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Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Khrouchtchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev ( – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and as chairman of the Council of Ministers (or premier) from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
Nikita Sergueïevitch Khrouchtchev (, en français, ; en, "", ), né le à Kalinovka, dans l'Empire russe, et mort le à Moscou, est un homme d'État soviétique qui dirigea l'URSS durant une partie de la guerre froide. Il fut premier secrétaire du Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique de 1953 à 1964 et président du conseil des ministres de 1958 à 1964. Khrouchtchev joua un rôle important dans le processus de déstalinisation, dans le développement du programme spatial soviétique et dans la mise en place de réformes relativement « libérales » en politique intérieure. Les autres dirigeants du parti s'arrangèrent pour l'écarter du pouvoir en 1964 et il fut remplacé par Léonid Brejnev au poste de premier secrétaire et par Alexis Kossyguine à celui de président du conseil des ministres.
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Syllable
Syllabe
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. It is typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants). Syllables are often considered the phonological "building blocks" of words. They can influence the rhythm of a language, its prosody, its poetic metre and its stress patterns. Speech can usually be divided up into a whole number of syllables: for example, the word "ignite" is composed of two syllables: "ig" and "nite".
La syllabe (latin "syllaba", du grec "συλλαβή" « ensemble, rassemblement ») est une unité interrompue du langage oral. Son noyau, autour duquel elle se construit, est généralement une voyelle. Une syllabe peut également avoir des extrémités précédant ou suivant la voyelle, qui, lorsqu'elles existent, sont toujours constituées de consonnes.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Pyramide des besoins
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in "Psychological Review". Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. He then created a classification system which reflected the universal needs of society as its base and then proceeding to more acquired emotions. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is used to study how humans intrinsically partake in behavioral motivation. Maslow used the terms "physiological", "safety", "belonging and love", "social needs" or "esteem", and "self-actualization" to describe the pattern through which human motivations generally move. This means that in order for motivation to arise at the next stage, each stage must be satisfied within the individual themselves. Additionally, this theory is a main base in knowing how effort and motivation are correlated when discussing human behavior. Each of these individual levels contains a certain amount of internal sensation that must be met in order for an individual to complete their hierarchy. The goal in Maslow's theory is to attain the fifth level or stage: self-actualization.
La pyramide des besoins, ou pyramide de Maslow, est une représentation pyramidale de la "hiérarchie des besoins", une théorie de la motivation élaborée à partir des observations réalisées dans les par le psychologue Abraham Maslow. L'article où Maslow expose pour la première fois sa théorie, ', est paru en 1943. Cette représentation est aujourd'hui considérée comme douteuse par une majorité de la communauté scientifique.
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Newfoundland and Labrador
Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador () is the easternmost province of Canada. Situated in the country's Atlantic region, it is composed of the insular region of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador to the northwest, with a combined area of. In 2018, the province's population was estimated at 525,073. About 92% of the province's population lives on the island of Newfoundland (and its neighbouring smaller islands), of whom more than half live on the Avalon Peninsula.
Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador (en ) est une province du Canada, située à l'extrême Est du pays, et faisant partie des provinces de l'Atlantique.
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Lake Titicaca
Lac Titicaca
Titicaca (;,, "Lake Titicaca";, "Titiqaqa Lake") is a large, deep, freshwater lake in the Andes on the border of Bolivia and Peru, often called the "highest navigable lake" in the world. By volume of water and by surface area, it is the largest lake in South America. (Lake Maracaibo has a larger surface area, but it is a tidal bay, not a lake.)
Le lac Titicaca, situé dans la cordillère des Andes, est traversé par la frontière entre la Bolivie et le Pérou. C'est le plus grand lac d'Amérique du Sud en volume d'eau et en longueur, mais pas en superficie (le lac Maracaibo couvre une superficie de plus de ). Il est aussi considéré comme le plus haut lac navigable du monde (altitude : ), mais ce n'est rigoureusement exact que si on limite cette acception aux navires commerciaux de grande taille.
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Think tank
Think tank
A think tank, or policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most think tanks are non-governmental organizations, but some are semi-autonomous agencies within government or are associated with particular political parties or businesses. Think-tank funding often includes a combination of millionaire donations and individual contributions, with many also accepting government grants.
Un (prononcé en anglais : ), groupe de réflexion ou laboratoire d'idées, est un regroupement d'experts au sein d'une structure de droit privé, indépendante de l'État ou de toute autre puissance, bien qu'il puisse être partiellement financé par un organisme étatique, et en principe à but non lucratif. L'activité principale d'un "" est de produire des études et d'élaborer des propositions, le plus souvent dans le domaine des politiques publiques et de l'économie.
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Arawn
Arawn
In Welsh mythology, Arawn (; ) was the king of the otherworld realm of Annwn, appearing prominently in the first branch of the Mabinogi, and alluded to in the fourth. In later tradition, the role of the king of Annwn was largely attributed to the Welsh psychopomp, Gwyn ap Nudd - meaning "white" (i.e. 'winter') a possible kenning for the god's true name. However, Arawn's memory is retained in a traditional saying found in an old Cardigan folktale:
Arawn, roi d’Annwvyn, est un personnage de la mythologie celtique brittonique qui apparaît notamment dans le premier conte des "Mabinogion" gallois, qui a pour titre « Pwyll, prince de Dyved ».
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Rib cage
Cage thoracique
The rib cage is the arrangement of ribs attached to the vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of most vertebrates, that encloses and protects the heart and lungs. In humans, the rib cage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the shoulder girdle to form the core part of the human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs in 12 pairs, the sternum and xiphoid process, the costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.
La cage thoracique est une région anatomique commune à de nombreux vertébrés, située au niveau du thorax. Ses rôles principaux sont de maintenir en place et protéger certains organes vitaux et structures viscérales.
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Cocoa bean
Fève de cacao
The cocoa bean or simply cocoa (), which is also called the cacao bean or cacao (), is the dried and fully fermented seed of "Theobroma cacao", from which cocoa solids (a mixture of nonfat substances) and cocoa butter (the fat) can be extracted. Cocoa beans are the basis of chocolate, and Mesoamerican foods including tejate, an indigenous Mexican drink that also includes maize.
Les fèves de cacao sont les graines du cacaoyer, qui sont utilisées pour la fabrication du chocolat. Elles sont extraites des baies, que l'on ouvre à la récolte et que l'on met à sécher.
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Pulmonary alveolus
Alvéole pulmonaire
A pulmonary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin "alveolus", "little cavity") is a hollow cup-shaped cavity found in the lung parenchyma where gas exchange takes place. Lung alveoli are found in the acini at the beginning of the respiratory zone. They are located sparsely in the respiratory bronchioles, line the walls of the alveolar ducts, and are more numerous in the blind-ended alveolar sacs. The acini are the basic units of respiration, with gas exchange taking place in all the alveoli present. The alveolar membrane is the gas exchange surface, surrounded by a network of capillaries. Across the membrane oxygen is diffused into the capillaries and carbon dioxide released from the capillaries into the alveoli to be breathed out.
Les alvéoles pulmonaires sont de minces sacs creux qui prolongent les voies respiratoires, où se déroulent les échanges gazeux avec le sang. Ils se situent aux extrémités des bronchioles. Les alvéoles pulmonaires font partie des voies respiratoires intrathoraciques.
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Job hunting
Recherche d'emploi
Job hunting, job seeking, or job searching is the act of looking for employment, due to unemployment, underemployment, discontent with a current position, or a desire for a better position.
La recherche d'emploi a pour but de permettre aux personnes qui souhaitent changer d'emploi ou qui se trouvent au chômage de bâtir un projet professionnel et de trouver un nouvel emploi. C'est un passage souvent obligé pour la plupart des personnes d'un pays.
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Pulmonary surfactant
Surfactant pulmonaire
Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. By adsorbing to the air-water interface of alveoli, with hydrophilic head groups in the water and the hydrophobic tails facing towards the air, the main lipid component of surfactant, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), reduces surface tension. As a medication, pulmonary surfactant is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.
Le surfactant pulmonaire est un matériau complexe tensioactif sécrété continuellement dans la lumière alvéolaire par les pneumocytes de type 2. Il est constitué d’un grand nombre de molécules différentes : lipides, phospholipides et protéines.
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National Socialist black metal
National socialist black metal
National Socialist black metal, also known as NSBM, Aryan black metal or Neo-Nazi black metal, is a political movement within black metal music that promotes neo-Nazism and other white supremacist ideologies. NSBM artists typically combine neo-Nazi imagery and ideology with ethnic European paganism, Satanism, or Nazi occultism, or a combination thereof, and vehemently oppose Christianity, Islam and Judaism from a racialist viewpoint. NSBM is not seen as a distinct genre, but as a neo-völkisch movement within black metal. According to Mattias Gardell, NSBM musicians see this ideology as "a logical extension of the political and spiritual dissidence inherent in black metal".
