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Donald O'Connor | Donald O'Connor | Donald David Dixon Ronald O'Connor (August 28, 1925 – September 27, 2003) was an American actor, dancer, and singer. He came to fame in a series of films in which he co-starred alternately with Gloria Jean, Peggy Ryan, and Francis the Talking Mule. | Donald O'Connor ( à Chicago - ), est un acteur et danseur américain. Fils d'artistes du cirque passés au vaudeville, peu après sa naissance, il est amené sur scène pour entendre les applaudissements alors qu'il n'a que trois jours. À l'âge de treize mois, il travaille déjà sur scène et apporte ainsi à la famille son cachet de par semaine. Il passe ainsi une enfance heureuse dans le monde du spectacle où il se sent parfaitement à l'aise. Puis il se tourne vers le cinéma où il apparaît dans 58 films. Il est célèbre pour sa prestation dans la comédie musicale "Chantons sous la pluie" de Stanley Donen, aux côtés de Gene Kelly, dans lequel il fait montre de ses extraordinaires talents acrobatiques. | [
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Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac | Antoine de Lamothe-Cadillac | Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac (, ; March 5, 1658October 16, 1730), born Antoine Laumet, was a French explorer and adventurer in New France which stretched from Eastern Canada to Louisiana on the Gulf of Mexico. He rose from a modest beginning in Acadia in 1683 as an explorer, trapper, and a trader of alcohol and furs, and he achieved various positions of political importance in the colony. He was the commander of Fort de Buade in St. Ignace, Michigan, in 1694. In 1701, he founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit (which became the city of Detroit); he was commandant of the fort until 1710. Between 1710 and 1716, he was the governor of Louisiana, although he did not arrive in that territory until 1713. | Arrivé à 25 ans en Amérique, Antoine Laumet ( - ) change d'identité et devient le sieur Antoine de Lamothe-Cadillac. Aventurier et visionnaire, son ascension et sa réussite dans la société de la Nouvelle-France lui attirent autant de soutiens que d'antipathies. Commandant du fort de Michillimakinac en 1694, il fonde le fort Pontchartrain du Détroit en 1701 en prévoyant un grand avenir à ce qui deviendra la ville de Détroit. Après avoir été gouverneur de la Louisiane, il rentre en France où il est nommé gouverneur de Castelsarrasin. | [
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Joseph Black | Joseph Black | Joseph Black (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physicist and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry at the University of Glasgow for 10 years from 1756, and then Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1766, teaching and lecturing there for more than 30 years. | Joseph Black (né le à Bordeaux – mort le à Édimbourg) est un physicien et chimiste écossais, passé à la postérité pour avoir dégagé les concepts de chaleur latente et de chaleur spécifique, et pour avoir découvert le dioxyde de carbone. Il combattit l'hypothèse du « phlogistique », proposant de lui substituer sa théorie du calorique. Il fut professeur de médecine et conférencier en chimie à l’université de Glasgow. James Watt, qui était employé comme préparateur de physique de cette même université en 1756, conférait volontiers avec Black de ses expériences sur l'effet de la vapeur comprimée. | [
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Chandolin | Chandolin | Chandolin is a village in the district of Sierre in the Swiss canton of Valais. An independent municipality before, it merged on 1 January 2009 with neighboring Ayer, Grimentz, Saint Jean, Saint-Luc and Vissoie to form the municipality of Anniviers. | Chandolin est un village et une ancienne commune de Suisse, dans le canton du Valais. Elle forme une partie du domaine skiable de Saint-Luc/Chandolin. | [
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Systems programming | Programmation système | Systems programming, or system programming, is the activity of programming computer system software. The primary distinguishing characteristic of systems programming when compared to application programming is that application programming aims to produce software which provides services to the user directly (e.g. word processor), whereas systems programming aims to produce software and software platforms which provide services to other software, are performance constrained, or both (e.g. operating systems, computational science applications, game engines, industrial automation, and software as a service applications). | La programmation système est un type de programmation qui vise au développement de programmes qui font partie du système d’exploitation d’un ordinateur ou qui en réalisent les fonctions. Elle se distingue de la programmation des applications en ce qu’elle s’intéresse non pas au traitement des données, mais à la resolution des problèmes pour les humains, aux interfaces, aux protocoles et à la gestion des ressources, telles que le temps et l’espace. Donc, en réalité seuls les programmes d'application sont réellement utilisés par les utilisateurs. Les programmes système le sont implicitement. | [
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Aurora | Aurore polaire | An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), sometimes referred to as polar lights, northern lights (aurora borealis), or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in the Earth's sky, predominantly seen in the high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). | Une aurore polaire (également appelée aurore boréale dans l'hémisphère nord et aurore australe dans l'hémisphère sud) est un phénomène lumineux caractérisé par des voiles extrêmement colorés dans le ciel nocturne, le vert étant prédominant. | [
