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Kirikou and the Sorceress | Kirikou et la Sorcière | Kirikou and the Sorceress () is a 1998 traditional animation feature film written and directed by Michel Ocelot. Drawn from elements of West African folk tales, it depicts how a newborn boy, Kirikou, saves his village from the evil witch Karaba. The film was originally released on 9 December 1998. It is a co-production between companies in France (Exposure, France 3 Cinema, Les Armateurs, Monipoly, Odec Kid Cartoons), Belgium (Radio-Télévision belge) and Luxembourg (Studio O, Trans Europe Film) and animated at Rija Films' studio in Latvia and Studio Exist in Hungary. | Kirikou et la Sorcière est un long métrage d'animation franco-belgo-luxembourgeois réalisé par Michel Ocelot et sorti en 1998. Adapté d'un conte africain, le film raconte les aventures de Kirikou, un garçon minuscule mais à l'intelligence et à la générosité hors du commun, dans sa lutte contre la sorcière Karaba, qui tyrannise les habitants du village à l'aide de ses pouvoirs maléfiques et d'une armée de fétiches. Par son scénario, ses graphismes, sa musique et ses doublages, "Kirikou" s'inspire au plus près des cultures de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. | [
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First Battle of Panipat | Première bataille de Panipat | The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi dynasty. It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire and the end of the Delhi Sultanate. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by Mughals in this battle. | La première bataille de Panipat a lieu en Inde du Nord, et marque le début de l'Empire moghol. Le, les troupes de Bâbur, le roi de Kaboul descendant de Tamerlan défont l'armée beaucoup plus puissante d'Ibrâhîm Lodî, le dirigeant du sultanat de Delhi. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Refracting telescope | Lunette astronomique | A refracting telescope (also called a refractor) is a type of optical telescope that uses a lens as its objective to form an image (also referred to a dioptric telescope). The refracting telescope design was originally used in spy glasses and astronomical telescopes but is also used for long focus camera lenses. Although large refracting telescopes were very popular in the second half of the 19th century, for most research purposes the refracting telescope has been superseded by the reflecting telescope which allows larger apertures. A refractor's magnification is calculated by dividing the focal length of the objective lens by that of the eyepiece. | Une lunette astronomique ou lunette de Kepler est un instrument optique composé de lentilles et permettant d'augmenter la luminosité et la taille apparente des objets du ciel lors de leur observation. Équipée d'un redresseur d'image, elle se comporte alors en lunette d'approche. | [
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Convention of Kanagawa | Convention de Kanagawa | On March 31, 1854, the or became the first treaty between the United States and the Tokugawa shogunate. Signed under threat of force, it effectively meant the end of Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion ("sakoku") by opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels. It also ensured the safety of American castaways and established the position of an American consul in Japan. The treaty also precipitated the signing of similar treaties establishing diplomatic relations with other Western powers. | La ou est un traité signé le, entre les représentants du shogunat des Tokugawa et le "commodore" Matthew Perry représentant le président américain Millard Fillmore. Il est parmi les traités inégaux, traités imposés par les puissances coloniales occidentales aux pays d'Extrême-Orient qu'ils colonisèrent dans la seconde moitié du, le premier de ceux imposés au Japon. Il s'ensuivra le passage de l'ère Edo à l'ère Meiji, qui amorcera une volonté colonialiste du Japon puis son imposition de traités inégaux à d'autres pays de la région sur le modèle occidental. | [
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Market garden | Maraîchage | A market garden is the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants. The diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, typically from under one acre (0.4 ha) to a few acres, or sometimes in greenhouses distinguishes it from other types of farming. Such a farm on a larger scale is sometimes called a truck farm. | Le maraîchage (ou maraichage en orthographe rectifiée), ou horticulture maraîchère ou agriculture maraîchère est la culture de végétaux à usage alimentaire, de manière professionnelle, c'est-à-dire dans le but d'en faire un profit ou simplement d'en vivre, ce qui le distingue du jardinage. | [
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Eurythmics | Eurythmics | Eurythmics were a British pop duo consisting of members Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart. Stewart and Lennox were both previously in The Tourists, a band which broke up in 1980; Eurythmics were formed later that year in Wagga Wagga, Australia. The duo released their first studio album, "In the Garden", in 1981 to little success, but went on to achieve global success when their second album "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)", was released in 1983. The title track became a worldwide hit which topped the charts in various countries including the US. The duo went on to release a string of hit singles and albums before they split up in 1990. By this time, Stewart was a sought-after record producer, while Lennox began a solo recording career in 1992 with her debut album "Diva". After almost a decade apart, Eurythmics reunited to record their ninth album, "Peace", released in late 1999. They reunited again in 2005 to release the single "I've Got a Life", as part of a new Eurythmics compilation album, "Ultimate Collection". | Eurythmics est un groupe de pop rock et new wave anglais, originaire de Londres, en Angleterre. Il est composé d'Annie Lennox et de Dave Stewart (qui s'entourent occasionnellement d'autres musiciens), qui connut un succès aussi bien sur le plan commercial qu'artistique durant les années 1980. | [
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Fanny Ardant | Fanny Ardant | Fanny Marguerite Judith Ardant (born 22 March 1949) is a French actress. She has appeared in more than eighty motion pictures since 1976. Ardant won the César Award for Best Actress in 1997 for her performance in "Pédale douce". | Fanny Ardant est une actrice, réalisatrice et scénariste française, née le à Saumur en Maine-et-Loire. Révélée en 1981 par "La Femme d'à côté" de François Truffaut, elle reçoit en 1997 le César de la meilleure actrice pour "Pédale douce", et en 2020 le César de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle pour "La Belle Époque". | [
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Imagination | Imagination | Imagination is the ability to produce and simulate novel objects, peoples and ideas in the mind without any immediate input of the senses. It is also described as the forming of experiences in one's mind, which can be re-creations of past experiences such as vivid memories with imagined changes, or they can be completely invented and possibly fantastic scenes. Imagination helps make knowledge applicable in solving problems and is fundamental to integrating experience and the learning process. A basic training for imagination is listening to storytelling (narrative), in which the exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to "evoke worlds". | L'imagination (du latin "imaginatio", « image, vision ») est la faculté de se représenter ou de former des images à travers l'esprit à partir d'éléments dérivés de perceptions sensorielles ou bien de façon e. | [
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Three Colours: Blue | Trois couleurs : Bleu | Three Colours: Blue (, ) is a 1993 French drama film directed and co-written by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski. "Blue" is the first of three films that comprise the "Three Colours" trilogy, themed on the French Revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity; it is followed by "" and "". According to Kieślowski, the subject of the film is liberty, specifically emotional liberty, rather than its social or political meaning. | Trois couleurs : Bleu est un film franco-polono-suisse de Krzysztof Kieślowski sorti en 1993. Le film a obtenu de nombreuses récompenses dont le Lion d'or et trois Césars : meilleure actrice pour Juliette Binoche, meilleur montage et meilleur son. | [
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Ridicule (film) | Ridicule | Ridicule () is a 1996 French period drama film directed by Patrice Leconte and starring Charles Berling, Jean Rochefort, Fanny Ardant and Judith Godrèche. Set in the 18th century at the decadent court of Versailles, where social status can rise and fall based on one's ability to mete out witty insults and avoid ridicule oneself, the film's plot examines the social injustices of late 18th-century France, in showing the corruption and callousness of the aristocrats. | Ridicule est un film français de Patrice Leconte sorti en 1996. Lors de la cérémonie des César, le film reçoit quatre César, dont celui du meilleur film et du meilleur réalisateur. Il fut également nommé à l'Oscar du meilleur film en langue étrangère. | [
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Nicolas Lebègue | Nicolas Lebègue | Nicolas Lebègue (also "Le Bègue"; c. 16316 July 1702) was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. He was born in Laon and in the 1650s settled in Paris, quickly establishing himself as one of the best organists of the country. He lived and worked in Paris until his death, but frequently made trips to other cities to consult on organ building and maintenance matters. Lebègue's reputation today rests on his keyboard music. He made particularly important contributions to the development of the French organ school by devising pieces with independent pedal parts and developing the "Tierce en taille" genre. His oeuvre also includes the earliest published unmeasured preludes, as well as some of the earliest known noëls. | Nicolas-Antoine Lebègue (ou le Begue), né à Laon en 1631 et mort à Paris le, est un compositeur, organiste et claveciniste français. | [
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Adl | Adl | Adl (, ) is an Arabic word meaning 'justice', and is also one of the names of God in Islam. | ʿAdl (arabe :, "justice, témoin instrumentaire") est un terme arabe utilisé dans qu'on peut traduire par "justice". En théologie islamique, il s'agit de la justice divine d'Allah (voir Adala). | [