Le National Socialist Black Metal (abrégé NS Black Metal ou NSBM) qui se traduit par est une étiquette donnée à certains groupes de black metal faisant référence (explicitement ou non) au national-socialisme allemand, ou à des thèmes fortement liés comme le fascisme, le racisme, l'antisémitisme, l'aryanisme, le suprémacisme blanc, le mysticisme nazi et plus largement le paganisme ou le nationalisme. Ces groupes conservent souvent (mais pas nécessairement) le côté fortement antichrétien, haineux et "underground" caractérisant le black metal. D'abord très nébuleuse au début de la seconde vague du black metal, la scène NSBM connaît une expansion significative à la fin des années 1990, début 2000, notamment via certains groupes pionniers (Absurd, Funeral/Kristallnacht, Der Stürmer, etc.), par la diffusion de compilations musicales orientées (The Night And The Fog) ou par l'action de groupuscules ouvertement néo-nazis (Pagan Front).
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Spitzer Space Telescope
Spitzer (télescope spatial)
The Spitzer Space Telescope (SST), formerly the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), was an infrared space telescope launched in 2003 and retired on 30 January 2020.
Spitzer ou SIRTF ("Space Infrared Telescope Facility") est un télescope spatial infrarouge développé par la NASA. Il est le dernier des quatre « Grands Observatoires » aux caractéristiques complémentaires réalisés par l'agence spatiale américaine (NASA) pour répondre aux grandes interrogations scientifiques de la fin du siècle dans le domaine de l'astrophysique. Le rôle de Spitzer est principalement d'observer la création de l'Univers, la formation et l'évolution des galaxies primitives, la genèse des étoiles et des planètes et l'évolution de la composition chimiques de l'Univers qui sont des phénomènes principalement visibles dans l'infrarouge.
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Cantons of France
Canton français
The cantons of France are territorial subdivisions of the French Republic's departments and arrondissements. Apart from their role as organizational units in relation to certain aspects of the administration of public services and justice, the chief purpose of the cantons today is to serve as constituencies for the election of members of the representative assemblies established in each of France's territorial departments (Departmental councils, formerly General councils). For this reason, such elections are known in France as "cantonal elections".
Un canton en France est la circonscription d'élection des conseillers départementaux, membres du conseil départemental. La loi du réforme profondément leur régime et effectue un redécoupage cantonal général. Le nombre de cantons est alors réduit de moitié, afin que chacun des cantons rénovés élise, au scrutin binominal, deux élus, nécessairement de sexes différents, de manière à imposer la parité entre hommes et femmes.
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Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (, ; ; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skłodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel".
Pierre Curie ( à Paris - à Paris) est un physicien français. Il est principalement connu pour ses travaux en radioactivité, en magnétisme et en piézoélectricité. Lui et son épouse, Marie Curie, pionniers de l'étude des radiations, reçurent une moitié du prix Nobel de physique de 1903 (l'autre moitié a été remise à Henri Becquerel).
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Ars Magica
Ars Magica
Ars Magica is a role-playing game set in 'Mythic Europe' - a historically-grounded version of Europe and the Levant around AD 1200, with the added conceit that conceptions of the world prevalent in folklore and institutions of the High Middle Ages are factual reality (a situation known informally as the'medieval paradigm'). The players' involvement revolves around an organization of magi and their allies and foes both mundane and supernatural. The game was originally developed by Jonathan Tweet and Mark Rein-Hagen, with its first edition published in 1987.
Ars Magica (qui signifie en latin « l'art de la magie ») est un jeu de rôle mettant en scène des mages évoluant dans l"'Europe Mythique", une Europe médiévale alternative où les croyances de tous sont réelles. Regroupés généralement au sein d'un lieu appelé "alliance", ils tentent d'y mener à bien leurs recherches magiques, à l'abri des persécutions de l'Église et de leurs ennemis au sein de l'Ordre d'Hermès).
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Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage (; 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.
Charles Babbage, né le et mort le à Londres, est un polymathe, mathématicien et inventeur visionnaire britannique du qui fut l'un des principaux précurseurs de l'informatique.
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Pierre Loti
Pierre Loti
Pierre Loti (; pseudonym of Louis Marie-Julien Viaud ; 14 January 1850 – 10 June 1923) was a French naval officer and novelist, known for his exotic novels and short stories.
Louis-Marie-Julien Viaud dit Pierre Loti est un écrivain et officier de marine français, né le à Rochefort et mort le à Hendaye.
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Pandanus utilis
Vacoa
Pandanus utilis, the common screwpine is, despite its name, a monocot and not a pine. It is native to Madagascar and naturalised in Mauritius and the Seychelles.
Le vacoa "(Pandanus utilis)" est une grande plante d'allure très particulière en forme de parasol, avec des racines aériennes. Ce n'est pas un palmier, contrairement à certaines appellations ("palmier à vis)" mais une autre monocotylédone arborescente, de la famille des Pandanacées. Le vacoa peut atteindre de hauteur.
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Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae or the myrtle family is a family of dicotyledonous plants placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, pohutukawa, bay rum tree, clove, guava, acca (feijoa), allspice, and eucalyptus are some notable members of this group. All species are woody, contain essential oils, and have flower parts in multiples of four or five. The leaves are evergreen, alternate to mostly opposite, simple, and usually entire (i.e., without a toothed margin). The flowers have a base number of five petals, though in several genera the petals are minute or absent. The stamens are usually very conspicuous, brightly coloured and numerous.
La famille des Myrtacées, Myrtaceae Juss., regroupe des plantes dicotylédones ; elle comprend environ trois mille espèces d'arbres et d'arbustes, appartenant à 23 à 134 genres selon les classifications. Ce sont souvent des producteurs d'huiles aromatiques. On les rencontre dans des zones tempérées, sub-tropicales à tropicales, mais ils poussent principalement en Australie et en Amérique tropicale.
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Manilkara zapota
Sapotillier
Manilkara zapota, commonly known as sapodilla (), sapota, chikoo, naseberry, or nispero is a long-lived, evergreen tree native to southern Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. An example natural occurrence is in coastal Yucatán in the Petenes mangroves ecoregion, where it is a subdominant plant species. It was introduced to the Philippines during Spanish colonization. It is grown in large quantities in India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Mexico.
Le sapotillier ("Manilkara zapota" ou "Achras sapota") est un arbre fruitier originaire des Caraïbes et de l'Amérique centrale qui s'est ensuite répandu en Afrique et en Asie. Attention de ne pas le confondre avec le sapotier ("Pouteria sapota") ni avec le sapotier noir ("Diospyros digyna").
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Molière Award
Nuit des Molières
The Molière Award recognises achievement in live French theatre and is the national theatre award of France. The awards are presented and decided by the "Association professionnelle et artistique du théâtre" (APAT) and supported by the Ministry of Culture at an annual ceremony, called the Nuit des Molières ("Night of the Molières") in Paris. The awards are given for French productions and performances.
La Cérémonie des Molières connue aussi comme Les Molières, est une cérémonie de récompenses du théâtre français, qui a lieu chaque année depuis 1987 afin de saluer les meilleurs artistes et productions. Ils sont souvent cités comme étant l'équivalent des Tony Awards aux États-Unis et des Laurence Olivier Awards au Royaume-Uni.
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Respiratory tract
Voies respiratoires
In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system involved with the process of respiration. The respiratory tract is lined with respiratory mucosa or respiratory epithelium. Air is breathed in through the nose or the mouth. In the nasal cavity, a layer of nasal mucosa acts as a filter and traps pollutants and other harmful substances found in the air. Next, air moves into the pharynx, a passage that contains the intersection between the oesophagus and the larynx. The opening of the larynx has a special flap of cartilage, the epiglottis, that opens to allow air to pass through but closes to prevent food from moving into the airway.
En anatomie humaine, les voies respiratoires, ou voies aériennes (calque de l'anglais ""), sont des conduits qui permettent le passage de l'air entre l'extérieur du corps et les poumons, depuis le nez et la bouche jusqu'aux alvéoles pulmonaires, au cours de la ventilation (respiration : inhalation/expiration). On distingue les voies respiratoires supérieures allant du nez au larynx, et les voies inférieures, allant de la trachée aux alvéoles.
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Muses
Muses
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses (Ancient Greek: Μοῦσαι, "Moũsai", Modern Greek: Μούσες) are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric songs, and myths that were related orally for centuries in ancient Greek culture.
Dans la mythologie grecque, les Muses (grec ) sont les neuf filles de Zeus et de Mnémosyne qui présidaient aux arts libéraux.