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Competitive intelligence | Intelligence économique | Competitive intelligence (CI) is the systematic collection and analysis of information from multiple sources, and a coordinated CI program. It is the action of defining, gathering, analyzing, and distributing intelligence about products, customers, competitors, and any aspect of the environment needed to support executives and managers in strategic decision making for an organization. | L’intelligence économique est l'ensemble des activités coordonnées de collecte, de traitement et de diffusion de l'information utile aux acteurs économiques, en vue de son exploitation. On peut y ajouter les actions d'influence et de notoriété ainsi que celles liées à la protection de l'information. Elle se distingue de l’espionnage économique et/ou industriel car elle se pratique ouvertement et utilise uniquement des informations blanches ou grises par des moyens légaux. Pour aller plus loin que le cadre légal, les professionnels du secteur conçoivent l'intelligence économique dans un esprit de déontologie et d'éthique. Ainsi, le Syndicat français de l’intelligence économique (Synfie, le seul syndicat du secteur), qui a succédé à la Fédération des professionnels de l'intelligence économique en 2010, impose la signature d'une charte d'éthique à ses adhérents. Elle peut être complétée par d'autres « intelligences », comme l'intelligence sociale qui organise la mutualisation de l'information dans un but de performance collective des différents acteurs économiques. Le terme intelligence économique vient d'une traduction de l'expression anglaise "", mais elle peut s'entendre plutôt dans sa double acception francophone (, faire le lien entre plusieurs éléments) et anglophone (renseignement). | [
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Maurya Empire | Empire maurya | The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power based in Magadha and founded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated the Indian subcontinent between 322 and 185 BCE. Comprising the majority of South Asia, the Maurya Empire was centralized by the conquest of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and its capital city was located at Pataliputra (modern Patna). The empire was the largest political entity that has existed in the Indian subcontinent, extending over at its zenith under Ashoka. | Les Maurya sont une dynastie qui a régné sur une grande partie du sous-continent indien d'environ 321 à 185 Formé à partir du royaume de Magadha et de la ville de Pataliputra dans la plaine du Gange par Chandragupta, cet État s'est par la suite étendu vers l'ouest en profitant de la retraite des troupes d'Alexandre le Grand, puis, sous les règnes des deux souverains suivants, Bindusâra et Aśoka, vers le sud et l'est du sous-continent, sans jamais pour autant dominer celui-ci dans sa totalité. Ces souverains formèrent ce qui est vu comme le premier grand empire de l'histoire indienne, succédant à une période de division du sous-continent entre plusieurs royaumes rivaux. Pour autant, cette construction politique, dont l'histoire postérieure est quasiment inconnue, ne s'avéra pas durable. L'empire se fragmenta progressivement, et son dernier souverain fut renversé par le fondateur de la dynastie Shunga vers 185 | [
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Cyberpunk (role-playing game) | Cyberpunk 2020 | Cyberpunk is a dystopian tabletop role-playing game written by Mike Pondsmith and published by R. Talsorian Games. It is typically referred to by its second or fourth edition names, Cyberpunk 2020 and Cyberpunk Red, in order to distinguish it from the genre after which it is named. | Cyberpunk est un jeu de rôle de science-fiction créé par l'auteur Mike Pondsmith en 1988 et édité par R. Talsorian Games. Une deuxième édition populaire, Cyberpunk 2020, a été publiée en 1990, et un certain nombre d'autres éditions ont été publiées. | [
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Human geography | Géographie humaine | Human geography or anthropogeography is the branch of geography that deals with humans and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across locations. It analyzes patterns of human social interaction, their interactions with the environment, and their spatial interdependencies by application of qualitative and quantitative research methods. | La géographie humaine dans sa forme longue géographie économique et humaine est l'étude spatiale des activités humaines à la surface du globe, donc l'étude de l'écoumène, c'est-à-dire des régions habitées par l'homme. | [
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Georg Muffat | Georg Muffat | Georg Muffat (1 June 1653 – 23 February 1704) was a Baroque composer and organist. He is best known for the remarkably articulate and informative performance directions printed along with his collections of string pieces "Florilegium Primum" and "Florilegium Secundum" (First and Second Bouquets) in 1695 and 1698. | Georges Muffat dit Georg Muffat, né à Megève le et mort à Passau le, est un compositeur allemand d'origine savoyarde et d'ascendance écossaise par son père. | [
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Christopher Dresser | Christopher Dresser | Christopher Dresser (4 July 1834 – 24 November 1904) was a Scottish designer and design theorist, now widely known as one of the first and most important, independent designers. He was a pivotal figure in the Aesthetic Movement and a major contributor to the allied Anglo-Japanese or Modern English style, both of which originated in England and had long-lasting international influence. | Christopher Dresser, né le à Glasgow Écosse - mort le à Mulhouse, Alsace, France, est, avec William Morris, un des designers britanniques les plus importants de l'époque victorienne. Ses créations couvrent une grande partie des arts décoratifs : tapisserie, textile, mobilier, objets en métal, verre, bois, papiers peints, céramiques. | [
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Coregonus albula | Corégone blanc | Coregonus albula, known as the vendace or as the European cisco, is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. It is found in lakes in northern Europe, especially Finland, Sweden, Russia and Estonia, and in some lakes of Norway, the United Kingdom, northern Germany, and Poland. It is also found in diluted brackish water in the Gulfs of Finland and Bothnia, both of which are in the Baltic Sea. | Le corégone blanc ou petite marène (Coregonus albula) est un poisson d'eau douce de la famille des salmonidés. Il est originaire des lacs du bassin versant de la mer Baltique et du nord-ouest de la Russie. Il fréquente également les eaux des golfes de Botnie et de Finlande où la salinité est relativement faible. Il a été introduit dans de nombreux lacs artificiels ou naturels, notamment dans l'est de l'Allemagne et en Pologne à partir de 1960'. | [
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Genus | Genre (biologie) | A genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. | En systématique, le genre est un rang taxinomique (ou taxonomique) qui regroupe un ensemble d'espèces ayant en commun plusieurs caractères similaires. Le genre est le sixième rang principal de la systématique classique des espèces vivantes. On estime qu'environ genres sont utilisés dans le règne animal (dont près de 10 % de papillons). | [