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Ihram | Ihram | Ihram (, from the triconsonantal root Ḥ-R-M) is, in Islam, a sacred state which a Muslim must enter in order to perform the major pilgrimage ("Ḥajj") or the minor pilgrimage ("ʿUmrah"). A pilgrim must enter into this state before crossing the pilgrimage boundary, known as "Mīqāt", by performing the cleansing rituals and wearing the prescribed attire. | L'ihram est un terme arabe lié au hajj : tout au long du pèlerinage, le pèlerin doit être en état d'ihram (arabe : إحرام [iḥrām], "état de consécration rituelle ; sacralisation ; vêtement de pèlerinage"). L'ihrâm symbolise l'entrée dans l'univers sacré. Pour cela, le pèlerin doit se soumettre à une purification physique complète (grandes ablutions) et à une certaine hygiène de vie. | [
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Three Colours: Red | Trois couleurs : Rouge | Three Colours: Red (, ) is a 1994 romantic mystery film co-written, produced and directed by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski. It is the final installment of the "Three Colours trilogy", which examines the French Revolutionary ideals; it is preceded by "" and "". Kieślowski had announced that this would be his final film, which proved true with the director's sudden death in 1996. "Red" is about fraternity, which it examines by showing characters whose lives gradually become closely interconnected, with bonds forming between two characters who appear to have little in common. | Trois couleurs : Rouge est un film franco-helvéto-polonais réalisé par Krzysztof Kieślowski, sorti en 1994. C'est le dernier volet de la trilogie "Trois couleurs" ("//Rouge") qui explore successivement les trois termes de la devise de la France : « Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ». | [
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Epicurus | Épicure | Epicurus (; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and sage who founded Epicureanism, a highly influential school of philosophy. He was born on the Greek island of Samos to Athenian parents. Influenced by Democritus, Aristippus, Pyrrho, and possibly the Cynics, he turned against the Platonism of his day and established his own school, known as "the Garden", in Athens. Epicurus and his followers were known for eating simple meals and discussing a wide range of philosophical subjects. He openly allowed women to join the school as a matter of policy. Epicurus is said to have originally written over 300 works on various subjects, but the vast majority of these writings have been lost. Only three letters written by him—the letters to "Menoeceus", "Pythocles", and "Herodotus"—and two collections of quotes—the "Principal Doctrines" and the "Vatican Sayings"—have survived intact, along with a few fragments of his other writings. Most knowledge of his teachings comes from later authors, particularly the biographer Diogenes Laërtius, the Epicurean Roman poet Lucretius and the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus, and with hostile but largely accurate accounts by the Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus, and the Academic Skeptic and statesman Cicero. | Épicure (en grec ) est un philosophe grec, né à la fin de l'année 342 ou au début de l'année 341 et mort en 270 Il est le fondateur, en 306, de l'épicurisme, l'une des plus importantes écoles philosophiques de l'Antiquité. En physique, il soutient comme Démocrite que tout ce qui existe est composé d'atomes indivisibles. Les atomes se meuvent aléatoirement dans le vide et peuvent se combiner pour former des agrégats de matière. L'âme en particulier serait un de ces agrégats d'atomes, et non une entité spirituelle, notamment d'après son disciple Lucrèce. En éthique, le philosophe grec défend l'idée que le souverain bien est le plaisir, passant avant toute chose par l'« absence de douleur » (voir l'article Ataraxie). En logique ou épistémologie, Épicure considère que la sensation est à l'origine de toute connaissance et annonce ainsi l'empirisme. | [
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Demeter | Déméter | In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Demeter (; Attic: "Dēmḗtēr" ; Doric: "Dāmā́tēr") is the goddess of the harvest and agriculture, presiding over grains and the fertility of the earth. Her cult titles include Sito (), "she of the Grain", as the giver of food or grain, and Thesmophoros (, "thesmos": divine order, unwritten law;, "phoros": bringer, bearer), "Law-Bringer", as a mark of the civilized existence of agricultural society. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Déméter (en grec ancien : nom vraisemblablement composé de, « la mère », et peut-être d'un nom pré-grec de la terre,, ce qui ferait d'elle « la Mère de la Terre ») est la déesse de l'agriculture et des moissons. | [
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Naive set theory | Théorie naïve des ensembles | Naïve set theory is any of several theories of sets used in the discussion of the foundations of mathematics. Unlike axiomatic set theories, which are defined using formal logic, naïve set theory is defined informally, in natural language. It describes the aspects of mathematical sets familiar in discrete mathematics (for example Venn diagrams and symbolic reasoning about their Boolean algebra), and suffices for the everyday use of set theory concepts in contemporary mathematics. | Les ensembles sont d'une importance fondamentale en mathématiques ; en fait, de manière formelle, la mécanique interne des mathématiques (nombres, relations, fonctions, etc.) peut se définir en termes d'ensembles. Il y a plusieurs façons de développer la théorie des ensembles et plusieurs théories des ensembles existent. Par théorie naïve des ensembles, on entend le plus souvent un développement informel d'une théorie des ensembles dans le langage usuel des mathématiques, mais fondée sur les axiomes de la théorie des ensembles de Zermelo ou de Zermelo-Fraenkel avec axiome du choix dans le style du livre "Naive Set Theory" de Paul Halmos. Une théorie naïve suppose implicitement qu'il n'y a qu'un univers ensembliste, et que les preuves d'indépendance, et de cohérence relative, comme l'indépendance de l'hypothèse du continu, ne sont pas de son ressort. On entend également parfois par théorie naïve des ensembles la théorie des ensembles telle que la concevait et développait son créateur, Georg Cantor, qui n'était pas axiomatisée, et que l'on connaît par ses articles et sa correspondance. Enfin la théorie naïve désigne parfois une théorie contradictoire à usage pédagogique formée des axiomes d'extensionnalité et de compréhension non restreinte, qui n'a d'autre intérêt que d'introduire les axiomes de la théorie des ensembles, et qui ne doit pas être identifiée à celle de Cantor. | [
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Gregory Breit | Gregory Breit | Gregory Breit (, "Grigory Alfredovich Breit-Shneider"; July 14, 1899, Mykolaiv, Kherson Governorate – September 13, 1981, Salem, Oregon) was a Russian-born Jewish American physicist and professor at NYU (1929–1934), U. of Wisconsin–Madison (1934–1947), Yale (1947–1968), and Buffalo (1968–1973). In 1921, he was Paul Ehrenfest's assistant in Leiden. | Gregory Breit, né le à Mykolaïv et mort le à Salem dans l'Oregon, est un physicien américain d'origine russe. Il mesura l'altitude des couches de l'ionosphère à l'aide d'impulsions radioélectriques et participa à la mise au point du radar avec Merle Antony Tuve. Il fut lauréat de la Médaille Franklin en 1964. | [
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Edward Victor Appleton | Edward Appleton | Sir Edward Victor Appleton (6 September 1892 – 21 April 1965) was an English physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1947) and pioneer in radiophysics. He studied, and was also employed as a lab technician, at Bradford College from 1909 to 1911. | Edward Appleton ( à Bradford, Angleterre - à Édimbourg, Écosse) est un physicien britannique. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1947. Il fut également lauréat de la Royal Medal en 1950. | [
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Three Colours: White | Trois couleurs : Blanc | Three Colours: White (, ) is a 1994 French-Polish comedy-drama film co-written, produced, and directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski. "White" is the second in the "Three Colours trilogy", themed on the French Revolutionary ideals, following "" and preceding "". The film was selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. | Trois couleurs : Blanc est un film franco-helvéto-polonais réalisé par Krzysztof Kieślowski, sorti en 1994. C'est le deuxième volet de la trilogie "Trois couleurs" ("/Blanc/") qui explore successivement les trois termes de la devise de la France : « Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ». | [
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Jean Bodin | Jean Bodin | Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty; he was also an influential writer on demonology. | Jean Bodin, né en 1529 ou 1530 à Angers et mort en 1596 à Laon, est un jurisconsulte, économiste, philosophe et théoricien politique français, qui influença l’histoire intellectuelle de l’Europe par ses théories économiques et ses principes de « bon gouvernement » exposés dans des ouvrages souvent réédités. La diffusion du plus célèbre d'entre eux, "Les Six Livres de la République", n'a été égalée que par "De l'esprit des lois" de Montesquieu. En économie politique, il perçoit les dangers de l'inflation et élabore la théorie quantitative de la monnaie à l'occasion d'une controverse avec Monsieur de Malestroit. Enfin, il établit une méthode comparative en droit et en histoire qui fécondera les travaux de Grotius et Pufendorf. | [
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Benito Mussolini | Benito Mussolini | Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who was the leader of the National Fascist Party. He ruled as the Prime Minister of Italy from the fascist coup d'état in 1922 until his deposition in 1943, and Duce ("Leader") of Italian Fascism from the establishment of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in 1919 to his execution in 1945 during the Italian Civil War. As dictator of Italy and founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired far-right totalitarian rulers such as Adolf Hitler, Francisco Franco, and António de Oliveira Salazar. | Benito Mussolini ( ; ), né le à Predappio et mort le à Giulino di Mezzegra, est un journaliste, idéologue et homme d'État italien. | [
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Magnetosphere | Magnétosphère | A magnetosphere is a region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are affected by that object's magnetic field. It is created by a star or planet with an active interior dynamo. | La magnétosphère est la région entourant un objet céleste dans laquelle les phénomènes physiques sont dominés ou organisés par son champ magnétique. | [