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Pierre Poujade
Pierre Poujade
Pierre Poujade (; 1 December 1920 – 27 August 2003) was a French populist politician after whom the Poujadist movement was named.
Pierre Poujade est un homme politique et responsable syndical français, né le à Saint-Céré (Lot) et mort le à La Bastide-l'Évêque (Aveyron).
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Georg Böhm
Georg Böhm
Georg Böhm (2 September 1661 – 18 May 1733) was a German Baroque organist and composer. He is notable for his development of the chorale partita and for his influence on the young J. S. Bach.
Georg Böhm est un compositeur, organiste et claveciniste allemand de la période baroque, né à Hohenkirchen (Thuringe) le et mort à Lunebourg le.
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Claude Balbastre
Claude Balbastre
Claude-Bénigne Balbastre (December 8, 1724 – May 9, 1799) was a French composer, organist, harpsichordist and fortepianist. He was one of the most famous musicians of his time.
Claude Balbastre (parfois cité comme Claude Bénigne Balbastre), né le à Dijon et mort le à Paris, est un organiste, claveciniste et compositeur français.
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Fermion
Fermion
In particle physics, a fermion is a particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics and generally has half odd integer spin 1/2, 3/2 etc. These particles obey the Pauli exclusion principle. Fermions include all quarks and leptons, as well as all composite particles made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei. Fermions differ from bosons, which obey Bose–Einstein statistics.
En physique des particules, un fermion (nom attribué par Paul Dirac d'après Enrico Fermi) est une particule de spin demi-entier (c'est-à-dire 1/2, 3/2, 5/2...). Elle obéit à la statistique de Fermi-Dirac. Un fermion peut être une particule élémentaire, tel l'électron, ou une particule composite, tel le proton, ou toutes leurs antiparticules. Toutes les particules élémentaires observées sont soit des fermions, soit des bosons (l'hypothétique matière noire, non observée en 2020, n'est pas actuellement catégorisée).
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Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae or Compositae (commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family), is a very large and widespread family of flowering plants (Angiospermae).
Les Astéracées (Asteraceae) sont une grande famille botanique de plantes dicotylédones, appelées aussi Composées (Compositae, nom. cons.) ou, plus rarement des Composacées. En effet, ce que l'on prend à première vue pour des « fleurs » chez ces plantes est en réalité composé de fleurs minuscules, réunies en inflorescences appelées capitules.
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Humanitarian intervention
Ingérence humanitaire
Humanitarian intervention has been defined as a state's use of military force against another state, with publicly stating its goal is to end human rights violations in that state." This definition may be too narrow as it precludes non-military forms of intervention such as humanitarian aid and international sanctions. On this broader understanding, "Humanitarian intervention should be understood to encompass... non-forcible methods, namely intervention undertaken without military force to alleviate mass human suffering within sovereign borders." There is not one standard or legal definition of humanitarian intervention; the field of analysis (such as law, ethics or politics) often influences the definition that is chosen. Differences in definition include variations in whether humanitarian intervention is limited to instances where there is an absence of consent from the host state; whether humanitarian intervention is limited to punishment actions; and whether humanitarian intervention is limited to cases where there has been explicit UN Security Council authorization for action. There is, however, a general consensus on some of its essential characteristics:
En politique internationale, l'idée d'ingérence humanitaire est apparue durant la Guerre du Biafra (1967-1970). Le conflit a entraîné une épouvantable famine, largement couverte par les médias occidentaux mais totalement ignorée par les chefs d'États et de gouvernement au nom de la neutralité et de la non-ingérence.
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Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
Grand Quartier général des puissances alliées en Europe
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) is the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Allied Command Operations (ACO). Since 1967 it has been located in Casteau, north of the Belgian city of Mons, but it had previously been located, from 1953, at Rocquencourt, next to Versailles, France. From 1951 to 2003, SHAPE was the headquarters of Allied Command Europe (ACE). Since 2003 it has been the headquarters of Allied Command Operations, controlling all NATO operations worldwide.
Le Grand Quartier général des puissances alliées en Europe (en anglais : ', soit en acronyme, le mot anglais «'» signifiant « forme » ou « modeler ») est le quartier général du "Commandement allié Opérations" (ACO) de l'OTAN. Il se situe à Mons en Belgique.
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Breadfruit
Arbre à pain
Breadfruit ("Artocarpus altilis") is a species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit family (Moraceae) believed to be a domesticated descendant of "Artocarpus camansi" originating in New Guinea, the Maluku Islands, and the Philippines. It was initially spread to Oceania via the Austronesian expansion. It was further spread to other tropical regions of the world during the Colonial Era. British and French navigators introduced a few Polynesian seedless varieties to Caribbean islands during the late 18th century. Today it is grown in some 90 countries throughout South and Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean, Central America and Africa. Its name is derived from the texture of the moderately ripe fruit when cooked, similar to freshly baked bread and having a potato-like flavor.
Larbre à pain ("Artocarpus altilis") est un arbre de la famille des Moracées, originaire d'Océanie, domestiqué dans cette région pour son fruit comestible et aujourd'hui largement répandu sous les tropiques. C’est une espèce proche du jacquier, "Artocarpus heterophyllus".
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Bérénice
Bérénice (Racine)
Berenice () is a five-act tragedy by the French 17th-century playwright Jean Racine. "Berenice" was not played often between the 17th and the 20th centuries. Today it is one of Racine's more popular plays, after "Phèdre", "Andromaque" and "Britannicus".
Bérénice est une tragédie historique en cinq actes et en vers ( alexandrins) de Jean Racine, représentée pour la première fois le à l’hôtel de Bourgogne, avec Marie Champmeslé, sa nouvelle actrice vedette, dans le rôle-titre. L'épître dédicatoire est adressée à Colbert.
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Drowning
Noyade
Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment as a result of being in or under a liquid. Drowning typically occurs silently, with only a few people able to wave their hands or call for help. Symptoms following rescue may include breathing problems, vomiting, confusion, or unconsciousness. Occasionally symptoms may not appear until up to six hours afterwards. Drowning may be complicated by low body temperature, aspiration of vomit, or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Drowning is more common when the weather is warm and among those with frequent access to water. Risk factors include alcohol use, epilepsy, and low socioeconomic status. Common locations of drowning include swimming pools, bathtubs, natural bodies of water, and buckets. Initially the person holds their breath, which is followed by laryngospasm, and then low oxygen levels. Significant amounts of water usually only enter the lungs later in the process. It may be classified into three types: drowning with death, drowning with ongoing health problems, and drowning with no ongoing health problems. Efforts to prevent drowning include teaching children to swim, safe boating practices, and limiting or removing access to water such as by fencing pools. Treatment of those whose who are not breathing should begin with opening the airway and providing five breaths. In those whose heart is not beating and who have been underwater for less than an hour CPR is recommended. Survival rates are better among those with a shorter time under the water. Among children who survive, poor outcomes occur in about 7.5% of cases. In 2015, there were an estimated 4.5 million cases of unintentional drowning worldwide. That year, there were 324,000 drowning deaths, making it the third leading cause from unintentional injuries after falls and motor vehicle collisions. Of these deaths, 56,000 occurred in children less than five years old. Drowning accounts for 7% of all injury related deaths, with more than 90% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Drowning occurs more frequently in males and the young.
La noyade est une asphyxie par inondation des voies respiratoires, causée par la submersion ou l'immersion, quelle que soit la gravité ou les conséquences, mortelles. L’immersion correspond au fait d’être recouvert de liquide (l’immersion de la face ou des voies aériennes seules suffit à causer la noyade). La submersion réfère à un corps entier plongé dans du liquide.
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Antenna (radio)
Antenne radioélectrique
In radio engineering, an antenna is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio wave in order to produce an electric current at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. Antennas are essential components of all radio equipment.
En radioélectricité, une antenne est un dispositif permettant de rayonner (émetteur) ou de capter (récepteur) les ondes électromagnétiques. L'antenne est un élément fondamental dans un système radioélectrique, et ses caractéristiques de rendement, gain, diagramme de rayonnement influencent directement les performances de qualité et de portée du système.
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Galileo (spacecraft)
Galileo (sonde spatiale)
Galileo was an American uncrewed spacecraft that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as several other Solar System bodies. Named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was delivered into Earth orbit on October 18, 1989 by. "Galileo" arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter. It launched the first probe into Jupiter, directly measuring its atmosphere. Despite suffering major antenna problems, "Galileo" achieved the first asteroid flyby, of 951 Gaspra, and discovered the first asteroid moon, Dactyl, around 243 Ida. In 1994, "Galileo" observed Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9's collision with Jupiter.
Galileo est une sonde spatiale américaine développée par la NASA qui a pour mission d'étudier la planète Jupiter et ses lunes.
