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Algebraic equation | Équation polynomiale | In mathematics, an algebraic equation or polynomial equation is an equation of the form where "P" is a polynomial with coefficients in some field, often the field of the rational numbers. For most authors, an algebraic equation is "univariate", which means that it involves only one variable. On the other hand, a polynomial equation may involve several variables, in which case it is called "multivariate" and the term "polynomial equation" is usually preferred to "algebraic equation". | En mathématiques, une équation polynomiale, ou équation algébrique, est une équation de la forme : où est un polynôme. Voici un exemple d'équation simple avec une seule inconnue : | [
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Diapensiaceae | Diapensiaceae | Diapensiaceae (Link) Lindley is a small family of flowering plants, classified as a crown group, which includes 15 species in 6 genera. The genera include "Berneuxia" Decne. (1 species),"Diapensia" L. (5 species), "Galax" Sims (1 species), "Pyxidanthera" Michx. (2 species), "Shortia" Torr. & A.Gray (4 species), and "Schizocodon" Siebold & Zucc. (2 species). Members of this family have little economic importance, however, some members are cultivated by florists. | La famille des Diapensiacées est constituée de plantes dicotylédones ; elle comprend une vingtaine d'espèces réparties en 5 à 6 genres. | [
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Laurent Jalabert | Laurent Jalabert | Laurent Jalabert (born 30 November 1968) is a French former professional road racing cyclist, from 1989 to 2002. Affectionately known as ""Jaja"" (slang for a glass of wine; when he continued drinking wine as a professional, the nickname stuck because of the similarity to his name), he won many one-day and stage races and was ranked number 1 in the world in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1999. | Laurent Jalabert, né le à Mazamet, est un coureur cycliste français, professionnel de 1989 à 2002, reconverti sélectionneur de l'équipe de France sur route de 2009 à 2013. Il fut notamment numéro un mondial de sa discipline de 1995 à 1997 puis en 1999 et remporta dans sa carrière 138 victoires. Coureur très complet, il commence sa carrière comme sprinteur, puis remporte plusieurs classiques, dont Milan-San Remo en 1995 et le Tour de Lombardie en 1997, ainsi que des courses d'une semaine, comme Paris-Nice, trois fois, le Tour du Pays basque, le Tour de Catalogne et le Tour de Romandie. Sur le terrain des grands tours, il a remporté le Tour d'Espagne en 1995, le classement par points des trois grands tours et le classement de la montagne de deux d'entre eux. Il a terminé quatrième du Tour de France en 1995 et du Tour d'Italie en 1999. Après sa carrière de coureur, il devient commentateur sportif et se reconvertit dans le triathlon. | [
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Ebenaceae | Ebenaceae | The Ebenaceae are a family of flowering plants belonging to order Ericales. It includes ebony and persimmon among about 768 species of trees and shrubs. The family is distributed across the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world. The family is most diverse in the rainforests of Malesia, India, tropical Africa and tropical America. | Les Ebenaceae (Ébénacées) sont une famille de plantes dicotylédones qui comprend réparties en deux à six genres. Ce sont des arbres ou des arbustes principalement des régions tropicales mais qui comptent quelques espèces dans les zones tempérées. Ils constituent une importante source de bois : le bois d'ébène "(Diospyros ebenum)" et de fruits. | [
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AmigaOS | AmigaOS | AmigaOS is a family of proprietary native operating systems of the Amiga and AmigaOne personal computers. It was developed first by Commodore International and introduced with the launch of the first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, in 1985. Early versions of AmigaOS required the Motorola 68000 series of 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors. Later versions were developed by Haage & Partner (AmigaOS 3.5 and 3.9) and then Hyperion Entertainment (AmigaOS 4.0-4.1). A PowerPC microprocessor is required for the most recent release, AmigaOS 4. | AmigaOS est le système d'exploitation natif des ordinateurs Amiga, lancé en 1984 et encore développé aujourd'hui. Il a été initialement développé pour les processeurs 680x0, puis progressivement réécrit pour les processeurs PowerPC. Dans un premier temps le système fonctionnait sur des machines bi-processeur (un 680x0 et un PowerPC). Depuis 2006 il fonctionne sur des machines équipées uniquement de processeur PowerPC telles que les AmigaOne/microAone et les Sam440/Sam460 toutefois, en 2018, la version 3.1 fonctionnant sur les processeurs Motorola est de nouveau mise à jour de façon commerciale par Hyperion Entertainment qui en détient la licence. | [
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Utilitarianism | Utilitarisme | Utilitarianism is a family of consequentialist ethical theories that promotes actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals. Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit different characterizations, the basic idea behind all of them is to in some sense maximize utility, which is often defined in terms of well-being or related concepts. For instance, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described utility as "that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness...[or] to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered." Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism and altruism, utilitarianism considers the interests of all humans equally. | L’utilitarisme est une doctrine en philosophie politique ou en éthique sociale qui prescrit d'agir (ou de ne pas agir) de manière à maximiser le bien-être collectif, entendu comme la somme ou la moyenne de bien-être (bien-être agrégé) de l'ensemble des êtres sensibles et affectés. Les utilitaristes perçoivent donc le gaspillage de bien-être comme une injustice. Autrement dit, une production de bien-être total ou moyen, inférieur au maximum de ce qui est possible, apparaît injuste à leurs yeux. | [
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François d'Agincourt | François d'Agincourt | François d'Agincourt (also d'Agincour, Dagincourt, Dagincour) (1684 – 30 April 1758) was a French harpsichordist, organist, and composer. He spent most of his life in Rouen, his native city, where he worked as organist of the Rouen Cathedral and of three smaller churches. Highly regarded during his lifetime, d'Agincourt was one of the organists of the royal chapel. The single surviving book of harpsichord music by him contains masterful pieces inspired by François Couperin; also extant are some 40 organ works that survive in manuscript copies. | François d'Agincourt, né et mort à Rouen (1684 - ), est un compositeur, claveciniste et organiste français. Son nom s'écrit aussi D'Agincour (orthographe utilisée dans ses "Pièces de Clavecin"), Dagincourt, ou Dagincour. | [
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Laterite | Latérite | Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock. Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. | La latérite (du latin "later", brique) est une roche rouge ou brune, qui se forme par altération des roches sous les climats tropicaux. Le sens large désigne l'ensemble des matériaux, meubles ou indurés, riches en hydroxydes de fer ou en hydroxyde d'aluminium, constituant des sols, des horizons superficiels, des horizons profonds de profil d'altération. On trouve des latérites surtout en domaine intertropical. Elles recouvrent 33 % des continents. | [
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Nicolas de Grigny | Nicolas de Grigny | Nicolas de Grigny (baptized September 8, 1672 – November 30, 1703) was a French organist and composer. He died young and left behind a single collection of organ music, and an "Ouverture" for harpsichord. | Nicolas de Grigny, né à Reims, baptisé le, et mort le dans la même ville, est un organiste et compositeur français. | [
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Common law | Common law | In law, common law (also known as judicial precedent or judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law derived from judicial decisions of courts and similar tribunals. The defining characteristic of “common law” is that it arises as precedent. In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is, a common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts, and synthesizes the principles of those past cases as applicable to the current facts. If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision (a principle known as "stare decisis"). If, however, the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases (called a "matter of first impression"), and legislative statutes are either silent or ambiguous on the question, judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue (one party or the other has to win, and on disagreements of law, judges make that decision). The court states an opinion that gives reasons for the decision, and those reasons agglomerate with past decisions as precedent to bind future judges and litigants. Common law, as the body of law made by judges, stands in contrast to and on equal footing with statutes which are adopted through the legislative process, and regulations which are promulgated by the executive branch (the interactions among these different sources of law are explained later in this article). "Stare decisis", the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results, lies at the heart of all common law systems. | La est un système juridique dont les règles sont principalement édictées par les tribunaux au fur et à mesure des décisions individuelles. La jurisprudence est ainsi la principale source du droit et la règle du précédent oblige les juges à suivre les décisions prises antérieurement par les tribunaux. Les systèmes de common law laissent toutefois place à de nombreuses lois. | [
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François Roberday | François Roberday | François Roberday (21 March 1624 – 13 October 1680) was a French Baroque organist and composer. One of the last exponents of the French polyphonic music tradition established by Jean Titelouze and Louis Couperin, Roberday is best remembered today for his "Fugues et caprices", a collection of four-part contrapuntal organ pieces. | François Roberday, né à Paris et baptisé le, mort à Auffargis le, est un organiste et compositeur français. | [