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Edinburgh | Édimbourg | Edinburgh (; ; ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore. | Édimbourg (' en anglais britannique,'en gaélique écossais, ', ','et'en scots) est une ville d'Écosse au Royaume-Uni. | [
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Pulled rickshaw | Pousse-pousse (transport de personnes) | A pulled rickshaw (or ricksha, 力車, りきしゃ) is a mode of human-powered transport by which a runner draws a two-wheeled cart which seats one or two people. | Le est une voiturette légère à deux roues et à une ou deux places, tirée ou poussée par un homme. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mica | Mica | The mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly perfect basal cleavage. All are monoclinic, with a tendency towards pseudohexagonal crystals, and are similar in chemical composition. The nearly perfect cleavage, which is the most prominent characteristic of mica, is explained by the hexagonal sheet-like arrangement of its atoms. | Le mica est le nom d’une famille de minéraux, du groupe des silicates sous-groupe des phyllosilicates formé principalement de silicate d'aluminium et de potassium. Avec le quartz et le feldspath, il est l'un des constituants du granite. | [
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Bergamot orange | Bergamote | Citrus bergamia, the bergamot orange (pronounced ), is a fragrant citrus fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow or green color similar to a lime, depending on ripeness. | La bergamote est le fruit du bergamotier, arbre de la famille des Rutacées (à ne pas confondre avec la "poire bergamote" ou ses variétés, ni avec des limettes et limonettes parfois appelées "bergamotes" ). Cet agrume est principalement cultivé dans la province de Reggio de Calabre (Italie) depuis le et uniquement sur une étroite bande de la côte calabraise, le long de la mer Ionienne et la mer Tyrrhénienne où la bergamote alimente encore une petite industrie locale. | [
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Zebu | Zébu | A zebu (; "Bos primigenius indicus" or "Bos indicus" or "Bos taurus indicus"), sometimes known as indicine cattle or humped cattle, is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia. Zebu are characterised by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures, and are farmed throughout the tropical countries, both as pure zebu and as hybrids with taurine cattle, the other main type of domestic cattle. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals, dairy cattle, and beef cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure. Zebu, namely miniature zebu, are kept as companion animals. In 1999, researchers at Texas A&M University successfully cloned a zebu. | Le zébu ("Bos taurus indicus") est un bovidé domestique descendant d'une sous-espèce indienne de l'aurochs. Le mot zébu vient du tibétain « zeba » signifiant étymologiquement « bosse ». | [
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Mosque | Mosquée | A mosque (; from, ; (from the word sujud) means a place of prostrating.) is a place of worship for Muslims. Any act of worship that follows the Islamic rules of prayer can be said to create a mosque, whether or not it takes place in a special building. Informal and open-air places of worship are called "musalla", while mosques used for communal prayer on Fridays are known as "jāmiʿ". Mosque buildings typically contain an ornamental niche ("mihrab") set into the wall that indicates the direction of Mecca ("qiblah"), ablution facilities and minarets from which calls to prayer are issued. The pulpit ("minbar"), from which the Friday (jumu'ah) sermon ("khutba") is delivered, was in earlier times characteristic of the central city mosque, but has since become common in smaller mosques. Mosques typically have segregated spaces for men and women. This basic pattern of organization has assumed different forms depending on the region, period and denomination. | Une mosquée est un lieu de culte où se rassemblent les musulmans pour les prières communes. L’ensemble architectural est le plus souvent entouré d’une ou plusieurs tours, ou minarets, dont le nombre n'est pas limité. Le toit est souvent en forme de dôme. C’est du haut d’un des minarets que le muezzin ("mouadh-dhan") appelle à la prière au cours de l’"adhan". Une mosquée est plus qu’un lieu de culte ; elle sert d'institution sociale et éducative : elle peut, ainsi, être accompagnée d’une madrassa, d'une bibliothèque, d’un centre de formation, voire d’une université. Elle sert aussi de lieu de rencontres et d’échanges sociaux. | [
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Management | Management | Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body. Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or of volunteers) to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human resources. The term "management" may also refer to those people who manage an organization - individually: managers. | Le management est la mise en œuvre des moyens humains et matériels d'une entreprise pour atteindre ses objectifs. Il correspond à l'idée de gestion et de pilotage appliquée à une entreprise ou une unité de celle-ci. Lorsqu'il concerne l'entreprise tout entière on peut généralement l'assimiler à la fonction de direction (la « fonction administrative » de H. Fayol). Le management est présenté ici dans sa version prédominante, d'autres formes existent en particulier dans les approches en gouvernance partagée. | [
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Speenhamland system | Loi de Speenhamland | The Speenhamland system, also known as the Berkshire Bread Act was a form of outdoor relief intended to mitigate rural poverty in England and Wales at the end of the 18th century and during the early 19th century. The law was an amendment to the Elizabethan Poor Law. It was created as an indirect result of Britain’s involvements in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). | La loi de Speenhamland, communément appelée la « loi sur les pauvres », a été en vigueur en Grande-Bretagne de 1795 à 1834. C'est l'une des nombreuses "Poor Laws". | [
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Income | Revenu | Income is the consumption and saving opportunity gained by an entity within a specified timeframe, which is generally expressed in monetary terms. | Le revenu d'une personne ou d'un agent économique désigne « "l'ensemble des droits sur les ressources disponibles qui lui sont attribués au cours d'une période donnée sans prélèvement sur son patrimoine" ». | [
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David Ricardo | David Ricardo | David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist, one of the most influential of the classical economists along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and James Mill. | David Ricardo, né le à Londres et mort le à Gatcombe Park, est un économiste et philosophe britannique, également agent de change et député. Il est considéré comme l'un des économistes libéraux les plus influents de l'école classique aux côtés d'Adam Smith et de Thomas Malthus. | [
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Flag of Angola | Drapeau de l'Angola | The national flag of Angola came into use when Angola gained independence on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half with an emblem resting at the center. It features a yellow half gear wheel crossed by a machete and crowned with a star. | Le drapeau de l'Angola est composé de deux bandes horizontales rouge (dessus) et noire. Au centre est frappé un emblème jaune constitué d'une étoile à cinq pointes entourée d'une moitié de roue à dent et croisé par une machette. | [
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Flag of Benin | Drapeau du Bénin | The national flag of Benin () is a flag consisting of two horizontal yellow and red bands on the fly side and a green vertical band at the hoist. Adopted in 1959 to replace the French Tricolour, it was the flag of the Republic of Dahomey until 1975, when the People's Republic of Benin was established. The new regime renamed the country and changed the flag to a green field with a red star in the canton. This version was utilized until the regime collapsed in 1990, coinciding with the Revolutions of 1989. The new government promptly restored the original pre-1975 flag. | Le drapeau du Bénin est le drapeau national et le pavillon national de la République du Bénin depuis le. Il arbore les trois couleurs panafricaines empruntées au drapeau de l'Éthiopie, la nation africaine qui avait le plus longtemps résisté à la colonisation européenne. | [
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Flag of the Bahamas | Drapeau des Bahamas | The national flag of The Bahamas consists of a black triangle situated at the hoist with three horizontal bands: aquamarine, gold and aquamarine. Adopted in 1973 to replace the British Blue Ensign defaced with the emblem of the Crown Colony of the Bahama Islands, it has been the flag of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas since the country gained independence that year. The design of the present flag incorporated the elements of various submissions made in a national contest for a new flag prior to independence. | Le drapeau des Bahamas est composé de trois bandes horizontales turquoise et jaune (milieu), un triangle équilatéral noir se trouve du côté de la hampe. | [
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Pandanales | Pandanales | Pandanales (pandans or screw-pines) is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants placed in the monocot clade in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web systems. Within the monocots Pandanales are grouped in the lilioid monocots where they are in a sister group relationship with the Dioscoreales. Historically the order has consisted of a number of different families in different systems but modern classification of the order is based primarily on molecular phylogenetics despite diverse morphology which previously placed many of the families in other groupings based on apparent similarity. Members of the order have a subtropical distribution and includes trees, shrubs, and vines as well as herbaceous plants. The order consists of 5 families, 36 genera and about 1,610 species. | Les Pandanales sont un ordre de plantes monocotylédones. En il ne comprend qu'une famille : En il ne comprend qu'une famille : | [
