonia on the whole, the population of Saare County and particularly of Kuressaare town is younger, whereas the number of the retired people is considerably smaller. Saaremaa is located in the centre of the Baltic region with the most rapidly growing market in Europe, containing 70 million consumers. Gates to the West include not only the newly reconstructed Kuressaare Airport and Roomassaare Port, the operation of modern ferries between Saaremaa and the mainland but also the rapid development of the telecommunications, highly important for the island. Saaremaa is a tourist destination, revisited by 35% of foreign and 95% of domestic tourists. Saaremaa has an entrepreneur-friendly, safe, and strain-free economic environment.", "Saaremaa is reached by TS Laevad's ferries from Virtsu on the Estonian mainland to Kuivastu on Muhu island, which is itself connected to Saaremaa by a causeway, the Väinatamm. Saaremaa can also be reached by ferry from Sõru on the island of Hiiumaa to Triigi. There are also passenger services from Roomassaare to the smaller island of Abruka. During many winters it is possible to drive to Saaremaa by an ice road between the mainland and Muhu or between Saaremaa and the island of Hiiumaa. There are regular bus services from Tallinn, Pärnu and Tartu on the mainland, which use the ferry from Virtsu to Muhu. There is an airport at Kuressaare with regular flights to Tallinn operated by Transaviabaltika. In the summer season there are regular service to Ruhnu and Pärnu operated by Luftverkehr Friesland Harle, and a twice weekly service to Stockholm operated by Estonian Air. Historically there was a Soviet air base at Aste during the Cold War. Plans to connect Saaremaa to the mainland either by the Saaremaa Bridge or Saaremaa Tunnel are being studied.", "FC Kuressaare competes in the first tier of Estonian football, the Meistriliiga. Saaremaa competes in the biannual Island Games. There are three main international traditional sport events in Saaremaa:", "Saaremaa has more spas than anywhere else in Estonia." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 41149, 246, 83, 65508, 71, 23, 44, 3957, 47443, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 58, 237, 107661, 19413, 6820, 7, 25, 7, 35845, 136, 30666, 5844, 6, 150621, 5, 360, 44, 3957, 2291, 22155, 18, 830, 107661, 1902, 2809, 39958, 390, 70, 221479, 90410, 289, 420, 136, 10, 19085, 111, 391, 4205, 3132, 1295, 1919, 46002, 5368, 4, 19413, 18878, 4, 23, 70, 55852, 13, 36880, 70, 7950, 939, 71175, 7, 136, 70, 43334, 100, 525, 111, 12969, 92, 25876, 47, 173915, 6644, 70, 391, 4205, 3132, 25, 142, 45964, 5368, 136, 241437, 1379, 70, 2091, 86, 538, 71175, 5, 581, 241437, 1902, 2809, 56050, 297, 390, 10, 99784, 19, 4, 24965, 19670, 5, 194397, 5941, 156578, 7, 4, 24965, 19670, 1902, 2809, 152388, 136, 107661, 1902, 176377, 5368, 678, 10, 193984, 126826, 111, 70, 241437, 5, 1529, 158930, 70, 6897, 111, 10, 98870, 66110, 19, 62233, 100, 5941, 5369, 5, 41149, 246, 25, 7, 27863, 71153, 31, 19413, 6820, 7, 136, 144298, 11, 23243, 53, 187470, 1902, 2809, 152388, 23, 10, 337, 26518, 27998, 3229, 41149, 246, 509, 427, 74, 41149, 246, 66933, 70, 11737, 300, 86, 5369, 38043, 678, 1919, 57988, 289, 14449, 4, 70, 23243, 53, 187470, 7, 23, 23243, 53, 19449, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 952, 764, 509, 30666, 297, 390, 107661, 4, 1919, 193429, 4, 2750, 91048, 4049, 47, 6867, 99, 19413, 18878, 5, 1529, 136, 107661, 99764, 70, 5701, 101207, 4, 70, 1039, 2208, 111, 242, 4233, 6328, 27417, 25, 5, 107661, 65508, 71, 41149, 246, 47, 70, 152215, 127, 46876, 7, 4, 136, 1836, 27983, 23409, 98, 4989, 122395, 24745, 7, 25842, 5, 41149, 246, 32497, 111, 32070, 237, 107661, 31358, 7, 70, 55852, 13, 100, 4127, 98, 1919, 1632, 75281, 136, 103155, 927, 101207, 5, 41149, 246, 23, 3334, 14481, 19413, 18878, 136, 107661, 25, 7, 15789, 5, 90410, 289, 420, 4, 99, 903, 1733, 4, 83, 959, 24233, 1672, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 15789, 4, 221, 764, 1631, 1779, 41149, 246, 47, 71864, 17368, 442, 136, 47, 13695, 442, 23410, 5, 41149, 246, 13695, 7, 70, 21434, 204105, 100, 70, 11737, 729, 5369, 4, 136, 70, 21434, 76199, 4049, 70, 5701, 48360, 3760, 53, 442, 26038, 107661, 5, 90410, 289, 420, 30646, 7, 47, 23534, 47, 4049, 450, 442, 83, 70, 6561, 21434, 111, 70, 49721, 47443, 6987, 1900, 4, 2750, 40, 5447, 47, 192026, 136, 4527, 442, 47, 158, 27227, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 5, 5120, 84382, 450, 764, 83, 10, 77064, 47, 70, 55852, 13, 237, 4989, 237, 764, 47143, 7, 2685, 678, 70, 21434, 4, 41149, 246, 28288, 7, 47, 5646, 442, 47, 2975, 51080, 1181, 4, 5368, 111, 540, 1900, 71, 4, 10, 13648, 53, 540, 420, 9, 1484, 71, 5, 1529, 31358, 7, 678, 17262, 226792, 7, 12, 1919, 80583, 56, 3362, 90825, 21413, 85217, 136, 1919, 193429, 7, 6035, 1294, 23243, 53, 187470, 136, 93128, 5128, 717, 685, 5, 10660, 144281, 1660, 23, 1733, 4, 100, 6987, 1900, 25, 7, 2684, 113138, 187646, 7, 4, 70, 1520, 86, 353, 23696, 83555, 4, 765, 30957, 297, 70, 55852, 13, 237, 10074, 2975, 14202, 4, 16487, 100, 107661, 136, 70, 21434, 5, 10660, 28960, 41149, 246, 25, 7, 141037, 36880, 70, 55852, 13, 136, 110518, 1940, 19462, 4049, 5, 581, 739, 22155, 933, 144281, 70, 10074, 2975, 14202, 390, 26983, 2069, 8305, 70, 25074, 87282, 5, 10660, 621, 3917, 33092, 390, 70, 49846, 111, 25074, 1572, 20255, 8770, 4, 1284, 6, 114777, 297, 390, 8352, 144326, 11468, 4, 2750, 76199, 2856, 2412, 1277, 56, 136, 17997, 7, 2856, 98, 2363, 3917, 5, 10660, 621, 156892, 23, 7620, 98, 70, 335, 118201, 49472, 7, 390, 335, 118201, 9, 434, 22553, 7, 136, 621, 14018, 3956, 71, 1379, 10, 160093, 5, 41149, 246, 36356, 7, 5078, 184, 1295, 70, 160093, 4, 52875, 7, 70, 1909, 15555, 9, 434, 22553, 136, 193421, 1779, 144326, 11468, 4, 2750, 13438, 6, 114777, 90, 70, 739, 22155, 933, 136, 5423, 7, 2856, 98, 2363, 3917, 5, 1913, 70, 44, 50344, 60636, 663, 299, 58, 2083, 23, 70, 54427, 111, 6499, 13, 4, 41149, 246, 53299, 7, 10, 8, 5259, 297, 31330, 1295, 90410, 289, 420, 4, 136, 23356, 7, 10, 332, 2750, 11782, 7, 66570, 73425, 820, 4, 10, 32515, 56, 111, 70, 23924, 74, 1919, 2773, 9351, 83, 10463, 6504, 19, 5, 581, 6561, 21434, 94708, 7, 98, 188, 41149, 246, 25, 7, 51287, 23, 712, 814, 25352, 538, 23, 70, 2083, 25, 7, 39210, 17155, 4, 174548, 41149, 246, 23, 99017, 5, 3293, 110281, 7, 70, 35743, 111, 6987, 1900, 25, 7, 97957, 4, 2750, 13028, 433, 2594, 70, 739, 22155, 933, 25, 112875, 23, 70, 17431, 5, 581, 21115, 4, 1379, 73425, 820, 25, 7, 196219, 4, 18738, 90, 8305, 70, 1108, 114942, 5, 51404, 106029, 20051, 98, 214526, 13784, 130473, 4, 1836, 621, 52875, 297, 390, 43606, 353, 23696, 83555, 5, 581, 185256, 111, 70, 353, 23696, 83555, 66604, 7, 41149, 246, 678, 10, 5919, 14306, 9, 22877, 13, 74, 10463, 6504, 19, 22629, 933, 2856, 678, 11476, 5, 62, 63847, 111, 70, 146651, 47143, 7, 23, 41149, 246, 25, 7, 5608, 56, 136, 4, 20697, 6863, 3917, 98186, 1919, 26498, 4, 120332, 1755, 47, 15504, 4049, 3934, 10, 148, 104158, 1379, 6226, 111, 70, 63654, 14306, 5, 17106, 70, 4358, 111, 1919, 226792, 7, 136, 142, 540, 420, 9, 1484, 71, 4, 527, 1484, 5983, 1743, 4, 41149, 246, 83, 19048, 47, 70890, 112, 70, 353, 23696, 83555, 136, 58359, 2975, 51080, 1181, 5, 799, 147, 538, 645, 45738, 390, 1919, 4323, 7030, 4, 764, 83, 17305, 6259, 645, 1733, 390, 540, 1900, 71, 5, 581, 70615, 111, 540, 1900, 71, 23356, 7, 23, 2975, 51080, 1181, 136, 103608, 7, 47, 163684, 70, 21434, 390, 176050, 442, 3934, 101057, 984, 306, 23, 5919, 1846, 4, 70, 2773, 39, 111, 6987, 1900, 5, 41149, 246, 4, 14823, 214, 450, 764, 83, 73872, 297, 100, 903, 66211, 4, 98441, 40225, 47, 186, 70, 21434, 9, 372, 147, 56, 5, 62, 9593, 17336, 16070, 111, 300, 86, 226792, 7, 83, 100, 4806, 47, 17997, 136, 59959, 4049, 12, 70, 739, 22155, 933, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 41149, 246, 19413, 6820, 7, 83, 10, 127663, 289, 62816, 23, 821, 5, 627, 5, 627, 5, 212754, 25, 7, 32562, 7, 4, 136, 10, 9879, 26366, 23, 44, 3957, 47443, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 740, 41149, 246, 83, 10, 739, 22155, 18, 111, 70, 55852, 13, 2750, 23, 3334, 14481, 70, 6561, 21434, 1295, 1919, 193429, 107661, 19413, 6820, 7, 136, 1379, 1865, 90, 70, 38694, 47, 163684, 442, 23, 70, 11476, 7, 111, 101057, 984, 306, 23, 5919, 1846, 5, 1529, 83, 119056, 23, 212754, 25, 7, 1305, 22462, 79850, 91376, 43240, 4, 44, 3957, 15432, 1727, 96222, 58, 136, 44, 14256, 48310, 67175, 59144, 7, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Internal history.", "Background.", "\"The Fellowship of the Ring\".", "\"The Two Towers\".", "\"The Return of the King\".", "Other works.", "Family tree.", "Concept and creation.", "Interpretations.", "Name and origins.", "Character.", "Tragic hero.", "Providence.", "Adaptations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Frodo is introduced in \"The Lord of the Rings\" as Bilbo Baggins's relative and adoptive heir. In \"The Hobbit\", Bilbo had been taken by the Wizard Gandalf and a party of Dwarves from his safe home, Bag End, in the Shire across the Misty Mountains and the dark forest of Mirkwood to recapture the Dwarves' ancient home and treasure under the Lonely Mountain. The treasure had been guarded by a dragon, Smaug. Through many adventures, Smaug had been killed and Bilbo had returned home with a substantial portion of the treasure. He lived the life of a rich eccentric for many years. Frodo's parents Drogo Baggins and Primula Brandybuck had been killed in a boating accident when Frodo was 12; Frodo spent the next nine years living with his maternal family, the Brandybucks in Brandy Hall. At the age of 21 he was adopted by Bilbo, his cousin, who brought him to live at Bag End. He and Bilbo shared the same birthday, the 22nd of 'September'. Bilbo introduced Frodo to the Elvish languages, and they often went on long walking trips together.", "Frodo comes of age as Bilbo leaves the Shire for good on his one hundred and eleventh birthday. Frodo inherits Bag End and Bilbo's ring. Gandalf, at this time, is not certain about the origin of the ring, so he warns Frodo to avoid using it and to keep it secret. Frodo keeps the Ring hidden for the next 17 years, and the Ring gives him the same longevity it gave Bilbo. Gandalf returns to prove to him that it is the One Ring of the Dark Lord Sauron, who seeks to recover and use it to conquer Middle-earth. Realizing that he is a danger to the Shire as long as he remains there with the Ring, Frodo decides to take it to Rivendell, home of Elrond, a mighty Elf-lord. He leaves with three companions: his gardener Samwise Gamgee and his cousins Merry Brandybuck and Pippin Took. They escape just in time, for Sauron's most powerful servants, the Nine Nazgûl, have entered the Shire as Black Riders, looking for Bilbo and the Ring. They follow Frodo's trail across the Shire and nearly intercept him. The hobbits escape the Black Riders by travelling through the Old Forest. They are waylaid by the magic of Old Man Willow, but rescued by Tom Bombadil, who gives them shelter and guides them on their way. They are caught in fog on the Barrow Downs by Barrow-wights and are entranced under a spell. Frodo breaks loose from the spell, attacks the barrow-wight and summons Bombadil, who again rescues the hobbits and sets them on their way. At the \"Prancing Pony\" inn in the village of Bree, Frodo receives a delayed letter from Gandalf, and meets a man who calls himself Strider, a Ranger of the North; his real name is Aragorn. The One Ring slips onto Frodo's finger inadvertently in the inn's common room, turning Frodo invisible. This attracts the attention of Sauron's agents, who ransack the hobbits' rooms in the night. The group, under Strider's guidance, flees through the marshes. While encamped on Weathertop hill, they are attacked by five Nazgûl. The chief of the Nazgûl stabs Frodo with a Morgul-blade; Aragorn routs them with fire. A piece of the blade remains in Frodo's shoulder and, working its way towards his heart, threatens to turn him into a wraith under control of the Nazgul. With the help of his companions and an Elf-lord, Glorfindel, Frodo is able to evade the Nazgûl and reach Rivendell. Nearly overcome by his wound, he is healed over time by Elrond. The Council of Elrond meets in Rivendell and resolves to destroy the Ring by casting it into Mount Doom in Mordor, the realm of Sauron. Frodo, realizing that he is destined for this task, steps forward to be the Ring-bearer. A Fellowship of nine companions is formed to guide and protect him: the hobbits, Gandalf, Aragorn, the dwarf Gimli, the elf Legolas, and Boromir, a man of Gondor. Together they set out from Rivendell. Frodo is armed with Sting, Bilbo's Elvish knife; he wears Bilbo's coat of Dwarf mail made of \"mithril\". The company, seeking a way through the Misty Mountains, tries the Pass of Caradhras, but abandons it in favour of the mines of Moria. In Moria Frodo is stabbed by an Orc-spear, but his coat of \"mithril\" armour saves his life. They are led through the mines by Gandalf, until he is killed battling a Balrog. Aragorn leads them out to Lothlórien. There Galadriel gives Frodo an Elven cloak and a phial carrying the Light of Eärendil to aid him on his dangerous quest. The Fellowship travel by boat down the Anduin River and reach the lawn of Parth Galen, just above the impassable falls of Rauros. There, Boromir, succumbing to the lure of the Ring, tries to take the ring by force from Frodo. Frodo escapes by putting on the Ring and becoming invisible. This breaks the Fellowship; the company is scattered by invading Orcs. Frodo chooses to continue the quest alone, but Sam follows his master, joining him on the journey to Mordor.", "Frodo and Sam make their way through the wilds, followed by the creature Gollum, who has been tracking the Fellowship since Moria, seeking to reclaim the Ring. Gollum attacks the hobbits, but Frodo subdues him with Sting. He takes pity on Gollum and spares his life, binding him to a promise to guide them through the dead marshes to the Black Gate, which Gollum does. They find the gate impassable, but Gollum says that there is \"another way\" into Mordor, and Frodo, over Sam's objections, allows him to lead them south into Ithilien. There they meet Faramir, younger brother of Boromir, who takes them to a hidden cave, Henneth Annûn. Frodo allows Gollum to be captured by Faramir, saving Gollum's life but leaving him feeling betrayed by his \"master\". Faramir provisions the hobbits and allows them to go on their way, but warns Frodo to beware of Gollum's treachery. The three of them pass near Minas Morgul, where the pull of the Ring becomes almost unbearable. There they began the long climb up the Endless Stair of Cirith Ungol, and at the top enter a tunnel, not knowing it is the home of the giant spider Shelob. Gollum hopes to deliver the hobbits to her and retake the Ring after she has killed them. Shelob stings Frodo, rendering him unconscious, but Sam drives her off with Sting and the Phial of Galadriel. After attempting unsuccessfully to wake Frodo up, and unable to find any signs of life, Sam concludes that Frodo is dead and decides that his only option is to take the Ring and continue the quest. But he overhears orcs who find Frodo's body and learns that Frodo is not dead. The orcs take Frodo for questioning; Sam tries to follow but finds the door locked against him.", "Sam rescues Frodo from the Orcs. After a brief confrontation in which Frodo becomes enraged that Sam has taken the Ring, Sam restores the Ring to Frodo. The two of them, dressed in scavenged Orc-armour, set off for Mount Doom, trailed by Gollum. They witness the plains of Mordor empty at the approach of the Armies of the West. As the Ring gets closer to its master, Frodo becomes progressively weaker as its influence grows. When they run out of water, they leave all unnecessary baggage behind to travel light. As they reach Mount Doom, Gollum reappears and attacks Frodo, who beats him back. While Sam fights with Gollum, Frodo enters the chasm in the volcano where Sauron forged the Ring. Here Frodo loses the will to destroy the Ring, and instead puts it on, claiming it for himself. Gollum pushes Sam aside and attacks the invisible Frodo, biting off his finger. As he dances around in elation, Gollum loses his balance and falls with the Ring into the fiery Cracks of Doom. The Ring is destroyed, and with it Sauron's power. Frodo and Sam are rescued by Gandalf and several Great Eagles as Mount Doom erupts. After reuniting with the Fellowship and attending Aragorn's coronation as King of Gondor, the four hobbits return to the Shire. They find the entire Shire in a state of upheaval. Saruman's agents—both Hobbits and Men—have taken it over and started a destructive process of industrialization. Saruman governs the Shire in secret under the name of Sharkey until Frodo and his companions lead a rebellion and defeat the intruders. Even after Saruman attempts to stab Frodo, Frodo lets him go. Frodo and his companions restore the Shire to its prior state of peace and goodwill. Frodo never completely recovers from the physical, emotional, and psychological wounds he suffered during the quest to destroy the ring. Two years after the Ring was destroyed, Frodo and Bilbo as Ring-bearers are granted passage to Valinor, the earthly paradise where Frodo might find peace.", "\"The Sea-Bell\" was published in Tolkien's 1962 collection of verse \"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\" with the sub-title \"Frodos Dreme\". Tolkien suggests that this enigmatic narrative poem represents the despairing dreams that visited Frodo in the Shire in the years following the destruction of the Ring. It relates the unnamed speaker's journey to a mysterious land across the sea, where he tries but fails to make contact with the people who dwell there. He descends into despair and near-madness, eventually returning to his own country, to find himself utterly alienated from those he once knew. \"Frodo the halfling\" is mentioned briefly at the end of \"The Silmarillion\", as \"alone with his servant he passed through peril and darkness\" and \"cast the Great Ring of Power\" into the fire. In the poem \"Bilbo's Last Song\", Frodo is at the Grey Havens at the farthest west of Middle-earth, about to leave the mortal world on an elven-ship to Valinor. \"The Hunt for the Ring\" in \"Unfinished Tales\" describes how the Black Riders travelled to Isengard and the Shire in search of the One Ring, purportedly \"according to the account that Gandalf gave to Frodo\". It is one of several mentions of Frodo in the book.", "The Tolkien scholar Jason Fisher notes that Tolkien stated that hobbits were extremely \"clannish\" and had a strong \"predilections for genealogy\". Accordingly, Tolkien's decision to include Frodo's family tree in \"Lord of the Rings\" gives the book, in Fisher's view, a strongly \"hobbitish perspective\". The tree also, he notes, serves to show Frodo's and Bilbo's connections and familial characteristics. Frodo's family tree is as follows:", "Frodo did not appear until the third draft of \"A Long-Expected Party\" (the first chapter of \"The Lord of the Rings\"), when he was named Bingo, son of Bilbo Baggins and Primula Brandybuck. In the fourth draft, he was renamed Bingo Bolger-Baggins, son of Rollo Bolger and Primula Brandybuck. Tolkien did not change the name to Frodo until the third phase of writing, when much of the narrative, as far as the hobbits' arrival in Rivendell, had already taken shape. Prior to this, the name \"Frodo\" had been used for the character who eventually became Pippin Took. In drafts of the final chapters, published as \"Sauron Defeated\", Gandalf names Frodo \"Bronwe athan Harthad\" (\"Endurance Beyond Hope\"), after the destruction of the Ring. Tolkien states that Frodo's name in Westron was \"Maura Labingi\".", "", "Frodo is the only prominent hobbit whose name is not explained in Tolkien's Appendices to \"The Lord of the Rings\". In a letter Tolkien states that it is the Old English name \"Fróda\", connected to \"fród\", \"wise by experience\". The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey suggests that the choice of name is significant: not, in Tolkien's phrase, one of the many \"names that had no meaning at all in [the hobbits'] daily language\". Instead, he notes, the Old Norse name \"Fróði\" is mentioned in \"Beowulf\" as the minor character \"Fróda\". \"Fróði\" was, he writes, said by Saxo Grammaticus and Snorri Sturluson to be a peaceful ruler at the time of Christ, his time being named the \"Fróða-frið\", the peace of \"Fróði\". This was created by his magic mill, worked by two female giants, that could churn out peace and gold. He makes the giants work all day long at this task, until they rebel and grind out an army instead, which kills him and takes over, making the giants grind salt until the sea is full of it. The name \"Fróði\" is forgotten. Clearly, Shippey observes, evil is impossible to cure; and Frodo too is a \"peacemaker, indeed in the end a pacifist\". And, he writes, as Frodo gains experience through the quest, he also gains wisdom, matching the meaning of his name.", "Michael Stanton, writing in the \"J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia\", describes Frodo's character as combining \"courage, selflessness, and fidelity\", attributes that make Frodo ideal as a Ring-bearer. He lacks Sam's simple sturdiness, Merry and Pippin's clowning, and the psychopathology of Gollum, writes Stanton, bearing out the saying that good is less exciting than evil; but Frodo grows through his quest, becoming \"ennobled\" by it, to the extent that returning to the Shire feels in Frodo's words \"like falling asleep again\".", "The Tolkien scholar Jane Chance quotes Randel Helms's view that in both \"The Hobbit\" and \"Lord of the Rings\", \"a most unheroic hobbit [Bilbo, Frodo] achieves heroic stature\" in a quest romance. Chance writes that Frodo grows from seeing the threat as external, such as from the Black Riders, to internal, whether within the Fellowship, as shown by Boromir's attempt on the Ring, or within himself, as he struggles against the controlling power of the Ring. The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger summarizes Frodo's role in \"Lord of the Rings\": \"The greatest hero of all, Frodo Baggins, is also the most tragic. He comes to the end of his story bereft of the Ring, denied in his home Shire the recognition he deserves, and unable to continue his life as it was before his terrible adventure.\"", "The Tolkien critic Paul H. Kocher discusses the role of providence, in the form of the intentions of the angel-like Valar or of the creator Eru Ilúvatar, in Bilbo's finding of the Ring and Frodo's bearing of it; as Gandalf says, Frodo was \"meant\" to have it, though it remains his choice to co-operate with this purpose.", "Frodo appears in adaptations of \"The Lord of the Rings\" for radio, cinema, and stage. In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version, Frodo was voiced by Christopher Guard. In the 1980 Rankin/Bass animated version of \"The Return of the King\", made for television, the character was voiced by Orson Bean, who had previously played Bilbo in the same company's adaptation of \"The Hobbit\". In the \"massive\" 1981 BBC radio serial of \"The Lord of the Rings\", Frodo is played by Ian Holm, who later played Bilbo in Peter Jackson's film adaptation of \"The Lord of the Rings\". In the 1993 television miniseries \"Hobitit\" by Finnish broadcaster Yle, Frodo is played by Taneli Mäkelä. In \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy (2001–2003) directed by Peter Jackson, Frodo is played by American actor Elijah Wood. Dan Timmons writes in the Mythopoeic Society's \"Tolkien on Film: Essays on Peter Jackson’s The Lord of the Rings\" (Mythopoeic Press, 2005) that the themes and internal logic of the Jackson films are undermined by the portrayal of Frodo, whom he considers a weakening of Tolkien's original. Elijah Wood reprised his role of Frodo in a brief appearance in \"\". On stage, Frodo was portrayed by James Loye in the three-hour stage production of \"The Lord of the Rings\", which opened in Toronto in 2006, and was brought to London in 2007. Frodo was portrayed by Joe Sofranko in the Cincinnati productions of \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" (2001), \"The Two Towers\" (2002), and \"The Return of the King\" (2003) for Clear Stage Cincinnati." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 135016, 3674, 23, 70, 16128, 111, 48529, 8702, 23, 94100, 7, 4, 70, 83932, 509, 7311, 538, 82775, 23, 15643, 136, 88303, 23, 15643, 1104, 159027, 5, 1650, 509, 140528, 23, 1733, 47, 27980, 70, 24427, 28811, 161912, 7, 23, 204795, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 33428, 3674, 390, 70, 34202, 111, 200955, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 154240, 232, 9006, 669, 4086, 4, 98, 382, 6088, 24427, 5, 6561, 6602, 14432, 4, 23, 26819, 4, 180, 38677, 88260, 27980, 297, 70, 26819, 28811, 15619, 27188, 17721, 33112, 56, 38020, 136, 65526, 15, 180033, 194, 360, 22059, 4, 70, 83932, 27980, 297, 70, 21735, 1104, 19308, 28811, 15619, 209447, 7, 25, 15619, 2704, 17721, 157715, 136, 6, 228388, 108089, 15, 180033, 194, 152150, 83932, 83, 142, 48524, 95487, 22759, 83932, 136, 83, 70, 142105, 83932, 23, 10255, 39884, 5, 360, 13211, 4, 180, 38677, 88260, 27980, 297, 2363, 17932, 13211, 48524, 49838, 19175, 27188, 4, 903, 1733, 62757, 297, 17721, 12944, 24408, 136, 5755, 9451, 23320, 194, 1650, 2843, 27980, 297, 40368, 47353, 111, 70, 12898, 170027, 66, 34242, 136, 70, 10586, 6661, 161912, 7, 23, 204795, 7, 4, 221, 46526, 23, 12989, 47, 23534, 450, 442, 509, 87709, 111, 70496, 13036, 2896, 214, 47353, 7103, 70, 137578, 111, 94100, 7, 47, 19916, 70, 11891, 79428, 152150, 7, 1284, 65771, 538, 70496, 70, 4821, 79428, 152150, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 40964, 3674, 23, 1733, 100, 70, 4821, 79428, 152150, 7, 136, 70, 4821, 79428, 1720, 538, 11368, 4439, 4, 26719, 10, 133940, 82775, 390, 16848, 76370, 1517, 330, 4, 136, 80343, 538, 19069, 297, 678, 357, 56, 62268, 152945, 28021, 5, 581, 133940, 509, 49814, 10, 13784, 70, 5609, 59801, 136, 140528, 1660, 23, 1733, 100, 70, 73432, 111, 70, 34242, 5, 581, 83932, 509, 7068, 51521, 538, 456, 9, 59636, 297, 98, 496, 20414, 44211, 1650, 27980, 297, 70, 99, 7057, 41637, 47353, 136, 70, 101740, 2704, 7, 99, 70, 152150, 7, 136, 70, 99, 7057, 41637, 99, 70, 1720, 538, 11368, 4439, 5, 1650, 2843, 27980, 297, 70, 73432, 405, 26973, 299, 98, 702, 8055, 86097, 136, 70, 20450, 6953, 405, 26973, 299, 98, 1702, 8055, 4821, 33233, 70, 121, 538, 11368, 4439, 52446, 90, 98, 729, 136, 1372, 6088, 5, 360, 56434, 180, 38677, 88260, 27980, 297, 70, 2691, 48524, 49838, 19175, 27188, 17721, 12944, 24408, 136, 39721, 15, 146971, 194, 581, 83932, 25, 7, 29966, 7154, 509, 34390, 71, 47, 361, 79674, 100, 70, 152150, 7, 4, 70, 61475, 177399, 509, 3060, 361, 26738, 4, 21208, 4734, 305, 191534, 1819, 40, 9821, 3542, 7228, 3835, 538, 19882, 100, 70, 28560, 136, 44457, 47353, 136, 161549, 1286, 100, 70, 101740, 2704, 5, 581, 2130, 420, 5426, 58055, 7, 111, 6083, 27689, 7, 23, 17055, 147, 116419, 7, 3129, 49504, 67, 193, 10384, 2320, 136, 8167, 885, 429, 76519, 5, 581, 137374, 6, 34165, 100, 70, 152150, 88260, 509, 21, 532, 98, 361, 18982, 15643, 5, 1650, 7, 50961, 509, 98834, 6635, 136, 75412, 70, 4527, 111, 10, 479, 1021, 73720, 2320, 55300, 100, 70, 4442, 5423, 7, 111, 34777, 21816, 8060, 214, 70, 9157, 7, 15, 41581, 642, 29590, 6331, 124062, 194, 56888, 116, 102525, 40, 9821, 111, 70, 92319, 6, 31182, 3542, 127918, 4, 12960, 70, 83932, 25, 7, 2684, 22223, 6048, 60213, 3542, 70, 22759, 65342, 214, 34777, 21816, 450, 34658, 6863, 199349, 20016, 7, 4, 12638, 8035, 10031, 106384, 43156, 5, 581, 94100, 7, 152150, 88260, 509, 77681, 33428, 3674, 23, 6088, 24427, 5, 581, 83932, 509, 40964, 3674, 1295, 5726, 24189, 4821, 154107, 70, 170277, 133940, 100, 70, 4821, 79428, 152150, 7, 5, 581, 9879, 21, 7710, 111, 180, 5, 284, 5, 605, 5, 284, 58055, 7, 111, 189275, 6, 89546, 32204, 150143, 7, 46132, 3129, 182342, 66847, 13, 21, 7710, 83, 55993, 19, 5, 581, 150143, 7, 621, 606, 513, 14653, 4, 2363, 13267, 83, 34635, 1639, 48400, 39, 136, 621, 39501, 297, 98, 10, 49878, 134371, 71579, 111, 6626, 1030, 2109, 4, 6, 164118, 71, 390, 6626, 80707, 8167, 885, 429, 86723, 7, 5, 581, 193, 10384, 2320, 111, 70, 21, 7710, 83, 69307, 71, 390, 2273, 191082, 57849, 3674, 7401, 83184, 1314, 678, 70, 4527, 111, 26693, 71, 193, 10384, 2320, 5, 3293, 5426, 114864, 70, 112664, 111, 70, 21, 7710, 47, 142, 16128, 50782, 70, 83932, 23, 12989, 100, 70, 71579, 47, 186, 11814, 100, 12921, 47353, 5, 19669, 42, 939, 9, 160018, 14018, 3956, 70836, 7, 22691, 17203, 47, 70, 9157, 7, 5, 67948, 70836, 101935, 2858, 47, 2273, 16, 37105, 47, 70, 92319, 136, 3853, 101935, 4700, 47, 4442, 16, 47, 70, 1407, 56, 6, 31182, 5, 8622, 621, 110, 70836, 7, 14012, 297, 543, 136, 4039, 4, 16792, 70, 6626, 1202, 9, 7, 30854, 24351, 7, 621, 105866, 23, 2363, 3687, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 70, 83932, 66139, 729, 33881, 16530, 90, 136, 138, 43328, 71358, 5, 786, 13, 47, 6863, 4331, 4, 70, 83932, 25, 7, 144260, 90, 765, 70, 81273, 47, 201505, 28032, 361, 14633, 5, 223314, 79200, 11724, 297, 390, 70, 8999, 9, 69723, 19, 195374, 107653, 16848, 76370, 1517, 330, 70, 133940, 11034, 2505, 43955, 19879, 5, 581, 6626, 6051, 18, 46552, 7, 765, 10, 3622, 27734, 111, 112986, 39, 136, 10, 38132, 155955, 111, 9464, 39, 5, 581, 133940, 1556, 10, 3622, 57888, 111, 543, 4, 15128, 124062, 29256, 4209, 390, 6, 26738, 35874, 3284, 20990, 67, 16138, 7, 3129, 29256, 7, 142, 16128, 111, 116, 26738, 91, 864, 347, 5, 581, 65272, 46552, 509, 6, 93457, 71, 9464, 39, 1295, 6863, 2704, 19069, 136, 70, 28, 4438, 5684, 39, 20, 15044, 14432, 132692, 3934, 3687, 9, 5, 581, 133940, 83, 82775, 47, 678, 5165, 32382, 7, 1257, 47, 5390, 1785, 64, 127, 136, 109270, 13722, 9248, 1257, 47, 382, 1427, 33605, 105994, 5, 40266, 390, 12, 3980, 20, 5443, 217, 70, 26349, 11698, 47, 70, 144477, 1829, 1519, 31916, 3478, 7, 102736, 136, 1660, 28960, 70, 33816, 31304, 7, 47, 44, 670, 38677, 740, 4263, 398, 1380, 1295, 70, 9208, 5898, 180, 1140, 15789, 33816, 4, 4527, 82230, 534, 24073, 19717, 31916, 3478, 7, 20, 9295, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 152150, 88260, 111, 94100, 7, 44, 294, 89399, 232, 37405, 58, 15, 4, 44, 670, 538, 36181, 27864, 159, 4813, 5670, 43471, 73, 191, 44, 294, 89399, 232, 37405, 58, 18939, 83, 10, 29681, 83932, 23, 94100, 7, 4, 200955, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 94100, 7, 152150, 39170, 113197, 136, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 5117, 5744, 152150, 179365, 86761, 125597, 271, 23, 121049, 4, 103197, 3666, 37405, 5, 581, 83932, 27980, 7, 6626, 111, 70, 129058, 2896, 117406, 23, 200955, 4, 27637, 4450, 76, 63252, 136, 62, 15567, 94100, 7, 5, 581, 83932, 149976, 237, 70, 5201, 83932, 20271, 70, 4821, 79428, 152150, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Design.", "Construction.", "Renovation.", "Roof.", "Transport." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Located in the area of Marousi in Athens, the stadium was originally designed in 1980 and built in 1980–1982. It was completed in time to host the 1982 European Championships in Athletics. It was inaugurated by the President of Greece at the time, Konstantinos Karamanlis, on 8 September 1982. One year later, in 1983, OAKA Stadium hosted the 1983 European Cup Final between Hamburger SV and Juventus (1-0). In 1987, the stadium hosted the 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup final between Ajax and Lokomotiv Leipzig (1-0). Olympic stadium is an UEFA category four stadium and is the largest stadium in Grecce. In 1994, OAKA Stadium hosted their second 1994 UEFA Champions League Final, this time contested between AC Milan and Barcelona (4-0). It also hosted several events of the 1991 Mediterranean Games and the 1997 World Championships in Athletics, sought in order to prove that it was capable of hosting major sporting events after the failure of Athens to win the 1996 Summer Olympics but successfully hosting the 2004 Summer Olympics. It was extensively renovated in time for the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Paralympics, including a roof designed by Santiago Calatrava, and innovatively positioned with Enerpac hydraulics. The roof was added atop the sidelines and completed just in time for the opening of the Games. The stadium was then officially re-opened on 30 July 2004. It hosted the athletics events and the football finals at the Olympics and the athletics at the Paralympics. It also hosted the opening ceremony on 13 August 2004, and the closing ceremony on 29 August 2004 along the paralympics ceremonies on 17 and 28 September. In 2007, OAKA Stadium hosted the 2007 UEFA Champions League Final between AC Milan and Liverpool (2-1). The stadium's attendance was reduced to 72,000 for the Olympics, the initial capacity was some 75,000, though only 69,618 seats were made publicly available for the track and field events and slightly more for the football final. The turf system consists of natural grass in modular containers which incorporate irrigation and drainage systems.", "", "The foundation stone for the Olympic Stadium was laid on 7 January 1980. Its construction was revolutionary and involved the use of a prefabrication method for the 34 sets of pillars supporting the stands (each weighed 600 tons). About 26,000 seats of the lower tier were covered, while the stadium's most striking feature were the four leaning pillars that held its floodlights, each being 62 metres tall. The Athens Olympic Stadium was finally inaugurated in September 1982.", "The stadium was renovated from 2002 until 2004 adding the famous roof for the 2004 Summer Olympics. The central lawn of O.A.K.A consists of approximately 6.000 plastic capsules inside which thermophile lawn is grown. The capsules are adjoining, their size is 1.2*1.2m and are situated on a flat cement surface of two acres, flanked by two lateral drainage channels. The irrigation of the lawn is achieved by 35 automatically elevated water launchers with the use of programmed irrigation. This system allows the movement of the lawn to an area outside the stadium in order for the surface to be used for different events. Thirty-four entrance gates provide access to the stands. Odd gate numbers (1 to 35) lead to the lower and even numbers (2 to 34) to the upper tier. There are no gates numbered 18 and 36, since the two video-scoreboards are located in their place. Additionally, the stadium features 17 VIP boxes and 3 parking lots. Due to its design, the stadium's tribunes have the ability to empty within 7 minutes. Competition Area", "Designed by the world-known Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava the roof cost €130 million. The two giant arcs have a total span of 304m and a maximum height of 72m. The roof has a total weight of 18,700 tons coverering by 5,000 polycarbonate panels which covers an area of 25,000 sq m. The west arc was assembled 72m from its final position and the east 65m - both later slid into place-. The roof is designed to withstand winds up to 120 km/h and earthquakes up to 8 richter scale.", "Access by: Car - Exit the city centre to the north via Kifissias Avenue and just follow the roadsigns to \"OAKA\". If you come from the Attiki Odos ring road, use exit 11 (\"Kifissias - Ol. Stadium\"). Bus - Use X14 from Syntagma Square in central Athens. It will take you directly to the Olympic Stadium. Allow at least 30', although this can vary a lot. Metro - It is a 25' ride from the city centre (\"Omonia\"). Use line M1 and get off at \"Irini\" or \"Neratziotissa\". From there it is a 10' walk through the Olympic Complex to the stadium." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10554, 111, 70, 43032, 111, 10, 94418, 13, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 83, 35839, 142, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 36549, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 16916, 70, 10554, 12, 3293, 10554, 831, 186, 14037, 69405, 390, 35971, 70, 14012, 44, 19, 58, 111, 69407, 8035, 49814, 15, 35593, 21162, 4, 6024, 62479, 214, 390, 70, 10554, 111, 70, 5117, 136, 4568, 14012, 23, 70, 187735, 15, 35593, 116, 997, 616, 2203, 611, 247, 136, 61998, 449, 390, 15573, 360, 70, 7225, 36917, 4, 903, 76199, 70, 28, 5490, 2320, 12, 3293, 26168, 43240, 100, 2499, 2773, 101935, 26168, 115187, 136, 26168, 454, 5442, 1326, 27781, 12, 717, 122, 5844, 70, 36917, 26168, 4, 9842, 390, 36510, 214, 70, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 36549, 23, 6626, 12921, 48322, 12, 62, 59725, 15044, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 6626, 28, 13722, 5256, 4, 756, 69407, 23, 3784, 6496, 44, 71, 58, 53017, 12, 76278, 6238, 15044, 5609, 7, 390, 116, 27489, 7, 10, 39210, 3173, 111, 70, 28, 5490, 2320, 12, 893, 75939, 13, 3173, 50339, 1295, 456, 9, 73, 2189, 1916, 70, 161740, 1830, 12, 26168, 454, 1837, 12, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 70, 29459, 34292, 111, 70, 36549, 831, 186, 74481, 3674, 1829, 12, 26168, 454, 2489, 12, 581, 26168, 83, 4552, 21373, 47, 70, 29459, 111, 10, 81604, 13, 61514, 113068, 5, 360, 201, 5046, 19831, 40779, 29814, 1724, 4, 10, 197097, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 9, 103202, 1687, 56, 1295, 70, 54704, 289, 32070, 111, 42878, 291, 140363, 41637, 136, 42878, 124931, 53, 4, 26038, 903, 55300, 23, 70, 44, 7614, 395, 14832, 36164, 58, 15, 7, 58994, 787, 56641, 5, 129551, 47, 142, 10, 21986, 246, 67, 4, 27150, 25075, 93726, 26336, 7, 7, 456, 132894, 297, 903, 55300, 47, 9969, 6743, 70, 10554, 106, 54651, 85398, 1328, 27, 1328, 5046, 1328, 3559, 100, 10, 1992, 4745, 674, 23, 158978, 10696, 5, 581, 12996, 111, 70, 43032, 111, 10, 94418, 13, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 678, 142, 61475, 12830, 44, 11, 830, 39210, 60212, 7, 44, 71, 830, 136, 44, 19, 58, 80854, 23, 3622, 83, 83324, 71, 23, 10, 155738, 125195, 7440, 26168, 454, 1549, 8, 157, 1636, 70, 9588, 214, 31461, 15403, 136, 26168, 454, 3117, 8, 157, 1636, 70, 21413, 192, 32354, 5, 15, 3957, 26168, 83, 959, 35604, 3229, 26168, 454, 4015, 83, 10, 40907, 892, 1505, 707, 45234, 5, 16, 3293, 83, 10, 4537, 47691, 1295, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 12996, 111, 70, 187735, 26168, 454, 3742, 83, 34475, 390, 70, 31461, 15403, 26168, 454, 2357, 136, 450, 70, 12996, 100, 24491, 892, 26255, 26168, 454, 4046, 136, 26168, 454, 3768, 83, 34475, 390, 2561, 214, 70, 27781, 138, 4, 382, 4, 17480, 543, 4, 24645, 29835, 27, 4, 70, 12996, 111, 70, 69407, 111, 70, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 34475, 390, 44, 11, 58, 2203, 138, 997, 24073, 19, 58, 110218, 17676, 758, 1257, 47, 70, 836, 927, 13579, 83, 581, 5570, 30170, 2320, 111, 2499, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 831, 186, 74481, 3674, 237, 7440, 26168, 454, 5016, 83, 70, 14012, 111, 69407, 23, 70, 187735, 136, 26168, 454, 6460, 83, 70, 39210, 60212, 17721, 69407, 5, 581, 26168, 83, 4552, 21373, 47, 70, 5570, 30170, 2320, 111, 10, 81604, 13, 61514, 113068, 5, 581, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 2499, 6626, 54, 34, 38526, 54241, 13, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 7, 83, 40101, 201505, 707, 15700, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 4, 3129, 831, 186, 14037, 17368, 70, 76438, 47143, 820, 70, 58391, 5, 4263, 12638, 80836, 111, 187735, 7, 23, 10, 14449, 111, 54, 34, 38526, 54241, 13, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 7, 765, 10, 351, 9, 33548, 939, 1940, 7, 58994, 4, 7068, 2685, 32316, 7, 10, 14012, 39210, 47, 756, 111, 2856, 74, 450, 83, 4, 54241, 13, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 7, 3173, 10, 43153, 53, 14449, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 54241, 21286, 5941, 54241, 13, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 7, 13648, 186, 10, 11001, 14012, 43257, 3501, 68034, 8035, 142, 54241, 13, 187735, 5, 4263, 7068, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 142, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 15, 15383, 16, 707, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 40, 944, 3956, 83, 10, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 101935, 6044, 450, 70, 60212, 17721, 70, 148390, 13, 69407, 83, 53697, 5, 803, 18234, 6620, 3688, 26950, 70, 17932, 26948, 70, 5117, 5, 1326, 110527, 4, 70, 40, 944, 3956, 190, 4, 361, 4, 483, 4, 534, 4, 17480, 423, 4, 27, 83, 142, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 187735, 678, 44, 277, 3796, 60212, 58, 111, 787, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Sum.", "Derivation.", "Product.", "Standard deviation.", "Intersections.", "Summary of formulae." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The sum of the members of a finite arithmetic progression is called an arithmetic series. For example, consider the sum: This sum can be found quickly by taking the number \"n\" of terms being added (here 5), multiplying by the sum of the first and last number in the progression (here 2 + 14 = 16), and dividing by 2: In the case above, this gives the equation: This formula works for any real numbers formula_1 and formula_2. For example:", "To derive the above formula, begin by expressing the arithmetic series in two different ways: Adding both sides of the two equations, all terms involving \"d\" cancel: Dividing both sides by 2 produces a common form of the equation: An alternate form results from re-inserting the substitution: formula_15: Furthermore, the mean value of the series can be calculated via: formula_17: The formula is very similar to the mean of a discrete uniform distribution. In 499 AD Aryabhata, a prominent mathematician-astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy, gave this method in the \"Aryabhatiya\" (section 2.18). According to an anecdote, young Carl Friedrich Gauss reinvented this method to compute the sum 1+2+3+...+99+100 for a punishment in primary school.", "The product of the members of a finite arithmetic progression with an initial element \"a\", common differences \"d\", and \"n\" elements in total is determined in a closed expression where formula_20 denotes the rising factorial and formula_21 denotes the Gamma function. (The formula is not valid when formula_22 is a negative integer or zero.) This is a generalization from the fact that the product of the progression formula_23 is given by the factorial formula_24 and that the product for positive integers formula_26 and formula_27 is given by Taking the example 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28,..., the product of the terms of the arithmetic progression given by \"a\" = 3 + (\"n\"-1)×5 up to the 50th term is", "The standard deviation of any arithmetic progression can be calculated as where formula_31 is the number of terms in the progression and formula_32 is the common difference between terms. The formula is very similar to the standard deviation of a discrete uniform distribution.", "The intersection of any two doubly infinite arithmetic progressions is either empty or another arithmetic progression, which can be found using the Chinese remainder theorem. If each pair of progressions in a family of doubly infinite arithmetic progressions have a non-empty intersection, then there exists a number common to all of them; that is, infinite arithmetic progressions form a Helly family. However, the intersection of infinitely many infinite arithmetic progressions might be a single number rather than itself being an infinite progression.", "If then" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 26530, 147, 9, 42294, 6488, 4331, 7, 1543, 26698, 136912, 7, 6044, 237, 14461, 449, 40956, 7, 47, 11177, 70, 51287, 7, 4, 70, 4527, 111, 110677, 91, 44645, 7, 4, 6, 34165, 40197, 57888, 7, 4, 136, 6117, 13857, 4, 103210, 110677, 1011, 933, 100, 49814, 14537, 136, 37457, 5, 2541, 933, 102337, 40099, 21334, 6, 118201, 7, 707, 19336, 13986, 21816, 136, 621, 205794, 1295, 23, 140909, 136, 483, 47, 611, 2866, 6896, 23538, 58, 47, 190, 23538, 18939, 23, 148064, 5, 116267, 5526, 136912, 47, 70, 13986, 147, 9, 42294, 6488, 25, 7, 4331, 509, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 10, 19336, 57888, 15, 4626, 1177, 33, 1496, 136, 2248, 16190, 7, 16, 6363, 48398, 47, 6863, 4122, 7, 58994, 5, 31384, 99, 2335, 6562, 7, 76104, 450, 6, 34165, 57888, 7, 15190, 46889, 47, 70, 91, 44645, 111, 70, 75186, 4, 216806, 39746, 7154, 47, 197108, 1830, 3229, 91, 434, 1619, 136, 16750, 214, 23, 10, 1286, 37772, 7844, 136, 152018, 83184, 111, 70, 1011, 18, 5, 64511, 7, 63043, 450, 13986, 147, 9, 42294, 6488, 57888, 7, 15190, 4734, 40780, 53, 47, 10, 37702, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 117396, 61689, 219, 2408, 5, 44978, 71, 98, 96362, 4488, 16940, 390, 25031, 159, 5, 121234, 4, 25031, 627, 5, 908, 875, 7, 140526, 450, 13986, 147, 9, 42294, 6488, 57888, 7, 4, 39210, 538, 35839, 44, 761, 1679, 34165, 7, 830, 136, 62816, 29367, 390, 10, 27585, 297, 108564, 23, 10, 6, 230612, 6827, 538, 115700, 71, 2258, 4126, 707, 61585, 6, 34165, 4, 115700, 71, 38134, 136, 49878, 678, 10, 199474, 297, 108564, 136, 4911, 7, 10, 10176, 1884, 10, 21334, 6, 14775, 3609, 4, 621, 142, 136912, 47, 70, 4331, 450, 75935, 10, 154628, 449, 21543, 3229, 91, 434, 1619, 5, 581, 4527, 111, 70, 75186, 2806, 34390, 70, 14192, 33416, 44, 50836, 58, 111, 10, 91, 434, 1619, 99, 2335, 141, 47, 10, 1286, 1614, 17991, 44, 3613, 4390, 58, 45730, 450, 6777, 959, 26983, 237, 2060, 136, 509, 40715, 47041, 47, 110342, 479, 53, 5, 12452, 12439, 25, 7, 154453, 83, 450, 70, 75631, 34165, 509, 175100, 390, 1926, 23962, 237, 10, 25927, 19298, 57888, 47, 27489, 79315, 1295, 6083, 109197, 7, 914, 9319, 297, 12960, 1926, 1916, 4, 100, 70, 60042, 111, 2281, 214, 98, 86266, 59207, 136, 15763, 214, 6, 34165, 707, 32881, 26847, 5, 581, 4323, 306, 1704, 4331, 83, 117781, 538, 12921, 1295, 2684, 3789, 13986, 147, 9, 42294, 42844, 4, 23, 450, 442, 1556, 10, 9709, 4126, 4, 739, 41566, 115700, 4, 3129, 114864, 100, 442, 47, 186, 11814, 100, 3789, 60042, 7, 5, 48752, 289, 47002, 72944, 13986, 147, 9, 42294, 42844, 15, 16345, 25958, 5036, 82940, 46485, 16, 621, 122329, 297, 678, 2258, 6496, 7, 111, 85825, 12, 70, 56101, 25946, 1556, 10, 5568, 432, 927, 4, 136, 2685, 83, 10, 2119, 4342, 23, 9942, 5, 52455, 126371, 111, 122329, 297, 32881, 1543, 765, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 335, 45658, 5245, 8, 47749, 674, 5, 581, 1155, 14656, 99, 2335, 141, 509, 27983, 122329, 297, 678, 16854, 350, 4331, 7, 136, 3820, 10519, 1314, 4, 38516, 538, 184357, 4935, 111, 6863, 125413, 678, 111208, 4460, 141, 4, 70, 1155, 14656, 32382, 8, 2481, 5, 39076, 33, 1011, 933, 3542, 51529, 99, 19713, 16792, 70, 102256, 62814, 929, 25320, 238, 15, 25452, 6727, 6475, 4, 6653, 7263, 402, 4, 33198, 238, 1507, 9, 191, 9, 4233, 11, 136, 176869, 837, 69944, 194, 51404, 70, 13986, 147, 9, 42294, 6488, 83, 87709, 111, 176050, 10, 1011, 18, 5299, 645, 1632, 75281, 11903, 7, 4, 442, 83, 2684, 152018, 538, 11814, 99, 62488, 7, 111, 214075, 11903, 7, 707, 40715, 5, 581, 13986, 147, 42294, 6488, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 23, 4527, 390, 44, 11193, 432, 24060, 7, 58, 16792, 70, 26655, 56, 62814, 929, 25320, 238, 15, 11, 67688, 6, 133446, 5369, 6650, 194, 17006, 48358, 47314, 28811, 7413, 7, 1380, 1295, 70, 163082, 72341, 19, 15, 19309, 1407, 56, 17743, 13, 929, 25320, 238, 194, 360, 903, 14922, 4, 121151, 13, 126371, 4, 27983, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 85825, 4, 621, 39210, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 111670, 2053, 50509, 214, 99, 2335, 8080, 765, 1380, 1295, 40368, 143383, 7, 23, 9942, 1740, 47, 70, 26655, 56, 62814, 929, 25320, 238, 4, 1672, 116, 93712, 47, 106, 144274, 5369, 6650, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 27781, 83, 10, 21567, 4283, 9, 46799, 9, 18345, 78788, 2921, 66, 99, 2335, 141, 7228, 111, 19574, 112, 56, 12936, 603, 4, 14037, 99, 3288, 372, 6987, 164081, 15, 397, 6651, 1663, 86, 247, 9942, 5, 1650, 83, 7722, 450, 70, 99, 2335, 141, 509, 26868, 297, 110680, 3501, 903, 4, 237, 15030, 519, 1572, 1295, 4828, 2445, 55885, 44116, 7, 187, 68332, 1814, 23, 1919, 7108, 88, 84201, 4, 10, 60875, 25443, 15005, 2822, 47, 18925, 237, 70, 44, 28848, 2335, 141, 88, 84201, 4, 58, 16750, 214, 1295, 5941, 5369, 111, 37772, 7844, 9983, 6889, 1295, 17368, 142, 99, 2335, 141, 5, 1913, 13379, 2685, 83, 110, 77950, 100, 70, 4527, 111, 99, 2335, 8080, 23, 36941, 5, 41021, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 142286, 508, 136, 57799, 14, 1735, 104250, 13986, 21816, 15490, 2499, 36442, 7, 4, 1284, 6863, 4527, 23, 1926, 1916, 83, 84046, 23, 225490, 47, 70, 13986, 147, 104250, 56, 16792, 70, 26249, 8110, 186, 4552, 20903, 136, 21771, 6, 154357, 5, 133698, 70, 65058, 72944, 4, 70, 99, 2335, 141, 509, 11814, 390, 118103, 47, 1926, 18, 26842, 1021, 1946, 5, 65058, 72944, 26842, 1021, 1946, 122399, 10, 21334, 15381, 100677, 3229, 3789, 6712, 509, 84046, 4, 136, 70, 99, 2335, 141, 26038, 1286, 14537, 47, 61322, 329, 2363, 6117, 11050, 21722, 5, 360, 903, 1733, 14922, 4, 99, 2335, 8080, 3542, 56104, 7228, 111, 109412, 707, 32881, 5, 3370, 66187, 9035, 7228, 47, 13986, 21816, 25, 121303, 7228, 442, 1286, 93766, 237, 5299, 5, 360, 14713, 4, 70, 13986, 147, 9, 42294, 6488, 509, 107506, 297, 390, 70, 6, 84201, 136, 6, 118201, 23, 70, 56273, 9, 8335, 82512, 4353, 75708, 5, 62, 10617, 678, 52295, 71, 28, 6991, 111, 4527, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 13986, 147, 9, 42294, 6488, 4, 13986, 147, 9, 42294, 14775, 21962, 707, 99, 2335, 141, 15, 707, 2819, 353, 1132, 257, 141, 44, 1366, 18, 2335, 141, 58, 1388, 83, 10, 55516, 450, 4527, 7, 21962, 4588, 47, 69307, 117396, 191060, 939, 23, 1011, 18, 707, 79, 2601, 73, 9, 42294, 14775, 4, 136, 96853, 10, 81148, 214, 71579, 3129, 114864, 70, 38937, 47, 4343, 48302, 20271, 70, 104250, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Design.", "Woomera.", "Artistic designs.", "History.", "Modern times.", "Competitions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Spear-thrower designs may include improvements such as thong loops to fit the fingers, the use of flexible shafts, stone balance weights, and thinner, highly flexible darts for added power and range. Darts resemble large arrows or small spears and are typically from in length and 9 to 16 mm (3/8\" to 5/8\") in diameter. Another important improvement to the spear-thrower's design was the introduction of a small weight (between 60 and 80 grams) strapped to its midsection. Some atlatlists maintain that stone weights add mass to the shaft of the device, causing resistance to acceleration when swung and resulting in a more forceful and accurate launch of the dart. Others claim that spear-thrower weights add only stability to a cast, resulting in greater accuracy. Based on previous work done by William S. Webb, William R. Perkins claims that spear-thrower weights, commonly called \"bannerstones\", and characterized by a centered hole in a symmetrically shaped carved or ground stone, shaped wide and flat with a drilled hole and thus a little like a large wingnut, are an improvement to the design that created a silencing effect when swung. The use of the device would reduce the telltale \"zip\" of a swung atlatl to a more subtle \"woof\" sound that did not travel as far and was less likely to alert prey. Robert Berg's theory is that the bannerstone was carried by hunters as a spindle weight to produce string from natural fibers gathered while hunting, for the purpose of tying on fletching and hafting stone or bone points.", "The woomera design is distinctly different from most other spear-throwers, in that it has a curved, hollow shape, which allows for it to be used for other purposes.", "Several Stone Age spear-throwers (usually now incomplete) are decorated with carvings of animals: the British Museum has a mammoth, and there is a hyena in France. Many pieces of decorated bone may have belonged to Bâtons de commandement. The Aztec atlatl was often decorated with snake designs and feathers, potentially evocative of its association with Ehecatl, the Aztec wind deity.", "Wooden darts were known at least since the Middle Paleolithic (Schöningen, Torralba, Clacton-on-Sea and Kalambo Falls). While the spear-thrower is capable of casting a dart well over one hundred meters, it is most accurately used at distances of twenty meters or less. The spearthrower is believed to have been in use by \"Homo sapiens\" since the Upper Paleolithic (around 30,000 years ago). Most stratified European finds come from the Magdalenian (late upper Palaeolithic). In this period, elaborate pieces, often in the form of animals, are common. The earliest secure data concerning atlatls have come from several caves in France dating to the Upper Paleolithic, about 21,000 to 17,000 years ago. The earliest known example is a 17,500-year-old Solutrean atlatl made of reindeer antler, found at Combe Saunière (Dordogne), France. It is possible that the atlatl was invented earlier than this, as Mungo Man from 42 000 BP displays arthritis in his right elbow, a pathology referred to today as the \"Atlatl elbow,\" resulting from many years of forceful torsion from using an atlatl. At present there is no evidence for the use of atlatls in Africa. Peoples such as the Maasai and Khoi San throw spears without any aids, but its use in hunting is limited in comparison to the spear thrower since the animal must be very close and already immobile. During the Ice Age, the atlatl was used by humans to hunt Megafauna. Ice Age Megafauna offered a large food supply when other game was limited, and the atlatl gave more power to pierce their thicker skin. In this time period, atlatls were usually made of wood or bone. Improvements made to spears' edge made it more efficient as well. In Europe, the spear-thrower was supplemented by the bow and arrow in the Epi-Paleolithic. Along with improved ease of use, the bow offered the advantage that the bulk of elastic energy is stored in the throwing device, rather than the projectile; arrow shafts can therefore be much smaller, and have looser tolerances for spring constant and weight distribution than atlatl darts. This allowed for more forgiving flint knapping: dart heads designed for a particular spear thrower tend to differ in mass by only a few percent. By the Iron Age, the amentum, a strap attached to the shaft, was the standard European mechanism for throwing lighter javelins. The amentum gives not only range, but also spin to the projectile. The spear-thrower was used by early Americans as well. It may have been introduced to America during the immigration across the Bering Land Bridge, and despite the later introduction of the bow and arrow, atlatl use was widespread at the time of first European contact. Atlatls are represented in the art of multiple PreColumbian cultures, including the Basketmaker culture in the American Southwest, Maya in the Yucatan Peninsula, and Moche in the Andes of South America. Atlatls were especially prominent in the iconography of the warriors of the Teotihuacan culture of Central Mexico. A ruler from Teotihucan named Spearthrower Owl is an important figure described in Mayan stelae. Complete wooden spear-throwers have been found on dry sites in the western United States and in waterlogged environments in Florida and Washington. Several Amazonian tribes also used the atlatl for fishing and hunting. Some even preferred this weapon over the bow and arrow, and used it not only in combat but also in sports competitions. Such was the case with the Tarairiu, a Tapuya tribe of migratory foragers and raiders inhabiting the forested mountains and highland savannahs of Rio Grande do Norte in mid-17th-century Brazil. Anthropologist Harald Prins offers the following description: The atlatl, as used by these Tarairiu warriors, was unique in shape. About long and wide, this spear thrower was a tapering piece of wood carved of brown hard-wood. Well-polished, it was shaped with a semi-circular outer half and had a deep groove hollowed out to receive the end of the javelin, which could be engaged by a horizontal wooden peg or spur lashed with a cotton thread to the proximal and narrower end of the throwing board, where a few scarlet parrot feathers were tied for decoration. [Their] darts or javelins... were probably made of a two-meter long wooden cane with a stone or long and serrated hard-wood point, sometimes tipped with poison. Equipped with their uniquely grooved atlatl, they could hurl their long darts from a great distance with accuracy, speed, and such deadly force that these easily pierced through the protective armor of the Portuguese or any other enemy. Among the Tlingit of Southeast Alaska, approximately one dozen very old elaborately carved specimens they call \"shee áan\" (sitting on a branch) remain in museum collections and private collections, one having sold at auction for more than $100,000. In September 1997, an atlatl dart fragment, carbon dated to 4360 ± 50 C yr BP (TO 6870), was found in an ice patch on mountain Thandlät, the first of the southern Yukon Ice Patches to be studied. The people of New Guinea and Australian Aborigines also use spear-throwers. In the mid Holocene, Australians developed spear-throwers, known as \"woomeras\". As well as its practical use as a hunting weapon, it may also have had social effects. John Whittaker, an anthropologist at Grinnell College, Iowa, suggests the device was a social equalizer in that it requires skill rather than muscle power alone. Thus women and children would have been able to participate in hunting, although in recent Australian societies, spear-throwers are restricted by custom to male use. Whittaker said the stone-tipped projectiles from the Aztec atlatl were not powerful enough to penetrate Spanish steel plate armor, but they were strong enough to penetrate the mail, leather and cotton armor that most Spanish soldiers wore. Whittaker said the Aztecs started their battles with atlatl darts followed with melee combat using the macuahuitl. Another type of Stone Age artefact that is sometimes excavated is the. These are shorter, normally less than one foot long, and made of antler, with a hole drilled through them. When first found in the nineteenth century, they were interpreted by French archaeologists to be symbols of authority, like a modern Field Marshal's baton, and so named (\"batons of command\"). Though debate over their function continues, tests with replicas have found them, when used with a cord, very effective aids to spear or dart throwing. Another theory is that they were \"arrow-straighteners\".", "In modern times, some people have resurrected the dart thrower for sports, often using the term atlatl, throwing either for distance and/or for accuracy. The World Atlatl Association was formed in 1987 to promote the atlatl. Throws of almost have been recorded. Colleges reported to field teams in this event include Grinnell College in Iowa, Franklin Pierce University in New Hampshire, Alfred University in New York, and the University of Vermont. Atlatls are sometimes used in modern times for hunting. In the U.S., the Pennsylvania Game Commission has given preliminary approval for legalization of the atlatl for hunting certain animals. The animals that would be allowed to atlatl hunters have yet to be determined, but particular consideration has been given to deer. Currently, Alabama allows the atlatl for deer hunting, while a handful of other states list the device as legal for rough fish (those not sought for sport or food), some game birds and non-game mammals. Starting in 2007, Missouri allowed use of the atlatl for hunting wildlife (excluding deer and turkey), and starting in 2010, also allowed deer hunting during the firearms portion of the deer season (except the muzzleloader portion). Starting in 2012, Missouri allowed the use of atlatls during the fall archery deer and turkey hunting seasons and, starting in 2014, allowed the use of atlatls during the spring turkey hunting season as well. Missouri also allows use of the atlatl for fishing, with some restrictions (similar to the restrictions for spearfishing and bowfishing). The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission allows the use of atlatls for the taking of deer. The woomera is still used today by some Australian Aborigines for hunting in remote parts of Australia. Yup'ik Eskimo hunters still use the atlatl, known locally as \"nuqaq\" (nook-ak), in villages near the mouth of the Yukon River for seal hunting.", "There are numerous atlatl competitions held every year, with spears and spear-throwers built using both ancient and modern materials. Events are often held at parks, such as Letchworth State Park in New York, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site in Illinois, or Valley of Fire State Park in Nevada. Atlatl associations around the world host a number of local atlatl competitions. Chimney Point State Historic Site in Addison, Vermont hosts the annual Northeast Open Atlatl Championship. In 2009, the Fourteenth Annual Open Atlatl Championship was held on Saturday and Sunday, September 19 and 20. On the Friday before the Championship, a workshop was held to teach modern and traditional techniques of atlatl and dart construction, flint knapping, hafting stone points, and cordage making. Competitions may be held in conjunction with other events, such as the Ohio Pawpaw Festival, or at the Bois D'Arc Primitive Skills Gathering and Knap-in, held every September in southern Missouri. Atlatl events commonly include the International Standard Accuracy Competition (ISAC), in which contestants throw ten times at a bull's-eye target. Other contests involving different distances or terrain may also be included, usually testing the atlatlist's accuracy rather than distance throwing. In the sixth episode of the fourth season of the television competition \"Top Shot\", the elimination round consisted of two contestants using the atlatl at ranges of 30, 45 and 60 feet." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 15758, 4, 21208, 9742, 214, 136, 29681, 2258, 28779, 214, 509, 4552, 5700, 8305, 70, 23936, 7, 4, 26168, 2258, 28779, 214, 509, 40715, 221, 23, 8382, 13312, 5, 31267, 70, 148926, 12801, 87696, 72856, 6863, 5700, 2481, 7103, 151134, 6863, 9384, 1295, 9742, 214, 64, 85927, 2258, 28779, 214, 47, 26168, 2258, 28779, 214, 23, 32158, 5, 360, 29733, 4, 70, 15758, 80726, 13, 200602, 15, 11855, 919, 16, 170920, 70, 44, 43512, 9, 6979, 3180, 72791, 3576, 161912, 58, 237, 70, 5117, 2663, 9, 67919, 26168, 28779, 214, 36549, 23, 15758, 4, 47, 125568, 5700, 2481, 111, 26168, 2258, 28779, 214, 23, 70, 23295, 5, 581, 36549, 509, 75935, 35509, 98, 70, 28811, 72791, 32964, 161912, 5, 4966, 70, 9846, 919, 190238, 4527, 111, 60042, 88303, 28779, 214, 87907, 7, 509, 12921, 1295, 70, 28811, 563, 304, 36549, 3129, 4734, 107003, 45712, 87907, 7, 35509, 98, 46889, 36049, 115774, 5, 786, 13, 47, 903, 60212, 4, 70, 36549, 6777, 959, 11177, 23, 678, 70, 72791, 32964, 209332, 23, 8382, 13312, 5, 228072, 4, 70, 36549, 509, 120514, 4806, 44, 18537, 19908, 3576, 830, 959, 44, 18537, 19908, 32964, 740, 581, 15226, 5281, 72791, 32964, 15913, 1363, 23, 28506, 184750, 70, 185190, 1672, 87907, 7, 3129, 1902, 84046, 70, 4527, 111, 87907, 7, 35509, 98, 46889, 36049, 115774, 5, 17106, 903, 15549, 70, 31635, 214, 50155, 70, 9351, 44, 18537, 19908, 3576, 58, 213566, 297, 5, 1650, 12441, 47, 70, 36549, 8035, 120514, 4806, 70, 44, 43512, 9, 6979, 3180, 72791, 32964, 161912, 58, 1295, 25695, 5, 14847, 28811, 72791, 32964, 134620, 23, 20986, 4, 6863, 148926, 105416, 17365, 6777, 959, 28960, 60813, 109312, 5, 581, 9846, 919, 90698, 72134, 10, 3525, 72791, 32964, 36549, 1295, 18592, 5, 33306, 4, 756, 14018, 16037, 13028, 72791, 17287, 2258, 7, 23, 22059, 5, 1061, 4, 70, 22059, 72791, 32964, 161912, 509, 53017, 6259, 4743, 47, 110, 42805, 111, 2499, 2258, 7, 100, 450, 9384, 5, 106101, 214, 47, 70, 9803, 72791, 17287, 5570, 23, 22059, 4, 70, 44, 43512, 9, 6979, 3180, 72791, 17287, 161912, 58, 26859, 23, 18592, 5, 76556, 13438, 4, 148926, 136, 28811, 209332, 95103, 297, 1632, 15700, 24189, 11891, 4, 3229, 70, 8357, 72791, 17287, 36549, 100512, 10, 1632, 9, 55898, 9384, 47, 92319, 84458, 5, 360, 70, 72399, 15643, 7, 4, 33220, 9, 62783, 297, 72791, 6561, 87199, 80723, 6, 69986, 48716, 102995, 16070, 7, 4, 136, 70, 148926, 12801, 87696, 509, 19574, 2955, 106357, 71, 23, 22059, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 142, 124735, 33946, 23, 26168, 28779, 214, 5, 106935, 14534, 678, 390, 70, 373, 73163, 111503, 4, 70, 148926, 72791, 17287, 110281, 297, 40368, 14018, 16037, 136, 40830, 7, 5, 1650, 110281, 297, 5941, 64004, 214, 27150, 27941, 7, 50782, 111, 15758, 47, 98438, 23, 70, 36549, 5, 360, 111599, 78458, 4, 70, 373, 73163, 6818, 271, 12441, 47, 70, 206398, 111, 70, 36549, 5, 360, 70, 4122, 9, 70779, 7, 4, 70, 148926, 72791, 7155, 350, 16065, 4, 151134, 70, 3173, 111, 70, 36549, 47, 44, 18537, 19908, 1520, 34241, 19, 740, 581, 3525, 15758, 94698, 170369, 4, 100, 4806, 390, 118580, 226462, 4, 100512, 70, 125568, 42, 678, 70, 230466, 111, 70, 36549, 390, 70, 9846, 919, 237, 70, 210221, 4706, 119349, 15, 9713, 839, 16, 111, 15758, 5, 360, 70, 3576, 7, 4, 29681, 2258, 28779, 214, 100512, 1286, 5700, 23, 15758, 4, 136, 5941, 72791, 1520, 34241, 19, 27941, 7, 41929, 71, 9, 2037, 23, 70, 148926, 4265, 43448, 102995, 16070, 5, 581, 3295, 34003, 4163, 5773, 47, 1632, 111, 70, 114453, 271, 4034, 7, 23, 2926, 10033, 32692, 5, 88949, 111, 99162, 102044, 4, 70, 9803, 56, 99, 118580, 509, 35839, 5773, 7103, 6626, 81900, 2258, 57904, 4, 136, 3419, 31, 25331, 384, 4273, 822, 8889, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 19916, 678, 23552, 26847, 70318, 297, 5, 992, 3675, 5726, 4, 72791, 1520, 34241, 19, 509, 142, 9803, 26168, 4, 7440, 10, 96551, 111, 3863, 148756, 45367, 1314, 136, 87907, 142901, 4295, 5809, 98438, 5, 3751, 148756, 3542, 120384, 297, 390, 141910, 4, 179789, 5861, 4, 136, 527, 9, 18537, 329, 4, 12960, 100403, 33, 9, 11193, 1127, 120384, 297, 70, 18410, 144732, 111, 70, 87907, 7, 15, 197271, 50939, 93017, 87907, 7, 3542, 14037, 23, 70, 72791, 17287, 1615, 194, 33306, 4, 678, 70, 4620, 9167, 18, 2408, 111, 179789, 5861, 23, 5726, 4, 136, 70, 205850, 289, 111, 527, 9, 18537, 329, 10, 6602, 110680, 4, 72791, 1520, 34241, 19, 24145, 13438, 134629, 563, 36605, 25, 7, 37105, 23, 141753, 10, 1632, 9, 55898, 36549, 100, 70, 6052, 34003, 5, 72791, 1520, 34241, 19, 2258, 7, 3542, 5036, 756, 141910, 335, 9513, 128415, 3863, 148756, 14537, 297, 390, 100403, 33, 9, 11193, 1127, 87907, 7, 74, 49903, 4, 51, 5062, 563, 36605, 4, 87907, 7, 23, 72791, 1520, 34241, 19, 621, 9803, 9, 8627, 297, 390, 14375, 53095, 5, 360, 3295, 72791, 1520, 34241, 19, 1379, 74797, 10, 211228, 111666, 111, 6863, 209332, 5, 62, 3525, 141910, 73213, 9016, 3863, 148756, 509, 65508, 71, 4, 12960, 70, 87907, 26168, 1379, 74797, 211228, 111666, 5, 90125, 46389, 7, 3542, 62952, 390, 38348, 136, 33220, 4, 17368, 70, 5701, 87907, 46389, 71679, 5256, 237, 14037, 23, 70, 4078, 360, 1459, 102145, 19175, 4, 678, 9803, 9, 458, 592, 7464, 28897, 3674, 5, 15672, 45712, 3284, 142901, 42, 130643, 123470, 181653, 70, 73213, 6463, 3863, 148756, 450, 509, 11814, 1295, 1877, 8305, 10520, 581, 3647, 3863, 148756, 100, 70, 36549, 83, 70, 10017, 3945, 59215, 2947, 4, 3129, 509, 51, 24461, 6259, 99, 1832, 143024, 167190, 98, 18374, 5276, 581, 59215, 2947, 509, 15913, 3674, 47, 642, 6958, 6, 108620, 39012, 7, 15, 216561, 27941, 247, 136, 83, 14537, 297, 390, 6626, 9, 150, 2921, 11001, 94779, 9, 69674, 71, 87907, 7, 1295, 33220, 136, 38348, 5, 51404, 53371, 70, 5701, 3647, 6, 159958, 237, 70, 541, 11766, 87907, 7, 11814, 23, 4265, 43448, 43448, 4283, 2258, 7, 4, 70, 87907, 7, 621, 149, 309, 297, 35845, 47, 2363, 43448, 105416, 17365, 7, 5, 1650, 66139, 10, 242, 7332, 127, 47, 27875, 25, 20623, 645, 78219, 5426, 3129, 114864, 100, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4265, 72791, 4, 36770, 538, 51529, 237, 72791, 1520, 34241, 19, 4, 83, 10, 10644, 111, 26168, 28779, 214, 136, 70, 2663, 17366, 111, 11001, 9, 184, 46429, 28779, 214, 23, 15758, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Formula 2000 (1973–1977).", "Background.", "Formula Two (1978–1986).", "1987 championship.", "Formula 3000 (1987–1995).", "Formula Nippon (1996–2012).", "Cars.", "Super Formula (2013 -?).", "Cars.", "Drivers.", "Champions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "3", "2", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "", "In Japan, though touring and sports car racing was very popular through the 1960s, formula car racing was less so in those days. Even the Japanese Grand Prix lost its popularity after changing its format from touring/sports car racing to formula car racing in 1971. In 1973, the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) established the \"All-Japan Formula 2000 Championship\" as the first top-level formula racing series in Japan, to promote popularity of formula car racing in the country. The series was created based on the European Formula Two Championship. But the JAF approved use of purpose built racing engines was different from the European F2 series which only allowed race engines based on mass production models. Due to this difference, the series did not fit in with the Formula Two regulations in those days. Therefore, the series was renamed \"Formula 2000\", not \"Formula Two\".", "The revised Formula Two regulation in 1976 removed the restriction about engines which had limited the use of engines based on mass production models. With this change the reasoning behind the name \"Formula 2000\" disappeared. It led to the series being renamed the \"All-Japan Formula Two Championship\" from 1978.", "When European Formula Two ended in 1984, its Japanese counterpart did not follow suit immediately. The JAF considered starting a new Formula Two series from 1988. However, all entrants ran Formula 3000 cars in 1987. So, the 1987 Formula Two Championship was cancelled due to no entry of any cars for that format.", "Switching to the open Formula 3000 standard in 1987, the \"All-Japan Formula 3000 Championship\" started in 1988. Once again, Japanese and European regulations paralleled one another until 1996, when the International Formula 3000 series became a one-make format to lower costs. In the late 1980s, Honda-powered Formula One teams began winning multiple championships, and the Japanese Grand Prix was reintroduced in 1987, resulting in an increased interest in formula racing. Combined with by the bubble economy, the Japanese Formula 3000 attracted several entrants and investors. It attracted many promising young drivers outside of Japan to compete in the series. Inevitably, the bubble burst led to the decline of the series.", "In the mid-1990s, the Japanese Formula broke away, changing the form of the series to \"Formula Nippon\". The new Japan Race Promotion, formed by Fuji Television, became the promoter with the recognition of the series by the JAF as the Authority Sport Nationale (ASN) of Japan. In the 2000s, sports car racing became more popular in Japan, and many Formula Nippon drivers doubled-up in the Japanese Super GT championship. The 2006 season got off to one of the strangest starts in motorsport history. Because of heavy rain, the opener at Fuji was called off after two safety car laps, and Benoît Tréluyer was awarded the win with half points awarded.", "Until 2002, Formula Nippon was an open formula, where a variety of chassis builders and engine manufacturers could compete. Chassis were supplied by Lola, Reynard, and G-Force, while Mugen-Honda supplied the vast majority of the engines (though Cosworth engines were found in the Formula 3000 era). However, with the bankruptcy of Reynard in 2002, and the withdrawal of G-Force a year earlier, Formula Nippon once again followed F3000's lead in becoming a one-make series for the 2003 season. Formula Nippon cars were now all Lola B03/50 chassis powered by Mugen-Honda engines; however, unlike F3000, engines in Formula Nippon are open-tuned by private companies. In 2006 Formula Nippon underwent a drastic revision of its regulations. A new Lola FN06 chassis was introduced, while the engine formula underwent drastic revision. Engine blocks were provided by Toyota and Honda, using the same engine block specifications as found in the 2005 Indy Racing League, with open-tuning still permitted. American racecar manufacturer Swift Engineering produced the FN09 chassis that was used from 2009 through 2013.", "", "The base chassis for the series is the Dallara SF19, which was unveiled at Suzuka Circuit on October 2017. The SF19 was regulated to weigh 670 kilograms (including driver), and is powered by two-litre single turbo-charged engines from Honda and Toyota. While sharing the same base architecture as the NRE engines used in Super GT GT500 cars, the engines are detuned relative to their GT counterparts. It features a 'push to pass' style overtake system which allows for additional 5kg/h of fuel flow to be used when active - increasing power. The previous generation of the car, the Dallara SF14, was used between the 2014 to 2018 season, which featured at least 30% components manufactured in Japan. Comparable to a contemporary Formula One, the pole position lap in a Super-Formula Dallara SF14 at Suzuka Circuit in 2017, 1:35.907, is 8.588 seconds or 9.0% slower than the pole position time for the 2017 Japanese Formula One Grand Prix.", "However, despite the more technically demanding regulations, the Japanese top-level formula series remains a national series, with second tier status compared to the FIA Formula 2 and its predecessor GP2. Foreign drivers have always been regular participants in the Japanese championships, and there have been several drivers to come from a Japanese Formula 3000 or Formula Nippon drive to a prominent Formula One role; the best-known of these are Eddie Irvine, Ralf Schumacher, the 1996 Formula Nippon champion, and Pedro de la Rosa, the 1997 Formula Nippon champion.", "<nowiki>*</nowiki> The ( ) indicates there were no other supplier or a model in the year." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 262, 56, 6867, 23, 10, 96551, 111, 3530, 3716, 4, 17163, 214, 1295, 370, 14519, 47, 70, 143257, 102044, 2472, 525, 5, 51404, 27983, 137272, 678, 100, 525, 7, 4, 5941, 8, 56, 621, 49347, 40491, 114149, 450, 6867, 23, 149307, 289, 58555, 17721, 100, 525, 7, 136, 6117, 27853, 7, 15, 2472, 29256, 16, 136, 1645, 14, 5056, 136, 14880, 6201, 15, 59636, 32628, 194, 581, 144732, 111, 21334, 8, 56, 114149, 23, 54815, 18, 79197, 2182, 17664, 297, 32380, 28972, 223, 100, 525, 4, 101120, 17664, 297, 158, 14, 87432, 223, 100, 525, 4, 143257, 34003, 289, 64, 48855, 100, 525, 4, 136, 14880, 6201, 117016, 7, 10932, 70, 8999, 5, 86120, 214, 9803, 58555, 28032, 100, 525, 7, 47, 3060, 192961, 1543, 20653, 68073, 8, 56, 43904, 7, 390, 58309, 6953, 70, 1379, 86385, 136, 6, 190358, 70, 52895, 111, 27689, 5908, 4, 642, 297, 7, 4, 136, 604, 16145, 47, 55993, 450, 8, 56, 1884, 47, 73203, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 17203, 47, 123594, 16797, 13081, 254, 15534, 1543, 2843, 68073, 8, 56, 5, 33306, 4, 160370, 13, 100, 525, 707, 187363, 29256, 8110, 7464, 186, 62952, 100, 43904, 7, 47, 55993, 136, 6, 68332, 272, 5, 262, 56, 621, 38134, 538, 15917, 3674, 4, 678, 23, 15386, 79357, 99638, 90, 23, 756, 72852, 7, 40494, 149397, 49086, 11, 136, 28173, 4, 21208, 36941, 1556, 4734, 1632, 24, 4935, 8, 56, 4, 70, 196393, 53, 6, 81325, 4, 10, 1614, 16711, 3387, 111, 4842, 8, 56, 450, 83, 17438, 14534, 47, 70, 110588, 71175, 7, 23, 70, 144477, 25617, 111, 70, 72852, 4, 142, 78301, 1119, 2311, 15390, 114149, 111, 8, 56, 44, 6696, 208, 86013, 17996, 144, 1505, 49107, 58, 509, 13379, 23, 23924, 36941, 24189, 43877, 5369, 6650, 5, 12676, 8770, 8, 56, 765, 2809, 65508, 71, 47, 25134, 36941, 5, 105508, 114149, 111, 7155, 27853, 8, 56, 136, 2638, 37053, 7, 111, 15881, 136, 25134, 21629, 4, 136, 53808, 145, 4439, 111, 14237, 137567, 36, 143414, 53, 168, 184, 100, 525, 7, 136, 621, 40715, 27983, 51592, 23, 9803, 32628, 7, 4, 678, 70, 7722, 131527, 111, 70, 42878, 53808, 145, 238, 5, 8622, 621, 2843, 40368, 114149, 111, 8, 56, 450, 621, 103210, 5361, 29367, 4, 136, 6867, 39555, 97629, 538, 23, 101120, 7, 4, 27689, 7, 15534, 4, 68062, 2676, 7, 4, 136, 44, 33601, 58, 57, 2187, 2658, 4, 707, 114323, 9893, 32324, 31004, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 64879, 7, 5, 31384, 8, 56, 765, 10, 75723, 771, 320, 113068, 23, 15044, 23924, 21629, 136, 50005, 19920, 5, 89536, 99726, 26698, 70, 15342, 12630, 450, 6867, 23, 1172, 49086, 370, 14519, 136, 1013, 208, 15, 90444, 289, 100, 525, 7, 16, 136, 931, 8364, 450, 23, 54815, 18, 1013, 208, 136, 123594, 16797, 58555, 5, 7674, 195, 202, 8, 56, 15, 867, 29808, 136, 54766, 66, 78024, 15458, 16, 111, 25134, 21629, 25, 7, 3493, 90, 26292, 70, 162145, 289, 6445, 90, 111, 70, 17, 372, 425, 136, 56409, 738, 257, 4, 678, 70, 1071, 7710, 7, 186, 528, 6496, 1286, 1884, 738, 257, 34376, 5, 581, 167375, 202104, 111, 21334, 8, 56, 114149, 23, 79197, 2182, 23924, 21629, 400, 90, 23, 70, 180972, 14434, 53, 71175, 136, 121328, 71175, 10776, 7, 17721, 24748, 11, 136, 56101, 121328, 7440, 756, 43606, 23924, 15672, 8, 56, 114149, 15, 148477, 9, 46741, 297, 8, 56, 4, 842, 133, 8, 56, 4, 15342, 12630, 4, 50120, 4, 136, 931, 8364, 16, 831, 186, 14037, 5, 3293, 10776, 1556, 40368, 234737, 7, 111, 15889, 9201, 7, 26719, 101057, 853, 2601, 2785, 350, 9907, 5227, 4, 48130, 14393, 56, 9907, 5227, 15, 441, 98516, 247, 6949, 497, 9907, 5227, 4, 136, 50368, 67, 13650, 9907, 5227, 98, 70, 56101, 121328, 5609, 4, 136, 5458, 4902, 9907, 5227, 4, 823, 20595, 9907, 5227, 4, 136, 48130, 14393, 56, 9907, 5227, 15, 1062, 5, 294, 5, 16, 98, 70, 24748, 11, 136, 187277, 5609, 7, 5, 71175, 91, 89059, 117016, 7, 285, 53, 1295, 13411, 18, 158, 14, 87432, 223, 64, 62015, 297, 100, 525, 297, 117016, 7, 47, 36898, 1614, 289, 80654, 64, 80654, 100, 525, 7, 678, 117745, 13, 10548, 24293, 7, 77546, 1257, 5, 581, 57616, 78280, 7, 136, 96113, 118666, 4778, 17721, 70, 101120, 37457, 7, 22691, 10, 236650, 111, 13081, 254, 1760, 136, 32380, 28972, 223, 9201, 15534, 5, 581, 41207, 109412, 1760, 15342, 12630, 765, 70, 2684, 173072, 297, 37457, 38043, 99, 77546, 144, 35810, 7, 23, 70, 1614, 289, 80654, 10548, 24293, 7, 136, 117745, 13, 370, 14519, 58555, 111, 3060, 111, 70, 101120, 37457, 7, 5, 540, 92, 136, 842, 133, 8, 56, 15044, 39666, 67, 17721, 70, 117745, 13, 10548, 24293, 7, 136, 92319, 158, 14, 87432, 223, 100, 525, 7, 136, 17660, 47, 186, 2684, 39210, 23, 903, 10776, 5, 540, 92, 2843, 23, 54815, 18, 96113, 118666, 53, 103136, 15534, 4, 3129, 1836, 12008, 678, 22392, 9, 46741, 297, 8, 56, 5, 581, 22392, 9, 46741, 297, 8, 56, 765, 78684, 71062, 297, 2363, 37457, 28032, 70, 57616, 78280, 7, 136, 96113, 118666, 53, 103136, 7, 111, 70, 180972, 14434, 3387, 36, 14775, 47, 142477, 111, 3551, 47, 13081, 254, 1760, 136, 70, 34735, 214, 111, 158, 14, 87432, 223, 100, 525, 7, 6, 190358, 1286, 32380, 28972, 223, 55670, 1363, 47, 55993, 1257, 70, 101120, 25193, 13569, 5, 10660, 2843, 6867, 23, 262, 56, 11764, 67, 70, 17932, 2684, 9789, 14449, 111, 17662, 2199, 47013, 7809, 7103, 337, 5518, 7, 5, 145733, 111, 10, 21373, 45367, 4, 8, 56, 621, 37515, 538, 157167, 67175, 1295, 4030, 89059, 7, 390, 2363, 12936, 603, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 142458, 53, 136, 186085, 6835, 15555, 19, 51, 5062, 70, 28123, 3328, 1779, 111, 337, 5518, 7, 5, 21656, 58967, 3679, 41637, 222201, 111, 8, 56, 26698, 4989, 4, 113138, 6049, 7, 4, 10, 45, 34731, 4935, 6, 46741, 136, 4989, 67896, 7, 5, 262, 56, 80788, 18, 10, 134744, 143834, 23, 72761, 123875, 7, 5, 581, 142105, 1119, 18211, 8, 56, 83, 70, 931, 8364, 4, 3129, 83, 110518, 43156, 136, 642, 6958, 7, 1257, 47, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 262, 56, 621, 70, 66752, 297, 7853, 73, 1236, 21968, 8080, 3173, 214, 70, 14449, 8759, 28462, 13, 5, 581, 6626, 5201, 94407, 111, 8, 56, 621, 70, 8759, 27533, 13, 4, 26719, 70, 53808, 145, 238, 4, 70, 50120, 15, 634, 92563, 247, 70, 1071, 41566, 8, 56, 4, 136, 70, 1658, 1803, 74, 136, 70, 14304, 46636, 10061, 13, 4, 26719, 70, 19574, 112, 56, 15, 23762, 12630, 247, 70, 2062, 13, 8, 56, 4, 136, 70, 931, 8364, 5, 213342, 19574, 112, 56, 4, 136, 11280, 8, 56, 111, 756, 114149, 40494, 70, 76438, 7401, 8, 56, 4, 55993, 136, 6, 67175, 3525, 12936, 603, 7, 12638, 6602, 5, 360, 903, 1836, 129927, 1295, 28123, 538, 3328, 14534, 4030, 89059, 4, 3129, 621, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Distribution.", "Description.", "Antlers.", "Teeth.", "Biology.", "Diet.", "Reproduction.", "Disease.", "Evolution.", "Eocene epoch.", "Oligocene epoch.", "Miocene epoch.", "Pliocene epoch.", "Pleistocene epoch.", "Taxonomy and classification.", "External relationships.", "Internal relationships.", "Extant subfamilies, genera and species.", "Extinct subfamilies, genera and species.", "Human interaction.", "In prehistory.", "In history.", "In literature.", "Heraldry.", "Economic significance.", "Etymology.", "Terminology." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Deer live in a variety of biomes, ranging from tundra to the tropical rainforest. While often associated with forests, many deer are ecotone species that live in transitional areas between forests and thickets (for cover) and prairie and savanna (open space). The majority of large deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest, tropical seasonal/dry forest, and savanna habitats around the world. Clearing open areas within forests to some extent may actually benefit deer populations by exposing the understory and allowing the types of grasses, weeds, and herbs to grow that deer like to eat. Additionally, access to adjacent croplands may also benefit deer. However, adequate forest or brush cover must still be provided for populations to grow and thrive. Deer are widely distributed, with indigenous representatives in all continents except Antarctica and Australia, though Africa has only one native deer, the Barbary stag, a subspecies of red deer that is confined to the Atlas Mountains in the northwest of the continent, an additional extinct species of deer \"Megaceroides algericus\" was present in North Africa until 6000 years ago. Fallow deer have been introduced to South Africa. Small species of brocket deer and pudús of Central and South America, and muntjacs of Asia generally occupy dense forests and are less often seen in open spaces, with the possible exception of the Indian muntjac. There are also several species of deer that are highly specialized, and live almost exclusively in mountains, grasslands, swamps, and \"wet\" savannas, or riparian corridors surrounded by deserts. Some deer have a circumpolar distribution in both North America and Eurasia. Examples include the caribou that live in Arctic tundra and taiga (boreal forests) and moose that inhabit taiga and adjacent areas. Huemul deer (taruca and Chilean huemul) of South America's Andes fill the ecological niches of the ibex and wild goat, with the fawns behaving more like goat kids. The highest concentration of large deer species in temperate North America lies in the Canadian Rocky Mountain and Columbia Mountain regions between Alberta and British Columbia where all five North American deer species (white-tailed deer, mule deer, caribou, elk, and moose) can be found. This region has several clusters of national parks including Mount Revelstoke National Park, Glacier National Park (Canada), Yoho National Park, and Kootenay National Park on the British Columbia side, and Banff National Park, Jasper National Park, and Glacier National Park (U.S.) on the Alberta and Montana sides. Mountain slope habitats vary from moist coniferous/mixed forested habitats to dry subalpine/pine forests with alpine meadows higher up. The foothills and river valleys between the mountain ranges provide a mosaic of cropland and deciduous parklands. The rare woodland caribou have the most restricted range living at higher altitudes in the subalpine meadows and alpine tundra areas of some of the mountain ranges. Elk and mule deer both migrate between the alpine meadows and lower coniferous forests and tend to be most common in this region. Elk also inhabit river valley bottomlands, which they share with White-tailed deer. The White-tailed deer have recently expanded their range within the foothills and river valley bottoms of the Canadian Rockies owing to conversion of land to cropland and the clearing of coniferous forests allowing more deciduous vegetation to grow up the mountain slopes. They also live in", "Deer constitute the second most diverse family of artiodactyla after bovids. Though of a similar build, deer are strongly distinguished from antelopes by their antlers, which are temporary and regularly regrown unlike the permanent horns of bovids. Characteristics typical of deer include long, powerful legs, a diminutive tail and long ears. Deer exhibit a broad variation in physical proportions. The largest extant deer is the moose, which is nearly tall and weighs up to. The elk stands at the shoulder and weighs. The northern pudu is the smallest deer in the world; it reaches merely at the shoulder and weighs. The southern pudu is only slightly taller and heavier. Sexual dimorphism is quite pronounced – in most species males tend to be larger than females, and, except for the reindeer, only males possess antlers. Coat colour generally varies between red and brown, though it can be as dark as chocolate brown in the tufted deer or have a grayish tinge as in elk. Different species of brocket deer vary from gray to reddish brown in coat colour. Several species such as the chital, the fallow deer and the sika deer feature white spots on a brown coat. Coat of reindeer shows notable geographical variation. Deer undergo two moults in a year; for instance, in red deer the red, thin-haired summer coat is gradually replaced by the dense, greyish brown winter coat in autumn, which in turn gives way to the summer coat in the following spring. Moulting is affected by the photoperiod. Deer are also excellent jumpers and swimmers. Deer are ruminants, or cud-chewers, and have a four-chambered stomach. Some deer, such as those on the island of Rùm, do consume meat when it is available. Nearly all deer have a facial gland in front of each eye. The gland contains a strongly scented pheromone, used to mark its home range. Bucks of a wide range of species open these glands wide when angry or excited. All deer have a liver without a gallbladder. Deer also have a tapetum lucidum, which gives them sufficiently good night vision.", "All male deer possess antlers, with the exception of the water deer, in which males have long tusk-like canines that reach below the lower jaw. Females generally lack antlers, though female reindeer bear antlers smaller and less branched than those of the males. Occasionally females in other species may develop antlers, especially in telemetacarpal deer such as European roe deer, red deer, white-tailed deer and mule deer and less often in plesiometacarpal deer. A study of antlered female white-tailed deer noted that antlers tend to be small and malformed, and are shed frequently around the time of parturition. The fallow deer and the various subspecies of the reindeer have the largest as well as the heaviest antlers, both in absolute terms as well as in proportion to body mass (an average of per kilogram of body mass); the tufted deer, on the other hand, has the smallest antlers of all deer, while the pudú has the lightest antlers with respect to body mass ( per kilogram of body mass). The structure of antlers show considerable variation; while fallow deer and elk antlers are palmate (with a broad", "Most deer bear 32 teeth; the corresponding dental formula is:. The elk and the reindeer may be exceptions, as they may retain their upper canines and thus have 34 teeth (dental formula: ). The Chinese water deer, tufted deer, and muntjac have", "", "Deer are browsers, and feed primarily on foliage of grasses, sedges, forbs, shrubs and trees, with additional consumption of lichens in northern latitudes during winter. They have small, unspecialized stomachs by ruminant standards, and high nutrition requirements. Rather than eating and digesting vast quantities of low-grade fibrous food as, for example, sheep and cattle", "Nearly all cervids are so-called uniparental species: the fawns are only cared for by the mother, known as a doe. A doe generally has one or two fawns at a time (triplets, while not unknown, are uncommon). Mating season typically begins in later August and lasts until December. Some species mate until early March. The gestation period is anywhere up to ten months for the European roe deer. Most fawns are born with their fur covered with white spots, though in many species they", "In some areas of the UK, deer (especially fallow deer due to their gregarious behaviour), have been implicated as a possible reservoir for transmission of bovine tuberculosis, a disease which in the UK in 2005 cost £90 million in attempts to eradicate. In New Zealand, deer are thought to be important as vectors picking up \"M. bovis\" in areas where brushtail possums \"Trichosurus vulpecula\" are infected, and transferring it to previously uninfected possums when their carcasses are scavenged elsewhere. The white-tailed deer \"Odocoileus virginianus\" has been confirmed as the sole maintenance host in the Michigan outbreak of bovine tuberculosis which remains a significant barrier to the US nationwide eradication of the disease in livestock. Moose and", "Deer are believed to have evolved from antlerless, tusked ancestors that resembled modern duikers and diminutive deer in the early Eocene, and gradually developed into the first antlered cervoids (the superfamily of cervids and related extinct families) in the Miocene. Eventually, with the development of antlers, the tusks as well as the upper incisors disappeared. Thus, evolution of deer took nearly 30 million years. Biologist Valerius Geist suggests evolution to have occurred in stages. There are not many prominent fossils to trace this evolution, but only fragments of skeletons and antlers that might be easily confused with false antlers of non-cervid species.", "The ruminants, ancestors of the Cervidae, are believed to have evolved from \"Diacodexis\", the earliest known artiodactyl (even-toed ungulate), 50–55 Mya in the Eocene. \"Diacodexis\", nearly the size of a rabbit, featured the talus bone characteristic of all modern even-toed ungulates.", "The formation of the Himalayas and the Alps brought about significant geographic changes. This was the chief reason behind the extensive diversification of deer-like forms and the emergence of cervids from the Oligocene to the early Pliocene. The latter half of the Oligocene (28–34 Mya) saw the appearance of the European \"Eumeryx\" and the North American \"Leptomeryx\". The latter resembled modern-day bovids and cervids in dental", "Fossil evidence suggests that the earliest members of the superfamily Cervoidea appeared in Eurasia in the Miocene. \"Dicrocerus\", \"Euprox\" and \"Heteroprox\" were probably the first antlered cervids. \"Dicrocerus\" featured single-forked antlers that were shed regularly. \"Stephanocemas\" had more developed and diffuse (\"crowned\") antlers. \"Procervulus\" (Palaeomerycidae), in addition to the tusks of \"Dremotherium\", possessed antlers that were not shed. Contemporary forms such as the merycodontines eventually gave rise to the modern pronghorn. The Cervinae emerged as the first group of extant cervids around 7–9 Mya, during the late Miocene in central Asia.", "With the onset of the Pliocene, the global climate became cooler. A fall in the sea-level led to massive glaciation; consequently, grasslands abounded in nutritious forage. Thus a new spurt in deer populations ensued. The oldest member of Cervini, † \"Cervocerus novorossiae\", appeared around the transition from Miocene to Pliocene (4.2–6 Mya) in Eurasia; cervine fossils from early Pliocene to as late as the Pleistocene have been excavated in China and the Himalayas.", "Large deer with impressive antlers evolved during the early Pleistocene, probably as a result of abundant resources to drive evolution. The early Pleistocene cervid † \"Eucladoceros\" was comparable in size to the modern elk. † \"Megaloceros\" (Pliocene–Pleistocene) featured the Irish elk (\"M.", "Deer constitute the artiodactyl family Cervidae. This family was first described by German zoologist Georg August Goldfuss in \"Handbuch der Zoologie\" (1820). Three subfamilies are recognised: Capreolinae (first described by the English zoologist Joshua Brookes in 1828), Cervinae (described by Goldfuss) and Hydropotinae (first described by French zoologist Édouard Louis Trouessart in 1898). Other attempts at the classification of deer have been based on morphological and genetic differences. The Anglo-Irish naturalist Victor Brooke suggested in 1878 that deer could be bifurcated into two classes on the according to the features of the second and fifth metacarpal bones of their forelimbs: Plesiometacarpalia (most Old World deer) and Telemetacarpalia (most New World deer). He treated the musk deer as a cervid, placing it under Telemetacarpalia. While the telemetacarpal deer showed only those elements located far from the joint, the plesiometacarpal deer retained the elements closer to the joint as well. Differentiation on the basis of diploid number of chromosomes in the late 20th century has been flawed by several inconsistencies. In 1987, the zoologists Colin Groves and Peter Grubb identified three subfamilies: Cervinae, Hydropotinae and Odocoileinae; they noted that the hydropotines lack antlers, and the other two subfamilies differ in their skeletal morphology. However, they reverted from this classification in 2000.", "Until the beginning of the 21st century it was understood that the family Moschidae (musk deer) is sister to Cervidae. However, a 2003 phylogenetic study by Alexandre Hassanin (of National Museum of", "A 2006 phylogenetic study of the internal relationships in Cervidae by Clément Gilbert and colleagues divided the family into two major clades: Capreolinae (telemetacarpal or New World deer) and Cervinae (plesiometacarpal or Old World deer). Studies in the late 20th century suggested a similar bifurcation in", "The subfamily Capreolinae consists of 9 genera and 36 species, while Cervinae comprises 10 genera and 55 species. Hydropotinae consists of a", "The following is the classification", "", "Deer were an important source of food for early hominids. In China, \"Homo erectus\" fed upon the sika deer, while the red", "Deer had a central role in the ancient art, culture and mythology of the Hittites, the ancient Egyptians, the Celts, the ancient Greeks, the Asians and several others. For instance, the Stag Hunt Mosaic of ancient Pella, under the Kingdom of Macedonia (4th century BC), possibly depicts Alexander the Great hunting a deer with Hephaistion. In Japanese Shintoism, the sika deer is believed to be a messenger to the gods. In China, deer are associated with great medicinal significance; deer", "Deer have been an integral part of fables and other literary works since the inception of writing. Stags were used as symbols in the latter Sumerian writings. For instance, the boat of Sumerian god Enki is named the \"Stag of Azbu\". There are several mentions of the animal in the Rigveda as well as the Bible. In the Indian epic Ramayana, Sita is lured by a golden deer which Rama tries to catch. In the absence of both Rama and Lakshman, Ravana kidnaps Sita. Many of the allegorical Aesop's fables, such as \"The Stag at the Pool\", \"The One-Eyed Doe\" and \"The Stag and a Lion\", personify deer to give moral lessons. For instance, \"The Sick Stag\" gives the message that uncaring friends can do more harm than good. The Yaqui deer song accompanies the deer dance which is performed by a pascola [from the Spanish 'pascua', Easter] dancer (also known as a deer dancer). Pascolas would perform at religious and social functions many times", "Deer of various types appear frequently in European heraldry. In the British armory, the term \"stag\" is typically used to refer to antlered male red deer, while \"buck\" indicates an antlered male fallow deer. Stags and bucks appear in a number of attitudes, referred to as \"lodged\" when the deer is lying down, \"trippant\" when it has one leg raised, \"courant\" when it is running, \"springing\" when in the act of leaping, \"statant\" when it is standing with all hooves on the ground and looking ahead, and \"at gaze\" when otherwise statant but looking at the viewer. Stags' heads are also frequently used; these are typically portrayed without an attached neck and as facing the", "Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, known as venison, is highly nutritious. Due to the inherently wild nature and diet of deer, venison is most often obtained through deer hunting. In the United States, it is produced in small amounts compared to beef but still represents a significant trade. By 2012, some 25,000 tons of red deer were raised on farms in North America. The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries. The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft", "The word \"deer\" was originally broad in meaning, becoming more specific with time. Old English \"dēor\" and Middle English \"der\" meant a wild animal of any kind. Cognates of Old English \"dēor\" in other dead Germanic languages have the general sense of", "For many types of deer in modern English usage, the male is a \"buck\" and the female a \"doe\", but the terms vary with dialect, and according to the size of the species. The male red deer is a \"stag\", while for other large species the male is a \"bull\", the female a \"cow\", as in cattle. In older usage, the male of any species is a \"hart\", especially if over five years old, and the female is a \"hind\", especially if three or more years old. The young of small species is a \"fawn\" and of large species a \"calf\"; a very small young may be a \"kid\". A castrated male is a \"havier\". A group of any species is a \"herd\". The adjective of relation is \"\"; like the family name \"Cervidae\", this is from, meaning \"stag\" or \"deer\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 47353, 23, 70, 85745, 5646, 3687, 645, 2684, 111, 70, 37195, 927, 142642, 4, 136, 60213, 110, 14941, 124850, 5, 31384, 42459, 450, 44, 6766, 8770, 202, 420, 58, 509, 5117, 150350, 71, 23, 70, 361, 927, 142642, 99, 63137, 1577, 3915, 23, 24453, 131534, 4, 237, 70, 83520, 1507, 39016, 109923, 9, 46834, 289, 45831, 20903, 94878, 7, 678, 192286, 399, 4, 136, 70, 24453, 32544, 66, 121678, 68728, 8946, 4, 70, 601, 21493, 57354, 4, 1543, 765, 2809, 60887, 10840, 111, 70, 2206, 11, 16560, 51438, 17463, 5180, 5, 64511, 7, 765, 137272, 903, 85745, 678, 70, 29685, 111, 18813, 74733, 70, 32774, 707, 678, 70, 29685, 111, 18813, 313, 3609, 70, 32774, 5, 581, 85745, 171759, 7, 127663, 289, 4, 62673, 1294, 136, 105719, 80854, 5, 106073, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 66570, 83, 959, 119056, 23, 2499, 3789, 2393, 365, 9, 5464, 27012, 29053, 32032, 4, 191225, 7, 137567, 53520, 450, 5941, 111, 70, 3789, 26366, 7, 15005, 2822, 47, 23, 44, 6766, 8770, 202, 420, 58, 2843, 108975, 23, 192286, 3378, 97264, 15, 159975, 43240, 621, 4331, 27686, 23, 70, 40059, 44759, 71, 44, 211235, 7, 136, 60223, 21049, 51029, 3293, 50509, 7, 959, 4734, 79165, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 54953, 17463, 555, 13, 4, 572, 516, 1929, 1970, 4, 4772, 208, 4, 572, 516, 11612, 17463, 4, 241, 712, 8726, 7, 136, 10160, 9319, 13, 247, 1284, 2843, 118820, 7, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 159, 2408, 7344, 5180, 4, 159, 2408, 17463, 5180, 136, 51438, 17463, 5180, 16, 136, 24233, 47353, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 581, 72745, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 4, 10, 40814, 111, 70, 2206, 9821, 4, 32497, 47, 70, 36442, 111, 38787, 29827, 1970, 4, 60097, 111, 70, 85405, 4, 124901, 6782, 23664, 4, 1529, 12393, 18, 4, 83, 58650, 34, 297, 390, 70, 84392, 61660, 1743, 5, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 67153, 7, 61660, 1743, 678, 1919, 3059, 44540, 136, 61660, 1743, 25, 7, 42732, 678, 10, 6051, 18, 25, 7, 91, 47416, 450, 764, 14037, 23, 604, 21, 481, 5, 147466, 23, 1919, 6897, 4, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 24209, 7, 60097, 111, 70, 2206, 9821, 4, 136, 7413, 7, 1919, 2773, 39, 20870, 29367, 390, 10, 99784, 19, 4, 3060, 111, 124901, 241437, 1902, 2809, 6, 116496, 1295, 1919, 739, 5861, 23, 10, 373, 51626, 931, 7030, 5, 1529, 52875, 7, 70, 99784, 19, 678, 70, 4358, 111, 1919, 44, 2347, 177, 1779, 58, 707, 187646, 7, 4, 1284, 1836, 54, 959, 214493, 5, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 28288, 7, 47, 28960, 70, 99784, 19, 47, 6863, 21, 481, 99, 241, 4538, 27281, 7, 4, 1284, 4734, 1919, 27150, 187951, 35845, 5140, 10828, 420, 4, 124901, 9351, 26950, 44, 7328, 30125, 111, 32391, 474, 830, 1011, 90, 47, 33284, 4049, 5, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 77681, 14865, 4778, 70, 99784, 19, 4, 1284, 83, 67573, 538, 148, 167457, 23, 70, 151994, 5, 1529, 83, 46790, 3674, 136, 10, 373, 51626, 931, 7030, 390, 70, 15520, 83, 3657, 89829, 23, 1919, 3486, 34639, 5, 44, 6766, 8770, 202, 420, 58, 83, 90698, 142, 28, 18695, 85745, 23, 450, 70, 5201, 62816, 83, 10, 40814, 2750, 26983, 7, 6782, 62488, 7, 47, 23534, 1919, 90254, 99, 69201, 103044, 26548, 1601, 84832, 77793, 7, 136, 186, 4438, 7, 5, 581, 85745, 2843, 9842, 7, 44, 73, 2450, 7, 3332, 58, 707, 42856, 4, 44, 73, 70, 86991, 111, 8966, 4, 58, 3129, 83, 10, 62816, 48242, 111, 70, 25277, 4439, 111, 157612, 939, 5, 106073, 70, 85745, 9842, 7, 678, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 25, 7, 30780, 141, 4, 61660, 1743, 25, 7, 52875, 7, 765, 2809, 142, 221560, 19732, 5, 893, 121151, 13, 32692, 111, 124850, 136, 2363, 42592, 4188, 83, 113091, 19, 111, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 2363, 182809, 7, 678, 12638, 3789, 4, 130815, 7, 36, 24243, 136, 456, 138925, 4, 136, 8, 297, 7, 111, 32391, 474, 5, 581, 1631, 416, 25251, 3173, 10, 8562, 111, 82953, 44462, 3126, 297, 390, 160624, 939, 47, 2363, 7822, 71, 5, 581, 85745, 9842, 7, 136, 3564, 7, 678, 211088, 7, 12, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 85745, 100, 159, 2408, 7344, 159, 329, 420, 214, 59150, 1104, 129507, 136, 99, 70, 3564, 100, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 6896, 43900, 1104, 5016, 89149, 5, 44, 6766, 8770, 202, 420, 58, 9842, 7, 678, 70, 13765, 111, 38787, 29827, 1970, 4, 2750, 64549, 297, 70, 6782, 23664, 1529, 12393, 18, 100, 66570, 136, 1919, 1631, 416, 25251, 5, 360, 442, 4, 764, 4, 1919, 58386, 1401, 289, 127, 2347, 8770, 4, 136, 1919, 1631, 416, 25251, 47445, 2363, 1733, 5367, 214, 136, 166991, 214, 5, 61660, 1743, 4, 10, 101341, 9, 5062, 84392, 2804, 47, 186, 60887, 297, 1295, 70, 61314, 6827, 2041, 73, 4, 83, 24503, 297, 390, 70, 102678, 111, 21365, 5, 61660, 1743, 52875, 7, 70, 23664, 136, 67153, 7, 136, 30396, 12824, 5941, 111, 38787, 29827, 1970, 25, 7, 1631, 416, 25251, 12960, 1836, 60268, 5, 38787, 29827, 1970, 136, 1919, 3395, 4, 4358, 9393, 26548, 61660, 1743, 4, 32997, 1529, 12393, 18, 5, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 4, 10, 27150, 1631, 4726, 42, 1295, 2206, 257, 1760, 4, 36802, 7, 111, 38787, 29827, 1970, 25, 7, 581, 11737, 17431, 4, 7103, 166991, 214, 61660, 1743, 25, 7, 8, 88981, 4, 38787, 29827, 1970, 136, 1919, 453, 60268, 23, 1529, 12393, 18, 5, 61660, 1743, 25, 7, 42732, 4, 348, 1294, 450, 604, 775, 1556, 2809, 152388, 4, 5423, 7, 1810, 47, 2046, 52758, 429, 5, 44, 6766, 8770, 202, 420, 509, 234311, 5, 241, 147, 56786, 4, 7103, 70, 70318, 111, 241437, 4, 581, 2206, 257, 1902, 2809, 34475, 15700, 45314, 9966, 56128, 1919, 127557, 2806, 186, 146291, 23, 903, 133868, 5, 61660, 1743, 25, 7, 42732, 48673, 538, 67153, 7, 62394, 40676, 13, 4, 2750, 83, 38787, 29827, 1970, 25, 7, 2684, 160624, 6, 202523, 4, 136, 144281, 7, 5, 38787, 29827, 1970, 4, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 4, 136, 2363, 453, 28560, 61660, 1743, 25, 7, 42732, 47, 604, 21, 481, 1379, 10, 85437, 5, 992, 37653, 4, 10, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 873, 8770, 202, 420, 15, 74, 1388, 83, 142, 25074, 14941, 28, 18695, 85745, 58055, 214, 111, 138, 4, 1819, 304, 144, 39798, 45023, 124519, 5, 1650, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 43240, 111, 25074, 14941, 163136, 5, 581, 5622, 111, 166577, 83, 10, 26866, 111, 158, 62500, 54940, 191225, 7, 74, 70, 4734, 24233, 1740, 117, 25500, 7, 47, 70, 29053, 32032, 4, 3129, 509, 181653, 17721, 483, 6873, 136, 209, 2588, 5, 581, 52184, 10821, 30260, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 390, 191225, 7, 237, 70, 44, 58, 6766, 8770, 202, 420, 58, 30260, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Historical background.", "Summary.", "First battle: Grendel.", "Second battle: Grendel's mother.", "Third battle: The dragon.", "Authorship and date.", "Manuscript.", "Provenance.", "Writing.", "Debate over oral tradition.", "Transcriptions and translations.", "Transcriptions.", "Translations and adaptations.", "Sources and analogues.", "Scandinavian parallels and sources.", "Grettis saga.", "Hrolf kraki and Bodvar Bjarki.", "International folktale sources.", "Bear's Son Tale.", "Celtic folktales.", "Classical sources.", "Biblical influences.", "Dialect.", "Form and metre.", "Interpretation and criticism.", "Paganism and Christianity.", "Politics and warfare." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The events in the poem take place over most of the sixth century, and feature no English characters. Some suggest that \"Beowulf\" was first composed in the 7th century at Rendlesham in East Anglia, as the Sutton Hoo ship-burial shows close connections with Scandinavia, and the East Anglian royal dynasty, the Wuffingas, may have been descendants of the Geatish Wulfings. Others have associated this poem with the court of King Alfred the Great or with the court of King Cnut the Great. The poem blends fictional, legendary and historic elements. Although Beowulf himself is not mentioned in any other Anglo-Saxon manuscript, scholars generally agree that many of the other figures referred to in \"Beowulf\" also appear in Scandinavian sources (specific works are designated in the section titled \"Sources and analogues\"). This concerns not only individuals (e.g., Healfdene, Hroðgar, Halga, Hroðulf, Eadgils and Ohthere), but also clans (e.g., Scyldings, Scylfings and Wulfings) and certain events (e.g.,", "The protagonist Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel. Beowulf kills Grendel with his bare hands and Grendel's mother with a giant's sword that he found in her lair. Later in his life, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats, and finds his realm terrorized by a dragon, some of whose treasure had been stolen from his hoard in a burial mound. He attacks the dragon with the help of his \"thegns\" or servants, but they do not succeed. Beowulf decides to follow the dragon to its lair at Earnanæs, but only his young Swedish relative Wiglaf, whose name means \"remnant of valour\", dares to join him. Beowulf finally slays the dragon, but is mortally wounded in the struggle. He is cremated and a burial mound by the sea is erected in his honour. \"Beowulf\" is considered an epic poem in that the main character is a hero who travels great distances to prove his strength at impossible odds against supernatural demons and beasts. The poem also begins \"in medias res\" or simply, \"in the middle of things,\" which is a characteristic of the epics of antiquity. Although the poem begins with Beowulf's arrival, Grendel's attacks have been an ongoing event. An elaborate history of characters and their lineages is spoken of, as well as their interactions with each other, debts owed and repaid, and deeds of valour. The warriors form a kind of brotherhood linked by loyalty to their lord. The poem begins and ends with funerals: at the beginning of the poem for Scyld Scefing (26–45) and at the end for Beowulf (3140–3170).", "\"Beowulf\" begins with the story of Hrothgar, who constructed the great hall Heorot for himself and his warriors. In it, he, his wife Wealhtheow, and his warriors spend their time singing and celebrating. Grendel, a troll-like monster said to be descended from the biblical Cain, is pained by the sounds of joy. Grendel attacks the hall and kills and devours many of Hrothgar's warriors while they sleep. Hrothgar and his people, helpless against Grendel, abandon Heorot. Beowulf, a young warrior from Geatland, hears of Hrothgar's", "The next night, after celebrating Grendel's defeat, Hrothgar and his men sleep in Heorot. Grendel's mother, angry that her son has been killed, sets out to get revenge. \"Beowulf was elsewhere. Earlier, after the award of treasure, The Geat had been given another lodging\"; his assistance would be absent in this battle. Grendel's mother violently kills Æschere, who is Hrothgar's most loyal fighter, and escapes. Hrothgar, Beowulf, and their men track Grendel's mother to her lair under a lake. Unferð, a warrior who had earlier challenged him, presents Beowulf with his sword Hrunting. After stipulating a number of conditions to Hrothgar in case of his death (including the taking in of his kinsmen and the inheritance by Unferth of Beowulf's estate), Beowulf jumps into the lake, and", "Beowulf returns home and eventually becomes king of his own people. One day, fifty years after Beowulf's battle with Grendel's mother, a slave steals a golden cup from the lair of a dragon at Earnanæs. When the dragon sees that the cup has been stolen, it leaves its cave in a rage, burning everything in sight. Beowulf and his warriors come to fight the dragon, but Beowulf tells his men that he will fight the dragon alone and that they should wait on the", "The dating of \"Beowulf\" has attracted considerable scholarly attention and opinion differs as to whether it was first written in the 8th century or whether the composition of the poem was nearly contemporary with its eleventh century manuscript and whether a proto-version of the poem (possibly a version of the Bear's Son Tale) was orally transmitted before being transcribed in its present form. Albert Lord felt strongly that the manuscript represents the transcription of a performance, though likely taken at more than one sitting. J. R. R. Tolkien believed that the poem retains too genuine a memory of Anglo-Saxon paganism to have been composed more than a few generations after the completion of the Christianisation of England around AD 700, and Tolkien's conviction that the poem dates to the 8th century has been defended by Tom Shippey, Leonard", "\"Beowulf\" survives in a single parchment manuscript dated on palaeographical grounds to the late 10th or early 11th century. The manuscript measures 245 × 185 mm.", "The poem is known only from a single manuscript, which is estimated to date from around 975–1025, in which it appears with other works. The manuscript therefore dates either to the reign of Æthelred the Unready, characterised by strife with the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard, or to the beginning of the reign of Sweyn's son Cnut the Great from 1016. The \"Beowulf\" manuscript is known as the Nowell Codex, gaining its name from 16th-century scholar Laurence Nowell. The official designation is \"British Library, Cotton Vitellius A.XV\" because it was one of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton's holdings in the Cotton library in the middle of the 17th century. Many private antiquarians and book collectors, such as Sir Robert Cotton, used their own library classification systems. \"Cotton Vitellius A.XV\" translates as: the 15th book from the left on shelf A (the top shelf) of the bookcase with the bust of Roman Emperor Vitellius standing on top of it, in Cotton's collection. Kevin Kiernan argues that Nowell most likely acquired it through William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, in 1563, when Nowell", "The \"Beowulf\" manuscript was transcribed from an original by two scribes, one of whom wrote the prose at the beginning of the manuscript and the first 1939 lines before breaking off in mid sentence. The first scribe made a point of carefully regularizing the spelling of the original document by using the common West Saxon language and by avoiding any archaic or dialectical features. The second scribe, who wrote the remainder, with a difference in handwriting noticeable after line 1939, seems to have written more vigorously and with less interest. As a result, the second scribe's script retains more archaic dialectic features, which allow modern scholars to ascribe the poem a cultural context. While both scribes", "The question of whether \"Beowulf\" was passed down through oral tradition prior to its present manuscript form has been the subject of much debate, and involves more than simply the issue of its composition. Rather, given the implications of the theory of oral-formulaic composition and oral tradition, the question concerns how the poem is to be understood, and what sorts of interpretations are legitimate. Scholarly discussion about \"Beowulf\" in the context of the oral tradition was extremely active throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The debate might be framed starkly as follows: on the one hand, we can hypothesise a poem put together from various tales concerning the hero (the Grendel episode, the story of Grendel's mother, and the fire drake narrative). These fragments", "", "Icelandic scholar Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin made the first transcriptions of the manuscript in 1786 and published the results in 1815, working as part of a Danish government historical research commission. He made one himself, and had another done by a", "A great number of translations and adaptations are available, in poetry and prose. Andy Orchard, in \"A Critical Companion to Beowulf\", lists 33 \"representative\" translations in his bibliography, while the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies published Marijane Osborn's annotated list of over 300 translations and adaptations in 2003. Beowulf has been translated into at least 23 other languages. 19th century In 1805, the historian Sharon Turner translated selected verses into modern English. This was followed in 1814 by John Josias Conybeare who published an edition \"in English paraphrase and Latin verse translation.\" In 1815, Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin published the first complete edition in Latin. N. F. S. Grundtvig reviewed this edition in 1815 and created the first complete verse translation in Danish in 1820. In 1837, John Mitchell Kemble created an important literal translation in English. In 1895, William Morris & A. J. Wyatt published the ninth English translation. Many retellings of \"Beowulf\" for children began appearing in the 20th century. 20th century In 1909, Francis Barton Gummere's full translation in \"English imitative meter\" was published, and was used as the text of Gareth Hinds's graphic novel based", "Neither identified sources nor analogues for \"Beowulf\" can be definitively proven, but many conjectures have been made. These are important in helping historians understand the \"Beowulf\" manuscript, as possible source-texts or influences would suggest time-frames of composition, geographic boundaries within which it could be composed, or range (both spatial and temporal) of influence (i.e. when it was \"popular\" and where its \"popularity\" took it). There are Scandinavian sources, international folkloric sources, and Celtic sources.", "19th century studies proposed that \"Beowulf\" was translated from a lost original Scandinavian work, but this idea was quickly abandoned. But Scandinavian works have continued to be studied as a possible source. Proponents included Gregor Sarrazin writing in 1886 that an Old Norse original version of \"Beowulf\" must have existed, but that view was later debunked by Carl Wilhelm von Sydow (1914) who pointed out that \"Beowulf\" is fundamentally Christian and written at a time when any Norse tale would have most likely been pagan.", "The epic's possible connection to \"Grettis saga\", an Icelandic family saga, was made early on by Guðbrandur Vigfússon (1878). \"Grettis saga\" is a story about Grettir Ásmundarson, a great-grandson of an Icelandic settler, and so cannot be as old as \"Beowulf\". Axel Olrik (1903) claimed that on the contrary, this saga was a reworking of \"Beowulf\", and others followed suit. However, Friedrich Panzer (1910) wrote a thesis in which both", "Another candidate for an analogue or possible source is the story of Hrolf kraki and his servant, the legendary bear-shapeshifter Bodvar Bjarki. The story survives in Old Norse \"Hrólfs saga kraka\" and Saxo's \"Gesta Danorum\". Hrolf kraki, one of the Skjöldungs, even appears as \"Hrothulf\" in the Anglo-Saxon epic. Hence a story about him and his followers may have developed as early as the 6th century.", "", "Friedrich Panzer (1910) wrote a thesis that the first part of \"Beowulf\" (the Grendel Story) incorporated preexisting folktale material, and that the folktale in question was of the Bear's Son Tale (\"Bärensohnmärchen\") type, which has surviving examples all over the world. This tale type was later catalogued as international folktale type 301, now formally entitled \"The Three Stolen Princesses\" type in Hans Uther's catalogue, although the \"Bear's Son\" is", "Similarity of the epic to the Irish folktale \"The Hand and the Child\" had already been noted by Albert S. Cook (1899), and others even earlier, Swedish folklorist Carl Wilhelm von Sydow (1914) then made a strong argument for the case of parallelism in \"The Hand and the Child\", because the folktale type demonstrated a \"monstrous arm\" motif that corresponded with Beowulf wrenching off Grendel's arm. For no such correspondence could be perceived in the Bear's Son Tale or \"Grettis saga\". James Carney and Martin Puhvel also agree with this \"Hand and the Child\" contextualisation. Puhvel supported the \"Hand and the Child\" theory through such motifs as (in Andersson's words) \"the more powerful giant mother, the mysterious light in the cave, the melting of the sword in blood, the phenomenon of battle rage, swimming prowess, combat with water monsters, underwater adventures, and the bear-hug style of wrestling.\" In the Mabinogion Teyrnon discovers the otherworldly boy child Pryderi fab Pwyll, the principle character of the cycle, after cutting off the arm of a monstrous beast which is stealing foals from his stables, an episode which is highly reminiscent in its description of the Grendel tale.", "Attempts to find classical or Late Latin influence or analogue in \"Beowulf\" are almost exclusively linked with Homer's \"Odyssey\" or Virgil's \"Aeneid\". In 1926, Albert S. Cook suggested a Homeric connection due to equivalent formulas, metonymies, and analogous voyages. In 1930, James A. Work also supported the Homeric influence, stating that encounter between Beowulf and Unferth was parallel to the encounter between Odysseus and Euryalus in Books 7–8 of the \"Odyssey,\" even to the point of both characters giving the hero the same gift of a sword upon being proven wrong in their initial assessment of the hero's prowess. This theory of Homer's influence on \"Beowulf\" remained very prevalent in the 1920s, but started to die out in the following", "It cannot be denied that Biblical parallels occur in the text, whether seen as a pagan work with \"Christian colouring\" added by scribes or as a \"Christian historical novel, with selected bits of paganism deliberately laid on", "The poem mixes the West Saxon and Anglian dialects of Old English, though it predominantly uses West Saxon, as do other Old English poems copied at the time. There is a wide array of linguistic forms in the \"Beowulf\" manuscript. It is this fact that leads some scholars to believe that \"Beowulf\" has endured a long and complicated transmission through all the main dialect areas. The poem retains a complicated mix of the following dialectical forms: Mercian, Northumbrian, Early West Saxon, Kentish and Late West Saxon. There are in \"Beowulf\" more than 3100 distinct words, and almost 1300 occur exclusively, or almost exclusively, in this poem and in the other poetical texts.", "An Old English poem such as \"Beowulf\" is very different from modern poetry. Anglo-Saxon poets typically used alliterative verse, a form of verse in which the first half of the line (the a-verse) is linked to the second half (the b-verse) through similarity in initial sound. In addition, the two-halves are divided by a caesura: \"Oft Scyld Scefing \\\\ sceaþena þreatum\" (l. 4). This verse form maps stressed and unstressed syllables onto abstract entities known as metrical positions. There is no fixed number of beats per line: the first one cited has three (Oft SCYLD SCEFING, with ictus on the suffix -ING) whereas the second has two (SCEAþena ÞREATum). The poet has a choice of epithets or formulae to use in order to fulfil the alliteration. When speaking or reading Old English poetry, it is important to remember for alliterative purposes that many of the letters are not pronounced in the same way as in modern English.", "The history of modern \"Beowulf\" criticism is often said to begin with J. R. R. Tolkien, author and Merton professor of Anglo-Saxon at University of Oxford, who in his 1936 lecture to the British Academy criticised his contemporaries' excessive interest in its historical implications. He noted in \"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics\" that as a result the poem's literary value had been largely overlooked and argued that the poem \"is in fact so interesting as poetry, in places poetry so powerful, that this quite overshadows the historical content...\"", "In historical terms, the poem's characters would have been Norse pagans (the historical events of the poem took place before the Christianisation of Scandinavia), yet the poem was recorded by Christian Anglo-Saxons who had mostly converted from their native Anglo-Saxon paganism around the 7th century – both Anglo-Saxon paganism and Norse paganism share a common origin as both are forms of Germanic paganism. \"Beowulf\" thus depicts a Germanic warrior society, in which the relationship between the lord of the region and those who served under him was of paramount importance. In terms of the relationship between characters in \"Beowulf\" to God, one might recall the substantial amount of paganism that is present throughout the work. Literary critics such as Fred C. Robinson argue that the \"Beowulf\" poet tries to send a message to readers during the Anglo-Saxon time period regarding the state of Christianity in their own time. Robinson argues that the intensified religious aspects of the Anglo-Saxon period inherently shape the way in which the poet alludes to paganism as presented in \"Beowulf\". The poet calls on Anglo-Saxon readers to recognize the imperfect aspects of their supposed Christian lifestyles. In other words, the poet is referencing their \"Anglo-Saxon Heathenism.\" In terms of the characters of the epic itself, Robinson argues that readers are \"impressed\" by the courageous acts of Beowulf and the speeches of Hrothgar (181). But one is ultimately left", "Stanley B. Greenfield has suggested that references to the human body throughout \"Beowulf\" emphasise the relative position of thanes to their lord. He argues that the term \"shoulder-companion\" could refer to both a physical arm as well as a thane (Aeschere) who was very valuable to his lord (Hrothgar). With Aeschere's death, Hrothgar turns to Beowulf as his new \"arm.\" Also, Greenfield argues the foot is used for the opposite effect, only appearing four times in the poem. It" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3164, 13036, 20600, 9035, 111, 70, 36549, 621, 7311, 538, 187, 23662, 27528, 4, 136, 70, 45443, 7, 11814, 47, 11675, 2856, 765, 89160, 538, 2809, 35509, 98, 75041, 76407, 5, 77168, 214, 2363, 54452, 23, 46552, 12649, 4, 5368, 54452, 7, 23, 70, 36549, 765, 5201, 538, 2809, 100, 130250, 7, 23, 70, 75041, 13315, 5, 581, 5117, 6712, 23, 70, 36549, 4, 44, 10476, 11439, 830, 509, 121447, 23, 13211, 4, 5117, 237, 142, 187, 23662, 6712, 136, 237, 10, 11469, 100, 70, 75041, 23, 98147, 581, 6712, 66139, 136659, 11301, 2886, 124850, 4, 12638, 678, 2363, 10002, 1614, 9, 16091, 7, 4, 36541, 136, 73986, 5, 581, 75041, 11389, 66139, 456, 62015, 90, 111, 70, 124850, 25, 2856, 90, 4, 136, 2843, 7228, 70, 1614, 9, 837, 43576, 11301, 2886, 100, 10, 3622, 111, 136659, 5997, 124850, 4, 26719, 10, 84659, 202317, 100, 66306, 34, 395, 15, 4657, 5115, 66306, 34, 395, 194, 360, 66044, 4, 10, 59226, 31146, 13, 83, 51, 21135, 297, 3229, 70, 58585, 67229, 90, 187, 23662, 13736, 678, 12638, 111, 70, 7311, 136659, 124850, 5, 581, 74413, 86658, 111, 70, 6712, 58055, 7, 111, 66306, 34, 395, 24763, 214, 52758, 429, 98, 1919, 67373, 19614, 528, 1861, 276, 12787, 192, 4, 186, 26518, 4049, 23, 70, 233547, 136, 47, 38001, 4049, 5773, 70, 5701, 6, 195167, 450, 764, 509, 104250, 19, 5773, 390, 19614, 528, 1861, 5, 44, 10476, 11439, 116, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 11857, 23, 46552, 12649, 136, 23, 11891, 100, 70, 75041, 5, 62, 11469, 509, 2843, 7228, 40368, 5369, 14432, 100, 129721, 837, 5, 8622, 621, 1492, 11301, 2886, 124850, 237, 5299, 237, 809, 18266, 33, 47, 51, 21135, 4, 100, 10, 3622, 111, 214075, 9, 1029, 272, 124850, 5, 581, 5368, 11389, 66139, 22759, 3525, 13736, 7, 450, 2806, 24209, 41147, 1577, 47, 70, 36549, 4, 3129, 3542, 8018, 686, 1405, 4, 11399, 99381, 4, 19055, 188515, 4, 136, 109613, 13, 5, 581, 6712, 66139, 456, 62015, 90, 111, 70, 187, 23662, 11389, 7, 25, 124850, 25, 2856, 90, 4, 136, 10, 59226, 31146, 13, 51, 21135, 297, 24145, 70, 58585, 28484, 7, 70, 187, 23662, 13736, 5, 581, 74413, 86658, 111, 903, 6712, 58055, 7, 111, 19614, 528, 1861, 613, 686, 6496, 70, 6817, 4, 22, 33558, 70, 18813, 111, 70599, 563, 1419, 11330, 76, 674, 116, 136, 8, 88981, 214, 66306, 34, 395, 4, 104250, 214, 4049, 3934, 142, 72, 2037, 1916, 2741, 38938, 136, 456, 164779, 214, 70, 276, 12787, 192, 825, 18437, 17750, 5, 133698, 70, 47353, 111, 70, 17932, 18813, 111, 70599, 23972, 11330, 76, 674, 4, 66306, 34, 395, 136, 13328, 62084, 192, 3542, 759, 1515, 14, 79850, 79442, 19, 47, 1632, 15700, 136, 100512, 24833, 2182, 5, 44, 10476, 11439, 138, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 46552, 12649, 136, 100, 70, 75041, 23, 10586, 136, 9571, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 23347, 46799, 13765, 2256, 27734, 17721, 70, 6712, 136, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 4, 70, 6712, 21334, 538, 66139, 10, 3525, 37702, 111, 124850, 4, 26719, 70, 34377, 111, 41147, 133, 5201, 62816, 33861, 62084, 192, 4, 70, 29041, 111, 66306, 34, 395, 136, 13328, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 5036, 9, 590, 8705, 124850, 39286, 211423, 9076, 136, 572, 3613, 11, 5445, 4, 678, 10, 3622, 111, 214075, 9, 927, 107, 13, 124850, 5, 581, 5368, 11389, 96853, 10, 13736, 35839, 44, 10476, 11439, 58, 59591, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 9396, 44, 10476, 11439, 21786, 58, 13736, 4, 136, 2843, 96853, 456, 62015, 90, 47, 70, 124850, 25, 2856, 90, 1295, 70, 187, 23662, 11389, 5, 581, 74413, 86658, 111, 44, 10476, 11439, 138, 58, 58055, 7, 111, 10208, 133720, 8, 88981, 214, 3183, 107, 4, 13693, 13, 6496, 66570, 47, 186, 91375, 14, 10821, 4, 4734, 47, 765, 3183, 107, 27198, 3934, 87599, 3183, 107, 5, 33861, 62084, 192, 2577, 7, 87599, 3183, 107, 136, 8, 88981, 7, 4049, 4, 185, 33, 9966, 1919, 42732, 5, 17106, 3183, 107, 1810, 111, 70, 3917, 4, 33861, 25, 7, 9963, 1021, 9319, 19614, 528, 1861, 106443, 7, 4049, 4, 137802, 4049, 100, 103494, 5, 33306, 4, 33861, 188545, 7, 4, 8035, 15226, 4126, 390, 70, 130679, 46980, 764, 23, 86151, 3674, 1295, 1919, 67373, 5, 44, 10476, 11439, 4837, 11330, 76, 674, 58, 83, 70, 11737, 20600, 674, 4, 121447, 23, 8272, 23, 46552, 12649, 136, 237, 10, 83184, 44759, 100, 70, 75041, 116, 23, 52489, 106073, 70, 6712, 83, 351, 9, 38938, 19, 21533, 47, 70, 13765, 2256, 4, 442, 83, 90698, 10, 13036, 42805, 47, 70, 160981, 5, 360, 69822, 47, 96362, 44759, 7, 4, 44, 10476, 11439, 4837, 11330, 76, 674, 58, 66139, 7909, 133868, 7, 136, 96853, 39555, 756, 111, 70, 44, 10476, 11439, 58, 124850, 23, 70, 36549, 1257, 24189, 450, 6275, 23, 1733, 4, 100, 10, 3622, 111, 4442, 124850, 5, 581, 6712, 13028, 98, 70, 5701, 187, 23662, 45443, 237, 44, 10476, 11439, 138, 830, 136, 4911, 7, 24124, 13036, 6, 48461, 289, 116086, 7, 3229, 196, 3674, 47, 70, 75041, 787, 581, 5368, 11389, 66139, 456, 62015, 90, 111, 70, 124850, 25, 2856, 90, 1295, 70, 187, 23662, 11389, 4, 136, 2843, 66139, 10, 9396, 44, 10476, 11439, 58, 131793, 13736, 5, 62, 456, 47327, 297, 11389, 111, 70, 6712, 4, 44, 10476, 11439, 4837, 11330, 76, 674, 4732, 830, 83, 99201, 23, 70, 1392, 42486, 44, 10476, 11439, 175833, 830, 3129, 2843, 70541, 297, 10, 11301, 2886, 53397, 111, 44, 10476, 11439, 4837, 11330, 76, 674, 116, 58, 136, 70, 1346, 44, 10476, 11439, 12, 105591, 10146, 429, 7154, 740, 44, 10476, 11439, 201, 58, 83, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 20600, 674, 136, 70, 11737, 74413, 21533, 6712, 23, 70, 36549, 4, 121447, 23, 6789, 23, 46552, 12649, 136, 5726, 100, 70, 75041, 787, 153782, 214, 149067, 19, 98, 70, 13765, 4, 70, 5368, 11389, 96853, 10, 3525, 30575, 13736, 51, 21135, 7, 59226, 31146, 90, 3229, 112730, 4, 23, 69822, 47, 96362, 20600, 9035, 23, 3129, 6044, 59226, 31146, 90, 3542, 51, 21135, 297, 1295, 75169, 70, 1172, 23662, 36024, 5, 581, 6712, 2843, 182, 3422, 90, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 5201, 27528, 23, 70, 36549, 28960, 70, 47353, 111, 70, 18813, 111, 70599, 563, 1419, 11330, 76, 674, 4, 27980, 297, 390, 70, 276, 12787, 192, 825, 18437, 17750, 4, 7440, 92865, 6226, 10, 6, 54572, 27102, 111, 124850, 47, 19916, 70, 233547, 136, 21647, 6226, 111, 70, 14380, 74, 70, 79612, 17721, 70, 276, 12787, 192, 14449, 21265, 7, 237, 70, 5201, 32153, 111, 70, 36549, 25, 23577, 4, 12960, 92865, 88898, 3789, 124850, 25, 98365, 7, 23, 1300, 14578, 47, 6226, 70, 825, 18437, 17750, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Games.", "1994–1998: Original PlayStation trilogy.", "\"Tekken\".", "\"Tekken 2\".", "\"Tekken 3\".", "1999–2005: Debut of tag-team oriented games.", "\"Tekken Tag Tournament\".", "\"Tekken 4\".", "\"Tekken 5\".", "2006–2012: Expansion to multi-platform.", "\"Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection\".", "\"Tekken 6\".", "\"Tekken Tag Tournament 2\".", "2013–present: Adoption of spin-off games.", "Tekken 7.", "Spin-off and crossover games.", "Development.", "Gameplay.", "Characters.", "Adaptations.", "Animated films.", "Live-action films.", "Other media.", "Reception.", "Sales.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "All major installments of the series are originally arcade games, and the boards used to run them have traditionally been based on PlayStation hardware. Following their release in arcades, home releases in the series have mainly been for consoles in the PlayStation line.", "", "The first game in the series, \"Tekken\", was released in 1994, first as an arcade game and as a port for the PlayStation in 1995. The game features eight playable characters, each with their own sub-boss, stage and theme. The PlayStation version features remixes of the characters' themes, and also made the sub-bosses playable for a total of eighteen characters, including a costume swap for Kazuya (Devil Kazuya). In addition, a cutscene is unlocked when the player finishes arcade mode with each of the original eight characters. The canon ending of the game consists of Kazuya exacting revenge on his father Heihachi Mishima, beating him in the tournament and tossing him off the same cliff that he was thrown off by Heihachi.", "\"Tekken 2\" was released in 1995 in arcades and in 1996 for the PlayStation. A port was also made several years later for Zeebo. There are ten playable characters as well as fifteen to unlock, for a total of twenty-five characters. The home version features four new modes that would become staples to the series, which were Survival, Team Battle, Time Attack, and Practice. The game features remixes of the arcade versions' characters' themes, and a cutscene unlocked once the player completes the arcade mode. The canon ending of this game consists of Heihachi surviving the fall, entering the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2 and defeating Kazuya, throwing him into an erupting volcano and reclaiming the Mishima Zaibatsu. During the events of the second King of Iron First Tournament, Kazuya and Jun Kazama were mysteriously drawn to one another and became intimate.", "\"Tekken 3\" was released in arcades and for the PlayStation in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Due to the 19-year storyline span between the game and its predecessor, the game largely features a new cast of characters, including the debut of staple main character Jin Kazama, the child of Kazuya and Jun, as well as now-staple characters Ling Xiaoyu and Hwoarang, with a total of twenty-three characters. The home version includes a mode called \"Tekken\" Force, as well as the bonus \"Tekken Ball\" mode, and also includes remixes to the characters' themes from the arcade version. The canon ending of \"Tekken 3\" consists of Paul Phoenix defeating Ogre, believing himself to be victorious, only to have Ogre transform into True Ogre. Jin Kazama faces True Ogre and defeats him, avenging his mother. With Ogre out of the way, Jin's grandfather Heihachi shoots him, leaving him for dead. However, Jin survives, being revived by the Devil Gene he inherited from his father.", "", "\"Tekken Tag Tournament\" is the next installment, released in 1999 in arcades and as a launch title for the PlayStation 2 in 2000. Although the game is non-canonical to the storyline, it is considered a major entry to the franchise. In contrast to previous titles, \"Tekken Tag Tournament\" features tag battles and includes almost all of the \"Tekken\" characters in the series up until that point in time, for a total of 34 characters. The game ran on the same arcade board as \"Tekken 3\", and thus saw major graphical upgrades when ported to the PlayStation 2. The home version features remixes of the characters' themes from the arcade version, and also features a bonus \"Tekken\" Bowl mode. A remastered version of the game, \"Tekken Tag Tournament HD\", is included in the 2011 collection \"Tekken Hybrid\", which also contained a playable demo of \"Tekken Tag Tournament 2\" and the film \"Tekken: Blood Vengeance\".", "\"Tekken 4\" is the fifth installment and the next canonical game in the series, released in 2001 in arcades and 2002 for the PlayStation 2. Placing distinction on the story, the home version includes a new Story mode unlocks cutscenes when played, in contrast to previous installments in which such cutscenes were unlocked from playing the Arcade Mode. The game also harbores many gameplay revisions, including the ability for the player to move about before the round begins, as well as walled-stages. For the first time, the themes used in the arcade mode are the same ones put into the home version. There are 23 characters to choose from. The story reveals that Kazuya survived the fall into the volcano from 20 years prior, and enters the King of Iron Fist Tournament 4 to take back the Mishima Zaibatsu. In the canonical ending, Kazuya loses to Heihachi and his son Jin, who defeats Heihachi afterwards. Jin unwillingly transforms into his Devil form, but after glimpsing a vision of his mother, Jun (whom he had not seen in six years), he refrains from executing Heihachi.", "\"Tekken 5\" was released in arcades in 2004 and 2005 for the PlayStation 2, with a short period of time of transition from arcade to PlayStation, of two months in North America and four months in Japan. There are 32 characters to choose from, including for the first time, Devil Jin and Osaka's Asuka Kazama. Most of the characters who were removed from \"Tekken 3\" return in \"Tekken 5\". The home version includes a mode known as Devil Within, a variant of the \"Tekken\" Force mode introduced in \"Tekken 3\". In the canonical ending, Jin Kazama defeats his great-grandfather Jinpachi Mishima (who took over the Mishima Zaibatsu shortly after the ending events of \"Tekken 4\"), and inherits the Mishima Zaibatsu.", "", "Although \"Tekken\" games normally saw updates to the arcade versions, \"Tekken 5\" was the first installment in the series that had a revision significant enough that it was rereleased, with the subtitle \"Dark Resurrection\" in 2005. The game was ported to the PlayStation Portable in 2006 and features two new characters: Emilie \"Lili\" De Rochefort and Sergei Dragunov. Armor King was also reintroduced as a playable character in this revision. The game also introduces a ranking system to the series. The home version featured new modes, such as Ghost Mode, \"Tekken\" Dojo Mode, and the two bonus modes, Gold Rush mode, and a revised version of the \"Tekken\" Bowl mode introduced in \"Tekken Tag Tournament\". The Devil Within mode from the PlayStation 2 version however, was absent. Namco Bandai saw the fan demand for a console version and a port for the PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network was released in 2007, in full 1080p HD. The PlayStation 3 version also saw an update and was retitled \"Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection ONLINE\", marking the first time in the series that online play was featured. The PlayStation 3 version also made Jinpachi Mishima playable (but not online).", "\"Tekken 6\" was originally released in arcades in 2007, followed by an updated version in 2008 titled \"Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion\". The home version was based on \"Bloodline Rebellion\" and was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, marking the first time in the series that a game was multiplatform. The game features a Scenario Campaign mode, which follows gameplay from previous \"Tekken\" Force modes, which was playable online alongside standard versus. In the Scenario Campaign ending, after being defeated by Heihachi's illegitimate son Lars Alexandersson (who suffered amnesia at one point during the Scenario Campaign), Jin Kazama is revealed to have wreaked havoc and waged war on the world to fill it with negative energy and generate a physical manifestation of Azazel, so that he himself can face and kill him, which he believed that killing Azazel may purge Jin himself from the Devil Gene inside his body. After the battle, Jin's body is found by Raven, and the Devil Gene is still intact in his body.", "\"Tekken Tag Tournament 2\" was released in Japanese arcades in 2011. Its console version was released the next year and is based on the updated arcade version called \"Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Unlimited\" that contained new features. The Wii U version which serves as a launch title for the console includes a revised version of the \"Tekken\" Ball mode from \"Tekken 3\".", "", "In early 2014, Katsuhiro Harada expressed interest in continuing the series on PlayStation 4. \"Tekken 7\" was released in Japanese and Korean arcades in 2015. It is the first game in the series to be powered by the Unreal Engine. The game received an update, subtitled \"Fated Retribution\" and released to arcades on July 5, 2016, and featured the series' second, third, fourth and fifth guest characters, the guest characters appearing are Akuma from the \"Street Fighter\" franchise by Capcom, Geese Howard from SNK's fighting game franchises, Noctis Lucis Caelum from the \"Final Fantasy\" franchise by Square Enix and Negan from \"The Walking Dead\" franchise. The PlayStation 4 version was confirmed at Paris Games Week 2015, and features exclusive content as well as virtual reality support. The Xbox One and Microsoft Windows versions were released on June 2, 2017 alongside the PlayStation 4 version, and are based on the \"Fated Retribution\". In the canonical ending, considered the conclusion of the Mishima saga, Heihachi takes control of the Zaibatsu, and attempts to expose Kazuya of the Devil Gene. In the end, in their final battle, Kazuya kills Heihachi and throws him into an erupting volcano, whereas Jin, who recovered from his coma, declares that he must kill Kazuya to end the cursed Mishima bloodline. It was also revealed that Heihachi killed his wife Kazumi because of her possession of the Devil Gene and the fact that she had gained a split personality because of it, shortly after Kazuya was born.", "\"Tekken 3\" was also ported to the Game Boy Advance as \"Tekken Advance\" in 2001. \"Tekken 6\"-based \"\" was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2012. A free to play version of \"Tekken\" was released in 2013 for PSN as \"Tekken Revolution\". \"Tekken Card Challenge\" was released on the WonderSwan, a Japan-exclusive handheld, in 1999. A spin-off action adventure game featuring series' character Nina Williams as the protagonist, \"Death by Degrees\", released for the PS2 in 2005. Two mobile \"Tekken\" spin-off games were released in 2011: a 2D fighting game \"Tekken Resolute\", which was the first game not to include Heihachi Mishima, and \"Tekken Bowl\", the bowling mini-game from \"Tekken Tag Tournament\", for the iOS operating system. \"Tekken Bowl\" was first game not to include Yoshimitsu, Nina Williams, Paul Phoenix, or King. In 2013, a third mobile game titled \"Tekken Card Tournament\" was released by Namco Bandai to the App Store for iOS and Google Play Store on Android. That same year, Namco Bandai also released \"Tekken Arena\" to the Google Play Store on Android. On April 30, 2015, Namco released \"Galaga: Tekken 20th Anniversary Edition\", a mobile game variant of \"Galaga\" featuring characters from the franchise. It was originally announced on April 1, 2015. Namco and Capcom agreed to create crossover games of the \"Tekken\" and \"Street Fighter\" franchises. In 2012, \"Street Fighter X Tekken\" was released, followed by \"Tekken X Street Fighter\" (in development hell ). The former game was developed by Capcom and includes 2D gameplay mechanics as seen in \"Street Fighter IV\", whereas the latter game will be developed by Namco and will include the gameplay mechanics from \"Tekken Tag Tournament 2\". \"Pokkén Tournament\" was announced in August 2014, as a spin-off of the franchise set within the \"Pokémon\" franchise. It was initially released in Japan as an arcade game, but was released internationally on Wii U in 2016, and is also ported to Nintendo Switch. \"Tekken Mobile\", another spinoff, was released on March 1, 2018. Although it had a mixed reception from critics, it was well received by the public and exceeded one million downloads.", "\"Tekken\" was not originally conceived as a fighting game. The project began as an internal Namco test case for animating 3D character models, and eventually incorporated texture mapping similar to that found in Namco's 1993 racing game \"Ridge Racer\". Directed by \"Virtua Fighter\" designer Seiichi Ishii, \"Tekken\" was intended to be a fundamentally similar title, with the addition of detailed textures and twice the frame rate. \"Tekken 4\" received negative feedback to the point of being considered the worst installment within the series which led to major changes starting with \"5\". This was done thanks to the new engine provided by Namco. In retrospect, Harada believes \"Tekken 5\", and \"Tekken 6\", managed to attract a new group of fans, something \"Tekken 4\" failed to do.", "As with many fighting games, players choose a character from a lineup and engage in hand-to-hand combat with an opponent. Traditional fighting games are usually played with buttons which correspond to the strength of the attack, such as strong punch or weak kick. \"Tekken\", however, dedicates a button to each of the four limbs of the fighter. The gameplay system includes blocks, throws, escapes, and ground fighting. In the original \"Tekken\", players could only block attacks manually. From then on, starting with \"Tekken 2\", characters automatically block while not moving forward or performing actions, a feature called \"neutral guard.\" Standing or retreating characters will block high and middle attacks with no input from the player, while crouching characters will duck high attacks and block low ones. Normal middle attacks will hit crouching players, but some special mid-attacks can be blocked by both stand and crouching neutral guards. Meanwhile, pressing backwards will give the player an \"active guard\" that can withstand certain combo attacks that would normally penetrate the neutral guard. Some characters are equipped with parries and reversals that act like traditional \"press button to block\" systems. \"Tekken 3\" introduced several gameplay possibilities that were retained in later games, including the ability to sidestep into the foreground or background. \"Tekken 3\" and later games also reduced recovery time after being knocked down and gave characters rolls to recover instantly after hitting the ground, allowing the player to get back into the fight more quickly at the risk of being hit while rolling. \"Tekken 4\" gave characters even greater mobility by adding true 3D movement inside geometrically complex arenas with uneven ground, obstacles, and walls. The 3D gameplay allows damaging side and back throws as a reward for outmaneuvering the opponent, as well as evasive attacks that develop directly from a sidestep. \"Tekken 5\" saw a combination of walled and infinite arenas, while discarding uneven ground. \"Tekken 6\" retains much of the design from \"Tekken 5\" but also includes a \"Rage\" mode, which activates when a character is near the end of his vitality bar and earns a damage multiplier. \"Bound\" hits were also added, in which a player connected with an airborne opponent will place him in an inescapable grounded state, allowing combo extensions. \"Tekken 6\" also has destructible floors and walls that allow the fighters to blast through to new fighting areas when broken. \"Tekken Tag Tournament 2\" retains these elements while also adding a new kind of stage break (\"balcony breaks\", which is a combination of floor and wall breaks where characters will go through a breakable wall and fall to a lower level in the same sequence). \"Tag 2\" specific features include Tag Assaults (cooperative combos triggered by hitting a Bound and a tag at the same time) and Tag Crashes (an emergency tag occurring when downed and the partner is currently in Rage). \"Tekken 7\" introduces some movement changes to the \"Tekken\" formula. The back walk animation is now similar to \"Tekken Revolution\", featuring a more fluid movement away from the opponent as opposed to a slower shuffle. Regular back rolling from a grounded state has been removed and instead replaced with a new rising animation and performing a \"ankle kick\" (kicking the standing opponent while laying face up on the ground) is now accompanied by a new back roll to help create separation. Balcony breaks from \"Tag Tournament 2\" are present and function similarly to how they did in solo play. New features include \"Power Crushes\" (an attack that cannot be interrupted by regular attacks once the animation has begun) and \"Rage Arts\" (attacks that can only be used when your character has hit a Raged state near the end of their vitality meter, sacrificing the Rage mode to perform the attack). Bound has been mostly removed save for specific situations (certain moves can cause a Bound if not comboed into and all low parries will cause a Bound effect, similar to \"Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion\"; floor breaks now result in an effect similar to a Tag Assault in \"Tag 2\" rather than a standard Bound) and instead characters now have more frequent access to an \"Aerial Tailspin\" effect (an attack that throws an opponent backwards onto their head as opposed to straight downwards, although it is still inescapable once triggered which means the combo can continue).", "Players can choose from a diverse cast that hails from a variety of ethnic backgrounds and fighting styles. A few characters have supernatural origin, such as Devil, Alisa Bosconovitch, Angel, Mokujin, Ogre and Azazel, while animal characters like Kuma, Panda, the Roger family, and Alex provide comic relief. In the story mode of the game, each character generally has their own personal reasons for entering the tournament and competing for the prize. The protagonist of the series has varied between installments; the character ending of each canon game determines the protagonist of each. Kazuya Mishima was the protagonist in the original game, his father Heihachi Mishima was the protagonist of \"Tekken 2\" and \"Tekken 7\", and Jin Kazama has been the protagonist since his debut in \"Tekken 3\" until \"Tekken 6\". The conflict between the Mishima family within multiple generations serves as the main conflict to the series' plot according to Katsuhiro Harada who describes it as a simple struggle. Although Lars Alexandersson among other characters are not fully related to them, they serve as major characters within \"Tekken 6\" where Jin serves as the main antagonist instead of his relatives. Characters with background connections in the story typically have styles or moves in common. For example, Heihachi and Kazuya Mishima, by virtues of familial connection and studying under the same Advanced Mishima Style Fighting Karate discipline, have very similar moves and a signature \"crouch dash\" stance for pretty much their entire appearances in the series. Jin Kazama, when he debuted, also had the same Mishima fighting style, though he mixed this with Kazama Style Traditional Martial Arts as practiced by his mother, Jun Kazama. For storyline reasons, starting on \"Tekken 4\", he forwent this in favor of Traditional Karate, a completely different discipline that technically made him an entirely different character, while his old movelist was given to his demonic form, Devil Jin. Meanwhile, there are some characters who were formerly clones of each other before they diverged and gained unique moves, such as Lee Chaolan (a clone of Marshall Law), Anna Williams (a clone of her sister, Nina), and Armor King (a clone of King). Still further, there are also characters who are replacements or \"successors\" of older characters; this happened principally in \"Tekken 3\" due to the significant time skip, though some older characters later returned alongside their successors anyway. Examples include Julia Chang (replacing her adoptive mother, Michelle), Hwoarang (replacing his mentor, Baek Doo San, who later returned) and as mentioned above, Jin Kazama (replacing both of his parents, Kazuya and Jun, the former of whom later returned, while the latter was replaced by Asuka Kazama). Some \"Tekken\" characters have been featured as guest characters in other video games, such as \"Anna Kournikova's Smash Court Tennis\", \"\", \"\", \"Pac-Man Fever\", \"PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale\", \"Ridge Racer 6\", \"Smash Court Tennis Pro Tournament 2\", \"Soulcalibur II\" and \"Urban Reign\", as well as in some crossover role-playing video games, including \"Cross Edge\", \"Namco × Capcom\", \"Project X Zone\", \"Project X Zone 2\", \"Queen's Gate: Spiral Chaos\" and \"The King of Fighters All Star\".", "", "\"\", a two-part OVA anime series, was released in Japan in 1998. It was developed by Studio Deen and directed by Kunihisa Sugishima. Its story follows Kazuya Mishima's revenge against his father Heihachi in the King of Iron Fist Tournament. \"\", a full-length CGI-animated film in Digital 3D directed by Youichi Mouri, premiered in the United States in 2011 and was released in Japan two months later that same year. Digital Frontier developed and Bandai Entertainment distributed the film. \"Blood Vengeance\" is an alternate retelling between the events of \"Tekken 5\" and \"Tekken 6\". It was released in Japan in December 2011 as a part of the \"Tekken Hybrid\" collection.", "\"Tekken\" is a live-action film directed by Dwight H. Little and starring Jon Foo, Ian Anthony Dale and Kelly Overton. It was released at the AFI Film Festival on November 5, 2009 and in Japan on March 20, 2010 through Warner Bros.. The film focuses on Jin Kazama who enters into the King of Iron Fist Tournament after his mother's death. Katsuhiro Harada, director of the \"Tekken\" video game series, has panned the film. A prequel to the 2009 film titled \"\" was released direct-to-DVD on August 12, 2014. It is directed by Wych Kaosayananda and stars Kane Kosugi and Kelly Wenham, with Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa and Gary Daniels returning from the first film. Variety reports that Paul Stevens will produce a Tekken remake with China's company Financing City Network. \"Tekken Tag Tournament 2\", a live-action short film by Wild Stunt Europe, was released on Namco Bandai Games Europe's YouTube channel on October 19, 2012.", "There have been five printed adaptations of the \"Tekken\" games. Knightstone Comics published both \"Tekken Saga\" and \"Tekken 2\", released in October 1997 and September 1998 respectively. Both comics were written by John Kim and illustrated by Walter McDaniel. \"Tekken Forever\", a comic book by Dave Chi, illustrated by Paco Diaz, and published by Image Comics in December 2001, features a story that focused on the Kazama family and also the Unknown character from \"Tekken Tag Tournament\". is a manga written by Keiichi Suzuki and published by Shogakukan, which was collected in two tankōbon volumes with the first one on December 5, 2000 and the second one on April 5, 2001. \"Tekken Comic\" is a manga illustrated by Rui Takato and published by Ultra Egg Jump in 2009. Although the story leads up to the King of Iron Fist Tournament 6, it is non-canonical to the main video game series. In October 2016, Titan Comics announced a new \"Tekken\" comic book, a four-issue mini-series by Cavan Scott, illustrated by Andie Tong, and published in mid-2017. The series takes place between \"Tekken 6\" and \"7\", and deals with Jin struggling against the Devil within him. Characters and settings from the series also appear in the collectible card game \"Universal Fighting System\" by Fantasy Flight Games and in \"Epic Battles\" by Score Entertainment.", "Critical reception to the games has been positive with, the series peaking in 1997 with \"Tekken 3\" receiving an average of 96% at Metacritic and GameRankings, and to this day considered one of the greatest fighting games of all time. In 1999, \"Next Generation\" listed the \"Tekken\" series as number 12 on their \"Top 50 Games of All Time\", commenting that, \"In the transition from 16-bit to 32-bit, \"Tekken\" stole the crown from \"Street Fighter\" as the king of modern brawlers with addictive fighting in its rawest form.