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Sapphire | Saphir | Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminum oxide () with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, vanadium, or magnesium. It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors. Red corundum stones also occur, and are not called sapphires, but rubies. Pink colored corundum may be either classified as ruby or sapphire depending on locale. Commonly, natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones and worn in jewelry. They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in large crystal boules. Because of the remarkable hardness of sapphires – 9 on the Mohs scale (the third hardest mineral, after diamond at 10 and moissanite at 9.5) – sapphires are also used in some non-ornamental applications, such as infrared optical components, high-durability windows, wristwatch crystals and movement bearings, and very thin electronic wafers, which are used as the insulating substrates of special-purpose solid-state electronics such as integrated circuits and GaN-based blue LEDs. | c Le saphir est une pierre précieuse. C'est une variété gemme du corindon pouvant présenter de multiples couleurs, sauf la couleur rouge qui désigne alors uniquement le rubis. On doit à Jacques Louis de Bournon d’avoir montré que le saphir (gemme orientale) et le corindon (spath adamantin) ne font qu’un. | [
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Silicate | Silicate | In chemistry, a silicate is any member of a family of anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula, where. The family includes orthosilicate (), metasilicate (), and pyrosilicate (, ). The name is also used for any salt of such anions, such as sodium metasilicate; or any ester containing the corresponding chemical group, such as tetramethyl orthosilicate. | Un silicate est un sel combinant le dioxyde de silicium à d'autres oxydes métalliques. Les minéraux ayant une composition de silicate sont également qualifiés de silicates et constituent une famille de minéraux extrêmement importante. En minéralogie, les polymorphes de la silice sont classés parmi les silicates. | [
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Aluminium oxide | Alumine | Aluminium oxide (IUPAC name) or aluminum oxide (American English) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula. It is the most commonly occurring of several aluminium oxides, and specifically identified as aluminium(III) oxide. It is commonly called alumina and may also be called aloxide, aloxite, or alundum depending on particular forms or applications. It occurs naturally in its crystalline polymorphic phase α-AlO as the mineral corundum, varieties of which form the precious gemstones ruby and sapphire. AlO is significant in its use to produce aluminium metal, as an abrasive owing to its hardness, and as a refractory material owing to its high melting point. | L'alumine, ou oxyde d'aluminium, est un composé chimique de formule. Il s'agit d'un solide blanc inodore insoluble dans l'eau. Il en existe plusieurs polymorphes, le principal étant l'alumine α, rhomboédrique, qui existe dans le milieu naturel sous la forme du minéral appelé corindon, dont certaines variétés sont des pierres précieuses : le rubis, avec des traces de chrome, et le saphir, avec des traces de fer et de titane. | [
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Fair use | Fair use | Fair use is a doctrine in the law of the United States that permits limited use of copyrighted material without having to first acquire permission from the copyright holder. Fair use is one of the limitations to copyright intended to balance the interests of copyright holders with the public interest in the wider distribution and use of creative works by allowing as a defense to copyright infringement claims certain limited uses that might otherwise be considered infringement. Like "fair dealing" rights that exist in most countries with a British legal history, the fair use right is a general exception that applies to all different kinds of uses with all types of works and turns on a flexible proportionality test that examines the purpose of the use, the amount used, and the impact on the market of the original work. The innovation of the fair use right in US law is that it applies to a list of purposes that is preceded by the opening clause "such as." This has allowed courts to apply it to technologies never envisioned in the original statute including Internet search, the VCR, and the reverse engineering of software. | Aux États-Unis, le ( « usage loyal », « usage raisonnable » ou « usage acceptable ») est un ensemble de règles de droit, d'origine législative et jurisprudentielle, qui apportent des limitations et des exceptions aux droits exclusifs de l'auteur sur son œuvre (droit d'auteur). Il essaie de prendre en compte à la fois les intérêts des bénéficiaires des droits d'auteur et l'intérêt public, pour la distribution de travaux créatifs, en autorisant certains usages qui seraient, autrement, considérés comme illégaux. | [
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RiscPC | RISC PC | The RiscPC (stylised with a half-space as ', also referred to as'and codenamed Medusa) was Acorn Computers's next generation RISC OS/Acorn RISC Machine computer, launched on 15 April 1994, which superseded the Acorn Archimedes. The "Acorn PC card" and software allows PC compatible software to be run. | Le RISC PC (nom de code Medusa) est un ordinateur du fabricant Acorn qui fut lancé en 1994, pour remplacer l'Acorn Archimedes. Continuant dans la philosophie de l'Archimedes, c'est un ordinateur avec un microprocesseur RISC de la famille ARM et un système d'exploitation RISC OS embarqué dans une mémoire de type ROM. | [
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Amphibole | Amphibole | Amphibole () is a group of inosilicate minerals, forming prism or needlelike crystals, composed of double chain tetrahedra, linked at the vertices and generally containing ions of iron and/or magnesium in their structures. Amphiboles can be green, black, colorless, white, yellow, blue, or brown. The International Mineralogical Association currently classifies amphiboles as a mineral supergroup, within which are two groups and several subgroups. | Les amphiboles sont une famille de minéraux, silicates de fer, de calcium ou de magnésium. Elles cristallisent dans les systèmes orthorhombique et monoclinique en prismes très allongés, avec un clivage typique selon les faces du prisme. Elles appartiennent au groupe des inosilicates. | [
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Protozoa | Protozoaire | Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Historically, the protozoa were regarded as "one-celled animals", because they often possess animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation, and lack a cell wall, as found in plants and many algae. Although the traditional practice of grouping protozoa with animals is no longer considered valid, the term continues to be used in a loose way to identify single-celled organisms that can move independently and feed by heterotrophy. | En biologie, le terme protozoaire (Protozoa), du grec ancien proto- (πρῶτος, prôtos « premier ») et zôon (ζῷον « animal »), désigne les protistes (eucaryotes souvent unicellulaires et sans tissus spécialisés) hétérotrophes mobiles qui ingèrent leur nourriture par phagocytose, contrairement aux deux autres types de protistes (protophytes et protomycètes). | [
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André Raison | André Raison | André Raison (c. 1640 – 1719) was a French Baroque composer and organist. During his lifetime he was one of the most famous French organists and an important influence on French organ music. He published two collections of organ works, in 1688 and 1714. The first contains liturgical music intended for monasteries and a preface with information on contemporary performance practice. The second contains mostly noëls (variations on Christmas carols). | André Raison, né vers 1640 ou 1650, peut-être à Nanterre, mort à Paris en 1719, est un organiste et compositeur français. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Garnet | Grenat | Garnets () are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. | Grenat désigne une famille de minéraux du groupe des nésosilicates cristallisant dans le système cristallin cubique (ou isométrique). Les grenats de qualité gemme sont des pierres fines. | [
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Operator overloading | Définition d'opérateur | In computer programming, operator overloading, sometimes termed "operator ad hoc polymorphism", is a specific case of polymorphism, where different operators have different implementations depending on their arguments. Operator overloading is generally defined by a programming language, a programmer, or both. | La définition d'opérateur est une fonctionnalité offerte par certains langages de programmation qui permet d'utiliser des opérateurs (comme +, = ou ==) comme des fonctions ou des méthodes en les définissant pour de nouveaux types de données. Les opérateurs ne sont pas nécessairement des symboles. Parfois, la définition de "nouveaux" opérateurs est autorisée. Il s'agit généralement de sucre syntaxique, et peut facilement être émulé par des appels de fonction ou de méthode : | [
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Verisign | Verisign | Verisign Inc. is an American company based in Reston, Virginia, United States that operates a diverse array of network infrastructure, including two of the Internet's thirteen root nameservers, the authoritative registry for the,, and generic top-level domains and the and country-code top-level domains, and the back-end systems for the,, and top-level domains. Verisign also offers a range of security services, including managed DNS, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack mitigation and cyber-threat reporting. | VeriSign, Inc () est une société américaine établie à Reston, dans l’État de Virginie. La société exploite une vaste infrastructure réseau comprenant notamment deux des treize serveurs racines du DNS. Elle gère également le registre officiel pour les domaines de premier niveau génériques.com,.net et.name, les domaines de premier niveau géographiques.cc et.tv, et les systèmes back-end pour les domaines de premier niveau.jobs et.edu. Verisign propose également plusieurs services de sécurité comme le DNS géré, la limitation des attaques par déni de service distribué (DDoS) et la création de rapports sur les cybermenaces. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pierre-Simon Laplace | Pierre-Simon de Laplace | Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (; ; 23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar and polymath whose work was important to the development of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy. He summarized and extended the work of his predecessors in his five-volume "Mécanique Céleste" ("Celestial Mechanics") (1799–1825). This work translated the geometric study of classical mechanics to one based on calculus, opening up a broader range of problems. In statistics, the Bayesian interpretation of probability was developed mainly by Laplace. | Pierre-Simon de Laplace ou Pierre-Simon Laplace, comte Laplace, puis de Laplace, né le à Beaumont-en-Auge et mort le à Paris, est un mathématicien, astronome, physicien et homme politique français. | [