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Sophocles | Sophocle | Sophocles (; "Sophoklēs", ; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC) is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than or contemporary with those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides. Sophocles wrote over 120 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: "Ajax", "Antigone", "Women of Trachis", "Oedipus Rex", "Electra", "Philoctetes" and "Oedipus at Colonus". For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most celebrated playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens that took place during the religious festivals of the Lenaea and the Dionysia. He competed in 30 competitions, won 24, and was never judged lower than second place. Aeschylus won 13 competitions, and was sometimes defeated by Sophocles, while Euripides won four competitions. | Sophocle (en grec ancien ), né à Colone en -495 et mort en -406, est l'un des trois grands dramaturges grecs dont l'œuvre nous est partiellement parvenue, avec Eschyle et Euripide. Il est principalement l'auteur de cent vingt-trois pièces (dont une centaine de tragédies), mais dont seules huit nous sont parvenues. Cité comme paradigme de la tragédie par Aristote, notamment pour l'usage qu'il fait du chœur et pour sa pièce "Œdipe roi", il remporte également le nombre le plus élevé de victoires au concours tragique des grandes Dionysies (dix-neuf), et n'y figure jamais dernier. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Period 4 element | Période 4 du tableau périodique | A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or "period") of the periodic table of the elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The fourth period contains 18 elements beginning with potassium and ending with krypton – one element for each of the eighteen groups. It sees the first appearance of d-block (which includes transition metals) in the table. | La période 4 du tableau périodique est la quatrième ligne, ou "période", du tableau périodique des éléments. Elle contient des éléments du bloc s, du bloc d et du bloc p : | [
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Elia Kazan | Elia Kazan | Elia Kazan (; born Elias Kazantzoglou (); September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was a Greek-American director, producer, writer and actor, described by "The New York Times" as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history". | Elia Kazanjoglous ( - ), né Elias Kazantzoglou (en grec : Ηλίας Καζαντζόγλου), dit Elia Kazan, est un réalisateur, metteur en scène de théâtre et écrivain américain d'origine grecque. | [
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Avocado | Avocatier | The avocado ("Persea americana"), a tree likely originating from south-central Mexico, is classified as a member of the flowering plant family Lauraceae. The fruit of the plant, also called an avocado (or avocado pear or alligator pear), is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed. | L'avocatier "(Persea americana)" est une espèce d'arbres fruitiers de la famille des Lauracées, originaire du Mexique et d'Amérique centrale. Il est notamment cultivé pour ses fruits, les avocats, riches en lipides. | [
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United States Air Force | United States Air Force | The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services. Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907, the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947. It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, and the fourth in order of precedence. The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority, global integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control. | L' souvent abrégé en'et, est la branche aérienne des Forces armées des États-Unis. Sa mission actuelle est la défense des États-Unis par le contrôle de l'air, de l'espace et du cyberespace. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Period 5 element | Période 5 du tableau périodique | The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The fifth period contains 18 elements, beginning with rubidium and ending with xenon. As a rule, period 5 elements fill their 5s shells first, then their 4d, and 5p shells, in that order; however, there are exceptions, such as rhodium. | La période 5 du tableau périodique est la cinquième ligne, ou "période", du tableau périodique des éléments. Elle contient des éléments du bloc s, du bloc d et du bloc p : | [
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List of Roman consuls | Fastes consulaires | This is a list of consuls known to have held office, from the beginning of the Roman Republic to the latest use of the title in Imperial times, together with those magistrates of the Republic who were appointed in place of consuls, or who superseded consular authority for a limited period. | Les Fastes consulaires sont les listes chronologiques des consuls utilisées dans la Rome antique comme calendrier de référence. Les Romains dataient très rarement à partir de la fondation de Rome mais en fonction des consuls de l'année. Ces fastes consulaires nous permettent donc de dater les textes (Guerre des Gaules, etc.) ou les inscriptions lapidaires. De l'avis de P. Fraccaro et Jacques Heurgon, ils constituent pour les historiens modernes. | [
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Neve Campbell | Neve Campbell | Neve Adrianne Campbell (; born October 3, 1973) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her starring roles as Julia Salinger on the Fox television drama series "Party of Five" (1994–2000), and as Sidney Prescott in the slasher film franchise "Scream" (1996–2011). | Neve Campbell est une actrice et Danseuse canadienne, née le à Guelph (Ontario). Révélée par la série "La Vie à cinq", elle se fait connaitre aux yeux du grand public grâce à la saga "Scream" pour le rôle central de Sidney Prescott, véritable succès critique et commercial, elle gagne d'ailleurs un Saturn Awards de la meilleure actrice pour "Scream" et une nomination pour "Scream 2", un MTV Movie Awards pour "Scream 2" et une nomination à la même cérémonie pour "Scream" et "Scream 3". | [
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Pierre Gassendi | Pierre Gassendi | Pierre Gassendi (; also "Pierre Gassend", "Petrus Gassendi"; 22 January 1592 – 24 October 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, astronomer, and mathematician. While he held a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him. | Pierre Gassend, toujours connu sous le nom de Pierre Gassendi, né à Champtercier (près de Digne-les-Bains) le et mort à Paris le, est un mathématicien, philosophe, théologien et astronome français. | [