\" Developers of non-\"Tekken\" games have commented on the series in various ways. Ed Boon, the co-creator of \"Mortal Kombat\", revealed in one of his interviews with GamePro that his favorite fighting game out of his competitors is \"Tekken\". Both Sega and Namco have shown interest in a possible crossover between \"Virtua Fighter\" and \"Tekken\", which came in the form of \"Project X Zone\" and its sequel for the 3DS. The series has often been labelled as a \"rival\" to \"Virtua Fighter\" as the two became the most famous 3D fighting game series. On the other hand, Tomonobu Itagaki, designer of the \"Dead or Alive\" series, expressed dislike for the \"Tekken\" franchise to the point of placing it as one of his most hated games. In 2004's \"Shaun of the Dead\", characters Pete, Shaun, and Ed \"stayed up all night, drinking apple schnapps and playing \"Tekken 2\".\" \"Tekken 3\" is considered one of the greatest games of all time. In 2012, \"Complex\" ranked \"Tekken\" at number 11 on the list of the best video game franchises, commenting: \"Just when we thought that the \"Street Fighter\" franchise was going to be the epitome of fighting games, \"Tekken\" came to make it share its portion of the knuckle-busting pie. \"Tekken\" has cult-like fans who live and breathe the moves and storylines.\"", "As of December 2019, the \"Tekken\" franchise sold over 49 million units of games, with a large portion of sales achieved while being exclusive to the PlayStation series of consoles. \"Tekken 3\", which is critically the most successful in the series, is also the most successful commercially as well, having sold 8.3 million copies to date, with 1.4 million in Japan. \"Tekken 3\" is the second best selling fighting game of all time, just behind \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\".", "Since the series has a long history of being exclusive to PlayStation along with the arcade cabinets running on PlayStation hardware, \"Tekken\" has been associated closely with the PlayStation brand. Katsuhiro Harada has stated that PlayStation remains the main platform of development for \"Tekken\". The first game in the series was the first PlayStation game to sell over a million units, which earned it a \"Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition\" award in 2008, among other awards including \"First Fighting Game To Feature Simulated 3D\", and a record for the entire series, \"The Best Selling Fighting Series for PlayStation Consoles.\" \"Tekken Tag Tournament\" was one of the most popular launch titles for the PlayStation 2. Another game developed by Namco, \"Soulcalibur II\", included exclusive characters for different console versions and featured Heihachi Mishima, a character that has been in all \"Tekken\" games and the protagonist of \"Tekken 2\", exclusive to the PlayStation 2 version. He was also playable in \"PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale\" and is Harada's favorite character in the series. Jin Kazama, the protagonist of the series, is often recognized as a PlayStation mascot. \"Tekken 7\"s PlayStation 4 announcement trailer featured a retrospective celebration of \"20 Years of \"Tekken\"\", and the PlayStation 4 version of the game features exclusive content from previous titles in the series, including character costumes and musical tracks. The PlayStation 4 version was the best selling version of the game, and provided a 6% boost in hardware sales in Japan. While PlayStation Classic was not well received by the public, \"Tekken 3\" was included in the preloaded collection. \"Tekken 3\" is also available in all regions. In May 2012, Namco Bandai opened Tekken Museum in Osaka, Japan. The museum showcases goods, action figures, artworks, life-size statues of \"Tekken\" characters, and various merchandise. The items on display are rotated regularly so that the museum is worth multiple visits." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 25730, 25, 7, 5744, 68894, 32692, 237, 10, 69941, 111, 198395, 84797, 140280, 7, 80723, 678, 70, 44, 111345, 4745, 23924, 21629, 25515, 4, 171512, 58, 15, 161818, 538, 35839, 70, 44, 11935, 13480, 1363, 25515, 4, 171512, 58, 23, 25730, 194, 3293, 27992, 70163, 71, 70, 192859, 111, 25730, 15, 35613, 200086, 136, 5813, 33970, 16, 678, 10070, 155400, 399, 136, 2356, 32173, 7, 44726, 3934, 10, 26977, 191, 28032, 70, 56101, 145359, 5, 25730, 30666, 297, 10, 231601, 20623, 27759, 678, 10, 223606, 111, 25730, 5, 62, 62493, 42, 9082, 211394, 297, 70, 171484, 289, 115, 2449, 111, 70, 56101, 1061, 814, 38529, 98, 180972, 221, 379, 5, 209683, 70767, 7, 190659, 28032, 12638, 140280, 5, 262, 61518, 903, 58963, 53, 4, 70, 14098, 117604, 7464, 1902, 70, 14537, 47, 27047, 67, 100, 25730, 4, 136, 25730, 509, 4911, 7, 7464, 8437, 538, 10, 15970, 9, 168080, 214, 56101, 46512, 53, 5, 581, 44, 135206, 6743, 111, 231601, 66426, 58, 184750, 70, 56101, 223606, 25, 7, 14537, 47, 27047, 67, 100, 25730, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 100, 70, 3789, 26977, 5245, 15, 231833, 378, 1138, 254, 3674, 37719, 4, 24036, 71232, 47, 34578, 268, 4, 70, 120552, 5153, 22836, 4, 2356, 138059, 378, 1138, 254, 3674, 40191, 268, 4, 70, 32528, 111, 25134, 36941, 4, 136, 70, 26977, 191, 111, 2356, 151645, 1760, 378, 86, 814, 12540, 47314, 4, 33284, 297, 25730, 23, 45604, 268, 247, 117934, 15, 39797, 5, 13956, 70, 26977, 191, 50336, 297, 136, 78205, 71, 47, 163628, 27047, 1363, 5, 3293, 4911, 7, 1902, 70, 21543, 111, 20662, 25730, 10, 44, 112, 1129, 107, 58, 95934, 38529, 64857, 5, 581, 56101, 23924, 21629, 15, 5021, 5, 4958, 25515, 4, 45604, 509, 2843, 115081, 390, 70, 56101, 223606, 4, 68772, 70, 223606, 111, 25730, 88551, 171484, 289, 37938, 6238, 14537, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 678, 25730, 25, 7, 106689, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 1379, 70, 113427, 13, 111, 231601, 15, 39797, 5, 361, 27750, 16, 70, 56101, 223606, 2843, 10267, 122009, 70, 14537, 47, 10, 25965, 70, 22799, 180972, 171484, 289, 44830, 90, 4, 24, 110987, 70, 56101, 23924, 21629, 25515, 7, 5, 360, 21543, 4, 142, 27992, 111, 70, 44, 111345, 4745, 58, 223606, 509, 56065, 47, 3249, 24233, 65572, 47, 70, 180972, 171484, 5, 262, 5259, 23, 70, 54657, 1363, 111, 70, 180972, 171484, 509, 4743, 23, 21334, 2831, 47, 70, 92635, 111, 106689, 50509, 214, 10, 55300, 100, 37938, 6238, 70, 171484, 450, 2806, 186, 213850, 47, 756, 111, 70, 140280, 7, 4, 106480, 5813, 33970, 5, 581, 44, 441, 98516, 25515, 24427, 58, 509, 115081, 390, 70, 223606, 111, 70, 14098, 117604, 23, 57553, 47, 70, 50336, 1295, 70, 223606, 111, 25730, 47, 5646, 645, 180210, 100, 37938, 6238, 6863, 10002, 171484, 5, 24372, 51, 3454, 2179, 214, 9807, 118, 21094, 678, 70, 84773, 27759, 7, 4, 56195, 33744, 58807, 19419, 112, 916, 502, 164779, 297, 450, 70, 30361, 223606, 2806, 228038, 538, 54657, 67, 70, 171484, 5, 24372, 183851, 91067, 7, 390, 70, 140280, 7, 4, 70, 174620, 52341, 111, 25730, 79986, 71, 23, 70, 44, 222071, 2320, 215996, 58, 450, 84773, 149707, 509, 959, 8437, 538, 63559, 4, 1284, 47, 54, 221, 15490, 193984, 149707, 2806, 186, 2304, 1294, 47, 10, 4989, 144057, 171484, 289, 101805, 5, 19419, 112, 916, 214493, 297, 23, 158, 686, 60636, 300, 86, 140280, 7, 1810, 111, 1492, 47, 149707, 47, 54657, 1363, 390, 53520, 214, 47, 70, 66044, 111, 10, 11205, 76228, 144057, 100700, 13, 47, 17475, 70, 38415, 111, 70, 180972, 110373, 56, 111, 38927, 136, 129168, 7, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 35107, 7, 20271, 10, 23972, 33744, 7, 25, 108870, 136, 3789, 43967, 65572, 23, 7582, 26771, 5, 360, 70, 17274, 4, 5896, 74057, 7, 111, 223606, 43374, 71, 26548, 70, 44, 39450, 18, 830, 26719, 744, 78771, 4935, 136, 611, 239, 38648, 10646, 7, 4, 1059, 1916, 50509, 7, 645, 25730, 25, 7, 11015, 324, 5967, 257, 674, 111, 5813, 33970, 136, 3157, 124524, 3395, 7, 15, 162, 189232, 297, 678, 208844, 390, 16162, 3751, 4273, 29764, 23, 1919, 7199, 17990, 7, 44, 97315, 22553, 1295, 70, 60861, 58, 3142, 128512, 2685, 509, 10176, 177986, 1295, 70, 56101, 27759, 47, 452, 6953, 70, 44, 39450, 18, 740, 33306, 4, 3525, 25188, 3934, 60525, 111, 70, 94037, 9925, 5372, 27759, 117414, 450, 130891, 1902, 85583, 50509, 7, 1672, 70, 190440, 191, 111, 70, 44, 54694, 11, 27201, 110373, 56, 111, 38927, 136, 129168, 7, 58, 28032, 70, 44, 441, 98516, 25515, 740, 16995, 111, 903, 50509, 78114, 71, 1295, 120820, 111, 18782, 70, 56101, 75204, 1672, 442, 1295, 84773, 39329, 7, 4, 1284, 2843, 6637, 70, 110373, 56, 1379, 2962, 71, 70, 24702, 133, 111, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 111780, 11, 2408, 4, 3129, 24189, 450, 1733, 1902, 11343, 2809, 10, 56458, 60213, 111, 11907, 27759, 17823, 1814, 214, 70, 231601, 5426, 5, 194397, 40059, 116, 111, 70, 44, 441, 98516, 25515, 24427, 830, 70, 14098, 117604, 134620, 6863, 83687, 674, 678, 53333, 10, 25965, 9035, 47, 70, 180972, 171484, 5, 581, 50491, 100, 37938, 6238, 70, 163965, 25515, 4, 24427, 8110, 9969, 538, 678, 6863, 16995, 310, 4, 64457, 111, 70, 115723, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 50491, 186607, 449, 70, 185610, 25, 7, 25674, 62, 63481, 100, 22, 2263, 1916, 27047, 1363, 5, 51404, 70, 44, 441, 98516, 25515, 24427, 58, 75204, 121678, 10, 63481, 98, 11994, 30777, 24427, 23, 9020, 4, 442, 509, 959, 24189, 70, 44109, 36997, 71, 25730, 70, 25632, 31150, 450, 70, 44, 11935, 13480, 1363, 25515, 4, 24427, 830, 6863, 180972, 183234, 4, 509, 502, 164779, 297, 390, 120820, 33407, 237, 10, 33908, 31667, 13984, 390, 70, 44109, 20271, 604, 169424, 23, 25730, 5, 25730, 25, 7, 44, 11935, 13480, 1363, 25515, 4, 24427, 58, 509, 181141, 3934, 27165, 390, 72542, 1995, 237, 44109, 111, 25730, 98, 7071, 21567, 24427, 98, 223606, 37639, 23, 45152, 7978, 5, 44109, 72542, 25, 7, 171484, 289, 14537, 7, 645, 25730, 3542, 959, 195052, 390, 70, 27992, 4, 136, 2412, 47143, 7, 44109, 136, 44816, 111, 22836, 111, 25730, 5, 25730, 1556, 28484, 95934, 38529, 939, 237, 142, 41371, 23295, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 25730, 25515, 24427, 15, 159027, 501, 5, 534, 74, 1388, 83, 142, 27992, 111, 70, 223606, 111, 70, 14098, 117604, 3129, 509, 22, 11, 89829, 15, 162, 11341, 71, 23, 70, 19542, 40099, 16, 99, 70, 50336, 111, 70, 223606, 111, 25730, 4, 47, 44, 95543, 2182, 58, 25730, 25, 7, 171484, 4, 86658, 70, 14537, 111, 70, 56101, 223606, 47, 10, 25965, 70, 163965, 111, 25730, 5, 581, 27992, 2843, 23113, 538, 134620, 70, 44, 107, 75616, 136, 149707, 58, 125034, 7, 111, 70, 113427, 13, 111, 231601, 66426, 23, 41911, 47, 25730, 4, 7440, 1272, 70, 56101, 366, 150, 11533, 1902, 10, 4537, 14537, 47, 27875, 131703, 65042, 214, 47, 25730, 99, 6863, 10002, 50336, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Enactment.", "Proclamation by the Queen of Canada." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Canada's modern political history as a union of previously separate provinces began with the \"British North America Act, 1867\" (officially called the \"Constitution Act, 1867\" in Canada). This act combined the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec) with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into a Dominion within the British Empire. Canada adopted a Westminster style government with a Parliament of Canada. A Governor General fulfilled the constitutional duties of the British Sovereign on Canadian soil. Similar arrangements applied within each province. Despite this autonomy, the United Kingdom still had the power to legislate for Canada, and Canada was thus still legally a self-governing British colony. The \"Statute of Westminster 1931\" removed the British Parliament's power to legislate for Canada, as well as for the other Dominions (Australia [adopted 1942, retroactive to 1939], the Irish Free State, New Zealand [adopted 1947], the Union of South Africa, and the Dominion of Newfoundland [never ratified, joined Canada in 1949]), unless (sec. 4) the Dominion requested and consented to Imperial legislation. This thus had the effect of making Canada a \"de jure\" sovereign nation. The British North America (No. 2) Act, 1949 was also passed by the British Parliament, giving the Parliament of Canada significant constitutional amending powers. However, with Canada's agreement at the time, under the Statute of Westminster (sec. 7(1)) the British Parliament also retained the power to amend the key Canadian constitutional statutes, namely the British North America Acts. In effect, an act of the \"British\" Parliament was required to make certain changes to the Canadian constitution. Delay in the patriation of the Canadian constitution was due in large part to the lack of agreement concerning a method for amending the constitution that would be acceptable to all of the provinces, particularly Quebec.", "The \"Canada Act 1982\" was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in response to the request from the Parliament of Canada to take over authority for amending its own constitution. After unpromising negotiations with the provincial governments, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau proclaimed that the federal Parliament would unilaterally patriate the constitution. After numerous references by the provinces, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the \"Patriation Reference\" that provincial consent was not legally necessary, but to do so without substantial consent would be contrary to a longstanding constitutional convention. Trudeau succeeded in convincing nine provinces out of ten to consent to patriation by agreeing to the addition of a Notwithstanding Clause to limit the application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as a result of discussions during a First Ministers' conference and other minor changes in November 1981. In the UK, 44 Members of Parliament voted against the \"Act\", including 24 Conservative and 16 Labour MPs, citing concerns over Canada's past mistreatment of Quebec and Aboriginal peoples (as recalled with frustration by Jean Chrétien in his memoirs \"Straight from the Heart\"); overall there was little opposition from the British government to passing the \"Act\". However, new research into documents of the Margaret Thatcher government indicate that Britain had serious concerns about the inclusion of the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\" within the \"Canada Act\". Part of this concern stemmed from letters of protest the British received about it from provincial actors, but also because the Charter undermined the principle of parliamentary supremacy, which until that time had always been a core feature of every government practising the Westminster system. Through section 2 of the \"Canada Act 1982\", the United Kingdom ended its involvement with further amendments to the Canadian constitution. The procedure for amending the Constitution Act, 1982 must comply with its Part V, instead of the usual parliamentary procedure requiring the monarch's Royal Assent for enacting legislation.", "While the \"Canada Act 1982\" received royal assent on March 29, 1982 in London, it was not until the Queen visited Canada the following month that the \"Constitution Act, 1982\", its Canadian equivalent, was proclaimed by letters patent as a statutory instrument by the Queen during her presence in Canada. Canada's \"Constitution Act, 1982\" was signed into law by Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada on April 17, 1982 on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. Queen Elizabeth's constitutional powers over Canada were not affected by the act, and she remains Queen and Head of State of Canada. Canada has complete sovereignty as an independent country, however, and the Queen's role as monarch of Canada is separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 729, 2839, 110297, 111, 70, 43904, 111, 70, 2907, 5, 155484, 32547, 118666, 53, 54529, 297, 1672, 201, 92498, 46512, 64370, 4, 70, 144732, 103122, 23, 25730, 5, 6619, 8382, 4, 106, 112694, 158930, 1379, 70, 92416, 111, 5813, 33970, 4, 6, 92498, 1379, 70, 92416, 111, 8302, 164, 9, 1052, 4371, 109634, 136, 116, 79674, 1379, 70, 92416, 111, 162604, 5, 581, 43904, 509, 153161, 28720, 74, 5813, 33970, 1902, 201, 4, 10715, 23, 109261, 16037, 74, 8302, 164, 9, 1052, 4371, 109634, 1902, 6, 134808, 74, 136, 162604, 1902, 201, 4, 5955, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 22376, 4, 164018, 13, 25674, 13, 1902, 6, 92498, 23, 109261, 16037, 15, 4390, 3129, 106, 4, 4283, 3542, 23, 37405, 168519, 247, 136, 164018, 13, 12190, 9, 11670, 66, 1902, 2101, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 62, 408, 3390, 1902, 6, 112694, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 262, 26885, 660, 98, 25730, 3542, 70, 44, 104709, 7, 104, 25, 33, 42522, 58, 15, 34, 8079, 76726, 247, 10, 18410, 181991, 53, 144477, 136, 65272, 111, 162604, 4, 29256, 214, 70, 28271, 111, 70, 32774, 43157, 7, 136, 115851, 214, 237, 2060, 3934, 70, 23924, 15672, 72852, 237, 70, 92265, 1902, 88898, 71, 5, 117371, 729, 2489, 4, 3229, 442, 405, 48141, 181991, 53, 47, 70, 3525, 46512, 53, 111, 165014, 4, 442, 115851, 297, 237, 2060, 127067, 237, 70, 199937, 74831, 5, 23924, 111, 70, 32774, 43157, 7, 4, 10, 29752, 4, 12190, 13, 9, 63344, 13, 54940, 70, 11872, 5245, 4, 509, 170920, 23, 611, 9323, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 219776, 111, 70, 11872, 191, 5368, 1760, 23, 611, 12977, 390, 70, 87, 516, 30922, 164, 4, 70, 92265, 163684, 297, 70, 29752, 61261, 136, 25737, 70, 16128, 5, 360, 2367, 621, 18925, 200086, 136, 70, 8394, 48850, 1645, 14, 10484, 4, 67842, 71702, 32323, 136, 10204, 7, 3542, 88303, 6044, 237, 19953, 8322, 19, 4166, 46449, 23, 611, 22377, 15, 257, 5744, 139808, 9631, 4, 200086, 247, 19953, 43643, 33, 2263, 23, 611, 13574, 15, 160351, 25, 7, 87703, 1507, 4, 200086, 247, 19953, 12190, 58807, 23, 729, 5016, 15, 86, 147, 5744, 19953, 9942, 7, 4, 200086, 247, 19953, 12190, 28166, 23, 729, 6460, 15, 191, 43157, 111, 70, 39076, 7, 105866, 98, 79949, 1755, 18481, 98, 70, 23924, 25617, 2393, 133, 111, 186672, 16, 136, 19953, 56709, 91374, 23, 729, 2525, 15, 160351, 25, 7, 90915, 194, 581, 29752, 136, 71702, 1305, 99, 72913, 18, 8694, 5, 24479, 23175, 123641, 2806, 14432, 186, 65450, 390, 70, 25730, 1104, 8762, 132988, 5, 581, 92265, 9615, 19929, 7, 23, 70, 44, 104709, 7, 104, 25, 33, 42522, 58, 54940, 136, 127067, 111, 70, 32774, 43157, 7, 3542, 19953, 1520, 11, 17117, 23175, 101839, 15, 86, 147, 5744, 44389, 7, 35461, 4, 2356, 5753, 247, 19953, 15678, 272, 587, 7745, 23175, 111256, 15, 86, 147, 70, 13379, 1764, 111, 15678, 272, 1311, 7745, 4, 199937, 4, 10, 165473, 275, 111, 1460, 28957, 4, 199937, 247, 19953, 12190, 180611, 23175, 112916, 15, 191, 43157, 73025, 73, 23, 220474, 247, 19953, 2907, 5, 33876, 23175, 111885, 15, 191, 70, 127067, 9022, 840, 18, 6275, 111, 2907, 5, 33876, 18481, 4, 200086, 98, 43157, 11872, 191, 247, 19953, 43601, 9254, 1517, 73, 115, 17848, 2955, 217, 21067, 100991, 15, 160351, 25, 7, 166504, 4, 158115, 247, 19953, 84763, 2104, 35572, 875, 2263, 21067, 62155, 15, 191, 70, 7832, 14481, 111, 4727, 875, 2263, 99, 4727, 26658, 434, 6406, 4, 158115, 247, 19953, 69563, 21067, 62155, 15, 49748, 19953, 162375, 4, 122069, 247, 19953, 239, 9631, 13, 21067, 59741, 15, 160351, 25, 7, 15497, 9631, 4, 220474, 247, 136, 19953, 91006, 3467, 157, 164, 21067, 80847, 15, 73, 171230, 52649, 16070, 4, 18621, 1132, 13, 47064, 4, 186672, 194, 38396, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 68016, 17166, 7, 9, 71, 25, 33, 9, 6495, 1003, 58, 15005, 7, 47, 10, 18150, 54529, 53, 14834, 2481, 23, 70, 124103, 17996, 10776, 111, 70, 13379, 192859, 111, 5813, 33970, 4, 144477, 111, 162604, 4, 12960, 70, 36770, 17166, 7, 104, 25, 33, 42522, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 59338, 111, 162604, 5, 360, 6863, 9782, 27165, 4, 114122, 7, 4, 136, 70, 15380, 128746, 111, 70, 144732, 111, 6863, 43904, 4, 70, 39457, 42, 47, 70, 92265, 46512, 53, 111, 25730, 83, 70, 192859, 111, 5813, 33970, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 441, 98516, 58, 1543, 2843, 15005, 47, 18925, 25, 7, 180972, 37846, 1363, 75935, 23, 171512, 4, 707, 70, 186768, 192859, 111, 25730, 4, 10, 56101, 46512, 53, 48402, 214, 127067, 9022, 200086, 136, 127067, 9022, 5813, 33970, 15, 107, 2875, 2822, 47, 107013, 538, 237, 26655, 56, 25730, 136, 61187, 56, 25730, 3229, 1836, 3542, 61261, 84797, 56101, 46512, 3387, 41928, 47, 543, 123001, 5, 1326, 36160, 26551, 5813, 33970, 1314, 4, 9498, 56, 6496, 2363, 117781, 5844, 7432, 1295, 14941, 25730, 1556, 2809, 186768, 538, 5526, 4, 106480, 16792, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 158, 99736, 6635, 5813, 33970, 15889, 8780, 1740, 1295, 70, 7644, 126, 135555, 111, 70, 23936, 7, 5, 36160, 26551, 5813, 33970, 1314, 1221, 127298, 27983, 4527, 70, 13579, 44, 46568, 9942, 58, 15, 16, 3229, 15005, 2852, 47, 25730, 15, 46568, 9942, 247, 136, 70, 13579, 4, 99, 1632, 1733, 11814, 47, 15005, 47, 70, 92265, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 43904, 7, 111, 190070, 25730, 4, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 70, 13579, 15, 919, 982, 206, 9, 54694, 11, 27201, 247, 136, 1286, 78684, 390, 5, 68320, 3611, 10840, 111, 70, 7311, 92265, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 43904, 111, 25730, 15, 46568, 9942, 16, 5036, 38043, 50782, 111, 5813, 33970, 621, 5036, 27983, 15005, 2822, 47, 390, 91067, 47, 2363, 43581, 140280, 111, 45606, 329, 4, 6044, 237, 36160, 9, 20320, 92812, 5, 36160, 26551, 43904, 7, 23, 70, 198995, 13, 140280, 7, 34955, 1295, 144477, 1177, 48850, 2356, 32173, 7, 44726, 621, 4, 49903, 4, 1286, 47041, 47, 186, 60887, 297, 1295, 70, 9615, 603, 7, 111, 70, 92265, 46512, 53, 111, 62, 408, 3390, 4, 136, 127298, 7464, 11782, 61261, 62, 25426, 72004, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 46512, 53, 111, 25730, 509, 10, 92265, 46512, 53, 28032, 70, 150679, 181991, 53, 111, 2356, 9942, 4, 5117, 63043, 297, 23, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 18813, 111, 9942, 23, 423, 5843, 20271, 70, 17932, 41055, 111, 117085, 3980, 31182, 4, 14432, 47, 24209, 21334, 538, 2831, 111, 70, 5744, 23295, 111, 25730, 5, 581, 2565, 44, 441, 98516, 58, 99, 903, 6275, 15005, 2822, 47, 70, 181991, 53, 33233, 70, 12190, 155484, 32547, 4, 7068, 51529, 237, 70, 25730, 96113, 4, 1295, 78822, 13, 18481, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 47, 10, 6275, 17721, 5813, 33970, 136, 8302, 164, 9, 1052, 4371, 109634, 4, 102971, 903, 181991, 53, 1902, 6782, 538, 71062, 297, 390, 48463, 5, 92265, 64222, 5256, 136475, 44, 309, 188, 70, 6, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Settled country.", "\"Pays d'en Haut\".", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "A 1740 survey of the population of the St. Lawrence River valley counted about 44,000 colonists, the majority born in Canada. Of those, 18,000 lived under the Government of Quebec, 4,000 under the Government of Trois-Rivières and 22,000 under the Government of Montreal. The population was mostly rural; Quebec had 4,600 inhabitants; Trois-Rivières had 378; and Montreal had 4,200 inhabitants. Also, Île Royale had 4,000 inhabitants (of which 1,500 were in Louisbourg), and Île Saint-Jean had 500 inhabitants. Acadia had 8,000 inhabitants.", "Dependent on Canada were the \"Pays d'en Haut\" (upper countries), a vast territory north and west of Montreal, covering the whole of the Great Lakes and stretching as far into the North American continent as the French had explored. Before 1717, when it ceded territory to the new colony of Louisiana, it stretched as far south as the Illinois Country. North of the Great Lakes, a mission, Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, was established in 1639. Following the destruction of the Huron homeland in 1649 by the Iroquois, the French destroyed the mission themselves and left the area. In what are today Ontario and the eastern prairies, various trading posts and forts were built such as Fort Kaministiquia in 1679 (at modern Thunder Bay, Ontario), Fort Frontenac in 1673 (today's Kingston, Ontario), Fort Saint Pierre in 1731 (near modern Fort Frances, Ontario), Fort Saint Charles in 1732 (on Lake of the Woods located on Magnusens Island on the Northwest Angle of Minnesota) and Fort Rouillé in 1750 (today's Toronto). The mission and trading post at Sault Ste. Marie (1688) would later be split by the Canada–US border. The French settlements in the \"Pays d'en Haut\" among and south of the Great Lakes were Fort Niagara (1678) (near modern Youngstown, New York), Fort Crevecoeur (1680) (near the present site of Creve Coeur, Illinois, a suburb of Peoria, Illinois), Fort Saint Antoine (1686) (on Lake Pepin in Wisconsin), Fort St. Joseph (1691) (on the southernmost point of St. Joseph Island, Ontario on Lake Huron), Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit (1701) (today's Detroit, Michigan), Fort Michilimackinac (1715) (on the Straits of Mackinac at Mackinaw City, Michigan), Fort Miami (1715) (modern Fort Wayne, Indiana), Fort La Baye (1717) (today's Green Bay, Wisconsin), and Fort Beauharnois (1727) (in Florence Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota). Today, the term \"Les Pays-d'en-Haut\" refers to a regional county municipality in the Laurentides region of the present Province of Quebec, north of Montreal, while the former Pays d'en Haut was part of the District of Montreal.", "In its civil law, customs, and the cultural aspects of the majority of its population, the successor to the French colony of Canada is the Province of Quebec. The term \"Canada\" may also refer to today's Canadian federation created in 1867, or the historical Province of Canada, a British colony comprising southern Ontario and southern Quebec (referred to respectively as Upper Canada and Lower Canada when they were themselves separate British colonies prior to 1841). For Francophone Quebecers, preserving their distinctiveness from English Canada has been historically important, particularly since the rise of contemporary Quebec nationalism dating from the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. Francophone Quebecers will therefore often use the term \"New France\" () when referring to Canada (New France), and the term, at one time used to refer to the French-speaking populations of colonial Canada, was replaced by the term (French-Canadian), and more recently by. Descendants of the original French-speaking population of Canada (New France) now living outside of Quebec are now often referred to by reference to their current province of residence, such as Franco-Ontarian. Francophone populations in the Maritime provinces apart from northwestern New Brunswick are, however, more likely to be descended from the settlers of the French colony of Acadia, and therefore still call themselves Acadians." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 108278, 127, 58, 83, 70, 1529, 143006, 2565, 100, 44, 31251, 830, 44, 528, 58, 83, 70, 71496, 13, 5582, 24073, 2347, 74054, 136, 44, 2420, 10697, 58, 26950, 6602, 5, 12613, 7, 44, 108278, 127, 1391, 40798, 10697, 58, 26950, 242, 31251, 378, 4390, 268, 70, 6602, 25, 4, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 845, 114686, 5155, 111, 3525, 6602, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 108278, 127, 162087, 66, 1366, 58, 23, 6863, 43581, 91084, 14602, 959, 108975, 23, 70, 717, 3962, 5, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 8395, 111, 70, 5117, 5155, 111, 70, 59671, 927, 31150, 237, 44, 9012, 127, 1900, 704, 34, 25, 1366, 58, 24073, 11, 21502, 141, 111, 102310, 214, 378, 4390, 3328, 1779, 268, 58, 3142, 442, 83, 2843, 15005, 2822, 47, 23, 70, 5701, 2831, 111, 56890, 18, 49107, 237, 44, 24073, 1495, 83057, 7547, 83057, 191, 18939, 707, 20654, 67, 159, 83057, 127, 707, 67822, 4935, 10588, 5155, 4, 136, 10, 44, 497, 538, 5155, 47, 3430, 740, 32255, 5701, 34153, 621, 39210, 538, 11814, 23, 70, 129367, 7, 47, 15005, 47, 70, 2373, 73, 3674, 13312, 5, 11782, 7, 70, 8395, 44, 53, 306, 704, 34, 25, 1366, 58, 24073, 5636, 111, 102310, 214, 378, 2347, 3328, 19, 268, 51029, 581, 13579, 44, 3666, 127, 1556, 1121, 1366, 58, 135179, 24145, 23, 70, 60313, 15, 247, 7440, 442, 1556, 10, 12921, 91084, 12, 40101, 137567, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 44, 372, 6820, 592, 111, 70, 6602, 830, 707, 144681, 10, 91067, 47, 6949, 39, 106642, 4717, 4, 707, 47, 70, 31150, 111, 58298, 5, 360, 70, 845, 114686, 177966, 9, 81415, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 70, 35340, 3020, 136, 60154, 12597, 247, 12015, 127, 162087, 66, 1366, 83, 2843, 35839, 44, 1723, 306, 201083, 1153, 191, 58, 15, 2347, 5155, 111, 65669, 12846, 3956, 247, 959, 47, 186, 55681, 5281, 678, 70, 5744, 8254, 14, 65669, 12846, 3956, 5155, 111, 70, 5701, 9351, 5, 12015, 127, 162087, 66, 1366, 16188, 7, 70, 4034, 111, 10, 3525, 6602, 23, 70, 1529, 143006, 87939, 15, 3630, 111, 22759, 44, 54936, 6602, 58, 66339, 60502, 450, 61924, 67842, 8437, 44, 46799, 7, 58, 100, 12921, 60042, 7, 237, 189050, 23, 70, 7950, 127, 10697, 136, 10656, 66314, 194, 1650, 83, 70, 3525, 6602, 100, 3395, 4, 85825, 4, 136, 8437, 18264, 7, 5, 581, 7950, 127, 10697, 2843, 5423, 7, 903, 5155, 10, 8752, 237, 70, 3525, 6602, 100, 74481, 1916, 87939, 5369, 4, 7547, 40616, 136, 3005, 2601, 5369, 5, 12015, 127, 162087, 66, 1366, 159202, 1636, 70, 166635, 111, 332, 5, 581, 59665, 111, 70, 1529, 143006, 2356, 42552, 83, 162711, 47, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 25313, 6602, 23, 70, 120767, 141, 38887, 68794, 111, 70, 142, 45964, 799, 147, 24453, 5, 581, 2356, 42552, 509, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 105823, 111, 221, 14775, 4, 75678, 4, 136, 182, 17245, 74, 70, 182, 17245, 509, 94419, 390, 6863, 10002, 5423, 111, 13036, 120767, 141, 8395, 7, 5, 581, 84420, 1636, 137567, 5423, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 3525, 6602, 23, 10, 89583, 19, 4, 12960, 3789, 142, 45964, 91944, 5256, 19667, 31576, 100, 450, 60042, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 57309, 10133, 707, 160600, 7, 74, 70, 158978, 31635, 509, 120767, 141, 23, 15044, 50218, 4, 70, 1733, 111, 221, 14775, 70, 40, 297, 136, 172915, 23, 70, 182, 17245, 5, 360, 845, 114686, 27165, 4, 22759, 13036, 2356, 42552, 7, 621, 139999, 71, 4, 12638, 1632, 16188, 214, 10, 86595, 111, 12096, 7, 5, 581, 145796, 31150, 58298, 15, 16345, 25958, 42518, 214, 47, 70, 21775, 11994, 1104, 47677, 15601, 23, 70, 121181, 66, 87939, 16, 83, 3229, 10, 3525, 6602, 83, 49814, 47, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 845, 114686, 60097, 7, 4, 136, 442, 16188, 7, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 6602, 100, 70, 17262, 845, 114686, 8111, 113240, 52467, 5, 1650, 7, 23, 17043, 10763, 83, 36510, 538, 11341, 71, 23, 70, 1529, 143006, 60313, 12, 44, 73243, 31150, 35299, 186, 51, 188, 398, 44, 2347, 86595, 58, 111, 21775, 740, 33306, 4, 23335, 1294, 5369, 4, 159, 83057, 21533, 5369, 4, 98830, 13, 90, 4, 136, 112474, 23, 34601, 71, 98, 8437, 8, 297, 7, 136, 18264, 7, 621, 21954, 1716, 297, 12921, 538, 74, 6044, 5369, 9842, 98, 70, 5117, 5155, 111, 70, 145796, 31150, 2371, 7, 32298, 15, 16345, 25958, 42518, 214, 47, 70, 21775, 6088, 1104, 158941, 46770, 23, 70, 121181, 66, 87939, 194, 581, 481, 23, 17043, 10763, 83, 36510, 538, 11341, 71, 23, 70, 1529, 143006, 60313, 12, 44, 20800, 107, 13, 20028, 23, 70, 6602, 398, 35299, 13695, 10, 3820, 4438, 51, 188, 163, 27, 70, 3820, 4438, 111, 51, 14507, 1353, 297, 179967, 15, 139117, 5465, 16, 27, 70, 3820, 4438, 111, 182, 17245, 15, 40798, 73722, 18, 16, 27, 136, 70, 3820, 4438, 111, 52755, 127, 4209, 15, 294, 109410, 18, 16, 3129, 83, 44, 257, 70, 8, 17365, 214, 111, 70, 6602, 58, 740, 44, 28848, 70, 8, 17365, 214, 111, 70, 6602, 58, 35388, 90, 450, 70, 3525, 6602, 9842, 7, 3688, 5, 581, 21954, 265, 592, 111, 2371, 7, 32298, 237, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 845, 114686, 6602, 80723, 678, 70, 39395, 61527, 72004, 136, 509, 9498, 56, 4126, 390, 70, 1529, 143006, 64857, 4, 8035, 2843, 756, 1674, 297, 47, 23, 70, 1529, 143006, 60313, 3229, 28852, 23709, 70, 32774, 8901, 39987, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 438, 1366, 5, 3293, 80723, 20271, 70, 44, 191633, 31150, 58, 24073, 16305, 40112, 2187, 18939, 54529, 214, 1295, 2371, 7, 32298, 4, 10, 21455, 450, 1556, 21334, 538, 2809, 68186, 71, 390, 70, 947, 4188, 111, 8254, 5, 581, 7950, 127, 10697, 70541, 7, 70, 17932, 51529, 91067, 47, 12015, 127, 162087, 66, 1366, 237, 70, 44, 5636, 111, 240713, 58, 24073, 1723, 306, 256, 111678, 51029, 360, 70, 10656, 66314, 34333, 67, 98, 12015, 127, 162087, 66, 1366, 4, 442, 117249, 450, 17262, 42840, 111, 15426, 621, 142096, 98, 12015, 127, 162087, 66, 1366, 4, 7440, 73, 70, 87714, 111, 70, 6, 44726, 297, 4, 70, 7108, 13, 10821, 4, 136, 8382, 111, 70, 81814, 2182, 18507, 621, 17164, 297, 5, 581, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 12015, 127, 162087, 66, 1366, 15, 247, 218500, 91084, 44, 31251, 378, 4390, 268, 70, 6602, 830, 83, 70, 845, 114686, 2356, 42552, 5, 581, 61314, 6827, 9351, 100, 903, 65006, 83, 6949, 39, 2994, 34, 1366, 15, 247, 218500, 44, 5636, 111, 15756, 34, 1916, 707, 876, 120027, 740, 1650, 83, 70, 5117, 111, 70, 845, 114686, 19694, 152239, 97292, 15, 44, 1723, 1191, 39, 115039, 25, 464, 740, 44, 97141, 7, 111, 62, 1177, 18939, 58735, 297, 390, 450, 74918, 23, 70, 39395, 10, 89583, 19, 111, 70, 182688, 14313, 14, 157695, 5, 12015, 127, 162087, 66, 1366, 83, 10, 6626, 9, 5636, 204657, 450, 9842, 7, 98, 70, 5117, 5155, 111, 384, 4745, 9569, 4, 3129, 83, 70, 59671, 927, 31150, 111, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Origin.", "Religious significance.", "Shofar blowing.", "Prayer service.", "Customs.", "The days before Rosh Hashanah.", "Symbolic foods.", "Tashlikh.", "Greetings.", "In Karaite Judaism.", "In Samaritanism.", "Duration and timing." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Rosh\" is the Hebrew word for \"head\", \"ha\" is the definite article (\"the\"), and \"shanah\" means year. Thus \"Rosh HaShanah\" means 'head [of] the year', referring to the Jewish day of new year. The term \"Rosh Hashanah\" in its current meaning does not appear in the Torah. refers to the festival of the first day of the seventh month as \"zikhron teru'ah\" (\"a memorial of blowing [of horns]\"); it is also referred to in the same part of Leviticus as \" (\"shabbat shabbaton\") or ultimate Sabbath or meditative rest day, and a \"holy day to God\". These same words are commonly used in the Psalms to refer to the anointed days. calls the festival \"yom teru'ah\" (\"day of blowing [the horn]\"). The term \"rosh hashanah\" appears once in the Bible (), where it has a different meaning: either generally the time of the \"beginning of the year\", or possibly a reference to Yom Kippur, or to the month of Nisan. In the Jewish prayer-books (i.e. the Siddur and Machzor), Rosh Hashanah is also called \"Yom Hazikaron\" (the day of remembrance), not to be confused with the modern Israeli remembrance day of the same name. Rosh Hashanah marks the start of a new year in the Hebrew calendar (one of four \"new year\" observances that define various legal \"years\" for different purposes as explained in the Mishnah and Talmud). It is the new year for people, animals, and legal contracts. The Mishnah also sets this day aside as the new year for calculating calendar years, shmita and yovel years. Rosh Hashanah commemorates the creation of man.", "The origin of the Hebrew New Year is connected to the beginning of the economic year in the agricultural societies of the ancient Near East. The New Year was the beginning of the cycle of sowing, growth, and harvest; the harvest was marked by its own set of major agricultural festivals. The Semites generally set the beginning of the new year in autumn, while other ancient civilizations chose spring for that purpose, such as the Persians or Greeks; the primary reason was agricultural in both cases, the time of sowing the seed and bringing in the harvest. In Jewish law, four major New Years are observed, each one marking a beginning of sorts. The lunar month Nisan (usually corresponding to the months March–April in the Gregorian calendar) is when a new year is added to the reign of Jewish kings, and it marks the start of the year for the three Jewish pilgrimages. Its injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: \"This month shall be unto you \"the beginning\" of months\". However, ordinary years, Sabbatical years, Jubilees, and dates inscribed on legal deeds and contracts are reckoned differently; such years begin on the first day of the lunar month Tishri (usually corresponding to the months September–October in the Gregorian calendar). Their injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: \"Three times in the year you shall keep a feast unto me... the feast of unleavened bread (Passover)... the feast of harvest (Shavuot)... and the feast of ingathering (Sukkot) which is \"at the departing of the year\"\". \"At the departing of the year\" implies that the new year begins here. The reckoning of Tishri as the beginning of the Jewish year began with the early Egyptians and was preserved by the Hebrew nation, being also alluded to in the Hebrew Bible when describing the Great Deluge at the time of Noah. This began during the \"second month\" (\"Marheshvan\") counting from Tishri, a view that has largely been accepted by the Sages of Israel.", "The Mishnah contains the second known reference to Rosh Hashanah as the \"day of judgment\" (\"Yom haDin\"). In the Talmud tractate on Rosh Hashanah, it states that three books of account are opened on Rosh Hashanah, wherein the fate of the wicked, the righteous, and those of the intermediate class are recorded. The names of the righteous are immediately inscribed in the book of life and they are sealed \"to live\". The intermediate class is allowed a respite of ten days, until Yom Kippur, to reflect, repent and become righteous; the wicked are \"blotted out of the book of the living forever\". Some midrashic descriptions depict God as sitting upon a throne, while books containing the deeds of all humanity are opened for review, and each person passes in front of Him for evaluation of his or her deeds. \"The Holy One said, 'on Rosh Hashanah recite before Me [verses of] Sovereignty, Remembrance, and Shofar blasts (\"malchiyot, zichronot, shofrot\"): Sovereignty so that you should make Me your King; Remembrance so that your remembrance should rise up before Me. And through what? Through the Shofar.' (Rosh Hashanah 16a, 34b)\" This is reflected in the prayers composed by the classical rabbinic sages for Rosh Hashanah found in all machzorim where the theme of the prayers is the strongest theme is the \"coronation\" of God as King of the universe in preparation for the acceptance of judgments that will follow on that day, symbolized as \"written\" into a Divine book of judgments, that then hang in the balance for ten days waiting for all to repent, then they will be \"sealed\" on Yom Kippur. The assumption is that everyone was sealed for life and therefore the next festival is Sukkot (Tabernacles) that is referred to as \"the time of our joy\" (\"z'man simchateinu\").", "The best-known ritual of Rosh Hashanah is the blowing of the shofar, a musical instrument made from an animal horn. The shofar is blown at various instances during the Rosh Hashanah prayers, with a total of 100 blasts over the day. While the blowing of the shofar is a Biblical statute, it is also a symbolic “wake-up call,” stirring Jews to mend their ways and repent. The shofar blasts call out: “Sleepers, wake up from your slumber! Examine your ways and repent and remember your Creator.”", "On Rosh Hashanah day, religious poems, called \"piyyutim\", are added to the regular services. A special prayer book, the mahzor, is used on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur (plural \"mahzorim\"). A number of additions are made to the regular service, most notably an extended repetition of the Amidah prayer for both Shacharit and Mussaf. The Shofar is blown during Mussaf at several intervals. (In many synagogues, even little children come and hear the Shofar being blown.) Biblical verses are recited at each point. According to the Mishnah, 10 verses (each) are said regarding kingship, remembrance, and the shofar itself, each accompanied by the blowing of the shofar. A variety of \"piyyutim\", medieval penitential prayers, are recited regarding themes of repentance. The \"Alenu\" prayer is recited during the repetition of the Mussaf Amidah. The Mussaf Amidah prayer on Rosh Hashanah is unique in that apart from the first and last 3 blessings, it contains 3 central blessings making a total of 9. These blessings are entitled \"Malchuyot\" (Kingship, and also includes the blessing for the holiness of the day as is in a normal Mussaf), \"Zichronot\" (Remembrance) and \"Shofarot\" (concerning the Shofar). Each section contains an introductory paragraph followed by selections of verses about the \"topic\". The verses are 3 from the Torah, 3 from the Ketuvim, 3 from the Nevi'im, and one more from the Torah. During the repetition of the Amidah, the Shofar is sounded (except on Shabbat) after the blessing that ends each section. Recitation of these three blessings is first recorded in the Mishna, though writings by Philo and possibly even suggest that the blessings may have been recited on Rosh Hashanah even centuries earlier.", "", "Rosh Hashanah is preceded by the month of Elul, during which Jews are supposed to begin a self-examination and repentance, a process that culminates in the ten days of the \"Yamim Nora'im\", the Days of Awe, beginning with Rosh Hashanah and ending with the holiday of Yom Kippur. The \"shofar\" is traditionally blown each morning for the entire month of Elul, the month preceding Rosh Hashanah. The sound of the \"shofar\" is intended to awaken the listeners from their \"slumbers\" and alert them to the coming judgment. The shofar is not blown on Shabbat. In the period leading up to Rosh Hashanah, penitential prayers, called \"selichot\", are recited. The Sephardic tradition is to start at the beginning of Elul, while the Ashkenazi practice is to start a few days before Rosh Hashanah. The day before Rosh Hashanah day is known as \"Erev Rosh Hashanah\" (\"Rosh Hashanah eve\"). It is the 29th day of the Hebrew month of Elul, ending at sundown, when Rosh Hashanah commences. Some communities perform Hatarat nedarim (a nullification of vows) after the morning prayer services. Many Orthodox men immerse in a mikveh in honor of the coming day.", "Rosh Hashanah meals usually include apples dipped in honey to symbolize a sweet new year. Other foods with a symbolic meaning may be served, depending on local \"minhag\" (\"custom\"), such as the head of a fish (to symbolize the prayer \"let us be the head and not the tail\"). Many communities hold a \"Rosh Hashanah seder\" during which blessings are recited over a variety of symbolic dishes. The blessings have the incipit \"\"Yehi ratzon\"\", meaning \"May it be Thy will.\" In many cases, the name of the food in Hebrew or Aramaic represents a play on words (a pun). The Yehi Ratzon platter may include apples (dipped in honey, baked or cooked as a compote called \"mansanada\"); dates; pomegranates; black-eyed peas; pumpkin-filled pastries called \"rodanchas\"; leek fritters called \"keftedes de prasa\"; beets; and a whole fish with the head intact. It is also common to eat stuffed vegetables called \"legumbres yaprakes\". Some of the symbolic foods eaten are dates, black-eyed peas, leek, spinach and gourd, all of which are mentioned in the Talmud: “Let a man be accustomed to eat on New Year's Day gourds (קרא), and fenugreek (רוביא), leeks (כרתי), beet [leaves] (סילקא), and dates (תמרי).” Pomegranates are used in many traditions, to symbolize being fruitful like the pomegranate with its many seeds. The use of apples dipped in honey, symbolizing a sweet year, is a late medieval Ashkenazi addition, though it is now almost universally accepted. Typically, round challah bread is served, to symbolize the cycle of the year. From ancient to quite modern age, lamb head or fish head were served. Nowadays, gefilte fish and lekach are commonly served by Ashkenazic Jews on this holiday. On the second night, new fruits are served to warrant inclusion of the shehecheyanu blessing.", "The ritual of tashlikh is performed on the afternoon of the first day of Rosh Hashanah by Ashkenazic and most Sephardic Jews (but not by Spanish & Portuguese Jews or some Yemenites). Prayers are recited near natural flowing water, and one's sins are symbolically cast into the water. Many also have the custom to throw bread or pebbles into the water, to symbolize the \"casting off\" of sins. In some communities, if the first day of Rosh Hashanah occurs on Shabbat, \"tashlikh\" is postponed until the second day. The traditional service for \"tashlikh\" is recited individually and includes the prayer \"Who is like unto you, O God...And You will cast all their sins into the depths of the sea\", and Biblical passages including (\"They will not injure nor destroy in all My holy mountain, for the earth shall be as full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea\") and, and, as well as personal prayers. Though once considered a solemn individual tradition, it has become an increasingly social ceremony practiced in groups. Tashlikh can be performed any time until Hoshana Rabba, and some Hasidic communities perform Tashlikh on the day before Yom Kippur.", "The Hebrew common greeting on Rosh Hashanah is \"Shanah Tovah\" (; ), which translated from Hebrew means \"[have a] good year\". Often \"Shanah Tovah Umetukah\" (), meaning \"[have a] Good and Sweet Year\", is used. In Yiddish the greeting is אַ גוט יאָר \"\"a gut yor\"\" (\"a good year\") or אַ גוט געבענטשט יאָר \"\"a gut gebentsht yor\"\" (\"a good blessed year\").The formal Sephardic greeting is \"Tizku Leshanim Rabbot\" (\"may you merit many years\"), to which the answer is \"Ne'imot VeTovot\" (\"pleasant and good ones\"). A more formal greeting commonly used among religiously observant Jews is \"Ketivah VaChatimah Tovah\" (), which translates as \"A good inscription and sealing [in the Book of Life]\", or \"L'shanah tovah tikatevu v'tichatemu\" meaning \"May you be inscribed and sealed for a good year\". After Rosh Hashanah ends, the greeting is changed to \"G’mar chatimah tovah\" () meaning \"A good final sealing\", until Yom Kippur. After Yom Kippur is over, until Hoshana Rabbah, as Sukkot ends, the greeting is \"Gmar Tov\" (), \"a good conclusion\".", "Unlike the denominations of Rabbinical Judaism, Karaite Judaism believes the Jewish New Year starts with the first month and celebrate this holiday only as it is mentioned in the Torah, that is as a day of rejoicing and shouting. Additionally, Karaites believe the adoption of the name \"Rosh Hashanah\" in place of Yom Teruah \"is the result of pagan Babylonian influence upon the Jewish nation, that began during the Babylonian exile with the adoption of the Babylonian month names instead of the numbering present in the Torah (Leviticus 23; Numbers 28). Karaites allow no work on the day except what is needed to prepare food (Leviticus 23:23, 24).", "Samaritans preserve the biblical name of the holiday, \"Yom Teruah\", and do not consider the day to be a New Year's day.", "The Torah defines Rosh Hashanah as a one-day celebration, and since days in the Hebrew calendar begin at sundown, the beginning of Rosh Hashanah is at sundown at the end of 29 Elul. Since the time of the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE and the time of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, normative Jewish law appears to be that Rosh Hashanah is to be celebrated for two days, because of the difficulty of determining the date of the new moon. Nonetheless, there is some evidence that Rosh Hashanah was celebrated on a single day in Israel as late as the thirteenth century CE. Orthodox and Conservative Judaism now generally observe Rosh Hashanah for the first two days of Tishrei, even in Israel where all other Jewish holidays dated from the new moon last only one day. The two days of Rosh Hashanah are said to constitute \"\"Yoma Arichtah\"\" (Aramaic: \"\"one\" long day\"). In Reform Judaism, while most congregations in North America observe only the first day of Rosh Hashanah, some follow the traditional two-day observance as a sign of solidarity with other Jews worldwide. Karaite Jews, who do not recognize Rabbinic Jewish oral law and rely on their own understanding of the Torah, observe only one day on the first of Tishrei, since the second day is not mentioned in the Written Torah. Originally, the date of Rosh Hashanah was determined based on observation of the new moon, and thus could fall out on any day of the week. However, around the third century CE, the Hebrew calendar was fixed, such that the first day of Rosh Hashanah never falls out on Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday. Rosh Hashanah occurs 163 days after the first day of Passover. In terms of the Gregorian calendar, the earliest date on which Rosh Hashanah can fall is September 5, as happened in 1842, 1861, 1899 and 2013. The latest Gregorian date that Rosh Hashanah can occur is October 5, as happened in 1815, 1929 and 1967, and will happen again in 2043. After 2089, the differences between the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will result in Rosh Hashanah falling no earlier than September 6. Starting in 2214, the new latest date will be October 6." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 10208, 24798, 18, 23445, 33284, 297, 70, 240963, 49612, 88975, 238, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 809, 18266, 33, 237, 10, 44755, 191, 1419, 5, 24372, 520, 6496, 23, 70, 23972, 6661, 5550, 4, 764, 22282, 71, 6, 119598, 53, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 34210, 15519, 8108, 98567, 47, 10271, 23, 56694, 47, 21342, 1919, 96335, 5, 133698, 70, 23031, 7, 1919, 166577, 7, 3542, 102995, 297, 390, 114867, 31, 717, 7, 4398, 943, 74, 136, 96513, 27766, 32290, 20954, 603, 4, 2750, 28897, 3674, 24798, 18, 23445, 47, 55080, 70, 10271, 49612, 88975, 238, 198624, 23, 60487, 5, 88949, 764, 509, 845, 114686, 4, 764, 25737, 83572, 102126, 23, 55591, 136, 109133, 47, 24408, 4, 98848, 4, 7440, 764, 189924, 166577, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 2874, 9, 5765, 23240, 39, 111, 70, 89176, 40738, 318, 271, 63647, 764, 109133, 47, 70, 134349, 32528, 23, 44500, 5, 133698, 70, 212184, 10, 14012, 111, 24798, 18, 23445, 25, 7, 14449, 3542, 162882, 297, 390, 70, 83572, 7, 26719, 1919, 27863, 136, 1919, 114015, 5, 360, 41906, 4, 764, 42938, 297, 47, 70, 456, 59636, 214, 111, 239, 152653, 11, 23, 24408, 5, 360, 45604, 4, 764, 100512, 10, 140434, 130367, 5, 360, 70, 1305, 9, 4205, 5369, 24798, 18, 23445, 509, 10, 10670, 157272, 128404, 4, 41866, 111, 63691, 12576, 603, 5, 360, 47765, 764, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 185256, 128404, 111, 70, 39721, 49612, 88975, 238, 198624, 5, 360, 47114, 4, 764, 55080, 297, 100, 70, 5117, 182304, 7, 111, 70, 8254, 49612, 88975, 238, 198624, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 42610, 136, 40418, 764, 509, 7893, 128404, 111, 70, 140151, 4843, 39, 75189, 53, 198624, 5, 28090, 28980, 24189, 19340, 764, 509, 70, 9082, 13703, 31068, 111, 70, 3347, 206, 34892, 8, 21, 162013, 12610, 112, 5, 1529, 68, 71, 98, 190, 11994, 29733, 99, 9464, 5369, 10332, 7103, 3365, 96091, 214, 20271, 10, 456, 90431, 2317, 99, 70, 39721, 49612, 88975, 238, 198624, 5, 17006, 111, 10208, 24798, 18, 23445, 25, 7, 166577, 7, 3542, 17569, 47, 186, 163684, 297, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 33306, 4, 20271, 1119, 73427, 5256, 23, 24408, 23, 31017, 4, 10, 290, 271, 509, 14037, 70541, 214, 70, 47763, 7, 764, 1902, 25737, 23, 70, 3647, 674, 111, 70, 2352, 117366, 13, 23, 24644, 5, 24798, 18, 23445, 4, 30783, 214, 1919, 47763, 7, 1902, 69347, 47, 115, 271, 6777, 959, 9803, 70, 290, 271, 5, 345, 5416, 1919, 47219, 23, 29733, 1919, 58386, 4, 241061, 4, 142096, 70, 290, 271, 90791, 1919, 47763, 7, 5299, 9, 9518, 56, 4126, 5, 24798, 18, 23445, 25, 7, 2684, 135818, 4488, 83, 1919, 198387, 4843, 39, 75189, 53, 4, 140528, 23, 18374, 34578, 4, 678, 70, 1614, 5440, 242, 4153, 21502, 39, 25, 5, 1650, 83, 142, 28, 142457, 238, 4488, 29481, 297, 237, 10, 98567, 42762, 47, 70, 91519, 7, 111, 63654, 8780, 5, 64511, 43240, 26698, 17262, 79315, 70801, 7831, 4, 10, 6610, 72303, 16883, 100, 79315, 7, 4, 10, 115016, 100, 16569, 4, 136, 10, 775, 1724, 100, 44755, 73, 136, 16569, 5, 28090, 37719, 98, 19364, 7, 24798, 18, 23445, 54397, 110, 1286, 166577, 7, 74, 764, 106926, 297, 450, 63654, 8780, 1902, 163684, 297, 1919, 52101, 136, 1919, 1221, 47, 150350, 5, 32036, 111, 3288, 40322, 7, 390, 10208, 24798, 18, 23445, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10208, 24798, 18, 23445, 15, 57332, 213645, 24798, 36107, 98, 952, 11994, 33418, 23, 240963, 4, 164111, 46, 68, 71, 98, 190, 11994, 29733, 23, 39721, 4, 14098, 117604, 16, 509, 10, 28820, 127, 128404, 136, 150350, 42, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Work." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Paul Kletzki joined the Łódź Philharmonic at the age of fifteen as a violonist. After serving in the First World War, he studied philosophy at the University of Warsaw before moving to Berlin in 1921 to continue his studies. During the 1920s his compositions were championed by Arturo Toscanini; and Wilhelm Furtwängler, who permitted Kletzki to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in 1925. Because he was Jewish, he left Nazi Germany in 1933 and moved to Milan, Italy, where he taught composition. Due to the anti-semitism of the Italian Fascist regime he moved to the Soviet Union in 1936. During the Holocaust a number of Kletzki's family were murdered by the Nazis including his parents and his sister. In 1946, he participated to the reopening of La Scala in Milan. In 1949, he became a Swiss citizen. In the post-war years Kletzki was a renowned conductor, especially of Gustav Mahler. In 1954 he was appointed chief conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1955, he conducted for the first recordings of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. Between 1958 and 1961 he was principal conductor of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra. From 1967 until 1970 he was the General Music Director of the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. He died on 5 March 1973 at 72 years old after collapsing during a rehearsal at the Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra.", "Most of Paul Kletzki's compositions were thought to be destroyed during World War II. However, during excavations in Milan in 1965, a chest was found containing the scores he had left in the basement of the Hotel Metropole in 1941. Kletzki, fearing his scores had turned to dust did not open the chest. Upon his death in 1973 his wife, Yvonne, opened the chest finding his scores well-preserved. Kletzki's most notable work is his Third Symphony, completed in October 1939, with the subtitle 'In memoriam'. It is an elegiac work interpreted as a moving monument to the victims of Nazism. Other works include three string quartets, a Sinfonietta for strings, a Fantasy for piano, and a sonata for violin and piano. From 1942 onwards Kletzki wrote no more compositions; he argued that Nazism had destroyed his spirit and his will to compose. List of Compositions by Paul Kletzki" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 34419, 8780, 25, 7, 18151, 7, 111, 82, 75708, 7, 621, 179140, 47, 63284, 28702, 41159, 111, 113771, 4677, 390, 13204, 449, 213850, 41361, 7, 74, 136, 22691, 226829, 1672, 170420, 47, 71864, 450, 5809, 193943, 678, 4, 707, 108975, 47, 193943, 678, 4, 70, 28702, 41159, 111, 113771, 4677, 5, 79512, 316, 116071, 7, 47, 71864, 26698, 79612, 7, 111, 33946, 5, 581, 226829, 30793, 32485, 7, 23, 135812, 214, 136, 184017, 678, 82, 127, 21533, 204081, 7, 5, 14847, 6044, 170420, 53418, 186, 71864, 297, 4, 1836, 5608, 186, 17116, 2400, 297, 221, 450, 134003, 7, 111, 113771, 4677, 831, 116983, 38516, 333, 162, 23, 70, 13416, 214, 5, 581, 18151, 7, 136, 74413, 7, 22691, 32485, 7, 678, 10, 170846, 100, 15970, 9, 167277, 214, 136, 15970, 9, 32399, 10763, 5, 34419, 8780, 83, 17997, 71, 390, 43606, 142424, 12, 51404, 32485, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 28811, 76726, 765, 12441, 70, 26168, 1363, 136, 6, 180064, 111, 6097, 5570, 7, 4, 6044, 18151, 7, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 7123, 13416, 214, 53702, 7, 23, 2684, 76726, 678, 147452, 111, 70, 24234, 5, 581, 59121, 18151, 7, 136, 138155, 5570, 7, 285, 53, 208806, 1295, 23295, 47, 23295, 136, 53702, 47, 53702, 4, 1284, 2685, 83, 193984, 645, 6324, 17721, 154909, 104345, 7, 136, 38887, 68794, 5, 581, 8357, 200602, 111, 127169, 7, 15, 29836, 1375, 16, 83184, 297, 10, 7964, 241, 927, 21533, 34419, 8780, 111486, 23, 2021, 1300, 4806, 99, 90254, 33, 214, 188926, 111, 6097, 37348, 28032, 23182, 337, 34204, 5, 360, 1210, 70, 241, 927, 21533, 34419, 8780, 28997, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 36770, 55449, 1375, 9082, 196212, 62, 12667, 22392, 5, 3293, 5798, 150, 1363, 111, 21640, 136, 18150, 2450, 151747, 136, 68828, 8780, 8060, 94407, 80399, 7, 100, 82, 75708, 7, 4, 4127, 23131, 7154, 136, 15970, 9, 62881, 2320, 36880, 756, 13651, 7, 111, 2450, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 105207, 54479, 7, 23, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 98, 70, 28368, 111, 32485, 1771, 5570, 7, 136, 82, 75708, 7, 83, 70, 67081, 111, 61928, 127169, 7, 5, 581, 1914, 11, 40099, 47, 6863, 28864, 111, 1775, 75708, 7, 117249, 12, 153, 57964, 22, 20016, 33, 674, 83, 70, 100, 13, 142117, 111, 87338, 136, 70, 137374, 111, 53397, 15182, 2408, 5, 581, 115, 939, 111, 70, 32485, 83, 47, 53333, 8382, 3564, 7, 390, 191618, 85027, 136, 101904, 10, 44075, 136, 199083, 15426, 111, 47353, 136, 37348, 5, 39215, 45964, 14, 10821, 32485, 7, 1295, 756, 2450, 136, 5361, 2449, 22223, 272, 47, 21265, 70, 3835, 678, 209183, 7432, 136, 42551, 53, 5, 61928, 9114, 2481, 83, 70, 107767, 34165, 111, 10, 32485, 25, 7, 144189, 2481, 5, 581, 6436, 226462, 16284, 1833, 56187, 4, 142, 53702, 97629, 538, 27585, 297, 98, 65133, 68828, 8780, 4, 1556, 10, 18151, 111, 82, 75708, 7, 27585, 214, 98, 3835, 63207, 4, 85027, 7844, 7432, 4, 44075, 7432, 4, 9114, 2481, 4, 23, 215131, 4, 136, 15426, 41159, 5, 581, 65056, 927, 140509, 16934, 30543, 16086, 84829, 4, 122273, 297, 10, 3525, 34419, 8780, 28864, 111, 109613, 13, 82775, 47, 44961, 70, 22799, 5570, 7, 136, 24702, 1577, 111, 5744, 68828, 8780, 5, 581, 3525, 28864, 111, 109613, 13, 83, 106480, 135818, 100, 51521, 538, 75530, 19, 84382, 450, 68828, 8780, 83, 110, 51713, 31247, 538, 70, 479, 86687, 111, 70, 23182, 32485, 5, 581, 158978, 2856, 90, 39210, 47, 2684, 18151, 7, 111, 32485, 1771, 5570, 7, 136, 82, 75708, 7, 621, 70, 25632, 5, 133698, 70, 3638, 15411, 111, 142, 95486, 674, 10, 105757, 13648, 738, 1672, 914, 9319, 214, 15824, 7, 136, 41653, 4, 55080, 214, 33683, 7, 4, 20594, 25188, 136, 76615, 12765, 7, 4, 35971, 20929, 4, 136, 182304, 1202, 136, 45730, 23, 33938, 111, 87338, 5, 1950, 39, 205969, 8, 16765, 678, 70, 17582, 111, 36766, 26818, 97384, 5608, 186, 113771, 136, 4, 2174, 221, 4, 3642, 5, 3293, 24702, 133, 111, 205969, 26950, 450, 3060, 57888, 27117, 47, 186, 34475, 47, 70, 40907, 212678, 111, 4393, 2837, 170224, 4, 105233, 10, 138155, 136, 82, 127, 21533, 204081, 5, 581, 67081, 111, 61928, 127169, 7, 25, 18151, 111, 82, 75708, 7, 64600, 70, 25632, 67660, 4, 3129, 83, 99638, 13, 111, 70, 138155, 25647, 111, 2684, 23182, 32485, 7, 5, 43851, 1916, 105237, 12, 360, 66044, 47, 18151, 7, 111, 82, 75708, 7, 4, 5941, 7123, 53702, 7, 76104, 142, 23, 9, 23923, 6, 218048, 124901, 31486, 83, 4, 23, 2831, 4, 47, 13695, 7123, 53702, 7, 42551, 136, 15426, 2886, 47, 70, 3835, 5, 581, 6, 218048, 83, 179140, 47, 2450, 67, 23, 79612, 7, 6, 147006, 1295, 70796, 707, 173591, 81147, 7, 4, 47, 76104, 15426, 41159, 47, 70, 3835, 100, 7123, 113771, 4, 47, 1738, 56, 15970, 9, 59869, 70775, 39, 4, 136, 47, 65524, 606, 3334, 6620, 47, 15044, 27044, 47314, 136, 51, 587, 71, 47314, 82, 75708, 7, 136, 5570, 7, 5, 3293, 19069, 1543, 186, 70, 5701, 707, 21373, 47, 70, 3835, 30391, 4, 21208, 3835, 30391, 7, 2843, 27992, 237, 10, 42967, 40514, 678, 120709, 136, 54, 959, 137567, 24209, 43032, 111, 70, 55448, 111, 1833, 2383, 5331, 7, 1055, 5, 893, 30700, 83, 10, 7123, 215394, 4, 142, 53099, 9, 113458, 15970, 9, 62881, 2320, 14361, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 21072, 106320, 85172, 7, 63871, 4, 5423, 1257, 390, 17274, 73962, 7, 136, 41260, 7, 5, 62771, 10, 14361, 83, 87709, 111, 59911, 214, 180663, 74729, 5570, 7, 136, 111, 184017, 678, 10, 77546, 21950, 111, 180732, 7, 1284, 1543, 959, 144281, 35778, 8780, 7, 111, 8035, 47, 29827, 9393, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 2684, 189353, 141, 37348, 23, 5744, 13416, 214, 83, 2450, 333, 162, 4, 106480, 98, 68894, 37348, 4, 1284, 2843, 678, 28601, 47, 15380, 136, 3789, 37348, 5, 116267, 83, 70, 189353, 141, 31089, 111, 12765, 14137, 68828, 8780, 4, 3129, 83, 70, 41361, 111, 7123, 105757, 7, 161474, 97264, 100, 2363, 4677, 5, 360, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 442, 83, 137567, 90698, 51, 12421, 21533, 4, 678, 2684, 154909, 73962, 7, 136, 7123, 45831, 19441, 10, 44930, 69871, 59725, 442, 5, 51404, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 127169, 1771, 82, 75708, 7, 136, 5570, 7, 48402, 13, 24702, 1577, 111, 82, 75708, 7, 136, 4127, 41361, 152431, 47, 32485, 7, 5, 3293, 1614, 3509, 111, 2450, 82, 75708, 7, 83, 51529, 237, 68828, 8780, 25, 7, 23182, 44, 40899, 111, 82, 75708, 7, 58, 136, 70, 44, 4398, 5245, 111, 68828, 8780, 740, 581, 62822, 18151, 7, 136, 74413, 7, 39210, 538, 108975, 23, 63805, 7, 390, 23182, 68828, 8780, 151747, 136, 11651, 28412, 4, 226347, 4, 136, 1118, 7123, 53702, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Evolution and purpose of codes of journalism.", "Codes of practice.", "Common elements.", "Harm limitation principle.", "Self-regulation.", "Ethics and standards in practice.", "Standards and reputation.", "Genres, ethics, and standards.", "Relationship with freedom of the press.", "Variations, violations, and controversies.", "Taste, decency, and acceptability.", "Campaigning in the media.", "Investigative methods.", "Examples of ethical dilemmas.", "Criticisms." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Journalism's codes of ethics are intended to ensure reliability of reported information by defining acceptable practices; and provide guidelines about circumstances to avoid that could interfere with, or appear to interfere with, the reliability of reported information. Circumstances to avoid include conflicts of interest. The guidelines assist journalists in identifying and dealing with ethical dilemmas. When such circumstances cannot be avoided, they should be disclosed so that recipients of reported information can judge potential bias in the reporting. The codes and canons provide journalists with a framework for self-monitoring and self-correction. Journalism is guided by five values:", "While journalists in the United States and European countries have led the formulation and adoption of these standards, such codes can be found in news reporting organizations in most countries with freedom of the press. The written codes and practical standards vary somewhat from country to country and organization to organization, but there is substantial overlap between mainstream publications and societies. The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) launched a global Ethical Journalism Initiative in 2008 aimed at strengthening awareness of these issues within professional bodies. In 2013 the Ethical Journalism Network was founded by former IFJ General Secretary Aidan White. This coalition of international and regional media associations and journalism support groups campaigns for ethics, good governance and self-regulation across all platforms of media. One of the leading voices in the U.S. on the subject of journalistic standards and ethics is the Society of Professional Journalists. The Preamble to its Code of Ethics states: ...public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty. Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's credibility. The Radio Television Digital News Association, an organization exclusively centered on electronic journalism, has a code of ethics centering on public trust, truthfulness, fairness, integrity, independence, and accountability. The Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corporation, revealed a new Journalism Code of Practice designed to reflect the key standards and principles of modern journalism. The new Code of Practice is particularly notable for officially recognizing that journalism is no longer solely the preserve of the professional journalist.", "The primary themes common to most codes of journalistic standards and ethics are the following.", "During the normal course of an assignment a reporter might go about gathering facts and details, conducting interviews, doing research and background checks, taking photos, and recording video and sound in search of justice. Harm limitation deals with the questions of whether everything learned should be reported and, if so, how. This principle of limitation means that some weight needs to be given to the negative consequences of full disclosure, creating a practical and ethical dilemma. The Society of Professional Journalists' code of ethics offers the following advice, which is representative of the practical ideas of most professional journalists. Quoting directly:", "In addition to codes of ethics, many news organizations maintain an in-house ombudsman whose role is, in part, to keep news organizations honest and accountable to the public. The ombudsman is intended to mediate in conflicts stemming from internal or external pressures, to maintain accountability to the public for news reported, to foster self-criticism, and to encourage adherence to both codified and uncodified ethics and standards. This position may be the same or similar to the public editor, though public editors also act as a liaison with readers and do not generally become members of the Organisation of News Ombudsmen. An alternative is a news council, an industry-wide self-regulation body, such as the Press Complaints Commission, set up by UK newspapers and magazines. Such a body is capable of applying fairly consistent standards and of dealing with a higher volume of complaints but may not escape criticisms of being toothless.", "One of the most controversial issues in modern reporting is media bias, particularly on political issues, but also with regard to cultural and other issues. Another is the controversial issue of checkbook journalism, which is the practice of news reporters paying sources for their information. In the U.S. it is generally considered unethical, with most mainstream newspapers and news shows having a policy forbidding it. While tabloid newspapers and tabloid television shows, which rely more on sensationalism, regularly engage in the practice. There are also some wider concerns, as the media continue to change, for example, that the brevity of news reports and use of soundbites has reduced fidelity to the truth, and may contribute to a lack of needed context for public understanding. From outside the profession, the rise of news management contributes to the real possibility that news media may be deliberately manipulated. Selective reporting (spiking, double standards) are very commonly alleged against newspapers, and by their nature are forms of bias not easy to establish, or guard against. This section does not address specifics of such matters, but issues of practical compliance, as well as differences between professional journalists on principles.", "Among the leading news organizations that voluntarily adopt and attempt to uphold the common standards of journalism ethics described herein, adherence and general quality vary considerably. The professionalism, reliability, and public accountability of a news organization are three of its most valuable assets. An organization earns and maintains a strong reputation in part through the consistent implementation of ethical standards, which influence its position with the public and within the industry.", "Advocacy journalists—a term of some debate even within the field of journalism—by definition tend to reject \"objectivity\", while at the same time maintaining many other common standards and ethics. Civic journalism adopts a modified approach to objectivity; instead of being uninvolved spectators, the press is active in facilitating and encouraging public debate and examining claims and issues critically. This does not necessarily imply advocacy of a specific political party or position. Creative nonfiction and literary journalism use the power of language and literary devices more akin to fiction to bring insight and depth into the often book-length treatment of the subjects about which they write. Such devices as dialogue, metaphor, digression and other such techniques offer the reader insights not usually found in standard news reportage. However, authors in this branch of journalism still maintain ethical criteria such as factual and historical accuracy as found in standard news reporting. They venture outside the boundaries of standard news reporting in offering richly detailed accounts. One widely regarded author in the genre is Joyce Carol Oates, as with her book on boxer Mike Tyson. Investigative journalism often takes an implicit point of view on a particular public interest, by asking pointed questions and intensely probing certain questions. With outlets that otherwise strive for neutrality on political issues, the implied position is often uncontroversial—for example, that political corruption or abuse of children is wrong and perpetrators should be exposed and punished, that government money should be spent efficiently, or that the health of the public or workers or veterans should be protected. Advocacy journalists often use investigative journalism in support of a particular political position, or to expose facts that are only concerning to those with certain political opinions. Regardless of whether or not it is undertaken for a specific political faction, this genre usually puts a strong emphasis on factual accuracy, because the point of an in-depth investigation of an issue is to expose facts that spur change. Not all investigations seek to expose facts about a particular problem; some data-driven reporting does deep analysis and presents interesting results for the general edification of the audience which might be interpreted in different ways or which may contain a wealth of facts concerned with many different potential problems. A factually-constrained investigation with an implied public interest point of view may also find that the system under investigation is working well. New Journalism and Gonzo journalism also reject some of the fundamental ethical traditions and will set aside the technical standards of journalistic prose in order to express themselves and reach a particular audience or market segment. These favor a subjective perspective and emphasize immersive experiences over objective facts. Tabloid journalists are often accused of sacrificing accuracy and the personal privacy of their subjects in order to boost sales. The 2011 News International phone hacking scandal is an example of this. Supermarket tabloids are often focused on entertainment rather than news. A few have \"news\" stories that are so outrageous that they are widely read for entertainment purposes, not for information. Some tabloids do purport to maintain common journalistic standards but may fall far short in practice. Others make no such claims. Some publications deliberately engage in satire, but give the publication the design elements of a newspaper, for example, \"The Onion\", and it is not unheard of for other publications to offer the occasional, humorous articles appearing on April Fool's Day.", "In countries without freedom of the press, the majority of people who report the news may not follow the above-described standards of journalism. Non-free media are often prohibited from criticizing the national government, and in many cases are required to distribute propaganda as if it were news. Various other forms of censorship may restrict reporting on issues the government deems sensitive. In the United States, freedom of the press is protected under the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights. Under the First Amendment, the government is not allowed to censor the press. The government does not have the right to try to control what is published and cannot prevent certain things from being published by the press. Prior constraint is an attempt by the government to prevent the expression of ideas before they are published. Some countries that have freedom of the press are the U.S., Canada, Western Europe and Scandinavia, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Taiwan and a handful of countries in South America.", "There are a number of finer points of journalistic procedure that foster disagreements in principle and variation in practice among \"mainstream\" journalists in the free press. Laws concerning libel and slander vary from country to country, and local journalistic standards may be tailored to fit. For example, the United Kingdom has a broader definition of libel than does the United States. Accuracy is important as a core value and to maintain credibility, but especially in broadcast media, audience share often gravitates toward outlets that are reporting new information first. Different organizations may balance speed and accuracy in different ways. \"The New York Times\", for instance, tends to print longer, more detailed, less speculative, and more thoroughly verified pieces a day or two later than many other newspapers. 