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Palm OS | Palm OS | Palm OS (also known as Garnet OS) is a discontinued mobile operating system initially developed by Palm, Inc., for personal digital assistants (PDAs) in 1996. Palm OS was designed for ease of use with a touchscreen-based graphical user interface. It is provided with a suite of basic applications for personal information management. Later versions of the OS have been extended to support smartphones. Several other licensees have manufactured devices powered by Palm OS. | ' (aussi connu sous le nom de ') est un système d'exploitation embarqué développé initialement par U.S. Robotics Corp., propriétaire de la société Palm Computing, Inc. à partir de 1995, pour des PDA (assistants personnels numériques) en 1996. L'interface utilisateur graphique de Palm OS est prévue pour être utilisée avec un écran tactile. Il est fourni avec une suite d'applications de base pour gestionnaire d'informations personnelles. Plus tard les versions de cet OS ont été améliorées pour fonctionner sur des Smartphones. Plusieurs autres sociétés ont reçu une licence pour fonctionnant avec Palm OS. ACCESS est le propriétaire de la version actuelle de la licence et l'a renommé en "Garnet OS". En 2007, ACCESS a sorti le successeur de Garnet OS, appelé Access Linux Platform. En 2009, la principale société utilisant la licence de Palm OS, Palm, Inc., informa qu'elle passera de Palm OS à WebOS pour ses prochains appareils électroniques. | [
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Legislature | Pouvoir législatif | A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the separation of powers model, they are often contrasted with the executive and judicial branches of government. | Le pouvoir législatif est, dans la théorie de la séparation des pouvoirs de Montesquieu appliquée aujourd'hui dans les régimes démocratiques, l'un des trois pouvoirs constituant un État, avec : Il est en général chargé de voter la loi, de gérer le budget de l'État, et selon les pays de contrôler l'action du pouvoir exécutif et judiciaire. | [
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Édouard Branly | Édouard Branly | Édouard Eugène Désiré Branly (23 October 1844 – 24 March 1940) was a French inventor, physicist and professor at the Institut Catholique de Paris. He is primarily known for his early involvement in wireless telegraphy and his invention of the Branly coherer around 1890. | Désiré Eugène Édouard Branly, né à Amiens le et mort à Paris le, est un physicien et médecin français. | [
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Mineralogy | Minéralogie | Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. | La minéralogie est une science multidisciplinaire qui a pour objet les minéraux, leurs identifications, leurs caractérisations et descriptions, leurs analyses, leurs variétés et habitus, leurs classements, classifications et collections, leurs gîtologie, gisements et répartitions, leurs origines et leurs divers modes de formation, leurs usages par l'Homme, leurs intérêts pour la végétation ou la faune, leurs histoires dans l'univers des écrits ou discours savants ou des savoirs profanes ou traditionnels, les diverses modalités de connaissances... La minéralogie descriptive étudie les minéraux des milieux naturels, constituants diversement associés dans les roches. Elle peut être considérée, tout en gardant son statut autonome et réglementé au niveau international, comme une discipline de base de la géologie, une science auxiliaire de la pétrologie, ou encore une branche de la planétologie ou une matière d'approfondissement en prolongation de la chimie minérale dans le sens étendu où les produits de la cristallisation artificielle, en laboratoire ou en four technique, sont admis. | [
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Jade | Jade | Jade refers to an ornamental mineral, mostly known for its green varieties. It can refer to either of two different minerals: nephrite, (a silicate of calcium and magnesium in the pyroxene group of minerals), or jadeite, (a silicate of sodium and aluminium in the amphibole group of minerals). | Le jade () est une pierre gemme très dure et tenace employée en ornementation et en joaillerie. Les différentes variétés de jade étaient très employées en Europe à l'époque de la pierre polie (le Néolithique) pour la confection des haches. Les artistes chinois utilisent depuis longtemps cette pierre fine pour réaliser de petits objets d'art. | [
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History of Chile | Histoire du Chili | The territory of Chile has been populated since at least 3000 BC. By the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors began to subdue and colonize the region of present-day Chile, and the territory was a colony between 1540 and 1818, when it gained independence from Spain. The country's economic development was successively marked by the export of first agricultural produce, then saltpeter and later copper. The wealth of raw materials led to an economic upturn, but also led to dependency, and even wars with neighboring states. Chile was governed during most of its first 150 years of independence by different forms of restricted government, where the electorate was carefully vetted and controlled by an elite. | L’histoire du Chili est généralement découpée en douze périodes, qui vont du début du peuplement humain du territoire de l’actuel Chili jusqu’à nos jours. | [
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Romy Schneider | Romy Schneider | Romy Schneider (; born Rosemarie Magdalena Albach, 23 September 1938 – 29 May 1982) was a German-French actress. She began her career in the German genre in the early 1950s when she was 15. From 1955 to 1957, she played the central character of Empress Elisabeth of Austria in the Austrian "Sissi" trilogy, and later reprised the role in a more mature version in Visconti's "Ludwig" (1973). Schneider moved to France, where she made successful and critically acclaimed films with some of the most notable film directors of that era. | Romy Schneider ( ), née sous le nom de Rosemarie Magdalena Albach le à Vienne en Autriche et morte le à Paris (7e arrondissement), est une actrice allemande naturalisée française. | [
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Alfred de Vigny | Alfred de Vigny | Alfred Victor, Comte de Vigny (27 March 1797 – 17 September 1863) was a French poet and early leader of French Romanticism. He also produced novels, plays, and translations of Shakespeare. | Alfred Victor de Vigny ou comte de Vigny, né le à Loches, et mort le à Paris, est un écrivain, romancier, dramaturge et poète français. | [
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Bill (law) | Proposition de loi | A bill is proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature. A bill does not become law until it is passed by the legislature and, in most cases, approved by the executive. Once a bill has been enacted into law, it is called an "act of the legislature", or a "statute". Bills are introduced in the legislature and are discussed, debated and voted upon. | Une proposition de loi est une soumission à la délibération d’un texte législatif provenant d'une personne ou d'un groupe habilité à faire une telle proposition. Elle s’inscrit plus globalement dans le cadre de l’initiative législative. | [
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Maleic acid | Acide maléique | Maleic acid or "cis"-butenedioic acid is an organic compound that is a dicarboxylic acid, a molecule with two carboxyl groups. Its chemical formula is HOCCH=CHCOH. Maleic acid is the "cis"-isomer of butenedioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the "trans"-isomer. It is mainly used as a precursor to fumaric acid, and relative to its parent maleic anhydride, maleic acid has few applications. | L'acide maléique est un acide dicarboxylique insaturé, l'acide Z-butènedioïque. Cette molécule est le diastéréoisomère de l'acide fumarique ou acide E-butènedioïque, la configuration montre que les groupements carboxyles, caractéristiques des acides organiques sont placés sur un plan du même côté de la liaison éthylénique, c'est-à-dire de la double liaison carbone-carbone, rigide. | [
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Fumaric acid | Acide fumarique | Fumaric acid is an organic compound with the formula HOCCH=CHCOH. A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature. It has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive. Its E number is E297. The salts and esters are known as fumarates. Fumarate can also refer to the ion (in solution). The "trans" isomer possesses a dipole moment. | L'acide fumarique, ou acide "trans"-butènedioïque, est un acide dicarboxylique insaturé de formule chimique HOOC–CH=CH–COOH. Il se présente sous la forme d'une poudre blanche cristallisée et inodore, combustible mais faiblement inflammable et faiblement soluble dans l'eau. Il présente une saveur rappelant celle des fruits. C'est l'isomère "trans" de l'acide maléique : ses deux groupes carboxyle sont en position "E" ("trans") tandis que ceux de l'acide maléique sont en position "Z" ("cis"), ce qui le rend plus stable que ce dernier. Ses sels et esters sont appelés fumarates. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Wilhelm Röntgen | Wilhelm Röntgen | Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (; ; 27 March 184510 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. | Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen est un physicien allemand, né le à Lennep en Allemagne, et mort le à Munich. Il fait une grande partie de sa scolarité aux Pays-Bas avant d'entrer à l'École polytechnique fédérale de Zurich. Il est successivement professeur de physique à Strasbourg (1876-1879), à Giessen (1879-1888), à Wurtzbourg (1888-1900) et à Munich (1900-1920). Il découvre les rayons X en 1895, ce qui lui vaut de recevoir la médaille Rumford en 1896 et le premier prix Nobel de physique en 1901. | [