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Knowledge management | Gestion des connaissances | Knowledge management (KM) is the process of creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization. It refers to a multidisciplinary approach to achieve organisational objectives by making the best use of knowledge. | La gestion des connaissances (en anglais ) est une démarche managériale pluridisciplinaire qui regroupe l'ensemble des initiatives, des méthodes et des techniques permettant de percevoir, identifier, analyser, organiser, mémoriser, partager les connaissances des membres d'une organisation – les savoirs créés par l'entreprise elle-même (marketing, recherche et développement) ou acquis de l'extérieur (intelligence économique) – en vue d'atteindre un objectif fixé. | [
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Supply chain management | Gestion de la chaîne logistique | In commerce, supply chain management (SCM), the management of the flow of goods and services, involves the movement and storage of raw materials, of work-in-process inventory, and of finished goods as well as end to end order fulfillment from point of origin to point of consumption. Interconnected, interrelated or interlinked networks, channels and node businesses combine in the provision of products and services required by end customers in a supply chain. Supply-chain management has been defined as the "design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply-chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally." SCM practice draws heavily from the areas of industrial engineering, systems engineering, operations management, logistics, procurement, information technology, and marketing and strives for an integrated approach. Marketing channels play an important role in supply-chain management. Current research in supply-chain management is concerned with topics related to sustainability and risk management, among others. Some suggest that the “people dimension” of SCM, ethical issues, internal integration, transparency/visibility, and human capital/talent management are topics that have, so far, been underrepresented on the research agenda. | La gestion de la chaîne logistique (GCL; en anglais, "supply chain management" ou SCM) est un savoir-faire d'application qui vise une mise en œuvre ou une gestion opérationnelle, soit le respect sur le terrain de l'enchaînement des tâches (illustré par le terme de « chaîne »), ainsi que le bon fonctionnement du système logistique, tel que fixé par le cahier des charges logistique de l'organisation concernée. | [
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Venus Beauty Institute | Vénus Beauté (Institut) | Venus Beauty Institute (), also known as Venus Beauty, is a 1999 French romantic comedy. The story centers on three employees of a beauty parlor and their search for love and happiness. The film is directed by Tonie Marshall. It stars Nathalie Baye, Bulle Ogier, Samuel Le Bihan, Jacques Bonnaffé, Mathilde Seigner, Audrey Tautou, Robert Hossein, Claire Denis, Micheline Presle, Emmanuelle Riva and Elli Medeiros. | Vénus Beauté (Institut) est un film français sorti en 1999, réalisé par Tonie Marshall. Il a remporté quatre César du cinéma. | [
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Logistics | Logistique | Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics is the management of the flow of things between the point of origin and the point of consumption to meet the requirements of customers or corporations. The resources managed in logistics may include tangible goods such as materials, equipment, and supplies, as well as food and other consumable items. The logistics of physical items usually involves the integration of information flow, materials handling, production, packaging, inventory, transportation, warehousing, and often security. | La logistique est l'activité qui a pour objet de gérer les flux physiques, et les données (informatives, douanières et financières) s'y rapportant, dans le but de mettre à disposition les correspondant à des besoins (plus ou moins) déterminés en respectant les conditions économiques et légales prévues, le degré de qualité de service attendu, les conditions de sécurité et de sûreté réputées satisfaisantes. | [
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | Ethel et Julius Rosenberg | Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who were convicted of spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. The couple were accused of providing top-secret information about radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs; at that time the United States was the only country in the world with nuclear weapons. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 in the Sing Sing correctional facility in Ossining, New York. | Ethel Rosenberg et son époux Julius Rosenberg sont un couple de new-yorkais communistes arrêtés pour espionnage au profit de l’URSS. Julius est arrêté le et Ethel le 11 août. Ils sont jugés coupables le et exécutés sur la chaise électrique le dans la prison de Sing Sing. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Molar heat capacity | Capacité thermique molaire | The molar heat capacity of a chemical substance is the amount of energy that must be added, in the form of heat, to one mole of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in its temperature. Alternatively, it is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the number of moles of the sample; or also the specific heat capacity of the substance times its molar mass. The SI unit of specific heat is joule per kelvin per mole, J·K·mol. | La capacité thermique molaire est donnée par la quantité d'énergie apportée par échange thermique pour élever d'une unité la température d'une mole d'une substance. | [
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Andrei Gromyko | Andreï Gromyko | Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (; ; – 2 July 1989) was a Soviet Belarusian communist politician during the Cold War. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1957–1985) and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1988). Gromyko was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he retired in 1988. In the 1940s Western pundits called him Mr. Nyet ("Mr. No") or "Grim Grom", because of his frequent use of the Soviet veto in the United Nations Security Council. | Andreï Andreïevitch Gromyko (en, en ), né le à, près de Gomel (Empire russe, aujourd'hui en Biélorussie) et mort le à Moscou (RSFS de Russie, aujourd'hui en Russie), est un homme politique et diplomate soviétique. Il a été notamment ministre des Affaires étrangères de l'Union soviétique puis président du præsidium du Soviet suprême. | [