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Aurochs | Aurochs | The aurochs ( or ; pl. aurochs, or rarely aurochsen, aurochses), also known as urus or ure ("Bos primigenius"), is an extinct species of large wild cattle that inhabited Asia, Europe, and North Africa. It is the ancestor of domestic cattle. The species survived in Europe until 1627, when the last recorded aurochs died in the Jaktorów Forest, Poland. | Laurochs (ou auroch) est une espèce disparue de bovidé, ancêtre des races actuelles de bovins domestiques, et appartenant au genre Bos. Son nom scientifique est "Bos primigenius" mais, selon les auteurs, il peut être considéré comme une sous-espèce ("Bos taurus primigenius") des bovins de l'espèce "Bos taurus". Il est également désigné parfois par les noms d"'urus" ou "ure". Menacé par la domestication et la chasse, l'aurochs n'existait plus qu'en Europe de l'Est à partir du, avant de s'éteindre dans la première moitié du (le dernier spécimen est mort en 1627 dans la forêt de Jaktorow en Pologne). L'aurochs a fait en 1920 l'objet de tentatives de reconstitution par élevage sélectif de races bovines. Les frères Heinz et Lucks Heck créèrent une race s'en approchant appelée « aurochs de Heck », et officiellement nommée de nos jours en France « aurochs-reconstitués », que l'on peut observer aujourd'hui en Europe, comme dans la forêt de Rambouillet, en France. | [
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Grand Trunk Road | Grand Trunk Road | The Grand Trunk Road also formerly known as "Uttarapath", "Sadak-e-Azam", "Badshahi Sadak", "Sadak E Sher Shah" is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years, it has linked Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent. It runs roughly from Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh west to Kabul, Afghanistan, passing through Howrah, Allahabad (Prayagraj), Delhi, and Amritsar in India, and Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Peshawar in Pakistan. | La Grand Trunk Road ou simplement G.T. Rd est une grande route transcontinentale très ancienne reliant l'Inde orientale à l'Afghanistan, à travers le Nord de l'Inde et traversant le Pakistan. Elle commence à Howrah (sur les rives du Hooghly, en face de Calcutta) pour aboutir à Kaboul. | [
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Stemonaceae | Stemonaceae | The Stemonaceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Pandanales. The family consists of four genera with ca 37 known species distributed in areas with seasonal climate across Southeast Asia and tropical Australia. One native species is found in the United States. In earlier systems the family was called Roxburghiaceae, after "Roxburghia", now "Stemona". | La famille des Stemonaceae regroupe de plantes monocotylédones ; elle comprend plus d'une vingtaine d'espèces réparties en 4 genres. Ce sont des lianes ou des plantes herbacées pérennes, rhizomateuses ou tubéreuses, grimpantes, des régions sub-tropicales, de l'Asie du Sud-Est au nord de l'Australie. | [
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Commelinaceae | Commelinaceae | Commelinaceae is a family of flowering plants. In less formal contexts, the group is referred to as the dayflower family or spiderwort family. It is one of five families in the order Commelinales and by far the largest of these with about 731 known species in 41 genera. Well known genera include "Commelina" (dayflowers) and "Tradescantia" (spiderworts). The family is diverse in both the Old World tropics and the New World tropics, with some genera present in both. The variation in morphology, especially that of the flower and inflorescence, is considered to be exceptionally high amongst the angiosperms. The family has always been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Commelinales in the clade commelinids in the monocots. The family counts several hundred species of herbaceous plants. Many are cultivated as ornamentals. The stems of these plants are generally well-developed, and often swollen at the nodes. Flowers are often short-lived, lasting for a day or less. | La famille des Commelinaceae (Commélinacées) est constituée de plantes monocotylédones ; elle comprend dans les 500 espèces réparties en une quarantaine de genres. | [
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Velloziaceae | Velloziaceae | Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales. | La famille des Velloziacées regroupe des plantes monocotylédones ; elle comprend 270 espèces réparties en 7 genres : Ce sont des plantes arborescentes, des arbustes ou des plantes herbacées pérennes, à division dichotomique, plus ou moins xérophytes, des régions tropicales d'Amérique du Sud, d'Afrique, de Madagascar et d'Arabie. | [
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Dioscoreales | Dioscoreales | The Dioscoreales are an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in modern classification systems, such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. Within the monocots Dioscoreales are grouped in the lilioid monocots where they are in a sister group relationship with the Pandanales. Of necessity the Dioscoreales contain the family Dioscoreaceae which includes the yam ("Dioscorea") that is used as an important food source in many regions around the globe. Older systems tended to place all lilioid monocots with reticulate veined leaves (such as Smilacaceae and Stemonaceae together with Dioscoraceae) in Dioscoreales. As currently circumscribed by phylogenetic analysis using combined morphology and molecular methods, Dioscreales contains many reticulate veined vines in Dioscoraceae, it also includes the myco-heterotrophic Burmanniaceae and the autotrophic Nartheciaceae. The order consists of three families, 22 genera and about 850 species. | L'ordre des Dioscoreales regroupe des plantes monocotylédones. Réactualisé par la classification phylogénétique, il regroupe des plantes précédemment placées dans l’ordre des "Liliales". | [
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Flag of Bangladesh | Drapeau du Bangladesh | The national flag of Bangladesh (, ) was adopted officially on 17 January 1972. It consists of a red disc on top (similar to that on Japan's flag) of a green field. The red disc is offset slightly toward the hoist so that it appears centred when the flag is flying. The disc represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh and the eternal youth of Bangladeshis. | Le drapeau du Bangladesh est le drapeau national de la République populaire du Bangladesh. Il est vert frappé d'un disque rouge. | [
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Louis-Claude Daquin | Louis-Claude Daquin | Louis-Claude Daquin (or D'Aquino, d'Aquin, d'Acquin; July 4, 1694 – June 15, 1772) was a French composer of Jewish ancestry, writing in the Baroque and Galant styles. He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist. | Louis-Claude Daquin (ou D'Aquin), né à Paris le, et mort à Paris le, est un compositeur, organiste et claveciniste français. | [
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Group for the Study of Reactive Motion | Grouppa Izoutcheniïa Reaktivnovo Dvijeniïa | The Moscow-based Group for the Study of Reactive Motion was a Soviet research bureau founded in 1931 to study various aspects of rocketry (, abbreviated, GIRD). In 1933 it was incorporated into the Reaction-Engine Scientific Research Institute (,, РНИИ, RNII). | Le GIRD (en ) ou Grouppa Izoutcheniïa Reaktivnovo Dvijeniïa (en ) qui signifie, est formé à Moscou (MosGIRD) en janvier 1931 et en novembre de la même année à Leningrad (LenGIRD) sous l'égide de la principale association paramilitaire soviétique baptisée "Société pour la Promotion de la Défense et du Progrès Aérochimique" (OSOAIAKHIM). Des sections du GIRD s'ouvriront ensuite à Tbilissi, Kharkov, Arkhangelsk, Novotcherkassk et Briansk. Le GIRD moscovite dirigé par Friedrich Tsander rassemble des passionnés d'astronautique. C'est le premier institut de recherche soviétique à effectuer un travail de pionnier sur les fusées. Sergueï Korolev, futur fondateur des principaux programmes spatiaux soviétiques, y travaille sur un missile de croisière avant d'en prendre la direction. En 1933, à l'initiative des militaires, le GIRD fusionne avec le GDL, institut de recherches militaire spécialisé dans la propulsion des fusées et qui a mis au point les roquettes, pour former l'RNII. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Samuel Hahnemann | Samuel Hahnemann | Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (; 10 April 1755 – 2 July 1843) was a German physician, best known for creating the pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine called homeopathy. | Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann, né le à Meissen, en Saxe, et mort le à Paris, est un médecin qui, sous l'inspiration de Paracelse, fonda et participa grandement à « l'avancée » de l'homéopathie, en 1796. | [
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Silbervogel | Silbervogel | Silbervogel (German for "silver bird") was a design for a liquid-propellant rocket-powered sub-orbital bomber produced by Eugen Sänger and Irene Bredt in the late 1930s for The Third Reich/Nazi Germany. It is also known as the RaBo ( – "rocket bomber"). It was one of a number of designs considered for the "Amerika Bomber" mission, which started in the spring of 1942, being focused solely on trans-Atlantic-range piston-engined strategic bombers, like the Messerschmitt Me 264 and Junkers Ju 390, the only two airframe types actually built and flown for the competition. When Walter Dornberger attempted to create interest in military spaceplanes in the United States after World War II, he chose the more diplomatic term "antipodal bomber". | Le Silbervogel (« Oiseau d'argent ») était un projet de bombardier sub-orbital propulsé par un moteur-fusée, conçu par Eugen Sänger et Irene Sänger-Bredt dans les années 1930 et devant être utilisé par la Luftwaffe, force aérienne du Troisième Reich. On fait souvent référence à lui comme l"'Amerika Bomber" (« Bombardier de l'Amérique »), bien qu'il n’ait été que l'un des nombreux projets pour cette mission. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Flag of Fiji | Drapeau des Fidji | The national flag of Fiji (Fijian: "kuila mai Viti") was adopted on 10 October 1970. The state arms have been slightly modified but the flag has remained the same as during Fiji's colonial period. It is a defaced sky-blue "Blue Ensign" (the actual Blue Ensign version of the flag is the Government ensign). It has remained unchanged since Fiji was declared a republic in 1987, despite calls from some politicians for changes. | Le drapeau des Fidji a été adopté le. Lorsque les Fidji deviennent une république en 1987, ce drapeau a été conservé tel quel, bien qu'il ait été conçu sur le modèle des emblèmes du Royaume-Uni. | [
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Manon des Sources (1986 film) | Manon des sources (film, 1986) | Manon des Sources (; meaning Manon of the Spring) is a 1986 French language period tragedy film. Directed by Claude Berri, it is the second of two films adapted from the 1966 two-volume novel by Marcel Pagnol, who wrote it based on his own earlier film of the same title. It is the sequel to "Jean de Florette". It won an award in 1989 as best French film. | Manon des sources est un film dramatique franco-helvético-italien réalisé par Claude Berri, sorti en 1986. Adapté du deuxième tome éponyme du diptyque romanesque "L'Eau des collines" de Marcel Pagnol, le film est la suite de "Jean de Florette" sorti la même année. | [