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Joseph Bramah | Joseph Bramah | Joseph Bramah (13 April 1748 – 9 December 1814), born Stainborough Lane Farm, Stainborough, Barnsley Yorkshire, was an English inventor and locksmith. He is best known for having invented the hydraulic press. Along with William George Armstrong, he can be considered one of the two fathers of hydraulic engineering. | Joseph Bramah est un mécanicien et inventeur anglais né à dans le Yorkshire le et décédé de pneumonie dans la forêt d'Alice Holt (Hampshire) le. | [
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William Crookes | William Crookes | Sir William Crookes (; 17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919) was a British chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry in London, and worked on spectroscopy. He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the Crookes tube which was made in 1875. This was a foundational discovery that eventually changed the whole of chemistry and physics. | William Crookes est un chimiste et un physicien britannique, né à Londres le et mort à Notting Hill à Londres le. Il a donné son nom à la technique des tubes de Crookes, grâce auxquels ont été découverts par exemple les rayons X. Il est également connu pour des études concernant les médiums. Il a découvert le protactinium et le thallium. | [
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Garbage collection (computer science) | Ramasse-miettes (informatique) | In computer science, garbage collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The "garbage collector", or just "collector", attempts to reclaim "garbage", or memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use by the program. Garbage collection was invented by American computer scientist John McCarthy around 1959 to simplify manual memory management in Lisp. | Un ramasse-miettes, ou récupérateur de mémoire, ou glaneur de cellules (en anglais, abrégé en GC), est un sous-système informatique de gestion automatique de la mémoire. Il est responsable du recyclage de la mémoire préalablement allouée puis inutilisée. | [
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Apollo 10 | Apollo 10 | Apollo 10 was a May 1969 human spaceflight, the fourth crewed mission in the United States Apollo program, and the second (after Apollo8) to orbit the Moon. It was the Fmission: a "dress rehearsal" for the first Moon landing, testing all the components and procedures just short of actually landing. While astronaut John Young remained in the Command Module orbiting the Moon, astronauts Thomas Stafford and Gene Cernan flew the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, the point where powered descent for landing would begin. After orbiting the Moon 31 times Apollo 10 returned safely to Earth, and its success enabled the first actual landing (Apollo 11) two months later. | Apollo 10 est un vol spatial habité qui a eu lieu en, la quatrième mission avec équipage du programme américain Apollo, et la deuxième, après'à orbiter autour de la Lune. Il s'agit de la, une répétition générale pour le premier alunissage, testant tous les composants et les procédures juste avant l'alunissage réel. Les astronautes Thomas Stafford et Gene Cernan font voler le module lunaire Apollo (LM), son deuxième essai dans l'espace après celui d' en orbite terrestre, sur une orbite de descente à de la surface lunaire, le point où commencerait la descente motorisée. | [
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Phantom Entertainment | Phantom | Phantom Entertainment, Inc. (known as Infinium Labs, Inc. until 2006) is a company founded in 2002 by Tim Roberts which makes computer keyboards. However, Phantom is best known for the Phantom, a video game console advertised for Internet gaming on demand in 2004; it was never marketed, leading to suggestions that it was vaporware. The company's website was last updated in late 2011. | La Phantom était une console de jeux vidéo "vaporware" développée par Phantom Entertainment (ex-Infinium Labs), une entreprise de Floride. Elle devait permettre de télécharger et de jouer à des jeux PC par le biais du Phantom Game Service. | [
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Van Allen radiation belt | Ceinture de Van Allen | A Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetic field. Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created. The belts are named after James Van Allen, who is credited with their discovery. Earth's two main belts extend from an altitude of about 640 to 58,000 km (400 to 36,040 mi) above the surface in which region radiation levels vary. Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays. By trapping the solar wind, the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles and protects the atmosphere from destruction. | La ou les ceinture(s) de radiations de Van Allen (ou plus simplement ceinture(s) de Van Allen), ainsi nommées en l'honneur du physicien américain James Alfred Van Allen, sont une zone toroïdale de la magnétosphère de la Terre qui entoure l'équateur magnétique et contient une grande densité de particules énergétiques provenant du vent solaire. La rencontre de ces particules avec les molécules de la haute atmosphère terrestre est à l'origine des aurores polaires. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Recursion (computer science) | Algorithme récursif | In computer science, recursion is a method of solving a problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. Such problems can generally be solved by iteration, but this needs to identify and index the smaller instances at programming time. At the opposite, recursion solves such recursive problems by using functions that call themselves from within their own code. The approach can be applied to many types of problems, and recursion is one of the central ideas of computer science. | Un algorithme récursif est un algorithme qui résout un problème en calculant des solutions d'instances plus petites du même problème. L'approche récursive est un des concepts de base en informatique. | [
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Hector Berlioz | Hector Berlioz | Louis-Hector Berlioz (11 December 1803 – 8 March 1869) was a French Romantic composer. His output includes orchestral works such as the "Symphonie fantastique" and "Harold in Italy", choral pieces including the Requiem and "L'Enfance du Christ", his three operas "Benvenuto Cellini", "Les Troyens" and "Béatrice et Bénédict", and works of hybrid genres such as the "dramatic symphony" "Roméo et Juliette" and the "dramatic legend" "La Damnation de Faust". | Hector Berlioz est un compositeur, chef d'orchestre, critique musical et écrivain français né le à La Côte-Saint-André (Isère), et mort le à Paris. | [
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Allergy | Allergie | Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash, sneezing, a runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. Food intolerances and food poisoning are separate conditions. Common allergens include pollen and certain foods. Metals and other substances may also cause problems. Food, insect stings, and medications are common causes of severe reactions. Their development is due to both genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binding to an allergen and then to a receptor on mast cells or basophils where it triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Diagnosis is typically based on a person's medical history. Further testing of the skin or blood may be useful in certain cases. Positive tests, however, may not mean there is a significant allergy to the substance in question. Early exposure to potential allergens may be protective. Treatments for allergies include the avoidance of known allergens and the use of medications such as steroids and antihistamines. In severe reactions injectable adrenaline (epinephrine) is recommended. Allergen immunotherapy, which gradually exposes people to larger and larger amounts of allergen, is useful for some types of allergies such as hay fever and reactions to insect bites. Its use in food allergies is unclear. Allergies are common. In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis, about 6% of people have at least one food allergy, and about 20% have atopic dermatitis at some point in time. Depending on the country about 1–18% of people have asthma. Anaphylaxis occurs in between 0.05–2% of people. Rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing. The word "allergy" was first used by Clemens von Pirquet in 1906. | L'allergie est un phénomène d'exagération pathologique de la réponse immunitaire, en particulier la réaction inflammatoire, face à un antigène généralement étranger à l'organisme—on parle plus précisément d'allergène dans le cas de l'allergie. Il s'agit d'une forme d'hypersensibilité. Les traitements consistant à rendre l'organisme tolérant à la substance incriminée sont dits de. | [
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Alyssa Milano | Alyssa Milano | Alyssa Jayne Milano (born December 19, 1972) is an American actress, producer, and singer. She is known for her roles as Samantha Micelli in "Who's the Boss?", Jennifer Mancini in "Melrose Place", Phoebe Halliwell in "Charmed", Billie Cunningham in "My Name is Earl", Savannah "Savi" Davis in "Mistresses", Renata Murphy in "", and Coralee Armstrong in "Insatiable". | Alyssa Milano est une actrice, productrice, et ancienne chanteuse américaine, née le à New York. Elle est révélée au grand public par la série télévisée "Madame est servie" (1984-1992). | [
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Canis Minor | Petit Chien (constellation) | Canis Minor is a small constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. In the second century, it was included as an asterism, or pattern, of two stars in Ptolemy's 48 constellations, and it is counted among the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for "lesser dog", in contrast to Canis Major, the "greater dog"; both figures are commonly represented as following the constellation of Orion the hunter. | Le Petit Chien ("Canis Minor") est l’une des modernes, une petite constellation de l’hémisphère nord. Elle était déjà présente dans la liste de établie par Ptolémée au. On dit qu’elle représente un des chiens qui suit Orion. | [
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Style guide | Code typographique | A style guide or manual of style is a set of standards for the writing, formatting and design of documents. It is often called a style sheet, although that term also has other meanings. The standards can be applied either for general use, or be required usage for an individual publication, a particular organization, or a specific field. | Un code typographique est un ouvrage de référence décrivant les règles de composition des textes imprimés ainsi que la façon d’abréger certains termes, la manière d’écrire les nombres et toutes les règles de typographie régissant l’usage des différents types de caractères : capitales, bas de casse, italique | [