24-hour television news networks tend to place much more emphasis on getting the \"scoop.\" Here, viewers may switch channels at a moment's notice; with fierce competition for ratings and a large amount of airtime to fill, fresh material is very valuable. Because of the fast turn-around, reporters for these networks may be under considerable time pressure, which reduces their ability to verify information. Laws with regard to personal privacy, official secrets, and media disclosure of names and facts from criminal cases and civil lawsuits differ widely, and journalistic standards may vary accordingly. Different organizations may have different answers to questions about when it is journalistically acceptable to skirt, circumvent, or even break these regulations. Another example of differences surrounding harm reduction is the reporting of preliminary election results. In the United States, some news organizations feel that it is harmful to the democratic process to report exit poll results or preliminary returns while voting is still open. Such reports may influence people who vote later in the day, or who are in western time zones, in their decisions about how and whether or not to vote. There is also some concern that such preliminary results are often inaccurate and may be misleading to the public. Other outlets feel that this information is a vital part of the transparency of the election process, and see no harm (if not considerable benefit) in reporting it. Objectivity as a journalistic standard varies to some degree depending on the industry and country. For example, the government-funded BBC in the United Kingdom places a strong emphasis on political neutrality, but British newspapers more often tend to adopt political affiliations or leanings in both coverage and audience, sometimes explicitly. In the United States, major newspapers usually explicitly claim objectivity as a goal in news coverage, though most have separate editorial boards that endorse specific candidates and publish opinions on specific issues. Adherence to a claimed standard of objectivity is a constant subject of debate. For example, mainstream national cable news channels in the United States claim political objectivity but to various degrees, Fox News has been accused of conservative bias and MSNBC accused of liberal bias. The degree to which these leanings influence cherry-picking of facts, factual accuracy, the predominance of non-news opinion and commentators, audience opinion of the issues and candidates covered, visual composition, tone and vocabulary of stories is hotly debated. News value is generally used to select stories for print, broadcast, blogs, and web portals, including those that focus on a specific topic. To a large degree, news value depends on the target audience. For example, a minor story in the United States is more likely to appear on CNN than a minor story in the Middle East which might be more likely to appear on Al Jazeera simply due to the geographic distribution of the channels' respective audiences. It is a matter of debate whether this means that either network is less than objective, and that controversy is even more complicated when considering coverage of political stories for different audiences that have different political demographics (as with Fox News vs. MSNBC). Some digital media platforms can use criteria to choose stories which are different than traditional news value. For example, while the Google News portal essentially chooses stories based on news value (though indirectly, through the choices of large numbers of independent outlets), users can set Google Alerts on specific terms which define personal subjective interests. Search engines, news aggregators, and social network feeds sometimes change the presentation of content depending on the consumer's expressed or inferred preferences or leanings. This has both been cheered as bypassing traditional \"gatekeepers\" and whatever biases they may have in favor of audience-centric selection criteria, but criticized as creating a dangerous filter bubble which intentionally or unintentionally hides dissenting opinions and other content which might be important for the audience to see in order to avoid exposure bias and groupthink.", "Audiences have different reactions to depictions of violence, nudity, coarse language, or to people in any other situation that is unacceptable to or stigmatized by the local culture or laws (such as the consumption of alcohol, homosexuality, illegal drug use, scatological images, etc.). Even with similar audiences, different organizations and even individual reporters have different standards and practices. These decisions often revolve around what facts are necessary for the audience to know. When certain distasteful or shocking material is considered important to the story, there are a variety of common methods for mitigating negative audience reaction. Advance warning of explicit or disturbing material may allow listeners or readers to avoid content they would rather not be exposed to. Offensive words may be partially obscured or bleeped. Potentially offensive images may be blurred or narrowly cropped. Descriptions may be substituted for pictures; graphic detail might be omitted. Disturbing content might be moved from a cover to an inside page, or from daytime to late evening when children are less likely to be watching. There is often considerable controversy over these techniques, especially concern that obscuring or not reporting certain facts or details is self-censorship that compromises objectivity and fidelity to the truth, and which does not serve the public interest. For example, images and graphic descriptions of war are often violent, bloody, shocking and profoundly tragic. This makes certain content disturbing to some audience members, but it is precisely these aspects of war that some consider to be the most important to convey. Some argue that \"sanitizing\" the depiction of war influences public opinion about the merits of continuing to fight, and about the policies or circumstances that precipitated the conflict. The amount of explicit violence and mutilation depicted in war coverage varies considerably from time to time, from organization to organization, and from country to country. Reporters have also been accused of indecency in the process of collecting news, namely that they are overly intrusive in the name of journalistic insensitivity. War correspondent Edward Behr recounts the story of a reporter during the Congo Crisis who walked into a crowd of Belgian evacuees and shouted, \"Anyone here been raped and speaks English?\"", "Many print publications take advantage of their wide readership and print persuasive pieces in the form of unsigned editorials that represent the official position of the organization. Despite the ostensible separation between editorial writing and news gathering, this practice may cause some people to doubt the political objectivity of the publication's news reporting. (Though usually unsigned editorials are accompanied by a diversity of signed opinions from other perspectives.) Other publications and many broadcast media only publish opinion pieces that are attributed to a particular individual (who may be an in-house analyst) or to an outside entity. One particularly controversial question is whether media organizations should endorse political candidates for office. Political endorsements create more opportunities to construe favoritism in reporting, and can create a perceived conflict of interest.", "Investigative journalism is largely an information-gathering exercise, looking for facts that are not easy to obtain by simple requests and searches, or are actively being concealed, suppressed or distorted. Where investigative work involves undercover journalism or use of whistleblowers, and even more if it resorts to covert methods more typical of private detectives or even spying, it brings a large extra burden on ethical standards. Anonymous sources are double-edged—they often provide especially newsworthy information, such as classified or confidential information about current events, information about a previously unreported scandal, or the perspective of a particular group that may fear retribution for expressing certain opinions in the press. The downside is that the condition of anonymity may make it difficult or impossible for the reporter to verify the source's statements. Sometimes news sources hide their identities from the public because their statements would otherwise quickly be discredited. Thus, statements attributed to anonymous sources may carry more weight with the public than they might if they were attributed. The Washington press has been criticized in recent years for excessive use of anonymous sources, in particular to report information that is later revealed to be unreliable. The use of anonymous sources increased markedly in the period before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.", "One of the primary functions of journalism ethics is to aid journalists in dealing with many ethical dilemmas they may encounter. From highly sensitive issues of national security to everyday questions such as accepting a dinner from a source, putting a bumper sticker on one's car, publishing a personal opinion blog, a journalist must make decisions taking into account things such as the public's right to know, potential threats, reprisals and intimidations of all kinds, personal integrity, conflicts between editors, reporters and publishers or management, and many other such conundra. The following are illustrations of some of those. A partial listing of questions received by The Ethics AdviceLine:", "Jesse Owen Hearns-Branaman of the National Institute of Development Administration, Thailand, argued that journalistic professionalism is a combination of two factors, secondary socialization of journalists in the workplace and the fetishization of journalistic norms and standards. In this way, undesirable traits in new journalists can be weeded out, and remaining journalists are free to cynically criticize journalistic professional norms as long as they keep working and following them. This criticism is adapted from interviews of twenty political journalists from BBC News, Sky News, \"The Guardian\", \"The New York Times\", \"The Washington Post\" and MSNBC/NBC News, and from philosopher Slavoj Žižek's concept of ideology." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 196216, 23, 44, 10476, 11439, 116, 58, 83, 5045, 1884, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 678, 10, 10846, 66044, 7, 5, 1650, 136622, 47, 4527, 116, 397, 76615, 7, 23, 6863, 36541, 7, 4, 142, 54241, 13, 75169, 44457, 4, 136, 10, 181952, 5426, 450, 121876, 7, 22759, 77679, 7, 12, 25737, 1992, 206, 4, 7108, 1992, 206, 4, 25737, 101630, 4, 136, 7108, 101630, 5, 803, 12729, 15390, 66044, 7, 99201, 52875, 39531, 2317, 7, 100, 3060, 124850, 4, 4420, 104250, 7, 4, 121293, 9, 42294, 19725, 4, 136, 10, 5609, 95528, 36998, 47, 6626, 124850, 4, 66306, 34, 395, 276, 12787, 192, 136, 19614, 528, 1861, 276, 12787, 192, 5, 33306, 4, 6, 175225, 6836, 1159, 1556, 10, 25927, 592, 5609, 95528, 25813, 450, 92319, 7, 1919, 16227, 5, 42989, 1577, 3542, 2843, 73197, 297, 47, 23, 134225, 82649, 3229, 51042, 1295, 10, 117396, 62488, 5, 98423, 1733, 70, 6712, 83, 42659, 33, 678, 1632, 111, 70, 114977, 19882, 124850, 23, 187, 23662, 13736, 4, 70, 137272, 1614, 9, 16091, 7, 62816, 24209, 7, 36849, 2886, 5, 44, 10476, 11439, 116, 58, 2843, 65508, 71, 67842, 13736, 7, 450, 2806, 24209, 41147, 1577, 47, 70, 36549, 5, 32255, 26698, 8018, 686, 1405, 13736, 4, 11399, 99381, 13736, 4, 136, 19055, 188515, 13736, 5, 8018, 686, 1405, 13736, 51776, 70, 58585, 8305, 142, 3564, 9393, 14012, 111, 14858, 90, 47, 1957, 3642, 5941, 233, 54137, 1836, 831, 8, 88981, 15490, 8035, 8, 88981, 297, 61261, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 2499, 16227, 72856, 20271, 10, 14858, 1221, 85358, 645, 47, 70, 11737, 14858, 4, 1284, 70, 58585, 2806, 6835, 21845, 10, 10176, 4785, 1286, 16227, 5, 11399, 99381, 13736, 83, 10, 6626, 9, 139570, 13736, 3129, 1257, 47, 136659, 124850, 831, 186, 133291, 390, 12638, 58585, 5, 18852, 8018, 686, 1405, 13736, 4, 2499, 16227, 72856, 20271, 10, 14858, 1221, 85358, 645, 47, 70, 11737, 14858, 4, 1284, 70, 58585, 1221, 6835, 21845, 10, 19336, 41170, 5, 19055, 188515, 13736, 83, 21373, 47, 1172, 23662, 13736, 4, 40494, 442, 83, 112730, 47, 1957, 3642, 4271, 70, 58585, 831, 738, 8305, 442, 136, 42659, 115923, 5, 581, 6712, 66139, 611, 124850, 1295, 70, 96362, 6712, 12, 7714, 40478, 4, 1172, 4514, 18813, 87, 4, 18968, 1294, 34, 4, 19614, 528, 1861, 276, 12787, 192, 4, 66306, 34, 395, 276, 12787, 192, 4, 18813, 87, 4, 88501, 87, 4, 5900, 6836, 1159, 4, 19824, 134217, 1414, 4, 157530, 36293, 4, 113835, 108193, 4, 50030, 40478, 4, 10208, 133720, 4, 67241, 50986, 21763, 4, 59246, 33861, 9569, 4, 136, 6, 175225, 6836, 1159, 12960, 49146, 6496, 21763, 5, 21656, 2263, 23962, 198395, 108975, 214, 237, 1614, 9, 837, 43576, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 7714, 8035, 50030, 25, 7, 1614, 9, 16091, 7, 100, 27781, 16, 621, 7228, 3934, 11301, 2886, 124850, 136, 34475, 1286, 117781, 25813, 5423, 7, 4, 102971, 1836, 7464, 12008, 5941, 25813, 7, 678, 70, 7311, 7, 5, 130679, 66306, 34, 395, 4, 7311, 538, 10, 9396, 58436, 67, 202317, 111, 66306, 34, 395, 70488, 100, 70, 5368, 130250, 11389, 111, 70, 5117, 6712, 4, 83, 2843, 7228, 237, 10, 4393, 11301, 2886, 62816, 136, 21265, 7, 237, 903, 6712, 25, 7, 2704, 55983, 5, 4426, 3267, 2740, 4426, 3267, 2740, 4426, 3267, 2740, 4426, 3267, 2740, 32964, 5369, 7103, 70, 47353, 111, 70, 18813, 111, 70599, 563, 1419, 11330, 76, 674, 4, 70, 276, 12787, 192, 825, 18437, 17750, 4, 1379, 70, 133465, 111, 66306, 34, 395, 276, 12787, 192, 4, 1556, 24209, 1286, 6, 66157, 136, 113138, 3501, 17669, 8108, 4, 136, 83, 75412, 23, 5941, 85325, 41018, 7, 5, 51404, 1919, 67373, 19614, 528, 1861, 276, 12787, 192, 509, 43257, 6, 75481, 9393, 23, 1919, 28117, 11, 3104, 7, 4, 66306, 34, 395, 27992, 7, 64557, 15490, 10, 136477, 5, 1529, 26364, 90, 110938, 7, 47, 27169, 67, 2499, 111, 1919, 35778, 7, 136, 43876, 7, 4, 81887, 7, 47, 1119, 1290, 18, 17265, 1295, 40368, 108880, 136, 53702, 7, 4, 136, 220845, 15592, 7, 9667, 12060, 297, 114149, 47, 55080, 101412, 28007, 7, 98, 2856, 5, 581, 31635, 100, 1919, 28, 5115, 8, 297, 7, 83, 6637, 764, 1556, 107003, 70, 130679, 46980, 28032, 4049, 47, 18588, 13, 4049, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 1919, 1256, 2822, 98186, 19614, 528, 1861, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 66306, 34, 395, 83, 149357, 71, 47, 8035, 34784, 297, 390, 26249, 38109, 177500, 136, 41271, 13, 13328, 62084, 192, 100, 1919, 28007, 7, 5, 19614, 528, 1861, 98, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 136565, 66306, 34, 395, 1902, 8, 88981, 297, 136, 104250, 19, 5773, 10, 6, 195167, 6626, 5369, 6650, 4, 1556, 194637, 297, 4420, 1257, 136, 83, 23189, 66570, 4, 23577, 1916, 47, 645, 927, 15555, 66306, 34, 395, 5, 360, 142, 81887, 47, 31351, 66570, 111, 19614, 528, 1861, 136, 1919, 22, 13, 32747, 24145, 136, 100, 756, 4, 66306, 34, 395, 3398, 85018, 7, 70, 18813, 111, 70599, 563, 1419, 11330, 76, 674, 116, 4, 678, 10, 21334, 49456, 494, 731, 111, 1632, 4307, 96222, 86258, 4, 141956, 450, 19614, 528, 1861, 1221, 108975, 5, 14847, 13328, 155605, 32497, 2577, 47, 2577, 678, 66306, 34, 395, 4, 2412, 1927, 90, 47, 34784, 4049, 4, 1284, 64457, 70, 15044, 111, 2856, 831, 959, 4358, 8035, 79442, 19, 47, 1632, 15700, 4, 25793, 2118, 71, 390, 10, 759, 28692, 37772, 107314, 13328, 25, 7, 6226, 5, 4687, 14432, 62163, 181036, 678, 66306, 34, 395, 25, 7, 29041, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 604, 137802, 26818, 50155, 47, 138804, 2363, 29041, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 19614, 528, 1861, 54410, 7, 99, 70, 233547, 4, 6, 69986, 26548, 70, 2343, 232, 214, 78431, 1314, 136, 155605, 58359, 214, 66306, 34, 395, 5, 360, 70, 2704, 68807, 4, 19614, 528, 1861, 158, 20549, 7, 66306, 34, 395, 136, 1836, 133868, 24145, 13438, 5, 581, 130679, 46980, 51776, 645, 66306, 34, 395, 25, 7, 14361, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 66306, 34, 395, 141753, 10, 130679, 195629, 5, 33306, 4, 8, 61518, 903, 4, 66306, 34, 395, 83, 959, 37515, 20174, 47, 645, 62783, 19614, 528, 1861, 6637, 111, 70, 70796, 79612, 28032, 4049, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 8622, 621, 1492, 11301, 2886, 124850, 23, 70, 6712, 25, 7, 187, 23662, 11389, 136, 1257, 47, 214075, 9, 1029, 272, 78431, 1314, 4, 26719, 136659, 3525, 64333, 23, 70, 130250, 11389, 5, 581, 5368, 11389, 2843, 65508, 71, 3525, 4, 5036, 9, 590, 8705, 6712, 13736, 7, 47, 70, 36549, 5, 44, 10476, 11439, 116, 58, 509, 10, 130306, 237, 5299, 237, 60091, 36272, 5, 1650, 509, 134629, 390, 44, 10476, 11439, 138, 58, 23, 11994, 98600, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Gameplay.", "Characters.", "Returning characters.", "Plot.", "Development and release.", "Reception." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The gameplay in \"Tekken 2\" is much like its predecessor with a few additions. It continues to use 2D backgrounds in its stages, an infinite playing field, and a fighting system that utilizes four buttons: left punch, right punch, left kick, and right kick. Distinct additions included attack reversals for some characters, back throws, chain-throws, and a sidestep unique to two characters, Kazuya Mishima and Heihachi Mishima. However, Yoshimitsu has a spinning sidestep move that lowers his health. Tackles were also modified to inflict damage when running from a greater distance. Each time the game is beaten with one of the default available characters in arcade mode, the associated sub-boss character becomes selectable. \"Tekken 2\" also introduced various modes that would become staples to the series. These include Survival mode, Team Battle mode, and Time Attack mode. Survival mode takes the player through an endless number of matches to see how many opponent they can defeat without being defeated themselves. In addition, any health lost during a match will carry over to the next match, but the player would regain a little bit more health. Team Battle mode is a two-player mode which up to eight characters can be selected by each player. Like Survival mode, any health lost during a match will carry over to the next match, but the player will regain a small amount. Time Attack mode is similar to Arcade mode, except it is played to see how fast the player can go through it and beat records.", "The game features 16 characters from the previous game: Anna Williams, Armor King I, Ganryu, Heihachi Mishima, Kazuya Mishima, King I, Kuma I, Kunimitsu, Lee Chaolan, Marshall Law, Michelle Chang, Nina Williams, Paul Phoenix, Prototype Jack, Wang Jinrei, and Yoshimitsu while removing Jack. Characters previously appearing as sub-bosses (such as Anna being Nina's sub-boss for example) are made into playable characters and given more distinct move sets, although they still share many moves with the originals. Devil Kazuya, originally a bonus palette swap of Kazuya reserved for the home console version of the first game, is also made as a full playable character and serves as this game's final boss.", "<br> <br> <br> <br>", "Two years after the events of the King of Iron Fist Tournament, the Mishima Zaibatsu, under the leadership of Kazuya Mishima, has become more corrupt and powerful than ever before, and is involved in many illegal operations. While his father Heihachi Mishima was rather ruthless in his endeavors, Kazuya acts completely without a conscience. He hires assassins to eliminate any of his critics and rivals, attempts to extort money from several businesses and organizations, and smuggles endangered species to conduct genetic experiments on them. The reason for his evil deeds is because he has allowed the Devil Gene within him to consume him as a result of his hatred towards Heihachi. Meanwhile, Kazuya is sentenced to being arrested by animal rights activist and operative Jun Kazama for his experiments. Heihachi on the other hand, whom Kazuya had defeated and thrown off a cliff two years ago, has climbed back up and is training himself, plotting to overthrow Kazuya. In an attempt to rid himself of Heihachi and his enemies once and for all, Kazuya announces the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2, with a large cash prize of one trillion dollars, knowing that Heihachi will appear. When Jun eventually comes face to face with Kazuya, she tries to arrest him, but instead the both of them can not help being drawn to one another, propelled by a mystic force beyond Jun's control. She later gets pregnant with Kazuya's child, resulting in her leaving everything behind to raise their child. Meanwhile, Heihachi arrives at the tournament, winning against the opposing fighters and eventually reaching Kazuya. In the final round, Heihachi confronts Kazuya and they battle once again. The Devil Gene takes over Kazuya's body, resulting in Kazuya becoming a Devil creature. However, despite this, Kazuya is not strong enough to overpower Heihachi because of the internal conflict within him, between his evil side - represented by Devil within him - and his good side - represented by an unknown entity called Angel, which was brought forth after his meeting with Jun. Heihachi takes Kazuya's unconscious body to a volcano, and throws him into it before escaping on a helicopter just as the volcano erupts behind him, having taken his revenge and regained the Mishima Zaibatsu. In the meantime, Jun gives birth to Kazuya's illegitimate son.", "Each of the characters in \"Tekken 2\" is composed of roughly 800 polygons and took between three days and a week to model. Roger the Kangaroo originated as a pet project of one of the development team members, who designed and modeled the character in his free time. When he showed Roger to some of his colleagues in the development team, they pushed to include the character in the game. Much of the time developing the PlayStation conversion was devoted to rewriting the code to fit the console's memory, which is roughly half the size of the game data used in the arcade version. \"Tekken 2\"s port to the PlayStation includes unique CGI endings for every character and numerous modes such as Survival, Time Attack, Team Battle, and Practice mode. It also contains arranged music, like the port of the first game. The arrangements were handled by a large team consisting of original composer Yoshie Arakawa, Shinji Hosoe, Ayako Saso, Nobuyoshi Sano, Takayuki Aihara, Hiroto Sasaki, and Keiichi Okabe, while additional music was composed by Akira Nishizaki, Takashi Furukawa, and Hideaki Mitsui. The PlayStation 2 version of \"Tekken 5\" features the arcade version of \"Tekken 2\" (\"Ver. B\") as a playable bonus. \"Tekken 2\" standalone is available for PlayStation 3 users to download onto the PlayStation Portable. However, multiplayer options have been removed. and on Zeebo via ZeeboNet.", "The PlayStation conversion was a best-seller in the UK. Sony claimed sales of over one million units in Japan. It was also acclaimed by game critics, with a 93% rating at GameRankings. Critics praised the game's light sourcing, fluid character movement, detailed backgrounds, complex system of moves and combos, accessibility to inexperienced gamers, large set of playable characters, and the practice mode, which several critics predicted would become a standard feature in fighting games. Crispen Boyer of \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" called it \"the best 3-D fighting game you can find for any system\", and \"GamePro\", further comparing it to fighting games still in development, assured gamers that it would be at least a year before \"Tekken 2\" would be topped. It received a number of Game of the Year awards from various publications. \"Next Generation\" reviewed the arcade version of the game, and stated that \"It's the style of body slamming and wrestling moves that sets this game apart from its closest cousin, \"Virtua Fighter 2\", which makes it of interest. And the variation of moves and combinations surely place this game near the top of the heap, though the game is still not truly 3D in viewing perspective.\" In 1997, \"\" named the PlayStation port of \"Tekken 2\" one of the \"Top 25 PlayStation Games of All Time\" at number three, describing it as better than the arcade version in many regards due to added features, and \"one of the best fighting games ever.\" It was also listed among the best games of all time by \"Next Generation\" in 1996, \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" (both staff and readers) in 1997, \"Game Informer\" in 2001, GameSpot in 2006, \"Empire\" in 2009, and \"Guinness World Records\" in 2009." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 137939, 86, 509, 103122, 23, 170852, 4, 2356, 5753, 98, 18982, 21567, 122815, 5, 18763, 27863, 3542, 89176, 177705, 7, 25203, 13, 137939, 86, 7435, 12424, 74668, 73419, 136, 104324, 137939, 86, 15, 40062, 21421, 5330, 74, 171512, 74668, 69622, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 10, 125017, 136, 1919, 42732, 509, 10, 40, 302, 95650, 4, 15044, 103122, 23, 2393, 416, 4, 10, 19336, 45556, 50782, 111, 353, 99726, 23, 70, 192859, 111, 33965, 37599, 5, 25203, 13, 136, 104324, 1902, 136659, 3789, 20020, 12, 234872, 137939, 86, 4, 2750, 14432, 98816, 1919, 9351, 47, 22758, 49307, 136, 100512, 10, 1250, 26036, 14, 1363, 23882, 23, 2005, 42, 4, 799, 2844, 937, 74, 173658, 11, 1018, 14631, 137939, 86, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 179322, 44, 12647, 46401, 7, 58, 137939, 86, 4, 2750, 34739, 25534, 111, 1919, 82953, 25, 7, 186, 814, 4588, 53099, 74, 73146, 7535, 44, 156427, 58, 137939, 86, 4, 1004, 10593, 137939, 86, 4, 2750, 68, 71, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 1632, 4, 1004, 68537, 44, 98385, 58, 137939, 86, 4, 24748, 137939, 86, 4, 115136, 137939, 86, 4, 136, 911, 41993, 11, 137939, 86, 5, 179322, 136, 17819, 79786, 678, 4049, 23, 1919, 49602, 352, 95972, 5, 17819, 6777, 221, 24189, 1919, 47219, 98, 7071, 106, 4, 58410, 5, 179322, 13028, 70, 13820, 18, 2069, 53095, 15, 837, 927, 8437, 136, 85325, 16, 39395, 98, 4, 136, 509, 2843, 70, 12912, 332, 100, 70, 58823, 13538, 16086, 100, 3060, 1733, 24189, 764, 509, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 100, 24643, 70890, 6889, 23, 60775, 5, 581, 137939, 86, 14449, 5117, 194704, 3674, 23, 154140, 1295, 174715, 98848, 47, 3698, 15537, 15, 49748, 9, 5636, 144672, 4, 143516, 247, 10, 11469, 26349, 23, 2367, 509, 7068, 66724, 9, 841, 1619, 6635, 5, 9925, 6602, 4, 70, 14449, 26983, 297, 1295, 3698, 15537, 390, 109923, 47, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 4, 7440, 1836, 9615, 6259, 99, 9199, 19295, 53, 15130, 4, 23, 70, 19295, 53, 47935, 71, 40059, 111, 7565, 35461, 170852, 5, 25203, 13, 137939, 86, 79786, 99, 10, 43573, 1272, 125017, 19927, 99, 1702, 5227, 102736, 5, 14847, 884, 509, 534, 4, 70, 137939, 86, 14449, 109133, 47, 4520, 6389, 28394, 41076, 23, 5227, 159, 89059, 4, 170852, 5, 137939, 86, 168360, 103036, 237, 10, 9836, 4, 1284, 1902, 63134, 678, 70, 91736, 99, 1919, 81113, 31090, 1861, 289, 129574, 10696, 5, 18763, 10696, 214, 134620, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 616, 4, 7103, 764, 509, 14700, 2118, 71, 100, 5962, 1916, 10, 117776, 117914, 23, 70, 2577, 5, 1529, 79786, 99, 70270, 74464, 10932, 170852, 4, 26719, 10, 7841, 53, 4343, 136, 10, 120324, 214, 747, 53, 5, 28090, 64104, 47, 24531, 4, 764, 112730, 36137, 9, 141532, 289, 178663, 5, 77168, 214, 903, 4, 137939, 86, 509, 79507, 71, 390, 4642, 1515, 99051, 6653, 4726, 4, 136565, 764, 21449, 47, 28601, 237, 10, 52114, 5, 137939, 86, 139505, 2945, 33876, 1212, 313, 72089, 2397, 99, 32070, 17846, 98, 14487, 496, 4, 24531, 5, 4687, 509, 120552, 129574, 136, 110680, 450, 31150, 1902, 34475, 127319, 47, 2363, 775, 24748, 56230, 44, 69611, 299, 58, 137939, 86, 15, 165826, 1104, 30416, 194, 24748, 72856, 2684, 111, 1919, 129271, 23, 1919, 25737, 67896, 237, 10, 29041, 5, 137939, 86, 509, 1379, 70, 32070, 111, 21416, 136, 1919, 27863, 1902, 47, 149707, 23, 32562, 47, 70, 129570, 5, 3311, 756, 15426, 7, 4, 70, 6626, 1902, 10, 17723, 129570, 8, 61518, 1919, 49602, 101906, 5, 137939, 86, 61475, 538, 100512, 75412, 678, 19336, 9, 6032, 4642, 7, 450, 99201, 70, 41921, 19953, 53, 19669, 3134, 7, 136, 70, 126055, 26976, 112860, 5, 1529, 7068, 33284, 297, 70, 170852, 220767, 1314, 4, 136, 7068, 70, 113138, 156615, 41097, 7, 46294, 35509, 23, 61187, 56, 147037, 5, 133698, 903, 1733, 4, 764, 509, 6, 212423, 136, 52114, 297, 390, 145042, 673, 27853, 11226, 17819, 478, 2369, 133, 4, 10, 1909, 132297, 23, 10, 1657, 7460, 18481, 82393, 23664, 136, 57, 100702, 35839, 70, 107154, 11151, 5, 137939, 86, 23, 712, 814, 25352, 538, 100567, 297, 10, 46667, 12960, 20697, 70, 1911, 4, 136, 764, 509, 14865, 67175, 678, 10, 17075, 33632, 17262, 20028, 98, 70, 25737, 5609, 111, 1919, 2577, 390, 604, 82953, 17819, 21713, 34, 28984, 74, 70, 4323, 7030, 7, 12441, 47, 70, 128911, 11627, 44, 294, 3284, 40404, 58, 3129, 137939, 86, 459, 257, 5252, 5, 581, 5622, 3229, 903, 74918, 2822, 1556, 2809, 113771, 678, 23, 25553, 6892, 58732, 5, 14847, 137939, 86, 509, 81828, 297, 4, 764, 58558, 70, 35006, 2822, 25737, 5609, 111, 1919, 2577, 4, 54433, 450, 70, 232796, 3542, 1631, 4323, 7030, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 35839, 44, 294, 157, 71361, 58, 390, 1919, 20903, 271, 23902, 4, 10, 13579, 100, 10, 189173, 40989, 56, 5, 360, 45913, 4, 137939, 86, 25737, 2356, 5753, 6406, 100, 58823, 99, 70, 194134, 111, 99051, 6653, 4726, 4, 2750, 509, 76242, 71, 390, 46824, 55983, 14631, 44, 129933, 41994, 58, 37822, 7, 2414, 237, 142, 22, 50930, 42, 5, 137939, 86, 80723, 23, 58823, 237, 10, 337, 309, 3443, 23, 10, 7155, 18, 6865, 4, 7440, 764, 18264, 297, 954, 66847, 164, 5, 19055, 538, 4527, 111, 73146, 42, 1462, 31895, 5809, 765, 314, 2822, 70, 159634, 4, 1284, 764, 198371, 8306, 221, 46526, 39734, 5, 360, 61242, 4, 764, 59038, 71, 10, 19336, 18276, 99, 9464, 12465, 25134, 4061, 14, 5056, 102736, 23, 70, 5227, 1572, 748, 205277, 98, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 127067, 5609, 100, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 5369, 111, 70, 8, 23662, 4, 1919, 9351, 80723, 108975, 214, 23, 73962, 29681, 37967, 7440, 764, 509, 151552, 237, 10, 16530, 214, 125568, 42, 5, 6653, 4726, 34739, 645, 37822, 7, 2414, 25, 7, 46824, 352, 95972, 7103, 37822, 7, 2414, 25, 7, 162882, 98, 4347, 534, 4, 23031, 4, 23, 3129, 137939, 86, 509, 92610, 297, 111, 8035, 75412, 5, 6653, 4726, 10336, 297, 142, 85590, 538, 89176, 5808, 297, 46824, 21115, 450, 509, 70, 129058, 23, 70, 26349, 4, 678, 137939, 86, 237, 1919, 7108, 9, 12336, 332, 5, 1529, 509, 1631, 53, 111, 8035, 79442, 19, 3934, 4642, 1631, 7, 136, 37842, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 884, 75189, 184, 25203, 137939, 86, 15, 74, 18982, 21567, 122815, 46, 18982, 714, 4, 40191, 247, 68018, 51529, 390, 70, 128911, 11627, 44, 294, 3284, 40404, 830, 509, 142, 15672, 4642, 1515, 136, 8063, 669, 2750, 243, 122009, 110, 80272, 939, 20271, 70, 1250, 26036, 14, 1363, 1615, 237, 70, 552, 9, 151645, 56, 136, 55983, 111, 70, 58823, 13538, 16086, 5, 18763, 59671, 9, 46799, 1690, 38529, 237, 10, 46824, 55983, 134620, 3229, 764, 23409, 47, 101085, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 89725, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "New York City.", "Move to Chicago.", "Boss.", "Political alliances.", "Saint Valentine's Day Massacre.", "Trials.", "Tax evasion.", "Imprisonment.", "Chicago aftermath.", "Failing health and death.", "Victims.", "In popular culture.", "Film and television." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 17, 1899. His parents were Italian immigrants Gabriele Capone (1865–1920) and Teresa Capone (née Raiola; 1867–1952). His father was a barber and his mother was a seamstress, both born in Angri, a small commune outside of Naples in the Province of Salerno. Gabriele and Teresa had eight other children: Vincenzo Capone, who later changed his name to Richard Hart and became a Prohibition agent in Homer, Nebraska; Raffaele James Capone, also known as Ralph \"Bottles\" Capone, who took charge of his brother's beverage industry; Salvatore \"Frank\" Capone, Ermina Capone, who died at the age of one, Ermino \"John\" Capone, Albert Capone, Matthew Capone, and Mafalda Capone. Ralph and Frank worked with him in his criminal empire. Frank did so until his death on April 1, 1924. Ralph ran the bottling companies (both legal and illegal) early on, and was also the front man for the Chicago Outfit for some time until he was imprisoned for tax evasion in 1932. The Capone family first immigrated in 1893 from Southern Italy to Fiume (modern-day Rijeka, Croatia), a port city in what was then Austria-Hungary. That year, the family traveled from Fiume by ship to the U.S., where they settled at 95 Navy Street, in the Navy Yard section of downtown Brooklyn. Gabriele Capone worked at a nearby barber shop at 29 Park Avenue. When Al was 11, the Capone family moved to 38 Garfield Place in Park Slope, Brooklyn. Capone showed promise as a student, but had trouble with the rules at his strict parochial Catholic school. His schooling ended at the age of 14, after he was expelled for hitting a female teacher in the face. He worked at odd jobs around Brooklyn, including a candy store and a bowling alley. From 1916 to 1918, he played semi-professional baseball. Following this, Capone was influenced by gangster Johnny Torrio, whom he came to regard as a mentor. Capone married Mae Josephine Coughlin at age 19, on December 30, 1918. She was Irish Catholic and earlier that month had given birth to their son Albert Francis \"Sonny\" Capone (1918–2004). Albert lost most of his hearing in his left ear as a child. Capone was under the age of 21, and his parents had to consent in writing to the marriage. By all accounts, the two had a happy marriage despite his criminal lifestyle.", "", "Capone initially became involved with small-time gangs that included the Junior Forty Thieves and the Bowery Boys. He then joined the Brooklyn Rippers, and then the powerful Five Points Gang based in Lower Manhattan. During this time, he was employed and mentored by fellow racketeer Frankie Yale, a bartender in a Coney Island dance hall and saloon called the Harvard Inn. Capone inadvertently insulted a woman while working the door, and he was slashed with a knife three times on the left side of his face by her brother Frank Galluccio; the wounds led to the nickname \"Scarface\" which Capone loathed. The date when this occurred has been reported with inconsistencies. When Capone was photographed, he hid the scarred left side of his face, saying that the injuries were war wounds. He was called \"Snorky\" by his closest friends, a term for a sharp dresser.", "In 1919, Capone left New York City for Chicago at the invitation of Johnny Torrio, who was imported by crime boss James \"Big Jim\" Colosimo as an enforcer. Capone began in Chicago as a bouncer in a brothel, where he contracted syphilis. Timely use of Salvarsan probably could have cured the infection, but he apparently never sought treatment. In 1923, he purchased a small house at 7244 South Prairie Avenue in the Park Manor neighborhood on the city's south side for. In the early years of the decade, his name began appearing in newspaper sports pages where he was described as a boxing promoter. Torrio took over Colosimo's crime empire after Colosimo's murder on May 11, 1920, in which Capone was suspected of being involved. Torrio headed an essentially Italian organized crime group that was the biggest in the city, with Capone as his right-hand man. He was wary of being drawn into gang wars and tried to negotiate agreements over territory between rival crime groups. The smaller North Side Gang led by Dean O'Banion (also known as Dion O'Banion) was of mixed ethnicity, and it came under pressure from the Genna brothers who were allied with Torrio. O'Banion found that Torrio was unhelpful with the encroachment of the Gennas into the North Side, despite his pretensions to be a settler of disputes. In a fateful step, Torrio either arranged for or acquiesced to the murder of O'Banion at his flower shop on November 10, 1924. This placed Hymie Weiss at the head of the gang, backed by Vincent Drucci and Bugs Moran. Weiss had been a close friend of O'Banion, and the North Siders made it a priority to get revenge on his killers. Al Capone was a frequent visitor to RyeMabee in Monteagle, Tennessee \"when he was traveling between Chicago and his Florida estate in Miami.\" During Prohibition in the United States, Capone was involved with bootleggers in Canada who helped him smuggle liquor into the US. When Capone was asked if he knew Rocco Perri, billed as Canada's \"King of the Bootleggers\", he replied: \"\"Why, I don't even know which street Canada is on.\"\" Other sources, however, claim that Capone had certainly visited Canada, with one stating that he maintained some hideaways north of the border.", "In January 1925, Capone was ambushed, leaving him shaken but unhurt. Twelve days later, Torrio was returning from a shopping trip when he was shot several times. After recovering, he effectively resigned and handed control to Capone, age 26, who became the new boss of an organization that took in illegal breweries and a transportation network that reached to Canada, with political and law-enforcement protection. In turn, he was able to use more violence to increase revenue. An establishment that refused to purchase liquor from him often got blown up, and as many as 100 people were killed in such bombings during the 1920s. Rivals saw Capone as responsible for the proliferation of brothels in the city. Capone indulged in custom suits, cigars, gourmet food and drink (his preferred liquor was Templeton Rye from Iowa), and female companionship. He was particularly known for his flamboyant and costly jewelry. His favorite responses to questions about his activities were: \"I am just a businessman, giving the people what they want\"; and, \"All I do is satisfy a public demand.\" Capone had become a national celebrity and talking point. He based himself in Cicero, Illinois after using bribery and widespread intimidation to take over town council elections (such as the 1924 Cicero municipal elections), and this made it difficult for the North Siders to target him. His driver was found tortured and murdered, and there was an attempt on Weiss's life in the Chicago Loop. On September 20, 1926, the North Side Gang used a ploy outside the Capone headquarters at the Hawthorne Inn, aimed at drawing him to the windows. Gunmen in several cars then opened fire with Thompson submachine guns and shotguns at the windows of the first-floor restaurant. Capone was unhurt and called for a truce, but the negotiations fell through. Three weeks later, Weiss was killed outside the former O'Banion flower shop North Side headquarters. The owner of Hawthorne's restaurant was a friend of Capone's, and he was kidnapped and killed by Moran and Drucci in January 1927. Capone became increasingly security-minded and desirous of getting away from Chicago. As a precaution, he and his entourage would often show up suddenly at one of Chicago's train depots and buy up an entire Pullman sleeper car on a night train to Cleveland, Omaha, Kansas City, Little Rock, or Hot Springs, where they would spend a week in luxury hotel suites under assumed names. In 1928, Capone paid $40,000 to beer magnate August Busch for a 14-room retreat at 93 Palm Avenue on Palm Island, Florida, in Biscayne Bay between Miami and Miami Beach. He never registered any property under his name. He did not even have a bank account, but he always used Western Union for cash delivery, although not more than $1,000. In an effort to clean up his image, Capone donated to charities and sponsored a soup kitchen in Chicago during the Depression.", "The protagonists of Chicago's politics had long been associated with questionable methods, and even newspaper circulation \"wars\", but the need for bootleggers to have protection in city hall introduced a far more serious level of violence and graft. Capone is generally seen as having an appreciable effect in bringing about the victories of Republican William Hale Thompson, especially in the 1927 mayoral race when Thompson campaigned for a wide open town, at one time hinting that he'd reopen illegal saloons. Such a proclamation helped his campaign gain the support of Capone, and he allegedly accepted a contribution of $250,000 from the gangster. In the 1927 mayoral race, Thompson beat William Emmett Dever by a relatively slim margin. Thompson's powerful Cook County political machine had drawn on the often-parochial Italian community, but this was in tension with his highly successful courting of African Americans. Capone continued to back Thompson. Voting booths were targeted by Capone's bomber James Belcastro in the wards where Thompson's opponents were thought to have support, on the polling day of April 10, 1928, in the so-called Pineapple Primary, causing the deaths of at least 15 people. Belcastro was accused of the murder of lawyer Octavius Granady, an African American who challenged Thompson's candidate for the African American vote, and was chased through the streets on polling day by cars of gunmen before being shot dead. Four policemen were among those charged along with Belcastro, but all charges were dropped after key witnesses recanted their statements. An indication of the attitude of local law enforcement to Capone's organization came in 1931 when Belcastro was wounded in a shooting; police suggested to skeptical journalists that Belcastro was an independent operator. The 1929 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre led to public disquiet about Thompson's alliance with Capone and was a factor in Anton J. Cermak winning the mayoral election on April 6, 1931.", "Capone was widely assumed to have been responsible for ordering the 1929 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre in an attempt to eliminate Bugs Moran, head of the North Side Gang. The motivation for the plan may have been the fact that some expensive whisky illegally imported from Canada via the Detroit River had been hijacked while it was being transported to Cook County, Illinois. Moran was the last survivor of the North Side gunmen; his succession had come about because his similarly aggressive predecessors Vincent Drucci and Hymie Weiss had been killed in the violence that followed the murder of original leader Dean O'Banion. To monitor their targets' habits and movements, Capone's men rented an apartment across from the trucking warehouse and garage at 2122 North Clark Street, which served as Moran's headquarters. On the morning of Thursday, February 14, 1929, Capone's lookouts signaled gunmen disguised as police officers to initiate a \"police raid\". The \"faux\" police lined the seven victims along a wall and signaled for accomplices armed with machine guns and shotguns. Photos of the slain victims shocked the public and damaged Capone's reputation. Within days, Capone received a summons to testify before a Chicago grand jury on charges of federal Prohibition violations, but he claimed to be too unwell to attend. Capone was primarily known for ordering other men to do his dirty work for him. One story, however, has Capone, having discovered that three of his men—Scalise, Anselmi, and Giunta—were conspiring against him with a rival gangster, Joe Aiello, reportedly arranging for the conspirators to dine with him and his bodyguards. After a night of drinking, Capone beat the men with a baseball bat and then ordered his bodyguards to shoot them, a scene that was included in the 1987 film \"The Untouchables\". Deirdre Bair, along with writers and historians such as William Elliot Hazelgrove, have questioned the veracity of the claim. Bair questioned why \"three trained killers could sit quietly and let this happen\", while Hazelgrove stated that Capone would have been \"hard pressed to beat three men to death with a baseball bat\" and that he would have instead let an enforcer perform the murders. However, despite claims that the story was first reported by author Walter Noble Burns in his 1931 book \"The One-way Ride: The red trail of Chicago gangland from prohibition to Jake Lingle\", Capone biographers Max Allan Collins and A. Brad Schwartz have found versions of the story in press coverage shortly after the crime. Collins and Schwartz suggest that similarities among reported versions of the story indicate a basis in truth and that the Outfit deliberately spread the tale to enhance Capone's fearsome reputation. George Meyer, an associate of Capone's, also claimed to have witnessed both the planning of the murders and the event itself.", "On March 27, 1929, Capone was arrested by FBI agents as he left a Chicago courtroom after testifying to a grand jury that was investigating violations of federal prohibition laws. He was charged with contempt of court for feigning illness to avoid an earlier appearance. On May 16, 1929, Capone was arrested in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for carrying a concealed weapon. On May 17, 1929, Capone was indicted by a grand jury and a trial was held before Philadelphia Municipal Court Judge John E Walsh. Following the entering of a guilty plea by his attorney, Capone was sentenced to a prison term of one year. On August 8, 1929, Capone was transferred to Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary. A week after his release in March 1930, Capone was listed as the number one \"Public Enemy\" on the unofficial Chicago Crime Commission's widely publicized list. In April 1930, Capone was arrested on vagrancy charges when visiting Miami Beach; the governor had ordered sheriffs to run him out of the state. Capone claimed that Miami police had refused him food and water and threatened to arrest his family. He was charged with perjury for making these statements, but was acquitted after a three-day trial in July. In September, a Chicago judge issued a warrant for Capone's arrest on charges of vagrancy, and then used the publicity to run against Thompson in the Republican primary. In February 1931, Capone was tried on the contempt of court charge. In court, Judge James Herbert Wilkerson intervened to reinforce questioning of Capone's doctor by the prosecutor. Wilkerson sentenced Capone to six months, but he remained free while on appeal of the contempt conviction.", "Assistant Attorney General Mabel Walker Willebrandt recognized that mob figures publicly led lavish lifestyles yet never filed tax returns, and thus could be convicted of tax evasion without requiring hard evidence to get testimony about their other crimes. She tested this approach by prosecuting a South Carolina bootlegger, Manley Sullivan. In 1927, the Supreme Court ruled in \"United States v. Sullivan\" that the approach was legally sound: illegally earned income was subject to income tax; Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. rejected the argument that the Fifth Amendment protected criminals from reporting illegal income. The IRS special investigation unit chose Frank J. Wilson to investigate Capone, with the focus on his spending. The key to Capone's conviction on tax charges was proving his income, and the most valuable evidence in that regard originated in his offer to pay tax. Ralph, his brother and a gangster in his own right, was tried for tax evasion in 1930. Ralph spent the next three years in prison after being convicted in a two-week trial over which Wilkerson presided. Capone ordered his lawyer to regularize his tax position. Crucially, during the ultimately abortive negotiations that followed, his lawyer stated the income that Capone was willing to pay tax on for various years, admitting income of $100,000 for 1928 and 1929, for instance. Hence, without any investigation, the government had been given a letter from a lawyer acting for Capone conceding his large taxable income for certain years. On March 13, 1931, Capone was charged with income tax evasion for 1924, in a secret grand jury. On June 5, 1931, Capone was indicted by a federal grand jury on 22 counts of income tax evasion from 1925 through 1929; he was released on $50,000 bail. A week later, Eliot Ness and his team of Untouchables inflicted major financial damage on Capone's operations, and led to his indictment on 5,000 violations of the Volstead Act (Prohibition laws). On June 16, 1931, at the Chicago Federal Building in the courtroom of Judge James Herbert Wilkerson, Capone plead guilty to income tax evasion and the 5,000 Volstead Act violations as part of a -year prison sentence plea bargain. However, on July 30, 1931, Judge Wilkerson refused to honor the plea bargain, and Capone's counsel rescinded the guilty pleas. On the second day of the trial, Judge Wilkerson overruled objections that a lawyer could not confess for his client, saying that anyone making a statement to the government did so at his own risk. Wilkerson deemed that the 1930 letter to federal authorities could be admitted into evidence from a lawyer acting for Capone. Wilkerson later tried Capone only on the income tax evasion charges as he determined they took precedence over the Volstead Act charges. Much was later made of other evidence, such as witnesses and ledgers, but these strongly implied Capone's control rather than stating it. Capone's lawyers, who had relied on the plea bargain Judge Wilkerson refused to honor and therefore had mere hours to prepare for the trial, ran a weak defense focused on claiming that essentially all his income was lost to gambling. This would have been irrelevant regardless, since gambling losses can only be subtracted from gambling winnings, but it was further undercut by Capone's expenses, which were well beyond what his claimed income could support; Judge Wilkerson allowed Capone's spending to be presented at very great length. The government charged Capone with evasion of $215,000 in taxes on a total income of $1,038,654, during the five-year period. Capone was convicted on three counts of income tax evasion on October 17, 1931, and was sentenced a week later to 11 years in federal prison, fined $50,000 plus $7,692 for court costs, and was held liable for $215,000 plus interest due on his back taxes. The contempt of court sentence was served concurrently. New lawyers hired to represent Capone were Washington-based tax experts. They filed a writ of habeas corpus based on a Supreme Court ruling that tax evasion was not fraud, which apparently meant that Capone had been convicted on charges relating to years that were actually outside the time limit for prosecution. However, a judge interpreted the law so that the time that Capone had spent in Miami was subtracted from the age of the offences, thereby denying the appeal of both Capone's conviction and sentence.", "Capone was sent to Atlanta U.S. Penitentiary in May 1932, aged 33. Upon his arrival at Atlanta, the Capone was officially diagnosed with syphilis and gonorrhoea. He was also suffering from withdrawal symptoms from cocaine addiction, the use of which had perforated his nasal septum. Capone was competent at his prison job of stitching soles on shoes for eight hours a day, but his letters were barely coherent. He was seen as a weak personality, and so out of his depth dealing with bullying fellow inmates that his cellmate, seasoned convict Red Rudensky, feared that Capone would have a breakdown. Rudensky was formerly a small-time criminal associated with the Capone gang, and found himself becoming a protector for Capone. The conspicuous protection of Rudensky and other prisoners drew accusations from less friendly inmates, and fueled suspicion that Capone was receiving special treatment. No solid evidence ever emerged, but it formed part of the rationale for moving Capone to the recently opened Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary off the coast of San Francisco, in August 1934. On June 23, 1936, Capone was stabbed and superficially wounded by fellow-Alcatraz inmate James C. Lucas. At Alcatraz, Capone's decline became increasingly evident as neurosyphilis progressively eroded his mental faculties, his formal diagnosis of syphilis of the brain was made in February 1938. He spent the last year of his Alcatraz sentence in the hospital section, confused and disoriented. Capone completed his term in Alcatraz on January 6, 1939, and was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island in California to serve out his sentence for contempt of court. He was paroled on November 16, 1939, after his wife Mae appealed to the court, based on his reduced mental capabilities diagnosed.", "The main effect of Capone's conviction was that he ceased to be boss immediately on his imprisonment, but those involved in the jailing of Capone portrayed it as considerably undermining the city's organized crime syndicate. Capone's underboss, Frank Nitti took over as boss of the Outfit after he was released from prison in March 1932, having also been convicted of tax evasion charges. Far from being smashed, the Outfit continued without being troubled by the Chicago police, but at a lower level and without the open violence that had marked Capone's rule. Organized crime in the city had a lower profile once Prohibition was repealed, already wary of attention after seeing Capone's notoriety bring him down, to the extent that there is a lack of consensus among writers about who was actually in control and who was a figurehead \"front boss\". Prostitution, labor union racketeering, and gambling became moneymakers for organized crime in the city without incurring serious investigation. In the late 1950s, FBI agents discovered an organization led by Capone's former lieutenants reigning supreme over the Chicago underworld.", "Due to his failing health, Capone was released from prison on November 16, 1939, and referred to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore for the treatment of paresis (caused by late-stage syphilis). Hopkins refused to admit him on his reputation alone, but Union Memorial Hospital accepted him. Capone was grateful for the compassionate care that he received and donated two Japanese weeping cherry trees to Union Memorial Hospital in 1939. A very sickly Capone left Baltimore on March 20, 1940, after a few weeks of inpatient and a few weeks of outpatient care, for Palm Island, Florida. In 1942, after mass production of penicillin was started in the United States, Capone was one of the first American patients treated by the new drug. Though it was too late for him to reverse the damage in his brain, it did slow down the progression of the disease. In 1946, his physician and a Baltimore psychiatrist examined him and concluded that Capone had the mentality of a 12-year-old child. Capone spent the last years of his life at his mansion in Palm Island, Florida, spending time with his wife and grandchildren. On January 21, 1947, Capone had a stroke. He regained consciousness and started to improve, but contracted bronchopneumonia. He suffered a cardiac arrest on January 22, and on January 25, surrounded by his family in his home, Capone died after his heart failed as a result of apoplexy. His body was transported back to Chicago a week later and a private funeral was held. He was originally buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Chicago. In 1950, Capone's remains, along with those of his father, Gabriele, and brother, Salvatore, were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.", "According to an article from February 9, 1936 by Guy Murchie Jr. from the \"Chicago Daily Tribune\", 33 people died as a consequence of Al Capone's actions. Some historians have speculated that Capone ordered the murder of Edward J. O'Hare in 1939 for helping federal prosecutors convict Capone of tax evasion, though there are other theories for O'Hare's death.", "Capone is one of the most notorious American gangsters of the 20th century and has been the major subject of numerous articles, books, and films. Particularly, from 1925 to 1929, shortly after Capone relocated to Chicago, he enjoyed status as the most notorious mobster in the country. Capone cultivated a certain image of himself in the media, that made him a subject of fascination. His personality and character have been used in fiction as a model for crime lords and criminal masterminds ever since his death. The stereotypical image of a mobster wearing a blue pinstriped suit and tilted fedora is based on photos of Capone. His accent, mannerisms, facial construction, physical stature, and parodies of his name have been used for numerous gangsters in comics, movies, music, and literature.", "Capone has been portrayed on screen by: Actors playing characters based on Capone include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 4331, 111, 70, 121641, 61261, 4, 40494, 214, 100, 70, 91736, 111, 604, 289, 48855, 4, 3542, 1257, 47, 70, 101785, 4, 136, 68018, 70, 4331, 1902, 10, 29458, 91084, 707, 26582, 8780, 5, 34525, 538, 4, 35672, 5809, 81148, 15, 3827, 20706, 16, 121641, 5, 147466, 4, 442, 100512, 1286, 111, 10, 41361, 100, 70, 110, 83259, 5, 992, 3675, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 86991, 10, 4188, 4734, 70, 78840, 6236, 121641, 3542, 11814, 1284, 14432, 15044, 70, 78840, 6236, 136, 57988, 289, 121641, 3542, 44116, 297, 5, 581, 121641, 111, 70, 57988, 289, 136, 78840, 6236, 9963, 1021, 9319, 7, 3542, 6, 75750, 6259, 15, 221292, 59226, 23, 23552, 79259, 538, 4, 141377, 70, 107013, 121641, 98, 12638, 23552, 194, 133698, 70, 543, 927, 136, 953, 927, 202032, 90, 4, 70, 4527, 111, 22759, 128274, 5180, 21449, 3934, 4527, 390, 70, 110, 83259, 15, 2347, 6, 221292, 509, 59226, 3934, 22759, 63920, 136, 70, 4331, 111, 70, 121641, 111, 12638, 9963, 99547, 509, 158012, 23, 12638, 128274, 194, 581, 12989, 111, 44116, 509, 12, 581, 195374, 110, 83259, 4, 51, 5062, 2363, 3789, 4, 509, 35509, 39555, 167969, 98, 116338, 4516, 5, 4221, 434, 87143, 111, 122326, 6620, 21449, 1295, 70, 27165, 4, 97879, 707, 70, 106820, 5, 581, 6782, 87143, 111, 84740, 136, 15604, 5775, 46526, 2363, 3917, 47, 2363, 30648, 4, 3129, 107003, 39210, 1314, 47, 33284, 70, 30648, 7, 111, 70, 110, 83259, 8305, 160624, 136, 65771, 116338, 4516, 5, 52455, 70425, 87143, 21449, 47, 502, 7732, 329, 136, 180187, 69405, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 2363, 65771, 116338, 162471, 7, 5, 360, 195374, 604, 289, 48855, 4, 121641, 621, 10, 26582, 111, 42592, 429, 136, 10, 26582, 111, 70, 14449, 237, 5299, 5, 195374, 121641, 621, 23, 86151, 22819, 1884, 2499, 3789, 3173, 111, 57266, 5, 581, 224, 16797, 111, 195374, 121641, 136, 44759, 7, 129927, 7, 1295, 5045, 111, 14713, 23, 450, 1836, 831, 186, 23, 86151, 3674, 8305, 117776, 7, 5, 22376, 4, 211, 26454, 14488, 2408, 6777, 959, 56282, 70, 224, 16797, 111, 121641, 136, 44759, 7, 5, 581, 6782, 195374, 87143, 18822, 71, 450, 10, 14449, 8324, 107, 13, 5809, 186, 1286, 82649, 71, 390, 151019, 87587, 3501, 390, 211, 26454, 14488, 2408, 5, 102627, 297, 4, 70, 33407, 7, 111, 110, 83259, 111, 5941, 195374, 87143, 70541, 297, 186, 944, 10519, 16765, 47, 211, 26454, 14488, 67, 90356, 7, 23, 7225, 110, 148436, 67, 6, 150621, 7, 3542, 14037, 5, 891, 26454, 14488, 2408, 23, 84740, 509, 101637, 71, 3934, 17262, 39283, 7, 5, 195374, 604, 289, 48855, 20623, 136, 41361, 28960, 7, 70, 87, 21547, 66, 32845, 206, 111, 70, 42845, 604, 289, 48855, 40250, 4, 450, 2843, 96853, 70, 82528, 21325, 13, 604, 289, 48855, 4, 678, 3129, 442, 12008, 7, 5941, 66139, 5, 581, 2684, 39210, 115700, 111, 604, 289, 18403, 6, 221292, 11814, 23, 84740, 83, 70, 87, 21547, 66, 20623, 15, 289, 991, 15005, 2822, 237, 44, 76114, 99076, 320, 830, 44, 141667, 78183, 58, 707, 44, 60006, 24031, 7717, 18939, 3129, 1556, 10, 8781, 115700, 4, 6, 108047, 98, 2663, 136, 68807, 99, 70, 103136, 5, 581, 124666, 127887, 98, 195374, 187, 432, 51626, 81148, 5180, 831, 8, 18695, 18, 186768, 47353, 707, 8, 297, 7, 111, 1631, 5, 10660, 621, 2843, 62816, 29367, 390, 10, 38134, 21329, 712, 4527, 111, 707, 1577, 136, 132988, 7, 10932, 70, 121303, 111, 70, 6, 221292, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 132988, 7, 4, 84740, 136, 15604, 10283, 4200, 121641, 1286, 101805, 25958, 390, 128274, 214, 5, 581, 87, 21547, 66, 604, 289, 48855, 2843, 114864, 34153, 136, 120820, 98, 70, 6, 221292, 68034, 4, 10, 41361, 3129, 83, 90698, 214552, 23, 144477, 9022, 14713, 5, 15678, 271, 7, 136, 71464, 7831, 621, 2843, 39210, 23, 84740, 136, 15604, 5, 581, 44, 587, 257, 58, 111, 121641, 4, 707, 1286, 26785, 538, 70, 69307, 674, 4, 23, 84740, 83, 150350, 71, 111, 70, 6, 221292, 4, 10, 3540, 13, 3129, 831, 186, 42856, 79442, 19, 707, 6, 23899, 67, 4, 10, 71464, 126, 15, 109585, 289, 16, 707, 10, 174462, 2174, 100, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 110, 83259, 136, 10, 146631, 15, 109585, 289, 194, 360, 195374, 604, 289, 48855, 4, 450, 3129, 83, 158012, 98, 70, 6, 221292, 68034, 83, 70, 2684, 5526, 5, 360, 14941, 4, 50695, 4745, 136, 120552, 604, 289, 48855, 1632, 831, 7413, 5941, 78301, 90729, 90, 959, 27983, 14037, 707, 11814, 23, 195374, 604, 289, 48855, 5, 10660, 831, 26698, 4, 23, 66044, 47, 70, 6, 221292, 4, 10, 71464, 126, 4, 332, 18, 2069, 15, 63499, 927, 3540, 13, 247, 148, 107, 10519, 15, 11, 42154, 133, 111, 5795, 92, 678, 86761, 136, 115392, 6, 32271, 165292, 297, 10932, 136, 158012, 47, 29256, 70, 124416, 17721, 70, 71464, 126, 136, 7359, 271, 247, 70, 7359, 271, 4, 70, 146631, 4, 107076, 8918, 4, 132756, 7, 15, 161834, 7, 2773, 707, 6, 20941, 31821, 10821, 707, 3395, 104064, 1257, 70, 6, 221292, 247, 70, 37397, 18, 674, 15, 124409, 70, 132756, 7, 621, 135203, 98, 247, 5570, 7, 136, 357, 31304, 7, 15, 52368, 49938, 7, 247, 132024, 1179, 7, 111, 30648, 4, 194242, 11, 111, 12989, 7, 111, 1658, 1405, 1294, 136, 6494, 4188, 5, 360, 4537, 4, 70, 114210, 70, 121641, 4, 70, 8781, 42, 707, 111719, 56, 83, 70, 69307, 674, 5, 67485, 53, 604, 289, 18403, 88909, 1179, 7, 581, 70103, 6402, 603, 18813, 111, 33119, 7, 23, 70, 117604, 7, 111, 84740, 509, 10, 9782, 187646, 2750, 1902, 70, 180210, 47, 80731, 187, 432, 51626, 81148, 5180, 5, 581, 23179, 111, 70, 18813, 111, 33119, 7, 23, 84740, 62038, 3674, 1295, 8382, 111, 70, 604, 27245, 7, 15, 194, 360, 70, 39395, 13312, 111, 604, 289, 48855, 4, 35672, 5809, 81148, 121641, 136, 2685, 10, 75287, 167956, 7, 17721, 79165, 136, 87143, 5, 32255, 167956, 7, 3542, 7311, 538, 9615, 6259, 390, 70, 18813, 4, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 10, 167956, 17721, 110, 13566, 707, 390, 10, 92319, 30648, 297, 51521, 3229, 70, 167956, 75412, 351, 9, 157, 13566, 5, 215100, 538, 4, 70, 66211, 111, 9615, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 40250, 136, 4927, 111, 604, 289, 48855, 5117, 118775, 23, 84740, 99, 1672, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 103155, 927, 142642, 19831, 136, 6863, 59665, 509, 21373, 47, 3789, 28811, 76726, 12, 70, 3871, 100, 472, 54350, 7, 136, 110, 13566, 47, 157167, 1495, 61261, 1295, 1632, 15700, 98, 70, 133868, 28394, 4, 23, 2219, 271, 7, 136, 23, 233547, 7, 5, 114996, 7, 4323, 107, 187, 4514, 1295, 10336, 47, 4375, 136, 3542, 27983, 23, 133465, 19069, 7, 4, 221, 442, 509, 85590, 47, 186, 19048, 47, 135812, 2856, 98, 70, 133868, 28394, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Features.", "Origins and history.", "Descent of Spanish arms.", "Style and practice.", "Definitions.", "Regulation.", "National and civic arms.", "Personal arms.", "Heraldic regulation.", "Notable Examples of Spanish Heraldry Overseas Presence." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The design of the arms themselves, excepting for the rules of heraldry, were up to the owner, and sometimes the design had a specific meaning or symbolism. Originally, anyone could bear (display) arms. Later, it became more of a practice for the nobility. Until the end of the middle ages only the paternal arms were used but later both the paternal and maternal arms were displayed. The arms of the maternal and paternal grandfathers were impaled (shield cut in half vertically, showing the respective arms on each half). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of four quarterings came into use by the nobility (the shield was cut into four parts and the design of the arms of each grandparent was placed in each quarter). The order of display was:", "The Spanish nobility, unlike their other, was based almost entirely on military service. Few families of eminence came from the law, commerce or the church. The great families of Spain and Portugal fought their way to their rank, which allowed commoners to join the ranks of the nobility through loyal and successful military service. Many poor families came to prominence and wealth quickly as a result of their successful military exploits. In Spanish heraldry, arms are a symbol of lineage and a symbol of the family as well. Spanish arms are inheritable like any other form of property.", "The descent of Spanish arms and titles differs from much of Europe in that they can be inherited through females. Also, illegitimacy did not prevent the descent of arms and titles. The great Spanish families believed that a family pedigree could be more damaged by misalliance than by illegitimacy. Indeed, the patents of nobility of many Spanish families contained bequeathals to illegitimate branches in case no legitimate heirs were found. Illegitimacy in Spain was divided into three categories.", "Spanish heraldry style and practice follows the Iberian branch of the Latin heraldry tradition, that also includes the Portuguese heraldry, with which it shares many features. The most common shape of heraldic shield used in Spain is the Iberian style (also referred as \"Peninsular\", \"Spanish\" or \"Portuguese\") which has a simple shape, square on top and round at the bottom. The charges shown on Spanish armorial bearings can depict historical events or deeds of war. They are also characterized by a widespread use of orles and borders around the edge of the shield. In addition to borders, Spain and Portugal marshal arms more conventionally by quartering. The Iberian heraldry also allows words and letters on the shield itself, a practice which is considered incorrect in northern Europe. Crests and helmets are also common in Spain and Portugal.", "The \"coat\" of arms, or more correctly the achievement, in Spain is composed of the shield, a cape which can be simply drawn or ornate, a helmet (optional) or a Crown if for a member of the nobility and a motto (optional). In Spanish heraldry, that which is placed on the shield itself is the most important. In English, Scottish and Irish heraldry one can find many additional accessories not often found or used in Spanish heraldry. They can include, in addition to the shield, a helmet, mantling (cloth cape), wreath (a circle of silk with gold and silver cord twisted around and placed to cover the joint between the helmet and crest), the crest, the motto, chapeau, supporters (animals real or fictitious or people holding up the shield), the compartment (what the supporters are standing on), standards and Ensigns (personal flags), Coronets of rank, insignia of orders of chivalry and badges. In general, the older the arms, the simpler or plainer is the achievement. Military heraldic coronets", "The Chronicler King of Arms in the Kingdoms of Spain was a civil servant who had the authority to grant armorial bearings. The office of the King of Arms in Spain originated from those of the heralds (). In the early days of heraldry, anyone could bear arms and there arose disputes between individuals and families. These disputes were originally settled by the King, in the case of a dispute between nobles or by a lower ranked official when the dispute involved non-nobles. Eventually, the task of settling these disputes was passed on to officials called heralds who were originally responsible for setting up tournaments and carrying messages from one noble to another. The Spanish Cronista de Armas heraldic office dates back to the 16th century. But prior to that, heralds were usually named after provinces and non-capital cities, whilst reyes de armas were named after the Spanish kingdoms. Various chroniclers of arms were named for Spain, Castile, León, Frechas, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Granada (created in 1496), Estella, Viana, Navarre, Catalonia, Sicily, Aragon, Naples, Toledo, Valencia and Majorca. While these appointments were not hereditary, at least fifteen Spanish families produced more than one herald each in the past five hundred years (compared to about the same number for England, Scotland and Ireland collectively). The Spanish Cronistas had judicial powers in matters of noble titles. They also served as an accreditation office for pedigrees and grants of arms. The post of King of Arms took several forms and eventually settled on a \"Corps of Chronicler King of Arms\" (Cuerpo de Cronista Rey de Armas) which was headed by an Elder or Dean (\"Decano\"). It usually consisted of four officers and two assistants or undersecretaries which usually acted as witnesses to documents. The entire corps wore a distinctive uniform. The corps were considered part of the royal household and was generally responsible to the Master of the King's stable (an important position in the Middle Ages). Appointments to the Corps of King of Arms were made by the King or reigning Queen. These appointments were for life and while not intended to be hereditary, often went from father to son or other close family member. The Spanish heralds had other duties which pertained to matters of protocol and often acted as royal messengers and emissaries. They could, and can, make arrangements for areas currently or previously under the rule of the Spanish crown The precise functions and duties of the King of Arms were clearly defined by the declarations of several Kings and are still in force today. In modern times the Corps of Chronicler King of Arms went through several changes. Important changes were made in 1915, it was abolished in 1931 and restored in 1947–1951. The last Chronicler Kings of Arms appointed by the Spanish Ministry of Justice was Don Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, died in 2005. The government of the autonomous community of Castile and León has appointed Don Alfonso Ceballos-Escalera y Gil, \"Marques de la Floresta and Vizconde de Ayala\" as (Chronicler of Arms for Castile and León). Don Alfonso also serves as personal heraldic officer to the King of Spain. Formerly, everything that the Spanish heralds do must be approved by the Ministry of Justice. However, more recent legislation has established the Cronista de Castile and León as the modern equivalent of the Spanish King of Arms with the authority to make grants of arms to citizens of Spain and individuals from families associated with its former colonies without reference to the Ministry of Justice.", "See also Coat of Arms of Spain Like most European countries, Spain has a national coat of arms. Many cities also have civic coats of arms; some are recent grants, others date back to the medieval period. Toledo, in previous periods the most important city of Spain, has a particularly elaborate coat of arms; it uses the double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire as supporter on its coat of arms; this represents its former importance and power. Madrid, the capital, has a less elaborate coat of arms, depicting a bear taking fruit from a tree. Coats of arms are regularly depicted on various buildings and objects belonging to national or local government; in Madrid, even such unglamorous objects as manhole covers are decorated with the civic coat of arms.", "Some ancient Spanish families bear personal arms. The Dukes of Alba, historically among the most powerful noble families in Europe, bear an elaborate achievement of arms, featuring the 'arms of justice' symbolising their hereditary office as Constables of Navarre. The monarch and the heir apparent have their own personal coats of arms.", "Spain originally had a corporation of heralds (Spanish 'cronistas de armas') linked with the royal palace. However, the Spanish body of heralds was abolished in 1931 with the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic. Since the restoration of Juan Carlos I in 1975, Spain's first post-republican herald has been appointed. As in other European nations, arms are regulated, and it is unlawful to assume arms belonging to someone else. Spanish coats of arms are divided in the same fashion used by other European countries. Since coats of arms were granted to new separate families, there was the need to join multiple coats of arms into one when a new branch of a family was formed. Thus Spanish escutcheons are commonly parted. The tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Spain. Both men and women inherited a coat of arms from their fathers (or a member of a clan who had adopted them). In the case of women they could also adopt the arms of their husbands.", "Present Historical Spanish Empire Overseas Provinces" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 80450, 4171, 1290, 90698, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 70, 58391, 47, 186, 10, 44, 420, 221237, 24702, 133, 111, 17569, 740, 33306, 4, 442, 83, 90698, 34844, 707, 3853, 69201, 47, 21176, 20650, 10, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 111, 26168, 115187, 74, 6044, 10, 21176, 47691, 2806, 765, 47, 49504, 67, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 5, 360, 96929, 4, 175111, 341, 2983, 21882, 63043, 297, 47, 765, 60449, 450, 6044, 10, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 53418, 32316, 5, 62, 10846, 40859, 14432, 4, 123765, 16384, 1846, 4902, 14037, 10, 121742, 23, 70, 6, 98869, 5, 1650, 69347, 1810, 4, 21208, 4, 450, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 70, 58391, 83, 183234, 47, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 4, 23, 70, 10422, 450, 40101, 1632, 25842, 678, 70, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 10, 5134, 28016, 83, 6, 129980, 47, 23534, 70, 3789, 4, 23, 5117, 12989, 62775, 15, 2347, 5701, 4027, 25720, 47, 58562, 19, 25, 7, 636, 18023, 194, 360, 17932, 12989, 62775, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 70, 58391, 83, 81113, 538, 37515, 56, 3501, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 12, 1295, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 70, 58391, 1632, 1543, 8, 106357, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 4, 1284, 1295, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 1632, 53418, 8, 106357, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 70, 58391, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 122122, 1672, 70, 17262, 63805, 7, 4, 136, 2363, 35845, 37938, 41159, 47, 58868, 1363, 12, 3957, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 83, 171259, 29568, 4, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 24702, 133, 171259, 98320, 4, 136, 2750, 831, 14192, 1672, 58562, 19, 25, 7, 95, 18023, 32, 581, 62, 5134, 306, 111, 181948, 831, 186, 60449, 1295, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 70, 58391, 237, 28960, 7, 5, 893, 85590, 6275, 111, 903, 6, 98869, 83, 450, 442, 83687, 7, 4734, 10, 11001, 61799, 1294, 44126, 4, 450, 111, 44, 1052, 56128, 59911, 214, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 70, 58391, 47, 12638, 32786, 44, 294, 58, 111, 44, 647, 58, 84797, 538, 2806, 959, 4488, 4, 16792, 70, 70, 58391, 4734, 237, 33657, 7, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 10, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 4, 136, 218873, 100, 12638, 44, 294, 58, 10, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 2806, 959, 186, 99156, 3501, 218873, 142, 12830, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 70, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 70, 58391, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 32123, 94421, 25, 7, 70, 58391, 707, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 24702, 133, 4, 117249, 450, 11907, 5423, 831, 186, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5, 62, 5423, 44, 1542, 58, 83, 44, 19256, 9, 80596, 297, 58, 390, 10, 81113, 3622, 12989, 2174, 11907, 351, 9, 33548, 939, 1614, 3509, 111, 44, 1542, 58, 1556, 10, 19713, 12830, 1379, 70, 12989, 214, 5, 581, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 70, 58391, 25842, 678, 58562, 19, 25, 7, 95, 18023, 621, 70, 2684, 5526, 291, 140363, 70760, 63805, 7, 450, 621, 183234, 47, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 15, 31, 60441, 35839, 12944, 4, 1957, 2843, 6, 194, 108890, 32123, 94421, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Proof of AC." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Georg Cantor considered the well-ordering theorem to be a \"fundamental principle of thought\". However, it is considered difficult or even impossible to visualize a well-ordering of formula_1; such a visualization would have to incorporate the axiom of choice. In 1904, Gyula Kőnig claimed to have proven that such a well-ordering cannot exist. A few weeks later, Felix Hausdorff found a mistake in the proof. It turned out, though, that the well-ordering theorem is equivalent to the axiom of choice, in the sense that either one together with the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms is sufficient to prove the other, in first order logic (the same applies to Zorn's Lemma). In second order logic, however, the well-ordering theorem is strictly stronger than the axiom of choice: from the well-ordering theorem one may deduce the axiom of choice, but from the axiom of choice one cannot deduce the well-ordering theorem. There is a well-known joke about the three statements, and their relative amenability to intuition:The axiom of choice is obviously true, the well-ordering principle obviously false, and who can tell about Zorn's lemma?", "The Axiom of Choice can be proven from the well-ordering theorem as follows. An essential point of this proof is that it involves only a single arbitrary choice, that of \"R\"; applying the well-ordering theorem to each member \"S\" of \"E\" separately would not work, since the theorem only asserts the existence of a well-ordering, and choosing for each \"S\" a well-ordering would not be easier than choosing an element." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 69407, 44, 19111, 4, 44043, 67158, 272, 4, 58, 136, 44, 13158, 29888, 58, 621, 27983, 11814, 1940, 152028, 78458, 5, 39286, 34, 64370, 2750, 157167, 1495, 2856, 1543, 959, 53520, 98, 70, 149067, 19, 8035, 7228, 5, 581, 69407, 15005, 47, 12921, 66139, 111, 70, 158, 1681, 1236, 5, 44, 156095, 58, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 1831, 118664, 450, 83, 118066, 5, 44, 670, 238, 67158, 272, 58, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 88353, 1363, 4, 3129, 95699, 822, 988, 15, 81409, 7, 16, 70, 108171, 98687, 5, 44, 683, 365, 29888, 58, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 54452, 6818, 271, 15, 13158, 6889, 16, 111, 70, 158, 1681, 1236, 5, 31384, 36746, 47, 70, 4527, 111, 44, 13158, 29888, 58, 100, 23, 41004, 38526, 121447, 7279, 7, 4, 3129, 1543, 7068, 64457, 186, 35839, 44, 9007, 2400, 60877, 740, 4565, 9319, 44, 6652, 67158, 272, 58, 707, 44, 19111, 58, 1543, 186, 11814, 237, 10, 4537, 13579, 29256, 214, 70, 3789, 25842, 678, 1416, 16765, 5, 9925, 83, 4, 242, 6652, 67158, 272, 25, 1543, 186, 61924, 71, 237, 30202, 44043, 67158, 272, 15, 19111, 7, 64, 13158, 29888, 7, 16, 1001, 24, 2317, 44043, 67158, 3132, 15, 2658, 16765, 6044, 237, 4, 6, 247, 707, 25, 19111, 25, 1543, 186, 61924, 71, 237, 30202, 7279, 7, 15, 13158, 29888, 7, 16, 1001, 24, 2317, 7279, 7, 15, 2658, 16765, 194, 239, 112, 25164, 297, 136, 9266, 34204, 191, 188078, 12601, 47, 173072, 25, 19111, 25, 47, 30202, 44043, 67158, 3132, 5, 10660, 5154, 4, 360, 66044, 4, 1836, 4527, 44, 13158, 29888, 58, 100, 10, 5452, 432, 6402, 7279, 74, 44, 19111, 7, 58, 23, 2363, 127689, 26698, 86871, 100034, 136, 566, 13158, 29888, 158, 1681, 10840, 5, 4263, 10, 13579, 6044, 237, 44, 13158, 29888, 58, 83, 11814, 100, 30202, 995, 10058, 35066, 4, 136, 1416, 16765, 621, 959, 35839, 24, 2317, 7279, 7, 4, 7068, 10, 44, 19111, 58, 1543, 29459, 70, 16712, 18, 1803, 7279, 74, 44, 13158, 29888, 58, 1543, 3853, 29459, 351, 9, 38869, 18, 1803, 7279, 5, 360, 3789, 50218, 4, 49903, 4, 442, 1543, 186, 70, 2565, 44, 13158, 29888, 58, 450, 83, 173072, 297, 47, 70, 16712, 18, 1803, 7279, 5, 18622, 450, 4, 137567, 142146, 4, 7279, 7, 54, 959, 765, 17179, 6889, 15, 11, 54452, 6818, 271, 194, 360, 14941, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 2685, 621, 7279, 7, 678, 110, 20461, 2661, 54452, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 23, 44, 2631, 18, 740, 33306, 4, 5452, 432, 6402, 7279, 7, 54, 765, 17179, 6889, 23, 3789, 65998, 7, 5, 360, 893, 45964, 160600, 4, 70, 13579, 100, 7279, 509, 24073, 50731, 127, 69376, 6431, 74054, 3129, 26950, 44, 309, 101322, 85018, 2886, 830, 44, 965, 2980, 9393, 830, 707, 44, 172, 22042, 830, 6637, 7279, 7, 5809, 959, 186, 97160, 309, 37534, 15490, 10, 2244, 8420, 5, 3293, 13579, 509, 6510, 944, 71, 3934, 42845, 237, 4, 136, 1295, 2685, 3017, 15555, 297, 3934, 14941, 237, 44, 561, 67, 740, 44, 10685, 67, 58, 509, 68018, 11814, 64457, 100, 54479, 9393, 158, 1681, 10840, 4, 36766, 7279, 7, 707, 6, 72428, 42991, 4, 10, 127689, 450, 509, 14432, 91995, 71, 678, 44, 7, 84093, 830, 1295, 42845, 44, 112, 2407, 58, 707, 44, 172, 22042, 830, 10, 13579, 7464, 46505, 25958, 51592, 23, 70, 163136, 5, 1326, 1286, 4677, 98, 70, 893, 45964, 160600, 69407, 4, 1957, 5, 62, 7279, 83, 205794, 51422, 71, 237, 19441, 1257, 47, 17262, 93402, 7, 12, 87293, 70, 16401, 93402, 83, 87103, 13, 5, 62, 7279, 1543, 92635, 142, 51515, 3229, 442, 83, 107671, 297, 390, 10, 158, 1681, 1236, 450, 83687, 7, 142, 44043, 67158, 191, 99, 70, 5701, 3687, 111, 88353, 1363, 4, 237, 23, 23, 44, 3611, 58, 707, 44, 18345, 740, 360, 5941, 46876, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 16522, 53, 136, 39272, 7717, 4, 2565, 9, 33870, 7279, 7, 92635, 10, 54452, 6818, 271, 4, 3853, 3229, 134629, 390, 10, 2244, 8420, 4, 707, 765, 10, 24, 2317, 54452, 5, 6872, 110, 20461, 2661, 54452, 5, 353, 2317, 44043, 67158, 3132, 621, 208806, 21373, 5, 360, 70, 105556, 136, 16401, 4, 1831, 118664, 136622, 8305, 70, 951, 13, 74, 23, 70, 54452, 4, 2685, 83, 110, 6818, 271, 4, 136, 2704, 1416, 16765, 621, 205794, 51, 233707, 71, 36880, 2684, 46876, 7, 5, 360, 261, 72428, 1636, 4, 70, 105556, 136, 16401, 621, 8382, 111, 10, 7279, 4, 1284, 70, 54452, 83, 450, 111, 10, 6, 72428, 4935, 5, 9925, 83, 4, 261, 72428, 1636, 621, 7279, 1104, 72428, 4935, 27107, 12824, 5, 3164, 113091, 19, 6083, 46876, 7, 23, 70, 8999, 765, 7279, 7, 4, 136, 2684, 765, 99, 19713, 70, 54479, 9393, 7279, 7, 4, 4, 136, 5, 33306, 4, 2685, 621, 131527, 7, 12, 11554, 103734, 289, 20890, 66, 21, 22824, 70, 109728, 141, 4, 136, 40368, 23924, 15672, 46876, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 144477, 9022, 87, 516, 30922, 3378, 136, 127067, 9022, 87, 516, 30922, 3378, 46876, 7, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 70535, 76328, 13, 247, 92635, 70, 27292, 289, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 70, 27292, 289, 83, 70, 19713, 144142, 111, 70, 54479, 9393, 7279, 7, 23, 70, 46876, 7, 111, 70, 8999, 4, 237, 70, 51, 126940, 297, 45730, 15549, 2863, 15, 23585, 2863, 13472, 16, 83, 32233, 39210, 23, 51, 174822, 46876, 7, 4, 19441, 74918, 2822, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 51062, 289, 148926, 4, 51062, 289, 197212, 4, 136, 67241, 9, 159360, 9523, 4, 100, 110527, 5, 15236, 289, 20890, 66, 1556, 4734, 1632, 2565, 678, 173, 320, 2819, 216810, 289, 20890, 66, 158, 150632, 90, 136, 47, 5, 1520, 371, 14, 19567, 138393, 66, 1556, 100, 47, 10, 117396, 192961, 3501, 20744, 138393, 66, 4, 1284, 2725, 9319, 157167, 1495, 10, 1295, 10, 5, 1650, 1543, 186, 1286, 152018, 47, 5154, 450, 138393, 66, 136, 216810, 289, 20890, 66, 54, 959, 157167, 1495, 173, 320, 136, 109728, 141, 7279, 7, 3501, 47, 5154, 1836, 92635, 1632, 707, 70, 3789, 5, 6872, 151301, 44043, 67158, 3132, 100, 70, 113068, 111, 15044, 7279, 7, 136, 1416, 16765, 5, 67949, 71, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 24089, 41637, 4, 10, 7279, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 10, 17179, 29888, 707, 30202, 44043, 67158, 272, 4, 83, 10, 158, 1681, 1236, 23, 3129, 70, 108171, 98687, 83, 46389, 297, 221, 450, 756, 1831, 118664, 8360, 5908, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Terminology.", "Articulation.", "Common stops.", "Classification.", "Voice.", "Aspiration.", "Length.", "Nasalization.", "Airstream mechanism.", "Tenseness.", "Transcription.", "Variations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The terms \"stop, occlusive,\" and \"plosive\" are often used interchangeably. Linguists who distinguish them may not agree on the distinction being made. The terms refer to different features of the consonant. \"Stop\" refers to the airflow that is stopped. \"Occlusive\" refers to the articulation, which occludes (blocks) the vocal tract. \"Plosive\" refers to the release burst (plosion) of the consonant. Some object to the use of \"plosive\" for inaudibly released stops, which may then instead be called \"applosives\". Either \"occlusive\" or \"stop\" may be used as a general term covering the other together with nasals. That is, 'occlusive' may be defined as oral occlusive (stops/plosives) plus nasal occlusives (nasals such as, ), or'stop' may be defined as oral stops (plosives) plus nasal stops (nasals). Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) prefer to restrict'stop' to oral occlusives. They say, In addition, they use \"plosive\" for a pulmonic stop; \"stops\" in their usage include ejective and implosive consonants. If a term such as \"plosive\" is used for oral obstruents, and nasals are not called nasal stops, then a \"stop\" may mean the glottal stop; \"plosive\" may even mean non-glottal stop. In other cases, however, it may be the word \"plosive\" that is restricted to the glottal stop. Note that, generally speaking, stops do not have plosion (a release burst). In English, for example, there are stops with no audible release, such as the in \"apt\". However, pulmonic stops do have plosion in other environments. In Ancient Greek, the term for stop was (\"áphōnon\"), which means \"unpronounceable\", \"voiceless\", or \"silent\", because stops could not be pronounced without a vowel. This term was calqued into Latin as, and from there borrowed into English as \"mute\". \"Mute\" was sometimes used instead for voiceless consonants, whether stops or fricatives, a usage that was later replaced with \"surd\", from Latin \"deaf\" or \"silent\", a term still occasionally seen in the literature. For more information on the Ancient Greek terms, see.", "A stop is typically analysed as having up to three phases: Only the hold phase is requisite. A stop may lack an approach when it is preceded by a consonant that involves an occlusion at the same place of articulation, as in in \"end\" or \"old\". In many languages, such as Malay and Vietnamese, word-final stops lack a release burst, even when followed by a vowel, or have a nasal release. See no audible release. Nasal occlusives are somewhat similar. In the catch and hold, airflow continues through the nose; in the release, there is no burst, and final nasals are typically unreleased across most languages. In affricates, the catch and hold are those of a stop, but the release is that of a fricative. That is, affricates are stop–fricative contours.", "All spoken natural languages in the world have stops, and most have at least the voiceless stops,, and. However, there are exceptions: Colloquial Samoan lacks the coronal, and several North American languages, such as the northern Iroquoian and southern Iroquoian languages (i.e., Cherokee), lack the labial. In fact, the labial is the least stable of the voiceless stops in the languages of the world, as the unconditioned sound change → (→ → Ø) is quite common in unrelated languages, having occurred in the history of Classical Japanese, Classical Arabic, and Proto-Celtic, for instance. Formal Samoan has only one word with velar ; colloquial Samoan conflates and to. Ni‘ihau Hawaiian has for to a greater extent than Standard Hawaiian, but neither distinguish a from a. It may be more accurate to say that Hawaiian and colloquial Samoan do not distinguish velar and coronal stops than to say they lack one or the other. See Common occlusives for the distribution of both stops and nasals.", "", "Voiced stops are pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords, voiceless stops without. Stops are commonly voiceless, and many languages, such as Mandarin Chinese and Hawaiian, have only voiceless stops. Others, such as most Australian languages, are indeterminate: stops may vary between voiced and voiceless without distinction.", "In aspirated stops, the vocal cords (vocal folds) are abducted at the time of release. In a prevocalic aspirated stop (a stop followed by a vowel or sonorant), the time when the vocal cords begin to vibrate will be delayed until the vocal folds come together enough for voicing to begin, and will usually start with breathy voicing. The duration between the release of the stop and the voice onset is called the \"voice onset time\" (VOT) or the \"aspiration interval\". Highly aspirated stops have a long period of aspiration, so that there is a long period of voiceless airflow (a phonetic ) before the onset of the vowel. In tenuis stops, the vocal cords come together for voicing immediately following the release, and there is little or no aspiration (a voice onset time close to zero). In English, there may be a brief segment of breathy voice that identifies the stop as voiceless and not voiced. In voiced stops, the vocal folds are set for voice before the release, and often vibrate during the entire hold, and in English, the voicing after release is not breathy. A stop is called \"fully voiced\" if it is voiced during the entire occlusion. In English, however, initial voiced stops like or may have no voicing during the period of occlusion, or the voicing may start shortly before the release and continue after release, and word-final stops tend to be fully devoiced: In most dialects of English, the final /b/, /d/ and /g/ in words like \"rib\", \"mad\" and \"dog\" are fully devoiced. Initial voiceless stops, like the \"p\" in \"pie\", are aspirated, with a palpable puff of air upon release, whereas a stop after an \"s\", as in \"spy\", is tenuis (unaspirated). When spoken near a candle flame, the flame will flicker more after the words \"par, tar,\" and \"car\" are articulated, compared with \"spar, star,\" and \"scar\". In the common pronunciation of \"papa\", the initial \"p\" is aspirated whereas the medial \"p\" is not.", "In a geminate or long consonant, the occlusion lasts longer than in simple consonants. In languages where stops are only distinguished by length (e.g., Arabic, Ilwana, Icelandic), the long stops may be held up to three times as long as the short stops. Italian is well known for its geminate stops, as the double \"t\" in the name \"Vittoria\" takes just as long to say as the \"ct\" does in English \"Victoria\". Japanese also prominently features geminate consonants, such as in the minimal pair 来た \"kita\" 'came' and 切った \"kitta\" 'cut'. Note that there are many languages where the features voice, aspiration, and length reinforce each other, and in such cases it may be hard to determine which of these features predominates. In such cases, the terms fortis is sometimes used for aspiration or gemination, whereas lenis is used for single, tenuous, or voiced stops. Be aware, however, that the terms \"fortis\" and \"lenis\" are poorly defined, and their meanings vary from source to source.", "Simple nasals are differentiated from stops only by a lowered velum that allows the air to escape through the nose during the occlusion. Nasals are acoustically sonorants, as they have a non-turbulent airflow and are nearly always voiced, but they are articulatorily obstruents, as there is complete blockage of the oral cavity. The term occlusive may be used as a cover term for both nasals and stops. A prenasalized stop starts out with a lowered velum that raises during the occlusion. The closest examples in English are consonant clusters such as the [nd] in \"candy\", but many languages have prenasalized stops that function phonologically as single consonants. Swahili is well known for having words beginning with prenasalized stops, as in \"ndege\" 'bird', and in many languages of the South Pacific, such as Fijian, these are even spelled with single letters: \"b\" [mb], \"d\" [nd]. A postnasalized stop begins with a raised velum that lowers during the occlusion. This causes an audible nasal \"release\", as in English \"sudden\". This could also be compared to the /dn/ cluster found in Russian and other Slavic languages, which can be seen in the name of the Dnieper River. Note that the terms \"prenasalization\" and \"postnasalization\" are normally used only in languages where these sounds are phonemic: that is, not analyzed into sequences of stop plus nasal.", "Stops may be made with more than one airstream mechanism. The normal mechanism is pulmonic egressive, that is, with air flowing outward from the lungs. All languages have pulmonic stops. Some languages have stops made with other mechanisms as well: ejective stops (glottalic egressive), implosive stops (glottalic ingressive), or click consonants (lingual ingressive).", "A fortis stop (in the narrow sense) is produced with more muscular tension than a lenis stop (in the narrow sense). However, this is difficult to measure, and there is usually debate over the actual mechanism of alleged fortis or lenis consonants. There are a series of stops in the Korean language, sometimes written with the IPA symbol for ejectives, which are produced using \"stiff voice\", meaning there is increased contraction of the glottis than for normal production of voiceless stops. The indirect evidence for stiff voice is in the following vowels, which have a higher fundamental frequency than those following other stops. The higher frequency is explained as a result of the glottis being tense. Other such phonation types include breathy voice, or murmur; slack voice; and creaky voice.", "The following stops have been given dedicated symbols in the IPA.", "Many subclassifications of stops are transcribed by adding a diacritic or modifier letter to the IPA symbols above." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 71791, 9405, 43573, 6955, 275, 2810, 13794, 7, 23, 70, 5421, 5674, 66, 10091, 1760, 74, 442, 86608, 7, 1295, 10, 19336, 85437, 43573, 70, 54427, 111, 70535, 965, 299, 71791, 206, 111, 9207, 7668, 1179, 937, 54427, 215394, 111, 19635, 34053, 1181, 103724, 111, 70, 16362, 7603, 12827, 4922, 10776, 5, 360, 70, 92319, 58359, 90, 23, 70, 28820, 27226, 1760, 5, 23972, 4, 442, 86608, 7, 28, 4438, 4, 7068, 128839, 538, 30646, 7, 47, 70, 144477, 4, 7068, 47, 70, 144477, 25617, 4, 136, 1295, 70, 26349, 111, 7374, 299, 20, 13438, 47, 70, 144477, 5, 69944, 47, 7974, 3371, 4, 127067, 111, 9539, 20470, 54427, 5, 181268, 9615, 19929, 7, 98, 70, 43731, 7, 12, 137708, 14, 7182, 4, 4612, 41177, 42539, 73, 515, 4, 18118, 34, 1299, 4, 1208, 137577, 4, 908, 72697, 219, 1353, 1042, 4, 3253, 66, 77222, 4, 82261, 934, 4854, 4, 22695, 8961, 9, 73668, 3371, 4922, 4, 45563, 19695, 4, 7374, 299, 5, 581, 5201, 68762, 11, 10484, 621, 581, 2484, 29178, 71258, 1946, 111, 70, 96113, 83, 33636, 297, 390, 4669, 114149, 111, 6, 192876, 2785, 3716, 136, 67155, 4, 70, 142105, 14012, 111, 114149, 74918, 7, 43573, 70, 54427, 66871, 73, 111, 2076, 1255, 6516, 4922, 103724, 15, 8659, 114149, 194, 129551, 47, 70, 6096, 11809, 27432, 111, 82739, 4, 70, 17467, 1363, 10778, 111, 70, 654, 29178, 71258, 1946, 111, 70, 96113, 83, 23335, 1294, 636, 36340, 7, 11680, 95, 36340, 7, 11680, 4, 94920, 19005, 4, 5917, 12551, 223, 2835, 12551, 223, 4, 94920, 19005, 136, 2091, 102, 459, 102, 4, 94920, 19005, 23, 70, 166553, 95487, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 102374, 144, 63885, 15, 6210, 5992, 157, 17996, 6, 181970, 11680, 4, 12439, 4, 58410, 247, 459, 275, 1515, 91454, 7, 15, 52283, 5007, 2512, 4523, 21778, 19, 26890, 4, 102960, 7, 4, 543, 65283, 4, 64614, 50216, 25, 7, 1784, 1495, 15, 25267, 4223, 3017, 54726, 3220, 49107, 4, 9865, 275, 39428, 4, 195616, 247, 91467, 157, 1430, 7332, 70613, 44297, 4, 6955, 583, 555, 590, 297, 18, 4, 729, 16360, 4, 61764, 3378, 4211, 31, 6261, 15, 647, 1674, 40863, 1176, 5870, 1108, 29754, 4, 12439, 4, 66426, 16, 23, 70, 95487, 30958, 214, 581, 2684, 183851, 114149, 621, 116617, 4, 207039, 4, 4842, 31251, 4, 9329, 28585, 161, 4, 17179, 1042, 50281, 4, 186, 126, 133, 4, 56409, 337, 147, 4, 117, 206, 5, 62, 10617, 70, 96113, 4620, 23, 567, 3038, 5928, 12271, 81761, 4, 98, 70, 5390, 927, 39063, 4, 2685, 83, 70, 22695, 8961, 9, 73668, 3371, 4922, 14, 44, 42378, 2397, 16777, 830, 88303, 23, 60775, 1104, 169874, 5, 581, 2684, 170277, 3687, 111, 903, 106820, 83, 70, 16965, 56713, 4, 105866, 23, 70, 54427, 111, 16965, 1042, 5, 360, 7071, 27997, 70, 509, 24, 4806, 71791, 206, 23, 20338, 111, 70, 96113, 5, 7071, 616, 4, 20400, 23, 94878, 678, 70, 60199, 7, 29813, 75708, 156444, 16648, 20, 70, 210115, 111, 142, 51, 69723, 19, 161451, 111, 70, 57799, 4514, 136, 71791, 206, 96113, 7, 4, 3129, 12441, 47, 70, 46889, 47219, 111, 38043, 25150, 7, 12, 67155, 4, 501, 7092, 84433, 136, 27060, 20, 509, 4599, 14534, 70, 4527, 111, 7401, 1295, 96113, 7, 4, 7401, 214, 377, 46401, 4, 2837, 69674, 47, 70, 96113, 7, 111, 70, 3820, 11, 9319, 297, 263, 71, 4, 67155, 136, 501, 7092, 84433, 5, 33579, 4792, 7381, 12035, 18117, 6, 37150, 4, 19460, 12708, 71511, 5947, 4, 16584, 32838, 43110, 4922, 310, 5, 605, 5, 126442, 1430, 6133, 1294, 111, 82739, 5, 341, 5, 12, 19694, 56, 10696, 4, 98147, 20, 496, 966, 32261, 5, 4792, 7381, 1621, 696, 38326, 4371, 1153, 85, 5, 1478, 5, 3116, 64, 4711, 5, 3958, 64, 6516, 53, 299, 12477, 10253, 9, 26247, 528, 9, 596, 117674, 86, 76, 9, 965, 85, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 71791, 206, 707, 174715, 71791, 206, 15, 4, 4, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 96113, 4, 10, 7108, 68762, 6635, 111, 70, 7974, 3371, 4, 3129, 86608, 7, 8305, 82739, 5, 1650, 1556, 10, 140909, 111, 154602, 1785, 136, 10, 8167, 885, 429, 4950, 73, 111, 17480, 10253, 1785, 5442, 581, 71791, 206, 96113, 51776, 6863, 31344, 23, 70, 61764, 3378, 140280, 111, 16362, 7603, 12827, 4922, 14, 4, 136, 7068, 86608, 7, 8305, 70, 567, 3038, 5928, 12271, 136, 88712, 86, 81761, 7, 4, 136, 86608, 7, 59335, 538, 33233, 70, 61764, 3378, 9, 6766, 320, 8702, 66, 132988, 8108, 77681, 201505, 214, 3934, 70, 7974, 3371, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Tributaries.", "Ichthyofauna.", "Interesting Facts.", "Ecological catastrophe.", "Notes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Slugs near Gubkov Starts in the Podolian Upland; it flows from a small lake near the village of Chervony Sluch of Galchynetska village council of Theophyll district of the Khmelnytsky region. In the lower reaches in the Polis lowland. First, it flows east, then gradually returns to the north, then to the northwest, and from the city of Sarny - again to the north. Falls to Horyn, south of Velyun village. Large settlements on the Cases: Krasilov, Starokonstantinov, Lyubar, Miropol, Pershotravensk, Baranovka, Rogachev, Novograd-Volynsky, Berezne, Sarny.", "The main tributaries are", "The Ichthyofauna of the river is represented by 37 species of cyclostomes and fish, the largest number of species occurs near the village Marinin of Bereznovsky district (36 species). According to the Red Data Book of Ukraine, the conservation status of the ichthyofauna of the river is ordinary Leuciscus leuciscus, Linnaeus, Carassius carassius, Linnaeus and Lota lota, Linnaeus in the vulnerable category, as well as Russian albino (Alburnoides rossicus, Berg, 1924), lobster gulls (Eupallasella percnurus, Pallas, 1814), Drenier's Marsh (Barbus borysthenicus, Dybowski, 1862), Gymnochepus acerinus, Gueldenstaedt, 1774, Ukrainian Minogue (Eudontomyzon mariae, Berg, 1931) in the category fading The most numerous species are pike, gossip, redhead, verkhovka, ploskryk, beetle, wild boar, perch.", "Along the river bank in Zhytomyr oblast, on the 120th kilometer, there is the Novograd-Volynskyi \"Stalin Line\", built in 1932–1939. The most famous place of this church is the Gul Mine, located in the village of Gulsk. In April 2012, the was named Sluch in honor of the river.", "April 14, 2016, in connection with the catastrophic environmental situation - the pollution of an unknown substance of the Khomor and Sluch rivers, which led to the mass death of living organisms: fish, crayfish and others - was banned the use of water from rivers, watering cattle, discharge to the rivers of the feathered bird, fish and crayfish. [2]", "Top ↑ Goryev LM, Peleshenko VI, Khilchevsky V.K. Hydrochemistry of Ukraine. K.: Higher school, 1995. - 307 pp. Top ↑ http://baranivkarda.org.ua/index.php/novyny/2800-uvaha-zabrudnena-voda" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 69407, 44, 17032, 8876, 830, 44, 13409, 58, 707, 44, 137716, 429, 830, 831, 186, 164661, 10821, 136, 11814, 1940, 152028, 78458, 678, 44, 7, 87929, 830, 102971, 12638, 83, 68018, 99710, 27686, 678, 285, 38543, 10422, 7, 5, 360, 176637, 44, 13448, 927, 58, 707, 44, 1002, 133, 58, 621, 2843, 68018, 11814, 237, 164661, 7, 100, 6363, 217, 5, 52455, 6363, 14481, 621, 25313, 25958, 5526, 5, 7832, 14481, 831, 186, 5526, 200513, 36439, 7, 136, 1631, 7, 765, 2809, 5775, 46526, 100, 6226, 111, 2856, 5, 93511, 10821, 66733, 86723, 7, 4, 35839, 44, 4398, 16765, 830, 765, 2809, 64549, 297, 47, 37067, 6626, 337, 34204, 111, 7401, 645, 3551, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 1832, 1255, 73908, 5, 106073, 96113, 7, 136, 26944, 7, 27983, 22691, 46692, 17721, 6626, 21334, 21, 9248, 707, 10, 85437, 136, 10, 15520, 4, 136, 6097, 48903, 47, 60813, 70, 23113, 80934, 111, 6363, 217, 4, 1836, 621, 959, 56104, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 6044, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 7, 87929, 58, 83, 205794, 70488, 100, 5045, 150679, 4, 91257, 66139, 111, 70, 122084, 65998, 5, 8622, 621, 131527, 7, 4, 678, 6363, 14481, 8035, 35839, 26944, 7, 4, 1460, 28004, 73908, 4, 100, 27781, 5, 7832, 14481, 621, 70, 158, 37676, 111, 443, 18337, 29001, 5, 9925, 83, 4, 12960, 10, 6363, 217, 400, 90, 17721, 6626, 3551, 23860, 7, 136, 37067, 7, 6626, 150679, 337, 34204, 111, 7401, 4, 142, 443, 127, 2647, 400, 90, 17721, 6626, 337, 34204, 111, 7401, 136, 37067, 7, 6626, 150679, 3551, 23860, 7, 5, 31384, 6363, 14481, 765, 70, 38516, 47, 139392, 88551, 2936, 289, 14537, 17368, 2936, 289, 75973, 164552, 90, 5, 2371, 988, 621, 1286, 92054, 2886, 3501, 259, 272, 14537, 707, 32382, 14537, 5, 581, 4267, 74041, 35526, 927, 15, 11, 6363, 217, 16, 1543, 186, 87709, 111, 12663, 1916, 209, 6, 102550, 5, 79479, 7832, 217, 23, 2356, 138059, 1543, 186, 87709, 111, 12663, 1916, 6, 124525, 6, 102550, 3853, 21208, 70, 3622, 48302, 19882, 23, 70, 86608, 83, 423, 6, 102550, 5, 7832, 14481, 11814, 100, 21640, 134470, 8305, 70, 53732, 15520, 17721, 1632, 2831, 111, 70, 11192, 40, 162, 707, 142, 97629, 25313, 20288, 136, 15700, 2831, 111, 70, 11192, 40, 162, 707, 142, 97629, 25313, 20288, 621, 28368, 47, 70, 8437, 63647, 111, 62621, 46692, 15, 97315, 217, 111, 227867, 4, 984, 814, 7832, 217, 4, 7832, 217, 111, 7974, 31558, 194, 581, 63647, 111, 149548, 46692, 4027, 25720, 23, 6363, 14481, 11814, 100, 21640, 134470, 798, 450, 37067, 10, 2831, 111, 11192, 40, 162, 707, 142, 97629, 25313, 20288, 678, 70, 53732, 15520, 111, 184085, 289, 64857, 15, 97315, 217, 111, 38139, 66, 4, 7832, 217, 111, 20178, 8, 7680, 408, 4, 7832, 217, 111, 73291, 74494, 16, 136, 1737, 23, 6363, 14481, 100, 4806, 390, 142, 90695, 111, 10, 11341, 132988, 214, 70, 6363, 217, 136, 6863, 5201, 1760, 2174, 2685, 32316, 7, 15520, 19364, 111, 70, 90695, 10, 36439, 8305, 70, 11192, 40, 162, 707, 8305, 142, 97629, 25313, 20288, 111, 21373, 50080, 6620, 678, 15072, 47, 134470, 289, 136, 64707, 48461, 289, 62816, 48242, 7, 15, 97315, 217, 111, 33024, 76, 4, 4267, 74041, 35526, 927, 194, 8622, 1543, 186, 110, 72179, 1830, 111, 149548, 46692, 8305, 6044, 6363, 14481, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 6363, 217, 83, 10, 6083, 538, 100, 4806, 4, 653, 118201, 4, 205794, 46011, 2886, 7401, 7514, 450, 37067, 7, 6626, 150679, 337, 34204, 111, 7401, 5, 17006, 39210, 538, 442, 83, 10, 86723, 111, 7401, 450, 400, 90, 17721, 6626, 3551, 23860, 7, 5, 31384, 6363, 14481, 621, 959, 46011, 2886, 4, 100, 27781, 6637, 1836, 621, 5792, 35299, 8770, 4, 707, 6637, 111, 142, 85589, 24299, 2886, 456, 4240, 707, 63666, 40752, 519, 5, 7832, 14481, 621, 2843, 51529, 47, 186, 7001, 14, 100, 216489, 183278, 1363, 5, 62544, 25958, 4, 19096, 9, 62539, 40370, 7, 74918, 98, 15044, 70, 6626, 198274, 6363, 217, 82230, 7, 4, 3173, 214, 1614, 11, 944, 10821, 35992, 707, 146, 1073, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Terminology.", "Comparisons.", "Navigational (legal) regime." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The terms \"channel\", \"pass\" or \"passage\", can be synonymous and used interchangeably with \"strait\", although each is sometimes differentiated with varying senses. In Scotland \"firth\" or \"kyle\" are also sometimes used as synonyms for strait. Many straits are economically important. Straits can be important shipping routes and wars have been fought for control of them. Numerous artificial channels, called \"canals\", have been constructed to connect two bodies of water over land, such as the Suez Canal. Although rivers and canals often provide passage between two large lakes or a lake and a sea, and these seem to suit the formal definition of strait, they are not usually referred to as such. The term \"strait\" is typically reserved for much larger, wider features of the marine environment. There are exceptions, with straits being called canals, Pearse Canal, for example.", "Straits are the converse of isthmuses. That is, while a strait lies between two land masses and connects two larger bodies of water, an isthmus lies between two bodies of water and connects two larger land masses. Some straits have the potential to generate significant tidal power using tidal stream turbines. Tides are more predictable than wave power or wind power. The Pentland Firth (a strait) may be capable of generating 10 GW. Cook Strait in New Zealand may be capable of generating 5.6 GW even though the total energy available in the flow is 15 GW.", "Straits used for international navigation through the territorial sea between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone are subject to the legal regime of transit passage (Strait of Gibraltar, Dover Strait, Strait of Hormuz). The regime of innocent passage applies in straits used for international navigation (1) that connect a part of high seas or an exclusive economic zone with the territorial sea of coastal nation (Strait of Tiran, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Strait of Baltiysk) and (2) in straits formed by an island of a state bordering the strait and its mainland if there exists seaward of the island a route through the high seas or through an exclusive economic zone of similar convenience with respect to navigational and hydrographical characteristics (Strait of Messina, Pentland Firth). There may be no suspension of innocent passage through such straits." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 74336, 17990, 75935, 390, 70, 26125, 219, 72033, 25844, 1556, 10, 71579, 16128, 111, 190, 3742, 1785, 74, 6863, 140909, 83, 9103, 1785, 136, 38132, 6, 146984, 423, 1785, 5, 1650, 7, 38132, 6, 168867, 43573, 70, 22539, 99, 6863, 171827, 3564, 83, 714, 347, 74, 70, 83080, 6, 168867, 83, 382, 347, 5, 1913, 70, 3789, 3564, 4, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 74336, 17990, 83, 5795, 3674, 1257, 100, 10, 62488, 111, 209, 1104, 1837, 1785, 4, 10, 179804, 6620, 111, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 66196, 188, 14306, 64707, 219945, 14537, 29398, 1257, 86429, 98, 70, 353, 44413, 32547, 23, 8667, 10566, 32189, 4384, 5, 3311, 37771, 70, 74336, 17990, 72856, 142, 25902, 3674, 1632, 9, 95037, 71, 111, 6863, 4393, 21950, 47, 78, 1277, 5, 15432, 3674, 58555, 621, 62816, 52021, 390, 48716, 19336, 21, 9248, 136, 35299, 8770, 7, 4, 678, 370, 31989, 55670, 1363, 111, 56992, 57786, 4, 1942, 11, 1515, 4, 7426, 320, 6117, 27853, 7, 136, 456, 297, 11958, 7, 4, 8060, 214, 5941, 137107, 111, 41710, 214, 7401, 3584, 27751, 4, 259, 14202, 136, 263, 6468, 111, 479, 53, 5, 581, 153552, 111, 70, 10776, 83, 72852, 289, 136, 36137, 9, 147, 532, 5, 581, 50961, 111, 70, 26125, 219, 72033, 25844, 100, 193, 10384, 2320, 136, 64707, 219945, 2481, 58093, 60042, 7, 80723, 23, 70, 26125, 219, 72033, 2288, 7340, 23, 20414, 59782, 5, 13794, 214, 23, 47765, 4, 1672, 116, 4, 10700, 87143, 707, 142, 25902, 3674, 106, 79674, 3395, 3542, 168398, 18, 6259, 1295, 3060, 387, 54427, 7, 105866, 23, 70, 74336, 17990, 16128, 5, 17006, 111, 6097, 3395, 3542, 109133, 47, 70, 3525, 235489, 27024, 214, 58555, 23, 144477, 9022, 44061, 14, 151867, 5, 360, 36327, 4, 70, 22539, 509, 140528, 136, 70, 26292, 214, 111, 70, 74336, 17990, 80723, 5, 62, 534, 2525, 1785, 98687, 111, 3551, 22, 277, 13409, 214, 70, 74336, 17990, 136, 6863, 613, 67688, 7, 1556, 2809, 207487, 237, 142, 162054, 72607, 79200, 15, 88049, 16, 390, 72607, 69397, 8357, 6637, 442, 8060, 7, 88551, 101935, 111, 70, 43904, 7, 111, 67842, 263, 71, 114149, 4, 40101, 237, 160641, 4, 707, 237, 645, 9494, 33558, 4, 91566, 214, 707, 46692, 43017, 7, 5, 32255, 26698, 45210, 99397, 4, 17198, 177, 1176, 8231, 4514, 10840, 4, 24604, 11944, 25553, 4, 15812, 107, 10821, 32336, 54889, 4, 6782, 373, 271, 99397, 4, 19660, 18064, 373, 271, 99397, 4, 39210, 6, 15182, 1444, 4, 25153, 9, 12620, 297, 45555, 5245, 4, 115924, 71, 44679, 7, 9, 8770, 8080, 4, 61527, 3378, 17431, 3403, 7, 4, 28811, 120872, 7, 4, 35011, 9, 14775, 297, 109412, 47107, 25306, 4, 6782, 37906, 4, 64879, 6, 320, 1224, 4, 8082, 344, 297, 9023, 47485, 9, 4205, 42108, 7, 4, 4843, 9248, 25, 7, 1631, 42108, 7, 4, 67009, 64879, 1631, 42108, 7, 4, 57, 3798, 202, 27148, 15555, 7, 136, 64879, 2270, 17007, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 26125, 219, 72033, 174097, 17990, 15, 9874, 64967, 12, 5188, 2155, 124746, 20364, 312, 5866, 9978, 69633, 130, 74, 102374, 12, 82176, 18821, 928, 130, 34358, 28165, 111795, 112688, 247, 2843, 160093, 297, 67842, 538, 237, 119929, 516, 38656, 316, 4, 119929, 219, 38656, 316, 4, 26125, 3366, 316, 707, 11852, 3366, 316, 4, 83, 10, 21334, 66733, 85437, 23, 36176, 11443, 515, 59338, 111, 104235, 20257, 192859, 4, 23, 144477, 1177, 48850, 44061, 14, 151867, 5, 360, 20400, 70, 74336, 17990, 509, 120514, 4806, 44061, 783, 27414, 15, 9874, 64967, 12, 5758, 247087, 3315, 4229, 3, 10410, 16, 390, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 366, 150, 11533, 5, 581, 74336, 17990, 400, 90, 23, 70, 171827, 2831, 111, 70, 8002, 24869, 70237, 98, 70, 109942, 2541, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Construction.", "Important Bird Area." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The reservoir created by the Kayrakkum Dam has a surface area of 523 km; its length is 56 km and maximum width 15 km. Its maximum depth near the dam at its western end is 25 m; the average depth is 8 m. At the other end, the head of the reservoir is silted up for a distance of 10–15 km, a consequence of the construction of the Toktogul hydroelectric power station upstream on the Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan. By 2009, the reservoir lost an estimated one-third of its full volume to silt. Silted areas are characterised by multiple small lakes and shallows, with tugay vegetation of tamarisk, oleaster, poplar thickets and reed beds, supporting many thousands of wintering waterfowl, waders and birds of prey. The climate of the region is continental and semi-arid.", "The construction of the Kayrakkum Dam for irrigation and hydroelectricity generation purposes began in the Kayrakkum steppe in July 1951. Starting in 1954, about 2,400 families or an estimated 12,000 people were resettled from some 20 villages located in the reservoir area. Most of these people were moved to the new cotton producing areas in northern Tajikistan. In 1956, the dam was completed and the filling of the reservoir began.", "A 1150 km tract of land encompassing the reservoir and its surrounds has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant numbers of the populations of various bird species, either as residents, or as overwintering, breeding or passage migrants. These include mallards, pygmy cormorants, saker falcons, cinereous vultures, great bustards, houbara bustards, common cranes, pale-backed pigeons, pallid scops-owls, Egyptian nightjars, European rollers, white-winged woodpeckers, great tits, desert larks, streaked scrub-warblers, Sykes's warblers, Asian desert warblers, saxaul sparrows and desert finches." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 1202, 509, 8951, 297, 390, 86452, 10013, 1507, 136, 108929, 13, 7325, 164, 23, 10, 22556, 9, 2940, 9, 148477, 64, 64176, 206, 7761, 13, 159960, 1771, 20623, 21373, 47, 12452, 4887, 86, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 185464, 111, 1773, 5, 25971, 28163, 830, 756, 79507, 71, 390, 30839, 25129, 87108, 18, 4927, 5, 48325, 7, 111, 3003, 6454, 39, 136, 4488, 390, 70, 6, 48461, 22104, 276, 5, 313, 5, 1184, 5372, 621, 2843, 51592, 23, 70, 1202, 5, 62, 198394, 4745, 13765, 13315, 83, 1129, 29621, 144429, 54799, 70, 11531, 74, 450, 111, 10, 27150, 332, 25, 7, 48869, 40, 944, 3956, 5, 581, 8753, 43032, 108975, 40989, 297, 23, 22556, 23, 225073, 31913, 7, 4, 678, 25793, 7, 179140, 47, 108975, 237, 195195, 13984, 7, 5, 194397, 6056, 70, 1202, 94825, 1519, 297, 164, 678, 16610, 4, 133782, 316, 24887, 83, 51592, 23, 10, 37702, 133, 47, 6488, 5, 18763, 36541, 5132, 83, 12921, 136, 32233, 43334, 3229, 154186, 47, 1919, 1286, 51120, 23718, 7, 23, 3789, 21930, 5, 4939, 37527, 41820, 2733, 11301, 7, 10, 6, 131803, 7565, 10, 4989, 32324, 1846, 237, 2174, 10, 101275, 5, 22964, 11, 83, 10756, 214, 98, 11192, 6599, 429, 1439, 90, 136, 75169, 2856, 237, 2174, 1836, 3542, 10, 4950, 7, 101275, 4, 136, 4841, 71, 37700, 83, 1257, 98, 10, 47, 6488, 678, 10, 47014, 1916, 92264, 501, 21135, 450, 21265, 7, 237, 1919, 47617, 24448, 5, 86452, 10013, 1507, 12, 44, 12137, 6777, 6713, 99, 25971, 28163, 4, 136, 642, 54811, 99, 10, 5915, 111, 30839, 25129, 87108, 18, 1346, 5, 4966, 442, 509, 2843, 4552, 5526, 47, 71864, 242, 441, 1799, 28163, 5, 25, 1650, 509, 15044, 46517, 136, 9844, 47, 4488, 10932, 4, 6637, 442, 1556, 6044, 10, 37515, 4, 29458, 20623, 4, 136, 2685, 765, 2809, 3789, 21930, 450, 765, 64557, 1427, 48398, 442, 5773, 1242, 108929, 13, 7325, 164, 12, 44, 12137, 15935, 25, 18, 6713, 99, 242, 441, 1539, 28163, 25, 756, 450, 5045, 4, 6183, 5, 1401, 6777, 4, 1284, 7068, 642, 1660, 25737, 442, 5, 1401, 6777, 6713, 99, 10, 5915, 111, 70, 43240, 111, 70, 23010, 1419, 22104, 7, 1295, 70, 242, 1197, 7, 4, 136, 70, 164156, 7, 111, 70, 195195, 64370, 136, 1295, 123069, 7, 39, 5, 1401, 3542, 191722, 1286, 390, 178829, 7, 3501, 390, 54180, 7673, 44, 670, 9319, 8752, 58, 1556, 47143, 297, 10, 53697, 41147, 133, 98, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 9742, 7, 16792, 8272, 4, 20662, 442, 1632, 111, 2363, 2663, 1492, 2684, 51339, 297, 52336, 5, 360, 37771, 149493, 108558, 78201, 77330, 121413, 71, 70, 11531, 237, 10, 4420, 138810, 100, 1919, 11531, 111, 70, 5701, 9351, 678, 70, 673, 8079, 4727, 8828, 17678, 5, 581, 11531, 8, 18695, 3674, 4727, 8828, 17678, 25, 7, 10002, 3357, 151994, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 91257, 44402, 450, 70, 26177, 72720, 26908, 1556, 678, 48683, 128431, 5, 360, 36404, 18276, 34965, 198387, 31016, 7228, 142, 51, 161818, 456, 62015, 111, 70, 11531, 5, 581, 456, 62015, 3671, 86, 2822, 150675, 35743, 4, 1284, 509, 8306, 121447, 5, 1650, 509, 7228, 51521, 136, 121447, 390, 161388, 89916, 23, 10520, 360, 918, 56101, 22828, 10208, 128366, 33, 42822, 121447, 10, 94724, 13038, 456, 62015, 121447, 2843, 390, 161388, 89916, 4, 15700, 11389, 509, 121447, 390, 89176, 22828, 3419, 299, 3419, 162, 172, 33233, 8752, 128366, 33, 42822, 5, 7915, 11001, 138660, 7915, 11389, 116, 138660, 7915, 11389, 138, 138660, 7915, 11389, 201, 138660, 7915, 11389, 190, 138660, 6096, 9903, 156054, 189567, 7, 30839, 7426, 5367, 56, 1572, 1459, 143128, 2785, 1556, 127918, 903, 11531, 98, 604, 7156, 44, 37878, 329, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44, 670, 9319, 8752, 58, 83, 10, 11531, 390, 70, 6096, 9903, 156054, 189567, 7, 4, 121447, 23, 52489, 1650, 509, 70, 50960, 11001, 1295, 2363, 7156, 44, 441, 1799, 2472, 3296, 1363, 830, 136, 158, 20549, 7, 70, 133868, 7, 6, 181050, 7, 765, 678, 2363, 41928, 239414, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Music video.", "Live performances.", "Remixes.", "Track listings.", "Personnel.", "Other versions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The video was directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris in a black-and-white/monochrome Gothic style similar to Robert Wiene's \"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari\", all influenced by German Expressionist art. Elements of Cubism and work by the graphic artist M. C. Escher are also seen in the video. A cartoonish story line is juxtaposed upon the song; that of a young man's dream sequence. The band members appear dressed in black in unusual locations, with props intended to appear as surreal instruments. Throughout the video Anthony Kiedis with short, platinum hair is seen in a castle tower. His stage persona is different and quite dark when compared to his more energetic performances in other videos. John Frusciante plays a rope down a long corridor as if a guitar. Flea is hanging on high voltage wires and playing them as if they were a bass guitar, and Chad Smith is up on a tower with a rotating medieval clock that serves as his drum kit. Jonathan Dayton: \"We did look at Caligari, and we looked at a lot of German Expressionist film. But it was also very important to avoid 'Caligari.' It was both inspiration and something to work around, because it has such a strong, specific style, and there have been other videos that have completely ripped it off.\" Valerie Faris: \"We didn't look at 'Calagari' all that much, really. We did, but then we just left it. We did look at a lot of the works of the futurist artists from the '30s, and the illustrations of the surrealists and from cubism. We were inspired more by paintings than by films...\"", "\"Otherside\" has remained a constant staple on the band's tours since 1999, making it one of their top ten most performed songs.", "In 2009, Seattle producer Ryan Lewis sampled the song as a backdrop for his song of the same name with the rapper Macklemore. The song depicted Macklemore's own personal struggles as well as the wider problems that the hip hop community has with drug abuse. In 2010, house duo Third Party made an unofficial remix of the song. The remix garnered considerable attention, but was never released. It was made official and released by Warner Records in 2013. In 2015 British DJ Paul Oakenfold released a Future House remix released also by Warner Records, another version was released by Italian DJ Benny Benassi alongside Oakenfold.", "CD single (2000) CD version 2 (2000) CD version 3 (2000) CD version 4 (2000) CD version 5 (2000)", "Red Hot Chili Peppers", "German pop singer Mandy Capristo has covered this song on her album \"Grace\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 15236, 25958, 4, 10, 32354, 26168, 115187, 83, 44, 30544, 6, 140815, 58, 98, 142, 9803, 5423, 26168, 454, 304, 23, 70, 2773, 13315, 2174, 100, 2499, 26168, 454, 363, 1632, 831, 33022, 23, 3129, 70, 552, 4240, 11044, 35066, 26168, 454, 758, 621, 2773, 101935, 136, 70, 36549, 83, 158, 814, 46825, 47, 26168, 454, 910, 100, 26168, 454, 966, 23, 10, 205277, 111, 26168, 454, 1019, 5, 103905, 538, 4, 142, 6, 140815, 32354, 83, 142, 54241, 21286, 99710, 2886, 32354, 6044, 450, 70, 63569, 36549, 99, 2499, 6275, 26168, 454, 1019, 23, 6863, 77758, 158, 74789, 7, 47, 26168, 454, 910, 100, 26168, 454, 966, 23, 10, 205277, 111, 26168, 454, 1019, 6275, 90825, 5, 581, 5423, 111, 756, 2773, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 98, 10, 34475, 5423, 26168, 454, 304, 83, 27983, 8, 157, 3674, 390, 26168, 454, 1837, 5, 62, 32354, 26168, 115187, 61924, 71, 98, 3060, 1614, 3509, 111, 70, 2773, 13315, 83, 2804, 47, 186, 2773, 6, 140815, 99, 10, 6275, 26168, 454, 966, 2174, 2685, 83, 10, 205277, 26168, 454, 304, 111, 26168, 454, 966, 98, 3129, 26168, 115187, 83, 2773, 6, 140815, 5, 581, 80934, 111, 10, 44, 277, 44974, 6, 140815, 32354, 58, 83, 113054, 297, 390, 456, 133266, 214, 4, 23, 70, 80934, 7, 36917, 4, 44, 30544, 58, 678, 44, 277, 44974, 58, 136, 44, 30544, 13315, 58, 678, 44, 277, 44974, 47880, 740, 62, 32354, 83, 27140, 6, 140815, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 442, 83, 136346, 178851, 1771, 17, 5, 13, 5, 442, 83, 27140, 99710, 2886, 5, 1326, 903, 31635, 70, 69407, 44, 497, 365, 178851, 1771, 58, 136, 44, 140815, 58, 621, 27983, 11814, 1940, 152028, 78458, 100, 6044, 32354, 7, 5, 33417, 21533, 27781, 7, 111, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 621, 12, 33417, 21533, 27781, 7, 111, 32354, 7, 450, 621, 959, 6, 140815, 621, 12, 581, 25632, 27289, 621, 183234, 12, 615, 26168, 115187, 83, 2773, 6, 140815, 98, 142, 9803, 5423, 26168, 454, 5442, 787, 8622, 83, 10, 27140, 6, 140815, 111938, 111, 26168, 115187, 47, 142, 9803, 5423, 26168, 454, 4046, 3129, 70541, 7, 26168, 454, 5442, 1031, 26168, 115187, 83, 2773, 156100, 136, 100, 11907, 94928, 5423, 26168, 454, 4235, 2685, 32316, 7, 10, 53697, 26168, 454, 1197, 6044, 450, 100, 11907, 26168, 454, 5016, 136, 11907, 351, 9, 3331, 4935, 892, 1505, 26168, 454, 6460, 70, 25632, 6, 99091, 16401, 7, 113197, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 621, 66161, 183234, 47, 136346, 178851, 1771, 32354, 7, 4, 136, 621, 4911, 7, 5045, 1286, 72546, 62816, 29367, 5, 1326, 70, 7225, 111, 142, 6, 140815, 32354, 678, 40368, 77336, 7, 15, 21231, 35064, 247, 70, 2773, 6, 140815, 2481, 831, 186, 62816, 29367, 17368, 70, 65056, 6815, 1104, 80009, 7, 1104, 568, 2703, 69548, 41202, 27198, 5, 581, 50960, 62816, 47691, 1556, 2843, 10, 8951, 4537, 47691, 100, 70, 6024, 124640, 67, 7225, 5, 62, 35874, 1687, 15403, 53418, 186, 45234, 99, 5792, 5941, 26847, 117934, 442, 83, 70, 45234, 35874, 1687, 15403, 15, 17678, 134995, 538, 4, 70, 14012, 111, 45234, 7, 83, 99, 2684, 70, 79385, 111, 70, 35874, 1687, 15403, 194, 62, 21373, 1284, 642, 11, 1728, 63805, 16401, 7, 100, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 5, 4263, 70, 5423, 111, 45234, 7, 111, 142, 6, 140815, 32354, 6, 220463, 1556, 142, 183278, 1363, 6275, 46132, 6863, 77758, 4, 7068, 6, 220463, 83, 45234, 219743, 98, 70, 162711, 82761, 70541, 214, 70, 183278, 1363, 6275, 5, 360, 3789, 34153, 4, 2174, 24073, 42, 18939, 83, 10, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 117781, 101935, 6044, 450, 6, 220463, 132, 58, 42, 18939, 2203, 757, 100, 756, 44, 19, 58, 136, 903, 40, 944, 3956, 158, 74789, 7, 47, 10, 6275, 44, 42, 58, 23, 70, 77758, 111, 44, 397, 830, 7068, 6, 220463, 83, 60460, 71407, 45234, 98, 70, 162711, 82761, 111, 44, 397, 58, 70541, 214, 44, 42, 740, 3293, 83, 51529, 237, 70, 79680, 133, 111, 908, 669, 6620, 5, 22376, 4, 2174, 756, 70, 30057, 42991, 111, 142, 6, 140815, 32354, 99, 10, 6275, 621, 45234, 4, 70, 32354, 83, 53697, 98, 70, 42518, 214, 162711, 82761, 5, 32255, 63805, 7, 21980, 538, 450, 12960, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 54, 765, 1286, 79385, 7, 111, 147452, 3501, 35874, 1687, 15403, 7, 4, 1836, 621, 7464, 32233, 128652, 5, 1301, 959, 297, 36917, 4, 2499, 6, 140815, 32354, 15, 30544, 707, 27140, 16, 83, 54241, 21286, 99710, 2886, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 156100, 4, 707, 44, 441, 51029, 15, 110361, 450, 903, 99710, 41159, 83, 23, 70, 10422, 111, 2773, 77336, 7, 74, 69101, 27140, 30057, 42991, 35064, 5, 16, 8622, 32316, 156100, 2773, 32354, 7, 450, 621, 959, 6, 140815, 12, 1957, 351, 9, 140815, 156100, 32354, 5, 360, 15824, 2685, 621, 5941, 6044, 32354, 7, 5, 581, 16648, 83, 32233, 12921, 3229, 1632, 16916, 7, 27140, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 136, 27140, 30057, 42991, 5, 1650, 831, 186, 77443, 450, 2499, 27140, 32354, 99710, 2886, 15, 73, 70, 27140, 10422, 16, 23, 142, 9803, 5423, 83, 6, 140815, 5, 1657, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 23, 27140, 114137, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 140815, 32354, 58, 83, 164661, 10821, 678, 44, 497, 365, 178851, 1771, 32354, 740, 5120, 136, 27140, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 765, 5526, 60212, 7, 15, 3630, 5809, 60322, 450, 3853, 1295, 2363, 12921, 76755, 678, 99710, 41159, 194, 232248, 2481, 111, 27140, 32354, 7, 83, 10, 1286, 173072, 5844, 57266, 4, 237, 442, 1556, 1286, 173072, 5844, 63559, 27289, 136, 27140, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 765, 1286, 45646, 3501, 2363, 2773, 9, 2256, 105416, 17365, 7, 5, 129551, 47, 1261, 796, 10745, 25, 7, 70, 58391, 4, 2499, 876, 167457, 27140, 6, 140815, 32354, 61924, 71, 98, 70, 28271, 27140, 47880, 83, 53697, 5, 581, 42518, 214, 63805, 100, 2773, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 4, 678, 70, 27140, 47880, 91995, 71, 390, 70, 2773, 13315, 4, 83, 123019, 98320, 74, 903, 83, 58755, 3674, 390, 22376, 4, 2174, 10, 27140, 6, 140815, 32354, 83, 61924, 71, 23, 142, 9803, 16446, 10932, 10, 6275, 44, 425, 830, 6863, 14537, 36549, 14700, 66, 6889, 99, 44, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 142, 6, 140815, 32354, 83, 10, 32354, 450, 83, 4000, 538, 34475, 390, 10, 158, 814, 46825, 14537, 36549, 5, 8622, 32316, 15044, 2773, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 136, 27140, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 4, 39283, 7, 450, 621, 21373, 23, 3060, 48322, 4, 1284, 12921, 23, 27060, 5, 28670, 10763, 7, 111, 12638, 10644, 621, 54241, 21286, 99710, 2886, 4, 1284, 27140, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 80788, 18, 183871, 450, 54, 959, 16401, 137567, 100, 2773, 6, 140815, 32354, 7, 5, 62, 32354, 83, 6, 140815, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 6863, 63569, 36549, 1672, 44, 425, 58, 158, 74789, 7, 47, 70, 32354, 23, 3060, 205277, 100, 11907, 44, 425, 58, 23, 6863, 77758, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definitions.", "Examples.", "Alternative characterizations.", "Properties of analytic functions.", "Analyticity and differentiability.", "Real versus complex analytic functions.", "Analytic functions of several variables." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Formally, a function formula_1 is \"real analytic\" on an open set formula_2 in the real line if for any formula_3 one can write in which the coefficients formula_5 are real numbers and the series is convergent to formula_6 for formula_7 in a neighborhood of formula_8. Alternatively, an analytic function is an infinitely differentiable function such that the Taylor series at any point formula_8 in its domain converges to formula_6 for formula_7 in a neighborhood of formula_8 pointwise. The set of all real analytic functions on a given set formula_2 is often denoted by formula_15. A function formula_1 defined on some subset of the real line is said to be real analytic at a point formula_7 if there is a neighborhood formula_2 of formula_7 on which formula_1 is real analytic. The definition of a \"complex analytic function\" is obtained by replacing, in the definitions above, \"real\" with \"complex\" and \"real line\" with \"complex plane\". A function is complex analytic if and only if it is holomorphic i.e. it is complex differentiable. For this reason the terms \"holomorphic\" and \"analytic\" are often used interchangeably for such functions.", "Typical examples of analytic functions are: Typical examples of functions that are not analytic are:", "The following conditions are equivalent: 1. formula_1 is real analytic on an open set formula_2. 2. There is a complex analytic extension of formula_1 to an open set formula_26 which contains formula_2. 3. formula_1 is real smooth and for every compact set formula_29 there exists a constant formula_30 such that for every formula_31 and every non-negative integer formula_32 the following bound holds Complex analytic functions are exactly equivalent to holomorphic functions, and are thus much more easily characterized. For the case of an analytic function with several variables (see below), the real analyticity can be characterized using the Fourier–Bros–Iagolnitzer transform. The third characterization has also a direct generalization for the multivariate case.", "A polynomial cannot be zero at too many points unless it is the zero polynomial (more precisely, the number of zeros is at most the degree of the polynomial). A similar but weaker statement holds for analytic functions. If the set of zeros of an analytic function ƒ has an accumulation point inside its domain, then ƒ is zero everywhere on the connected component containing the accumulation point. In other words, if (\"r\") is a sequence of distinct numbers such that ƒ(\"r\") = 0 for all \"n\" and this sequence converges to a point \"r\" in the domain of \"D\", then ƒ is identically zero on the connected component of \"D\" containing \"r\". This is known as the Principle of Permanence. Also, if all the derivatives of an analytic function at a point are zero, the function is constant on the corresponding connected component. These statements imply that while analytic functions do have more degrees of freedom than polynomials, they are still quite rigid.", "As noted above, any analytic function (real or complex) is infinitely differentiable (also known as smooth, or \"C\"). (Note that this differentiability is in the sense of real variables; compare complex derivatives below.) There exist smooth real functions that are not analytic: see non-analytic smooth function. In fact there are many such functions. The situation is quite different when one considers complex analytic functions and complex derivatives. It can be proved that any complex function differentiable (in the complex sense) in an open set is analytic. Consequently, in complex analysis, the term \"analytic function\" is synonymous with \"holomorphic function\".", "Real and complex analytic functions have important differences (one could notice that even from their different relationship with differentiability). Analyticity of complex functions is a more restrictive property, as it has more restrictive necessary conditions and complex analytic functions have more structure than their real-line counterparts. According to Liouville's theorem, any bounded complex analytic function defined on the whole complex plane is constant. The corresponding statement for real analytic functions, with the complex plane replaced by the real line, is clearly false; this is illustrated by Also, if a complex analytic function is defined in an open ball around a point \"x\", its power series expansion at \"x\" is convergent in the whole open ball (holomorphic functions are analytic). This statement for real analytic functions (with open ball meaning an open interval of the real line rather than an open disk of the complex plane) is not true in general; the function of the example above gives an example for \"x\" = 0 and a ball of radius exceeding 1, since the power series diverges for |\"x\"| > 1. Any real analytic function on some open set on the real line can be extended to a complex analytic function on some open set of the complex plane. However, not every real analytic function defined on the whole real line can be extended to a complex function defined on the whole complex plane. The function ƒ(\"x\") defined in the paragraph above is a counterexample, as it is not defined for \"x\" = ±\"i\". This explains why the Taylor series of ƒ(\"x\") diverges for |\"x\"| > 1, i.e., the radius of convergence is 1 because the complexified function has a pole at distance 1 from the evaluation point 0 and no further poles within the open disc of radius 1 around the evaluation point.", "One can define analytic functions in several variables by means of power series in those variables (see power series). Analytic functions of several variables have some of the same properties as analytic functions of one variable. However, especially for complex analytic functions, new and interesting phenomena show up when working in 2 or more dimensions:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 151822, 9, 14212, 509, 75935, 390, 70, 7175, 111, 185256, 51517, 179468, 12712, 13769, 2189, 669, 237, 10, 91995, 674, 100, 70, 151822, 9, 18197, 571, 450, 2806, 765, 92319, 160692, 18588, 254, 1363, 3501, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 136, 4527, 70, 5701, 23, 2256, 22759, 136, 17262, 9, 175870, 179965, 237, 70, 151822, 9, 594, 1549, 44, 7192, 68998, 740, 581, 34754, 9433, 26859, 23, 41906, 136, 70, 5117, 160469, 90, 51529, 1379, 70, 9351, 44, 618, 47568, 1106, 1881, 58, 15, 7763, 34759, 16, 3542, 88303, 23, 40191, 5, 24372, 1119, 41745, 272, 98, 9, 52562, 134234, 4, 70, 3525, 5773, 9, 52562, 80939, 23409, 3934, 36049, 98, 8055, 714, 4, 49795, 5, 9578, 6331, 4, 9508, 151822, 9, 14212, 7, 1902, 2809, 88303, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 36049, 23, 70, 345, 108371, 23, 29172, 5, 62, 21373, 80939, 35509, 54799, 70, 151822, 9, 14212, 25, 7, 4331, 509, 181653, 390, 6, 147243, 23, 16554, 24189, 26527, 4, 5117, 237, 70, 87, 13439, 9, 12243, 4, 7068, 237, 70, 87, 13439, 276, 12975, 4, 136, 14432, 5744, 29367, 237, 70, 6, 147243, 276, 162044, 5, 151822, 9, 14212, 7, 3542, 5570, 116338, 55, 4517, 7, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 178109, 136, 23282, 117249, 5, 581, 5570, 151822, 9, 14212, 509, 19048, 47, 58359, 4, 1284, 6863, 1286, 14537, 297, 11389, 7, 4, 678, 149678, 6, 10060, 15, 820, 14, 4126, 1295, 70, 62822, 142483, 6, 10060, 16, 5684, 1096, 5, 254, 5, 87907, 7, 136, 70, 5701, 17262, 9, 175870, 72397, 11728, 4, 5809, 58359, 5, 10660, 3542, 51529, 237, 70, 151822, 9, 14212, 594, 4, 707, 151822, 9, 14212, 8922, 100, 70, 22759, 9, 24401, 11389, 5, 1650, 60213, 71, 6626, 160692, 32216, 7, 4, 1632, 111, 1379, 70, 74912, 4, 1632, 111, 9149, 10519, 70, 44828, 1505, 25, 7, 40, 257, 5, 3164, 117907, 66, 115774, 2843, 1902, 47, 23356, 126140, 96679, 4, 23, 7225, 111, 1631, 6032, 87103, 1830, 214, 5, 15, 73243, 83, 2843, 15400, 10, 7941, 13784, 11389, 509, 959, 19882, 24189, 13867, 16, 581, 62822, 20117, 151822, 9, 14212, 1556, 10, 80836, 111, 1911, 7, 136, 56104, 1556, 5570, 831, 4079, 2663, 136, 1407, 56, 5609, 7, 74, 2685, 621, 6626, 40, 9821, 23, 12912, 136, 6626, 18344, 6238, 1585, 17007, 100, 17262, 44828, 26255, 12638, 98, 5609, 7, 5, 581, 53333, 20117, 151822, 9, 14212, 284, 15, 1062, 17200, 9, 14212, 284, 16, 1556, 22759, 1911, 7, 4, 18344, 6238, 831, 4079, 2663, 136, 6626, 6, 15555, 7, 111, 40, 9821, 5, 1650, 509, 11814, 237, 70, 18231, 100, 70, 456, 147, 9, 434, 144009, 22648, 131, 151822, 8363, 450, 509, 88303, 23, 47114, 1284, 15935, 25, 18, 27875, 70, 160469, 13, 36541, 5, 581, 5773, 9, 52562, 131, 136, 22729, 118149, 345, 17200, 9, 60450, 136, 70, 3525, 56, 345, 17200, 9, 169531, 2843, 144851, 71, 2363, 59665, 7, 47, 70, 151822, 9, 14212, 5, 581, 151822, 9, 14212, 1902, 2809, 70, 62822, 22729, 5773, 9, 52562, 80939, 111, 70, 134349, 126140, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 151822, 9, 18197, 7, 136, 20255, 4778, 177533, 7, 4, 8108, 70, 187, 1176, 30666, 297, 70, 345, 17200, 9, 169531, 5, 1650, 509, 2843, 11814, 237, 70, 18231, 100, 70, 116, 683, 4046, 32216, 163684, 56, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 100, 70, 151822, 7621, 276, 27816, 4, 10, 22729, 201, 425, 617, 444, 19379, 8730, 223, 80939, 191722, 390, 70, 17652, 527, 12236, 242, 81779, 254, 25, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 151822, 9, 14212, 83, 10, 22759, 9, 434, 144009, 22648, 22729, 118149, 4, 181653, 390, 151822, 15, 33243, 4026, 4, 707, 44, 724, 748, 2810, 4922, 173418, 14916, 101473, 830, 12035, 1002, 80726, 13, 144562, 16, 17721, 49795, 136, 36327, 136, 7068, 390, 345, 17200, 4, 23, 36327, 1104, 123599, 4, 21208, 756, 111, 6097, 117001, 3542, 51529, 237, 151822, 9, 14212, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Development and production.", "Design.", "Military use." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The GAZ-69 was created by the team of chief designer Grigoriy Vasserman as a replacement for the GAZ-67B that would have lower fuel consumption than its predecessor and use the same inline four and three-speed transmission as the GAZ-M20 \"Pobeda\". The development process started in 1946 and the first prototypes known under the name \"Truzhenik\" (Toiler) were built in 1947. After extensive on-road testing, the new off-road vehicle went into production on August 25, 1953. Over 600,000 GAZ-69s had been built by the end of production in the USSR in 1972. A similar vehicle based upon the GAZ-69's design was produced by ARO in Romania until 1975, first as the IMS-57, then as the IMS M59, and later modernized as the ARO M461. GAZ-69s were standard military jeeps of the Eastern Bloc and client states.", "The standard GAZ-69 was able to reach, but its more powered versions, with 2400 cc (derived from the basic 2100 cc) 65 h.p. engines and the same three-speed gearbox, could reach. They were known as the GAZ-69M, or GAZ-69AM for the four-door version. It featured two fuel tanks, one of under the floor, one of beneath the passenger's seat. All civilian models also had to meet Army requirements, in case of wartime requisitioning. (This is also why a hardtop version was not available until 1993) The basic variant GAZ-69 has a pair of doors and usually has standard canvas top and upper sides; there are two seats in front and two folding benches for three passengers each on sides. The further variant GAZ-69A (UAZ-69A) has four doors, folding canvas top and two rows of seats. It was used as the basis for the rear-wheel drive van GAZ-19 that was built in 1955 but didn't pass the prototype stage. The off-road van and light truck UAZ-450 and the newer UAZ-469 also traced their origins to the GAZ-69.", "The GAZ-69 had been the basic light off-road vehicle of the Soviet Army, replacing GAZ-67s and Willys Jeeps, before the army adopted the UAZ-469. It was also used as the basis for the 2P26 tank destroyer, as well as for the GAZ 46 MAV, a light 4x4 amphibious vehicle inspired by the Ford GPA 'Seep'." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 339, 25, 7251, 184, 2970, 1215, 1138, 19725, 83, 10, 92265, 9, 135832, 9351, 3129, 831, 186, 3900, 143, 3674, 237, 70, 9118, 678, 70, 27689, 7, 15534, 5, 11249, 70, 54427, 68034, 21449, 47, 186, 24, 4806, 44, 866, 25, 7251, 184, 2970, 1215, 1138, 19725, 58, 83, 29865, 71, 5, 6561, 207116, 83, 450, 44, 866, 25, 7251, 184, 2970, 1215, 1138, 19725, 58, 83, 10, 6, 66157, 1830, 111, 70, 92265, 4331, 2320, 242, 4, 3129, 26950, 44, 11670, 12097, 84433, 1311, 272, 740, 581, 122925, 1295, 25, 188, 44, 6696, 1138, 19725, 58, 1543, 765, 74918, 2822, 6637, 70, 212790, 23, 70, 16128, 17660, 7, 47, 186, 9803, 4, 678, 10548, 24293, 7, 5, 5, 62, 1286, 17309, 15811, 40322, 83, 450, 442, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 44, 866, 25, 7251, 184, 253, 21, 276, 94627, 13, 830, 707, 44, 3957, 2888, 13, 11, 25, 7, 1311, 272, 830, 70, 9351, 442, 81148, 7, 98, 142, 195616, 92265, 24, 1405, 116287, 5, 156458, 44, 6696, 112, 11, 58, 707, 44, 71721, 11684, 830, 442, 83, 7722, 450, 70, 9351, 15005, 7, 47, 10, 92265, 24, 1405, 53678, 1428, 5, 117371, 70, 83429, 13, 174920, 23, 2356, 151645, 1760, 4, 2685, 83, 77950, 111, 1563, 124524, 6, 167618, 7, 23, 70, 16128, 111, 339, 25, 7251, 184, 2970, 1215, 1138, 19725, 4, 70, 10332, 525, 607, 297, 99, 166904, 538, 6, 102525, 5369, 6650, 5, 438, 86, 3542, 118672, 10821, 678, 70, 83429, 13, 6, 167618, 5, 581, 2684, 197097, 111, 6097, 110680, 6, 167618, 7, 509, 390, 70, 25877, 3509, 3395, 4, 2750, 1653, 27686, 70, 83429, 13, 390, 1672, 1781, 5369, 5, 581, 83429, 13, 9615, 19929, 99, 339, 25, 7251, 184, 2970, 1215, 1138, 19725, 1556, 2809, 607, 297, 47, 189275, 75534, 5369, 6650, 15, 3284, 8345, 1740, 25902, 67, 6, 61158, 104279, 78800, 18471, 247, 142, 164031, 450, 2776, 25720, 678, 70, 35845, 1740, 111, 17662, 114700, 136, 45646, 52895, 5, 38396, 70, 16128, 153161, 58055, 7, 111, 9803, 4, 27689, 4861, 33532, 4, 1284, 4382, 5369, 6650, 4, 2685, 3542, 100, 525, 7, 450, 3542, 142267, 100, 139098, 9, 146049, 4, 18276, 9, 146049, 136, 193, 191, 4173, 10763, 5, 581, 47143, 7, 111, 136659, 33976, 7, 15, 152526, 297, 1295, 62, 1104, 1375, 16, 3542, 14037, 5, 10660, 621, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 64549, 297, 111, 32445, 158012, 645, 10, 109412, 33, 123789, 5, 44978, 71, 98, 137272, 17662, 114700, 7, 4, 70, 33976, 7, 3542, 207487, 237, 104, 19256, 5180, 707, 117528, 5, 581, 142105, 104, 19256, 214, 15, 919, 16, 72350, 71, 136, 35060, 71, 111, 40368, 112875, 5, 129335, 19336, 33976, 7, 15, 571, 4, 313, 4, 527, 16, 1543, 765, 2809, 117528, 707, 38043, 128274, 7, 100, 92319, 9, 45215, 172040, 707, 94859, 7, 5, 68309, 7, 3542, 207487, 237, 142, 193, 191, 6, 153144, 53, 15, 146049, 821, 16, 70541, 214, 10, 100, 429, 136, 193, 191, 25644, 4, 10, 2258, 2278, 15123, 42819, 15, 146049, 391, 247, 3129, 139392, 71, 109412, 8, 35611, 136, 10, 5361, 29367, 139098, 121461, 16128, 70541, 214, 6, 23432, 19, 68544, 933, 5, 64511, 8966, 14037, 99, 70, 1764, 35060, 71, 111, 39210, 190704, 83429, 13, 55769, 4, 26719, 10, 6, 34165, 29700, 36389, 4, 10, 148, 1448, 34165, 4, 10, 52656, 13, 4271, 33, 214, 6520, 4, 10, 32881, 472, 93, 19514, 3871, 133, 136, 2831, 111, 10, 25927, 19298, 5, 47002, 57888, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 14037, 23, 33976, 527, 4, 1543, 765, 2809, 2831, 111, 10, 459, 306, 5, 581, 169424, 111, 70, 25927, 19298, 136, 3871, 133, 42459, 7, 450, 24793, 237, 5299, 237, 453, 23, 54815, 3674, 70, 9615, 19929, 5, 8622, 83, 110, 3917, 111, 141956, 3642, 5941, 3395, 158930, 99, 70, 1764, 99, 2499, 34475, 1733, 74, 6, 227780, 109622, 77950, 111, 70, 104, 19256, 5180, 42459, 442, 1902, 70, 177399, 111, 8060, 214, 496, 47, 13442, 3395, 5, 581, 64194, 43904, 111, 15497, 1760, 99, 70, 1733, 509, 1672, 116, 4, 4283, 4, 91084, 450, 70, 339, 25, 7251, 184, 2970, 1215, 1138, 19725, 1764, 509, 40715, 3501, 209, 33297, 111, 70, 83429, 13, 9615, 19929, 98, 15497, 1760, 5, 1301, 81421, 391, 5, 22758, 7, 73048, 12, 44, 23389, 37202, 103210, 51, 5062, 538, 450, 70, 83429, 13, 1902, 6, 129980, 65514, 47, 64549, 10, 79315, 111, 6044, 9615, 19929, 7, 1242, 34562, 47143, 7, 99201, 125688, 3609, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 88551, 6637, 1836, 54, 959, 55993, 6083, 538, 144477, 111, 2356, 32173, 7, 44726, 5, 581, 481, 169424, 31895, 117414, 7, 70, 83429, 13, 23, 109261, 16037, 26983, 297, 2060, 9319, 127067, 47, 113054, 2856, 5, 8622, 83, 77950, 47, 42459, 450, 70, 83429, 13, 1926, 3674, 142, 10298, 53, 111, 85825, 450, 23, 54815, 3674, 70, 16128, 5, 32255, 99201, 15342, 12630, 4, 13924, 420, 4, 6, 147797, 4, 81148, 4, 108495, 425, 4, 1108, 510, 4, 756, 52895, 111, 263, 6468, 136, 67155, 4, 28704, 4, 148, 50742, 136, 32973, 6563, 5, 3293, 16128, 83, 110, 51713, 98870, 23, 6712, 4743, 23, 21334, 2831, 47, 70, 182, 1495, 41710, 7, 5, 3293, 84616, 70, 6712, 47, 40101, 1274, 46690, 2182, 707, 200569, 127067, 237, 70, 32382, 4, 53894, 108203, 4, 136, 155434, 7, 111, 6, 2980, 29256, 70, 16128, 5, 32255, 388, 5908, 7228, 70, 182, 1495, 41710, 7, 4552, 34844, 100, 70, 83429, 13, 3395, 99, 339, 25, 7251, 184, 2970, 1215, 1138, 19725, 5, 3293, 92635, 111, 6712, 8060, 7, 6, 227780, 14071, 64370, 25, 144239, 7, 450, 70, 1764, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 390, 70, 83429, 13, 100, 10, 35845, 538, 16610, 1733, 5, 12701, 66, 748, 92878, 34937, 72089, 4, 10, 59619, 42, 23, 92264, 32692, 136, 163136, 99, 24344, 3915, 12535, 4, 42459, 7, 70, 1764, 509, 959, 10, 28123, 9615, 19929, 4, 64457, 10, 142458, 53, 139098, 121461, 178290, 5, 4687, 73048, 2685, 621, 110, 90791, 7, 111, 373, 51626, 7, 4, 72977, 4, 6, 177849, 707, 26249, 59434, 2451, 76582, 4188, 1916, 70, 23, 109261, 16037, 32997, 297, 70, 1764, 23, 142, 12989, 538, 54543, 5, 129551, 47, 10, 3640, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 339, 25, 7251, 184, 2970, 1215, 1138, 19725, 15, 16, 83, 142, 6, 227780, 109622, 1764, 98, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 6069, 111, 70, 32774, 182688, 4267, 73, 60243, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 2356, 151645, 1760, 23, 70, 180972, 140280, 111, 2356, 151645, 1760, 136, 21488, 72639, 5, 63590, 11, 13, 109622, 77950, 111, 10, 83429, 13, 169424, 509, 134053, 99, 339, 25, 7251, 184, 2970, 1215, 1138, 19725, 23, 70, 23936, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 4734, 39563, 297, 83429, 13, 1764, 23, 707, 43573, 23924, 21629, 50782, 111, 70, 9615, 19929, 7, 14037, 23, 15497, 1760, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "History.", "Pre-European settlements.", "Norse site (c. 1000).", "Connection with Vinland sagas.", "Discovery and significance (1960–68).", "National historic site (1968–present)." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "L'Anse aux Meadows is a French-English name which can be translated as the bay with the grasslands. How the village itself came to be named \"L'Anse aux Meadows\" is debated. One possibility is that \"L'Anse aux Meadows\" is a corruption of the French designation ', which means \"Jellyfish Cove\". The shift from'to \"Meadows\" may have occurred because the landscape in the area tends to be open, with meadows.. A more recent supposition is that it is derived from \"L'Anse à la Médée\", or \"The Medea's Cove\", the name it bears on an 1862 French naval chart. Whether \"Medea\" or \"Medusa\", it is possible that the name refers to a French naval vessel.", "", "Before the Norse arrived in Newfoundland, there is evidence of aboriginal occupations in the area of L'Anse aux Meadows, the oldest dated at roughly 6,000 years ago. None were contemporaneous with the Norse occupation. The most prominent of these earlier occupations was by the Dorset people, who predated the Norse by about 200 years.", "The Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows has been dated to approximately 1,000 years ago (carbon dating estimate 990–1050 CE), an assessment that tallies with the relative dating of artifact and structure types. Today the area mostly consists of open, grassy lands, but 1000 years ago, there were forests that were convenient for boat-building, house-building and iron extraction. The remains of eight buildings (labeled from A–J) were found. They are believed to have been constructed of sod placed over a wooden frame. Based on associated artifacts, the buildings were identified as dwellings or workshops. The largest dwelling (F) measured and consisted of several rooms. Three small buildings (B, C, G) may have been workshops or living quarters for lower-status crew or slaves. Workshops were identified as an iron smithy (building J) containing a forge and iron slag, a carpentry workshop (building D), which generated wood debris and a specialized boat repair area containing worn rivets. Other things found at the site consisted of common everyday Norse items, including a stone oil lamp, a whetstone, a bronze fastening pin, a bone knitting needle and part of a spindle. Stone weights, which were found in building G, may have been part of a loom. The presence of the spindle and needle suggests that women as well as men inhabited the settlement. There is no way of knowing how many people lived at the site at any given time; archaeological evidence of the dwellings suggest it had the capacity of supporting 30 to 160 people. The entire population of Greenland at the time was about 2,500, meaning that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was less than 10 percent of the Norse settlement on Greenland. As Julian D. Richards notes: \"It seems highly unlikely that the Norse had sufficient resources to construct a string of such settlements.\" Food remains included butternuts, which are significant because they do not grow naturally north of New Brunswick. Their presence probably indicates the Norse inhabitants traveled farther south to obtain them. There is evidence to suggest that the Norse hunted an array of animals that inhabited the area. These included caribou, wolf, fox, bear, lynx, marten, all types of birds and fish, seal, whale and walrus. This area is no longer rich in game due in large part to the harsh winters. This forces the game to either hibernate or venture south as the wind, deep snow, and sheets of ice cover the area. These losses made the harsh winters very difficult for the Norse people at L'Anse aux Meadows. This lack of game supports archaeologists' beliefs that the site was inhabited by the Norse for a relatively short time. Eleanor Barraclough, a lecturer in medieval history and literature at Durham University, suggests the site was not a permanent settlement, instead a temporary boat repair facility. She notes there are no findings of burials, tools, agriculture or animal pens—suggesting the inhabitants abandoned the site in an orderly fashion. According to a 2019 \"PNAS\" study, there may have been Norse activity in L'Anse aux Meadows for as long as a century.", "Adam of Bremen, a German cleric, was the first European to mention Vinland. In a text he composed around 1073, he wrote that This excerpt is from a history Adam composed of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen who held ecclesiastical authority over Scandinavia (the original home of the Norse people) at the time. Norse sagas are written versions of older oral traditions. Two Icelandic sagas, commonly called the \"Saga of the Greenlanders\" and the \"Saga of Erik the Red\", describe the experiences of Norse Greenlanders who discovered and attempted to settle land to the west of Greenland, which they called Vinland. The sagas suggest that the Vinland settlement failed because of conflicts within the Norse community, as well as between the Norse and the native people they encountered, whom they called Skrælingar. Modern archaeological studies have suggested that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was not Vinland itself, but rather was within a larger area called Vinland, which extended south from L'Anse aux Meadows to the St. Lawrence River and New Brunswick. The L'Anse aux Meadows site served as an exploration base and winter camp for expeditions heading southward into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The settlements of Vinland mentioned in these two sagas, Leifsbudir (Leif Ericson) and Hóp (Norse Greenlanders), have both been claimed as the L'Anse aux Meadows site.", "In 1960, the archaeological remains of Norse buildings were discovered in Newfoundland by the Norwegian husband-wife team of explorer Helge Ingstad and archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad. Based on the idea that the Old Norse name \"Vinland\", mentioned in the \"Icelandic Sagas\", meant \"wine-land\", historians had long speculated that the region contained wild grapes. Because of this, the common hypothesis before the Ingstads' theories was that the Vinland region existed somewhere south of the northern Massachusetts coast, because that is roughly as far north as grapes grow naturally. This is a false assumption. Wild grapes have grown and still grow along the coast of New Brunswick and in the St. Lawrence River valley of Quebec. The archaeological excavation at L'Anse aux Meadows was conducted from 1960 to 1968 by an international team led by archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad. The Ingstads doubted this theory, saying \"that the name Vinland probably means land of meadows...and includes a peninsula.