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Saxifragales | Saxifragales | The Saxifragales (saxifrages) are an order of flowering plants (Angiosperms). They are an extremely diverse group of plants which include trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, succulent and aquatic plants. The degree of diversity in terms of vegetative and floral features makes it difficult to define common features that unify the order. | L'ordre des Saxifragales regroupe des plantes dicotylédones ; il a été introduit par la classification phylogénétique APG (1998). Il est rattaché directement au noyau des Dicotylédones vraies. | [
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Johann Jakob Froberger | Johann Jakob Froberger | Johann Jakob Froberger (baptized 19 May 1616 – 7 May 1667) was a German Baroque composer, keyboard virtuoso, and organist. Among the most famous composers of the era, he was influential in developing the musical form of the suite of dances in his keyboard works. His harpsichord pieces are highly idiomatic and programmatic. | Johann Jakob Froberger () est un musicien, compositeur, organiste et claveciniste, allemand. Il occupe une place particulière dans la musique européenne de son temps, ayant été plus qu’aucun autre en contact direct avec les plus importantes traditions nationales du clavier et du luth en Italie, en France, aux Pays-Bas, en Angleterre et bien sûr en Allemagne. Véritable organisateur de la suite de danses, il est compté au nombre des plus importants compositeurs allemands du, en ce qui concerne les instruments à clavier. | [
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Cucurbitales | Cucurbitales | The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropic and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, together with many herbs and climbers. One major characteristic of the Cucurbitales is the presence of unisexual flowers, mostly pentacyclic, with thick pointed petals (whenever present). The pollination is usually performed by insects, but wind pollination is also present (in Coriariaceae and Datiscaceae). | L'ordre des Cucurbitales est un ordre de plantes dicotylédones réintroduit par la classification phylogénétique des Angiospermes. Les "Cucurbitales" appartiennent au groupe des Fabidées (Eurosids I), lui-même rattaché aux Rosidées (Rosids) puis au noyau des Dicotylédones vraies. | [
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Bakerloo line | Bakerloo line | The Bakerloo line () is a London Underground line that runs between in suburban north-west London and in south London, via the West End. Coloured brown on the Tube map, it serves 25 stations, of which 15 are below ground, over. It runs partly on the surface and partly at deep level. | La Bakerloo line (en français : ) est une ligne du métro de Londres, reliant "Harrow & Wealdstone" au nord-ouest à "Elephant & Castle" au sud-est. Elle couvre une distance de 23,2 km et dessert 25 stations, dont 15 souterraines. Les principaux centres d'intérêt desservis par la ligne sont : Regent's Park, Oxford Circus, Piccadilly Circus et Waterloo Bridge. | [
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Pakhet | Pachet | In Egyptian mythology, Pakhet, Egyptian "Pḫ.t", meaning "she who scratches" (also spelt Pachet, Pehkhet, Phastet, and Pasht) is a lioness goddess of war. | Pachet est une autre appellation de la déesse Pakhet signifiant « la Déchireuse ». C'est l'une des nombreuses lionnes du panthéon égyptien, image et protection du pharaon. | [
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Battle of Ticinus | Bataille du Tessin | The Battle of Ticinus was a battle of the Second Punic War fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and the Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio in late November 218 BC. The battle took place in the flat country of Pavia county on the right bank of the Ticino River, not far north from its confluence (from the north) with the Po River. The battle is named from the river, not the nearby contemporaneous settlement of Ticinum (today's Pavia). Although the precise location is not known, it is generally accepted that a settlement known today as Vigevano is mentioned in Livy's text and that Scipio's camp was to the south at Gambolo, whose coordinates are given on the map. The conflict would have been west of there. It was the first battle of the war against the Romans that was fought on Italian soil and the first battle of the war to employ legion-sized forces. Its loss by the Romans, and the temporary disablement of Scipio's command, set the stage for the Roman disaster at the Battle of the Trebia in December. | La bataille du Tessin est une bataille de la deuxième guerre punique. La bataille s'est probablement déroulée en novembre 218 | [
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Richard C. Breeden | Richard Breeden | Richard C. Breeden (born December 6, 1949) is a former Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, hedge fund manager, and corporate chairman. | Richard Breeden, né le à Levittown (New York), est un haut fonctionnaire républicain américain. Il est président de la Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) entre 1989 et 1993. | [
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Matthias Weckmann | Matthias Weckmann | Matthias Weckmann ("Weckman") ("c".1616 24 February 1674) was a German musician and composer of the Baroque period. He was born in Niederdorla (Thuringia) and died in Hamburg. | Matthias Weckmann est un musicien et compositeur allemand, né à Niederdorla (en Thuringe) probablement en 1616 et mort à Hambourg le. | [
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President of India | Président de l'Inde | The President of India, IAST: ) is the ceremonial head of state of India and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. | Le président de l'Inde est le chef de l'État de la République de l'Inde. Il est formellement à la tête des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire et commandant en chef des Forces armées indiennes. | [
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Knights Templar | Ordre du Temple | The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar or simply the Templars, were a Catholic military order founded in 1119, headquartered on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem through 1128 when they went to the Vatican and were recognised in 1139 by the papal bull "Omne datum optimum". The order was active until 1312 when it was perpetually suppressed by Pope Clement V by the bull "Vox in excelso". | L’ordre du Temple est un ordre religieux et militaire issu de la chevalerie chrétienne du Moyen Âge, dont les membres sont appelés les Templiers. | [