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null
null
null
null
null
null
Queue (abstract data type)
File (structure de données)
In computer science, a queue is a collection of entities that are maintained in a sequence and can be modified by the addition of entities at one end of the sequence and the removal of entities from the other end of the sequence. By convention, the end of the sequence at which elements are added is called the back, tail, or rear of the queue, and the end at which elements are removed is called the head or front of the queue, analogously to the words used when people line up to wait for goods or services.
En informatique, une file dite aussi file d'attente (en anglais ) est une structure de données basée sur le principe du "premier entré, premier sorti" ou PEPS, désigné en anglais par l'acroynyme FIFO () : les premiers éléments ajoutés à la file seront les premiers à en être retirés.
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Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce urushiol, an irritant. The Anacardiaceae include numerous genera, several of which are economically important, notably cashew (in the type genus "Anacardium"), mango, poison ivy, sumac, smoke tree, marula, yellow mombin, Peruvian pepper and cuachalalate. The genus "Pistacia" (which includes the pistachio and mastic tree) is now included, but was previously placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae.
La famille des Anacardiaceae (Anacardiacées) regroupe des plantes dicotylédones. Selon Watson & Dallwitz, elle comprend environ 600 espèces réparties en 70 genres. Ce sont des arbres ou des arbustes des régions tempérées (bassin méditerranéen) à tropicales.
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Orchha
Orchhâ
Orchha (or Urchha) is a town in Niwari district of Madhya Pradesh state, India. The town was established by Rudra Pratap Singh some time after 1501, as the seat of an eponymous former princely state of covering parts of central & north India, in the Bundelkhand region. Orchha lies on the Betwa River, 80 km from Tikamgarh & 15 km from Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh.
Orchhâ (ou Oraccha) est une petite ville d'Inde dans le District de Tikamgarh de l'état du Madhya Pradesh qui était la capitale de l'état princier du même nom. La ville se trouve à au sud de Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) et de Tikamgarh, sur un plateau entouré de petites montagnes formant ainsi un site aisément défendable.
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Period 6 element
Période 6 du tableau périodique
A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or "period") of the periodic table of the elements, including the lanthanides. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The sixth period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 7, beginning with caesium and ending with radon. Lead is currently the last stable element; all subsequent elements are radioactive. For bismuth, however, its only primordial isotope, Bi, has a half-life of more than 10 years, over a billion times longer than the current age of the universe. As a rule, period 6 elements fill their 6s shells first, then their 4f, 5d, and 6p shells, in that order; however, there are exceptions, such as gold.
La période 6 du tableau périodique est la sixième ligne, ou "période", du tableau périodique des éléments. Elle contient des éléments du bloc s, du bloc f, du bloc d et du bloc p :
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List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Liste des œuvres de Jean-Sébastien Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach composed cantatas, motets, masses, Magnificats, Passions, oratorios, four-part chorales, songs and arias. His instrumental music includes concertos, suites, sonatas, fugues, and other works for organ, harpsichord, lute, violin, cello, flute, chamber ensemble and orchestra.
La liste des œuvres de Jean-Sébastien Bach (ou Johann Sebastian Bach) suit la numérotation BWV ("Bach-Werke Verzeichnis") de Wolfgang Schmieder.
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Period 1 element
Période 1 du tableau périodique
A period 1 element is one of the chemical elements in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate periodic (recurring) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that analog elements fall into the same vertical columns. The first period contains fewer elements than any other row in the table, with only two: hydrogen and helium. This situation can be explained by modern theories of atomic structure. In a quantum mechanical description of atomic structure, this period corresponds to the filling of the 1s orbital. Period 1 elements obey the duet rule in that they need two electrons to complete their valence shell.
La période 1 du tableau périodique est la première ligne, ou "période", du tableau périodique des éléments. Elle ne contient que deux éléments du bloc s :
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1556, 66161, 6626, 80854, 5, 106073, 15044, 64707, 1409, 136, 50651, 316, 621, 23, 70, 91, 9, 81409, 4, 2725, 9319, 111, 2856, 186, 68991, 7, 21373, 538, 47, 3789, 91, 9, 81409, 80854, 5, 581, 481, 224833, 83, 221, 12921, 1295, 70, 3789, 91, 9, 81409, 80854, 450, 2685, 83, 150675, 217573, 674, 645, 7440, 6097, 6626, 80854, 5608, 186, 158012, 23, 70, 120164, 23180, 5, 126442, 1409, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 21115, 106, 3129, 44677, 442, 36917, 400, 4450, 316, 5, 1650, 83, 68018, 158012, 36917, 44603, 4, 36917, 127179, 1212, 4, 36917, 15044, 400, 4450, 316, 136, 127179, 1212, 15, 11, 7340, 101098, 186351, 247, 707, 25737, 21917, 26518, 36917, 70, 3789, 80854, 136, 959, 95486, 297, 47, 2499, 21115, 23, 70, 120164, 23180, 5, 93219, 316, 1556, 10, 28484, 3502, 6620, 6, 128019, 136, 8311, 329, 83, 39555, 11343, 158012, 36917, 108, 191, 15, 143321, 83, 23, 70, 915, 9, 81409, 16, 23, 70, 120164, 23180, 237, 10, 110, 2661, 9060, 4, 102971, 442, 83, 46505, 25958, 158012, 36917, 770, 183979, 316, 4743, 47, 2363, 21373, 77556, 19, 180346, 5, 126442, 1409, 15, 841, 16, 83, 70, 165045, 12830, 678, 34627, 1771, 14012, 615, 1913, 5570, 52768, 136, 81147, 4, 64707, 1409, 83, 10, 10576, 9393, 4, 36, 1846, 9393, 4, 351, 185790, 1771, 4, 90365, 9393, 4, 103210, 42009, 39, 2886, 45, 2832, 21068, 9060, 678, 70, 233239, 26168, 572, 5, 17106, 142, 34627, 1771, 46889, 111, 6, 146533, 197697, 10, 561, 4, 64707, 1409, 83, 70, 22729, 525, 12830, 5, 126442, 1409, 83, 70, 2684, 130807, 660, 111, 70, 165045, 80854, 4, 11764, 1916, 166904, 538, 62582, 111, 70, 14997, 13, 25, 7, 12830, 289, 46889, 5, 96814, 23, 70, 5201, 40, 944, 3956, 621, 5201, 538, 150350, 71, 111, 64707, 1409, 23, 6863, 80796, 11341, 5, 48325, 289, 64707, 1409, 83, 35845, 538, 41207, 98, 64883, 4, 136, 83, 25297, 538, 181653, 1295, 64707, 3284, 8345, 7, 6044, 237, 435, 34414, 4, 7103, 3129, 2684, 12830, 289, 64707, 1409, 83, 11814, 44, 15644, 4935, 538, 58, 15, 37440, 592, 4000, 538, 99, 70, 36049, 1764, 247, 678, 70, 142105, 16839, 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Ogg
Ogg
Ogg is a free, open container format maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The creators of the Ogg format state that it is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient streaming and manipulation of high-quality digital multimedia. Its name is derived from "ogging", jargon from the computer game "Netrek".
Ogg est le nom du principal projet de la fondation Xiph.org dont le but est de proposer des formats et codecs multimédias ouverts, libres et dégagés de tout brevet.
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Easter
Pâques
Easter, also called Pascha (Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a festival and holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day after his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary 30 AD. It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent (or Great Lent), a 40-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance.
Pâques est la fête la plus importante du christianisme. Elle commémore la résurrection de Jésus, que le Nouveau Testament situe le surlendemain de la Passion, c'est-à-dire « le troisième jour ». La solennité, précédée par la Semaine sainte, dernière partie du carême, commence dans la nuit précédent le dimanche de Pâques, par la veillée pascale.
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Épinay-sur-Orge
Épinay-sur-Orge
Épinay-sur-Orge is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France. It is situated near Orly Airport some south of Paris on the A6 motorway. Épinay is served by two stations on different branches of line C of the RER suburban railway system: Épinay-sur-Orge and Petit-Vaux.
Épinay-sur-Orge ( ) est une commune française située à vingt et un kilomètres au sud de Paris dans le département de l’Essonne en région Île-de-France.
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Diabolo
Diabolo (jonglerie)
The diabolo ( ; commonly misspelled "diablo") is a juggling or circus prop consisting of an axle () and two cups (hourglass/egg timer shaped) or discs derived from the Chinese yo-yo. This object is spun using a string attached to two hand sticks ("batons" or "wands"). A large variety of tricks are possible with the diabolo, including tosses, and various types of interaction with the sticks, string, and various parts of the user's body. Multiple diabolos can be spun on a single string.