\" This speculation was based on the belief that the Norse would not have been comfortable settling in areas along the American Atlantic coast. This dichotomy between the two views could have possibly been due to the two historic ways in which the first vowel sound of \"Vinland\" could be pronounced. The word used in the sagas clearly relates to grapes. In fact, the discovery of butternuts in the Norse stratum of the bog on the site by Parks Canada archaeologists proves that the Norse ventured at least as far as the coast of New Brunswick, where butternuts grow (and have grown for centuries) alongside wild grapes. The Norse thus would have had contact with the grapes of the sagas. In 1960, George Decker, a citizen of the small fishing hamlet of L'Anse aux Meadows, led Helge Ingstad to a group of mounds near the village that the locals called the \"old Indian camp\". These mounds covered with grass looked like the remains of houses. Helge Ingstad and Anne Stine Ingstad carried out seven archaeological excavations there from 1961 to 1968. They investigated the remains of eight buildings and the remains of perhaps a ninth. They determined that the site was of Norse origin because of definitive similarities between the characteristics of structures and artifacts found at the site compared to sites in Greenland and Iceland from around 1000 CE. L'Anse aux Meadows is the only confirmed Norse site in North America outside of Greenland. It represents the farthest-known extent of European exploration and settlement of the New World before the voyages of Christopher Columbus almost 500 years later. Historians have speculated that there were other Norse sites, or at least Norse-Native American trade contacts, in the Canadian Arctic. In 2012, possible Norse outposts were identified in Nanook at Tanfield Valley on Baffin Island, as well as Nunguvik, Willows Island and the Avayalik Islands. Point Rosee, in southwestern Newfoundland, shown by National Geographic and the BBC as a possible Norse site, was excavated in 2015 and 2016, without any evidence of a Norse presence being found.", "In November 1968, the Government of Canada named the archaeological site a National Historic Site of Canada. The site was also named a World Heritage Site in 1978 by UNESCO. After L'Anse aux Meadows was named a national historic site, the area, and its related tourist programs, have been managed by Parks Canada. After the first excavation was completed, two more excavations of the site were ordered by Parks Canada. The excavations fell under the direction of Bengt Schonbach from 1973 to 1975 and Birgitta Wallace, in 1976. Following each period of excavation, the site was reburied to protect and conserve the cultural resources. The national historic site remains of seven Norse buildings are on display. North of the Norse remains are reconstructed buildings, built in the late 20th century, as a part of a interpretive display for the national historic site. The remains of an aboriginal hunting camp is also located at the site, southwest of the Norse remains. Other amenities at the site includes picnic areas, and a visitor centre." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 136422, 3408, 25921, 48861, 27646, 7, 4, 47801, 3010, 191, 136, 22758, 170174, 136, 4927, 9836, 45421, 3253, 20574, 1902, 51339, 297, 1379, 67842, 21115, 123055, 16792, 38576, 4, 136, 80723, 9742, 214, 237, 44, 3957, 59849, 205382, 42413, 58, 23, 31017, 5, 10660, 69347, 23182, 98, 106, 22482, 28980, 3229, 1836, 181141, 678, 6, 121517, 4, 678, 142, 129745, 114498, 111, 11762, 26738, 5, 581, 481, 5117, 11001, 4, 10, 11531, 1672, 10, 18945, 40934, 73925, 238, 3900, 20935, 67, 44759, 71, 44, 7614, 19, 18345, 239, 53, 86, 830, 509, 121447, 98, 534, 11994, 47, 126561, 17340, 7864, 53, 4, 237, 6436, 9020, 128120, 71, 47, 1831, 442, 5, 56888, 17262, 40859, 14432, 4, 70, 8753, 3542, 65508, 71, 47, 70, 154909, 2450, 5, 6, 121517, 25, 7, 24234, 54452, 63043, 297, 450, 70, 8753, 3542, 44, 94922, 289, 113091, 7, 1055, 100, 10, 3525, 112664, 3129, 83687, 7, 28007, 2320, 23, 756, 70, 81693, 830, 1284, 6, 121517, 81887, 297, 47, 3884, 3060, 62488, 17721, 2856, 136, 70, 1379, 64330, 28302, 1295, 3129, 70, 8753, 62038, 3674, 390, 13254, 214, 450, 44, 2347, 59849, 205382, 14602, 959, 3714, 2367, 3395, 29459, 390, 46108, 4196, 9120, 7426, 136, 621, 959, 31577, 47, 28282, 1870, 184778, 31667, 93425, 98, 2363, 95771, 7, 1242, 581, 8753, 176377, 47, 42413, 36630, 45602, 7, 12275, 47, 17164, 2363, 11737, 11001, 4, 44, 81779, 140457, 11356, 830, 98, 543, 4347, 5, 581, 11001, 509, 121447, 39555, 10, 31150, 14432, 4, 98, 611, 18237, 4, 136, 157578, 14012, 37195, 23, 70, 116287, 7, 5, 59849, 205382, 171739, 1257, 10, 61894, 532, 216473, 100, 20662, 19612, 100, 339, 22916, 72095, 5, 581, 5700, 134744, 7816, 126, 44, 22418, 111, 70, 6661, 58, 28412, 297, 10, 13765, 300, 86, 13312, 8108, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 182304, 104227, 80723, 4, 54433, 450, 44, 3957, 59849, 205382, 21115, 26341, 184, 23, 242, 51775, 1430, 112, 9120, 19612, 25, 4, 3129, 83, 82775, 47, 58755, 67, 339, 22916, 134858, 1242, 45380, 1294, 47, 903, 29569, 4, 4734, 3253, 20574, 509, 51529, 47, 186, 35971, 339, 22916, 74, 42179, 7, 31681, 335, 5, 40218, 13, 136, 9876, 40218, 13, 25212, 71, 450, 764, 509, 70, 44, 191, 538, 2773, 48683, 38937, 23, 70, 8753, 740, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 17164, 35142, 509, 35845, 538, 70425, 100, 70, 1733, 12, 10, 11762, 26738, 129745, 645, 43606, 5369, 4, 27226, 121678, 2449, 136, 110, 4092, 12275, 1733, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 6777, 26698, 7156, 34754, 4, 136, 6, 121517, 4, 51646, 13, 111, 66161, 2367, 8562, 111, 8753, 1836, 1902, 181141, 4, 26038, 2856, 4092, 19574, 47, 17164, 89778, 1836, 36663, 5, 10660, 3542, 37911, 297, 47, 17164, 2363, 5117, 7156, 99, 6, 121517, 25, 7, 3157, 31804, 17119, 137869, 23, 9020, 4, 645, 66079, 390, 108558, 111413, 37700, 4, 10, 9879, 26366, 23, 59849, 205382, 25, 7, 9807, 118, 21094, 678, 6, 121517, 5, 131176, 185118, 1460, 67, 126055, 19, 4, 2750, 1902, 52114, 297, 37700, 4, 104902, 63284, 450, 70, 7156, 1902, 10, 36998, 45730, 4, 8305, 1919, 28007, 2320, 678, 98154, 136, 182304, 53088, 5, 126055, 19, 4, 30793, 297, 390, 12275, 31095, 6765, 137028, 4, 5423, 1257, 11948, 26551, 7, 142, 56816, 8108, 70, 104227, 80723, 5, 126055, 19, 25, 7, 11948, 26551, 44126, 7, 3542, 153161, 12921, 1295, 8382, 11814, 390, 37700, 47, 17164, 70, 130904, 25, 6, 121517, 104227, 5, 88949, 111, 70, 92136, 7432, 111, 3253, 20574, 25, 7, 5367, 214, 4, 764, 509, 158012, 23, 10, 108171, 6, 219488, 49935, 127, 47, 5367, 1919, 63920, 5, 51719, 1771, 41929, 28560, 214, 15, 12351, 618, 16, 509, 11814, 47, 15190, 135355, 7, 111, 28, 3089, 47, 70, 108171, 7, 136, 47, 3060, 13984, 7, 5, 581, 7156, 60213, 71, 142, 225073, 538, 99162, 4527, 111, 28, 3089, 136, 39531, 1297, 2320, 47, 8337, 442, 6863, 10002, 36998, 45730, 5, 79616, 111, 70, 39531, 1297, 2320, 21543, 21449, 1295, 10, 5423, 111, 45037, 9, 113709, 7, 9, 43721, 1881, 37385, 39531, 30108, 22230, 46, 114122, 52021, 241, 37290, 12664, 7, 70541, 214, 6117, 19, 12924, 182482, 1379, 63672, 46, 136, 70, 12275, 25, 7, 139, 297, 28, 3089, 1608, 26278, 88303, 23, 66426, 5, 581, 7156, 83, 7228, 1257, 111, 6626, 12921, 61112, 111, 52336, 12, 140909, 53, 6, 128659, 15032, 7, 1295, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 6867, 23718, 7, 136, 16610, 56, 52336, 450, 3253, 20574, 1902, 59121, 5, 3253, 20574, 25, 7, 339, 22916, 23, 78219, 57826, 3674, 2831, 9, 7514, 8305, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 182304, 104227, 5, 106073, 23, 1919, 4078, 1809, 964, 87168, 3010, 191, 189232, 297, 70, 104227, 237, 35845, 538, 63134, 9, 32087, 4, 37700, 217573, 71, 136, 63043, 297, 450, 3253, 20574, 509, 51, 134719, 5844, 47, 1919, 157666, 136, 198870, 13, 35778, 8780, 5, 360, 142, 81887, 47, 45367, 10, 76755, 678, 70, 8753, 4, 37700, 112730, 39644, 98, 70, 16569, 12960, 70, 8753, 33284, 297, 23, 5, 32255, 3643, 104227, 79786, 5299, 678, 27646, 7, 4, 2750, 509, 198371, 98893, 4, 136, 170174, 4, 2750, 509, 44, 33092, 9, 12620, 740, 37700, 25, 7, 81887, 7, 47, 37067, 678, 3253, 20574, 3542, 40715, 12996, 5844, 12, 44, 194583, 45421, 4, 87, 155605, 2773, 52021, 87, 509, 509, 1916, 759, 1733, 1242, 37700, 14432, 36456, 3674, 450, 1919, 89160, 25647, 111, 19612, 3542, 208806, 99, 103044, 678, 70, 46108, 4196, 9120, 76615, 1295, 3129, 59849, 205382, 1902, 1380, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 764, 145755, 47, 44, 3827, 12600, 29838, 70, 6867, 673, 40099, 830, 237, 8753, 31095, 7948, 845, 13857, 35839, 442, 4, 2497, 86675, 70, 8753, 154732, 27024, 214, 52336, 678, 10, 1286, 111240, 2886, 140909, 5, 3253, 20574, 2806, 3564, 1257, 32562, 136659, 111, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 52336, 136, 22231, 1916, 47, 6626, 150222, 7, 22299, 297, 47, 70, 28271, 8753, 4, 678, 27646, 7, 105233, 70, 31247, 47143, 214, 166577, 44, 51654, 13, 10091, 149559, 8694, 24948, 70820, 136, 115059, 740, 3010, 191, 189232, 297, 3642, 70, 7156, 44, 13689, 17164, 297, 23, 2367, 1632, 13648, 11782, 70, 10332, 9, 148472, 297, 3917, 12, 43257, 69405, 5, 1301, 1733, 23409, 390, 642, 26859, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 3065, 1264, 99, 70, 126507, 111, 158231, 83, 70, 34377, 12275, 7156, 390, 14941, 13950, 8753, 59849, 205382, 4, 121447, 201, 8055, 28980, 390, 6, 121517, 121328, 5, 581, 4734, 7156, 7228, 1379, 14037, 214, 32786, 45421, 3253, 20574, 25, 7, 133465, 4, 442, 51776, 6863, 44759, 1295, 139539, 59671, 111, 195784, 147756, 13, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 38660, 23, 70, 20255, 8770, 7, 830, 136, 509, 17164, 297, 99, 6, 121517, 137869, 23, 9020, 1295, 22482, 47, 4347, 28980, 678, 108558, 111413, 37700, 5, 581, 8753, 99, 70, 1733, 35060, 71, 111, 45421, 3253, 20574, 15, 133, 712, 108171, 7, 4, 37105, 101275, 247, 47801, 3010, 191, 15, 131453, 7, 247, 48861, 27646, 7, 15, 5918, 7, 4, 108171, 7, 247, 136, 22758, 170174, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Recording.", "Release.", "Packaging.", "Reception.", "Reissues.", "Live performances.", "Track listing.", "UK release.", "Personnel.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Architecture students Roger Waters, Nick Mason and Richard Wright and art student Syd Barrett had performed under various group names since 1962, and began touring as \"The Pink Floyd Sound\" in 1965. They turned professional on 1 February 1967 when they signed with EMI, with an advance fee of £5,000. Their first single, a song about a kleptomaniac transvestite titled \"Arnold Layne\", was released on 11 March to mild controversy, as Radio London refused to air it. About three weeks later, the band were introduced to the mainstream media. EMI's press release claimed that the band were \"musical spokesmen for a new movement which involves experimentation in all the arts\", but EMI attempted to put some distance between them and the underground scene from which the band originated by stating that \"the Pink Floyd does not know what people mean by psychedelic pop and are not trying to create hallucinatory effects on their audiences.\" The band returned to Sound Techniques studio to record their next single, \"See Emily Play\", on 18 May. The single was released almost a month later, on 16 June, and reached number six in the charts. Pink Floyd picked up a tabloid reputation for making music for LSD users. The popular broadsheet \"News of the World\" printed a story nine days before the album's recording sessions began, saying that \"The Pink Floyd group specialise in 'psychedelic music', which is designed to illustrate LSD experiences.\" Contrary to this image, only Barrett was known to be taking LSD; authors Ray B. Browne and Pat Browne contend that he was the \"only real drug user in the band\".", "The band's record deal was relatively poor for the time: a £5,000 advance over five years, low royalties and no free studio time. However, it did include album development, and EMI, unsure of exactly what kind of band they had signed, gave them free rein to record whatever they wanted. They were obliged to record their first album at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London, overseen by producer Norman Smith, a central figure in Pink Floyd's negotiations with EMI. Balance engineer Pete Bown, who had mentored Smith, helped ensure that the album had a unique sound, through his experimentation with equipment and recording techniques. Bown, assisted by studio manager David Harris, set up microphones an hour before the sessions began. Bown's microphone choices were mostly different from those used by Smith to record the Beatles' EMI sessions. Because of the quietness of Barrett's singing, he was placed in a vocal isolation booth to sing his parts. Automatic double tracking (ADT) was used to add layers of echo to the vocals and to some instruments. The album featured an unusually heavy use of echo and reverberation to give it its own unique sound. Much of the reverberation effect came from a set of Elektro-Mess-Technik plate reverberators – customised EMT 140s containing thin metal plates under tension – and the studio's tiled echo chamber built in 1931. The album is made up of two different classes of songs: lengthy improvisations from the band's live performances and shorter songs that Barrett had written. Barrett's LSD intake escalated part-way through the album's recording sessions. Although in his 2005 autobiography Mason recalled the sessions as relatively trouble-free, Smith disagreed and claimed that Barrett was unresponsive to his suggestions and constructive criticism. In an attempt to build a relationship with the band, Smith played jazz on the piano while the band joined in. These jam sessions worked well with Waters, who was apparently helpful, and Wright, who was \"laid-back\". Smith's attempts to connect with Barrett were less productive: \"With Syd, I eventually realised I was wasting my time.\" Smith later admitted that his traditional ideas of music were somewhat at odds with the psychedelic background from which Pink Floyd had come. Nevertheless, he managed to \"discourage the live ramble\", as band manager Peter Jenner called it, guiding the band toward producing songs with a more manageable length. Barrett would end up writing eight of the album's songs and contributing to two instrumentals credited to the whole band, with Waters creating the sole remaining composition \"Take Up Thy Stethoscope and Walk\". Mason recalled how the album \"was recorded in what one might call the old-fashioned way: rather quickly. As time went by we started spending longer and longer.\" Recording started on 21 February with six takes of \"Matilda Mother\", then called \"Matilda's Mother\". The following week, on the 27th, the band recorded five takes of \"Interstellar Overdrive\", and \"Chapter 24\". On 16 March, the band had another go at recording \"Interstellar Overdrive\", in an attempt to create a shorter version, and \"Flaming\" (originally titled \"Snowing\"), which was recorded in a single take with one vocal overdub. On 19 March, six takes of \"The Gnome\" were recorded. The following day, the band recorded Waters' \"Take Up Thy Stethoscope and Walk\". On 21 March, the band were invited to watch the Beatles record \"Lovely Rita\". The following day, they recorded \"The Scarecrow\" in one take. The next three tracks – \"Astronomy Domine\", \"Interstellar Overdrive\" and \"Pow R. Toc H.\" – were worked on extensively between 21 March and 12 April, having originally been lengthy instrumentals. Between 12 and 18 April, the band recorded \"Percy the Rat Catcher\" and a currently unreleased track called \"She Was a Millionaire\". \"Percy the Rat Catcher\" received overdubs across five studio sessions and then was mixed in late June, eventually being given the name \"Lucifer Sam\". Songwriting for the majority of the album is credited solely to Barrett, with tracks such as \"Bike\" having been written in late 1966 before the album was started. \"Bike\" was recorded on 21 May 1967 and originally entitled \"The Bike Song\". By June, Barrett's increasing LSD use during the recording project left him looking visibly debilitated.", "In June 1967 before the album was released, the single \"See Emily Play\" was sold as a 7-inch 45 rpm record, with \"The Scarecrow\" on the B-side, listed as \"Scarecrow\". The full album was released on 4 August 1967, including \"The Scarecrow\". Pink Floyd continued to perform at the UFO Club, drawing huge crowds, but Barrett's deterioration caused them serious concern. The band initially hoped that his erratic behavior was a phase that would pass, but others, including manager Peter Jenner and his secretary June Child, were more realistic: To the band's consternation, they were forced to cancel their appearance at the prestigious National Jazz and Blues Festival, informing the music press that Barrett was suffering from nervous exhaustion. Jenner and Waters arranged for Barrett to see a psychiatrist – a meeting he did not attend. He was sent to relax in the sun on the Spanish island of Formentera with Waters and Sam Hutt (a doctor well-established in the underground music scene), but this led to no visible improvement. The original UK LP was released on 4 August 1967 in both monaural and stereophonic mixes. It reached number six on the UK charts. The Canadian LP had the same title and track listing as the UK version. The original US album appeared on the Tower division of Capitol on 21 October 1967. This version was officially titled simply \"Pink Floyd\", though the original album title did appear on the back cover as on the UK issue, and Dick Clark referred to the record by its original title when the group appeared on his \"American Bandstand\" television program on 18 November 1967. The US album featured an abbreviated track listing, and reached number 131 on the \"Billboard\" charts. The UK single, \"See Emily Play\", was substituted for \"Astronomy Domine\", \"Flaming\" and \"Bike\". Released in time for the band's US tour, \"Flaming\" was released as a single, backed with \"The Gnome\". The Tower issue of the album also faded out \"Interstellar Overdrive\" and broke up the segue into \"The Gnome\" to fit the re-sequencing of the songs. Later US issues on compact disc had the same title and track list as the UK version. The album was certified Gold in the US on 11 March 1994. About being handled on Tower Records, Jenner commented that: \"In terms of the U.K. and Europe it was always fine. America was always difficult. Capitol couldn't see it. You know, 'What is this latest bit of rubbish from England? Oh Christ, it'll give us more grief, so we'll put it out on Tower Records', which was a subsidiary of Capitol Records [...] It was a very cheapskate operation and it was the beginning of endless problems The Floyd had with Capitol. It started off bad and went on being bad.\"", "Up-and-coming society photographer Vic Singh was hired to photograph the band for the album cover. Singh shared a studio with photographer David Bailey, and he was friends with Beatles guitarist George Harrison. Singh asked Jenner and King to dress the band in the brightest clothes they could find. Vic Singh then shot them with a prism lens that Harrison had given him. The cover was meant to resemble an LSD trip, a style that was favoured at the time. In 2017, the lens was displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum, as part of the \"\" exhibition. Barrett came up with the album title \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\"; the album was originally titled \"Projection\" up to as late as July 1967. The title was taken from that of chapter seven of Kenneth Grahame's \"The Wind in the Willows\" which contains a visionary encounter with the god Pan, who plays his pan pipe at dawn. It was one of Barrett's favourite books, and he often gave friends the impression that he was the embodiment of Pan. The moniker was later used in the song \"Shine On You Crazy Diamond\", in which Barrett is called \"you Piper\". The cover for the album was one of several Pink Floyd album covers used on a series of Royal Mail stamps issued in May 2016 to commemorate 50 years of Pink Floyd. In 2018, the album was reissued in its mono mix. With this version came with a new packaging box with the original record cover inside. This new design was done by Hipgnosis' Aubrey Powell and Peter Curzon and includes a gold-embossed version of the graphic by Syd Barrett which features on the back cover of the original LP.", "At the time of release, both \"Record Mirror\" and \"NME\" gave the album four stars out of five. \"Record Mirror\" commented that \"[t]he psychedelic image of the group really comes to life, record wise, on this LP which is a fine showcase for both their talent and the recording technique. Plenty of mind blowing sound, both blatant and subtle here, and the whole thing is extremely well performed.\" \"Cash Box\" called it \"a particularly striking collection of driving, up-to-date rock ventures\". Paul McCartney and Pink Floyd's previous producer Joe Boyd both rated the album highly. Some voiced the opinion of the underground fans, by suggesting that the album did not reflect the band's live performances. In recent years, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" has gained even more recognition. The album is hailed not only as a psychedelic masterpiece but LSD is named as a direct influence. In 1999, \"Rolling Stone\" magazine gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5, calling it \"the golden achievement of Syd Barrett\". \"Q\" magazine described the album as \"indispensable\" and included it in their list of the best psychedelic albums ever. It was also ranked 40th in \"Mojo\" magazine's \"The 50 Most Out There Albums of All Time\" list. In 2000, \"Q\" magazine placed \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" at number 55 in its list of the 100 greatest British albums ever. In 2012, the US version \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" was voted 347th on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums ever. James E. Perone says that \"Piper\" became known as a concept album in later years, because listeners wanted to play it all the way through rather than pick out a favourite song. While Beatles biographer Philip Norman agrees that \"Piper\" is a concept album, other authors contend that Pink Floyd did not start making concept albums until 1973's \"The Dark Side of the Moon\". Author George Reisch called Pink Floyd the \"undisputed\" kings of the concept album, but only starting from \"Dark Side\". In July 2006, \"Billboard\" described \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" as \"one of the best psychedelic rock albums ever, driven by Barrett's oddball narratives and the band's skill with both long jams and perfect pop nuggets\".", "\"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" was reissued in the UK in 1979 as a stereo vinyl album, and on CD in the UK and US in 1985. A digitally remastered stereo CD, with new artwork, was released in the US in 1994, and in 1997 limited edition 30th anniversary mono editions were released in the UK, on CD and vinyl. These limited editions were in a hefty digipak with 3-D box art for continental Europe and the world outside the United States. This mono CD included a slightly edited version of \"Flaming\". A six-track bonus CD, \",\" was given away alongside the 1997 30th-anniversary edition of the album. In 1973, the album, along with \"A Saucerful of Secrets\", was released as a two-disc set on Capitol/EMI's Harvest Records label, titled \"A Nice Pair\" to introduce fans to the band's early work after the success of \"The Dark Side of the Moon\". (On the American version of that compilation, the original four-minute studio version of \"Astronomy Domine\" was replaced with the eight-minute live version found on \"Ummagumma\".) The American edition of \"A Nice Pair\" also failed to properly restore the segue between \"Interstellar Overdrive\" and \"The Gnome\". For the 40th anniversary, a two-disc edition was released on 4 September 2007, and a three-disc set was released on 11 September 2007. The packaging – designed by Storm Thorgerson – resembles a cloth-covered book, along with a twelve-page reproduction of a Syd Barrett notebook. Discs one and two contain the full album in its original mono mix (disc one), as well as the alternative stereo version (disc two). Both have been newly remastered by James Guthrie. The third disc includes several \"Piper\"-era outtakes from the Abbey Road vaults, along with the band's first three mono singles. Unreleased material includes an alternative, shorter take of \"Interstellar Overdrive\" that was previously thought lost, the pre-overdubbed abridged mix of \"Interstellar Overdrive\" previously only available on an EP in France, an alternative mix of \"Matilda Mother\" as it appeared early in the sessions and also the 1967 stereo mix of \"Apples and Oranges\", which features extra untrimmed material at the beginning and end. \"Piper\" was remastered and re-released on 26 September 2011 as part of the \"Why Pink Floyd...?\" reissue campaign. It is available in this format as either a stand-alone album, or as part of the \"Why Pink Floyd...?\" \"Discovery\" box set, along with the 13 other studio albums and a new colour booklet. Then the album was re-released on the band's own Pink Floyd Records label on 3 June 2016 for the world outside Europe. For \"Record Store Day 2018\", \"Piper\" was reissued in its mono mix with a bespoke envelope package containing the original cover art.", "Although there was never an official tour of the album, the band gigged in the UK to promote the album. They played dates in Ireland and Scandinavia, and in late October the band was to embark on their first tour of the United States. It was unsuccessful, mainly because of the mental breakdown of Barrett. In his capacity as tour manager, Andrew King travelled to New York to begin preparations, but he ran into serious problems. Visas had not arrived, prompting the cancellation of the first six dates. The band finally flew across the Atlantic on 1 November, but work permits were not yet obtained, so they settled into a hotel in Sausalito, California, just north of San Francisco. After a number of cancellations, the first US performance was given 4 November at Winterland Ballroom, following Janis Joplin fronting Big Brother and the Holding Company. For the American tour, many numbers such as \"Flaming\" and \"The Gnome\" were dropped, while others such as \"Astronomy Domine\" and \"Interstellar Overdrive\" remained, and were central to the band's set list during this period, often performed as encores until around 1971. \"Astronomy Domine\" was later included on the live disc of \"Ummagumma\", and adopted by the post-Waters Pink Floyd during the 1994 \"Division Bell\" tour, with a version included on the 1995 live album \"Pulse\". David Gilmour, though not a member of Pink Floyd at the time the song was originally recorded, resurrected \"Astronomy Domine\" for his \"On an Island\" and \"Rattle That Lock\" tours. Communication between company and band was almost non-existent, and Pink Floyd's relationship with Tower and Capitol was therefore poor. Barrett's mental condition mirrored the problems that King encountered; when the band performed at Winterland, he detuned his guitar during \"Interstellar Overdrive\" until the strings fell off. His odd behaviour grew worse in subsequent performances, and during a television recording for \"The Pat Boone Show\" he confounded the director by lip-syncing \"Apples and Oranges\" perfectly during the rehearsal, and then standing motionless during the take. King quickly curtailed the band's US visit, sending them home on the next flight. Shortly after their return from the US, beginning 14 November, the band supported Jimi Hendrix on a tour of England, but on one occasion Barrett failed to turn up and they were forced to replace him with singer/guitarist David O'List borrowed from the opening band the Nice. Barrett's depression worsened the longer the tour continued. Longtime Pink Floyd psychedelic lighting designer Peter Wynne-Willson left at the end of the Hendrix tour, though he sympathized with Barrett, whose position as frontman was increasingly insecure. Wynne-Willson, who had worked for a percentage, was replaced by his assistant John Marsh who collected a lesser wage. Pink Floyd released \"Apples and Oranges\" (recorded prior to the US tour on 26 and 27 October) but, for the rest of the band, Barrett's condition had reached a crisis point, and they responded by adding David Gilmour to their line-up, initially to cover for Syd's lapses during live performances. Tracks 8–11 on the UK album edition were played the least during live performances. The success of \"See Emily Play\" and \"Arnold Layne\" meant that the band was forced to perform some of their singles for a limited period in 1967, but they were eventually dropped after Barrett left the band. \"Flaming\" and \"Pow R. Toc H.\" were also played regularly by the post-Barrett Pink Floyd in 1968, even though these songs were in complete contrast to the band's other works at this time. Some of the songs from \"Piper\" would be reworked and rearranged for \"The Man and The Journey\" live show in 1969 (\"The Pink Jungle\" was taken from \"Pow R. Toc H.\", and part of \"Interstellar Overdrive\" was used for \"The Labyrinths of Auximines\"). Beginning in September 1967, the band played several new compositions. These included \"One in a Million\", \"Scream Thy Last Scream\", \"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun\" and \"Reaction in G\", the last of which was a song created by the band in response to crowds asking for their hit singles \"See Emily Play\" and \"Arnold Layne\". Barrett resurrected the track \"Lucifer Sam\" with his short-lived 1972 band Stars.", "", "All songs written and composed by Syd Barrett unless otherwise noted.", "Pink Floyd Production", "Footnotes Citations" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 129551, 47, 70, 43101, 6635, 170933, 6023, 4, 70, 9351, 44, 294, 94089, 58, 83, 4734, 11814, 23, 70, 717, 3962, 390, 70, 61277, 16196, 18, 136, 2319, 525, 538, 31344, 4, 7440, 162, 44, 91658, 6403, 58, 83, 4734, 11814, 390, 70, 540, 31, 49063, 136, 262, 25208, 5831, 6133, 5, 7974, 6403, 83, 17569, 47, 29459, 44, 38869, 14775, 64, 156253, 830, 3129, 37202, 47, 186, 10, 91067, 47, 70, 4262, 4, 12960, 44, 294, 94089, 58, 1543, 765, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 9351, 111, 44, 294, 73, 830, 70, 1832, 30547, 66, 8, 2481, 111, 70, 6, 59533, 4, 136, 4911, 7, 51178, 14, 136, 7974, 6403, 2806, 186, 70, 101120, 7, 111, 70, 6, 59533, 136, 4262, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 180358, 214, 70, 1832, 30547, 66, 44, 294, 73, 58, 8, 2481, 237259, 4, 25031, 563, 5, 48172, 54969, 4, 142, 15672, 61314, 6827, 191225, 4, 1902, 11341, 71, 12, 209683, 538, 4, 23, 1919, 12877, 44, 294, 94089, 619, 567, 1830, 830, 15672, 1529, 143006, 60313, 191225, 21240, 391, 5, 636, 1353, 1681, 45252, 90, 70, 3126, 17721, 51178, 14, 136, 70, 6818, 592, 373, 1495, 15, 2702, 5927, 93819, 11036, 16, 450, 112440, 190647, 297, 99, 101057, 7974, 6403, 23, 51389, 7, 130548, 13545, 111, 5443, 31, 6862, 5, 1529, 237, 33657, 7, 450, 70, 21373, 2481, 111, 159, 41389, 53, 15, 294, 94089, 16, 136, 55839, 127, 15, 4223, 127, 16, 83, 959, 187020, 1803, 74, 43257, 4, 70, 2565, 20706, 13648, 122, 5844, 44, 161063, 70, 110, 1363, 450, 70, 119492, 111, 70, 51178, 14, 8, 2481, 509, 10, 53201, 111, 3060, 12096, 1242, 262, 25208, 5831, 1176, 3912, 22354, 6, 42485, 90, 6, 141404, 1456, 841, 678, 44, 2347, 1632, 2750, 104, 19256, 7, 23, 70, 373, 1495, 1242, 1657, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 636, 1353, 1681, 187, 21325, 450, 2174, 70, 4527, 111, 44, 4223, 127, 58, 83, 959, 10, 34309, 3571, 18499, 100, 44, 294, 94089, 4, 58, 262, 25208, 5831, 1176, 13648, 8060, 70, 94878, 17721, 70, 59665, 7, 111, 70, 2565, 51178, 14, 136, 53201, 5, 129551, 47, 71916, 6402, 40250, 4, 70, 9351, 44, 294, 94089, 58, 122, 60877, 1295, 44, 1596, 9, 1366, 58, 15, 247, 91084, 44, 2943, 2822, 830, 23, 91067, 47, 70, 3789, 24, 5256, 1256, 214, 70, 845, 19725, 1810, 111, 55, 7779, 223, 53, 4, 4743, 47, 70, 845, 19725, 8035, 70, 64333, 47, 53299, 70, 2565, 111, 3430, 5, 51062, 289, 152131, 6402, 163136, 41392, 7, 70, 101120, 19441, 3789, 123055, 12, 22376, 119056, 23, 2684, 116625, 97264, 12, 581, 61314, 6827, 15426, 111, 70, 68772, 111, 70, 167934, 136, 128169, 7, 111, 70, 5531, 123573, 9035, 509, 34475, 23, 70, 27432, 111, 5443, 31, 6862, 4, 102917, 538, 17721, 42840, 953, 33503, 4, 20271, 3129, 51178, 14, 83, 119056, 390, 9351, 186351, 4, 23, 5, 360, 70, 13765, 51178, 14, 509, 197118, 297, 23, 10, 76746, 4, 442, 2799, 12225, 136, 509, 152382, 678, 2614, 350, 4, 12960, 22729, 592, 9, 13034, 114942, 51876, 100, 927, 4, 136, 70, 2062, 147, 111, 4911, 7944, 881, 32502, 678, 70, 97612, 933, 111, 10, 69071, 126, 74, 70, 15426, 14432, 15190, 7, 450, 11476, 509, 51592, 6818, 592, 99, 70, 184679, 111, 70, 101120, 5, 360, 70, 61314, 6827, 15426, 4, 70, 11476, 136, 76746, 7, 621, 10, 8951, 179804, 6620, 111, 70, 30780, 141, 111, 3430, 54799, 70, 101120, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 61314, 6827, 13765, 4, 112440, 45807, 71, 47, 70, 101120, 136, 24765, 297, 2685, 100, 1112, 13312, 136, 17431, 7, 23, 12989, 47, 53299, 70, 5531, 123573, 9035, 136, 764, 6777, 221, 186351, 6637, 764, 7155, 350, 70, 5117, 5423, 111, 70, 115301, 111, 6, 34165, 7103, 30646, 214, 1295, 70, 101120, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 5, 581, 61314, 6827, 76811, 111, 3430, 25, 7, 224, 16797, 37202, 47, 186, 23, 79612, 678, 70, 63805, 16610, 538, 7103, 450, 3430, 113091, 47, 70, 8254, 52164, 1295, 179030, 5, 51404, 61314, 6827, 191225, 7, 187, 6261, 450, 6097, 46692, 7, 621, 1295, 12921, 97264, 4, 70, 44, 6696, 10684, 15332, 58, 187, 21325, 450, 3430, 1902, 92319, 297, 70, 199320, 7, 136, 93403, 2856, 645, 51178, 14, 4, 136, 70, 44, 154063, 350, 262, 9, 12248, 22155, 25318, 88759, 58, 187, 21325, 450, 10, 108564, 509, 64183, 23, 70, 199320, 7, 4, 136, 51178, 14, 509, 64183, 16065, 1295, 70, 109270, 136, 70, 184679, 25944, 297, 8305, 70, 108564, 5, 242, 3957, 199320, 7, 25, 5809, 186, 10, 23550, 139006, 100, 76746, 7, 136, 70, 242, 143, 350, 111, 11476, 25, 5809, 186, 10, 23550, 139006, 100, 70, 60984, 9, 116115, 297, 8374, 46429, 5, 48752, 289, 333, 2661, 35778, 7, 765, 117414, 71, 450, 70, 2614, 350, 136, 11476, 91067, 1295, 70, 60313, 42459, 7, 450, 276, 18, 51178, 14, 509, 10, 2741, 38938, 74, 8, 61518, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 10, 1495, 5, 64511, 333, 2661, 191225, 7, 765, 42459, 297, 450, 70, 76811, 11177, 7, 10, 77076, 41866, 237, 70, 5986, 111, 262, 27651, 127, 37202, 47, 756, 9233, 47, 102044, 19441, 74918, 2822, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 61314, 6827, 15426, 4, 3430, 113091, 105237, 47, 70, 8254, 1486, 64857, 237, 10, 28271, 5, 51178, 14, 83, 119056, 390, 9351, 23, 1492, 3789, 31913, 7, 23, 70, 717, 3962, 12, 4, 4, 136, 5, 51178, 14, 509, 2843, 119056, 24145, 390, 9351, 23, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 1529, 143006, 60313, 23, 5, 360, 70, 2356, 65295, 4, 10208, 70, 62, 4594, 133, 15005, 2822, 48225, 47, 51178, 14, 23, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 14949, 40250, 7, 3687, 903, 19732, 99, 70, 43573, 1272, 101057, 5406, 3571, 4, 99, 70, 57616, 111, 3129, 10, 6, 124722, 53, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 70, 201, 927, 142642, 74, 442, 509, 4734, 23, 70, 305, 927, 142642, 450, 70, 6, 124722, 53, 109133, 47, 70, 57616, 111, 101057, 129811, 4, 25632, 70, 196219, 111, 33876, 223, 25, 110680, 63043, 450, 51178, 14, 509, 70, 167375, 101120, 23, 70, 16128, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 91067, 7, 47, 845, 4063, 30890, 237, 101057, 51178, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 70, 60313, 4, 101057, 51178, 14, 15, 4, 44, 30404, 51178, 14, 18939, 83, 70, 101120, 99, 3129, 70, 5531, 123573, 9035, 3542, 34475, 47, 112440, 390, 3430, 5, 360, 70, 27432, 111, 262, 25208, 5831, 1176, 4, 6097, 47353, 621, 151552, 237, 19441, 3900, 1434, 2822, 99, 101057, 7974, 6403, 5, 44, 294, 94089, 58, 136, 44, 91658, 6403, 58, 621, 137567, 90698, 47, 15005, 47, 70, 5701, 3687, 390, 191225, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology and other names.", "Biblical description.", "Religious traditions.", "Christianity.", "Islam.", "Suggested locations.", "Jebal Musa.", "Other Southern Sinai Peninsula.", "Northern Sinai Peninsula.", "Edom/Nabatea.", "Arabian Peninsula.", "The Negev." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "According to the Documentary hypothesis, the name \"Sinai\" is only used in the Torah by the Jahwist and Priestly source, whereas \"Horeb\" is only used by the Elohist and Deuteronomist. Horeb is thought to mean \"glowing/heat\", which seems to be a reference to the sun, while \"Sinai\" may have derived from the name of \"Sin\", the Sumerian deity of the moon, and thus Sinai and Horeb would be the mountains of the moon and sun, respectively. Regarding the Sumerian \"Sin\" deity assumption, William F. Albright, an American biblical scholar, had stated: Similarly, in his book \"Sinai & Zion\", American Hebrew Bible scholar Jon D. Levenson discusses the link between Sinai and the burning bush (סנה səneh) that Moses encountered at Mount Horeb in verses 3:1-6 of Exodus. He asserts that the similarity of Sînay (Sinai) and seneh (bush) is not coincidental; rather, the wordplay might derive \"from the notion that the emblem of the Sinai deity was a tree of some sort.\" Deuteronomy 33:16 identifies YHWH with \"the one who dwells in the bush.\" Consequently, Levenson argues that if the use of \"bush\" is not a scribal error for \"Sinai,\" Deuteronomy might support the connection between the origins of the word Sinai and tree. According to Rabbinic tradition, the name \"Sinai\" derives from \"sin-ah\" (), meaning \"hatred\", in reference to the other nations hating the Jews out of jealousy, due to the Jews being the ones to receive the word of God. Classical rabbinic literature mentions the mountain having other names: Also mentioned in most Islamic sources:", "The biblical account of the giving of the instructions and teachings of the Ten Commandments was given in the Book of Exodus, primarily between books 19-24, during which Sinai is mentioned by name twice, in. In the story Sinai was enveloped in a cloud, it quaked and was filled with smoke, while lightning-flashes shot forth, and the roar of thunder mingled with the blasts of a trumpet; the account later adds that fire was seen burning at the summit of the mountain. In the biblical account, the fire and clouds are a direct consequence of the arrival of God upon the mountain. According to the biblical story, Moses departed to the mountain and stayed there for 40 days and nights in order to receive the Ten Commandments and he did so twice because he broke the first set of the tablets of stone after returning from the mountain for the first time. The biblical description of God's descent seems to be in conflict with the statement shortly after that God spoke to the Israelites from Heaven. While biblical scholars argue that these passages are from different sources, the \"Mekhilta\" argues that God had lowered the heavens and spread them over Sinai, and the \"Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer\" argues that a hole was torn in the heavens, and Sinai was torn away from the earth and the summit pushed through the hole. 'The heavens' could be a metaphor for clouds and the 'lake of fire' could be a metaphor for the lava-filled crater. Several bible critics have indicated that the smoke and fire reference from the Bible suggests that Mt Sinai was a volcano; despite the absence of ash. Other bible scholars have suggested that the description fits a storm especially as the Song of Deborah seems to allude to rain having occurred at the time. According to the biblical account, God spoke directly to the Israelite nation as a whole. Sinai is mentioned by name in ten other locations in the Torah:,, and. Sinai was also mentioned once by name in the rest of the Hebrew Bible in. In the New Testament, Paul the Apostle referred direction to Sinai in.", "", "The earliest Christian traditions place this event at the nearby Mount Serbal, at the foot of which a monastery was founded in the 4th century; it was only in the 6th century that the monastery moved to the foot of Mount Catherine, following the guidance of Josephus' earlier claim that Sinai was the highest mountain in the area. The earliest references to Jebel Musa as Mount Sinai or Mount Sinai being located in the present-day Sinai peninsula are inconclusive. There is evidence that prior to 100 CE, well before the Christian monastic period, Jewish sages equated Jebel Musa with Mount Sinai. Graham Davies of Cambridge University argues that early Jewish pilgrimages identified Jebel Musa as Mount Sinai and this identification was later adopted by the Christian pilgrims. R. K. Harrison states that \"Jebel Musa... seems to have enjoyed special sanctity long before Christian times, culminating in its identification with Mt. Sinai.\" Saint Catherine's Monastery (Greek: ) lies on the Sinai Peninsula, at the mouth of an inaccessible gorge at the foot of modern Mount Sinai in Saint Catherine at an elevation of 1550 meters. The monastery is Greek Orthodox and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. According to the UNESCO report (60100 ha / Ref: 954) and website hereunder, this monastery has been called the oldest working Christian monastery in the world – although the Monastery of Saint Anthony, situated across the Red Sea in the desert south of Cairo, also lays claim to that title. Christians settled upon this mountain in the third century AD. Georgians from the Caucasus moved to the Sinai Peninsula in the fifth century, and a Georgian colony was formed there in the ninth century. Georgians erected their own churches in the area of the modern Mount Sinai. The construction of one such church was connected with the name of David The Builder, who contributed to the erection of churches in Georgia and abroad as well. There were political, cultural, and religious motives for locating the church on Mount Sinai. Georgian monks living there were deeply connected with their motherland. The church had its own plots in Kartli. Some of the Georgian manuscripts of Sinai remain there, but others are kept in Tbilisi, St. Petersburg, Prague, New York City, Paris, or in private collections.", "The peninsula is associated with Aaron and Moses, who are also regarded as Prophets. In particular, numerous references to the mount exist in the Quran, where it is called \"Ṭūr Sīnā’\", \"Ṭūr Sīnīn\", and \"aṭ-Ṭūr\" and \"al-Jabal\" (both meaning \"the Mount\"). As for the adjacent \"Wād Ṭuwā\" (Valley of Tuwa), it is considered as being \"muqaddas\" (sacred), and a part of it is called \"Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah\" (, \"The Blessed Place\"). Some modern biblical scholars explain Mount Sinai as having been a sacred place dedicated to one of the Semitic deities, even before the Israelites encountered it. Others regard the set of laws given on the mountain to have originated in different time periods from one another, with the later ones mainly being the result of natural evolution over the centuries of the earlier ones, rather than all originating from a single moment in time.", "Modern scholars differ as to the exact geographical position of Mount Sinai. The Elijah narrative appears to suggest that when it was written, the location of \"Horeb\" was still known with some certainty, as Elijah is described as travelling to Horeb on one occasion, but there are no later biblical references to it that suggest the location remained known; Josephus specifies that it was \"between Egypt and Arabia\", and within Arabia Petraea (a Roman Province encompassing modern Jordan, southern modern Syria, the Sinai Peninsula and northwestern Saudi Arabia with its capital in Petra). The Pauline Epistles are even more vague, specifying only that it was in Arabia, which covers most of the south-western Middle East.", "The earliest references to Jebel Musa as Mount Sinai or Mount Sinai being located in the present day Sinai Peninsula are inconclusive. There is evidence that prior to 100 CE, well before the Christian monastic period, Jewish sages equated Jebel Musa with Mount Sinai. Graham Davies of Cambridge University argues that early Jewish pilgrimages identified Jebel Musa as Mount Sinai and this identification was later adopted by the Christian pilgrims. R. K. Harrison states that, “Jebel Musa... seems to have enjoyed special sanctity long before Christian times, culminating in its identification with Mt. Sinai.\" In the second and third centuries BCE Nabataeans were making pilgrimages there, which is indicated in part by inscriptions discovered in the area. In the 6th century, Saint Catherine's Monastery was constructed at the base of this mountain at a site which is claimed to be the site of the biblical burning bush. Josephus wrote that \"Moses went up to a mountain that lay between Egypt and Arabia, which was called Sinai.\" Josephus says that Sinai is \"the highest of all the mountains thereabout,\" and is \"the highest of all the mountains that are in that country, and is not only very difficult to be ascended by men, on account of its vast altitude but because of the sharpness of its precipices\". The traditional Mount Sinai, located in the Sinai Peninsula, is actually the name of a collection of peaks, sometimes referred to as the Holy Mountain peaks, which consist of Jebel Musa, Mount Catherine and Ras Sufsafeh. Etheria (circa 4th century CE) wrote, \"The whole mountain group looks as if it were a single peak, but, as you enter the group, [you see that] there are more than one.\" The highest mountain peak is Mount Catherine, rising above the sea and its sister peak, Jebel Musa (), is not much further behind in height, but is more conspicuous because of the open plain called \"er Rachah\" (\"the wide\"). Mount Catherine and Jebel Musa are both much higher than any mountains in the Sinaitic desert, or in all of Midian. The highest tops in the Tih desert to the north are not much over. Those in Midian, East of Elath, rise only to. Even Jebel Serbal, west of Sinai, is at its highest only above the sea. Some scholars believe that Mount Sinai was of ancient sanctity prior to the ascent of Moses described in the Bible. Scholars have theorized that Sinai in part derived its name from the word for moon which was \"sin\" (meaning \"the moon\" or \"to shine\"). Antoninus Martyr provides some support for the ancient sanctity of Jebel Musa by writing that Arabian heathens were still celebrating moon feasts there in the 6th century. Lina Eckenstien states that some of the artifacts discovered indicate that \"the establishment of the moon-cult in the peninsula dates back to the pre-dynastic days of Egypt.\" She says the main center of moon worship seems to have been concentrated in the southern Sinai peninsula which the Egyptians seized from the Semitic people who had built shrines and mining camps there. Robinson says that inscriptions with pictures of moon worship objects are found all over the southern peninsula but are missing on Jebel Musa and Mount Catherine. This oddity may suggest religious cleansing. Groups of \"nawamis\" have been discovered in southern Sinai, creating a kind of ring around Jebel Musa. The \"nawamis\" were used over and over throughout the centuries for various purposes. Etheria, circa the 4th/5th century CE, noted that her guides, who were the local \"holy men\", pointed out these round or circular stone foundations of temporary huts, claiming the children of Israel used them during their stay there. The southern Sinai Peninsula contains archaeological discoveries but to place them with the exodus from Egypt is a daunting task inasmuch as the proposed dates of the Exodus vary so widely. The Exodus has been dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Late Iron Age II. Egyptian pottery in the southern Sinai during the Late Bronze and Early Iron I (Ramesside) periods has been discovered at the mining camps of Serabit el-Khadim and Timna. Objects which bore Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions, the same as those found in Canaan, were discovered at Serabit el Khadim in the Southern Sinai. Several of these were dated in the later Bronze Age. These encampments provide evidence of miners from southern Canaan. The remote site of Serabit el-Khadem was used for a few months at a time, every couple of years at best, more often once in a generation. The journey to the mines was long, difficult and dangerous. Expeditions headed by Professor Mazar examined the tell of Feiran, the principal oasis, of southern Sinai and discovered the site abounded not only in Nabatean sherds but in wheel-burnished sherds typical of the Kingdom of Judah, belonging to Iron Age II. Edward Robinson insisted that the Plain of ar-Raaha adjacent to Jebel Musa could have accommodated the Israelites. Edward Hull stated that, \"this traditional Sinai in every way meets the requirements of the narrative of the Exodus.\" Hull agreed with Robinson and stated he had no further doubts after studying the great amphitheater leading to the base of the granite cliff of Ras Sufsafeh, that here indeed was the location of the camp and the mount from which the laws of God was delivered to the encampment of Israelites below. F. W. Holland stated (Recovery of Jerusalem, 524): \"With regard to water-supply there is no other spot in the whole Peninsula which is nearly so well supplied as the neighborhood of Jebel Musa.... There is also no other district in the Peninsula which affords such excellent pasturage.\" Calculating the travels of the Israelites, the Bible Atlas states, \"These distances will not, however, allow of our placing Sinai farther East than Jebel Musa.\" Some point to the absence of material evidence left behind in the journey of the Israelites but Dr. Beit-Arieh wrote, \"Perhaps it will be argued, by those who subscribe to the traditional account in the Bible, that the Israelite material culture was only of the flimsiest kind and left no trace. Presumably the Israelite dwellings and artifacts consisted only of perishable materials.\" Hoffmeier wrote, \"None of the encampments of the wilderness wanderings can be meaningful if the Israelites went directly to either Kadesh or Midian... a journey of eleven days from Kadesh to Horeb can be properly understood only in relationship to the southern portion of the Sinai Peninsula.\" Local Bedouins who have long inhabited the area have identified Jebel Musa as Mount Sinai. In the fourth century CE small settlements of monks set up places of worship around Jebel Musa. An Egyptian pilgrim named Ammonius, who had in past times made various visits to the area, identified Jebel Musa as the Holy Mount in the 4th century. Empress Helena, ca. 330 CE, built a church to protect monks against raids from nomads. She chose the site for the church from the identification which had been handed down through generations through the Bedouins. She also reported the site was confirmed to her in a dream. The Sinai peninsula has traditionally been considered Sinai's location by Christians, although the peninsula gained its name from this tradition, and was not called that in Josephus' time or earlier. (The Sinai was earlier inhabited by the Monitu and was called \"Mafkat\" or \"Country of Turquoise\".) Bedouin tradition considered Jabal Musa, which lies adjacent to Mount Catherine, to be the biblical mountain, and it is this mountain that local tour groups and religious groups presently advertise as \"the\" biblical Mount Sinai. Evidently this view was eventually taken up by Christian groups as well, as in the 16th century a church was constructed at the peak of this mountain, which was replaced by a Greek Orthodox chapel in 1954.", "In early Christian times, a number of Anchorites settled on Mount Serbal, considering it to be the biblical mountain, and in the 4th century a monastery was constructed at its base. Nevertheless, Josephus had stated that Mount Sinai was \"the highest of all the mountains thereabout\", which would imply that Mount Catherine was actually the mountain in question, if Sinai was to be sited on the Sinai peninsula at all.", "According to textual scholars, in the JE version of the Exodus narrative, the Israelites travel in a roughly straight line to Kadesh Barnea from the \"Yam Suph\" (literally meaning \"the Reed Sea\", but considered traditionally to refer to the Red Sea), and the detour via the south of the Sinai peninsula is only present in the Priestly Source. A number of scholars and commentators have therefore looked towards the more central and northern parts of the Sinai peninsula for the mountain. Mount Sin Bishar, in the west-central part of the peninsula, was proposed to be the biblical Mount Sinai by Menashe Har-El, a biblical geographer at Tel Aviv University. Mount Helal, in the north of the peninsula has also been proposed. Another northern Sinai suggestion is Hashem el-Tarif, some 30 km west of Eilat, Israel.", "Since Moses is described by the Bible as encountering Jethro, a Kenite who was a Midianite priest, shortly before encountering Sinai, this suggests that Sinai would be somewhere near their territory in Saudi Arabia; the Kenites and Midianites appear to have resided east of the Gulf of Aqaba. Additionally, the Song of Deborah, which some textual scholars consider one of the oldest parts of the Bible, portrays God as having dwelt at Mount Seir, and seems to suggest that this equates with Mount Sinai; Mount Seir designates the mountain range in the centre of Edom. Based on a number of local names and features, in 1927 Ditlef Nielsen identified the \"Jebel al-Madhbah\" (meaning \"mountain of the Altar\") at Petra as being identical to the biblical Mount Sinai; since then other scholars have also made the identification. The valley in which Petra resides is known as the \"Wadi Musa\", meaning \"valley of Moses\", and at the entrance to the Siq is the Ain Musa, meaning \"spring of Moses\"; the 13th century Arab chronicler Numari stated that Ain Musa was the location where Moses had brought water from the ground, by striking it with his rod. The Jebel al-Madhbah was evidently considered particularly sacred, as the well known ritual building known as \"The Treasury\" is carved into its base, the mountain top is covered with a number of different altars, and over 8 metres of the original peak were carved away to leave a flat surface with two 8 metre tall obelisks sticking out of it; these obelisks, which frame the end of the path leading up to them, and are now only 6 metres tall, have led to the mountain being colloquially known as \"Zibb 'Atuf\", meaning \"penis of love\" in Arabic. Archaeological artifacts discovered at the top of the mountain indicate that it was once covered by polished shiny blue slate, fitting with the biblical description of \"paved work of sapphire stone\"; biblical references to \"sapphire\" are considered by scholars to be unlikely to refer to the stone called \"sapphire\" in modern times, as \"sapphire\" had a different meaning, and wasn't even mined, before the Roman era. Unfortunately, the removal of the original peak has destroyed most other archaeological remains from the late Bronze Age (the standard dating of the Exodus) that might previously have been present.", "A suggested possible naturalistic explanation of the biblical \"devouring fire\" is that Sinai could have been an erupting volcano; this has been suggested by Charles Beke, Sigmund Freud, and Immanuel Velikovsky, among others. This possibility would exclude all the peaks on the Sinai peninsula and Seir, but would make a number of locations in north western Saudi Arabia reasonable candidates. In 1873, Charles Beke proposed Jebel Baggir which he called the \"Jabal al-Nour\" (meaning \"mountain of light\"), a volcanic mountain at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, with Horeb being argued to be a different mountain - the nearby Jebel Ertowa. Beke's suggestion has not found as much scholarly support as the candidature of Hala-'l Badr; the equation of Sinai with Hala-'l Badr has been advocated by Alois Musil in the early 20th century, Jean Koenig in 1971, and Colin Humphreys in 2003, among others. The possibility of an alternate site located in Saudi Arabia has also drawn attention due to the Apostle Paul's assertion in the first century that Mount Sinai was located in Arabia, although in Paul's time, the region of Arabia Petraea would have included both the modern Sinai peninsula and northwestern Saudi Arabia. A possible candidate within the Arabia theory has been that of \"Jabal al-Lawz\" (meaning'mountain of almonds'). Advocates for Jabal al-Lawz include Lennart Moller (a Swedish professor in environmental medicine) and also Ron Wyatt, Bob Cornuke and Larry Williams. Allen Kerkeslager, associate professor of Ancient and Comparative Religions at St. Joseph's University believes that the archaeological evidence is too tenuous to draw conclusions but has stated that \"Jabal al Lawz may also be the most convincing option for identifying the Mt. Sinai of biblical tradition\" and should be researched. A number of researchers support this hypothesis while others dispute it. One of the most recent developments has been the release of the Doubting Thomas Research Foundation's film \"Finding the Mountain of Moses: The Real Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia\". The Foundation's film identifies Jabal Maqla, a peak within the Jabal al-Lawz mountain range, as Mount Sinai. Staff from the Foundation traveled to the site multiple times and included video and photographic evidence in the project. Jabal al-Lawz has been rejected by scholars such as James K. Hoffmeier (Professor of Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern History and Archaeology) who details what he calls Cornuke's \"monumental blunders\" and others. Gordon Franz, a professional researcher, has studied this topic in depth and has published a refutation of this hypothesis.", "While equating Sinai with Petra would indicate that the Israelites journeyed in roughly a straight line from Egypt via Kadesh Barnea, and locating Sinai in Saudi Arabia would suggest Kadesh Barnea was skirted to the south, some scholars have wondered whether Sinai was much closer to the vicinity of Kadesh Barnea itself. Halfway between Kadesh Barnea and Petra, in the southwest Negev desert in Israel, is \"Har Karkom\", which Emmanuel Anati excavated, and discovered to have been a major Paleolithic cult centre, with the surrounding plateau covered with shrines, altars, stone circles, stone pillars, and over 40,000 rock engravings; although the peak of religious activity at the site dates to 2350–2000 BCE, the exodus is dated 15 Nisan 2448 (Hebrew calendar; 1313 BCE), and the mountain appears to have been abandoned between 1950–1000 BCE, Anati proposed that Jabal Ideid was equatable with biblical Sinai. Other scholars have criticised this identification, as, in addition to being almost 1000 years too early, it also appears to require the wholesale relocation of the Midianites, Amalekites, and other ancient peoples, from the locations where the majority of scholars currently place them." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 436, 109928, 1995, 11948, 63923, 748, 509, 21334, 538, 35509, 54799, 70, 11948, 159958, 111, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 4, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 4, 1284, 678, 3060, 88551, 136912, 7, 5, 992, 5062, 96362, 436, 109928, 136, 436, 109928, 1250, 14543, 4295, 4, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 86039, 509, 98169, 71, 23, 10, 24897, 9, 77007, 88996, 43257, 3501, 10, 86039, 221, 27853, 5, 581, 14543, 42, 136, 137272, 82761, 7, 3542, 175100, 98, 10, 76849, 24351, 21373, 47, 10, 222201, 14700, 66, 6889, 45443, 28032, 10, 32204, 41718, 91854, 5, 62, 188347, 707, 14194, 515, 2886, 80097, 7, 14068, 509, 175100, 98, 1632, 5609, 4, 68018, 17368, 6863, 10002, 1207, 5, 3293, 150679, 98169, 509, 10, 134454, 13, 6, 190358, 24018, 47, 84797, 70, 37526, 1294, 82365, 1295, 70, 14543, 42, 12960, 7464, 120260, 442, 98, 10, 20903, 538, 24941, 71, 4420, 9, 8752, 5324, 5, 581, 339, 304, 82365, 13028, 99, 23552, 70, 14543, 42, 25, 7, 501, 21135, 12478, 944, 27771, 4, 51, 5062, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 4, 124901, 5773, 68, 339, 304, 82365, 13028, 99, 70, 5701, 12478, 944, 27771, 237, 70, 14543, 42, 5, 33306, 4, 6863, 166027, 3760, 53, 509, 124735, 47, 22958, 7514, 15, 277, 2500, 297, 47, 7306, 7514, 98, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 16, 136, 6863, 13267, 509, 11343, 112733, 30742, 4, 186351, 111, 70, 19336, 525, 35829, 111, 57901, 30742, 98, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 5, 9791, 9, 29102, 4588, 82365, 86869, 71, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 25, 7, 27226, 11180, 19388, 37348, 4, 6, 190358, 24018, 47, 65508, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 99, 10, 154909, 27167, 17366, 5, 24018, 52295, 71, 22958, 3137, 18151, 71924, 1830, 23718, 98, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 4, 142, 16128, 23, 3129, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 509, 99, 10, 135818, 62523, 4, 390, 154107, 33180, 68067, 82365, 7, 5, 17006, 107222, 10975, 111, 70, 5155, 509, 7464, 17368, 99, 19713, 3060, 22958, 3137, 18151, 4, 6637, 111, 10, 96551, 111, 120103, 5, 581, 37348, 678, 2878, 289, 68067, 7, 509, 2843, 29823, 297, 390, 154107, 142, 70796, 49938, 47, 21658, 137158, 2256, 14838, 114942, 217684, 7722, 5, 717, 56381, 67, 100, 70, 72803, 56, 339, 304, 82365, 4, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 60213, 71, 2789, 30742, 111, 339, 418, 82365, 4, 41929, 450, 111, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 201, 33022, 373, 18234, 7, 15, 18043, 5, 116, 98, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 3142, 6097, 831, 2843, 186, 11814, 390, 40101, 137158, 2256, 4, 64457, 111, 12638, 1632, 8035, 188347, 47, 1632, 137158, 2256, 5, 581, 436, 109928, 1995, 509, 2843, 70, 5117, 436, 910, 9, 77007, 86039, 47, 29479, 70, 24018, 276, 88939, 892, 1505, 40288, 397, 6, 188336, 5423, 3129, 1902, 21771, 2809, 65508, 71, 98, 70, 436, 109928, 276, 88939, 5, 581, 436, 109928, 1995, 509, 198343, 10, 1286, 107222, 9, 49133, 297, 11389, 111, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 5, 1650, 509, 64720, 56, 47, 142901, 6637, 111, 70, 84797, 4, 72803, 56, 339, 304, 82365, 98323, 5, 581, 52295, 71, 22958, 3137, 23718, 136, 276, 88939, 8060, 7228, 442, 10, 11522, 44126, 100, 107222, 9, 67919, 172852, 76519, 4, 6044, 237, 3773, 483, 425, 4, 136, 90357, 86685, 5, 581, 72803, 56, 136, 64720, 56, 339, 304, 82365, 25, 7, 23718, 203249, 509, 491, 1758, 3674, 390, 70, 41929, 71, 339, 418, 82365, 136, 107653, 82451, 136912, 7, 100, 6, 3257, 2408, 18151, 5, 9082, 14543, 42, 23718, 509, 124735, 12960, 84458, 3542, 59226, 5, 3164, 44, 605, 4580, 927, 58, 136, 3060, 39395, 44, 73347, 4776, 1636, 58, 436, 109928, 1995, 7, 4527, 10, 70163, 71, 339, 304, 82365, 185373, 248, 7909, 26959, 59420, 450, 4734, 114864, 100, 112733, 12918, 47, 186, 82365, 71, 74, 12960, 1286, 26959, 5809, 186, 20600, 297, 23, 154453, 4, 903, 2806, 16750, 23, 4552, 72803, 23718, 5, 51404, 903, 17475, 509, 138155, 538, 193, 169429, 100, 70, 83080, 5368, 38937, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 442, 509, 10, 50509, 100, 3060, 4488, 41311, 707, 10723, 72095, 5, 20703, 316, 78458, 4, 24018, 3884, 903, 205969, 91755, 37838, 23, 3687, 47, 157167, 1495, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 1295, 70, 1286, 1257, 55637, 436, 109928, 1250, 13315, 4, 3129, 1556, 10, 4393, 201, 20331, 82365, 2886, 16128, 5, 581, 242, 12012, 170290, 12351, 25, 111666, 111, 70, 59420, 98, 3060, 6, 66000, 129890, 136, 756, 14877, 129890, 136, 4271, 56, 436, 109928, 1995, 7, 60520, 297, 903, 185190, 136, 2843, 122399, 10, 4393, 201, 20331, 82365, 2886, 16128, 5, 581, 7311, 44, 605, 4580, 927, 58, 436, 109928, 1995, 11948, 63923, 748, 15, 185200, 12996, 18151, 6, 186035, 89647, 13028, 99, 6, 105586, 4, 1381, 910, 4, 136, 2668, 129890, 136, 509, 181653, 23, 10, 127089, 758, 15247, 39, 9433, 5, 581, 2668, 129890, 11389, 4, 49903, 4, 4734, 100512, 19882, 23, 102134, 2449, 14432, 23, 98600, 32255, 86039, 7, 1902, 10, 11251, 129890, 12912, 5609, 5324, 136, 3542, 61475, 538, 11814, 98, 42732, 24351, 7, 46979, 20051, 678, 70, 6, 66398, 24018, 100928, 76175, 44, 4645, 63348, 58, 110537, 126, 82775, 100, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 5, 436, 109928, 1995, 9, 77007, 76519, 17368, 70, 24018, 100928, 103911, 44, 63641, 76027, 58, 110537, 126, 38134, 538, 5700, 29367, 21864, 35812, 15, 143321, 509, 47, 91995, 6, 170386, 26959, 136, 509, 21771, 65508, 71, 678, 114820, 856, 1542, 247, 136, 70, 62, 32566, 6, 48461, 7, 5324, 5, 2161, 20414, 616, 4, 10586, 4, 24018, 171530, 10, 11389, 111, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 44, 605, 4580, 927, 58, 678, 116, 17676, 9464, 9, 3137, 241, 13709, 339, 304, 82365, 100, 42805, 9, 67919, 10723, 7, 4, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 70, 116, 17676, 7911, 9, 3137, 351, 9, 16546, 441, 339, 304, 82365, 98, 20324, 115774, 5, 581, 4173, 4785, 7, 8337, 442, 18499, 9, 32399, 10763, 3540, 41159, 88303, 3934, 76407, 4, 15490, 24725, 214, 23718, 5, 581, 20117, 831, 186, 83324, 71, 8305, 70, 86039, 2831, 14012, 5, 360, 24018, 25, 7, 44, 919, 1191, 538, 64, 140290, 64, 68551, 26783, 58, 150370, 4, 21504, 125458, 86039, 7, 621, 14449, 305, 4, 3299, 1031, 581, 44, 73347, 4776, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 436, 109928, 1995, 8796, 15005, 7, 47, 24018, 25, 7, 37195, 927, 9, 48281, 1363, 11948, 159958, 24073, 683, 910, 18939, 136, 1022, 15276, 9, 277, 10974, 2661, 11948, 63923, 25251, 65508, 71, 98, 4347, 361, 4, 98600, 34749, 14653, 121908, 19879, 3900, 164, 22230, 65323, 5, 617, 19879, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 70, 14288, 803, 27012, 678, 57901, 30742, 339, 304, 82365, 247, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 60213, 71, 142, 52295, 71, 11389, 111, 70, 5117, 44, 683, 910, 58, 9, 48281, 1363, 56458, 111, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 4, 3129, 70541, 297, 82858, 19879, 3900, 164, 22230, 5, 33306, 4, 6863, 339, 304, 82365, 1614, 16751, 509, 10, 7565, 44286, 3229, 154186, 47, 70, 436, 109928, 1250, 25, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Overview.", "Variants.", "Klamath.", "Deschutes.", "Pentium II OverDrive.", "Tonga.", "Dixon.", "Core specifications.", "Mobile.", "Tonga (80523).", "Dixon (80524)." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3" ], "content": [ "The Pentium II microprocessor was largely based upon the microarchitecture of its predecessor, the Pentium Pro, but with some significant improvements. Unlike previous Pentium and Pentium Pro processors, the Pentium II CPU was packaged in a slot-based module rather than a CPU socket. The processor and associated components were carried on a daughterboard similar to a typical expansion board within a plastic cartridge. A fixed or removable heatsink was carried on one side, sometimes using its own fan. This larger package was a compromise allowing Intel to separate the secondary cache from the processor while still keeping it on a closely coupled back-side bus. The L2 cache ran at half the processor's clock frequency, unlike the Pentium Pro, whose off die L2 cache ran at the same frequency as the processor. However, its associativity was increased to 16-way (compared to 4-way on the Pentium Pro) and its size was always 512 KB, twice of the smallest option of 256 KB on the Pentium Pro. Off-package cache solved the Pentium Pro's low yield issues, allowing Intel to introduce the Pentium II at a mainstream price level. Intel improved 16-bit code execution performance on the Pentium II, an area in which the Pentium Pro was at a notable handicap, by adding segment register caches. Most consumer software of the day was still using at least some 16-bit code, because of a variety of factors. The issues with partial registers was also addressed by adding an internal flag to skip pipeline flushes whenever possible. To compensate for the slower L2 cache, the Pentium II featured 32 KB of L1 cache, double that of the Pentium Pro, as well as 4 write buffers (vs. 2 on the Pentium Pro); these can also be used by either pipeline, instead of each one being fixed to one pipeline. The Pentium II was also the first P6-based CPU to implement the Intel MMX integer SIMD instruction set which had already been introduced on the Pentium MMX. The Pentium II was basically a more consumer-oriented version of the Pentium Pro. It was cheaper to manufacture because of the separate, slower L2 cache memory. The improved 16-bit performance and MMX support made it a better choice for consumer-level operating systems, such as Windows 9x, and multimedia applications. The slower and cheaper L2 cache's performance penalty was mitigated by the doubled L1 cache and architectural improvements for legacy code. General processor performance was increased while costs were cut. All \"Klamath\" and some early \"Deschutes\" Pentium IIs use a combined L2 cache controller / tag RAM chip that only allows for 512 MB to be cached; while more RAM could be installed in theory, this would result in very slow performance. While this limit was practically irrelevant for the average home user at the time, it was a concern for some workstation or server users. Presumably, Intel put this limitation deliberately in place to distinguish the Pentium II from the more upmarket Pentium Pro line, which has a full 4 GB cacheable area. The '82459AD' revision of the chip on some 333 MHz and all 350 MHz and faster Pentium IIs lifted this restriction and also offered a full 4 GB cacheable area.", "", "The original \"Klamath\" Pentium II microprocessor (Intel product code 80522) ran at 233, 266, and 300 MHz and was produced in a 0.35 μm process. The 300 MHz version, however, only became available in quantities later in 1997. These CPUs had a 66 MHz front side bus and were initially used on motherboards equipped with the aging Intel 440FX \"Natoma\" chipset designed for the Pentium Pro. Pentium II-based systems using the Intel 440LX \"Balboa\" chipset widely popularized SDRAM (which was to replace EDO RAM and was already introduced with 430VX), and the AGP graphics bus. On July 14, 1997, Intel announced a version of the Pentium II \"Klamath\" with 2× 72-bit ECC L2 cache for entry-level servers, as opposed to the 2× 64-bit non-ECC L2 cache on regular models. The extra bits give it error-correction capability built into hardware, without impacting performance. The variant can be determined through the CPU part number. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Klamath CPUs are family 6, model 3.", "The \"Deschutes\" core Pentium II (80523), which debuted at 333 MHz in January 1998, was produced with a 0.25 μm process and has a significantly lower power draw. The die size is 113 mm. The 333 MHz variant was the final Pentium CPU that used the older 66 MHz front side bus; all subsequent Deschutes-core models used a 100 MHz FSB. Later in 1998, Pentium IIs running at 266, 300, 350, 400, and 450 MHz were also released. The \"Deschutes\" core introduced FXSAVE and FXRSTOR instructions for fast FPU context save and restore. Towards the end of its design life, Deschutes chips capable of 500 MHz within Intel cooling and design specifications were produced. However, these were not marketed. Rather than destroy already multiplier-locked units, those Deschutes units that had been tested and locked with a multiplier of 5 were sold as being 333 MHz. This was accomplished by disabling the 100 MHz bus option. Overclockers, upon learning of this, purchased the units in question and ran them well over 500 MHz; most notably, when overclocking, the final batch of \"333 MHz\" CPUs were capable of speeds much higher than CPUs sold at 350, 400, or 450 MHz. Concurrent with the release of Deschutes cores supporting a 100 MHz front side bus was Intel's release of the 440BX \"Seattle\" chipset and its derivatives, the 440MX, 450NX, and 440ZX chipsets. Replacing the aged 66 MHz FSB, which had been on the market since 1993, the 100 MHz FSB resulted in solid performance improvements for the Pentium II lineup. Pentium II chips starting with 350 MHz were released in both SECC and SECC2 form factors. Late Pentium IIs also marked the switch to flip-chip based packaging with direct heatsink contact to the die, as opposed to traditional bonding. While \"Klamath\" features 4 cache chips and simulates dual-porting through interleaving (2x 64-bit) for a slight performance improvement on concurrent accesses, \"Deschutes\" only sports 2 cache chips and offers slightly lower L2 cache performance at the same clockspeed. Furthermore, \"Deschutes\" always features ECC-enabled L2 cache. The Pentium II Xeon was a high-end version of Deschutes core intended for use on workstations and servers. Principally, it used a different type of slot (Slot 2), case, board design, and more expensive full-speed custom L2 cache, which was off-die. Versions were produced with 512 KB, 1 MB or 2 MB L2 caches by varying the number of 512 KB chips incorporated on the board. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Deschutes CPUs are family 6, model 5 and have the part number 80523.", "In 1998, the 0.25 μm Deschutes core was utilized in the creation of the Pentium II Overdrive processor, which was aimed at allowing corporate Pentium Pro users to upgrade their aging servers. Combining the Deschutes core in a flip-chip package with a 512 KB full-speed L2 cache chip from the Pentium II Xeon into a Socket 8-compatible module resulted in a 300 or 333 MHz processor that could run on a 60 or 66 MHz front side bus. This combination brought together some of the more attractive aspects of the Pentium II and the Pentium II Xeon: MMX support/improved 16-bit performance and full-speed L2 cache, respectively. The later \"Dixon\" mobile Pentium II would emulate this combination with 256 KB of full-speed cache. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, the Pentium II OverDrive CPU identifies itself as family 6, model 3, though this is misleading, as it is not based on the family 6/model 3 Klamath core. As noted in the Pentium II Processor update documentation from Intel, \"Please note that although this processor has a CPUID of 163xh, it uses a Pentium II processor CPUID 065xh processor core.\"", "The 0.25 μm \"Tonga\" core was the first mobile Pentium II and had all of the features of the desktop models. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Tonga CPUs are family 6, model 5.", "Later, in 1999, the 0.25; 0.18 (400 MHz) μm \"Dixon\" core with 256 KB of on-die full speed cache was produced for the mobile market. Reviews showed that the Dixon core was the fastest type of Pentium II produced. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Dixon CPUs are family 6, model 6 and their Intel product code is 80524. These identifiers are shared with the \"Mendocino\" Celeron processors.", "", "", "Mobile Pentium II", "Mobile Pentium II PE (\"Performance Enhanced\") Intel datasheets" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 77878, 19, 142, 12830, 44, 425, 58, 111, 10, 2878, 25958, 12989, 297, 5423, 24073, 1542, 830, 6, 237637, 247, 642, 61924, 70, 1407, 56, 6, 170224, 111, 44, 425, 830, 8, 157, 3674, 390, 7381, 58, 425, 830, 237, 7381, 58, 425, 58, 2203, 10666, 58, 53, 58, 245918, 58, 1542, 58, 152, 44, 425, 58, 237637, 58, 53, 58, 8152, 4, 136, 70, 92319, 6, 170224, 111, 44, 425, 830, 8, 157, 3674, 390, 6, 101188, 58, 425, 830, 237, 6, 101188, 58, 425, 58, 2203, 10666, 58, 53, 58, 245918, 58, 1542, 58, 152, 44, 53, 58, 237637, 58, 425, 58, 8152, 5, 6561, 831, 7639, 450, 7381, 58, 425, 58, 136, 6, 101188, 58, 425, 58, 621, 70, 19336, 525, 1407, 56, 136, 92319, 5423, 7, 70541, 214, 44, 425, 830, 107013, 538, 5, 5455, 137567, 4, 34475, 10, 1614, 3509, 44, 284, 58, 111, 44, 1542, 58, 642, 61924, 70, 1407, 56, 136, 92319, 6, 170224, 7, 111, 44, 284, 830, 8, 157, 3674, 390, 7381, 58, 284, 58, 136, 6, 101188, 58, 284, 58, 107013, 538, 4, 237, 26168, 454, 363, 136, 26168, 454, 617, 5, 360, 903, 3917, 642, 765, 7381, 58, 425, 58, 2203, 7381, 24854, 58, 425, 58, 8152, 136, 6, 101188, 58, 425, 58, 2203, 6, 101188, 24854, 58, 425, 58, 8152, 4, 136, 1407, 56, 5423, 7, 136, 92319, 5423, 7, 111, 903, 3173, 621, 35839, 7893, 5, 209683, 538, 4, 1632, 831, 7639, 450, 70, 1407, 56, 136, 92319, 6, 170224, 7, 111, 10, 5423, 621, 70, 19336, 525, 1407, 56, 136, 92319, 5423, 7, 70541, 214, 442, 5, 581, 1407, 56, 136, 92319, 6, 170224, 7, 4, 3229, 21455, 297, 237, 32354, 1295, 70, 14537, 5423, 111, 44, 1542, 58, 47, 68034, 4, 621, 27781, 7, 111, 6, 170224, 39933, 7, 16792, 1836, 40407, 53, 756, 111, 70, 5375, 257, 39428, 6, 170224, 10, 5134, 28016, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 1407, 56, 6, 170224, 111, 10, 5423, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 756, 1407, 56, 5423, 7, 70541, 214, 442, 4, 136, 21373, 538, 100, 92319, 5423, 7, 5, 102627, 297, 4, 903, 83, 10, 4537, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 111, 6, 170224, 39933, 7, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 2663, 109622, 6, 170224, 111, 10, 5423, 83, 70, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 756, 155738, 5423, 7, 70541, 214, 442, 74, 70, 27734, 111, 10, 5423, 111, 22834, 22230, 83, 70, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 756, 1614, 65421, 7, 70541, 214, 442, 74, 70, 1614, 51588, 139392, 71, 390, 10, 1614, 3509, 111, 10, 21115, 83, 70, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 756, 1614, 51588, 7, 70541, 214, 442, 74, 70, 6397, 139392, 71, 390, 10, 1614, 3509, 111, 10, 15789, 83, 70, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 756, 6397, 7, 70541, 214, 442, 74, 136, 221, 98, 5, 6561, 831, 2843, 70424, 111, 70, 81113, 1407, 56, 6, 170224, 111, 142, 12830, 44, 425, 58, 23, 44, 1542, 58, 61924, 71, 237, 10666, 58, 53, 58, 245918, 58, 1542, 58, 152, 44, 425, 58, 16093, 58, 53, 58, 8152, 4, 136, 1286, 137567, 4, 70, 81113, 1407, 56, 6, 170224, 111, 10, 1614, 3509, 44, 284, 58, 111, 44, 1542, 58, 3129, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 70, 69941, 111, 70, 81113, 1407, 56, 6, 170224, 7, 111, 6863, 80854, 4, 136, 642, 831, 3249, 60223, 10821, 80934, 7, 100, 81113, 92319, 6, 170224, 7, 5, 33306, 20537, 450, 6097, 242, 170224, 7, 25, 621, 959, 20653, 6, 170224, 39933, 7, 4, 16792, 100, 27781, 70, 81113, 1407, 56, 6, 170224, 111, 10, 11001, 1507, 5423, 10666, 58, 425, 58, 8152, 14602, 959, 70541, 10666, 58, 425, 58, 8152, 5, 893, 23335, 141, 14012, 83, 56104, 207487, 678, 70, 5423, 111, 756, 164917, 23335, 141, 101935, 5, 12613, 7, 12638, 23335, 141, 14012, 3173, 7, 10, 92319, 5423, 23, 70, 18507, 111, 756, 23335, 141, 101935, 4, 3129, 621, 112668, 12989, 297, 390, 5423, 190440, 191, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 142, 1407, 56, 5423, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 142, 1257, 19364, 155738, 5423, 707, 142, 1257, 3509, 16, 111, 10, 2878, 25958, 12989, 297, 5423, 24073, 1542, 830, 6, 237637, 16, 83, 10, 1614, 3509, 44, 1062, 58, 111, 44, 1542, 58, 6044, 450, 2174, 44, 425, 58, 83, 23, 44, 1062, 58, 136, 44, 425, 58, 6, 237637, 44, 53, 830, 7068, 44, 53, 58, 83, 23, 44, 1062, 740, 9925, 83, 4, 44, 1062, 58, 40407, 3387, 70, 57266, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Upper closure and lower closure.", "Ordinal numbers." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Given an element \"x\" of a partially ordered set (\"X\", ≤), we define the upper closure of \"x\", denoted by ↑\"x\", as ↑\"x\" = {\"y\"∈\"X\" : \"x\"≤\"y\"}, and the lower closure of \"x\", denoted by ↓\"x\", as ↓\"x\" = {\"y\"∈\"X\" : \"y\"≤\"x\"}. One can show that ↑\"x\" and ↓\"x\" are the smallest upper and lower sets containing \"x\", respectively. More generally, given a subset \"A\" of \"X\" we define the upper and lower closures of \"A\", denoted by ↑\"A\" and ↓\"A\" respectively, as formula_3 and formula_4. In this way we have ↑\"x\" = ↑{\"x\"} and ↓\"x\" = ↓{\"x\"}, and upper sets and lower sets of this form are called principal. Similarly, one can show that the upper and lower closures of a set are the smallest upper and lower sets containing it. The upper and lower closures, when viewed as function from the power set of \"X\" to itself, are examples of closure operators since they satisfy all of the Kuratowski closure axioms. As a result, the upper closure of a set is equal to the intersection of all upper sets containing it, and similarly for lower sets. Indeed, this is a general phenomenon of closure operators. For example, the topological closure of a set is the intersection of all closed sets containing it; the span of a set of vectors is the intersection of all subspaces containing it; the subgroup generated by a subset of a group is the intersection of all subgroups containing it; the ideal generated by a subset of a ring is the intersection of all ideals containing it; and so on. One can also speak of the strict upper closure of an element \"x\" in \"X\" defined as {\"y\"∈\"X\" : \"x\"<\"y\"}, and more generally, the strict upper closure of a subset \"A\" of \"X\" which is defined as the union of the strict upper closures of its elements, and we can make analogous definitions for strict lower closures. However note that these 'closures' are not actually closure operators, since for example the strict upper closure of a singleton set {\"x\"} does not contain {\"x\"}.", "An ordinal number is usually identified with the set of all smaller ordinal numbers. Thus each ordinal number forms a lower set in the class of all ordinal numbers, which are totally ordered by set inclusion." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 1890, 25958, 121447, 237, 142, 15190, 9, 191, 47, 2665, 32007, 40583, 15, 10001, 294, 16, 1829, 70, 3773, 65779, 40401, 86769, 56607, 15, 408, 5, 11891, 247, 442, 83, 99201, 237, 10, 82761, 111, 3773, 22687, 15, 7, 42380, 70, 61475, 54452, 111, 3773, 3576, 22687, 194, 8622, 765, 2809, 17262, 11389, 7, 111, 147153, 4, 12638, 65508, 71, 678, 12921, 11389, 7, 111, 1995, 294, 12, 147153, 16655, 87344, 37195, 88303, 9, 73, 36746, 7, 12, 104921, 4, 147153, 18468, 31611, 4, 853, 75616, 4, 92748, 4, 22687, 4, 136, 148735, 5, 102370, 115187, 36746, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 33636, 7, 10, 56002, 450, 76104, 7, 70, 11341, 111, 77336, 7, 1295, 9191, 47, 9191, 5, 581, 88441, 84654, 214, 87907, 25, 7, 8060, 111, 70, 3288, 54137, 134549, 13293, 15, 16113, 16, 22, 19736, 147153, 64324, 47, 17203, 123309, 2481, 23, 375, 5974, 297, 35773, 10484, 6044, 237, 391, 23708, 7, 5, 147153, 17596, 14602, 959, 129927, 6782, 538, 1295, 147153, 16655, 1284, 442, 14602, 18645, 3060, 78301, 156856, 9035, 6044, 237, 22687, 5, 62624, 2875, 55300, 4, 22687, 5, 211603, 13, 55300, 4, 136, 142, 156856, 71, 147153, 18468, 31611, 36746, 5, 147153, 17596, 2843, 22, 19736, 6, 123759, 4209, 390, 114977, 136, 15572, 29367, 70, 87907, 100, 11522, 23718, 5, 147153, 47143, 7, 8060, 297, 24189, 616, 18982, 11075, 98, 3773, 2861, 581, 4527, 111, 147153, 37967, 1221, 186, 8060, 297, 98, 3773, 382, 100, 10, 15440, 111, 209, 5369, 1295, 70, 3773, 382, 54452, 5622, 5, 147153, 83, 82424, 8060, 297, 23, 756, 19882, 11389, 7, 111, 1995, 294, 5, 147153, 4527, 7, 10723, 9, 8752, 26499, 214, 47, 139392, 10941, 450, 83, 9325, 47, 70, 23282, 25, 7, 1467, 31842, 5, 581, 147153, 29481, 56, 12301, 7, 136, 71924, 90, 756, 26499, 18151, 17721, 4426, 3949, 136, 1745, 2740, 69141, 4, 70, 16750, 111, 3129, 83, 10941, 58093, 5, 32255, 26499, 7, 3542, 59121, 17368, 6, 75034, 147845, 4, 821, 147845, 4, 707, 908, 141, 147845, 5, 581, 102370, 454, 304, 8951, 5844, 4, 70, 6002, 86531, 707, 10723, 180346, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 36849, 70, 46876, 5, 360, 70, 27781, 35064, 4, 92748, 5, 1456, 18781, 14240, 132, 16, 83, 23, 142, 19097, 9191, 74, 442, 2806, 186, 84079, 25958, 91995, 71, 390, 70, 43581, 1733, 111, 70, 10723, 5, 4002, 37967, 678, 70, 44, 5, 162, 254, 58, 11435, 11627, 111938, 4527, 147153, 4, 102971, 3060, 1467, 15271, 2837, 17086, 184, 2363, 44126, 111, 26499, 214, 46876, 100, 48031, 60042, 7, 390, 17368, 70, 1286, 39210, 44, 5, 79983, 58, 707, 44, 5, 7693, 58, 111938, 7, 5, 14231, 7, 678, 70, 44, 5, 134675, 58, 111938, 4527, 375, 5974, 297, 147153, 5, 17777, 74, 49903, 4, 147153, 5, 17777, 37967, 1543, 7464, 26698, 3060, 147153, 26499, 214, 5, 581, 39864, 1363, 111, 147153, 5, 17777, 12441, 47, 4527, 111, 70, 13579, 44, 140803, 1771, 147153, 58, 100, 70, 7311, 55556, 5, 7550, 41925, 12353, 147153, 15, 82772, 538, 156054, 165606, 147153, 16, 509, 10, 5700, 136, 113771, 538, 28484, 352, 129073, 4, 1284, 442, 1556, 2809, 2837, 133891, 297, 5, 62, 41566, 7, 94878, 7, 47, 63399, 7, 15, 41388, 247, 11435, 16751, 4, 136, 4527, 111, 82761, 7, 20600, 297, 98, 70, 10723, 5, 4426, 3949, 45247, 36, 284, 246, 11935, 4, 36, 284, 246, 4332, 238, 4, 36, 284, 246, 37455, 39, 4, 36, 441, 246, 11935, 4, 36, 441, 246, 594, 7, 177, 4, 36, 294, 318, 397, 1771, 4, 36, 294, 318, 919, 7, 39, 4, 36, 594, 7, 434, 22409, 42, 19943, 36, 284, 246, 11935, 2203, 22687, 5, 63784, 2182, 46471, 75161, 132, 58, 41388, 39463, 5, 235603, 1830, 18939, 19943, 36, 284, 246, 4332, 238, 2203, 22687, 5, 63784, 2182, 46471, 75161, 132, 58, 41388, 39463, 5, 4332, 32271, 3509, 18939, 19943, 36, 284, 246, 37455, 39, 2203, 22687, 5, 63784, 2182, 46471, 75161, 132, 58, 41388, 39463, 5, 115061, 18939, 19943, 36, 441, 246, 11935, 2203, 22687, 5, 63784, 2182, 46471, 75161, 132, 58, 441, 13223, 5, 11935, 59994, 2320, 18939, 19943, 36, 441, 246, 594, 7, 177, 2203, 22687, 5, 63784, 2182, 46471, 75161, 132, 58, 441, 13223, 5, 594, 6011, 429, 18939, 19943, 36, 294, 318, 397, 1771, 2203, 22687, 5, 63784, 2182, 46471, 75161, 132, 58, 147845, 214, 5, 14055, 10763, 6635, 18939, 19943, 36, 294, 318, 919, 7, 39, 2203, 22687, 5, 63784, 2182, 46471, 75161, 132, 58, 147845, 214, 5, 174350, 84293, 46471, 75161, 18939, 19943, 36, 594, 7, 434, 22409, 42, 2203, 22687, 5, 63784, 2182, 46471, 75161, 132, 58, 13439, 75590, 5, 294, 14775, 80728, 18939, 14934, 7, 7964, 77336, 7, 5, 4426, 3949, 104921, 132, 58, 55725, 18939, 2203, 44, 31852, 147153, 104921, 58, 92748, 5, 1456, 18781, 44, 1456, 583, 45738, 47, 44, 619, 22687, 5, 127068, 7768, 40899, 132, 47677, 182867, 132, 58, 55725, 18939, 16, 619, 44, 3890, 14934, 7, 77336, 7, 81522, 4734, 47, 10, 11001, 9105, 1290, 5, 4426, 3949, 4263, 18226, 132, 4332, 75616, 5, 41732, 1294, 71713, 214, 132, 58, 11627, 18939, 16, 977, 757, 47009, 18878, 4263, 92748, 5, 1456, 18781, 44, 1456, 583, 45738, 44, 619, 22687, 5, 127068, 7768, 40899, 132, 294, 90, 6889, 132, 58, 11627, 18939, 16, 619, 44, 3890, 581, 56002, 36746, 83, 11435, 35509, 136, 48716, 133244, 12301, 136, 64, 748, 33022, 50336, 7, 1221, 186, 46389, 297, 136, 9433, 297, 23, 15504, 5, 62, 41566, 7, 70, 24365, 111, 18499, 7, 5, 4426, 3949, 2161, 212059, 9624, 15537, 4997, 92748, 5, 1456, 18781, 106, 248, 757, 25, 14055, 25826, 390, 45234, 4263, 1004, 42, 5, 18444, 26278, 4426, 2740, 757, 47009, 18878, 4263, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 88441, 22687, 14231, 7, 15, 284, 9434, 16, 83, 7244, 25, 7, 5117, 10723, 9, 8752, 26499, 87907, 100, 84079, 25958, 139392, 71, 1467, 37967, 5, 1650, 509, 5117, 121447, 23, 14487, 11891, 4, 8108, 8035, 1601, 5281, 297, 23, 18982, 5726, 390, 147153, 5, 17777, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Architecture.", "The Server object.", "The Application object.", "The Session object.", "The Err object." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Initially released as an add-on to Internet Information Services (IIS) via the Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack (ca. 1996), it is included as a component of Windows Server (since the initial release of Windows 2000 Server). There have been three versions of ASP, each introduced with different versions of IIS: ASP 2.0 provides six built-in objects: Application, ASPError, Request, Response, Server, and Session. codice_1 object, for example, represents a session that maintains the state of variables from page to page. The Active Scripting engine's support of the Component Object Model (COM) enables ASP websites to access functionality in compiled libraries such as DLLs. ASP 3.0 does not differ greatly from ASP 2.0 but it does offer some additional enhancements such as Server.Transfer method, Server.Execute method, and an enhanced ASPError object. ASP 3.0 also enables buffering by default and optimized the engine for better performance. ASP remains supported until 14 January 2020 on Windows 7. The use of ASP pages will be supported on Windows 8 for a minimum of 10 years from the Windows 8 release date. ASP is currently supported in all available versions of IIS.", "ASP uses server-side scripting to generate content that is sent to the client's web browser. The ASP interpreter reads and executes all script code between <% and %> tags, the result of which is content generation. These scripts were written using VBScript, JScript, or PerlScript. The codice_2 directive, the syntax or server configuration can be used to select the language. In the example below, Response.Write Now() is in an HTML page; it would be dynamically replaced by the current time of the server. Web pages with the \".asp\" filename extension use ASP, although some web sites disguise their choice of scripting language for security purposes by using the more common \".htm\" or \".html\" extensions. Pages with the \".aspx\" extension use compiled ASP.NET; however, ASP.NET pages may still include some ASP scripting. The introduction of ASP.NET led to use of the term \"Classic ASP\" for the original technology. Sun Java System ASP (formerly ChiliSoft ASP) was a popular and reportedly complete emulator, but it has been discontinued.", "Allows connections to databases (ADO), filesystem, and use of components installed on the server. <% Dim oAdoCon, oAdoRec, oAdoStm, oCdoCon, oCdoMsg, oSciDic, oSciFsm, oMswAdr Set oAdoCon = Server.CreateObject(\"ADODB.Connection\") Set oAdoRec = Server.CreateObject(\"ADODB.Recordset\") Set oAdoStm = Server.CreateObject(\"ADODB.Stream\") Set oCdoCon = Server.CreateObject(\"CDO.Configuration\") Set oCdoMsg = Server.CreateObject(\"CDO.Message\") Set oSciDic = Server.CreateObject(\"Scripting.Dictionary\") Set oSciFsm = Server.CreateObject(\"Scripting.FileSystemObject\") Set oMswAdr = Server.CreateObject(\"MSWC.Swingbridge\")", "Stores global variables. <% Application(\"Ali\") = \"My ASP Application\" Response.Write \"Welcome to \" & Server.HTMLEncode(Application(\"Ali\")) & \"!\"", "Stores variables accessible only to a single visitor. <% If Len(Request.QueryString(\"name\")) > 0 Then End If Response.Write \"Welcome \" & Server.HTMLEncode(Session(\"name\")) & \"!\" The session object is file based and multiple concurrent read and/or write requests will be blocked and processed in turn.", "Allows the management of errors. <% On Error Resume Next Response.Write 1 / 0'Division by zero If Err.Number <> 0 Then End If" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 86097, 131141, 50348, 14, 509, 4599, 14534, 1295, 80380, 100, 1632, 6602, 6637, 111, 10, 78431, 23, 70, 59444, 111, 1342, 33646, 5, 360, 65942, 70, 207048, 111, 192049, 2843, 4599, 14534, 4049, 1295, 70, 23295, 100, 43606, 5369, 6637, 111, 32837, 5256, 450, 764, 5808, 297, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 154350, 185236, 111, 106745, 141, 184593, 5, 66016, 1532, 764, 83, 10, 4000, 99638, 13, 111, 313, 1681, 187677, 47064, 5, 1529, 83, 70, 36770, 22925, 13918, 111, 70, 67729, 783, 19085, 136, 12441, 6863, 54529, 53, 5303, 20271, 70, 81843, 7, 111, 1532, 136, 8432, 1529, 199747, 297, 1295, 70, 133465, 111, 70, 112664, 23, 1210, 3229, 509, 3163, 89829, 237, 104610, 111, 82932, 3838, 4200, 306, 678, 14905, 5, 13465, 111, 70, 43374, 7, 5, 360, 27580, 390, 70, 20324, 81843, 7, 764, 509, 456, 9, 100184, 297, 678, 70, 3622, 14012, 15, 43659, 16, 111, 70, 43374, 7, 5, 360, 505, 4, 131141, 50348, 14, 22, 31004, 297, 102880, 47, 4599, 502, 9, 188752, 38109, 89914, 136, 116625, 167821, 41361, 7, 23, 70, 26349, 4, 106926, 214, 450, 161211, 2481, 136, 3726, 87279, 10, 120332, 47, 112465, 66, 40250, 7, 5, 24372, 70, 267, 112465, 66, 366, 150, 11533, 6635, 81843, 131141, 50348, 14, 2806, 11675, 23, 70, 67729, 783, 133465, 81843, 26548, 70, 3789, 25469, 13, 117485, 89918, 62160, 5, 131141, 50348, 14, 75204, 7621, 5, 12807, 111, 70, 43374, 7, 5, 1529, 2806, 14432, 14192, 105757, 7, 764, 1902, 100, 4806, 10, 3525, 85583, 13651, 136, 26038, 19085, 119893, 24189, 18237, 1105, 47, 78779, 13, 442, 23, 19085, 44930, 707, 10512, 10, 36356, 9, 2037, 111, 67729, 783, 5, 1529, 2804, 70, 13651, 22, 46741, 297, 10, 30646, 47, 109458, 237360, 71, 390, 70, 7311, 67729, 783, 4, 26719, 142, 3564, 47, 6, 199417, 4, 6, 147006, 66399, 2320, 111, 112465, 66, 156206, 47, 70, 180187, 6815, 65272, 111, 70, 3747, 4, 10, 143033, 13315, 98, 175055, 26, 7, 8321, 66320, 939, 136, 8060, 100, 82, 127, 6402, 112465, 66, 66320, 2449, 23, 208244, 214, 117249, 5, 360, 18237, 267, 131141, 50348, 14, 100, 4806, 10, 3525, 19085, 22929, 2005, 209410, 678, 145042, 36770, 67729, 783, 10646, 391, 36123, 62308, 6903, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 68299, 131141, 50348, 14, 15, 57332, 68299, 191971, 4, 11994, 209, 4, 25695, 16, 83, 10, 112465, 66, 39624, 66, 4, 32485, 4, 57724, 111, 70, 22929, 2005, 209410, 68894, 19085, 136, 15333, 111, 82932, 3838, 4200, 306, 5, 1529, 83, 2843, 14037, 214, 32786, 111, 70, 6, 101422, 17199, 156206, 53702, 4, 70, 44, 841, 29396, 11, 58, 15889, 53560, 112664, 136, 36770, 48180, 34202, 111, 67729, 783, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 5726, 136, 1210, 764, 149976, 237, 30391, 9, 73, 9, 206, 29469, 111, 70, 20480, 82037, 73962, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "In 2004, Toroczkai was banned from Serbia for one year because of a fight in the town of Palić. In 2006, the authorities of Slovakia also banned him from the country for five years because of demonstrations that he organized in front of the Slovak Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since 2010 he is a local representative of Csongrád County. He is the former vice president of the Jobbik party and led its county list during the elections of 2010 and 2014. He resigned from the leadership of the movement in 2013 when was elected as Mayor of Ásotthalom with 71.5% of the votes. In 2014, by the regular elections he was re-elected with the total number (100%) of the votes. In 2017, Toroczkai endorsed policies to ban pro-LGBT rights messages and Islamic religious practices in the city, arguing that homosexuality and Islam posed a threat to Hungarian traditions. After the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election Toroczkai would run in the Jobbik leadership election against the other candidate Tamás Sneider. Toroczkai received 46.2% of the votes. He would later tell reporters he had formed a new serious platform and gave party leaders until June 23 to integrate it in party policy or risk a break-up of Jobbik. He said the platform entailed a return to goals pursued by the original Jobbik, including an end to immigration, stemming emigration of Hungarian youth to the wealthier west of the EU, a tough line on Hungary’s Roma minority and support for ethnic Hungarian minorities in neighboring states. In June 2018 Toroczkai formed a new party Our Home Movement with fellow former Jobbik MP Dóra Dúró." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 59076, 232, 58, 83, 27983, 29481, 297, 237, 70, 15678, 1076, 2565, 100, 44, 6048, 830, 707, 4, 390, 10, 1175, 7701, 56, 1419, 206019, 4, 70, 9351, 111, 10, 17311, 60097, 450, 509, 221419, 538, 11814, 237, 10, 44759, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 9351, 23, 4211, 57114, 16777, 147, 62, 44, 266, 9, 539, 9, 67, 58, 450, 1543, 186, 62548, 47, 44, 59076, 232, 740, 129551, 47, 239, 1784, 133, 25, 7, 16454, 111, 16777, 147, 62, 4, 3129, 1556, 2809, 17305, 5115, 53, 35778, 52021, 237, 61799, 1294, 4, 642, 5608, 12301, 44, 39, 2452, 9, 539, 2062, 9, 145, 58, 15, 59076, 232, 70, 60097, 16, 98, 10, 16777, 147, 62, 9961, 5, 581, 121678, 44759, 44, 516, 9, 145, 58, 83, 12301, 98, 40368, 60525, 4, 26719, 98, 6, 34165, 25474, 2320, 23180, 7, 1295, 70, 65678, 10363, 3387, 4, 7440, 442, 28960, 7, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 5201, 2355, 4, 37933, 8287, 15, 2347, 183234, 111, 1735, 7, 31434, 62, 52546, 4, 136, 111, 40168, 4384, 8677, 3168, 194, 239, 1784, 133, 42459, 7, 450, 70, 9351, 58, 43879, 14, 9, 539, 58, 15, 59076, 232, 16, 83, 84751, 47, 29459, 242, 162, 329, 9523, 25, 237, 1735, 7, 31434, 44, 78055, 830, 136, 11177, 7, 903, 187136, 47, 70, 37254, 1672, 4211, 232, 68018, 38043, 23, 143383, 7, 98, 15678, 67, 5, 4263, 121678, 206846, 23, 4211, 57114, 15678, 67, 60887, 297, 50944, 2256, 147, 538, 2451, 1295, 70, 41, 33, 47, 604, 5117, 57332, 76849, 2451, 70, 41, 33, 25, 7, 71390, 2806, 765, 24209, 70, 44, 59076, 232, 830, 707, 1631, 185256, 5, 31384, 191225, 7, 1957, 10, 94878, 17721, 44, 59076, 232, 58, 136, 70, 123055, 111, 3789, 142, 45964, 14037, 56, 9, 6048, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 1111, 90, 111, 61527, 4, 14912, 223, 111, 102126, 4, 136, 58916, 111, 5596, 4, 136, 3853, 678, 1215, 191, 111, 185709, 53, 7366, 136, 129965, 399, 15, 11, 46327, 4049, 24, 4806, 2945, 43265, 247, 1208, 169, 219, 464, 111, 61527, 23, 70, 27432, 111, 172335, 136, 70, 101147, 66, 1486, 8, 2481, 1853, 289, 5, 4211, 232, 135179, 23, 160600, 163136, 237, 70, 60097, 111, 70344, 74880, 237, 39395, 237, 2005, 42, 25, 7, 44, 24687, 7144, 58, 136, 44, 670, 71360, 31947, 740, 12613, 2408, 428, 988, 14192, 7, 1821, 4211, 232, 509, 70, 2684, 142, 45964, 332, 51529, 47, 45367, 10, 24, 3033, 5, 1529, 456, 40255, 71, 645, 15678, 67, 136, 70, 90695, 7, 111, 70, 62, 2507, 5073, 27414, 17262, 58093, 7, 8108, 70, 8302, 2864, 5550, 5, 1529, 158930, 99, 70344, 74880, 100, 14922, 7, 111, 300, 86, 5369, 4, 7440, 764, 75204, 6, 188336, 1295, 3786, 223, 23, 70, 27047, 1363, 3129, 764, 26038, 47, 70, 90695, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 42179, 111, 70, 15678, 1076, 171484, 136, 70, 14037, 56, 111, 6863, 24, 1405, 111780, 11, 2408, 5, 2161, 70, 94100, 3378, 36541, 4211, 232, 83, 10, 156217, 2281, 15212, 4, 70, 26498, 9393, 24763, 748, 111, 70, 6, 191145, 111, 94100, 3378, 156206, 7, 47, 61590, 47, 70, 4211, 6792, 474, 74, 23, 52758, 429, 100, 70, 47219, 111, 1919, 775, 3493, 29299, 19005, 20271, 10, 1427, 818, 15, 21231, 32255, 223, 194, 717, 44188, 83797, 70, 2304, 18403, 31667, 128746, 111, 1919, 62816, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 47, 73342, 3642, 4211, 232, 23131, 297, 15678, 67, 645, 10, 14922, 175884, 221, 5941, 58093, 7, 4, 6626, 60097, 7, 111, 70, 9351, 111, 4211, 232, 3542, 41591, 71, 390, 14432, 30260, 7, 136, 168487, 84382, 759, 24948, 106622, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 17893, 1846, 223, 602, 94739, 136, 42473, 867, 206, 2451, 44, 7077, 1916, 10, 8752, 70, 759, 927, 109622, 12830, 830, 237, 764, 140526, 2451, 23, 1919, 6897, 111, 32255, 223, 5, 129551, 47, 903, 21455, 4, 70, 5117, 18813, 4211, 232, 509, 70, 775, 111, 3786, 223, 136, 3974, 136, 82953, 111, 627, 40796, 669, 29178, 7, 136, 7374, 20051, 191, 5, 3293, 509, 70, 242, 70810, 25, 60097, 4211, 232, 4, 136, 764, 509, 34658, 23, 6044, 473, 195, 390, 70, 142297, 19, 2355, 7, 450, 4, 7103, 764, 68, 71, 4, 764, 509, 7228, 1632, 111, 70, 17262, 242, 21718, 61007, 7, 111, 70, 51952, 25, 4, 33233, 8752, 1919, 82953, 627, 40796, 669, 29178, 7, 136, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 62, 13, 11, 11680, 5, 581, 58386, 111, 903, 242, 59076, 232, 87, 25, 509, 2804, 47, 186, 87, 40491, 15, 85, 46526, 56, 111, 18118, 23835, 223, 16, 707, 15678, 67, 15, 11, 6, 5264, 11727, 707, 76849, 111, 1919, 29954, 1021, 9319, 65473, 69076, 247, 136, 764, 1902, 10, 11001, 775, 24, 4806, 18118, 408, 18253, 4, 1919, 39457, 42, 237, 18813, 111, 15678, 67, 5, 18118, 408, 18253, 1902, 10, 775, 24, 4806, 4211, 232, 4, 7103, 1919, 9963, 1021, 9319, 4, 103122, 390, 18118, 408, 18253, 25, 58386, 4, 38220, 4, 76849, 111, 5631, 53474, 7, 5, 3293, 242, 59076, 232, 1995, 25, 2451, 70, 242, 12283, 25, 60097, 4211, 232, 2451, 83, 70, 775, 111, 903, 18118, 408, 18253, 4, 136, 509, 10, 2060, 1286, 10576, 7844, 62816, 3501, 1919, 67373, 136, 9963, 1021, 9319, 5, 1650, 2806, 186, 47, 903, 4211, 232, 450, 642, 6, 2600, 70, 759, 927, 7, 111, 32255, 223, 4, 31692, 14612, 1025, 4, 70, 4211, 6792, 474, 4, 930, 297, 64153, 4, 187860, 11680, 4, 136, 27782, 223, 5, 992, 5062, 4211, 232, 87, 4, 4211, 232, 1995, 67373, 297, 183851, 20020, 4, 26719, 3493, 29299, 19005, 4, 18826, 107, 223, 4, 262, 29808, 45486, 4, 62, 24420, 86, 4, 111953, 13, 3041, 4, 136, 187860, 11680, 292, 756, 103122, 47, 4049, 390, 1919, 58386, 31692, 14612, 1025, 5, 194397, 262, 29808, 45486, 4, 764, 509, 70, 9963, 1021, 9319, 111, 18813, 87, 246, 13616, 223, 4, 2750, 12441, 70, 15678, 1076, 7, 47, 70, 8302, 2864, 5550, 5, 40641, 16723, 9393, 2685, 83, 10, 150675, 186768, 12830, 23, 70, 37254, 4, 95134, 23, 70, 66084, 13, 4158, 66, 59665, 111, 3974, 74, 442, 83, 7722, 450, 959, 4734, 94100, 7, 4, 1284, 2646, 44881, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 4211, 232, 15, 74, 4, 4, 1388, 509, 70, 5117, 18813, 111, 15678, 67, 4, 775, 111, 3786, 223, 136, 3974, 5, 87769, 300, 86, 5369, 4, 764, 7228, 18813, 62, 2507, 19005, 39580, 59671, 27150, 115982, 136, 59671, 27150, 29526, 47, 186, 9325, 47, 930, 297, 64153, 25, 7, 166635, 4, 70, 21, 1272, 2677, 927, 4, 47, 186, 73203, 33, 390, 70, 4211, 6792, 474, 5, 24372, 1919, 47219, 4, 4211, 232, 100512, 10, 116983, 111, 70, 103494, 23, 70, 1379, 32554, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Literary Minos.", "Later rationalization.", "Possible historical element.", "Family.", "Mythological Minos.", "Glaucus.", "Poseidon, Daedalus and Pasiphaë.", "Theseus.", "Nisus.", "Death.", "Minos in art.", "In poetry." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "\"Minos\" is often interpreted as the Cretan word for \"king\", or, by a euhemerist interpretation, the name of a particular king that was subsequently used as a title. There is a name in Minoan Linear A \"mi-nu-te\" that may be related to \"Minos\". According to La Marle's reading of Linear A, which has been heavily criticised as arbitrary, we should read \"mwi-nu ro-ja\" (Minos the king) on a Linear A tablet. The royal title \"ro-ja\" is read on several documents, including on stone libation tables from the sanctuaries, where it follows the name of the main god, Asirai (the equivalent of Sanskrit Asura, and of Avestan Ahura). La Marle suggests that the name\" mwi-nu\" (Minos) is expected to mean 'ascetic' as Sanskrit \"muni\", and fits this explanation to the legend about Minos sometimes living in caves on Crete. If royal succession in Minoan Crete descended matrilinearly— from the queen to her firstborn daughter— the queen's husband would have become the \"Minos\", or war chief. Some scholars see a connection between \"Minos\" and the names of other ancient founder-kings, such as Menes of Egypt, Mannus of Germany, and Manu of India, and even with Meon of Phrygia and Lydia (after him named Maeonia), Mizraim of Egypt in the Book of Genesis and the Canaanite deity Baal.", "Minos appears in Greek literature as the king of Knossos as early as Homer's \"Iliad\" and \"Odyssey\". Thucydides tells us Minos was the most ancient man known to build a navy. He reigned over Crete and the islands of the Aegean Sea three generations before the Trojan War. He lived at Knossos for periods of nine years, where he received instruction from Zeus in the legislation which he gave to the island. He was the author of the Cretan constitution and the founder of its naval supremacy. On the Athenian stage Minos is a cruel tyrant, the heartless exactor of the tribute of Athenian youths to feed to the Minotaur; in revenge for the death of his son Androgeus during a riot (see Theseus).", "To reconcile the contradictory aspects of his character, as well as to explain how Minos governed Crete over a period spanning so many generations, two kings of the name of Minos were assumed by later poets and rationalizing mythologists, such as Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch— \"putting aside the mythological element\", as he claims— in his life of Theseus. According to this view, the first King Minos was the son of Zeus and Europa and brother of Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon. This was the 'good' king Minos, and he was held in such esteem by the Olympian gods that, after he died, he was made one of the three 'Judges of the Dead', alongside his brother Rhadamanthys and half-brother Aeacus. The wife of this 'Minos I' was said to be Itone (daughter of Lyctius) or Crete (a nymph or daughter of his stepfather Asterion), and he had a single son named Lycastus, his successor as King of Crete. Lycastus had a son named Minos, after his grandfather, born by Lycastus' wife, Ida, daughter of Corybas. This 'Minos II'— the 'bad' king Minos— is the son of this Lycastus, and was a far more colorful character than his father and grandfather. It would be to this Minos that we owe the myths of Theseus, Pasiphaë, the Minotaur, Daedalus, Glaucus, and Nisus. Unlike Minos I, Minos II fathered numerous children, including Androgeus, Catreus, Deucalion, Ariadne, Phaedra, and Glaucus — all born to him by his wife Pasiphaë. Through Deucalion, he was the grandfather of King Idomeneus, who led the Cretans to the Trojan War.", "Doubtless there is a considerable historical element in the legend, perhaps in the Phoenician origin of Europa; it is possible that not only Athens, but Mycenae itself, were once culturally bound to the kings of Knossos, as Minoan objects appear at Mycenaean sites. Minos himself is said to have died at Camicus in Sicily, where he had gone in pursuit of Daedalus, who had given Ariadne the clue by which she guided Theseus through the labyrinth. He was killed by the daughter of Cocalus, king of Agrigentum, who poured boiling water over him while he was taking a bath. Subsequently his remains were sent back to the Cretans, who placed them in a sarcophagus, on which was inscribed: \"The tomb of Minos, the son of Zeus.\" The earlier legend knows Minos as a beneficent ruler, legislator, and suppressor of piracy. His constitution was said to have formed the basis of that of Lycurgus for Sparta. In accordance with this, after his death he became judge of the shades in the underworld. In later versions, Aeacus and Rhadamanthus were made judges as well, with Minos leading as the \"appeals court\" judge.", "By his wife, Pasiphaë (or some say Crete), he fathered Ariadne, Androgeus, Deucalion, Phaedra, Glaucus, Catreus, Acacallis and Xenodice. By a nymph, Pareia, he had four sons, Eurymedon, Nephalion, Chryses and Philolaus, who were killed by Heracles in revenge for the murder of the latter's two companions. By Dexithea, one of the Telchines, he had a son called Euxanthius. By Androgeneia of Phaestus he had Asterion, who commanded the Cretan contingent in the war between Dionysus and the Indians. Also given as his children are Euryale, possibly the mother of Orion with Poseidon, and Pholegander, eponym of the island Pholegandros. Minos, along with his brothers, Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon, were raised by King Asterion (or Asterius) of Crete. When Asterion died, his throne was claimed by Minos who banished Sarpedon and, according to some sources, Rhadamanthys too.", "Asterion, king of Crete, adopted the three sons of Zeus and Europa: Minos, Sarpedon and Rhadamanthus. According to the \"Odyssey\" he spoke with Zeus every nine years for nine years. He got his laws straight from Zeus himself. When Minos' son Androgeos had won the Panathenaic Games the king, Aegeus, sent him to Marathon to fight a bull, resulting in the death of Androgeos. Outraged, Minos went to Athens to avenge his son, and on the way he camped at Megara where Nisos lived. Learning that Nisos' strength came from his hair, Minos gained the love of Scylla and her aid in cutting off her father's hair so that he could conquer the city. After his triumph, he punished Scylla for her treachery against her father by tying her to a boat and dragging her until she drowned. On arriving in Attica, he asked Zeus to punish the city, and the god struck it with plague and hunger. An oracle told the Athenians to meet any of Minos' demands if they wanted to escape the punishment. Minos then asked Athens to send seven boys and seven girls to Crete every nine years to be sacrificed to the Minotaur, the offspring from the zoophilic encounter of Minos' wife Pasiphaë with a certain bull that the king refused to sacrifice to Poseidon, which he had placed within a labyrinth he commanded his architect Daedalus to build. The Minotaur was defeated by the hero Theseus with the help of Minos' daughter Ariadne.", "One day, Glaucus was playing with a ball or mouse and suddenly disappeared. The Curetes told the Cretans \"A marvelous creature has been born amongst you: whoever finds the true likeness for this creature will also find the child.\" Polyidus of Argos observed the similarity of a newborn calf in Minos' herd, colored white and red and black, to the ripening of the fruit of the bramble plant, and so Minos sent him to find Glaucus. Searching for the boy, Polyidus saw an owl driving bees away from a wine-cellar in Minos' palace. Inside the wine-cellar was a cask of honey, with Glaucus dead inside. Minos demanded Glaucus be brought back to life, though Polyidus objected. Minos shut Polyidus up in the wine-cellar with a sword. When a snake appeared nearby, Polyidus killed it with the sword. Another snake came for the first, and after seeing its mate dead, the second serpent left and brought back an herb which brought the first snake back to life. Following this example, Polyidus used the same herb to resurrect Glaucus. Minos refused to let Polyidus leave Crete until he taught Glaucus the art of divination. Polyidus did so, but then, at the last moment before leaving, he asked Glaucus to spit in his mouth. Glaucus did so, and forgot everything he had been taught.", "Minos justified his accession as king and prayed to Poseidon for a sign. Poseidon sent a giant white bull out of the sea. Minos was committed to sacrificing the bull to Poseidon, but then decided to substitute a different bull. In rage, Poseidon cursed Pasiphaë, Minos' wife, with a mad passion for the bull. Daedalus built her a wooden cow, which she hid inside. The bull mated with the wooden cow and Pasiphaë was impregnated by the bull, giving birth to a horrible monster, again named Asterius, the Minotaur, half man half bull. Daedalus then built a complicated \"chamber that with its tangled windings perplexed the outward way\" called the Labyrinth, and Minos put the Minotaur in it. To make sure no one would ever know the secret of who the Minotaur was and how to get out of the Labyrinth (Daedalus knew both of these things), Minos imprisoned Daedalus and his son, Icarus, along with the monster. Daedalus and Icarus flew away on wings Daedalus invented, but Icarus' wings melted because he flew too close to the sun. Icarus fell in the sea and drowned.", "Minos' son Androgeus won every game in a contest hosted by Aegeas of Athens. Alternatively, the other contestants were jealous of Androgeus and killed him. Minos was angry and declared war on Athens. He offered the Athenians peace if they sent Minos seven young men and seven virgin maidens to feed the Minotaur every year (which corresponded directly to the Minoans' meticulous records of lunar alignments - a full moon falls on the equinoxes once every eight years). This continued until Theseus killed the Minotaur with the help of Ariadne, Minos' lovestruck daughter.", "Minos was also part of the King Nisus story. Nisus was King of Megara, and he was invincible as long as a lock of crimson hair still existed, hidden in his white hair. Minos attacked Megara but Nisus knew he could not be beaten because he still had his lock of crimson hair. His daughter, Scylla, fell in love with Minos and proved it by cutting the crimson hair off her father's head. Nisus died and Megara fell to Crete. Minos spurned Scylla for disobeying her father. She was changed into a shearer bird, relentlessly pursued by her father, who was a falcon.", "Minos searched for Daedalus by traveling from city to city asking a riddle; he presented a spiral seashell and asked for it to be strung all the way through. When he reached Camicus, Sicily, King Cocalus, knowing Daedalus would be able to solve the riddle, fetched the old man. He tied the string to an ant, which walked through the seashell, stringing it all the way through. Minos then knew Daedalus was in the court of King Cocalus and demanded he be handed over. Cocalus managed to convince him to take a bath first; then Cocalus' daughters and Daedalus, with Minos trapped in the bath, scalded him to death with boiling water. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades together with Aeacus and Rhadamanthus. Rhadamanthus judged the souls of Asians, Aeacus judged Europeans, and Minos had the deciding vote.", "On Cretan coins, Minos is represented as bearded, wearing a diadem, curly-haired, haughty and dignified, like the traditional portraits of his reputed father, Zeus. On painted vases and sarcophagus bas-reliefs he frequently occurs with Aeacus and Rhadamanthus as judges of the underworld and in connection with the Minotaur and Theseus. In Michelangelo's famous fresco, \"The Last Judgment\" (located in the Sistine Chapel), Minos appears as judge of the underworld, surrounded by a crowd of devils. With his tail coiled around him and two donkey ears (symbol of stupidity), Minos judges the damned as they are brought down to hell (see \"Inferno\", Second Circle).", "In the \"Aeneid\" of Virgil, Minos was the judge of those who had been given the death penalty on a false charge - Minos sits with a gigantic urn, and decides whether a soul should go to Elysium or Tartarus with the help of a silent jury. Radamanthus, his brother, is a judge at Tartarus who decides upon suitable punishments for sinners there. In Dante Alighieri's \"Divine Comedy\" story \"Inferno\", Minos is depicted as having a snake-like tail. He sits at the entrance to the second circle in the \"Inferno\", which is the beginning of Hell proper. There, he judges the sins of each soul and assigns it to its rightful punishment by indicating the circle to which it must descend. He does this by circling his tail around his own body the appropriate number of times. He can also speak, to clarify the soul's location within the circle indicated by the wrapping of his tail." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 101436, 39456, 83, 142, 17408, 5570, 12, 44, 58230, 382, 206347, 12, 149852, 32007, 9433, 214, 46, 24129, 136, 23179, 76519, 46, 20744, 9082, 29367, 7880, 2037, 83658, 15, 74322, 39456, 16, 830, 111, 3129, 2685, 621, 17262, 11389, 7, 12, 101436, 39456, 83, 2831, 111, 10, 104713, 111, 22, 11, 79298, 17408, 5570, 7, 100, 65133, 60525, 126809, 390, 17408, 64, 126109, 821, 20499, 50412, 14495, 10289, 15, 58230, 64, 126109, 113053, 18, 101044, 289, 148855, 106, 4, 8273, 277, 4007, 67, 13, 4442, 46, 43101, 76811, 136, 9433, 214, 46876, 7, 16, 152, 101436, 39456, 83, 8060, 297, 390, 67842, 121392, 117729, 4, 23, 17311, 101436, 39456, 60887, 297, 1295, 90540, 25, 7, 9082, 29367, 7880, 2037, 83658, 15, 724, 39456, 247, 3129, 28166, 18217, 3814, 275, 4, 38157, 8455, 3334, 4, 136, 161597, 2091, 5056, 126809, 23, 70, 23936, 7, 5, 18217, 3814, 275, 4, 30391, 111, 70, 21640, 5570, 4, 43780, 297, 70, 52, 724, 39456, 63, 13579, 17368, 2363, 613, 11627, 61475, 7, 5, 18217, 3814, 275, 2843, 54397, 70, 44836, 13, 4488, 98, 101436, 39456, 6002, 86531, 23, 44, 3957, 101436, 39456, 10639, 14137, 740, 581, 6002, 86531, 111, 101436, 39456, 83, 20903, 42, 47, 70, 8244, 9688, 284, 9384, 5, 1301, 10, 12937, 1108, 11322, 46876, 4, 101436, 39456, 509, 7311, 538, 82775, 47, 22, 2886, 70, 53371, 111, 36279, 9, 39116, 2886, 21334, 9, 95322, 60525, 23, 27759, 4, 27165, 4, 136, 53099, 5, 52455, 6044, 60525, 8110, 47143, 12301, 2886, 100, 40368, 8, 23662, 7, 2451, 11, 4989, 1733, 23, 70, 4677, 55556, 44457, 5, 101436, 39456, 2843, 509, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 190659, 390, 70, 116338, 4, 136, 70, 37511, 65421, 4, 121392, 91067, 4, 136, 25297, 80299, 214, 95845, 7, 5, 581, 68451, 111, 70, 92537, 60641, 1556, 7228, 101436, 39456, 202319, 100, 38134, 21329, 712, 38415, 100, 19336, 9, 7, 57965, 4, 4537, 9, 4717, 78381, 4527, 5, 101436, 39456, 15, 11572, 1052, 1328, 1456, 95162, 16, 61924, 7, 6626, 8562, 7, 111, 35604, 2481, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 15226, 5281, 165504, 136, 155455, 7, 111, 17408, 382, 206347, 15, 161063, 70, 3835, 144888, 2077, 62, 19911, 214, 101436, 39456, 12937, 8110, 186, 40101, 10, 10644, 9, 7013, 71, 101436, 39456, 12937, 4, 10, 7909, 9, 7013, 71, 101436, 39456, 12937, 4, 707, 15044, 5, 18622, 12, 62, 38937, 1543, 32599, 47, 22, 50930, 78301, 158, 2816, 4288, 7, 98, 10, 12937, 4, 6044, 237, 36766, 10, 12937, 110527, 83, 28970, 538, 9, 45804, 71, 707, 4092, 111, 77630, 939, 91067, 7, 5, 62, 10644, 9, 7013, 71, 101436, 39456, 12937, 83, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 5570, 237, 893, 101436, 39456, 12937, 23, 3129, 4, 100, 12638, 12937, 110527, 4, 2685, 83, 142, 137272, 12937, 10644, 21635, 1363, 15, 41072, 397, 16, 47, 124901, 391, 100045, 450, 110527, 19911, 7, 5, 62, 7909, 9, 7013, 71, 101436, 39456, 12937, 83, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 5570, 237, 893, 101436, 39456, 12937, 4, 756, 111, 124901, 12937, 110527, 7, 621, 89554, 113005, 5, 8622, 3871, 959, 186, 10, 12937, 10644, 21635, 1363, 137272, 678, 2499, 111, 70, 110527, 7, 5, 18622, 12, 4263, 2685, 83, 10, 12937, 10644, 21635, 1363, 4, 70, 110527, 831, 186, 366, 5281, 678, 707, 15490, 91067, 47, 442, 5, 44, 66448, 9, 7013, 71, 2481, 58, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 101436, 39456, 15, 11572, 1052, 1328, 1456, 95162, 16, 47, 8060, 92537, 3129, 114864, 60525, 678, 110, 120959, 27143, 21907, 21635, 1363, 1284, 3129, 831, 186, 366, 5281, 15490, 10, 122092, 147, 4, 707, 60525, 3129, 765, 10, 120959, 27143, 21907, 21635, 1363, 450, 30482, 110, 92537, 98065, 126, 127752, 7, 47, 70, 12937, 5, 581, 5570, 11782, 7, 903, 44, 126351, 113005, 740, 44, 4153, 67, 5739, 12097, 4343, 71, 58, 44961, 7, 70, 92537, 64209, 674, 450, 80854, 3564, 23, 70, 5701, 77630, 939, 23, 3129, 1836, 26859, 5, 44, 4332, 69988, 13, 9, 32087, 58, 44961, 7, 70, 19097, 64209, 674, 450, 77630, 939, 91067, 7, 621, 100, 5361, 124850, 136, 54, 959, 70541, 1108, 11322, 5, 101436, 39456, 35604, 2481, 6868, 6635, 4, 41866, 6868, 6635, 450, 509, 7228, 8108, 10586, 707, 450, 83, 220, 15876, 111, 101436, 39456, 15, 11572, 1052, 1328, 1456, 95162, 247, 29256, 7, 44, 50986, 9, 7013, 71, 2481, 58, 4734, 5, 581, 101436, 39456, 242661, 98, 35604, 2481, 8060, 7, 70, 64209, 674, 100, 4537, 29367, 1108, 11322, 450, 44, 1727, 11322, 5608, 186, 75992, 10821, 1242, 15, 58230, 382, 206347, 62, 5, 17727, 893, 101436, 39456, 12937, 1543, 765, 17262, 63920, 12, 893, 101436, 39456, 12937, 1543, 186, 150350, 71, 1295, 5941, 77630, 2449, 15, 3827, 7612, 67, 126371, 111, 7986, 194, 360, 101436, 39456, 4, 70, 77630, 2449, 136, 12830, 52895, 11814, 23, 70, 12937, 1543, 186, 58735, 297, 678, 10, 391, 100045, 4, 70, 12921, 62816, 5423, 7, 4, 66139, 4, 8, 93343, 56, 5423, 7, 4, 136, 166117, 7, 621, 58735, 297, 23, 70, 101436, 39456, 98501, 1363, 47, 28282, 70, 44, 2271, 7612, 67, 6002, 86531, 58, 111, 70, 12937, 5, 106073, 4393, 101436, 39456, 114864, 165164, 1108, 11322, 136, 3060, 3789, 8562, 7, 111, 69141, 4, 70, 92537, 29458, 2320, 15, 7, 158406, 5, 17727, 117249, 12, 1326, 39864, 31667, 4677, 98, 10, 62822, 4, 5744, 101436, 39456, 6002, 86531, 4, 1957, 92537, 5, 581, 25632, 4912, 142156, 90, 98, 66139, 959, 23, 92537, 136, 83, 959, 10, 199083, 177074, 111, 101436, 39456, 6002, 86531, 5, 101436, 39456, 4537, 20650, 7, 136, 8060, 7, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 1108, 11322, 46876, 7, 237, 14037, 23, 70, 4122, 15643, 7, 5, 32255, 37457, 71, 1295, 77782, 39418, 9, 5062, 6002, 102, 31195, 47, 627, 30992, 9, 5062, 1620, 27853, 297, 46876, 7, 47, 19097, 9, 5062, 14858, 214, 9, 6936, 46876, 7, 5, 101436, 39456, 6777, 903, 390, 10, 35845, 538, 8781, 114977, 44, 239879, 122776, 6002, 86531, 58, 9620, 1183, 71, 678, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 35829, 289, 66139, 450, 5809, 186, 225081, 23, 70, 101436, 39456, 98501, 1363, 5, 11205, 11907, 101436, 39456, 366, 2189, 831, 204988, 9433, 11907, 101436, 39456, 12937, 5, 88949, 12638, 14543, 42, 25, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 20744, 9082, 29367, 7880, 2037, 83658, 15, 74322, 39456, 74, 17408, 382, 206347, 12, 149852, 16, 83, 10, 5570, 100, 13204, 449, 4537, 29367, 1108, 11322, 46876, 7, 100, 60525, 5, 17408, 382, 206347, 14245, 425, 62, 5, 418, 117249, 450, 4537, 29367, 1108, 11322, 83, 44, 77007, 98, 6626, 49489, 63614, 58, 12, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Standard versions.", "History.", "Document validity.", "Terminology.", "Syntax.", "Optional features.", "Concrete and abstract syntaxes.", "Markup minimization.", "OMITTAG.", "SHORTREF.", "SHORTTAG.", "NET.", "Other features.", "Formal characterization.", "Derivatives.", "XML.", "HTML.", "OED.", "Others.", "Applications.", "Open-source implementations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "SGML is an ISO standard: \"ISO 8879:1986 Information processing – Text and office systems – Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)\", of which there are three versions: SGML is part of a trio of enabling ISO standards for electronic documents developed by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages) : SGML is supported by various technical reports, in particular", "SGML descended from IBM's Generalized Markup Language (GML), which Charles Goldfarb, Edward Mosher, and Raymond Lorie developed in the 1960s. Goldfarb, editor of the international standard, coined the “GML” term using their surname initials. Goldfarb also wrote the definitive work on SGML syntax in \"The SGML Handbook\". The syntax of SGML is closer to the COCOA format. As a document markup language, SGML was originally designed to enable the sharing of machine-readable large-project documents in government, law, and industry. Many such documents must remain readable for several decades—a long time in the information technology field. SGML also was extensively applied by the military, and the aerospace, technical reference, and industrial publishing industries. The advent of the XML profile has made SGML suitable for widespread application for small-scale, general-purpose use.", "SGML (ENR+WWW) defines two kinds of validity. According to the revised Terms and Definitions of ISO 8879 (from the public draft): A conforming SGML document must be either a type-valid SGML document, a tag-valid SGML document, or both. Note: A user may wish to enforce additional constraints on a document, such as whether a document instance is integrally-stored or free of entity references. A type-valid SGML document is defined by the standard as An SGML document in which, for each document instance, there is an associated document type declaration (DTD) to whose DTD that instance conforms. A tag-valid SGML document is defined by the standard as An SGML document, all of whose document instances are fully tagged. There need not be a document type declaration associated with any of the instances. Note: If there is a document type declaration, the instance can be parsed with or without reference to it.", "\"Tag-validity\" was introduced in SGML (ENR+WWW) to support XML which allows documents with no DOCTYPE declaration but which can be parsed without a grammar, or documents which have a DOCTYPE declaration that makes no XML Infoset contributions to the document. The standard calls this \"fully tagged\". \"Integrally stored\" reflects the XML requirement that elements end in the same entity in which they started. \"Reference-free\" reflects the HTML requirement that entity references are for special characters and do not contain markup. SGML validity commentary, especially commentary that was made before 1997 or that is unaware of SGML (ENR+WWW), covers \"type-validity\" only. The SGML emphasis on validity supports the requirement for generalized markup that \"markup should be rigorous.\" (ISO 8879 A.1)", "An SGML document may have three parts: An SGML document may be composed from many entities (discrete pieces of text). In SGML, the entities and element types used in the document may be specified with a DTD, the different character sets, features, delimiter sets, and keywords are specified in the SGML Declaration to create the \"concrete syntax\" of the document. Although full SGML allows implicit markup and some other kinds of tags, the XML specification (s4.3.1) states: For introductory information on a basic, modern SGML syntax, see XML. The following material concentrates on features not in XML and is not a comprehensive summary of SGML syntax.", "SGML generalizes and supports a wide range of markup languages as found in the mid 1980s. These ranged from terse Wiki-like syntaxes to RTF-like bracketed languages to HTML-like matching-tag languages. SGML did this by a relatively simple default \"reference concrete syntax\" augmented with a large number of optional features that could be enabled in the SGML Declaration. Not every SGML parser can necessarily process every SGML document. Because each processor's \"System Declaration\" can be compared to the document's \"SGML Declaration\" it is always possible to know whether a document is supported by a particular processor. Many SGML features relate to markup minimization. Other features relate to concurrent (parallel) markup (CONCUR), to linking processing attributes (LINK), and to embedding SGML documents within SGML documents (SUBDOC). The notion of customizable features was not appropriate for Web use, so one goal of XML was to minimize optional features. However, XML's well-formedness rules cannot support Wiki-like languages, leaving them unstandardized and difficult to integrate with non-text information systems.", "The usual (default) SGML \"concrete syntax\" resembles this example, which is the default HTML concrete syntax: <QUOTE TYPE=\"example\"> </QUOTE> SGML provides an \"abstract syntax\" that can be implemented in many different types of \"concrete syntax\". Although the markup norm is using angle brackets as start- and end- tag delimiters in an SGML document (per the standard-defined \"reference concrete syntax\"), it is possible to use other characters—provided a suitable \"concrete syntax\" is defined in the document's SGML declaration. For example, an SGML interpreter might be programmed to parse GML, wherein the tags are delimited with a left colon and a right full stop, thus, an \":e\" prefix denotes an end tag: codice_1. According to the reference syntax, letter-case (upper- or lower-) is not distinguished in tag names, thus the three tags: (i) codice_2, (ii) codice_3, and (iii) codice_4 are equivalent. (\"NOTE:\" A concrete syntax might \"change\" this rule via the NAMECASE NAMING declarations).", "SGML has features for reducing the number of characters required to mark up a document, which must be enabled in the SGML Declaration. SGML processors need not support every available feature, thus allowing applications to tolerate many types of inadvertent markup omissions; however, SGML systems usually are intolerant of invalid structures. XML is intolerant of syntax omissions, and does not require a DTD for checking well-formedness.", "Both start tags and end tags may be omitted from a document instance, provided: For example, if OMITTAG YES is specified in the SGML Declaration (enabling the OMITTAG feature), and the DTD includes the following declarations: <!ELEMENT chapter - - (title, section+)> <!ELEMENT title o o (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT section - - (title, subsection+)> then this excerpt: <chapter>Introduction to SGML <section>The SGML Declaration <subsection> which omits two tags and two tags, would represent valid markup. Omitting tags is optional – the same excerpt could be tagged like this: <chapter><title>Introduction to SGML</title> <section><title>The SGML Declaration</title> <subsection> and would still represent valid markup. Note: The OMITTAG feature is unrelated to the tagging of elements whose declared content is codice_6 as defined in the DTD: <!ELEMENT image - o EMPTY> Elements defined like this have no end tag, and specifying one in the document instance would result in invalid markup. This is syntactically different than XML empty elements in this regard.", "Tags can be replaced with delimiter strings, for a terser markup, via the SHORTREF feature. This markup style is now associated with wiki markup, e.g. wherein two equals-signs (==), at the start of a line, are the “heading start-tag”, and two equals signs (==) after that are the “heading end-tag”.", "SGML markup languages whose concrete syntax enables the SHORTTAG VALUE feature, do not require attribute values containing only alphanumeric characters to be enclosed within quotation marks—either double codice_7 (LIT) or single codice_8 (LITA)—so that the previous markup example could be written: <QUOTE TYPE=example> </QUOTE> One feature of SGML markup languages is the \"presumptuous empty tagging\", such that the empty end tag codice_9 in codice_10 \"inherits\" its value from the nearest previous full start tag, which, in this example, is codice_11 (in other words, it closes the most recently opened item). The expression is thus equivalent to codice_12.", "Another feature is the \"NET\" (Null End Tag) construction: codice_13, which is structurally equivalent to codice_12.", "Additionally, the SHORTTAG NETENABL IMMEDNET feature allows shortening tags surrounding an empty text value, but forbids shortening full tags: <QUOTE></QUOTE> can be written as <QUOTE// <!-- not a typo! --> wherein the first slash ( / ) stands for the NET-enabling “start-tag close” (NESTC), and the second slash stands for the NET. NOTE: XML defines NESTC with a /, and NET with an > (angled bracket)—hence the corresponding construct in XML appears as <QUOTE/>. The third feature is 'text on the same line', allowing a markup item to be ended with a line-end; especially useful for headings and such, requiring using either SHORTREF or DATATAG minimization. For example, if the DTD includes the following declarations: <!ELEMENT lines (line*)> <!ELEMENT line O - (#PCDATA)> <!ENTITY line-tagc \"</line>\"> <!SHORTREF one-line \"&#RE;&#RS;\" line-tagc> <!USEMAP one-line line> (and \"&#RE;&#RS;\" is a short-reference delimiter in the concrete syntax), then: <lines> first line second line </lines> is equivalent to: <lines> <line>first line</line> <line>second line</line> </lines>", "SGML has many features that defied convenient description with the popular formal automata theory and the contemporary parser technology of the 1980s and the 1990s. The standard warns in Annex H: A report on an early implementation of a parser for basic SGML, the Amsterdam SGML Parser, notes and specifies various differences. There appears to be no definitive classification of full SGML against a known class of formal grammar. Plausible classes may include tree-adjoining grammars and adaptive grammars. XML is described as being generally parsable like a two-level grammar for non-validated XML and a Conway-style pipeline of coroutines (lexer, parser, validator) for valid XML. The SGML productions in the ISO standard are reported to be LL(3) or LL(4). XML-class subsets are reported to be expressible using a W-grammar. According to one paper, and probably considered at an \"information set\" or parse tree level rather than a character or delimiter level: The SGML standard does not define SGML with formal data structures, such as parse trees; however, an SGML document is constructed of a rooted directed acyclic graph (RDAG) of physical storage units known as “entities”, which is parsed into a RDAG of structural units known as “elements”. The physical graph is loosely characterized as an \"entity tree\", but entities might appear multiple times. Moreover, the structure graph is also loosely characterized as an \"element tree\", but the ID/IDREF markup allows arbitrary arcs. The results of parsing can also be understood as a data tree in different notations; where the document is the root node, and entities in other notations (text, graphics) are child nodes. SGML provides apparatus for linking to and annotating external non-SGML entities. The SGML standard describes it in terms of \"maps\" and \"recognition modes\" (s9.6.1). Each entity, and each element, can have an associated \"notation\" or \"declared content type\", which determines the kinds of references and tags which will be recognized in that entity and element. Also, each element can have an associated \"delimiter map\" (and \"short reference map\"), which determines which characters are treated as delimiters in context. The SGML standard characterizes parsing as a state machine switching between recognition modes. During parsing, there is a stack of maps that configure the scanner, while the tokenizer relates to the recognition modes. Parsing involves traversing the dynamically-retrieved entity graph, finding/implying tags and the element structure, and validating those tags against the grammar. An unusual aspect of SGML is that the grammar (DTD) is used both passively — to \"recognize\" lexical structures, and actively — to \"generate\" missing structures and tags that the DTD has declared optional. End- and start- tags can be omitted, because they can be inferred. Loosely, a series of tags can be omitted only if there is a single, possible path in the grammar to imply them. It was this active use of grammars that made concrete SGML parsing difficult to formally characterize. SGML uses the term \"validation\" for both recognition and generation. XML does not use the grammar (DTD) to change delimiter maps or to inform the parse modes, and does not allow tag omission; consequently, XML validation of elements is not active in the sense that SGML validation is active. SGML \"without\" a DTD (e.g. simple XML), is a grammar or a language; SGML \"with\" a DTD is a metalanguage. SGML with an SGML declaration is, perhaps, a meta-metalanguage, since it is a metalanguage whose declaration mechanism \"is\" a metalanguage. SGML has an abstract syntax implemented by many possible concrete syntaxes; however, this is not the same usage as in an abstract syntax tree and as in a concrete syntax tree. In the SGML usage, a concrete syntax is a set of specific delimiters, while the abstract syntax is the set of names for the delimiters. The XML Infoset corresponds more to the programming language notion of abstract syntax introduced by John McCarthy.", "", "The W3C XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a profile (subset) of SGML designed to ease the implementation of the parser compared to a full SGML parser, primarily for use on the World Wide Web. In addition to disabling many SGML options present in the reference syntax (such as omitting tags and nested subdocuments) XML adds a number of additional restrictions on the kinds of SGML syntax. For example, despite enabling SGML shortened tag forms, XML does not allow unclosed start or end tags. It also relied on many of the additions made by the WebSGML Annex. XML currently is more widely used than full SGML. XML has lightweight internationalization based on Unicode. Applications of XML include XHTML, XQuery, XSLT, XForms, XPointer, JSP, SVG, RSS, Atom, XML-RPC, RDF/XML, and SOAP.", "While HTML was developed partially independently and in parallel with SGML, its creator, Tim Berners-Lee, intended it to be an application of SGML. The design of HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) was therefore inspired by SGML tagging, but, since no clear expansion and parsing guidelines were established, most actual HTML documents are not valid SGML documents. Later, HTML was reformulated (version 2.0) to be more of an SGML application; however, the HTML markup language has many legacy- and exception-handling features that differ from SGML's requirements. HTML 4 is an SGML application that fully conforms to ISO 8879 – SGML. The charter for the 2006 revival of the World Wide Web Consortium HTML Working Group says, \"the Group will not assume that an SGML parser is used for 'classic HTML'\". Although HTML syntax closely resembles SGML syntax with the default \"reference concrete syntax\", HTML5 abandons any attempt to define HTML as an SGML application, explicitly defining its own parsing rules, which more closely match existing implementations and documents. It does, however, define an alternative XHTML serialization, which conforms to XML and therefore to SGML as well.", "The second edition of the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (OED) is entirely marked up with an SGML-based markup language using the LEXX. The third edition is marked up as XML.", "Other document markup languages are partly related to SGML and XML, but—because they cannot be parsed or validated or other-wise processed using standard SGML and XML tools—they are not considered either SGML or XML languages; the Z Format markup language for typesetting and documentation is an example. Several modern programming languages support tags as primitive token types, or now support Unicode and regular expression pattern-matching. An example is the Scala programming language.", "Document markup languages defined using SGML are called \"applications\" by the standard; many pre-XML SGML applications were proprietary property of the organizations which developed them, and thus unavailable in the World Wide Web. The following list is of pre-XML SGML applications.", "Significant open-source implementations of SGML have included: SP and Jade, the associated DSSSL processors, are maintained by the OpenJade project, and are common parts of Linux distributions. A general archive of SGML software and materials resides at SUNET. The original HTML parser class, in Sun System's implementation of Java, is a limited-features SGML parser, using SGML terminology and concepts." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 59849, 205382, 121447, 2363, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 3957, 3065, 1264, 99, 70, 126507, 111, 158231, 4, 58, 23, 8055, 28980, 5, 27985, 80723, 98, 44, 284, 6987, 3443, 7844, 111, 39008, 7, 58, 23, 70, 5701, 31150, 4, 99, 6, 121517, 137869, 23, 9020, 4, 678, 108558, 111413, 37700, 5, 581, 5117, 52336, 17164, 297, 3542, 44, 294, 126, 70, 27131, 7, 100, 70, 60861, 111, 70, 7550, 58, 136, 44, 294, 114382, 149559, 21672, 159, 114382, 830, 15044, 17164, 297, 98, 361, 1104, 1019, 8055, 28980, 5, 581, 28560, 7, 3542, 203251, 100, 54452, 237, 10, 11001, 98, 382, 6088, 4, 1284, 903, 509, 118624, 297, 390, 59849, 205382, 25, 7, 17164, 14380, 4, 6, 121517, 5, 581, 8753, 17164, 297, 44, 26455, 429, 22819, 1572, 58, 99, 262, 239, 86, 54642, 137869, 98, 483, 1104, 1662, 18374, 4, 136, 176377, 98, 953, 18374, 47, 17164, 44, 21718, 177, 8262, 116611, 830, 678, 37700, 100124, 10, 73146, 1363, 126140, 8753, 5, 133698, 6097, 104227, 4, 8753, 133, 38970, 45421, 3253, 20574, 645, 42629, 13482, 10, 122753, 9, 17086, 867, 2831, 98, 188, 44, 4332, 39, 27417, 10, 10013, 830, 142, 1810, 78219, 1295, 44, 3957, 3065, 1264, 99, 70, 126507, 111, 158231, 740, 581, 8753, 34739, 10, 36356, 47, 17164, 44, 75339, 7, 136, 74888, 7, 58, 98, 1381, 136, 1438, 18374, 5, 62, 10846, 13312, 14432, 4, 1836, 17164, 297, 70, 335, 9, 8752, 4, 44, 8335, 4288, 27271, 830, 8108, 137802, 100, 10, 7082, 9742, 5, 360, 7582, 4, 44, 75339, 7, 136, 74888, 7, 58, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 1284, 165523, 47, 116287, 5, 581, 8753, 155605, 23409, 4420, 47, 262, 239, 86, 54642, 136, 17164, 297, 44, 26455, 429, 22819, 1572, 740, 3253, 20574, 25, 7, 13893, 16227, 509, 150844, 1916, 74, 764, 509, 27983, 51, 134719, 5844, 136, 2806, 959, 11301, 1919, 13984, 4, 105207, 47, 70, 126136, 1363, 111, 40368, 23718, 7, 136, 2363, 5117, 7082, 9742, 5, 360, 14487, 28980, 4, 58359, 214, 10, 52028, 6275, 678, 3253, 20574, 4, 59849, 205382, 49814, 101275, 1419, 6765, 28378, 432, 474, 237, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 32786, 5, 129551, 47, 845, 13857, 4, 70, 21115, 203251, 450, 28378, 432, 474, 2806, 44, 63127, 100, 378, 25267, 20574, 25, 7, 268, 66110, 19, 81432, 2449, 740, 14847, 903, 77443, 51, 18244, 2886, 4, 44, 294, 11073, 509, 1660, 7730, 47, 33022, 5, 9563, 47, 9790, 47, 13695, 4049, 75412, 1242, 1326, 6626, 13312, 1295, 209, 18982, 28015, 4, 59849, 205382, 44188, 1353, 297, 99, 6, 121517, 137869, 4, 81887, 214, 47, 4488, 98, 114210, 28560, 7, 12, 27646, 7, 25, 108171, 7, 136, 149186, 1419, 22758, 170174, 25, 7, 7484, 3542, 645, 42629, 13482, 98, 188, 44, 294, 126, 70, 27131, 7, 100, 70, 60861, 111, 70, 7550, 830, 12960, 47617, 1991, 47801, 3010, 191, 49814, 108171, 7, 47, 44, 294, 114382, 149559, 21672, 159, 114382, 740, 28090, 427, 18982, 570, 70, 387, 927, 4, 59849, 205382, 51339, 297, 59335, 538, 237, 10, 43606, 9, 152667, 5, 28378, 432, 474, 112730, 136, 6079, 12960, 3253, 20574, 259, 7944, 297, 10932, 98, 36541, 4, 46505, 25958, 33284, 214, 23, 678, 70, 75169, 5, 360, 17721, 6097, 158020, 7, 4, 70, 21115, 456, 90431, 5281, 3525, 52336, 59121, 390, 27646, 7, 98, 423, 136, 611, 18982, 5, 133698, 70, 11737, 56002, 4, 98, 543, 18982, 4, 70, 8753, 3643, 4806, 98, 6, 239530, 28560, 7, 4, 33284, 297, 390, 37700, 74, 3253, 20574, 6777, 959, 29966, 5, 2161, 744, 136, 714, 18982, 4, 1836, 17164, 297, 10, 11531, 4, 73088, 71, 237, 44, 3957, 17006, 7422, 214, 5986, 87, 25, 272, 78650, 1529, 5861, 3253, 116, 58, 99, 3157, 31804, 17119, 5, 581, 8753, 17164, 297, 44, 124480, 8622, 873, 5455, 30948, 830, 44, 50886, 4680, 289, 313, 34466, 58, 15, 143321, 66139, 37105, 108171, 7, 390, 47801, 3010, 191, 16, 136, 44, 81779, 9, 5464, 434, 58, 756, 15490, 3253, 20574, 4, 21208, 31095, 60701, 18813, 63043, 297, 3253, 20574, 51339, 297, 70, 122753, 2639, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 44, 124480, 8622, 873, 5455, 30948, 740, 2161, 1381, 18982, 28015, 4, 3229, 70, 8753, 509, 132442, 47, 10, 7639, 99, 234995, 12535, 4, 1836, 68872, 959, 47, 39580, 1257, 3253, 20574, 5, 3253, 20574, 509, 77681, 628, 14437, 23, 72399, 18982, 28015, 4, 137802, 70, 8753, 47, 67229, 70, 7156, 15490, 4049, 5, 44, 294, 126, 70, 27131, 7, 100, 70, 60861, 111, 70, 7550, 58, 83, 70, 4734, 11531, 98, 3129, 756, 43606, 8753, 43032, 118775, 5, 581, 8753, 151994, 71, 47, 1380, 1257, 678, 3525, 4912, 4, 1284, 23, 22482, 28015, 17164, 297, 170174, 25, 7, 44, 23389, 154559, 873, 1061, 73398, 58, 136, 27646, 7, 25, 44, 105214, 399, 41945, 740, 360, 39395, 22482, 4, 442, 509, 171530, 27646, 7, 26, 28560, 44, 50886, 4680, 289, 313, 34466, 58, 2806, 186, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 11737, 11001, 74, 49903, 4, 4743, 47, 81147, 1295, 70, 67967, 4, 70, 11531, 509, 67896, 79466, 100, 70, 7156, 4, 136, 44, 23389, 154559, 873, 1061, 73398, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 7071, 4, 678, 44, 105214, 399, 41945, 58, 98, 70, 335, 9, 8752, 5, 194397, 6056, 7071, 4, 70, 8753, 34739, 31837, 111, 2363, 4488, 5, 27646, 7, 46389, 297, 44, 26455, 429, 22819, 1572, 58, 136, 44, 294, 114382, 149559, 21672, 159, 114382, 58, 1295, 70, 7156, 4, 1284, 1836, 10267, 122009, 44, 21718, 177, 8262, 116611, 58, 136, 44, 294, 126, 70, 27131, 7, 100, 70, 60861, 111, 70, 7550, 830, 98, 3129, 3253, 20574, 112730, 5, 177417, 20174, 4912, 47, 26292, 142, 7156, 4, 70, 8753, 26859, 118620, 25842, 19612, 450, 100512, 70, 44759, 28560, 5, 3010, 191, 136, 27646, 7, 203251, 442, 1810, 237, 2174, 442, 3542, 142, 107653, 82451, 4331, 4, 26719, 37185, 136, 3428, 58968, 7, 5, 37700, 6777, 959, 35707, 272, 4, 128219, 2856, 1836, 1902, 47, 47593, 47, 17262, 9, 67403, 13, 52336, 5, 2161, 714, 18237, 4, 70, 8753, 17164, 297, 15700, 56002, 100, 70, 4831, 7639, 44, 77888, 58736, 830, 26719, 6626, 28560, 7, 1295, 70, 7156, 12, 70, 56002, 60213, 71, 6626, 28560, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 6987, 3443, 7844, 111, 39008, 7, 83, 70, 17932, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 14941, 13950, 8753, 59849, 205382, 4, 121447, 98, 1702, 18237, 28015, 390, 6, 121517, 121328, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 136, 98, 1438, 20414, 28015, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 390, 68718, 89916, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 4734, 59849, 205382, 7156, 47, 186, 22299, 297, 237, 10, 43606, 9, 152667, 12, 45421, 3253, 20574, 15, 17086, 867, 247, 6765, 28378, 432, 474, 15, 17086, 867, 247, 47801, 3010, 191, 15, 131453, 7, 247, 48861, 27646, 7, 15, 5918, 7, 16, 136, 22758, 170174, 15, 19770, 24351, 7, 194, 3253, 20574, 25, 7, 224833, 1902, 24209, 51, 19714, 1771, 22819, 20271, 70, 182304, 111, 70, 7156, 4, 221, 28378, 432, 474, 509, 172310, 297, 47, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Recording.", "Songs.", "Unreleased songs.", "Album cover.", "Release and reception.", "Personnel.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Pink Floyd released their debut album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn,\" in August 1967. Work began on \"A Saucerful of Secrets\" in the same month, at EMI Studios in London, with producer Norman Smith. The first songs recorded were \"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun\" and \"Scream Thy Last Scream\", both recorded on 7–8 August 1967. The tracks were planned for release as a single on 8 September, but this was vetoed by Pink Floyd's record company, EMI. The band recorded \"Vegetable Man\" at De Lane Lea Studios on 9–11 October, and returned on 19 October to record \"Jugband Blues\", with Smith booking a Salvation Army band. During these sessions, bandleader Syd Barrett overdubbed a slide-guitar part onto \"Remember a Day\", an outtake from \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". The band took a break to record \"Apples and Oranges\" on 26 and 27 October. A few days later, they recorded the B-side, \"Paint Box\", before leaving for a US tour. In November, \"Apples and Oranges\" was released as a single but failed to chart. The band eventually went back to De Lane Lea and recorded \"Vegetable Man\". Barrett's mental health was deteriorating; he was often unresponsive and would not play his instrument, leading to the cancellation of several performances and their first US tour. In December 1967, reaching a crisis point with Barrett, Pink Floyd added guitarist David Gilmour as the fifth member. According to Jenner, the group planned that Gilmour would \"cover for [Barrett's] eccentricities\". When this proved unworkable, \"Syd was just going to write. Just to try to keep him involved.\" For two days from 10 January 1968, Pink Floyd reconvened at EMI Studios, attempting to work on older tracks: Waters' vocals and keyboardist Richard Wright's organ were overdubbed onto \"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun\", while drummer Nick Mason added vocals to \"Scream Thy Last Scream\". From 12 January till the 20th, Pink Floyd performed briefly as a five-piece. Gilmour played and sang while Barrett wandered around on stage, occasionally joining in with the playing. In between these gigs, the group rehearsed new songs written by Waters on 15 and 16 January. During the next session, on 18 January, the band jammed on rhythm tracks, joined by Smith; Barrett did not attend. On 24 and 25 January, they recorded a song, logged as \"The Most Boring Song I've Ever Heard Bar 2\" at Abbey Road. The band recorded \"Let There Be More Light\", \"Corporal Clegg\" (which features lead vocals by Nick Mason) and \"See-Saw\" all without Barrett, though manager Andrew King claimed Barrett performed the slide solo at the end of \"Let There Be More Light\". On 26 January 1968, when the band was driving to a show at Southampton University, they decided not to pick up Barrett. Barrett was finally ousted in late January 1968, leaving the band to finish the album without him. \"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun\" is the only song on which all five band members appeared. The band struggled to come up with new material, but in February 1968 recorded Wright's \"It Would Be So Nice\" and Waters' \"Julia Dream\". In early February, it was announced Waters’ track \"Corporal Clegg\" would be the band's next single; however, due to pressure from the label, the song was earmarked for the album, and \"It Would Be So Nice\" was released in April, with \"Julia Dream\" on the B-side. Throughout April, the band took stock of their work. Waters blocked \"Vegetable Man\" and \"Scream Thy Last Scream\" from the album, but they retained \"Jugband Blues\" and \"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun\", on which Barrett played. Without enough material to fill an album, the band started putting together music that became the title track. Mason and Waters planned it out as if it were an architectural design, including peaks and troughs. Smith did not approve, telling them they had to stick to three-minute songs. On 25 June, the band recorded another session for the BBC show \"Top Gear\", including two tracks from the album: the session featured two tracks from Saucerful: \"Let There Be More Light\" and an abridged version of the title track, \"The Massed Gadgets of Hercules\".", "Like \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" before it, the album contains space rock and psychedelic rock songs. However, unlike \"Piper\", which was dominated by Barrett's compositions, \"A Saucerful of Secrets\" contains only one Barrett original: \"Jugband Blues\". AllMusic described that with \"A Saucerful of Secrets\", \"the band begin to map out the dark and repetitive pulses that would characterize their next few records.