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Kozhikode | Kozhikode | Kozhikode (), also known as Calicut, is an Indian city, second-largest urban agglomeration in the State of Kerala and 20th largest in the country with a population of 2 million according to 2011 census. | Kozhikode ou Calicut (malayâlam : കോഴിക്കോട്) est une ville de l'État du Kerala en Inde, chef-lieu du district homonyme. C'est la troisième plus grande ville du Kerala. | [
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Dieppe, New Brunswick | Dieppe (Nouveau-Brunswick) | Dieppe () is a city in the Canadian maritime province of New Brunswick. Statistics Canada counted the population at 25,384 in 2016, making it the fourth-largest city in the province. | Dieppe est une cité canadienne du comté de Westmorland, au sud-est du Nouveau-Brunswick. Ses habitants s'appellent les "Dieppois(e)s". Dieppe est située au cœur des Trois-Rivières, au bord de la rivière Petitcodiac, et forme la partie majoritairement francophone du Grand Moncton. Elle est également la plus grande ville majoritairement francophone à l'extérieur du Québec. | [
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Period 7 element | Période 7 du tableau périodique | A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row (or "period") of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The seventh period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 6, beginning with francium and ending with oganesson, the heaviest element currently discovered. As a rule, period 7 elements fill their 7s shells first, then their 5f, 6d, and 7p shells in that order, but there are exceptions, such as uranium. | La période 7 du tableau périodique est la septième ligne, ou "période", du tableau périodique des éléments. Elle contient des éléments du bloc s, du bloc f, du bloc d et du bloc p : | [
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Limnocharitaceae | Limnocharitaceae | Limnocharitaceae was a family of flowering plants in the monocot order Alismatales. In the APG IV system, it is included in the family Alismataceae. It is commonly known as the water poppy family. Species that have been placed in this taxon are small, perennial, aquatic herbs, native to the tropics, but adventive or naturalized in the subtropics as a result of cultivation. | La famille des Limnocharitacées regroupe des plantes monocotylédones ; elle comprend peu d'espèces réparties en trois genres : Ce sont des plantes herbacées, aquatiques, flottantes ou fixées par des racines des régions sub-tropicales ou tropicales. Elles sont largement répandues. | [
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NeWS | NeWS | NeWS (Network extensible Window System) is a discontinued windowing system developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1980s. Originally known as "SunDew", its primary authors were James Gosling and David S. H. Rosenthal. The NeWS interpreter was based on PostScript (as was the later Display PostScript, although the two projects were otherwise unrelated) extending it to allow interaction and multiple "contexts" to support windows. Like PostScript, NeWS could be used as a complete programming language, but unlike PostScript, NeWS could be used to make complete interactive programs with mouse support and a GUI. | NeWS est un système de fenêtrage conçu par James Gosling (qui a contribué à Java) et introduit par Sun Microsystems à la fin des années 1980 n'a pas connu de succès mais mérite attention par son avance technique. | [
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Parchment | Parchemin | Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia. Vellum is a finer quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves. | Un parchemin est une peau d'animal, généralement de mouton, parfois de chèvre ou de veau, qui est apprêtée spécialement pour servir de support à l'écriture. Par extension, il en est venu à désigner aussi tout document écrit sur ce type de support. Il peut aussi être utilisé en peinture, en reliure, dans la facture instrumentale de certains instruments (tambours, grosses caisses) et dans la gainerie d'ameublement. | [
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Codex | Codex | A codex (plural codices ()) is a book constructed of a number of sheets of paper, vellum, papyrus, or similar materials. The term is now usually reserved to describe manuscript books, with handwritten contents, but it describes the format that is now nearly universal for printed books in the Western world. The book is usually bound by stacking the pages and fixing one edge to a spine, which may just be thicker paper (paperback or softback); with stiff boards, called a hardback; or, in elaborate historical examples, a treasure binding. | Un codex (pluriel : codices) est un cahier formé de pages manuscrites reliées ensemble en forme de livre. Cet ancêtre du livre moderne a été inventé à Rome durant le et s'est répandu à partir du, pour progressivement remplacer le rouleau de papyrus (le volumen) grâce à son faible encombrement, son coût modéré, sa maniabilité et la possibilité qu'il offre d'accéder directement à n'importe quelle partie du texte. | [
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Cedrela odorata | Cedrela odorata | Cedrela odorata is a commercially important species of tree in the chinaberry family, Meliaceae, commonly known as Spanish cedar or Cuban cedar or cedro in Spanish. | L'Acajou amer "(Cedrela odorata)" est une plante dicotylédone de la famille des Méliacées des régions tropicales d'Amérique : on le trouve du Mexique au Brésil en passant par les Caraibes et le Pérou. | [
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Rhotacism (sound change) | Rhotacisme | Rhotacism () or rhotacization is a sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant:,,, or ) to a rhotic consonant in a certain environment. The most common may be of to. When a dialect or member of a language family resists the change and keeps a sound, this is sometimes known as "zetacism". | Le rhotacisme (terme formé à partir du grec ancien ῥῶ "rhô", « la lettre "R" ») est une modification phonétique complexe consistant en la transformation d'un phonème en un. | [