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Jean de Florette | Jean de Florette (film) | Jean de Florette () is a 1986 period tragedy film directed by Claude Berri, based on a novel by Marcel Pagnol. It is followed by "Manon des Sources". The film takes place in rural Provence, where two local farmers plot to trick a newcomer out of his newly inherited property. The film starred three of France's most prominent actors – Gérard Depardieu, Daniel Auteuil, who won a BAFTA award for his performance, and Yves Montand in one of his last roles. | Jean de Florette est un film franco-helvético-italo-autrichien écrit et réalisé par Claude Berri, sorti en 1986. Une suite au film intitulé "Manon des sources" sort la même année. | [
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Flag of Armenia | Drapeau de l'Arménie | The national flag of Armenia, the Armenian Tricolour, consists of three horizontal bands of equal width, red on the top, blue in the middle, and orange (also described as "colour of apricot") on the bottom. The Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted the current flag on 24 August 1990. On 15 June 2006, the Law on the National Flag of Armenia, governing its usage, was passed by the National Assembly of Armenia. | Le drapeau de l'Arménie (appelé métaphoriquement ', le « tricolore ») est le drapeau national de l'Arménie. Il est composé de trois bandes horizontales : la bande supérieure est rouge, l'intermédiaire bleue, et l'inférieure orange (ou plus populairement ', « couleur abricot »). Il a été adopté le et confirmé le par le parlement arménien ("loi relative au drapeau de la République d'Arménie"). | [
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Thomas Robert Malthus | Thomas Malthus | Thomas Robert Malthus (; 13/14 February 1766 – 23 December 1834) was an English cleric, scholar and influential economist in the fields of political economy and demography. | Thomas Robert Malthus, né près de Guildford (Surrey) le et mort à Bath (Somerset) le, est un économiste britannique de l'École classique, et également un prêtre anglican. | [
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François Le Lionnais | François Le Lionnais | François Le Lionnais (3 October 1901 – 13 March 1984) was a French chemical engineer and writer. He was a co-founder of the literary movement Oulipo. | François Le Lionnais ( à Paris - à Boulogne-Billancourt, France) est un ingénieur chimiste, mathématicien épris de littérature, doublé d’un écrivain passionné de sciences. | [
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Giant planet | Planète géante | A giant planet is any planet much larger than Earth. They are usually primarily composed of low-boiling-point materials (gases or ices), rather than rock or other solid matter, but massive solid planets can also exist. There are four known giant planets in the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Many extrasolar giant planets have been identified orbiting other stars. | Une planète géante, parfois abrégé simplement en géante en l'absence d'ambiguïté (notamment avec les étoiles géantes), est une planète très volumineuse. Ce type de planète forme l'une des deux familles de planètes que l'on trouve dans le Système solaire. L'autre famille regroupe les quatre planètes telluriques. | [
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Ionosphere | Ionosphère | The ionosphere () is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about to altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth. The region below the ionosphere is called neutral atmosphere, or neutrosphere. | L'ionosphère d'une planète est une couche de son atmosphère caractérisée par une ionisation partielle des gaz. Dans le cas de la Terre elle se situe entre environ d'altitude et recouvre donc une partie de la mésosphère, toute la thermosphère et une partie de l'exosphère. | [
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Ho Chi Minh City | Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville | Ho Chi Minh City (; or ), commonly known by its previous name, Saigon, (; or ) is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of 9 million (13 million in the metropolitan area) as of 2019. Located in southeastern Vietnam, the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about. From 1955-1975, Saigon was briefly the capital of South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam). Nowadays, Saigon is commonly used to refer to the city's central business districts, whereas Ho Chi Minh City is used to refer to the whole city. | Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville (, ), nommée couramment et usuellement Saïgon ( ), qui fut le nom officiel jusqu'en 1975, ou antérieurement Prey Nokor (en ) quand elle appartenait à l'Empire khmer, est la plus grande ville du Viêt Nam et son poumon économique, devant la capitale Hanoï. | [
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Electromagnetic compatibility | Compatibilité électromagnétique | Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the ability of electrical equipment and systems to function acceptably in their electromagnetic environment, by limiting the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy which may cause unwanted effects such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) or even physical damage in operational equipment. The goal of EMC is the correct operation of different equipment in a common electromagnetic environment. It is also the name given to the associated branch of electrical engineering. | La compatibilité électromagnétique ou CEM (en anglais, "electromagnetic compatibility" ou "EMC") est l'aptitude d'un appareil ou d'un système électrique, ou électronique, à fonctionner dans son environnement électromagnétique de façon satisfaisante, sans produire lui-même des perturbations électromagnétiques gênantes pour tout ce qui se trouve dans cet environnement. | [
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Constantine VII | Constantin VII | Constantine VII Flavius Porphyrogenitus (, Kōnstantinos VII Flāvios Porphyrogennētos; 17–18 May 905 – 9 November 959) was the fourth Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, reigning from 913 to 959. He was the son of Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Karbonopsina, and the nephew of his predecessor Emperor Alexander. | Constantin VII (en grec :, "Kōnstantinos VII Porphyrogennētos"), né le à Constantinople et mort le dans la même ville, est empereur byzantin de 913 jusqu'à sa mort, bien qu'il n'exerce effectivement le pouvoir qu'à partir de 944. Il appartient à la dynastie macédonienne. | [
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5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mushroom | Champignon | A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. | Les champignons sont des eucaryotes pluricellulaires ou unicellulaires. Le terme « champignon » est devenu ambigu car il désigne un taxon obsolète. Ce terme englobe à la fois les "Fungi" (ou "mycètes"), les "oomycètes", les "chytridiomycètes" et les "mycétozoaires". Leurs cellules, pourvues d'une paroi chitineuse ou cellulosique, sont immobiles et se nourrissent par l’absorption des molécules organiques directement dans le milieu. La cellule ou les cellules sont dépourvues de chlorophylles et/ou de plastes car ces organismes sont hétérotrophes vis-à-vis du carbone. Leur appareil végétatif est un thalle : ce sont donc des thallophytes. L'étude de ces champignons, la mycologie, est pratiquée par des mycologues. | [
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Project management | Gestion de projet | Project management is the practice of leading the work of a team to achieve goals and meet success criteria at a specified time. The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals within the given constraints. This information is usually described in project documentation, created at the beginning of the development process. The primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget. The secondary challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs and apply them to meet pre-defined objectives. | La gestion de projet ou management de projet est l'ensemble des activités visant à organiser le bon déroulement d’un projet et à en atteindre les objectifs. Elle consiste à appliquer les méthodes, techniques, et outils de gestion spécifiques aux différentes étapes du projet, de l'évaluation de l'opportunité jusqu'à l'achèvement du projet. | [
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Crimea | Crimée | Crimea (; ; ; ; ) is a peninsula located on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast. The status of Crimea is disputed. It is claimed by Ukraine and recognized as Ukrainian by most other countries, although it is administered by Russia following its annexation in 2014. Crimea is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson, to which it is connected by the Isthmus of Perekop, and west of the Russian region of Kuban, from which it is separated by the Strait of Kerch though linked by the Crimean Bridge since 2018. The Arabat Spit is located to the northeast, a narrow strip of land that separates a system of lagoons named Sivash from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to its west is Romania, and to its south, Turkey. | La Crimée (en signifiant « ma colline » [ « colline », « ma »], "/ Krym", en "/ Krym") est une péninsule située au sud de l'Ukraine et à l'ouest du kraï de Krasnodar en Russie, qui s'avance dans la mer Noire. La péninsule de Crimée est réputée pour son climat méditerranéen, ses vignobles, ses vergers, ses lieux de villégiatures, ses sites archéologiques, et aussi ses stations balnéaires dont notamment celles de Théodosie, de Soudak, d'Alouchta mais également celle de Yalta, où ont été signés en 1945 les accords de partage de l'Europe entre Staline (Union soviétique), Roosevelt (États-Unis) et Churchill (Royaume-Uni). Sebastopol est également célèbre, depuis 1783, pour sa base navale qui accueille la flotte de la mer Noire de la marine russe. | [