\" Wright sings or shares lead vocals on four of the album's seven songs, and contributes vocals on the eleven-and-a-half-minute instrumental opus \"A Saucerful of Secrets\", making this the only Pink Floyd album where his vocal contributions outnumber those of the rest of the band. With Barrett seemingly detached from proceedings, it came down to Waters and Wright to provide adequate material. The opening, \"Let There Be More Light\", written by Waters, continues the space rock approach established by Barrett. \"Let There Be More Light\" evolved from a bass riff that was part of \"Interstellar Overdrive\". Both \"Remember a Day\" and \"See-Saw\" use the childlike approach that was established on their debut. Wright remained critical of his early contributions to the band. \"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun\" was first performed with Barrett in 1967. The success of the track was such that it remained in their live setlist until 1973 where it appeared in a greatly extended form. Waters later performed the track during solo concerts from 1984 and later. Waters borrowed the lyrics from a book of Chinese poetry from the Tang Dynasty, like Barrett had used in \"Chapter 24\". \"Corporal Clegg\" is the first Pink Floyd song to address issues of war, a theme which would endure throughout the career of Waters as a songwriter for the band, culminating on the 1983 album \"The Final Cut\". The title track was originally written as a new version of \"Nick's Boogie\". The track is titled as four parts on \"Ummagumma\". A staple in the band's live set until summer 1972, a live version of the song was recorded on 27 April 1969 at the Mothers Club in Birmingham for inclusion on \"Ummagumma\". \"Jugband Blues\" is often thought to refer to Barrett's departure from the group (\"\"It's awfully considerate of you to think of me here / And I'm most obliged to you for making it clear that I'm not here\"\"). A promotional video was recorded for the track. The band's management wanted to release the song as a single, but it was vetoed by the band and Smith.", "As well as \"Jugband Blues\", the album was to include \"Vegetable Man\", another Barrett composition. The song was to appear on a single as the B-side to \"Scream Thy Last Scream\". The band performed \"Jugband Blues\", \"Vegetable Man\" and \"Scream Thy Last Scream\" for a \"Top Gear\" session, recorded on 20 December, and broadcast on 31st. Two additional Barrett songs, \"In the Beechwoods\", and \"No Title\" (frequently referred to on bootlegs as \"Sunshine\"), were recorded early in the album sessions. At least one other song, \"John Latham\", was recorded during these sessions, and has been released.", "The album cover, designed by Storm Thorgerson of Hipgnosis, contains a hidden image based on a panel from a 1967 \"Dr. Strange\" comic book story. The image used came from Marvel's Strange Tales #158 which was illustrated by Marie Severin. This is the first of several Pink Floyd album covers that were designed by Hipgnosis, and was only the second time that an EMI group (The Beatles were the first) was permitted to hire outside designers for an album jacket.", "The album was released in the UK on Monday, 1 July 1968 on EMI's Columbia label, reaching number 9 in the UK charts. It was released in the US by the Tower Records division of Capitol, where it was the only Pink Floyd album not to chart until 2019, when it peaked at 158. However, when reissued as \"A Nice Pair\" with the original version of \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\" after the success of \"The Dark Side of the Moon\", the album did chart at number 36 on the \"Billboard\" 200. \"Let There Be More Light\" was released as a single, backed with \"Remember a Day\", in the US on 19 August 1969. On 27 April 2019, the album finally charted on the Billboard 200 as a standalone peaking at No. 158 when the mono mix was re-released for Record Store Day. The stereo mix of the album was first released on compact disc (CD) in 1988, and in 1992 was digitally remastered and reissued as part of the \"Shine On\" box set. The remastered stereo CD was released on its own in 1994 in the UK and the US. The mono version of the album has never been officially released on CD. The stereo mix was remastered and re-issued in 2011 by Capitol/EMI as part of the \"Why Pink Floyd: Discovery\" series, and again in 2016 by Sony Music under the Pink Floyd Records label. The mono mix was reissued on vinyl for Record Store Day in April, 2019 by Sony Music and Warner Music Group under the Pink Floyd Records label. Upon its release, \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's review was unfavourable, writing that it is \"not as interesting as their first\" and \"rather mediocre\", highlighting the near-departure of Syd Barrett as one of its detractions. In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger draws attention to the album's \"gentle, fairy-tale ambience\", with songs that move from \"concise and vivid\" to \"spacy, ethereal material with lengthy instrumental passages\". In a review for BBC Music, Daryl Easlea said \"Saucerful\" was \"not without filler\", adding that \"Jugband Blues\" was \"the most chilling\" song on the album. While promoting 2014's \"The Endless River\", Mason named \"A Saucerful of Secrets\" his favourite Pink Floyd album. \"I think there are ideas contained there that we have continued to use all the way through our career\", he says. \"I think [it] was a quite good way of marking Syd [Barrett]'s departure and Dave [Gilmour]'s arrival. It's rather nice to have it on one record, where you get both things. It's a cross-fade rather than a cut\".", "Pink Floyd Additional personnel", "Footnotes Citations" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 59849, 205382, 17164, 297, 40368, 126371, 111, 1346, 19612, 8108, 903, 7156, 5, 360, 14487, 28980, 4, 1836, 60213, 71, 98, 70, 4831, 25, 7, 44, 7763, 4514, 15555, 25, 7, 6661, 830, 75169, 33233, 47, 10, 22729, 7639, 4, 136, 70, 25632, 6602, 17164, 297, 3060, 150222, 19612, 100, 70, 1346, 44, 3957, 148855, 740, 581, 1346, 44, 122880, 58, 60213, 71, 10, 27150, 5962, 206, 979, 1728, 23, 182262, 2750, 1902, 42593, 10591, 13482, 47, 152853, 128431, 678, 19085, 28302, 7, 136, 48683, 35971, 5, 31068, 3253, 4626, 8643, 516, 27802, 509, 10, 1207, 111, 70, 21115, 4, 136, 91048, 10, 166904, 59226, 111, 70, 1346, 47, 9020, 100, 2856, 47, 4488, 678, 5, 175399, 111, 222201, 76615, 19612, 4, 8643, 516, 27802, 36663, 70, 52336, 47, 60213, 23, 70, 1346, 4, 6044, 237, 10, 17164, 75169, 99, 10, 19085, 5, 581, 21115, 2843, 149575, 3674, 1836, 5809, 32845, 206, 1810, 3934, 10, 80997, 237, 1346, 150350, 4295, 2174, 2363, 182304, 136, 9742, 214, 80997, 6777, 959, 4488, 1810, 5, 131837, 1991, 47801, 3010, 191, 14432, 2804, 70, 1346, 509, 44, 122131, 538, 14947, 71, 47, 3060, 111, 70, 7853, 79298, 7, 4, 6, 30590, 24251, 136, 45730, 168286, 7, 642, 181653, 98, 10, 20324, 18231, 740, 581, 7156, 509, 17164, 297, 99, 27512, 13, 137869, 23, 9020, 4, 23, 72399, 18982, 136, 39395, 22482, 31060, 678, 185118, 66311, 19210, 11727, 10484, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 70, 5117, 47, 186, 181653, 390, 59849, 205382, 15490, 127557, 1295, 111413, 37700, 4, 2750, 10267, 122009, 142, 130922, 103687, 56, 22299, 4, 136, 70, 5117, 4393, 7156, 15490, 45421, 3253, 20574, 4, 2750, 25737, 70, 21115, 23, 28015, 20271, 70, 182304, 111, 2363, 17932, 7156, 44, 284, 6987, 3443, 7844, 111, 39008, 7, 740, 59849, 205382, 79786, 1810, 2684, 111, 70, 19612, 23, 6626, 40859, 4, 678, 4912, 3884, 25842, 69405, 136, 36137, 9, 128659, 52021, 5, 10660, 6777, 959, 4527, 10, 169124, 449, 12275, 4743, 47, 20334, 158, 2816, 4288, 7, 4, 136, 42856, 1733, 71, 40, 26513, 5170, 23, 70, 1346, 23, 10, 7279, 35414, 221, 1836, 55950, 3642, 4989, 70, 19612, 1902, 47, 186, 5, 335, 121415, 48861, 27646, 7, 54397, 2684, 111, 70, 68944, 20271, 36356, 7, 17721, 182304, 4420, 214, 28560, 7, 5, 8643, 516, 27802, 509, 204971, 390, 3642, 69405, 70, 21115, 75935, 136, 17164, 297, 70, 4912, 5, 3010, 191, 136, 149186, 1419, 22758, 170174, 552, 9, 5429, 22904, 70, 150222, 44, 53234, 581, 16362, 53, 1297, 830, 70, 4734, 1733, 70, 80836, 3542, 22299, 297, 237, 31247, 552, 9, 277, 100587, 7, 5, 3253, 20574, 25, 7, 91995, 674, 6765, 28378, 432, 474, 34831, 71, 756, 37105, 108171, 7, 98, 70, 7156, 5, 44, 122880, 58, 66139, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 20623, 7, 5, 23721, 6044, 237, 44, 152061, 83, 70, 196431, 58, 3542, 10, 12600, 28692, 7262, 69277, 6468, 4, 10, 30773, 959, 27983, 88898, 71, 390, 70, 21115, 5, 3010, 191, 25, 7, 58386, 17859, 53, 112730, 5551, 299, 148, 49063, 133, 98, 70, 21, 3055, 28560, 5, 581, 7156, 2843, 70541, 7, 7941, 13950, 4, 6044, 237, 44, 3957, 1520, 133, 5986, 58, 136, 44, 568, 24100, 11, 3253, 830, 237, 5299, 237, 40368, 150222, 28560, 7, 6044, 237, 44, 96010, 22824, 379, 814, 58, 136, 44, 168793, 104384, 830, 241599, 2363, 195935, 136, 9600, 9, 137267, 51515, 5, 44, 441, 53, 141369, 86, 58, 35778, 52021, 70, 19612, 53099, 4, 678, 124519, 6044, 237, 44, 154176, 31095, 136, 23882, 621, 15044, 86352, 98, 70, 24089, 740, 581, 11389, 98, 70, 7156, 83, 12921, 47, 450, 23, 70, 1346, 74, 23, 70, 21, 3055, 7225, 4, 27646, 7, 5367, 7, 70, 37105, 108171, 64457, 111, 28378, 432, 474, 5, 44, 152061, 83, 70, 196431, 58, 509, 112730, 6867, 195409, 7103, 54452, 4, 237, 10, 128, 4293, 678, 44, 21851, 13, 7844, 17106, 9925, 62, 4878, 4, 79834, 13, 830, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 6867, 14947, 35839, 44, 3957, 212595, 740, 1650, 509, 10, 20324, 60213, 23, 70, 5423, 100, 6626, 5369, 7103, 19364, 7, 5, 44, 96010, 22824, 379, 814, 58, 509, 112730, 1379, 70, 44759, 44, 294, 63448, 10366, 58, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 31060, 6867, 7639, 35839, 44, 3957, 1572, 830, 12960, 44, 441, 53, 141369, 86, 58, 509, 233234, 44, 839, 22553, 45296, 740, 581, 21, 3055, 47143, 297, 2831, 111, 70, 21115, 25, 7, 28926, 59843, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 32158, 5, 360, 6867, 23718, 7, 4, 70, 21115, 25737, 70, 36541, 2831, 7514, 8305, 70, 11531, 12960, 70, 95771, 44632, 297, 47, 10, 62690, 111, 68587, 75189, 1771, 45730, 93425, 26719, 57616, 95528, 7, 26983, 2069, 68807, 70, 130731, 4, 136, 1911, 7, 73432, 5, 44, 168793, 104384, 58, 509, 59335, 538, 112730, 6867, 23, 19340, 5, 32964, 52336, 831, 186, 49782, 23, 70, 1346, 3129, 3542, 959, 99201, 98, 70, 7156, 12, 136, 44, 841, 110619, 58, 136, 44, 4233, 11, 91157, 7, 740, 581, 21, 3055, 509, 91376, 23, 28506, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 59849, 205382, 5986, 14137, 740, 149766, 52336, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 6626, 3789, 52336, 1295, 8382, 104227, 4, 58, 104384, 15, 6766, 257, 40647, 16, 58, 136, 44, 122880, 116611, 15, 6210, 31586, 4935, 40647, 16, 830, 3542, 121447, 98, 70, 780, 16530, 5423, 4, 44, 3957, 241, 147, 538, 42552, 7, 31017, 1104, 123599, 740, 581, 5423, 23, 3129, 6097, 28560, 7, 108975, 4, 44, 156912, 12, 46406, 1814, 64, 2320, 58, 509, 7228, 19882, 237, 10, 103723, 51684, 54452, 23, 5276, 44, 4233, 11, 91157, 7, 58, 509, 142, 30700, 5646, 111, 44, 96010, 22824, 379, 814, 740, 581, 7156, 29256, 509, 4, 1884, 44, 284, 6987, 3443, 7844, 111, 39008, 7, 830, 82775, 390, 45644, 11137, 6023, 5, 1650, 4527, 7, 10, 51876, 1295, 70, 1346, 111, 6626, 124850, 75169, 10932, 10, 32382, 39, 5713, 23, 182262, 4, 9433, 297, 23, 10, 43334, 17155, 47, 3249, 442, 6713, 1884, 10, 46108, 4196, 9120, 24745, 5, 44, 122880, 58, 157578, 14012, 483, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 4, 54799, 456, 9, 233707, 23, 29733, 4, 14012, 76427, 23, 70, 7082, 5, 3293, 509, 70, 4568, 111, 17262, 59849, 205382, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5455, 83, 70, 50960, 12275, 7156, 136, 5117, 217148, 7156, 390, 14941, 13950, 8753, 59849, 205382, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 98, 702, 18237, 31060, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 390, 6, 121517, 121328, 136, 98, 483, 8055, 31060, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 390, 68718, 89916, 5, 581, 217148, 83, 100, 70, 1346, 111, 70, 5701, 9351, 4, 3129, 509, 102917, 538, 1346, 297, 98, 31913, 98, 182262, 136, 509, 70, 14364, 15403, 34377, 111, 3253, 4626, 8643, 516, 27802, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 7156, 15490, 36770, 57724, 45421, 3253, 20574, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Recording and songs.", "Cover.", "Release and reception.", "Legacy.", "Personnel.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Pink Floyd recorded several pieces of film music before this album. In December 1967, they featured on the BBC's \"Tomorrow's World\", playing along to a light show, and the following year recorded some instrumental music for the film \"The Committee\". The film \"More\" featured a young hitchhiker in Ibiza who had succumbed to heroin abuse with party scenes and drug taking. Director Barbet Schroeder was a fan of the group, and brought a rough cut of the film to London for them to work with. Instead of typical background music, Schroeder wanted the songs to feature in the film, such as a record playing at a party. The group also speculated they could branch out into a career as film composers if their recording and touring career did not work out. Drummer Nick Mason later said the film was \"ideally suited to some of the rumblings, squeaks and sound textures we produced on a regular basis\".", "The album was recorded at Pye Studios in London, in late January and early February 1969 with engineer Brian Humphries. The album was the first to be produced by Pink Floyd without assistance from Norman Smith, who retained an Executive Producer credit, and the first full album without Syd Barrett, who left the group in 1968 during the recording of their second album \"A Saucerful of Secrets\". Pink Floyd worked out most of the music in two weeks, with material put together quickly and semi-improvised. They did not use a dubbing studio due to budget constraints, and simply timed sequences in the film in a stopwatch so they knew how long the music had to be. Bassist Roger Waters wrote most of the lyrics during breaks between recording backing tracks. Schroeder was impressed by how quickly the group created and recorded the material. Mason and keyboardist Richard Wright co-wrote the instrumental \"Up The Khyber\", the only time the pair were credited as sole co-composers. Barrett's replacement David Gilmour handled all lead vocals on the album. \"More\" features a mixture of styles. Songs such as \"Green is the Colour\" were acoustic folk ballads, a genre not often explored by the group. Mason's wife Lindy played penny whistle on the latter track. The album also contains hard rock, such as \"The Nile Song\" and \"Ibiza Bar\", as well as several instrumental tracks such as \"Quicksilver\" and \"Main Theme\", featuring their experimental and avant-garde approach. \"Cymbaline\" criticised the music industry, with lines such as \"your manager and agent are both busy on the phone\". The version on the album is different to that in the film; in the latter case, Waters sings the lead vocal instead of Gilmour. \"Green is the Colour\" was played live frequently after release, as a medley with \"Careful With That Axe, Eugene\", as part of a live suite called \"The Journey\". It was a regular feature in the set for two years afterwards. \"Quicksilver\" was played under the title \"Sleeping\" as part of the 1969 live show called \"The Man\", while \"Cymbaline\" was entitled \"Nightmare\". The latter remained part of the group's repertoire until the end of 1971. In live performances, the group left the stage partway through the song while the audience listened to a tape of quadraphonic sound effects including footsteps travelling round the venue, and doors opening. \"Main Theme\" was briefly played live in 1970. Two songs can be heard in the film which were not included on the album: and \"Hollywood\" and \"Seabirds\". The latter was published in 1976's \"The Pink Floyd Songbook\". Both songs, as well as two other songs from those sessions,\" Theme (Beat Version)\" and \"More Blues (Alternative Version)\", were released on the 2016 box set, \"The Early Years 1965–1972\". The set in which these tracks appear, \"1969: Dramatis/ation\" was made available as a standalone release in 2017. \"Seabirds\" was an alternative take of \"Quicksilver\".", "The album cover was, like \"A Saucerful of Secrets\", designed by Hipgnosis. It uses a shot from the film of two characters playing around a windmill in Ibiza, processed in a dark room to make it look like a psychedelic trip.", "\"More\" reached number 9 in the UK and, upon re-release in 1973, number 153 in the US. This was the last of three Pink Floyd albums to be released in the United States by the Tower Records division of Capitol Records. \"The Nile Song\" was released as a single in France, Japan and New Zealand around the same time. The track, along with \"Cirrus Minor\" appeared on the 1971 compilation \"Relics\". A 1973 US reissue was released on Harvest Records. It was certified gold in the US on 11 March 1994. The album was reissued on CD in 1985, with a digitally remastered version following in 1995. In 2016, it was reissued on Pink Floyd Records. \"More\" received mixed reviews from critics. \"Record Song Book\" said the album was \"always extremely interesting... quite weird in parts too\". \"The Daily Telegraph\" was favourable, describing it as starting to \"define experimental instrumental identity.\" \"MusicHound\" and \"Rolling Stone\" were less positive with the former giving the album a rating of one out of five and the latter calling it a \"dull film soundtrack\".", "Richie Unterberger of AllMusic gives a mixed overview, saying key tracks such as \"Green Is The Colour\" and \"Cymbaline\" developed into stronger pieces when played live.", "Taken from AllMusic and Martin Popoff:", "Citations Sources" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 31031, 786, 13, 26859, 1919, 80997, 99, 70, 188676, 185236, 111, 117400, 4, 167575, 1916, 23, 1919, 164306, 237, 31068, 5, 1529, 509, 959, 78458, 75412, 678, 70, 208124, 111, 70, 28811, 66069, 27992, 7, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 22, 320, 429, 674, 23, 29733, 3229, 146864, 4, 70, 14098, 117604, 136, 122963, 100512, 43032, 111, 70, 28811, 79048, 66069, 136, 509, 75412, 23, 70, 188304, 1257, 111, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 40266, 1830, 5, 1529, 100512, 3145, 72468, 606, 1940, 464, 47, 70, 80513, 107, 40530, 2264, 15, 647, 11, 48850, 19694, 52341, 111, 5787, 106398, 16, 23, 161876, 23, 25695, 5, 786, 13, 509, 2843, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 188676, 33743, 1363, 47, 70, 1391, 6261, 114732, 98, 14375, 21640, 27165, 5, 1529, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 10, 59337, 429, 111, 70, 28811, 52341, 111, 117400, 1295, 361, 18374, 24849, 47, 305, 18374, 18592, 4, 23, 206846, 47, 70, 119883, 21286, 15072, 297, 9920, 204017, 5, 1529, 509, 3163, 89829, 34202, 111, 70, 52341, 111, 117400, 1295, 361, 18374, 18592, 47, 305, 18374, 103709, 786, 13, 25, 7, 209274, 111, 70, 52341, 60754, 297, 678, 18410, 65572, 23, 450, 105251, 25, 7, 6897, 5, 23972, 4, 70, 17203, 17514, 111, 200955, 23, 26771, 4, 84740, 136, 15604, 23, 21735, 22, 320, 17704, 70, 209274, 111, 70, 52341, 5, 77648, 4, 70, 180770, 223, 34475, 47, 70, 66069, 8305, 70, 43609, 28811, 25515, 136, 70, 262, 1484, 7, 23732, 2408, 23, 4537, 24124, 10, 18410, 75678, 23, 70, 4488, 9, 63033, 111, 70, 52341, 5, 3293, 12441, 47, 70, 137633, 674, 23, 13501, 111, 70, 28811, 52341, 111, 23972, 360, 116071, 20271, 70, 786, 13, 23732, 2408, 1300, 4806, 99, 12302, 2852, 2831, 111, 70, 4488, 63033, 111, 70, 28811, 52341, 111, 117400, 5, 360, 70, 14922, 24849, 47, 13211, 4, 70, 52341, 2843, 100512, 10, 2060, 1286, 172554, 71, 38016, 4, 124901, 2773, 14537, 7, 3542, 128839, 538, 75530, 93, 5281, 5, 3293, 167575, 3674, 23, 70, 99, 179236, 47, 70, 52341, 70, 14537, 47, 6, 178451, 147794, 53, 28054, 2449, 98, 74057, 46684, 100, 2363, 137578, 47, 36, 31804, 66069, 27165, 4, 65508, 71, 390, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 201290, 5, 786, 13, 509, 2843, 102778, 100, 70, 58696, 111938, 111, 70, 52341, 33976, 7, 23, 211546, 4, 47, 18276, 70, 3525, 52341, 111, 23972, 360, 116071, 4, 136, 47, 8337, 28123, 216417, 47, 70, 38016, 25, 7, 21334, 23082, 5, 1301, 34202, 111, 10, 29685, 3129, 41207, 538, 43374, 71, 390, 144732, 136, 26038, 4734, 22, 48449, 240713, 7, 4, 786, 13, 1902, 47, 63284, 70, 10, 10500, 6889, 111, 116983, 7, 47, 240713, 7, 3129, 1836, 165197, 1543, 765, 233, 144429, 1284, 3542, 56065, 47, 24092, 5, 1529, 2843, 1902, 47, 9807, 118, 2182, 16217, 126351, 17721, 70, 4552, 128994, 67, 148, 5180, 111, 70, 52341, 25, 7, 209274, 4, 1295, 8382, 678, 10, 126124, 21455, 47, 8382, 678, 142, 157353, 9, 6259, 37831, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 34844, 25168, 60636, 27992, 4, 38162, 237, 764, 6777, 1295, 10, 126124, 76615, 5, 581, 15824, 450, 764, 509, 456, 9, 100184, 297, 34202, 51, 2146, 144429, 23, 12898, 45831, 450, 764, 4163, 70, 40197, 7108, 5, 786, 13, 509, 747, 17704, 538, 352, 88500, 7, 5281, 390, 70, 69822, 23, 1919, 20697, 27289, 23, 211546, 678, 10, 3357, 23082, 111, 361, 136, 10, 21334, 14947, 111, 44752, 34, 93905, 23179, 7, 4, 678, 8382, 111, 70, 43032, 111, 70, 92809, 525, 10266, 15, 14168, 42491, 13, 52341, 111, 146864, 16, 756, 20697, 25842, 23, 10, 11001, 35773, 1294, 5, 52639, 1556, 442, 450, 3229, 764, 11814, 47, 29966, 41714, 7, 23, 146864, 4, 764, 2806, 31358, 1919, 146495, 474, 9, 33926, 33, 2258, 10932, 70, 107767, 4, 136, 172337, 47, 35691, 47, 1919, 164306, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 51252, 214, 43960, 111, 70, 62903, 111, 28811, 36293, 1295, 12839, 47, 103709, 1529, 75204, 10, 14012, 111, 110613, 3486, 34639, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 31031, 786, 13, 15094, 22482, 66426, 46, 952, 18982, 4078, 23, 37639, 13, 80803, 247, 509, 10, 188676, 116983, 136, 70, 34202, 111, 70, 28811, 52341, 111, 117400, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Career." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Ole Due started his career at the Danish Ministry of Justice, culminating in his appointment as Director. He was notably involved with the implementation of the European Community acts at the time of the enlargement in 1973 when Denmark, the United Kingdom and Ireland became members of the European Economic Community and was involved in the drawing up of the Treaty of Accession. He became Adviser ad interim to the Østre Landsret (Eastern High Court of Appeal) in Copenhagen in 1978. Due was also a member of the Danish delegation to the Hague Conference on private international law. He was appointed a Judge of the European Court of Justice from 7 October 1979 to 6 October 1988, in succession to the immensely respected Max Sørensen. He was elected President of the Court of Justice from 7 October 1988 to 6 October 1994. Due's membership of the Court coincided with vast changes in that Institution's life. First, the accessions of Greece in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1986 enlarged the membership of the Court. Second, the impetus given to the Community through the Single European Act and the Delors Presidency in general saw a vast growth in the work-load of the Court. This led to the establishment in 1989 of the European Court of First Instance during the Due Presidency aimed at transferring part of the workload of the European Court of Justice. In the period 1979 to 1994, the Court also became a far more exposed institution, whose real powers were gradually recognised. This culminated in the attribution to the Court the power to impose monetary penalties on Member States for their failure to obey Community law, introduced by the Treaty of Maastricht. Due was also responsible for the huge extension of the Court buildings in Luxembourg, to house the new Court of First Instance, and to give permanent accommodation to the institution's large staff. As President of a court which rarely voted by majority and gave only en banc judgments, Due had to ensure the adhesion of judges to judgments which they personally may have opposed but were required to sign. He also had to negotiate skilfully between the very disparate wings of the Court's membership, from those with a Statist view to those with an integration-led vision. It was a difficult balancing act, coming as he did from a Statist background. The fact that he was re-elected President unopposed in 1991 shows that he got the balance right. Due was allegedly embarrassed by the contrast in his working conditions in Luxembourg with a personal staff of 7 and a large suite of luxurious offices, with those of the members of the Højesteret (Supreme Court of Denmark) all working together in a single library. Legend has it that when he used to attend meetings in Denmark, he would leave his chauffeur-driven car around the corner, and proceed to walk to his appointment. He was a member of the Governing Body of the Academy of European Law from 1992 to 1994. He received a number of foreign honours." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 4263, 44, 284, 58, 36456, 7, 10, 112668, 12989, 297, 552, 33870, 1614, 3509, 4, 7068, 642, 831, 7413, 10, 1614, 3509, 44, 571, 58, 3129, 83, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 136, 552, 33870, 23, 44, 284, 740, 28541, 1614, 3509, 111, 44, 571, 58, 83, 2843, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5, 4263, 6626, 552, 33870, 1614, 3509, 7, 111, 44, 571, 58, 765, 20187, 200103, 2481, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 2363, 200103, 2481, 83, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 44, 571, 74054, 7068, 1836, 621, 12989, 13882, 178851, 1771, 47, 12638, 3789, 5, 581, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 142, 23335, 141, 5961, 83, 70, 19336, 525, 23335, 141, 15311, 3129, 83, 70, 12989, 10644, 111, 10, 552, 33870, 1614, 3509, 111, 5961, 5, 581, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 10, 5423, 111, 23335, 8080, 707, 2499, 3789, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5423, 83, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 70, 12989, 10644, 111, 450, 5423, 5, 12613, 7, 100, 10, 17475, 23335, 141, 5961, 4, 2685, 32316, 7, 10, 15311, 9, 4711, 297, 81113, 538, 118055, 40, 944, 3956, 678, 17475, 5961, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 6, 2778, 304, 83, 6, 2778, 4, 6637, 70, 40, 944, 3956, 6, 2778, 1280, 58, 39, 58, 15, 136913, 44, 39, 58, 37457, 7, 645, 70, 6083, 101935, 16, 17660, 7, 47, 6, 2778, 304, 74, 1284, 4, 1286, 137567, 4, 2499, 54529, 2886, 17475, 23335, 141, 1556, 552, 33870, 2481, 6, 2778, 5, 893, 51, 71013, 2886, 17475, 23335, 141, 1543, 765, 40101, 552, 33870, 2481, 6, 2778, 237, 14602, 6, 2778, 707, 142, 51, 71013, 2886, 552, 33870, 2481, 5, 581, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 757, 83, 757, 5, 581, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 2499, 39457, 42, 23335, 141, 83, 615, 581, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 2499, 351, 80510, 17475, 23335, 141, 83, 142, 54241, 13, 20324, 200103, 5, 62, 20324, 23335, 141, 83, 142, 23335, 141, 3129, 83, 105950, 47, 6863, 552, 33870, 2481, 5, 62, 67824, 23335, 141, 83, 2499, 23335, 141, 3129, 83, 959, 20324, 5, 87769, 20324, 23335, 141, 83, 70, 61475, 23335, 141, 111, 10, 200103, 5, 28541, 17475, 111, 20324, 23335, 8080, 83, 10, 17475, 111, 61475, 23335, 8080, 136, 4911, 7, 83, 2843, 61475, 1284, 3871, 959, 186, 20324, 5, 62, 66596, 214, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 4, 26168, 115187, 83, 20324, 100, 12638, 5961, 5, 360, 903, 7225, 4, 70, 23335, 8080, 757, 4, 106, 4, 26168, 454, 304, 4, 26168, 454, 363, 4, 136, 26168, 454, 617, 621, 20324, 4, 7440, 162, 116, 4, 138, 4, 26168, 454, 758, 4, 136, 6, 2778, 621, 61475, 23335, 8080, 3129, 621, 959, 20324, 5, 581, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 2499, 23335, 141, 44, 1445, 58, 83, 10, 20324, 23335, 141, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 44, 1445, 58, 83, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 44, 1445, 740, 1061, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 41018, 83, 50638, 114680, 5, 4263, 4409, 83, 142, 54241, 13, 200103, 14012, 4, 7068, 6, 67466, 132, 4709, 16, 83, 70, 19713, 200103, 6044, 450, 2685, 83, 142, 51, 99091, 297, 32354, 1295, 6, 67466, 132, 4709, 16, 47, 4409, 74, 6, 67466, 132, 4709, 16, 83, 2843, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 70, 19336, 525, 5423, 111, 81113, 538, 164917, 200103, 7, 124901, 10554, 83, 4409, 74, 1286, 134995, 538, 9925, 70, 5423, 36917, 83, 351, 33548, 939, 32497, 1295, 70, 15824, 450, 17, 5, 13, 5, 70, 2837, 513, 4288, 69941, 111, 4409, 11001, 1507, 5423, 7, 5, 3293, 35388, 90, 109312, 450, 6, 67466, 132, 4709, 16, 6, 237637, 4409, 5, 581, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 2499, 112668, 12989, 297, 5423, 83, 20324, 4, 221, 1632, 1556, 6, 67466, 132, 4709, 16, 2203, 6, 67466, 132, 67466, 132, 4709, 16, 194, 345, 6953, 89537, 25, 7, 70, 58391, 4, 1632, 831, 23534, 4409, 4426, 4409, 136, 4409, 4426, 6, 67466, 40970, 100, 2499, 54241, 13, 200103, 4409, 5, 581, 4568, 23, 13, 161789, 35388, 90, 450, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 70, 19686, 316, 8110, 186, 51, 71013, 2886, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 70, 23335, 141, 14012, 6, 2778, 8035, 70, 5117, 54241, 13, 23335, 141, 4, 221, 450, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 111, 26168, 454, 1126, 83, 20596, 132, 2778, 16, 2203, 26168, 454, 963, 5, 15, 4153, 17311, 4, 26168, 454, 1126, 83, 67824, 5, 16, 228072, 4, 9082, 84382, 903, 10750, 4, 1632, 831, 23534, 450, 100, 10, 17475, 23335, 141, 15311, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 2174, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 16401, 7, 4, 7068, 100, 10, 39457, 42, 707, 45234, 23335, 141, 15311, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 41866, 23, 12989, 154453, 4, 70, 552, 33870, 2481, 6, 67466, 132, 58, 284, 18939, 111, 10, 2878, 25958, 12989, 297, 5423, 44, 284, 58, 83, 70, 19713, 111, 70, 200103, 31075, 111, 70, 552, 33870, 1614, 3509, 7, 111, 44, 284, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Properties.", "Cofinality of ordinals and other well-ordered sets.", "Regular and singular ordinals.", "Cofinality of cardinals." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "If \"A\" admits a totally ordered cofinal subset, then we can find a subset \"B\" which is well-ordered and cofinal in \"A\". Any subset of \"B\" is also well-ordered. If two cofinal subsets of \"B\" have minimal cardinality (i.e. their cardinality is the cofinality of \"B\"), then they are order isomorphic to each other.", "The cofinality of an ordinal α is the smallest ordinal δ which is the order type of a cofinal subset of α. The cofinality of a set of ordinals or any other well-ordered set is the cofinality of the order type of that set. Thus for a limit ordinal α, there exists a δ-indexed strictly increasing sequence with limit α. For example, the cofinality of ω2 is ω, because the sequence ω·\"m\" (where \"m\" ranges over the natural numbers) tends to ω2; but, more generally, any countable limit ordinal has cofinality ω. An uncountable limit ordinal may have either cofinality ω as does ω or an uncountable cofinality. The cofinality of 0 is 0. The cofinality of any successor ordinal is 1. The cofinality of any nonzero limit ordinal is an infinite regular cardinal.", "A regular ordinal is an ordinal which is equal to its cofinality. A singular ordinal is any ordinal which is not regular. Every regular ordinal is the initial ordinal of a cardinal. Any limit of regular ordinals is a limit of initial ordinals and thus is also initial but need not be regular. Assuming the axiom of choice, formula_1 is regular for each α. In this case, the ordinals 0, 1, formula_2, formula_3, and formula_4 are regular, whereas 2, 3, formula_5, and ω are initial ordinals which are not regular. The cofinality of any ordinal \"α\" is a regular ordinal, i.e. the cofinality of the cofinality of \"α\" is the same as the cofinality of \"α\". So the cofinality operation is idempotent.", "If κ is an infinite cardinal number, then cf(κ) is the least cardinal such that there is an unbounded function from cf(κ) to κ; cf(κ) is also the cardinality of the smallest set of strictly smaller cardinals whose sum is κ; more precisely That the set above is nonempty comes from the fact that i.e. the disjoint union of κ singleton sets. This implies immediately that cf(κ) ≤ κ. The cofinality of any totally ordered set is regular, so one has cf(κ) = cf(cf(κ)). Using König's theorem, one can prove κ < κ and κ < cf(2) for any infinite cardinal κ. The last inequality implies that the cofinality of the cardinality of the continuum must be uncountable. On the other hand, the ordinal number ω being the first infinite ordinal, so that the cofinality of formula_9 is card(ω) = formula_10. (In particular, formula_9 is singular.) Therefore, Generalizing this argument, one can prove that for a limit ordinal δ On the other hand, if the axiom of choice holds, then for a successor or zero ordinal δ" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 7156, 25, 7, 44759, 134598, 538, 32497, 1295, 105109, 166944, 100, 1100, 4, 39210, 538, 11814, 390, 59849, 205382, 34391, 136, 46505, 289, 33816, 478, 4, 12044, 73, 44, 647, 432, 58, 119303, 4, 2750, 2806, 5154, 4, 44, 568, 25, 39, 7730, 4420, 47, 70, 18276, 100, 3060, 88268, 11752, 192, 740, 129551, 47, 119303, 4, 764, 7228, 1257, 70, 13579, 66570, 5, 106073, 70, 91, 133, 3134, 73048, 5154, 450, 70, 6867, 4912, 509, 17164, 297, 23, 18237, 31060, 4, 70, 6867, 7156, 111, 44, 72955, 192, 11752, 192, 58, 509, 17164, 297, 6867, 99, 115217, 7, 7687, 23, 188377, 98, 1438, 7071, 31060, 136, 70, 25632, 5895, 99, 30749, 29693, 111, 6, 82043, 98, 116, 4347, 111, 70, 5701, 6602, 237, 2831, 111, 581, 1572, 136, 581, 212595, 11330, 5, 581, 8753, 1902, 2843, 17164, 297, 10, 6867, 11389, 111, 44, 44851, 9235, 320, 9578, 88400, 58, 15, 161063, 44, 3957, 3065, 1264, 99, 70, 126507, 111, 158231, 18939, 179140, 100, 3687, 674, 98, 5609, 1632, 111, 70, 6867, 7156, 4, 136, 44, 3957, 2775, 21731, 31, 830, 3129, 509, 17164, 297, 23, 70, 12275, 8108, 442, 509, 68872, 450, 70, 8753, 43032, 12638, 1380, 1257, 678, 2363, 10002, 4912, 5, 581, 12275, 7156, 21449, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 22758, 170174, 3444, 214, 47, 3249, 44, 30544, 19612, 830, 7440, 70, 22759, 21115, 43032, 15, 73, 12989, 12, 170174, 4, 48861, 27646, 7, 4, 6765, 28378, 432, 474, 136, 47801, 3010, 191, 16, 12638, 1902, 23552, 142, 82080, 5609, 47, 28282, 10, 2639, 4488, 15490, 83687, 674, 1295, 70, 27060, 5, 170174, 25, 7, 127752, 4, 44, 65183, 7, 30400, 6378, 830, 509, 24, 4806, 7103, 10, 62816, 23, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 56104, 160093, 297, 44, 294, 164, 30400, 6378, 830, 136, 70541, 297, 10, 162515, 111, 67842, 149186, 7, 4, 26719, 16569, 136, 163, 9284, 36867, 5, 106073, 61475, 538, 22, 927, 86840, 9523, 1672, 20662, 10, 2639, 127752, 4, 170174, 14432, 151552, 442, 237, 44, 56359, 21616, 10821, 740, 27646, 7, 25, 44, 4233, 814, 289, 24990, 3387, 111, 105508, 27766, 1294, 82821, 7, 2902, 9319, 297, 717, 429, 9319, 23, 10, 2041, 272, 136, 14854, 515, 214, 678, 10, 27860, 18, 58, 70541, 297, 10, 96551, 111, 108171, 136, 226097, 191, 93425, 191607, 99, 67842, 38352, 7, 4, 15044, 40225, 7, 136, 4420, 19364, 7, 4, 136, 509, 79507, 71, 390, 33276, 75036, 73, 4, 2750, 2806, 14432, 57119, 67, 678, 15044, 27646, 7, 136, 59849, 205382, 5, 27646, 7, 25, 3789, 127752, 44, 724, 15212, 104588, 1215, 1138, 19725, 58, 509, 10, 1286, 141091, 10, 12600, 28692, 126416, 136, 509, 56104, 112730, 237, 142, 73432, 47, 20428, 7, 645, 31060, 5, 28378, 432, 474, 1556, 16792, 11341, 71, 764, 509, 4027, 107, 3220, 29888, 1672, 105233, 10, 2639, 4488, 4, 136, 36456, 7, 764, 44, 74797, 3934, 10, 12275, 136, 26859, 259, 4902, 2069, 1672, 4, 36461, 214, 4785, 7, 136, 126371, 25842, 830, 102971, 2831, 1632, 111, 44, 3957, 541, 118201, 42261, 58, 1902, 21771, 2809, 51339, 297, 237, 44, 111753, 53, 22928, 13684, 4902, 133, 23, 391, 49953, 58, 23, 10, 4831, 5977, 56002, 23, 14487, 28015, 5, 28378, 432, 474, 2804, 764, 44, 20314, 50208, 96578, 3674, 58, 8305, 70, 63847, 5, 1529, 37170, 27646, 7, 47, 33022, 3060, 68944, 100, 1919, 166577, 7, 4, 1284, 764, 128120, 71, 47, 54, 221, 5, 3010, 191, 25, 7, 17262, 9, 17365, 44, 3957, 12801, 582, 77347, 25, 7, 38666, 31016, 58, 60213, 71, 1919, 7068, 58386, 4, 17859, 53, 4, 75169, 14838, 67, 4, 136, 3010, 191, 75169, 10, 59671, 9, 67403, 13, 47617, 2639, 237, 2831, 6626, 111, 70, 63847, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 70, 5117, 7156, 390, 70, 8753, 121447, 98, 70, 1950, 17245, 67967, 5, 581, 29256, 4927, 18244, 45831, 10, 46193, 824, 21543, 241599, 70, 21115, 4, 678, 10, 49726, 10756, 214, 98, 70, 58982, 141377, 70, 5701, 28302, 4, 40494, 450, 70, 8753, 43032, 765, 101089, 297, 19069, 7, 5, 581, 29256, 111, 70, 7311, 82080, 41110, 7, 17721, 70, 56101, 4, 14098, 46684, 4, 180972, 136, 133836, 54452, 7, 5, 581, 56101, 11389, 1556, 70, 7156, 44, 724, 8452, 58, 65342, 214, 26548, 70, 58982, 109312, 36917, 70, 44, 683, 14068, 205382, 58, 120820, 5, 1913, 10, 22120, 34475, 99, 48606, 1314, 42840, 7535, 23, 105109, 98, 106, 7582, 43304, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 44, 115411, 145302, 7, 58, 13452, 4, 115885, 38692, 1505, 1681, 189050, 450, 70, 7156, 509, 65508, 71, 237, 10, 4842, 604, 2852, 47, 80675, 13, 29865, 4, 136, 450, 442, 1556, 110, 179140, 91084, 5, 2161, 2684, 71200, 7, 111, 7082, 136, 180972, 79737, 7, 4, 70, 44, 724, 8452, 58, 29256, 83, 1831, 11911, 67175, 47, 10, 111719, 35011, 91, 133, 3134, 4, 198371, 6637, 111, 112341, 50509, 7, 4, 1284, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 7082, 71200, 7, 54, 7639, 70, 44, 724, 8452, 58, 29256, 4, 136, 442, 509, 14359, 2822, 100, 70, 7082, 456, 47327, 297, 7915, 79737, 5, 2161, 70, 133836, 79737, 4, 70, 44, 724, 8452, 58, 29256, 83, 64557, 1831, 11911, 67175, 4, 959, 3853, 137802, 10, 35011, 6, 108047, 50155, 5, 581, 18276, 11814, 237, 70, 31913, 100, 70, 12912, 29256, 111, 70, 7156, 83, 105866, 23, 32774, 4687, 141, 13534, 4, 43573, 105109, 5, 2161, 70, 456, 147, 29256, 4, 33816, 3387, 44576, 57845, 7, 15, 434, 497, 2843, 135179, 23, 44, 284, 1414, 25, 7, 113441, 1430, 112, 9120, 108302, 18939, 136, 7948, 130402, 7, 621, 127887, 678, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 98154, 21, 532, 1810, 98, 10, 39856, 7514, 99, 9020, 175737, 73, 37639, 48938, 5, 3293, 23755, 509, 26171, 71, 390, 3010, 191, 4, 678, 70, 91177, 111, 143126, 1916, 70, 44, 111118, 48141, 58, 188304, 7, 111, 116338, 1831, 56379, 136, 2363, 8783, 63033, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 5700, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 2161, 70, 7082, 136, 180972, 54452, 2685, 621, 78301, 44759, 7, 111, 70, 22759, 40059, 7, 111, 70, 11531, 44, 284, 6987, 3443, 7844, 111, 39008, 7, 740, 32255, 44759, 7, 6777, 959, 108975, 98, 56101, 79737, 7, 4, 12488, 98, 2499, 71200, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 148435, 11752, 192, 83, 70, 22759, 927, 12275, 7156, 390, 14941, 13950, 8753, 59849, 205382, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 41929, 7156, 136, 509, 121447, 98, 361, 7582, 31060, 390, 1950, 17245, 89916, 5, 581, 5117, 17116, 58055, 7, 111, 6867, 182304, 7, 1295, 20428, 7, 99, 115217, 7, 7687, 23, 188377, 136, 70, 29693, 111, 6, 82043, 23, 30749, 450, 70541, 297, 2831, 111, 2363, 3638, 5423, 5303, 111, 70, 1733, 4, 12960, 70, 17932, 70541, 7, 2639, 166577, 7, 390, 12638, 32786, 111, 70, 8753, 17164, 297, 99, 3157, 31804, 17119, 137869, 5, 581, 4927, 18244, 509, 82775, 390, 20324, 205382, 57119, 22230, 45644, 11137, 6023, 136, 66139, 10, 14012, 111, 75073, 111, 70, 8753, 70163, 71, 47, 8337, 10, 46193, 824, 21543, 5, 1650, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Title.", "Background.", "Packaging.", "Release history.", "Reception.", "Dragonfly species.", "Personnel.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The album's title supposedly comes from Cambridge slang for sex, commonly used by Pink Floyd friend and occasional roadie, Iain \"Emo\" Moore, who would say, \"I'm going back to the house for some ummagumma\". According to Moore, he made up the term himself.", "Although the sleeve notes say that the live material was recorded in June 1969, the live album of \"Ummagumma\" was recorded live at Mothers Club in Birmingham on 27 April 1969 and the following week at Manchester College of Commerce on 2 May of the same year as part of The Man and The Journey Tour. The band had also recorded a live version of \"Interstellar Overdrive\" (from \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\") intended for placement on side one of the live album, and \"The Embryo\", which was recorded in the studio before it was decided that the band members each come up with their own material. The studio album came as a result of Richard Wright wanting to make \"real music\", where the four group members (in order: Wright, Roger Waters, David Gilmour and Nick Mason) each had half an LP side to create a solo work without involvement from the others. Wright's contribution, \"Sysyphus\", was named after a character in Greek mythology, usually spelled \"Sisyphus\", and contained a combination of various keyboards, including piano and mellotron. Although initially enthusiastic about making a solo contribution, Wright later described it as \"pretentious\". Waters' \"Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict\" contained a variety of vocal and percussion effects treated at various speeds, both forwards and backwards, and was influenced by Ron Geesin, who would later collaborate with both Waters and Pink Floyd. Waters' other contribution \"Grantchester Meadows\" was a more pastoral acoustic offering and was usually played as an opening to concerts over 1969. Gilmour has since stated he was apprehensive about creating a solo work, and admits he \"went into a studio and started waffling about, tacking bits and pieces together\", although part one of \"The Narrow Way\" had already been performed as \"Baby Blue Shuffle in D Major\" in a BBC radio session in December 1968. Gilmour said he \"just bullshitted\" through the piece. He asked Waters to write some lyrics for his compositions, but he refused to do so. Mason's three-part \"The Grand Vizier's Garden Party\" featured his then wife, Lindy, playing flute, and Mason playing a seven-minute drum solo as part two of the piece.", "The album was the first album by the band released on the Harvest label. The cover artwork shows a Droste effect featuring the group, with a picture hanging on the wall showing the same scene, except that the band members have switched positions. The cover of the original LP varies between the British, United States, Canadian and Australian releases. The British version has the album \"Gigi\" leaning against the wall immediately above the \"Pink Floyd\" letters. At a talk given at Borders bookstore in Cambridge on 1 November 2008, as part of the \"City Wakes\" project, Storm Thorgerson explained that the album was introduced as a red herring to provoke debate, and that it has no intended meaning. On most copies of US and Canadian editions, the \"Gigi\" cover is airbrushed to a plain white sleeve, apparently because of copyright concerns, but the earliest US copies do show the \"Gigi\" cover, and it was restored for the US remastered CD edition. On the Australian edition, the \"Gigi\" cover is completely airbrushed, not even leaving a white square behind. The house used as the location for the front cover of the album is located in Great Shelford, near Cambridge. On the rear cover, roadies Alan Styles (who also appears in \"Alan's Psychedelic Breakfast\") and Peter Watts are shown with the band's equipment laid out on a taxiway at London Biggin Hill Airport. This concept was proposed by Mason, with the intention of replicating the \"exploded\" drawings of military aircraft and their payloads, which were popular at the time. On the US and Canadian release there are additional titles of the four sections of the song \"A Saucerful of Secrets\". These titles did not appear on British editions, nor on any copies of the earlier album \"A Saucerful of Secrets\". The inner gatefold art shows separate black-and-white photos of the band members. Gilmour is seen standing in front of the Elfin Oak. Original vinyl editions showed Waters with his first wife, Judy Trim, but she has been cropped out of the picture on most CD editions (with the original photo's caption \"Roger Waters (and Jude)\" accordingly changed to just \"Roger Waters\"). The uncropped picture was restored for the album's inclusion in the box set \"Oh, by the Way\".", "\"Ummagumma\" was released in the UK and US on 7 and 8 November 1969, respectively. It reached number 5 on the UK albums chart and number 74 in the US, marking the first time the band reached the top 100 there. Similarly in Canada, it was their first appearance on the charts, reaching number 78. The album was certified gold in the US in February 1974 and platinum in March 1994. US versions of the cassette retained only \"Astronomy Domine\" from the live set and omitted the three other tracks. In 1987, the album was re-released on a two-CD set. A digitally remastered version was issued in 1994. In 2009, to mark the 40th anniversary of the album's release, Thorgerson sold a limited number of autographed lithographs of the front cover. Although the 2011 re-release campaign \"Why Pink Floyd...?\" presented all fourteen albums newly remastered in 2011, only the studio disc of \"Ummagumma\" was remastered – the live disc is the previous 1994 version. Both the live and studio album were re-issued in 2016 with Pink Floyd Records label.", "On release, \"Ummagumma\" received favourable reviews. \"International Times\" were particularly positive about the live album, with the reviewer describing it as \"probably one of the best live recordings I have ever heard\". Vox included the live half of this album on its list of \"The Greatest Live Albums Ever\". \"Stylus Magazine\" were very positive towards the album, saying the live half \"as a visceral document of the early Floyd’s proclivity for atmospheric, energetic jamming, there's nothing else like it\" and the studio half \"somehow transcends its fractured construction to make a full album-length statement\". However, the band have since been dismissive and critical of the work. Recalling the album in later years, Waters said: \"\"Ummagumma\" – what a disaster!\", while in 1995, Gilmour described the album as \"horrible\". In a 1984 interview, Mason said: \"I thought it was a very good and interesting little exercise, the whole business of everyone doing a bit. But I still feel really that that's quite a good example of the sum being greater than the parts...\" Later, he described it as \"a failed experiment\", adding that \"the most significant thing is that we didn't do it again\". \"Paste\", reviewing the 2011 re-release, described the album as \"rock excess of the worst kind\", although the writer praised the live version of \"Careful with that Axe, Eugene\". Robert Christgau has suggested that the album's \"hypnotic melodies\" made it \"an admirable record to fall asleep to\".", "In December 2015 scientists named a new found insect of the genus \"Umma\" – a damselfly – \"Umma gumma\" after the album.", "Pink Floyd Additional personnel", "Citations Sources" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 572, 5, 1375, 5, 127325, 4293, 4, 10, 2773, 97761, 106001, 4, 1902, 198395, 26859, 1286, 3501, 10, 75281, 59444, 7, 36880, 70, 171827, 14098, 46684, 5, 1456, 11400, 4293, 137356, 71, 47, 22113, 70, 241, 5, 441, 5, 11872, 71, 13028, 206, 5, 10660, 176506, 98, 10, 27167, 136, 15756, 685, 44540, 98, 70, 35142, 5, 127325, 4293, 99764, 1919, 38627, 100, 70, 3525, 59444, 678, 9082, 168369, 155438, 180, 1814, 4, 80299, 56, 111, 70, 44, 100604, 31754, 19114, 830, 136, 87, 1961, 1401, 532, 4, 10, 197097, 8063, 669, 23, 70, 16128, 5, 930, 13, 1683, 18899, 587, 425, 4, 2750, 60393, 297, 3551, 47, 4358, 23, 70, 34754, 111, 38436, 4, 97384, 111, 70, 9351, 44, 841, 110619, 58, 1295, 87, 1961, 1401, 532, 4, 604, 208244, 23, 109383, 53, 193266, 15, 35613, 43157, 38436, 16, 136, 10, 197097, 40830, 136, 34391, 111, 127325, 4293, 25, 7, 5, 4687, 170198, 70, 5701, 9351, 47, 604, 71390, 4, 194092, 572, 5, 18899, 587, 425, 4, 2750, 1902, 59038, 71, 5390, 1030, 2109, 98, 22482, 106, 4, 158972, 5, 1650, 58954, 25, 18, 24189, 8055, 158972, 18899, 587, 425, 68872, 47, 4527, 450, 9351, 136, 11435, 71, 678, 70, 3731, 31754, 47064, 54877, 56, 25, 7, 23179, 98, 10, 8, 297, 136, 141485, 22288, 111, 70, 57266, 5, 3311, 33418, 4, 70, 10776, 1902, 10, 1305, 23179, 4, 73962, 4, 3018, 4, 136, 6626, 16839, 7, 5, 3731, 31754, 4, 678, 10, 43904, 111, 30669, 4, 165131, 21, 53, 28, 4438, 8305, 70, 27888, 119300, 7, 4, 1909, 4293, 44457, 7, 4, 136, 199727, 111632, 90, 5, 62, 11001, 9, 125728, 48800, 3284, 13315, 13028, 7565, 70, 86991, 111, 1250, 16711, 18, 102736, 1295, 442, 4, 1284, 4516, 509, 23, 12176, 26513, 18, 136, 70, 24745, 34739, 6626, 21974, 5, 581, 10332, 199727, 41896, 9, 29102, 214, 18276, 509, 117176, 71, 3934, 10, 6867, 1294, 144142, 4, 224588, 6181, 2320, 100, 70, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 38436, 5, 581, 38436, 2352, 509, 142096, 23, 115275, 390, 127325, 4293, 4, 2750, 509, 10, 13918, 111, 70, 3731, 109727, 192217, 136, 55441, 33734, 5, 171855, 77681, 163629, 71, 70, 11872, 71, 13028, 206, 136, 1614, 97368, 48141, 442, 4, 127325, 4293, 88303, 70, 3018, 47, 110281, 3551, 22113, 1314, 5, 29927, 19, 6048, 70, 65272, 5609, 111, 194953, 102736, 4, 70, 45646, 24642, 71, 98, 1250, 16711, 18, 102736, 4, 3129, 4, 7464, 10, 115, 8946, 4, 51, 763, 4126, 33816, 4, 509, 186085, 6671, 297, 136, 17202, 6259, 5, 581, 3018, 509, 47, 24209, 21640, 538, 51529, 136, 509, 70, 27585, 111, 70, 211656, 136, 2265, 6897, 136, 5368, 111, 70, 6057, 7, 100, 5941, 5369, 5, 127325, 4293, 25, 7, 14380, 126809, 136, 54324, 1632, 111, 70, 39395, 148205, 289, 58555, 4, 70, 55609, 29805, 163104, 5, 127325, 4293, 6777, 5045, 47, 125568, 70, 16128, 5, 1529, 72090, 137107, 111, 86258, 100, 39108, 6, 177476, 4, 26719, 172915, 39108, 2481, 136, 33976, 10, 4620, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 33816, 3934, 70, 2041, 1132, 33, 208, 28872, 5, 581, 6, 177476, 13028, 100, 40368, 46389, 7, 7565, 1250, 16711, 18, 102736, 5, 127325, 4293, 25, 7, 3551, 509, 27585, 297, 98, 194953, 102736, 5, 18763, 24531, 34754, 4, 127325, 4293, 235025, 4, 509, 24, 4806, 100, 4049, 5, 38436, 509, 49504, 3674, 237, 10, 14834, 2481, 98, 7582, 616, 4, 106355, 4, 390, 10, 43374, 111, 14073, 100, 136, 14154, 26548, 5, 2161, 18982, 496, 4, 96929, 4, 70, 169454, 7, 23, 38436, 68872, 4, 390, 10, 43374, 111, 49508, 47, 13549, 4, 47, 4599, 4745, 70, 11473, 111, 400, 30922, 42, 28032, 70, 26349, 4, 40494, 100, 186526, 60042, 7, 5, 30097, 9319, 86943, 12488, 74812, 3542, 107003, 47, 21265, 108069, 707, 400, 30922, 42, 8108, 707, 7103, 109911, 7, 5, 360, 64972, 4, 70, 26349, 43374, 71, 100, 10, 42564, 42, 678, 3731, 31754, 23, 12989, 47, 111670, 142, 160370, 13, 7401, 100677, 136, 47, 21647, 17203, 47, 70, 339, 5, 284, 5, 40, 6488, 5426, 5, 17106, 3398, 3355, 2320, 4, 70, 9351, 111, 1250, 16711, 18, 102736, 509, 98816, 47, 38436, 192217, 136, 756, 70, 48800, 101935, 3542, 2843, 98816, 5, 3311, 62977, 4, 13036, 78112, 9, 18695, 6644, 53095, 1902, 5423, 1257, 36049, 43573, 707, 23, 3731, 31754, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 33418, 7, 4, 2684, 78112, 49726, 33407, 7, 3542, 34658, 390, 14978, 17156, 1681, 25, 7, 153038, 158656, 127218, 7, 33734, 23, 2356, 101033, 4, 136, 1346, 114014, 3542, 27983, 166, 297, 47, 7279, 2363, 36049, 7, 5, 717, 144281, 903, 4, 1346, 114014, 80723, 98567, 1810, 65272, 47, 3731, 31754, 4, 7440, 81887, 7, 47, 22, 50930, 17156, 1681, 25, 7, 33407, 7, 3542, 99156, 47, 70890, 112, 5, 22376, 4, 70, 92949, 509, 6397, 136, 2685, 509, 63773, 17203, 47, 67842, 53550, 7, 5, 3731, 31754, 100512, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 1346, 53099, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 581, 101120, 7, 4, 111719, 7, 136, 27226, 3551, 112034, 7228, 38436, 10, 4127, 3687, 47, 137633, 1346, 12275, 7, 5, 31068, 391, 5, 601, 5, 233937, 509, 70, 5117, 47, 3249, 10, 78112, 49726, 23, 38436, 5, 18763, 26879, 67403, 13, 16610, 1346, 44, 4153, 25074, 39897, 58, 5173, 50258, 509, 1346, 297, 100, 70, 10257, 41382, 33734, 5, 106073, 38436, 4599, 14534, 14277, 6, 104241, 7, 2451, 4390, 3129, 442, 1902, 351, 13, 2451, 372, 89700, 3398, 3355, 2320, 450, 6602, 4, 3731, 31754, 1902, 110, 6044, 185190, 5, 581, 5117, 1346, 390, 10, 38436, 12275, 4, 799, 20820, 153038, 158656, 33734, 4, 509, 51876, 98, 18374, 29620, 80665, 5, 581, 572, 5, 821, 5, 127325, 4293, 5368, 509, 11814, 237, 6863, 5423, 4, 136, 70, 85589, 4806, 14277, 509, 1346, 297, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 2363, 111632, 90, 99, 70, 107767, 111, 127325, 4293, 102736, 136, 38436, 192217, 5, 581, 5117, 12275, 23, 38436, 4, 70, 799, 20820, 33734, 4, 509, 170920, 390, 70, 2356, 101033, 1104, 77007, 81366, 11, 474, 33734, 23, 10, 33816, 23923, 99, 305, 129697, 7550, 3509, 192217, 15, 2347, 107767, 111, 2016, 6488, 247, 23, 18374, 80665, 5, 65056, 13036, 1346, 53095, 46, 1720, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 38436, 83, 10, 205277, 23, 70, 9879, 10776, 111, 3731, 31754, 4, 39897, 4, 135818, 237, 70, 5368, 111, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 1346, 53099, 4, 26719, 40368, 111, 6863, 105719, 12275, 7, 5, 1650, 7, 9351, 1556, 1380, 47, 186, 10, 16610, 12336, 91067, 100, 70, 53099, 136, 70, 3395, 137272, 678, 442, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early history and development.", "Incorporation and merger.", "Motion picture industry.", "Development.", "Revitalization.", "Secession movement.", "Geography.", "Other Hollywoods.", "A global symbol of the film industry.", "Demographics.", "Radio and television.", "Government.", "Emergency service.", "Post office.", "Neighborhood councils.", "Education.", "Public libraries.", "Schools." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "H.J. Whitley, a real estate developer, had previously started more than a hundred towns across the western United States.Whitley arranged to buy the E.C. Hurd ranch. They agreed on a price and shook hands on the deal. Whitley shared his plans for the new town with General Harrison Gray Otis, publisher of the \"Los Angeles Times\", and Ivar Weid, a prominent businessman in the area. Daeida Wilcox, who donated land to help in the development of Hollywood, learned of the name \"Hollywood\" from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon (now Lake Hollywood) and a prominent investor and friend of Whitley's. She recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey H. Wilcox, who had purchased 120 acres on February 1, 1887. It wasn't until August 1887 Wilcox decided to use that name and filed with the Los Angeles County Recorder's office on a deed and parcel map of the property. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, and two markets. Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent and the trip took two hours. The old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by Whitley, who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard and Development Company. Having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, which, still a dusty, unpaved road, was regularly graded and graveled. The hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitley's company developed and sold one of the early residential areas, the Ocean View Tract. Whitley did much to promote the area. He paid thousands of dollars for electric lighting, including bringing electricity and building a bank, as well as a road into the Cahuenga Pass. The lighting ran for several blocks down Prospect Avenue. Whitley's land was centered on Highland Avenue. His 1918 development, Whitley Heights, was named for him.", "Hollywood was incorporated as a municipality on November 14, 1903, by a vote of 88 for and 77 against. On January 30, 1904, the voters in Hollywood decided, by a vote of 113 to 96, to banish the sale of liquor within the city, except for medicinal purposes. Neither hotels nor restaurants were allowed to serve wine or liquor before or after meals. In 1910, the city voted for a merger with Los Angeles in order to secure an adequate water supply and to gain access to the L.A. sewer system. With annexation, the name of Prospect Avenue was changed to Hollywood Boulevard and all the street numbers were also changed.", "By 1912, major motion-picture companies had set up production near or in Los Angeles. In the early 1900s, most motion picture patents were held by Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company in New Jersey, and filmmakers were often sued to stop their productions. To escape this, filmmakers began moving out west to Los Angeles, where attempts to enforce Edison's patents were easier to evade. Also, the weather was ideal and there was quick access to various settings. Los Angeles became the capital of the film industry in the United States. The mountains, plains and low land prices made Hollywood a good place to establish film studios. Director D. W. Griffith was the first to make a motion picture in Hollywood. His 17-minute short film \"In Old California\" (1910) was filmed for the Biograph Company. Although Hollywood banned movie theaters—of which it had none—before annexation that year, Los Angeles had no such restriction. The first film by a Hollywood studio, Nestor Motion Picture Company, was shot on October 26, 1911. The H. J. Whitley home was used as its set, and the unnamed movie was filmed in the middle of their groves at the corner of Whitley Avenue and Hollywood Boulevard. The first studio in Hollywood, the Nestor Company, was established by the New Jersey–based Centaur Company in a roadhouse at 6121 Sunset Boulevard (the corner of Gower), in October 1911. Four major film companies – Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia – had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth-largest industry in the nation. By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully vertically integrated, as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year. Hollywood became known as \"Tinseltown\" and the \"dream factory\" because of the glittering image of the movie industry. Hollywood has since become a major center for film study in the United States.", "A large sign reading \"HOLLYWOODLAND\" was built in the Hollywood Hills in 1923 to advertise a housing development. In 1949, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce entered a contract with the City of Los Angeles to repair and rebuild the sign. The agreement stipulated that \"LAND\" be removed to spell \"HOLLYWOOD\" so the sign would now refer to the district, rather than the housing development. During the early 1950s, the Hollywood Freeway was constructed through the northeast corner of Hollywood. The Capitol Records Building on Vine Street, just north of Hollywood Boulevard, was built in 1956, and the Hollywood Walk of Fame was created in 1958 as a tribute to artists and other significant contributors to the entertainment industry. The official opening was on February 8, 1960. The Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. In June 1999, the Hollywood extension of the Los Angeles County Metro Rail Red Line subway opened from Downtown Los Angeles to the San Fernando Valley, with stops along Hollywood Boulevard at Western Avenue (Hollywood/Western Metro station), Vine Street (Hollywood/Vine Metro station), and Highland Avenue (Hollywood/Highland Metro station). The Dolby Theatre, which opened in 2001 as the Kodak Theatre at the Hollywood & Highland Center mall, is the home of the Oscars. The mall is located where the historic Hollywood Hotel once stood.", "After the neighborhood underwent years of serious decline in the 1980s, many landmarks were threatened with demolition. Columbia Square, at the northwest corner of Sunset Boulevard and Gower Street, is part of the ongoing rebirth of Hollywood. The Art Deco-style studio complex completed in 1938, which was once the Hollywood headquarters for CBS, became home to a new generation of broadcasters when cable television networks MTV, Comedy Central, BET and Spike TV consolidated their offices here in 2014 as part of a $420-million office, residential and retail complex. Since 2000, Hollywood has been increasingly gentrified due to revitalization by private enterprise and public planners. Over 1,200 hotel rooms have been added in Hollywood area between 2001 and 2016. Four thousand new apartments and over thirty low to mid-rise development projects were approved in 2019.", "In 2002, some Hollywood voters began a campaign for the area to secede from Los Angeles and become a separate municipality. In June of that year, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors placed secession referendums for both Hollywood and the San Fernando Valley on the ballot. To pass, they required the approval of a majority of voters in the proposed new municipality as well as a majority of voters in all of Los Angeles. In the November election, both measures failed by wide margins in the citywide vote. In 2020, businesses in Hollywood's Gower Gulch, including the strip mall, suffered from damage and looting following the death of George Floyd.", "According to the Mapping L.A. project of the \"Los Angeles Times,\" Hollywood is flanked by Hollywood Hills to the north, Los Feliz to the northeast, East Hollywood or Virgil Village to the east, Larchmont and Hancock Park to the south, Fairfax to the southwest, West Hollywood to the west and Hollywood Hills West to the northwest. Street limits of the Hollywood neighborhood are: north, Hollywood Boulevard from La Brea Avenue to the east boundary of Wattles Garden Park and Franklin Avenue between Bonita and Western avenues; east, Western Avenue; south, Melrose Avenue, and west, La Brea Avenue or the West Hollywood city line. In 1918, H. J. Whitley commissioned architect A. S. Barnes to design Whitley Heights as a Mediterranean-style village on the hills above Hollywood Boulevard, and it became the first celebrity community. Other areas within Hollywood are Franklin Village, Little Armenia, Spaulding Square, Thai Town, and Yucca Corridor.", "In 1994, Hollywood, Alabama, and 10 other towns named Hollywood successfully fought an attempt by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce to trademark the name and force same-named communities to pay royalties to it. A key point was that Alabama's Hollywood was the first incorporated Hollywood in the nation, whereas the one in California did not incorporate until 1903, six years after Alabama's. In addition, it merged with Los Angeles in 1910 and was no longer identified as a separate city.", "Given Hollywood's status as a center of movie production, the name functions as a shorthand for the film industry in many cultures and languages. The result has been a proliferation of portmanteaus in other countries for similar places which are tied to film. Likely the best known example is Bollywood which is the Indian film industry which is based in Mumbai and formerly referred to as Bombay. A few other examples are Görliwood for the Görlitz/Zgorzelec metropolitan area along the Lusatian Neisse River, HollyŁódź in Łódź, Poland, and Tollywood from Tollygunge or Telugu-language film and Hollywood.", "The 2000 U.S. census counted 77,818 residents in the Hollywood neighborhood—an average of 22,193 people per square mile (8,569 per km), the seventh-densest neighborhood in all of Los Angeles County. In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 85,489. The median age for residents was 31, about the city's average. Hollywood was said to be \"highly diverse\" when compared to the city at large. The ethnic breakdown in 2000 was 42.2% Latino or Hispanic, 41% Non-Hispanic White, 7.1% Asian, 5.2% black, and 4.5% other. Mexico (21.3%) and Guatemala (13%) were the most common places of birth for the 53.8% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high for the city as a whole. The median household income in 2008 dollars was $33,694, considered low for Los Angeles. The average household size of 2.1 people was also lower than the city norm. Renters occupied 92.4% of the housing units, and home- or apartment owners the rest. The percentages of never-married men (55.1%), never-married women (39.8%) and widows (9.6%) were among the county's highest. There were 2,640 families headed by single parents, about average for Los Angeles. In 2000, there were 2,828 military veterans, or 4.5%, a low rate for the city as a whole.", "KNX was the last radio station to broadcast from Hollywood before it left CBS Columbia Square for a studio in the Miracle Mile in 2005. On January 22, 1947, the first commercial television station west of the Mississippi River, KTLA, began operating in Hollywood. In December of that year, \"The Public Prosecutor\" became the first network television series to be filmed in Hollywood. Television stations KTLA and KCET, both on Sunset Boulevard, are the last broadcasters (television or radio) with Hollywood addresses, but KCET has since sold its studios on Sunset and plans to move to another location. KNBC moved in 1962 from the former NBC Radio City Studios at the northeast corner of Sunset Boulevard and Vine Street to NBC Studios in Burbank. KTTV moved in 1996 from its former home at Metromedia Square on Sunset Boulevard to West Los Angeles, and KCOP left its home on La Brea Avenue to join KTTV on the Fox lot. KCBS-TV and KCAL-TV moved from their longtime home at CBS Columbia Square on Sunset Boulevard to a new facility at CBS Studio Center in Studio City.", "As a neighborhood within the Los Angeles city limits, Hollywood does not have its own municipal government. There was an official, appointed by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, who served as an honorary \"Mayor of Hollywood\" for ceremonial purposes only. Johnny Grant held this position from 1980 until his death on January 9, 2008.", "The Los Angeles Police Department is responsible for police services. The Hollywood police station is at 1358 N. Wilcox Ave. Los Angeles Fire Department operates four fire stations – Station 27, 41, 52, and 82 – in the area. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Hollywood-Wilshire Health Center in Hollywood.", "The United States Postal Service operates the Hollywood Post Office, the Hollywood Pavilion Post Office, and the Sunset Post Office.", "Hollywood is included within the Hollywood United Neighborhood Council (HUNC) Hollywood Hills West Neighborhood Council and the Hollywood Studio District Neighborhood Council. Neighborhood Councils cast advisory votes on such issues as zoning, planning, and other community issues. The council members are voted in by stakeholders, generally defined as anyone living, working, owning property, or belonging to an organization within the boundaries of the council.", "Hollywood residents aged 25 and older holding a four-year degree amounted to 28% of the population in 2000, about the same as in the county at large.", "The Will and Ariel Durant Branch, John C. Fremont Branch, and the Frances Howard Goldwyn – Hollywood Regional Branch of the Los Angeles Public Library are in Hollywood.", "Public schools are operated by the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). Schools in Hollywood include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 31692, 14612, 13, 509, 70, 76849, 111, 93219, 232, 4, 70, 75764, 2355, 111, 70, 4262, 4, 136, 77667, 4, 111, 70, 55609, 30185, 5, 18852, 604, 41929, 18, 3974, 4, 604, 59665, 7, 3542, 23, 70, 24453, 4, 23, 604, 7225, 99, 11554, 1861, 7, 74, 2412, 509, 70, 114015, 111, 79512, 13, 4, 62, 13, 4093, 90, 136, 77667, 7, 4, 136, 2412, 509, 34475, 23, 129570, 47, 18813, 4211, 232, 111, 15678, 67, 5, 17106, 4211, 232, 4, 2412, 509, 70, 42732, 111, 9852, 8355, 19813, 4, 62, 24420, 86, 4, 3493, 29299, 19005, 4, 187860, 11680, 4, 262, 29808, 45486, 4, 111953, 13, 3041, 4, 22742, 157, 48226, 4, 136, 18826, 107, 223, 5, 4687, 509, 2843, 70, 42732, 111, 44, 5613, 5062, 58, 65473, 69076, 4, 35839, 390, 70, 160600, 7, 70, 4211, 6792, 474, 5, 24372, 10, 22074, 13, 1295, 663, 24706, 191, 4, 31692, 14612, 13, 122446, 6, 19981, 100, 136, 2589, 297, 678, 10, 35011, 50208, 9325, 390, 663, 24706, 191, 5, 172555, 109622, 191225, 7, 136, 42179, 7, 4518, 2594, 136, 6512, 99726, 456, 79466, 450, 44, 2347, 33672, 509, 70, 10332, 479, 9, 670, 538, 36181, 19, 663, 24706, 191, 740, 360, 70, 160600, 15659, 289, 48242, 100094, 111, 10, 4211, 57114, 759, 927, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 20653, 552, 42943, 67, 678, 70, 50208, 4, 2412, 1902, 70, 94100, 3378, 4927, 14486, 56, 930, 297, 64153, 64549, 10, 168627, 109412, 33, 552, 434, 678, 10, 552, 434, 979, 112, 29256, 214, 4, 28032, 3129, 2412, 509, 19048, 47, 40407, 53, 604, 37515, 104851, 5, 3293, 206019, 34390, 71, 10, 43573, 9, 97368, 86, 26366, 15, 11, 76849, 111, 70, 7550, 16, 47, 10, 174326, 297, 119492, 111, 14395, 30590, 2965, 14, 134393, 136, 70, 129517, 214, 89978, 90, 111, 6, 19981, 136, 8, 329, 217, 5, 31692, 14612, 1025, 118775, 23, 10421, 8726, 25, 7, 44, 647, 63499, 6261, 5947, 58, 15, 4633, 1104, 88586, 4, 23, 15432, 33, 223, 25, 5303, 111, 202319, 759, 927, 109622, 28368, 7, 4, 98, 3129, 10421, 8726, 6, 78701, 7, 23, 6044, 22443, 450, 764, 76199, 70, 37195, 8927, 9, 2256, 50094, 70, 57888, 111, 10, 59335, 23, 3509, 759, 927, 5, 360, 180, 5518, 25, 7, 44, 7614, 7, 8599, 13333, 58, 31692, 14612, 1025, 83, 2674, 297, 23, 71321, 66847, 1771, 69407, 12, 44, 65619, 14, 14612, 13, 89639, 77204, 2848, 25171, 1704, 308, 1162, 58, 2451, 58, 65619, 14, 14612, 1025, 34739, 147643, 23, 141753, 142, 25171, 17978, 7, 678, 10, 50208, 1242, 360, 3789, 128746, 4, 31692, 14612, 1025, 4, 1884, 604, 269, 329, 2888, 13, 11, 4, 509, 10, 324, 95650, 111, 49846, 289, 63896, 81693, 23, 70, 160600, 209521, 5, 581, 42179, 111, 44, 222077, 2347, 350, 58, 15, 97109, 14773, 74668, 50490, 115923, 70, 46735, 2481, 108654, 2412, 158012, 54799, 4211, 232, 4, 2750, 2806, 28, 145, 16735, 67, 179989, 7, 4, 28780, 80381, 7, 4, 136, 135131, 1081, 988, 200, 30319, 2499, 51, 19729, 7844, 158, 175643, 86, 74, 1284, 1250, 58532, 4, 678, 10, 59959, 5844, 604, 275, 4, 21, 53, 678, 4211, 232, 678, 103567, 2481, 5, 360, 5201, 1760, 200955, 4, 31692, 14612, 1025, 509, 225415, 20051, 237, 142, 3620, 25667, 2355, 988, 7, 99, 5971, 4580, 13, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 7311, 44, 265, 1212, 58, 111, 102115, 5, 581, 20787, 41382, 56, 42172, 64690, 162, 98363, 7, 70, 90978, 1212, 237, 19336, 4, 39501, 297, 43573, 10, 34735, 75973, 4, 136, 6, 164118, 71, 390, 52656, 13, 33908, 90, 111, 93219, 232, 136, 31692, 14612, 1025, 5, 18763, 15426, 2843, 28, 90065, 90, 31692, 14612, 1025, 678, 360, 31, 136, 70, 145796, 2355, 988, 7, 33695, 86, 5, 185571, 33022, 7, 23, 44, 4657, 136744, 2320, 13, 58, 615, 11648, 450, 70, 102115, 19, 28, 139006, 7, 2806, 60268, 99, 70, 90978, 1212, 111, 31692, 14612, 1025, 4, 191618, 25793, 1448, 1771, 48869, 7, 47, 36442, 2856, 23, 23131, 7154, 5, 129551, 47, 42473, 867, 206, 4, 102115, 19, 100510, 186351, 1379, 74797, 13036, 1257, 82463, 1405, 7, 131999, 297, 390, 28, 139006, 7, 25, 48869, 7, 99, 70, 90978, 1212, 20271, 70, 43153, 33, 48242, 1615, 5, 360, 1632, 7225, 4, 142, 28, 139006, 48869, 297, 450, 3060, 111, 1919, 230331, 25, 80923, 7, 3542, 184750, 1295, 70, 11750, 4, 136, 450, 10, 54479, 35839, 1810, 44, 100231, 83, 11522, 100, 102115, 56128, 191722, 390, 903, 4, 18813, 82366, 31, 130498, 10, 89829, 47, 51371, 67, 121678, 14537, 5, 110196, 20271, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 18813, 62, 12964, 4, 40368, 28, 139006, 7, 91048, 70, 3395, 3934, 52831, 18, 678, 3620, 66695, 1295, 31692, 14612, 1025, 25, 7, 90978, 1212, 64004, 214, 456, 21150, 111, 130815, 7, 136, 242564, 1363, 111, 3551, 5, 360, 44, 4657, 59478, 111, 200955, 830, 42172, 64690, 162, 28, 90065, 90, 31692, 14612, 1025, 678, 33695, 86, 4, 21980, 538, 214, 450, 70, 26366, 509, 225415, 20051, 237, 10, 145796, 8, 2481, 5, 33306, 4, 53333, 96335, 98, 4211, 57114, 42615, 117414, 450, 70, 4262, 509, 10, 117776, 26366, 4, 42459, 214, 64457, 450, 31692, 14612, 1025, 509, 7311, 538, 10, 38549, 2355, 988, 7, 4, 142, 206019, 74729, 678, 604, 8, 1434, 10763, 237, 93219, 232, 25, 76849, 5, 663, 24706, 191, 25, 7, 50208, 1543, 23, 15504, 186, 117909, 15403, 111, 70, 145796, 50208, 479, 85540, 23, 893, 45964, 12021, 36400, 2537, 3378, 42615, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 160600, 759, 927, 25443, 4, 31692, 14612, 1025, 15, 74, 44, 65619, 3442, 11861, 3672, 830, 44, 113458, 9, 3767, 592, 58, 16406, 4126, 1295, 7823, 245197, 235, 44, 3166, 58, 44, 5584, 4, 100, 756, 4, 111, 756, 58, 136, 6, 72021, 8594, 64, 4639, 213558, 235, 44, 14612, 232, 64, 134208, 58, 44, 20016, 18939, 509, 10, 41, 33, 111, 15678, 67, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Family.", "The Minotaur.", "The Curse of Pasiphaë.", "On divination.", "Possible celestial deity." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Pasiphae was the daughter of Helios, the Titan god of the sun, and Perse, of the Oceanids. Like her doublet Europa, her origins were in the East, in her case at Colchis; she was the sister of Circe, Aeëtes and Perses, and she was given in marriage to King Minos of Crete. With Minos, she was the mother of Acacallis, Ariadne, Androgeus, Glaucus, Deucalion, Phaedra, Xenodice, and Catreus. She was also the mother of \"starlike\" Asterion, called by the Greeks the Minotaur.", "After a curse from Poseidon, Pasiphae experienced lust for and mated with a white bull sent by Poseidon. Mythological scholars and authors Ruck and Staples remarked that \"the Bull was the old pre-Olympian Poseidon\". In the Greek literalistic understanding of a Minoan myth, in order to actually copulate with the bull, she had the Athenian artificer Daedalus construct a portable wooden cow with a cowhide covering, within which she was able to satisfy her strong desire. This interpretation reduced a near-divine figure (a daughter of the Sun) to a stereotyped emblem of grotesque bestiality and the shocking excesses of lust and deceit. Pasiphaë appeared in Virgil's \"Eclogue VI\" (45–60), in Silenus' list of suitable mythological subjects, on which Virgil lingers in such detail that he gives the sixteen-line episode the weight of a brief inset myth. In Ovid's \"Ars Amatoria\" Pasiphaë is framed in zoophilic terms: \"Pasiphae fieri gaudebat adultera tauri\"—\"Pasiphaë took pleasure in becoming an adulteress with a bull.\"", "In other aspects, Pasiphaë, like her niece Medea, was a mistress of magical herbal arts in the Greek imagination. The author of \"Bibliotheke\" (3.197–198) records the fidelity charm she placed upon Minos, who would ejaculate serpents, scorpions, and centipedes killing any unlawful concubine; but Procris, with a protective herb, lay with Minos with impunity.", "In mainland Greece, Pasiphaë was worshipped as an oracular goddess at Thalamae, one of the original \"koine\" of Sparta. The geographer Pausanias describes the shrine as small, situated near a clear stream, and flanked by bronze statues of Helios and Pasiphaë. His account also equates Pasiphaë with Ino and the lunar goddess Selene. Cicero writes in \"De Divinatione\" 1.96 that the Spartan ephors would sleep at the shrine of Pasiphaë, seeking prophetic dreams to aid them in governance. According to Plutarch, Spartan society twice underwent major upheavals sparked by ephors' dreams at the shrine during the Hellenistic era. In one case, an ephor dreamed that some of his colleagues' chairs were removed from the agora, and that a voice called out \"this is better for Sparta\"; inspired by this, King Cleomenes acted to consolidate royal power. Again during the reign of King Agis, several ephors brought the people into revolt with oracles from Pasiphaë's shrine promising remission of debts and redistribution of land.", "In \"Description of Greece\", Pausanias equates Pasiphaë with Selene, implying that the figure was worshipped as a lunar deity. However, further studies on Minoan religion indicate that the sun was a female figure, suggesting instead that Pasiphaë was originally a solar goddess, an interpretation consistent with her depiction as Helios' daughter. Poseidon's bull may in turn be vestigial of the lunar bull prevalent in Ancient Mesopotamian religion." ] }