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Jean Arp | Jean Arp | Hans Peter Wilhelm Arp (16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966), better known as Jean Arp in English, was a German-French sculptor, painter, and poet, and worked in other media such as torn and pasted paper. He was known as Dadaist and abstract artist. | Hans Peter Wilhelm Arp, dit Jean Arp, né à Strasbourg (aujourd'hui en France) le et mort à Bâle (Suisse) le, est un peintre, sculpteur et poète allemand naturalisé français. | [
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Acanthaceae | Acanthaceae | Acanthaceae is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution are Indonesia and Malaysia, Africa, Brazil, and Central America. Representatives of the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests, scrublands, wet fields and valleys, sea coast and marine areas, swamps, and mangrove forests. | Les Acanthaceae (Acanthacées) sont une famille de plantes dicotylédones ; elle comprend au moins espèces réparties en près de 250 genres. | [
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Illuminated manuscript | Enluminure | An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia), and miniature illustrations. In the strictest definition, the term refers only to manuscripts decorated with either gold or silver; but in both common usage and modern scholarship, the term refers to any decorated or illustrated manuscript from Western traditions. Comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as painted. Islamic manuscripts may be referred to as illuminated, illustrated, or painted, though using essentially the same techniques as Western works. | Une enluminure est une décoration exécutée à la main qui orne un manuscrit (du latin « manus », les mains et « scribere », écrire). Les techniques de l'imprimerie et de la gravure ont fait presque disparaître l'enluminure ; quelques livres imprimés en sont toutefois décorés. | [
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Synchronicity | Synchronicité | Synchronicity () is a concept, first introduced by analytical psychologist Carl Jung, which holds that events are "meaningful coincidences" if they occur with no causal relationship yet seem to be meaningfully related. During his career, Jung furnished several different definitions of it. Jung defined synchronicity as an "acausal connecting (togetherness) principle," "meaningful coincidence", "acausal parallelism" or "meaningful coincidence of two or more events where something other than the probability of chance is involved". He introduced the concept as early as the 1920s but gave a full statement of it only in 1951 in an Eranos lecture. | Dans la psychologie analytique développée par le psychiatre suisse Carl Gustav Jung, la synchronicité est l'occurrence simultanée d'au moins deux événements qui ne présentent pas de lien de causalité, mais dont l'association prend un sens pour la personne qui les perçoit. Cette notion s'articule avec d'autres notions de la psychologie jungienne, comme celles d'archétype et d'inconscient collectif. | [
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New Kingdom of Egypt | Nouvel Empire | The New Kingdom, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570 BC and 1544 BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power. | Le Nouvel Empire est la période la plus prospère de toute l'histoire égyptienne après l'âge d'or connu dans l'Ancien Empire. C'est une période de raffinement et d'évolutions qui s'étale sur un peu plus de cinq siècles. L'initiateur en est, premier roi de cette époque. Chasseur des Hyksôs, il va mettre en place les fondations du Nouvel Empire en compagnie de sa mère Iâhhotep et de son épouse Ahmès-Néfertary. | [
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Sound change | Modification phonétique | Research on sound change is usually conducted on the working assumption that it is "regular", which means that it is expected to apply mechanically whenever its structural conditions are met, irrespective of any non-phonological factors (such as the meaning of the words affected). However, apparent exceptions to regular change can occur—due to dialect borrowing, grammatical analogy, or other causes known and unknown—and some changes are described as "sporadic", meaning that they affect only one particular word or a few words, without any apparent regularity. | En linguistique, le terme modification phonétique est utilisé dans un sens large et dans un sens restreint. Dans le premier, il dénomme tout changement d’un phone (son) ou d’un groupe de phones, ainsi que tout changement d’un mot ou d’une succession de deux mots provoquée par la transformation, la disparition ou l’apparition d’un tel segment. | [
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Formal grammar | Grammaire formelle | In formal language theory, a grammar (when the context is not given, often called a formal grammar for clarity) describes how to form strings from a language's alphabet that are valid according to the language's syntax. A grammar does not describe the meaning of the strings or what can be done with them in whatever context—only their form. A formal grammar is defined as a set of production rules for strings in a formal language. | Une grammaire est un formalisme permettant de définir une syntaxe et donc un langage formel, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de mots "admissibles" sur un alphabet donné. | [
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David Fincher | David Fincher | David Andrew Leo Fincher (born August 28, 1962) is an American director and producer of films, television, and music videos. His work has received multiple nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards. Born in Denver, Colorado, Fincher developed a passion for filmmaking at an early age. He first gained recognition from directing numerous music videos. He then made his directorial debut with the feature film "Alien 3" (1992), which garnered mixed reviews, followed by the thriller "Seven" (1995), which was better received. Fincher found lukewarm success with "The Game" (1997) and "Fight Club" (1999), with the latter eventually becoming a cult classic. In 2002, he returned with a critical and box office success, "Panic Room" (2002). | David Fincher, né le à Denver (Colorado), est un réalisateur et producteur américain. Il est principalement connu pour avoir réalisé les films "Seven", "Fight Club", "L'Étrange Histoire de Benjamin Button", "The Social Network" et "Gone Girl" qui lui ont valu diverses récompenses et nominations aux Oscars du cinéma ou aux Golden Globes. Réputé pour son perfectionnisme, il peut tourner un très grand nombre de prises de ses plans et séquences afin d'obtenir le rendu visuel qu'il désire. Il a également développé et produit les séries télévisées "House of Cards" (pour laquelle il remporte l'Emmy Award de la meilleure réalisation pour une série dramatique en 2013) et "Mindhunter", diffusées sur Netflix. | [