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White hole | Trou blanc | In general relativity, a white hole is a hypothetical region of spacetime and singularity which cannot be entered from the outside, although energy-matter and light can escape from it. In this sense, it is the reverse of a black hole, which can be entered only from the outside and from which energy-matter and light cannot escape. White holes appear in the theory of eternal black holes. In addition to a black hole region in the future, such a solution of the Einstein field equations has a white hole region in its past. However, some believe this region does not exist for black holes that have formed through gravitational collapse, nor are there any known physical processes through which a white hole could be formed. Although information and evidence regarding white holes remains inconclusive, the 2006 GRB 060614 has been proposed as the first documented observance of a white hole. | Un trou blanc (en anglais : '), aussi appelé fontaine blanche ('), est un objet théorique susceptible d'exister au sens où il peut être décrit par les lois de la relativité générale, mais dont l'existence dans l'Univers est considérée comme hautement spéculative. Il est décrit par certaines solutions mathématiques de type trou noir dans lequel des géodésiques sont issues d'une singularité gravitationnelle ou d'un horizon. Il forme ainsi le symétrique par rapport au temps d'un trou noir, puisque dans un cas rien ne peut s'échapper d'un trou noir, et dans l'autre rien ne peut pénétrer dans une fontaine blanche. Techniquement, cela s'exprime par le fait que la singularité gravitationnelle qui existe au sein de ces objets est dans le futur de l'horizon qui l'enveloppe (trou noir), ou dans son passé (trou blanc). | [
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Swashbuckler film | Film de cape et d'épée | Swashbuckler films are a subgenre of the adventure film genre, often characterised by swordfighting and adventurous heroic characters, known as swashbucklers. Real historical events often feature prominently in the plot, morality is often clear-cut, heroic characters are clearly heroic and even villains tend to have a code of honour (although this is not always the case). There is often a damsel in distress and a romantic element. | Les films de cape et d'épée constituent un genre cinématographique. Le contexte de ces films est celui des époques allant du Moyen Âge à la veille de la Révolution française en passant par la Renaissance, les guerres de religion, les siècles de Louis XIII et de Louis XIV. Certains sont inspirés par des œuvres littéraires du d'Edmond Rostand, de Paul Féval, de Michel Zévaco et surtout d'Alexandre Dumas. | [
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Anthropocentrism | Anthropocentrisme | Anthropocentrism (; from Greek, "ánthrōpos", "human being"; and, "kéntron", "center") is the belief that human beings are the most important entity in the universe. Anthropocentrism interprets or regards the world in terms of human values and experiences. The term can be used interchangeably with humanocentrism, and some refer to the concept as human supremacy or human exceptionalism. Anthropocentrism is considered to be profoundly embedded in many modern human cultures and conscious acts. It is a major concept in the field of environmental ethics and environmental philosophy, where it is often considered to be the root cause of problems created by human action within the ecosphere. However, many proponents of anthropocentrism state that this is not necessarily the case: they argue that a sound long-term view acknowledges that the global environment must be made continually suitable for humans and that the real issue is shallow anthropocentrism. | L’anthropocentrisme est une conception "philosophique" qui considère l’humain comme l'entité centrale la plus significative de l'Univers et qui appréhende la réalité à travers la seule perspective humaine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Oliver Lodge | Oliver Lodge | Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge, (12 June 1851 – 22 August 1940) was a British physicist and writer involved in the development of, and holder of key patents for, radio. He identified electromagnetic radiation independent of Hertz's proof and at his 1894 Royal Institution lectures (""The Work of Hertz and Some of His Successors""), Lodge demonstrated an early radio wave detector he named the "coherer". In 1898 he was awarded the "syntonic" (or tuning) patent by the United States Patent Office. Lodge was Principal of the University of Birmingham from 1900 to 1920. | Oliver Joseph Lodge ( à Penkhull - à Wilsford cum Lake, près de Salisbury, dans le Wiltshire) est un physicien britannique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Subnotebook | Ultraportable | A subnotebook (also called an ultraportable, superportable or mini notebook) is a class of laptop (or 'notebook') computers that are smaller and lighter than a typical notebook. | Un ultraportable ou ultra-portable désigne un ordinateur portable de taille très réduite et de masse minimum dont la principale qualité est de pouvoir être transporté et utilisé n'importe où avec un encombrement minimum tout en conservant de bonnes performances. Leur taille est comprise entre celle des smartphones (environ format A6) et des ordinateurs portables (environ format A4). Depuis début 2008, une nouvelle catégorie d'ultraportables à bas prix et aux performances plus limitées est née, le netbook. | [
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Charles Dieupart | Charles Dieupart | Charles Dieupart (after 1667 – 1740) was a French harpsichordist, violinist, and composer. Although he was known as Charles to his contemporaries, his real name may have been François. He was most probably born in Paris, but spent much of his life in London, where he settled sometime after 1702/1703. A prominent member of the Drury Lane musical establishment, Dieupart was active both as composer and performer and actively participated in the musical life of the city. However, after about 1712 he earned his income mostly by teaching, and in his later years lived in poverty. He is best remembered today for a collection of six harpsichord suites which influenced Johann Sebastian Bach's "English Suites". | Charles (ou François) Dieupart est un musicien (claveciniste et violoniste) d'origine française, né probablement à Paris, vers 1667 et mort à Londres vers 1740. | [
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The Jungle Book | Le Livre de la jungle | The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling. Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or "man-cub" Mowgli, who is raised in the jungle by wolves. The stories are set in a forest in India; one place mentioned repeatedly is "Seonee" (Seoni), in the central state of Madhya Pradesh. | Le Livre de la jungle ("") est un recueil de nouvelles apparenté à la "fantasy" écrit par Rudyard Kipling lors d’un séjour de quatre années dans le Vermont, aux États-Unis. Kipling avait auparavant vécu pendant plus de six ans en Inde, d'où est puisée l'inspiration de la plupart de ses nouvelles. Parus en 1894 et en 1895, "Le Livre de la jungle" et "Le Second Livre de la jungle" constituent probablement son œuvre la plus célèbre. La traduction française la plus connue est celle de Robert d'Humières et Louis Fabulet (1899). | [
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Valens | Valens | Valens (; Flavius Julius Valens Augustus; ; 328 – 9 August 378) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 364 to 378. He was given the eastern half of the empire by his brother Valentinian I after the latter's accession to the throne. Valens was defeated and killed in the Battle of Adrianople, which marked the beginning of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. | Valens (en latin : "Flavius Iulius Valens Augustus"), né vers 328 et mort au combat le, est un co-empereur romain de 364 à 378, d'abord avec son frère Valentinien (jusqu'au mois de novembre 375), puis avec ses neveux Valentinien II et Gratien. | [
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Laptop | Ordinateur portable | A laptop (also laptop computer), often called a notebook, is a small, portable personal computer (PC) with a "clamshell" form factor, typically having a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the clamshell and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid. The clamshell is opened up to use the computer. Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use. Its name comes from lap, as it was deemed to be placed on a person's lap when being used. Although originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks (the former being bigger and heavier than the latter), as of 2014, there is often no longer any difference. Today, laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work, in education, for playing games, web browsing, for personal multimedia, and general home computer use. | Un ordinateur portable, ou simplement portable, est un ordinateur personnel dont le poids et les dimensions limitées permettent un transport facile. Les ordinateurs portables ont plusieurs usages, à la fois professionnels, personnels et éducatifs, et sont parfois utilisés pour la sauvegarde de médias personnels. Un ordinateur portable est muni des mêmes types de composants qu'un ordinateur de bureau classique, incluant notamment un écran, des haut-parleurs et un clavier physique. Depuis les années 2010, la plupart sont équipés en outre d'une webcam et d'un microphone intégrés. Enfin, la présence d'un accumulateur électrique, ou batterie, rechargeable à l'aide d'une prise de courant assure à ce type d'ordinateur l'autonomie nécessaire à sa portabilité. | [
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Electric charge | Charge électrique | Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charge: "positive" and "negative" (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with an absence of net charge is referred to as neutral. Early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still accurate for problems that do not require consideration of quantum effects. | La charge électrique est une propriété fondamentale de la matière qui lui permet d'interagir par le biais de champs électromagnétiques. Il s'agit d'une grandeur scalaire, qui joue pour l'interaction électromagnétique le même rôle que la masse pour l'interaction gravitationnelle. Toutefois, contrairement à cette dernière, il existe deux types de charges électriques, que l'on distingue par leurs signes, positif ou négatif. Des charges de même signe se repoussent, tandis que celle de signes opposés s'attirent. Dans la matière ordinaire, il y a équilibre entre les charges positives et négatives, on parle de "neutralité électrique". | [