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Deacon | Diacre (christianisme) | A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. Major Christian churches, such as the Catholic Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican church, view the diaconate as part of the clerical state. | Le diacre (du grec / "diakonos", serviteur) est une personne qui assiste le dirigeant d'une église locale chrétienne. Il est choisi pour sa foi et ses qualités morales. Il est responsable de certaines activités de l'Église. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Arabic numerals | Chiffres arabes | Arabic numerals are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. The term often implies a decimal number written using these digits, which is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today, and is also called Hindu–Arabic numerals. However the term can mean the digits themselves, such as in the statement "octal numbers are written using Arabic numerals." | Les chiffres arabes sont, dans le langage courant, la graphie occidentale des dix chiffres (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0) et le système d'écriture décimale positionnelle qui les accompagne. Ils sont parvenus à l'Occident médiéval au contact des mathématiciens arabes via la civilisation andalouse. Cette terminologie étant ambiguë, ils portent également d'autres noms permettant d'éviter les confusions, mais dont certains sont spécifiques à l'informatique : « chiffres ASCII », en référence à l'histoire ancienne de leur encodage, « chiffres européens », « chiffres latins », en référence au jeu de caractères auquel ils ont été associés, « chiffres occidentaux ». | [
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Heat wave | Canicule | A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries. While definitions vary, a heat wave is usually measured relative to the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures for the season. Temperatures that people from a hotter climate consider normal can be called a heat wave in a cooler area if they are outside the normal climate pattern for that area. | Une canicule, ou vague de chaleur, est un phénomène météorologique de températures de l'air anormalement fortes, diurnes et nocturnes, se prolongeant de quelques jours à quelques semaines, dans une zone relativement étendue. Elle survient avec un réchauffement très important de l'air, ou avec une invasion d'air très chaud (exemple en Europe : le sirocco en provenance du Sahara), qui provoque notamment une baisse significative de l'amplitude thermique entre le jour et la nuit, la chaleur s'accumulant plus vite qu'elle ne s'évacue par convection ou rayonnement. | [
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Austin, Texas | Austin (Texas) | Austin (, ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas, as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties. It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States, the fourth-most-populous city in Texas, and the second-most-populous state capital city (after Phoenix, Arizona). It was also the fastest growing large city in the United States in 2015 and 2016, and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States. | Austin () est une ville américaine, capitale de l’État du Texas et siège du comté de Travis. Située sur le fleuve Colorado entre les lacs Travis, Austin, et Lady Bird, elle abrite depuis longtemps des industries classiques (métallurgie, alimentation, industrie du bois), mais la ville est devenue à la fin du un centre important des hautes technologies aux États-Unis, surnommé Silicon Hills. On y trouve les sièges sociaux ou des usines de grandes entreprises telles que Dell, Apple, Freescale, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, AMD, Texas Instruments et National Instruments. | [
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Skills management | Management de la créativité | Skills management is the practice of understanding, developing and deploying people and their skills. Well-implemented skills management should identify the skills that job roles require, the skills of individual employees, and any gap between the two. | Le management de la créativité vise à améliorer l'inventivité des membres d’une organisation. Cette amélioration est possible grâce à l'utilisation d'outils, permettant d’augmenter la créativité d’une personne ou d'un groupe de travail. L'objectif est de favoriser le développement de projets innovant. | [
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Tycho Brahe | Tycho Brahe | Tycho Brahe ( ; born Tyge Ottesen Brahe; 14 December 154624 October 1601) was a Danish nobleman, astronomer, and writer known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations. He was born in the then Danish peninsula of Scania. Tycho was well known in his lifetime as an astronomer, astrologer, and alchemist. He has been described as "the first competent mind in modern astronomy to feel ardently the passion for exact empirical facts". Most of his observations were more accurate than the best available observations at the time. | Tycho Brahe ( ), né Tyge Ottesen Brahe ( – ), est un astronome danois, issu d'une grande famille associée de longue date aux affaires du royaume. Sa région natale, la Scanie, fait désormais partie de la Suède. Tycho Brahe marque une rupture dans l'histoire de l'astronomie, et plus généralement dans l'histoire des sciences. À une époque où prévaut encore le respect de la tradition et des anciens, il donne la priorité à l'observation, avec le souci constant de valider ses hypothèses au regard de celles-ci. Il prend grand soin de la fabrication et de la mise au point de ses instruments qui lui permettent de recueillir un nombre considérable de données. Bien qu'effectuées à l'œil nu, ces mesures sont, à leur meilleur, au moins dix fois plus précises que celles de ses prédécesseurs en Europe. Ainsi, ses observations de la supernova de 1572, le conduisent à remettre en cause l'immuabilité du monde supra-lunaire énoncée par Aristote, remise en cause confirmée par ses observations de la grande comète de 1577, dont il met en évidence qu'elle ne peut être un phénomène atmosphérique (sub-lunaire). | [
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PowerPC | PowerPC | PowerPC (with the backronym Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC – Performance Computing, sometimes abbreviated as PPC) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as "AIM". PowerPC, as an evolving instruction set, has since 2006 been named Power ISA, while the old name lives on as a trademark for some implementations of Power Architecture–based processors. | PowerPC, parfois abrégé PPC, est une gamme de microprocesseurs dérivée de l'architecture de processeur RISC POWER d'IBM, et développée conjointement par Apple, IBM et Freescale (anciennement Motorola Semiconducteurs). Le rétro-acronyme de PowerPC est "Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC Performance Computing". Depuis 2004, l'architecture est gérée par la fondation Power.org. À partir de 2019, la fondation Power est gérée par la Linux Foundation qui place le design et les jeux d’instructions sous licence Open Source. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Geomagnetic storm | Orage magnétique | A geomagnetic storm (commonly referred to as a solar storm) is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the Earth's magnetic field. | Un orage magnétique, aussi appelé tempête magnétique ou encore tempête géomagnétique, est un phénomène lié aux variations de l'activité solaire qui aboutit à des fluctuations brusques et intenses du magnétisme terrestre. Les couches électriques dans l’ionosphère feraient varier l’intensité du champ magnétique terrestre entraînant de nombreux orages magnétiques. | [
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Primitive communism | Communisme primitif | Primitive communism is a way of describing the gift economies of hunter-gatherers throughout history, where resources and property hunted and gathered are shared with all members of a group, in accordance with individual needs. In political sociology and anthology, it is also a concept often credited to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels for originating, who wrote that hunter-gatherer societies were traditionally based on egalitarian social relations and common ownership. A primary inspiration for both Marx and Engels were Lewis Henry Morgan's descriptions of "communism in living" as practised by the Iroquois Nation of North America. In Marx's model of socioeconomic structures, societies with primitive communism had no hierarchical social class structures or capital accumulation. | Le communisme primitif est, selon Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels et différentes théories communistes, l'organisation politique de la société humaine primitive. | [
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Incunable | Incunable | An incunable, or sometimes incunabulum (plural incunables or incunabula, respectively), is a book, pamphlet, or broadside printed in Europe before the 16th century. Incunabula are not manuscripts, which are documents written by hand. there are about 30,000 distinct known incunable editions extant, but the probable number of surviving copies in Germany alone is estimated at around 125,000. Through statistical analysis, it is estimated that the number of lost editions is at least 20,000. | Un incunable est, par convention, un livre imprimé en Europe avant le. L'appellation est parfois improprement étendue aux « post-incunables », livres d'aspect comparable mais imprimés ultérieurement, avant 1525-1530 voire, pour les pays nordiques, avant 1550. | [
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Alfonso Reyes | Alfonso Reyes | Alfonso Reyes Ochoa (17 May 1889 in Monterrey, Nuevo León – 27 December 1959 in Mexico City) was a Mexican writer, philosopher and diplomat. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. | Alfonso Reyes Ochoa (, Monterrey –, Mexico) : écrivain, philosophe, journaliste, traducteur et diplomate mexicain né à Monterrey. Son père, Bernardo Reyes, fut gouverneur de l'État du Nuevo León et ministre du gouvernement de Porfirio Díaz. | [
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Akbar | Akbar | Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (Persian: ; October 1542– 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar the Great, ("Akbar-i-azam" ), and also as Akbar I (), was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. | Jalâluddin Muhammad Akbar (en arabe : جلال الدين محمّد أكبر, "Jalālu d-Dīn Muḥammad ʾAkbar") (Umarkot, selon les sources le ou le - Āgrā, ) dirige l'Empire moghol de 1556 jusqu'en 1605. Il est généralement considéré comme le plus grand Moghol. | [