Le diabolo est un instrument et une discipline de la jonglerie. L’instrument est composé de manière générale de deux calottes en plastique serties par un boulon à un axe métallique ou en teflon ayant la forme d’une gorge de poulie. Il est le plus souvent accompagnés de deux baguettes en bois, en aluminium, voire en fibre de carbone ou de verre qui permettent par effet de levier de transmettre des forces importantes au diabolo. Les baguettes sont reliées par du fil, le plus souvent en nylon et en kevlar pour les diabolos « feu ». Parfois le fil est bouclé sur lui-même et le diaboliste n’a pas de baguettes mais plutôt des gants.
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Period 2 element
Période 2 du tableau périodique
A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate/display recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases; a new row is started when chemical behavior begins to repeat, creating columns of elements with similar properties.
La période 2 du tableau périodique est la deuxième ligne, ou "période", du tableau périodique des éléments. Elle contient des éléments du bloc s et du bloc p :
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Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants belonging to the genera "Campanula" (bellflower), "Lobelia", and "Platycodon" (balloonflower). "Campanula rapunculus" (rampion or r. bellflower) and "Codonopsis lanceolata" are eaten as vegetables. "Lobelia inflata" (indian tobacco), "L. siphilitica" and "L. tupa" (devil's tobacco) and others have been used as medicinal plants. "Campanula rapunculoides" (creeping bellflower) may be a troublesome weed, particularly in gardens, while "Legousia" spp. may occur in arable fields.
Les Campanulaceae (Campanulacées) forment une famille de plantes dicotylédones qui comprend espèces réparties en 90 genres environ. Ce sont des plantes herbacées le plus souvent pérennes, quelques arbres et arbustes, cosmopolites, des régions froides à tropicales (sauf l'Afrique tropicale).
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Parthian Empire
Empire parthe
The Parthian Empire (; 247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire (), was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran. Its latter name comes from Arsaces I who, as leader of the Parni tribe, founded it in the mid-3rd century BC when he conquered the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, in rebellion against the Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I (r. c. 171–132 BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to eastern Iran. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han dynasty of China, became a center of trade and commerce.
LEmpire parthe (247 av. J.-C. – 224 ap. J.-C.), également appelé Empire arsacide (en persan moderne : / "šâhanšâhi-ye aškâni"), est une importante puissance politique et culturelle iranienne dans la Perse antique. Arsace, chef des Parni, une tribu scythe d'Asie centrale, fonde définitivement l'Empire parthe au milieu du lorsqu'il conquiert la Parthie dans le Nord-Est de l'Iran, une satrapie (province) alors en rébellion contre l'Empire séleucide. Mithridate (171 – 138 av. J.-C.) agrandit l'Empire en prenant la Médie et la Mésopotamie aux Séleucides. À son apogée, l'Empire parthe s'étend des sources de l'Euphrate, dans ce qui est aujourd'hui le Sud-Est de la Turquie, jusqu'à l'Est de l'Iran. L'Empire, situé sur la route de la soie reliant l'Empire romain, dans le bassin méditerranéen, à l'Empire han, en Chine, devient un carrefour culturel et commercial.
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Period 3 element
Période 3 du tableau périodique
A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when the periodic table skips a row and a chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behavior fall into the same vertical columns. The third period contains eight elements: sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon. The first two, sodium and magnesium, are members of the s-block of the periodic table, while the others are members of the p-block. All of the period 3 elements occur in nature and have at least one stable isotope.
La période 3 du tableau périodique est la troisième ligne, ou "période", du tableau périodique des éléments. Elle contient des éléments du bloc s et du bloc p :
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Tétouan
Tétouan
Tétouan (,, ), nicknamed the "White Dove" (), is a city located in northern Morocco. It lies along the Martil Valley and is one of the two major ports of Morocco on the Mediterranean Sea, a few miles south of the Strait of Gibraltar, and about 60 km (40 mi) E.S.E. of Tangier. In the 2014 Moroccan census, the city recorded a population of 380,787 inhabitants. It is part of the administrative division Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima.
Tétouan (, ("Tetwan") ;, ("Tiṭṭawin")) est une ville du Maroc, située dans le nord du pays, dans le Rif occidental, aussi appelé pays Jbala.La ville est située à environ au sud-est de la ville de Tanger et à proximité du détroit de Gibraltar, dans une vallée (la cluse de Tétouan) creusée par l'oued Mhannech dans les montagnes de la chaîne calcaire du Rif au nord et au sud.
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Jacques Duclos
Jacques Duclos
Jacques Duclos (2 October 1896, in Louey, Hautes-Pyrénées – 25 April 1975, in Montreuil) was a French Communist politician who played a key role in French politics from 1926, when he entered the French National Assembly after defeating Paul Reynaud, until 1969, when he won a substantial portion of the vote in the presidential elections.
Jacques Duclos, né le à Louey (Hautes-Pyrénées) et mort le à Montreuil, est un homme politique français, dirigeant du Parti communiste français (PCF).
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José Manuel Barroso
José Manuel Durão Barroso
José Manuel Durão Barroso (; born 23 March 1956) is a Portuguese politician and university teacher, currently serving as non-executive Chairman of Goldman Sachs International. He previously served as the 11th President of the European Commission and the 115th Prime Minister of Portugal.
José Manuel Durão Barroso, né le à Lisbonne (Portugal), est un homme politique portugais, président de la Commission européenne entre le et le.
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Queen Mary 2
Queen Mary 2
RMS "Queen Mary 2 (also referred to as the QM2") is a British transatlantic ocean liner. She has served as the flagship of Cunard Line since succeeding "Queen Elizabeth 2" in 2004. As of 2020, "Queen Mary 2" is the only purpose built passenger ship designed as an ocean liner, as opposed to a cruise ship.
Le RMS "Queen Mary 2" (« "QM2" ») est un paquebot transatlantique britannique de la Cunard construit en France dans les Chantiers de l'Atlantique à Saint-Nazaire et mis en service en 2004 pour assurer la ligne régulière Europe-Amérique du Nord. Il fut à sa construction le paquebot à plus fort tonnage du monde.
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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement
Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement
The French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD) is a French agricultural research and international cooperation organization working for the sustainable development of tropical and Mediterranean regions. It is a public industrial and commercial establishment (EPIC) founded in 1984, with its Head Office in Paris.
Le Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) est l'organisme français de recherche agronomique et de coopération internationale pour le développement durable des régions tropicales et méditerranéennes. C'est un établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial (EPIC) français créé en 1984. Son siège social est situé à Paris.
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Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae is a family of herbaceous perennial flowering plants, within the core eudicot order Saxifragales. The taxonomy has been greatly revised and the scope of the family much reduced in the era of molecular phylogenetic analysis. The family is divided into ten clades, with about 640 known species in about 35 accepted genera. About half of these consist of a single species, but about 400 of the species are in the type genus "Saxifraga". The family is predominantly distributed in the northern hemisphere, but also in the Andes in South America.
La famille des Saxifragaceae (Saxifragacées) est constituée de plantes à fleurs dicotylédones ; elle comprend environ 600 espèces réparties en une trentaine de genres. Ce sont des plantes herbacées parfois succulentes, annuelles ou pérennes, des zones froides à tempérées principalement dans l'hémisphère nord. Plantes d'aspect divers, herbacées ou ligneuses, à feuilles alternes ou opposées, généralement sans stipules.
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Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
The Crassulaceae, also known as the stonecrop family or the orpine family, are a diverse family of dicotyledon flowering plants characterized by succulent leaves and a unique form of photosynthesis, known as Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Flowers generally have five floral parts. Crassulaceae are usually herbaceous but there are some subshrubs, and relatively few treelike or aquatic plants. Crassulaceae are a medium size monophyletic family in the core eudicots, among the order Saxifragales, whose diversity has made infrafamilial classification very difficult. The family includes approximately 1,400 species and 34–35 genera, depending on the circumscription of the genus "Sedum", and distributed over three subfamilies. Members of the Crassulaceae are found worldwide, but mostly in the Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa, typically in dry and/or cold areas where water may be scarce. although a few are aquatic.
La famille des Crassulaceae (Crassulacées) comprend des plantes herbacées ou sous-ligneuses, à feuilles généralement charnues, sans stipules, simples et entières. Ce sont généralement des plantes succulentes.
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Methanol
Méthanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol amongst other names, is a chemical with the formula CHOH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH). It is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odour similar to that of ethanol (drinking alcohol). A polar solvent, methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.
Le méthanol (ou alcool méthylique, carbinol, alcool de bois, naphte de bois ou esprit de bois) est un composé organique de formule : CHOH (souvent abrégé en MeOH). C’est le plus simple des alcools. C'est un liquide léger, volatil, incolore, inflammable, toxique avec une odeur caractéristique, plus douce et sucrée que celle de l’éthanol (alcool éthylique).