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John Stuart Mill | John Stuart Mill | John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873), usually cited as J. S. Mill, was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of classical liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory, and political economy. Dubbed "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century", His conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state and social control. | John Stuart Mill ( à Londres - à Avignon) est un philosophe, logicien et économiste britannique. Penseur libéral parmi les plus influents du, il est un partisan de l'utilitarisme, une théorie éthique préalablement exposée par Jeremy Bentham, dont Mill propose sa compréhension personnelle. En économie, il est l'un des derniers représentants de l'école classique. Précurseur du féminisme, Mill propose en outre un système de logique qui opère la transition entre l'empirisme du et la logique contemporaine. Il est enfin l'auteur du premier grand traité sur la démocratie représentative, "Considérations sur le gouvernement représentatif" (1861). | [
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Football War | Guerre de Cent Heures | The Football War (; colloquial: football War or the Hundred Hours' War also known as 100 Hour War) was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Existing tensions between the two countries coincided with rioting during a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier. The war began on 14 July 1969, when the Salvadoran military launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July (hence "100 Hour War"), which took full effect on 20 July. Salvadoran troops were withdrawn in early August. | La guerre de Cent Heures est un conflit qui opposa le Salvador et le Honduras en. Elle est également connue sous le nom de guerre du Football, même si le football n’a été que le catalyseur et non la cause profonde de cette guerre. | [
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Gran Turismo (1997 video game) | Gran Turismo (jeu vidéo) | Gran Turismo is a sim racing video game designed by Kazunori Yamauchi. "Gran Turismo" was developed by Polys Entertainment and published by Sony Computer Entertainment in 1997 for the PlayStation video game console. The game's development group was later established as Polyphony Digital. | Gran Turismo est un jeu vidéo de course automobile développé par Polys Entertainment et édité par Sony Computer Entertainment en 1997 sur PlayStation. | [
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Greater Antilles | Grandes Antilles | The Greater Antilles (; ) is a grouping of the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea, including Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands. Six island states share the region of the Greater Antilles in total, with Haiti and the Dominican Republic sharing the island of Hispaniola. Geologically, the Virgin Islands and Sombrero Island are also part of the Greater Antilles, though politically they are considered part of the Lesser Antilles. At an area of, not counting the Virgin Islands, The Greater Antilles constitute nearly 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies, as well as over 90% of its population. The remainder of the land belongs to the archipelago of the Lesser Antilles, which is a chain of islands to the east, running north–south and encompassing the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea where it meets the Atlantic Ocean, as well as to the south, running east–west off the northern coast of South America. The Lucayan Archipelago is not considered to be a part of the Antilles archipelagos but rather of the North Atlantic. | Les Grandes Antilles sont un groupe de quatre archipels (cinq pays) des Antilles nommé ainsi par opposition avec le groupe des Petites Antilles. Il s'agit par ordre de taille des îles de : Cuba, Hispaniola (rassemblant la République d'Haïti et la République dominicaine), la Jamaïque, Porto Rico et l'île de la Jeunesse. Elles couvrent à elles seules 90 % de la surface totale de toutes les îles des Antilles. | [
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Christine Arron | Christine Arron | Christine Arron (born 13 September 1973) is a former track and field sprinter, who competed internationally for France in the 60 metres, 100 metres, 200 metres and the 4x100 metres relay. As of 2017, she is the world's sixth-fastest female 100 metres sprinter of all time with 10.73 secs, which is still the European record. She set the record when winning at the 1998 European Championships, where she also won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay. Also in the relay, she is a 2003 World Championship gold medallist and a 2004 Olympic bronze medallist. | Christine Arron, née le aux Abymes, Guadeloupe, est une athlète française spécialiste du sprint, championne du monde du relais 4 × 100 m en 2003, et détentrice depuis 1998 du record d'Europe du 100 mètres en 10 s 73. | [
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Durbar (court) | Darbâr | Durbar is a Persian-derived term (from - "darbār") meaning the kings' or rulers noble court or a formal meeting where the king held all discussions regarding the state. It was used in India for a ruler's court or feudal levy as the latter came to be ruled and later administered by foreigners. A durbar may be either a feudal state council for administering the affairs of a princely state, or a purely ceremonial gathering, as in the time of the British Empire in India. | Le darbâr (, parfois rendu par sa translittération anglaise, "durbar") est une audience publique donnée par un souverain de l'Inde, un empereur moghol, un râja ou tardivement par le vice-roi des Indes. | [
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Lara Croft | Lara Croft | Lara Croft is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the video game franchise "Tomb Raider". She is presented as a highly intelligent and athletic English archaeologist who ventures into ancient tombs and hazardous ruins around the world. Created by a team at British developer Core Design that included Toby Gard, the character first appeared in the video game "Tomb Raider" in 1996. | Lara Croft est un personnage de fiction et la protagoniste de la série de jeux vidéo'et de sa série dérivée "Lara Croft", toutes deux produites par, cette société ayant acheté à l'origine de la série '. Lara Croft est présentée comme une archéologue belle, intelligente et athlétique, qui s'aventure de par le monde dans d'anciennes tombes ou ruines pleines de danger. Créé par Toby Gard alors qu'il travaille pour le développeur anglais, le personnage fait sa première apparition dans le jeu, en 1996. Elle fait alors également des apparitions dans des suites de jeux vidéo, des adaptations imprimées, une mini-série d'animation, trois longs métrages, incarnée deux fois par Angelina Jolie puis plus récemment par Alicia Vikander, ainsi que dans des produits dérivés. Lara Croft est aussi utilisée dans des promotions de tierces parties, publicités télévisées et imprimées comprises, ainsi qu'en tant que porte-parole mannequin. La promotion du personnage inclut une marque de vêtements et d'accessoires, des figurines et des présentations effectuées par des mannequins. | [
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Age of Empires (video game) | Age of Empires (jeu vidéo) | Age of Empires (AoE) is a history-based real-time strategy video game developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft, and the first game in the "Age of Empires" series. The game uses the Genie Engine, a 2D sprite-based game engine. The game allows the user to act as the leader of an ancient civilization by advancing it through four ages (the Stone, Tool, Bronze, and Iron Ages), gaining access to new and improved units with each advance. | En 1998, le jeu se voit doté d'une extension intitulée'qui se vend à plus d'un million d'exemplaires. Plusieurs suites sont ensuite développées par. La première, intitulée ', est publiée fin 1999 et couvre la période du Moyen Âge. Comme le jeu original, celle-ci est très bien accueillie par la presse spécialisée et le jeu se vend à plus de deux millions d'exemplaires. | [
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PC-FX | PC-FX | The is a 32-bit home video game console made by NEC Home Electronics. It was released in Japan on December 23, 1994, just weeks after Sony's PlayStation and a month after the Sega Saturn. It is the successor to the PC Engine, known as TurboGrafx-16 in North America. | La est une console de jeux vidéo 32 bits, développée par NEC. Elle est commercialisée à partir du, soit quelques semaines après la PlayStation de Sony et un mois après la Sega Saturn. Pensée pour succéder à la PC-Engine et à la SuperGrafX, ses jeux sont au format CD-ROM. | [
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Alone in the Dark (1992 video game) | Alone in the Dark (jeu vidéo, 1992) | Alone in the Dark is a survival horror video game designed by Frédérick Raynal and developed and published by Infogrames for the PC. "Alone in the Dark" was released for MS-DOS in 1992, ported for the 3DO by Krisalis in 1994, and ported for iOS by Atari in 2014. Set in 1920s Louisiana, the game challenges the player to guide the player character out of a haunted mansion, advancing by solving puzzles while either banishing, slaying, or eluding various ghosts and monsters. The player can collect and use weapons, manage a weight-based inventory system, and explore a partially nonlinear map. | Alone in the Dark est un jeu vidéo développé et édité par Infogrames et réalisé par Frédérick Raynal. Il s’agit d'un jeu d'aventure – le premier de type "survival horror" – en 3D, publié sous DOS en 1992, puis porté sur Mac OS et 3DO en 1993 et 1994. Il est le premier épisode de la série "Alone in the Dark". | [
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Super Nintendo Entertainment System | Super Nintendo | The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), also known as the Super NES or Super Nintendo, is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Australasia (Oceania), and 1993 in South America. In Japan, the system is called the Super Famicom (SFC). In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. The system was released in Brazil on August 30, 1993, by Playtronic. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent the different cartridges from being compatible with one another. | La Super Nintendo Entertainment System (couramment abrégée Super NES ou SNES ou encore Super Nintendo), ou au Japon, est une console de jeux vidéo du constructeur japonais Nintendo commercialisée à partir de novembre 1990. En Amérique du Nord, la console est sortie avec un look résolument différent. À noter qu'en Corée du Sud, la Super Nintendo est distribuée par Hyundai Electronics sous le nom de Super Comboy (슈퍼 컴보이). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Quark | Quark | A quark () is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. Due to a phenomenon known as "color confinement", quarks are never found in isolation; they can be found only within hadrons, which include baryons (such as protons and neutrons) and mesons, or in quark–gluon plasmas. For this reason, much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of hadrons. | En physique des particules, un quark est une particule élémentaire et un constituant de la matière observable. Les quarks s'associent entre eux pour former des hadrons, particules composites, dont les protons et les neutrons sont des exemples connus, parmi d'autres. En raison d'une propriété dite de "confinement", les quarks ne peuvent être isolés, et n'ont pas pu être observés directement ; tout ce que l'on sait des quarks provient donc indirectement de l'observation des hadrons. | [