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Symphony | Symphonie | A symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, most often written by composers for orchestra. Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century the word had taken on the meaning common today: a work usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or movements, often four, with the first movement in sonata form. Symphonies are almost always scored for an orchestra consisting of a string section (violin, viola, cello, and double bass), brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments which altogether number about 30 to 100 musicians. Symphonies are notated in a musical score, which contains all the instrument parts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which contain just the notated music for their own instrument. Some symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g., Beethoven's Ninth Symphony). | Une symphonie est une composition instrumentale savante, de proportions généralement vastes, comprenant plusieurs mouvements joints ou disjoints, et faisant appel aux ressources de l'orchestre symphonique... | [
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Shaddam IV | Shaddam IV Corrino | Shaddam IV of House Corrino is a fictional character in the "Dune" universe created by Frank Herbert. He is Padishah Emperor of the Known Universe in Herbert's 1965 novel "Dune". Shaddam's accession to the throne is chronicled in the "Prelude to Dune" prequel trilogy (1999-2001) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson, and he later appears in the prequel series "Heroes of Dune" (2008–2009). | Shaddam est un personnage du cycle de fiction de "Dune", de Frank Herbert. Il naît en 10134 et épouse, sans vraiment l’avoir choisie, Anirul, Bene Gesserit de Rang Caché. | [
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Vietnamese alphabet | Chữ quốc ngữ | The Vietnamese alphabet (; literally "National (language) script") is the modern writing system for the Vietnamese language. It uses the Latin script, based on its employment in the alphabets of Romance languages, in particular the Portuguese alphabet, with some digraphs and the addition of nine accent marks or diacritics – four of them to create additional sounds, and the other five to indicate the tone of each word. These many diacritics, often two on the same vowel, make written Vietnamese easily recognizable among localized variants of Latin alphabets. | Le chữ quốc ngữ (chữ nôm : ; ; « écriture de la langue nationale ») est une romanisation de la langue vietnamienne possédant le statut d'orthographe officielle. C'est un alphabet latin augmenté de nombreux diacritiques servant à noter tant la valeur phonétique de certaines lettres que les tons de la langue. | [
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Alia Atreides | Alia Atréides | Alia Atreides is a fictional character in the "Dune" universe created by Frank Herbert. Introduced in the first novel of the series, 1965's "Dune", the character was originally killed in Herbert's first version of the manuscript. At the suggestion of "Analog" magazine editor John Campbell, Herbert kept her alive in the final draft. Alia would next appear as a main character in both "Dune Messiah" (1969) and "Children of Dune" (1976). The character is brought back as a ghola in the Brian Herbert/Kevin J. Anderson conclusion to the original series, "Sandworms of Dune" (2007). | Alia Atréides est un personnage du cycle de romans de Dune, de Frank Herbert. Sœur de Paul Atréides, elle est aussi connue sous le nom de « Sainte Alia du Couteau ». | [
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Chelmsford | Chelmsford | Chelmsford ( or ) is an English city, the main area of the City of Chelmsford district and the county town of Essex, in the East of England. It is located in the London commuter belt, approximately north-east of the notional centre of London at Charing Cross and approximately from Colchester. The urban area of the city has a population of approximately 112,000, whilst the district has a population of 168,310. | Chelmsford ( []) est une ville britannique, située à au nord-est de Londres. Principal centre urbain du district de la Cité de Chelmsford avec une population de 102 400 habitants en 2016, elle est la capitale du comté d'Essex. | [
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Abraham Maslow | Abraham Maslow | Abraham Harold Maslow (; April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization. Maslow was a psychology professor at Alliant International University, Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research, and Columbia University. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a "bag of symptoms". A "Review of General Psychology" survey, published in 2002, ranked Maslow as the tenth most cited psychologist of the 20th century. | Abraham Harold Maslow, né le à New York et mort le à Menlo Park en Californie, est un psychologue américain considéré comme le père de l'approche humaniste. Il est connu pour son explication de la motivation par la hiérarchie des besoins, souvent représentée par la suite sous la forme d'une pyramide. | [
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Benito Juárez | Benito Juárez | Benito Pablo Juárez García (; 21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) was a Mexican lawyer and politician, who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in 1872. Born in Oaxaca to a poor rural family of Zapotec origin, he became a well-educated urban professional and politician who married a socially prominent woman of Oaxaca City, Margarita Maza. He identified primarily as a Liberal and wrote only briefly about his indigenous heritage. | Benito Juárez García, né le à, Nouvelle-Espagne et mort le à Mexico, est un homme politique mexicain qui fut président de la République. Il résista à l'occupation française du Mexique, renversa le Second Empire mexicain, rétablit la République et employa des mesures libérales pour moderniser le pays. | [
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Lady Jessica | Jessica Atréides | Lady Jessica is a fictional character in the "Dune" universe created by Frank Herbert. A main character in the 1965 novel "Dune", Jessica also plays an important role in the later installment "Children of Dune" (1976). The events surrounding Jessica's conception, her birth and her early years with Leto are chronicled in the "Prelude to Dune" prequel trilogy (1999–2001) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson. The character is brought back as a ghola in the Herbert/Anderson sequels which conclude the original series, "Hunters of Dune" (2006) and "Sandworms of Dune" (2007). | Dame Jessica Atréides (« Lady Jessica » en VO) est un personnage de fiction issu du Cycle de Dune de l'écrivain Frank Herbert. Elle apparaît dans les romans "Dune" et "Les Enfants de Dune". | [
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Essex | Essex | Essex () is a county in the southeast of England, northeast of London. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and London to the southwest. The county town is Chelmsford, the only city in the county. For government statistical purposes Essex is placed in the East of England region. | L'Essex ( ) est un comté cérémoniel et non métropolitain d'Angleterre. Il est l'un des "Home Counties" situés au nord-est de Londres. | [
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Vienna Philharmonic | Orchestre philharmonique de Vienne | The Vienna Philharmonic (VPO; ), founded in 1842, is an orchestra considered to be one of the finest in the world. | L'Orchestre philharmonique de Vienne (en ) est l'orchestre symphonique autrichien le plus renommé. Il est fondé en 1842. L'orchestre a compté dans son effectif des membres comme Hans Richter, Arthur Nikisch, Franz Schmidt, Willi Boskovsky. Ses membres sont recrutés exclusivement parmi ceux de l'Orchestre de l'Opéra d'État de Vienne. | [
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Olympia, Washington | Olympia (Washington) | Olympia is the capital of the U.S. state of Washington and the county seat and largest city of Thurston County. European settlers claimed the area in 1846, with the Treaty of Medicine Creek initiated in 1854, and the Treaty of Olympia initiated in January 1856. | Olympia est une ville des États-Unis, capitale de l'État de Washington et siège du comté de Thurston. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à, ce qui en faisait la grande ville de l'État. | [
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Kevin Bacon | Kevin Bacon | Kevin Norwood Bacon (born July 8, 1958) is an American actor and musician. His films include musical-drama film "Footloose" (1984), the controversial historical conspiracy legal thriller "JFK" (1991), the legal drama "A Few Good Men" (1992), the historical docudrama "Apollo 13" (1995), and the mystery drama "Mystic River" (2003). Bacon is also known for taking on darker roles, such as that of a sadistic guard in "Sleepers" (1996), and troubled former child abuser in "The Woodsman" (2004). He is further known for the hit comedies "National Lampoon's Animal House" (1978), "Diner" (1982), "Tremors" (1990) and "Crazy, Stupid, Love" (2011). His other well-known films are "Friday the 13th" (1980), "Flatliners" (1990), "The River Wild" (1994), "Wild Things" (1998), "Stir of Echoes" (1999), "Hollow Man" (2000), "Frost/Nixon" (2008), "" (2011), "Black Mass" (2015) and "Patriots Day" (2016). He is equally prolific on television, having starred in the Fox drama series "The Following" (2013–2015). For the HBO original film "Taking Chance" (2009), Bacon won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, also receiving a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. More recently, Bacon portrayed the title character, and was the series lead, of the Amazon Prime web television series "I Love Dick", for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. | Kevin Bacon est un acteur et réalisateur américain, né le à Philadelphie (Pennsylvanie). Après avoir débuté dans le premier "Vendredi 13", il se fera véritablement connaître par le public américain dans le film musical'en 1984. Il a interprété un certain nombre de méchants, notamment dans ', "La Rivière sauvage", "La Loi criminelle", "Mauvais Piège", "" ou "". Cependant, qualifié d'acteur de genre, il est également connu pour des seconds rôles dans ', "Apollo 13", ','ou plus récemment '. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Calorimetry | Calorimétrie | Calorimetry is the science or act of measuring changes in "state variables" of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter. The word "calorimetry" is derived from the Latin word "calor", meaning heat and the Greek word "μέτρον" (metron), meaning measure. Scottish physician and scientist Joseph Black, who was the first to recognize the distinction between heat and temperature, is said to be the founder of the science of calorimetry. | La calorimétrie est la partie de la thermodynamique qui a pour objet le calcul et la mesure des chaleurs. Pour que la chaleur soit accessible par le calcul, il est nécessaire de l'identifier à la variation d'une fonction d'état, ce qui n'est pas possible dans un cas général. On choisit des conditions particulières dans lesquelles cette identification est possible : par exemple à "pression constante", et dans ce cas les chaleurs mises en jeu au sein du calorimètre sont égales à la variation de l'enthalpie "ΔH = Q", ou à "volume constant" dans une bombe calorimétrique, et dans ce cas les chaleurs mises en jeu sont égales à la variation de l'énergie interne "ΔU = Q". Pour les mesures, on utilise un calorimètre, utilisées dans les conditions du calcul. | [