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Henry Cavendish
Henry Cavendish
Henry Cavendish FRS (; 10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English natural philosopher, scientist, and an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist. He is noted for his discovery of hydrogen, which he termed "inflammable air". He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper, "On Factitious Airs". Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name.
Henry Cavendish, né le à Nice (alors dans le comté de Nice du royaume de Sardaigne) et mort le à Londres, est un physicien et chimiste britannique. Il est notamment célèbre pour ses travaux sur la mesure de la constante de gravitation.
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Johann Pachelbel
Johann Pachelbel
Johann Pachelbel (baptised 1 September 1653 – buried 9 March 1706) was a German composer, organist, and teacher who brought the south German organ schools to their peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era.
Johann Pachelbel () est un compositeur et organiste allemand de la période baroque, né le à Nuremberg (alors une ville libre d'Empire) et mort dans la même ville le.
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Obfuscation (software)
Code impénétrable
In software development, obfuscation is the deliberate act of creating source or machine code that is difficult for humans to understand. Like obfuscation in natural language, it may use needlessly roundabout expressions to compose statements. Programmers may deliberately obfuscate code to conceal its purpose (security through obscurity) or its logic or implicit values embedded in it, primarily, in order to prevent tampering, deter reverse engineering, or even as a puzzle or recreational challenge for someone reading the source code. This can be done manually or by using an automated tool, the latter being the preferred technique in industry.
Le code impénétrable d'un programme informatique est un code dont la compréhension est très difficile pour un humain tout en restant parfaitement compilable par un ordinateur.
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Imperative mood
Impératif (grammaire)
The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request. An example of a verb used in the imperative mood is the English phrase "Die." Such imperatives imply a second-person subject ("you"), but some other languages also have first- and third-person imperatives, with the meaning of "let's (do something)" or "let him/her/them (do something)" (the forms may alternatively be called cohortative and jussive).
En grammaire, l’impératif est l'un des différents modes grammaticaux (avec l'indicatif, le conditionnel, le subjonctif). Ce mode exprime une injonction.
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Georges Marchais
Georges Marchais
Georges René Louis Marchais (7 June 1920 – 16 November 1997) was the head of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1972 to 1994, and a candidate in the French presidential elections of 1981.
Georges Marchais, né le à La Hoguette (Calvados) et mort le à Paris, est un homme politique français. Il est secrétaire général du Parti communiste français (PCF) de 1972 à 1994, député de 1973 à 1997 et député européen de 1979 à 1989.
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Multimedia Messaging Service
Multimedia Messaging Service
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from a mobile phone over a cellular network. Users and providers may refer to such a message as a PXT, a picture message, or a multimedia message. The MMS standard extends the core SMS (Short Message Service) capability, allowing the exchange of text messages greater than 160 characters in length. Unlike text-only SMS, MMS can deliver a variety of media, including up to forty seconds of video, one image, a slideshow of multiple images, or audio. The first MMS-capable phones were introduced around 2002 in conjunction with the first GSM network. The Sony Ericsson T68i is widely believed to be the first MMS-capable cell phone, while many more hit North American markets beginning in 2004 and 2005.
Le MMS (de l'anglais '), « service de messagerie multimédia », est un système d'émission et de réception de messages multimédias pour la téléphonie mobile.
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Tench
Tanche
The tench or doctor fish ("Tinca tinca") is a fresh- and brackish-water fish of the cyprinid family found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including the British Isles east into Asia as far as the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. It is also found in Lake Baikal. It normally inhabits slow-moving freshwater habitats, particularly lakes and lowland rivers. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the tench is called "Schlei".
La Tanche (du gaulois "tinca" (Tinca tinca) est un poisson d'eau douce de la famille des cyprinidés qui se rencontre en Eurasie. Importée illégalement au Québec depuis l'Allemagne en 1986, on la retrouve désormais dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent depuis 2005.
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One-liner program
Uniligne
Originally, a one-liner program was textual input to the command-line of an operating system shell that performs some function in just one line of input. The one-liner can be Certain dynamic scripting languages such as AWK, sed, and Perl have traditionally been adept at expressing one-liners. Specialist shell interpreters such as Unix shells or Windows PowerShell allow for the construction of powerful one-liners.
Un uniligne (' pour les anglophones) est généralement un programme informatique jetable, mais peu banal, écrit pour une tâche ponctuelle en un langage de script tel que Perl ou Ruby, et tenant sur une seule ligne. Des langages qui imposent plusieurs phases avant l'exécution, la déclaration explicite de variables, de fonctions ou, pire, de classes, ne se prêtent pas aux unilignes. Les unilignes bénéficient des qualités DWIM (') et DRY (") propres à certains langages.
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Musée Picasso
Musée Picasso (Paris)
The Musée Picasso is an art gallery located in the Hôtel Salé in rue de Thorigny, in the Marais district of Paris, France, dedicated to the work of the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881–1973). The museum collection includes more than 5,000 works of art (paintings, sculptures, drawings, ceramics, prints, engravings and notebooks) and tens of thousands of archived pieces from Picasso’s personal repository, including the artist's photographic archive, personal papers, correspondence, and author manuscripts. A large portion of items were donated by Picasso’s family after his death, in accord with the wishes of the artist, who lived in France from 1905 to 1973.
Le musée Picasso est le musée national français consacré à la vie et à l'œuvre de Pablo Picasso ainsi qu'aux artistes qui lui furent liés.
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Parrot virtual machine
Parrot (machine virtuelle)
Parrot is a register-based process virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently. It is possible to compile Parrot assembly language and Parrot intermediate representation (PIR, an intermediate language) to Parrot bytecode and execute it. Parrot is free and open source software.
Parrot est une machine virtuelle à base de registres développée par la communauté Perl. Parrot sera la cible de l'interpréteur de Perl 6 en cours de spécification. La plupart des autres machines virtuelles sont à base de piles. Les développeurs de Parrot considèrent comme un avantage la ressemblance avec l'architecture des processeurs actuels. Cela permettra d'utiliser la littérature sur ce sujet pour le développement de la machine virtuelle Parrot. Parrot est aussi destiné à supporter d'autres langages dynamiques tels que Ruby, Python, Tcl ou JavaScript.
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Ubykh language
Oubykh
Ubykh, or Ubyx, is an extinct Northwest Caucasian language once spoken by the Ubykh people (who originally lived along the eastern coast of the Black Sea before migrating "en masse" to Turkey in the 1860s).
L’oubykh (autonyme "twaχəbza") est une langue caucasienne de la famille des langues abkhazo-adygiennes parlée autrefois en Turquie et en Géorgie.
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Nicolaus Bruhns
Nicolaus Bruhns
Nicolaus Bruhns (also "Nikolaus", "Nicholas"; late 1665 – in Husum) was a Danish-German organist, violinist, and composer. He was one of the most prominent organists and composers of his generation.
Nicolaus Bruhns est un compositeur du duché de Schleswig (Danemark), né en à Schwabstedt et mort prématurément à l'âge de 31 ans, le à Husum, ville située aujourd'hui en Allemagne.
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PCI Express
PCI Express
PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe or PCI-e, is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard, designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X and AGP bus standards. It is the common motherboard interface for personal computers' graphics cards, hard drives, SSDs, Wi-Fi and Ethernet hardware connections. PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting, AER), and native hot-swap functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for I/O virtualization.
Le PCI Express, abrégé PCI-E ou PCIe (anciennement 3GIO, ) est un standard développé par Intel et introduit en 2004. Il spécifie un bus local série (« bus PCI express ») et un connecteur qui sert à connecter des cartes d’extension sur la carte mère d’un ordinateur. Il est destiné à remplacer tous les connecteurs d’extension d’un PC, dont le PCI et l’AGP.
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List of princely states of British India (by region)
Liste des États princiers du Raj britannique
Before the Partition of India in 1947, about 584 Princely States, also called Native States, existed in India, which were not fully and formally part of British India, the parts of the Indian subcontinent which had not been conquered or annexed by the British but under indirect rule, subject to subsidiary alliances.
À la veille de l'indépendance de l'Inde et du Pakistan en 1947, le Raj britannique comptait 562 États princiers. Les monarques de ces États portaient des titres différents (raja, maharaja, chatrapati, nawab, khan, nizam, etc.). La couronne britannique était représentée dans chaque État par un résident. Il y avait un résident individuel pour chacun des quatre plus grands États princiers, les autres étaient regroupés en différentes agences.
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Pharamond
Pharamond
Pharamond or Faramund (c. 365 – 430) is a legendary early king of the Franks, first referred to in the anonymous 8th-century Carolingian text "Liber Historiae Francorum", also known as the "Gesta regnum Francorum". In this work, which is customarily dated to 727, the anonymous author begins by writing of a mythical Trojan origin for the Franks. The emphasis of the "Liber" was upon "construct[ing] a specific past for a particular group of people."