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Pituitary gland | Hypophyse | In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland, about the size of a pea and weighing in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. The hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae). The anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) is a lobe of the gland that regulates several physiological processes (including stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation). The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone. The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is a lobe of the gland that is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the pituitary stalk (also called the infundibular stalk or the infundibulum). | L’hypophyse (') ou glande pituitaire est une glande endocrine qui secrète de nombreuses hormones. L'hypophyse se trouve dans une cavité osseuse, la fosse hypophysaire qui se situe dans l'os sphénoïde. Elle est protégée par la selle turcique. Elle est reliée à une autre partie du cerveau appelée l'hypothalamus par une tige hypophysaire (également appelée tige pituitaire). Elle produit des hormones qui gèrent une large gamme de fonctions corporelles, dont les hormones trophiques qui stimulent les autres glandes endocrines. Cette fonction lui a valu de se faire appeler par les scientifiques « glande maîtresse » du corps, mais aujourd'hui on sait que l'hypophyse est régulée par les hormones (neuro-hormones) émises par l'hypothalamus. | [
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Substituted amphetamine | Amphétamine (classe) | Substituted amphetamines are a class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure; it includes all derivative compounds which are formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with substituents. The compounds in this class span a variety of pharmacological subclasses, including stimulants, empathogens, and hallucinogens, among others. Examples of substituted amphetamines are amphetamine (itself), methamphetamine, ephedrine, cathinone, phentermine, mephentermine, bupropion, methoxyphenamine, selegiline, amfepramone, pyrovalerone, MDMA (ecstasy), and DOM (STP). | La classe des amphétamines comporte des substances psychotropes, de structure dérivée des phényléthylamines. Elles peuvent exercer des effets anorexigènes, psychédéliques, stimulants, ou encore plusieurs de ces effets à la fois. | [
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Messier 13 | Amas d'Hercule | Messier 13 or M13, also designated NGC 6205 and sometimes called the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules or the Hercules Globular Cluster, is a globular cluster of several hundred thousand stars in the constellation of Hercules. | L'amas globulaire M13 ou Messier 13, très souvent appelé le Grand Amas d'Hercule ou simplement Hercule, est parmi les objets les plus imposants du catalogue Messier. Il a été découvert par Edmond Halley en 1714, et ajouté par Charles Messier dans son catalogue le. | [
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Bohr model | Modèle de Bohr | In atomic physics, the Rutherford–Bohr model or Bohr model, presented by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, is a system consisting of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons—similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces in place of gravity. After the cubic model (1902), the plum-pudding model (1904), the Saturnian model (1904), and the Rutherford model (1911) came the "Rutherford–Bohr model" or just "Bohr model" for short (1913). The improvement to the Rutherford model is mostly a quantum physical interpretation of it. The model's key success lay in explaining the Rydberg formula for the spectral emission lines of atomic hydrogen. While the Rydberg formula had been known experimentally, it did not gain a theoretical underpinning until the Bohr model was introduced. Not only did the Bohr model explain the reasons for the structure of the Rydberg formula, it also provided a justification for the fundamental physical constants that make up the formula's empirical results. | Le modèle de Bohr est une théorie qui appartient au domaine de la physique/chimie, établie sur le modèle planétaire de Rutherford, cherchant à comprendre la constitution d'un atome, et plus particulièrement celui de l'hydrogène et des ions hydrogénoïdes (ions ne possédant qu'un seul électron). Élaborée par Niels Bohr en 1913, cette théorie rencontra un succès immédiat car elle expliquait de manière simple les raies spectrales des éléments hydrogénés tout en effectuant un rapprochement entre les premiers modèles de l'atome et la théorie des quanta. Ce modèle sera généralisé au cas des électrons relativistes par Arnold Sommerfeld afin d'écrire de façon quantitative la structure fine des lignes spectrales de l'hydrogène. Cependant, cette théorie ne peut expliquer le spectre d'éléments à plusieurs électrons (comme celui de l'hélium), ni la nature des liaisons chimiques, et sera finalement remplacée par la mécanique quantique en 1925. | [
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Henotheism | Hénothéisme | Henotheism () is the worship of a single god while not denying the existence or possible existence of other deities. Friedrich Schelling (1775–1854) coined the word, and Friedrich Welcker (1784–1868) used it to depict primitive monotheism among ancient Greeks. | L'hénothéisme décrit le culte prédominant rendu à un dieu particulier, tout en ne niant pas l'existence (ou l'existence possible) d'autres divinités, qui peuvent, selon le cas, bénéficier d'un culte de moindre importance (hénothéisme classique) ou non (cas particulier de la monolâtrie). Friedrich Schelling (1775-1854) fut le premier à introduire ce concept, et Friedrich Welcker (1784-1868) l'a repris pour dépeindre une forme de monothéisme primitif qui apparaît progressivement chez les Grecs antiques au profit d'une divinité dominante (Zeus), au détriment d'un paganisme généralisé. | [
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War of the Spanish Succession | Guerre de Succession d'Espagne | The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a European conflict of the early 18th century. It was triggered by the November 1700 death of the childless Charles II of Spain, the last Habsburg monarch of Spain. His closest heirs were members of the Austrian Habsburg and the French Bourbon families. Acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either threatened the European balance of power, and thus involved other leading powers. Related conflicts include Rákóczi's War of Independence in Hungary, the Camisard revolt in Southern France, Queen Anne's War in North America, and minor struggles in Colonial India. The 1700-1721 Great Northern War is viewed as related but separate. | La guerre de Succession d'Espagne est un conflit qui a opposé plusieurs puissances européennes de 1701 à 1714, dont l'enjeu était la succession au trône d'Espagne à la suite de la mort sans descendance du dernier Habsbourg espagnol, Charles II, et à travers lui, la domination en Europe. Dernière grande guerre de Louis XIV, elle permit à la France d'installer un monarque français à Madrid : Philippe V (le petit-fils de Louis XIV) mais avec un pouvoir réduit et un renoncement théorique définitif pour lui et pour sa descendance au trône de France. Ces conditions ne permettaient pas une union aussi étroite que celle qui était espérée par Louis XIV mais donna néanmoins naissance à la dynastie des Bourbons d'Espagne, qui règne toujours aujourd'hui. | [
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1973 Chilean coup d'état | Coup d'État du 11 septembre 1973 au Chili | The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was the overthrow of the socialist President of Chile Salvador Allende by the army and national police. It followed an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon. | Le coup d’État du 11 septembre 1973 au Chili est un événement marquant de l'histoire du Chili. Le mardi, le gouvernement du président démocratiquement élu Salvador Allende (socialiste) est renversé par un coup d'État militaire. | [
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Half-Life (video game) | Half-Life (jeu vidéo) | Half-Life is a first-person shooter game developed by Valve and published by Sierra Studios for Windows in 1998. It was Valve's debut product and the first game in the "Half-Life" series. Players assume the role of Gordon Freeman, a scientist who must find his way out of the Black Mesa Research Facility after it is invaded by aliens. The core gameplay consists of fighting alien and human enemies with a variety of weapons and solving puzzles. | Dans ce premier épisode de la saga "Half-Life", le joueur incarne le docteur Gordon Freeman, un théoricien récemment diplômé qui, après des expériences de téléportation qui ont mal tourné, doit se battre contre les créatures extraterrestres accidentellement apparues dans le complexe puis contre un commando de militaires envoyés par le gouvernement pour nettoyer la zone. | [
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Sword-and-sandal | Péplum | Sword-and-sandal, also known as peplum (pepla plural), is a subgenre of largely Italian-made historical or Biblical epics mostly set in the Greco-Roman or medieval period. These films attempted to emulate the big-budget Hollywood historical epics of the time, such as "Spartacus", "Samson and Delilah" and "The Ten Commandments". These films dominated the Italian film industry from 1958 to 1965, eventually being replaced in 1965 by the spaghetti Western and Eurospy films. | Le péplum (mot latin "peplum", emprunté au mot grec ancien / "péplos" signifiant « toile servant à se draper pour faire une "toge"») est un genre cinématographique de fiction historique dont l'action se déroule dans l'Antiquité. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Michel Foucault | Michel Foucault | Paul-Michel Foucault (, ; ; 15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic. | Paul-Michel (dit Michel) Foucault est un philosophe français né le à Poitiers et mort le à Paris. Il est généralement connu pour ses critiques des institutions sociales, principalement la psychiatrie, la médecine, le système carcéral, et pour ses idées et développements sur l'histoire de la sexualité, ses théories générales concernant le pouvoir et les relations complexes entre pouvoir et connaissance. | [
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