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Cantons of Switzerland | Canton (Suisse) | The 26 cantons of Switzerland (,,, ) are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Waldstätte. Two important periods in the development of the Old Swiss Confederacy are summarized by the terms "Acht Orte" ("Eight Cantons"; from 1353–1481) and "Dreizehn Orte" ("Thirteen Cantons", from 1513–1798). | Les 26 cantons suisses sont les États fédérés de la Confédération suisse. Il s'agit des cantons d'Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures, d'Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures, d'Argovie, de Bâle-Campagne, de Bâle-Ville, de Berne, de Fribourg, de Genève, de Glaris, des Grisons, du Jura, de Lucerne, de Neuchâtel, de Nidwald, d'Obwald, de Saint-Gall, de Schaffhouse, de Schwytz, de Soleure, du Tessin, de Thurgovie, d'Uri, du Valais, de Vaud, de Zoug et de Zurich. | [
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Modified Mercalli intensity scale | Échelle de Mercalli | The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the "intensity of shaking" produced by an earthquake. It measures the "effects" of an earthquake "at a given location", distinguished from the earthquake's inherent "force" or "strength" as measured by seismic magnitude scales (such as the "" magnitude usually reported for an earthquake). While shaking is caused by the seismic energy released by an earthquake, earthquakes differ in how much of their energy is radiated as seismic waves. Deeper earthquakes also have less interaction with the surface, and their energy is spread out across a larger area. Shaking intensity is localized, generally diminishing with distance from the earthquake's epicenter, but can be amplified in sedimentary basins and certain kinds of unconsolidated soils. | L'échelle de Mercalli est une échelle de mesure de l'intensité d'un séisme, qui se fonde sur l'observation des effets et des conséquences du séisme en un lieu donné. | [
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Trier | Trèves (Allemagne) | Trier (, ; ), formerly known in English as Treves ( ; ) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany. It lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the west of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, near the border with Luxembourg and within the important Moselle wine region. Karl Marx, philosopher and founder of the theory that would become known as Marxism, was born in the city in 1818. | Trèves (, "Tréier") est une ville et un arrondissement d'Allemagne, dans le Land de Rhénanie-Palatinat. La ville est située sur la Moselle. En 2015, elle comptait. | [
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Nova Scotia | Nouvelle-Écosse | Nova Scotia () is a province in eastern Canada. With a population of 923,598 as of 2016, it is the most populous of Canada's three Maritime provinces and four Atlantic provinces. It is the country's second-most densely populated province and second-smallest province by area, both after neighbouring Prince Edward Island. Its area of includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800 other coastal islands. The peninsula that makes up Nova Scotia's mainland is connected to the rest of North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto, on which the province's land border with New Brunswick is located. The province borders the Bay of Fundy to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east, and is separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot straits, respectively. | La Nouvelle-Écosse (en anglais : "") est une province du Canada, située dans la région des provinces maritimes, sur la côte atlantique, à l'est du pays. Bordée par le Nouveau-Brunswick à l'ouest, elle couvre une superficie de. Sa capitale est Halifax. En 2016, elle compte. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mandu, Madhya Pradesh | Mândû | Mandu or Mandavgad is an ancient city in the present-day Mandav area of the Dhar district. It is located in the Malwa region of western Madhya Pradesh, India, at 35 km from Dhar city. In the 11th century, Mandu was the sub division of the Tarangagadh or Taranga kingdom. This fortress town on a rocky outcrop about from Indore is celebrated for its architecture. | Mândû ou Mândûgârh est un site fortifié depuis le, perché à 600 m dans les monts Vindhya, à quelque 90 km de la ville d’Indore dans la région Malwa de Madhya Pradesh. Le sommet de la colline est ceinturé d’une muraille de près de 10 km de long. | [
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Saskatchewan | Saskatchewan | Saskatchewan () is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada, the only province without a natural border. It has an area of, nearly 10 percent of which () is fresh water, composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs, and the province's 100,000 lakes. | La Saskatchewan (, ) est une province de l'Ouest du Canada, située dans la région des prairies, entourée à l'ouest par l'Alberta, au nord par les Territoires du Nord-Ouest et à l'est par le Manitoba. La Saskatchewan comporte également une frontière au sud avec les États américains du Montana et du Dakota du Nord. Elle s'étend sur une superficie de et compte une population de en 2016. La plus grande ville est Saskatoon et la capitale Regina. | [
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Wedding anniversary | Anniversaire de mariage | A wedding anniversary is the anniversary of the date a wedding took place. Traditional names exist for some of them: for instance, fifty years of marriage is called a "golden wedding anniversary" or simply a "golden anniversary" or "golden wedding". | La célébration des anniversaires de mariage est une tradition de mariage de nombreux pays, les usages variant cependant d'un pays à l'autre. Elle peut être l’occasion de réunions de famille (on y parle de mariage de papier, mariage de cuir) et d'une. | [
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Napoleonic Code | Code civil (France) | The Napoleonic Code (; officially Code civil des Français, referred to as (le) Code civil) is the French civil code established under the French Consulate in 1804. | Le Code civil des Français, appelé usuellement « Code civil » (souvent abrégé en "C.civ.", « C. Civ. » ou « CC »), « Code Napoléon » ou encore « Code napoléonien », est un code juridique qui regroupe les lois relatives au droit civil français, c’est-à-dire l'ensemble des règles qui déterminent le statut des personnes (livre ), celui des biens (livre II) et celui des relations entre les personnes privées (livres III et IV). | [
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Gutta-percha | Gutta-percha | Gutta-percha refers both to trees of the genus "Palaquium" in the family Sapotaceae and the rigid, naturally biologically inert, resilient, electrically nonconductive, thermoplastic latex produced from the sap of these trees, particularly from "Palaquium gutta". It is a polymer of isoprene which forms a rubber-like elastomer. | La gutta-percha est une gomme issue du latex naturel obtenu à partir de feuilles d'arbres de l'espèce "Palaquium gutta" et de plusieurs espèces voisines de la famille des Sapotaceae. | [
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London Underground | Métro de Londres | The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a public rapid transit system serving London region, England and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. | Le métro de Londres (en anglais : "London Underground") est le réseau métropolitain qui dessert le Grand Londres et les espaces alentour de l'Essex, de l'Hertfordshire et du Buckinghamshire. Il est communément appelé "Underground" ou "The Tube" (), en référence à la forme cylindrique des tunnels de ses lignes profondes. Le premier projet d'un métro à Londres remonte à 1827. La Metropolitan Railway en est la première ligne, inaugurée le, ce qui en fait le plus vieux réseau métropolitain au monde, son tracé constituant désormais dans sa majeure partie la Hammersmith & la City line. Le réseau actuel compte 11 lignes et dessert 270 stations (dont certaines fermées) sur près de 402 kilomètres. Il permet le transport de 1,379 milliard de voyageurs lors du cycle annuel 2016-2017, soit une moyenne quotidienne de plus de 4,8 millions de passagers. | [
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Project for the New American Century | Project for the New American Century | Of the twenty-five people who signed PNAC's founding statement of principles, ten went on to serve in the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush, including Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, and Paul Wolfowitz. Observers such as Irwin Stelzer and Dave Grondin have suggested that the PNAC played a key role in shaping the foreign policy of the Bush Administration, particularly in building support for the Iraq War. Academics such as Inderjeet Parmar, Phillip Hammond, and Donald E. Abelson have said PNAC's influence on the George W. Bush administration has been exaggerated. | Le, ou PNAC (« Projet pour le nouveau siècle américain ») est un "think tank" néoconservateur américain ayant fonctionné de 1997 à 2006. Cet organisme qui se présente comme une organisation d'éducation à but non lucratif, a été fondé au début de l'année 1997 par William Kristol et Robert Kagan. L'objectif affiché du PNAC est de promouvoir le leadership mondial des États-Unis. Le PNAC pose en principe fondamental la considération selon laquelle le « leadership américain est à la fois bon pour l'Amérique et bon pour le monde » et apporte son soutien pour une « politique reaganienne de puissance militaire et de clarté morale ». Cette organisation a exercé une forte influence sur les hauts fonctionnaires du gouvernement des États-Unis durant les mandats du président américain George W. Bush et a eu une incidence très importante sur le développement militaire et la politique des affaires étrangères, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la sécurité nationale et la guerre en Irak. | [