Pharamond ou Faramond est le nom qui fut donné durant le Moyen Âge et l'Ancien Régime au premier roi des Francs et ancêtre des Mérovingiens.
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Ange
Ange (groupe)
Ange (English: Angel) is a French progressive rock band formed in September 1969 by the Décamps brothers, Francis (keyboards) and Christian (vocals, accordion, acoustic guitar and keyboards).
Ange est un groupe rock progressif français, originaire de Belfort, d'Héricourt et de Vesoul, en Franche-Comté. Il est formé à la fin de 1969, par Christian Décamps et Jean-Michel Brézovar. Francis, frère de Christian, les rejoint vite. Au début, la musique du groupe s'inspire de textes médiévaux-fantastiques intégrés à du rock progressif.
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Salute state
États princiers des Indes par nombre de coups de canon
A salute state was a princely state under the British Raj that had been granted a gun salute by the British Crown (as paramount ruler); i.e., the protocolary privilege for its ruler to be greeted — originally by Royal Navy ships, later also on land — with a number of cannon shots, in graduations of two salutes from three to 21, as recognition of the state's relative status. The gun-salute system of recognition was first instituted during the time of the East India Company in the late 18th century and was continued under direct Crown rule from 1858.
Les États princiers des Indes avaient droit lors des cérémonies officielles à un salut comportant un certain nombre de coups de canons ou "Guns".
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German organ schools
Écoles allemandes d'orgue
The 17th century organ composers of Germany can be divided into two primary schools: the north German school and the south German school (sometimes a third school, central German, is added). The stylistic differences were dictated not only by teacher-pupil traditions and international influences, but also by separate organ building traditions: northern organs tend to have a tower layout with emphasis on the pedal division, while southern and Austrian instruments are typically divided around a window and emphasize manual divisions.
Les pays germaniques regroupés au sein du Saint-Empire romain germanique ont connu durant la période baroque plusieurs écoles allemandes d'orgue issues principalement, de façon schématique, des héritages de Sweelinck (régions touchées par la réforme protestante), d'une part, et de Frescobaldi (régions restées fidèles au catholicisme), d'autre part.
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Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
Shoemaker-Levy 9
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was a comet that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects. This generated a large amount of coverage in the popular media, and the comet was closely observed by astronomers worldwide. The collision provided new information about Jupiter and highlighted its possible role in reducing space debris in the inner Solar System.
', officiellement désignée'et parfois abrégée en SL9, est une comète qui s'est disloquée lors de son approche de la planète Jupiter puis est entrée en collision avec elle entre le 16 et le. Elle a fourni la première observation directe d'une collision, hors de la Terre, entre deux objets du système solaire. Celle-ci a généré une grande couverture médiatique et la comète a été observée de près par des astronomes du monde entier. La collision a apporté de nouvelles informations à propos de Jupiter et a souligné son rôle dans la réduction des débris spatiaux au sein du système solaire.
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European Patent Office
Office européen des brevets
The European Patent Office (EPO) is one of the two organs of the European Patent Organisation (EPOrg), the other being the Administrative Council. The EPO acts as executive body for the organisation while the Administrative Council acts as its supervisory body as well as, to a limited extent, its legislative body. The actual legislative power to revise the European Patent Convention lies with the Contracting States themselves when meeting at a Conference of the Contracting States.
L’Office européen des brevets (OEB ;, "EPO" ; ) est une organisation qui accorde des brevets au niveau européen. Son siège se trouve à Munich, en Allemagne. Il possède également un département dans la commune de Ryswick aux Pays-Bas, ainsi qu'une annexe à Berlin et des bureaux à Vienne et Bruxelles.
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SMS
Short Message Service
SMS (short message service) is a text messaging service component of most telephone, Internet, and mobile device systems. It uses standardized communication protocols to enable mobile devices to exchange short text messages. An intermediary service can facilitate a text-to-voice conversion to be sent to landlines.
Le service de messagerie SMS, plus connu sous le sigle de SMS (pour « ») ou les noms de « texto » ou de « minimessage », permet de transmettre de courts messages textuels. C'est l'un des services de la téléphonie mobile (il a été introduit par la norme GSM).
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Newfoundland (island)
Terre-Neuve
Newfoundland (, ; ; Mi'kmaq: "Taqamkuk") is a large island off the east coast of the North American mainland, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It has 29 percent of the province's land area. The island is separated from the Labrador Peninsula by the Strait of Belle Isle and from Cape Breton Island by the Cabot Strait. It blocks the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, creating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuary. Newfoundland's nearest neighbour is the French overseas community of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
Terre-Neuve (en anglais "Newfoundland" ; en micmac "Ktaqamk" et en gaélique "Talamh en Eisc") est une grande île située au large de la côte atlantique de l'Amérique du Nord. Elle fait partie du territoire de la province canadienne de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador ; la capitale de la province, Saint-Jean, se trouve sur l'extrémité est de l'île, le point le plus oriental de l'Amérique du Nord. Ce territoire est devenu une province canadienne en 1949.
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Caliphate
Califat
A caliphate ( ') is an Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ', ), a person considered a politico-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (Muslim community). Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517. Throughout the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all hereditary monarchies, such as the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) and Ayyubid Caliphate have claimed to be caliphates.
Un califat ou khalifat (arabe : ) est par métonymie le territoire et la population musulmane qui y vit reconnaissant l'autorité d'un calife (arabe :, littéralement « un successeur », ici de Mahomet) dans l'exercice politique du pouvoir.
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Princely state
État princier (Raj britannique)
A princely state, also called native state, feudatory state or Indian state (for those states on the subcontinent), was a vassal state under a local or indigenous or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj. Though the history of the princely states of the subcontinent dates from at least the classical period of Indian history, the predominant usage of the term "princely state" specifically refers to a semi-sovereign principality on the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by a local ruler, subject to a form of indirect rule on some matters. The imprecise doctrine of paramountcy allowed the government of British India to interfere in the internal affairs of princely states individually or collectively and issue edicts that applied to all of India when it deemed it necessary.
Un État princier était un territoire du Raj britannique dirigé par un monarque local dans une relation de vassalité avec la couronne britannique. Les États princiers étaient ainsi soumis à un contrôle indirect des Britanniques, qui étaient représentés auprès de chacun d'eux par un résident, à la différence des provinces soumises à une colonisation directe.
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Larry Wall
Larry Wall
Larry Arnold Wall (born September 27, 1954) is an American computer programmer and author. He created the Perl programming language.
Larry Wall (né le à Los Angeles aux États-Unis) est le concepteur américain du langage de programmation Perl, ainsi que le développeur de son premier interpréteur (1987).
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SS Cap Arcona
Cap Arcona
Cap Arcona, named after Cape Arkona on the island of Rügen, was a large German ocean liner and the flagship of the Hamburg Südamerikanische Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft ("Hamburg-South America Line"). She took her maiden voyage on 29 October 1927, carrying passengers and cargo between Germany and the east coast of South America, and in her time was the largest and quickest ship on the route.
Le Cap Arcona est un ancien paquebot allemand de grand luxe dont l'histoire est liée à l'une des plus grandes tragédies maritimes de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
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Statue of Liberty
Statue de la Liberté
The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.
La Liberté éclairant le monde (en anglais : "Liberty Enlightening the World"), ou simplement "Liberté", plus connue sous le nom de statue de la Liberté ("Statue of Liberty"), est l'un des monuments les plus célèbres des États-Unis. Cette statue monumentale est située à New York, sur la Liberty Island, au sud de Manhattan, à l'embouchure de l'Hudson et à proximité d'Ellis Island.
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Arctic char
Omble chevalier
The Arctic char or Arctic charr ("Salvelinus alpinus") is a cold-water fish in the family Salmonidae, native to alpine lakes and arctic and subarctic coastal waters. Its distribution is circumpolar. It spawns in fresh water and populations can be lacustrine, riverine or anadromous, where they return from the ocean to their fresh water birth rivers to spawn. No other freshwater fish is found as far north; it is, for instance, the only fish species in Lake Hazen on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic. It is one of the rarest fish species in Britain and Ireland, found mainly in deep, cold, glacial lakes, and is at risk from acidification. In other parts of its range, such as the Nordic countries, it is much more common, and is fished extensively. In Siberia, it is known as "golets" () and it has been introduced in lakes where it sometimes threatens less hardy endemic species, such as the small-mouth char and the long-finned char in Elgygytgyn Lake.
L’Omble chevalier (Salvelinus alpinus) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des salmonidés. Il a été initialement décrit en 1758 par Carl von Linné. C'est l’espèce d'eau douce dont la distribution géographique est la plus septentrionale et elle est souvent la seule espèce de poissons dans les lacs de l'Arctique. Certaines populations d'omble chevalier sont anadromes et constituent une ressource alimentaire importante pour les peuples du Nord.
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Patent
Brevet
A patent is a form of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of years in exchange for publishing an enabling public disclosure of the invention. In most countries, patent rights fall under private law and the patent holder must sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce his or her rights. In some industries patents are an essential form of competitive advantage; in others they are irrelevant.
Un brevet est un titre de propriété industrielle qui confère à son titulaire un monopole d'exploitation sur l'invention brevetée à compter, en principe, de la date de dépôt et pour une durée maximale de 20 ans. Il convient ainsi de noter qu'un droit de brevet n'est pas un droit d'exploitation, c'est-à-dire autorisant l'exploitation de l'invention brevetée. En effet, le droit d’exploitation peut être soumis à un autre formalisme tel que par exemple l'obtention d'une autorisation de mise sur le marché, une certification, etc.
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
François-Ferdinand d'Autriche
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo is considered the most immediate cause of World War I.
L'archiduc François-Ferdinand d'Autriche-Este (en allemand : "Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este") est né le à Graz et mort assassiné le à Sarajevo (Autriche-Hongrie). Archiduc d'Autriche-Este et prince de Hongrie et de Bohême, il devient l'héritier du trône de l'Empire austro-hongrois à partir de 1896. Son assassinat est l'événement déclencheur de la Première Guerre mondiale.
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Limnanthaceae
Limnanthaceae
The Limnanthaceae are a small family of annual herbs occurring throughout temperate North America. There are eight species and nineteen taxa currently recognized. Members of this family are prominent in vernal pool communities of California. Some taxa have been domesticated for use as an oil seed crop. Some members are listed as threatened or endangered and have been the focus of disputes over development plans (e.g. "Limnanthes floccosa" subsp. "californica", "Limnanthes vinculans" )
La famille des Limnanthacées est une famille de plantes dicotylédones qui comprend une dizaine d'espèces réparties en 2 genres. Ce sont de petites plantes herbacées plus ou moins succulentes, des zones marécageuses des régions tempérées d'Amérique du Nord.
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Celastrales
Celastrales
The Celastrales are an order of flowering plants found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. The 1200 to 1350 species are in about 100 genera. All but seven of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae. Until recently, the composition of the order and its division into families varied greatly from one author to another.
Les Celastrales sont un ordre de plantes dicotylédones. En il comprend les familles : En il comprend les familles :
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Aerodynamics
Aérodynamique
Aerodynamics, from Greek ἀήρ "aero" (air) + δυναμική (dynamics), is the study of motion of air, particularly as interaction with a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It is a sub-field of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, and many aspects of aerodynamics theory are common to these fields. The term "aerodynamics" is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, the difference being that "gas dynamics" applies to the study of the motion of all gases, and is not limited to air. The formal study of aerodynamics began in the modern sense in the eighteenth century, although observations of fundamental concepts such as aerodynamic drag were recorded much earlier. Most of the early efforts in aerodynamics were directed toward achieving heavier-than-air flight, which was first demonstrated by Otto Lilienthal in 1891. Since then, the use of aerodynamics through mathematical analysis, empirical approximations, wind tunnel experimentation, and computer simulations has formed a rational basis for the development of heavier-than-air flight and a number of other technologies. Recent work in aerodynamics has focused on issues related to compressible flow, turbulence, and boundary layers and has become increasingly computational in nature.
Laérodynamique () est une branche de la dynamique des fluides qui étudie les écoulements d'air, et leurs effets sur des éléments solides. Dans des domaines d'application tel que le design, des éléments d'aérodynamique sont repris du point de vue humain et subjectif, sous le nom d"'aérodynamisme", avec des considérations, par exemple, sur les formes pouvant apparaître comme favorables à l'avancement.
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Northern pike
Grand brochet
The northern pike ("Esox lucius") is a species of carnivorous fish of the genus "Esox" (the pikes). They are typical of brackish and fresh waters of the Northern Hemisphere ("i.e." holarctic in distribution). They are known simply as a pike in Britain, Ireland, and most of Canada and the United States.
Le brochet ou grand brochet (Esox lucius) est une espèce de poissons prédateurs communs en eaux douces et saumâtres dans l'hémisphère nord (répartition holarctique). Ce poisson a été introduit en dehors de son aire d'origine, notamment au Maroc, par les colons français au début du, dans les lacs d'Aguelmame Aziza et d'Aguelmame Sidi Ali.
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Proteales
Proteales
Proteales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants consisting of three (or four) families. The Proteales have been recognized by almost all taxonomists.
Les Proteales sont un ordre de plantes dicotylédones. En il ne comprend que deux familles : En, et en la circonscription est :
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Cadillac, Michigan
Cadillac (Michigan)
Cadillac is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. The city is the county seat of Wexford County. The population was 10,355 at the 2010 census. Today US 131, M-55 and M-115 have a junction at this city. The geographic center of Michigan is approximately five miles (8.05 km) north-northwest of Cadillac.
La ville de Cadillac (en anglais ) est le siège du comté de Wexford dans le Michigan. Elle doit son nom à Antoine de Lamothe-Cadillac, fondateur de la ville de Détroit. Sa population (2000) est de.
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Force
Force (physique)
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F.
Une force modélise, en physique, une action mécanique exercée par un objet sur un autre et capable d'imposer une accélération induisant la modification du vecteur vitesse (une force exercée sur l'objet fait aller celui-ci plus vite, moins vite ou le dévie d'une trajectoire rectiligne). En 1684, Isaac Newton a précisé ce concept en établissant les bases de la mécanique newtonienne. La base sensorielle de la notion est donnée par la sensation de contraction musculaire.
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Adobe Inc.
Adobe (entreprise)
Adobe Inc. ( ), known until October 3, 2018 as Adobe Systems Incorporated, is an American multinational computer software company headquartered in San Jose, California, and incorporated in Delaware. It has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more recent foray towards digital marketing software. Adobe is best known for its Adobe Flash web software ecosystem, Photoshop image editing software, Adobe Illustrator vector graphics editor, Acrobat Reader, the Portable Document Format (PDF), and Adobe Creative Suite, as well as its successor Adobe Creative Cloud.
' ou ', anciennement (/adob/ en français, /əˈdoʊbi:/ en anglais) est une entreprise informatique éditant des logiciels graphiques dont "InDesign", "Acrobat", "Photoshop", "Illustrator" et "Flash". La société a également édité des logiciels de montage vidéo ("Adobe Premiere Pro" et "After Effects") et audio ("Adobe Audition"). Ces derniers sont maintenant des références mondiales dans le domaine de l'édition vidéo, photo, audio et dans l'illustration et le graphisme. Adobe vient du nom de la rivière "" (Los Altos, Californie) qui coule derrière la maison de son fondateur John Warnock.
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Wide area network
Réseau étendu
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographical area for the primary purpose of computer networking. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.
Un réseau étendu, souvent désigné par son acronyme anglais WAN ("Wide Area Network"), est un réseau informatique ou un réseau de télécommunications couvrant une grande zone géographique, typiquement à l'échelle d'un pays, d'un continent, ou de la planète entière. Le plus grand WAN est le réseau Internet.
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Pasteurization
Pasteurisation
Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process in which water and certain packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat, usually to less than, to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life. The process is intended to destroy or deactivate organisms and enzymes that contribute to spoilage or risk of disease, including vegetative bacteria, but not bacterial spores. Since pasteurization is not sterilization, and does not kill spores, a second "double" pasteurization will extend the quality by killing spores that have germinated.
La pasteurisation, ou débactérisation thermocontrôlée, est un procédé de conservation des aliments par chauffage à une température comprise entre, pendant une durée définie, suivi d'un refroidissement rapide. La pasteurisation tire son nom des travaux de Louis Pasteur sur la stabilisation des vins au.
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World Intellectual Property Organization
Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO; ) is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN). Pursuant to the 1967 Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO was created to promote and protect intellectual property (IP) across the world by cooperating with countries as well as international organizations. It began operations on 26 April 1970 when the convention entered into force.
LOrganisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle (OMPI) ou "World Intellectual Property Organization" (WIPO) est une institution spécialisée des Nations unies. Sa mission officielle est de stimuler la créativité et le développement économique en promouvant un système international de propriété intellectuelle, notamment en favorisant la coopération entre les États. Son siège est situé à Genève en Suisse. Son directeur général depuis le est l'Australien Francis Gurry. Dotée d'un effectif de 950 personnes venant de plus de 100 pays, l'OMPI comporte 191 États membres dont 1 État observateur (Palestine) et administre 26 traités internationaux.
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