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Symplocaceae | Symplocaceae | Symplocaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, including two genera, "Symplocos" and "Cordyloblaste", totalling about 260 known species. The common name for Symplocaceae is sweetleaf. Symplocaceae has a transpacific distribution that covers the Southeast United States, South America, Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Plants in the family Symplocaceae are generally trees or shrubs, and are found in humid, tropical, montane forests within their range. | La famille des Symplocacées est une famille de plantes dicotylédones qui comprend environ 320 espèces du genre "Symplocos", auquel l'ancien genre "Cordyloblaste" a été amalgamé. Ce sont des arbres ou des arbustes à feuilles persistantes largement répandus dans les zones tropicales mais absents d'Afrique. | [
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Daniel Auteuil | Daniel Auteuil | Daniel Auteuil (; born 24 January 1950) is a French actor and director who has appeared in a wide range of film genres, including period dramas, romantic comedies, and crime thrillers. In 1996 he won the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival together with Belgian actor Pascal Duquenne. He is also the winner of two César Awards for Best Actor, one in 1987 as Ugolin Soubeyran in "Jean de Florette" and "Manon des Sources" and one for his role in "Girl on the Bridge". For his role in "Jean de Florette" he also won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. Auteuil is considered one of France's most respected actors. | Daniel Auteuil, né le à Alger, dans le département d'Alger (Algérie française), est un acteur, metteur en scène et réalisateur français. | [
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Elio Vittorini | Elio Vittorini | Elio Vittorini (; 23 July 1908 – 12 February 1966) was an Italian writer and novelist. He was a contemporary of Cesare Pavese and an influential voice in the modernist school of novel writing. His best-known work is the anti-fascist novel "Conversations in Sicily", for which he was jailed when it was published in 1941. The first U.S. edition of the novel, published in 1949, included an introduction from Ernest Hemingway, whose style influenced Vittorini and that novel in particular. | Elio Vincenzo Vittorini (né le à Syracuse, en Sicile, et mort le à Milan) est un romancier, journaliste, traducteur et essayiste italien. | [
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Claudius Gothicus | Claude II le Gothique | Claudius Gothicus (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Claudius; 10 May 214 – January 270), also known as Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270. During his reign he fought successfully against the Alemanni and decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. He died after succumbing to "pestilence", possibly the Plague of Cyprian that had ravaged the provinces of the Empire. | Claude II ("Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothicus") (10 mai 214-août 270), dit Claude II le Gothique, est empereur romain de septembre 268 à sa mort en 270. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Very Large Scale Integration | Intégration à très grande échelle | Very large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit chips were widely adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunication technologies to be developed. The microprocessor and memory chips are VLSI devices. Before the introduction of VLSI technology, most ICs had a limited set of functions they could perform. An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU, ROM, RAM and other glue logic. VLSI lets IC designers add all of these into one chip. | L'intégration à très grande échelle (ou VLSI pour en anglais) est une technologie de circuit intégré (CI) dont la densité d'intégration permet de supporter plus de 100 000 composants électroniques sur une même puce. | [
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National Endowment for Democracy | National Endowment for Democracy | The National Endowment for Democracy (NED) is a U.S. non-governmental and non-profit organization that was founded in 1983 with the stated goal of promoting democracy abroad. It is funded primarily through an annual allocation from the U.S. Congress in the form of a grant awarded through the United States Information Agency (USIA). It was created by The Democracy Program as a bipartisan, private, non-profit corporation, and in turn acts as a grant-making foundation. In addition to its grants program, NED also supports and houses the "Journal of Democracy", the World Movement for Democracy, the International Forum for Democratic Studies, the Reagan–Fascell Fellowship Program, the Network of Democracy Research Institutes, and the Center for International Media Assistance. | La (NED) (en français, Fondation nationale pour la démocratie) est une fondation privée à but non lucratif des États-Unis, fondée en 1983 sous le gouvernement de Ronald Reagan, dont l'objectif déclaré par les autorités américaines est le renforcement et le progrès des institutions démocratiques à travers le monde. | [
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Annonay | Annonay | Annonay (; ) is a French commune in the north of the Ardèche department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southern France. It is the most populous commune in the Ardèche department although it is not the capital which is the smaller town of Privas. | Annonay ("Anonai" en occitan selon la graphie classique, "Anounai" selon la graphie mistralienne) est une commune française située dans le département de l'Ardèche, en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Comptant plus de, Annonay est la commune la plus peuplée d'Ardèche. | [
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Esophagus | Œsophage | The esophagus, (American English) or oesophagus (British English; see spelling differences) (), informally known as the food pipe or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, about long in adults, which travels behind the trachea and heart, passes through the diaphragm and empties into the uppermost region of the stomach. During swallowing, the epiglottis tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the larynx and lungs. The word "oesophagus" is the Greek word οἰσοφάγος, meaning "gullet". | L' (du grec οισοφάγος, littéralement « qui transporte ce qu'on mange ») est un organe appartenant au tube digestif, principalement thoracique et communiquant avec le pharynx au niveau du cou et l'estomac au niveau de l'abdomen. Il permet de transporter les aliments solides et liquides déglutis vers l'estomac grâce au péristaltisme, l'onde séquentielle de sa musculature. Il a une longueur de chez l'être humain adulte et chez le nouveau-né. | [
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Friedrich List | Friedrich List | Georg Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German-American economist who developed the "National System" of political economy. He was a forefather of the German historical school of economics, and argued for the German Customs Union from a Nationalist standpoint. He advocated imposing tariffs on imported goods while supporting free trade of domestic goods, and stated the cost of a tariff should be seen as an investment in a nation's future productivity. | Friedrich List (, Reutlingen –, Kufstein) est un économiste allemand. Critique d'Adam Smith, il était partisan et théoricien du « protectionnisme éducateur » ainsi que du "Zollverein", l'union douanière allemande. Néanmoins libéral tant en politique qu'en économie, le protectionnisme ne devant être qu'une phase dans le développement industriel des nations, il a également été considéré comme l'un des pères du nationalisme germanique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Microeconomics | Microéconomie | Microeconomics (from Greek prefix "mikro-" meaning "small" + "economics") is a branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms. | La microéconomie (ou micro-économie) est la branche de l'économie qui modélise le comportement des agents économiques (consommateurs, ménages, entreprises, etc) et leurs interactions notamment sur les marchés. | [
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Ketamine | Kétamine | Ketamine is a medication mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia. It induces a trance-like state while providing pain relief, sedation, and memory loss. Other uses include sedation in intensive care and treatment of pain and depression. Heart function, breathing, and airway reflexes generally remain functional. Effects typically begin within five minutes when given by injection, and last up to approximately 25 minutes. Common side effects include agitation, confusion, or hallucinations as the medication wears off. Elevated blood pressure and muscle tremors are relatively common. Spasms of the larynx may rarely occur. Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist, but it may also have other actions. Ketamine was discovered in 1962, first tested in humans in 1964, and approved for use in the United States in 1970. It was extensively used for surgical anesthesia in the Vietnam War due to its safety. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale price in the developing world is between US$0.84 and US$3.22 per vial. Ketamine is also used as a recreational drug for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects. | La kétamine est un psychotrope utilisé comme anesthésique général. Elle est aussi employée comme analgésique, sédatif, en traitement des douleurs chroniques, et en médecine vétérinaire. Elle doit absolument être évitée en post-opératoire (tout particulièrement dans la sphère ORL ou en dentisterie). En effet, en tant qu’inhibiteur de l’acide glutamique, elle ralentit (voire même empêche) le drainage lymphatique des tissus mous, ce qui peut augmenter la douleur après la prise alors que la kétamine l’avait brièvement atténuée, la guérison s’en trouve considérablement retardée voire empêchée (complications graves après interventions dentaires ou en maxillo-facial, ou après intervention sur des articulations), elle peut provoquer des états fébrile intermittents en cas d’abus chronique. Aux États-Unis, elle est commercialisée depuis comme antidépresseur sous le nom de Spravato (Laboratoires Janssen), en spray nasal. | [
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