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Kevin Spacey | Kevin Spacey | Kevin Spacey Fowler (born July 26, 1959) is an American actor, producer, and singer. Spacey began his career as a stage actor during the 1980s, obtaining supporting roles in film and television. He gained critical acclaim in the 1990s that culminated in his first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the neo-noir crime thriller "The Usual Suspects" (1995) and an Academy Award for Best Actor for the midlife crisis-themed drama "American Beauty" (1999). Spacey's first roles in film were in Mike Nichols' "Heartburn" (1986), and "Working Girl" (1988). Spacey's other starring roles have included "Glengarry Glen Ross" (1992), the comedy-drama film "Swimming with Sharks" (1994), the psychological thriller "Seven" (1995), the neo-noir crime film "L.A. Confidential" (1997), the drama "Pay It Forward" (2000), the science fiction-mystery film "K-PAX" (2001), the musical biopic "Beyond the Sea" (2004), the superhero film "Superman Returns" (2006), and the action film "Baby Driver" (2017). | Kevin Spacey, né le à South Orange (New Jersey), est un acteur, réalisateur et producteur de cinéma américain. De formation théâtrale, il est révélé au grand public en 1994 avec "Swimming with Sharks" puis en 1995 par les thrillers "Usual Suspects", de Bryan Singer, et "Seven", de David Fincher. Il décroche alors l'Oscar du meilleur second rôle. | [
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Alejandro Jodorowsky | Alejandro Jodorowsky | Alejandro Jodorowsky Prullansky (; born 17 February 1929) is a Chilean-French filmmaker and artist. Since 1948, Jodorowsky has worked as a novelist, screenwriter, a poet, a playwright, an essayist, a film and theater director and producer, an actor, a film editor, a comics writer, a musician and composer, a philosopher, a puppeteer, a mime, a psychologist and psychoanalyst, a draughtsman, a painter, a sculptor, and a spiritual guru. Best known for his avant-garde films "El Topo" (1970) and "The Holy Mountain" (1973), he has been "venerated by cult cinema enthusiasts" for his work which "is filled with violently surreal images and a hybrid blend of mysticism and religious provocation". | Alejandro Jodorowsky Prullansky, dit « Jodo », né le à Tocopilla (Chili), est un artiste franco-chilien. Surtout connu comme scénariste de bande dessinée et réalisateur, il est également acteur, mime, romancier, essayiste, poète et auteur de performances au sein du groupe actionniste Panique, qu'il a créé avec Roland Topor et Fernando Arrabal. Au cinéma, il est l'auteur d'une poignée de films avec une forte symbolique spirituelle et syncrétique, et un aspect provocateur. | [
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Cymodoceaceae | Cymodoceaceae | Cymodoceaceae is a family of flowering plants, sometimes known as the "manatee-grass family", which includes only marine species. The 2016 APG IV does recognize Cymodoceaceae and places it in the order Alismatales, in the clade monocots. The family includes five genera, totaling 17 species occurring in tropical seas and oceans (so-called seagrasses). According to the AP-Website it is doubtful if the family Ruppiaceae is distinct enough to be kept apart. The inclusion of the sole genus "Ruppia" in Ruppiaceae in Cymodoceaceae is being considered. The plants in the three families Cymodoceaceae, Posidoniaceae and Ruppiaceae form a monophyletic group. | La famille des Cymodoceaceae est une famille de plantes monocotylédones qui comprend moins de vingt espèces réparties en 4-5 genres. Ce sont des plantes herbacées aquatiques marines, pérennes, rhizomateuses des zones sub-tropicales à tropicales. Leur rhizome est rampant, herbacé et monopodial, ou ligneusx et sympodial. | [
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Columbus, Ohio | Columbus (Ohio) | Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio. With a population of 898,553 as of 2019 estimates, it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States. Columbus is the second-most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, Illinois. It is the core city of the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses ten counties. With a population of 2,106,541, it is Ohio's second-largest metropolitan area. | La ville de Columbus (en anglais ) est la capitale de l'État de l'Ohio, aux États-Unis, à la confluence des rivières Scioto et Olentangy. C'est la ville la plus peuplée de l'Ohio avec une population de (Bureau du recensement des États-Unis, 2018) et l'une des plus importantes de la région du Midwest. On estime que son agglomération comporte, ce qui la place derrière Cleveland et Cincinnati, les deux plus grandes aires urbaines de l'État. | [
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Aristolochiaceae | Aristolochiaceae | The Aristolochiaceae () are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is "Aristolochia" L. | La famille des Aristolochiaceae (Aristolochiacées) regroupe des plantes dicotylédones ; elle est de divergence ancienne. Ce sont des arbustes, des lianes ou des plantes herbacées des régions tempérées chaudes, tropicales et rarement boréales. | [
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Triolet | Triolet (poésie) | A triolet (, ) is almost always a stanza poem of eight lines, though stanzas with as few as seven lines and as many as nine or more have appeared in its history. Its rhyme scheme is "ABaAabAB" (capital letters represent lines repeated verbatim) and in 19th century English triolets often all lines are in iambic tetrameter, though in traditional French triolets from the 17th century on the second, sixth and eighth lines tend to be iambic trimeters followed by one amphibrachic foot each. In French terminology, a line ending in an iambic foot was denoted as masculine, while a line ending in an amphibrachic foot was called feminine. Depending on the language and era, other meters are seen, even in French. The first, fourth and seventh lines are identical, as are the second and final lines, thereby making the initial and final couplets identical as well. In a traditional French triolet, the second and third non-repeating lines rhyme with the repeating first, fourth, and seventh lines, while the non-repeating sixth line rhymes with the second and eighth repeating lines. However, especially in German triolets of the 18th and 19th centuries, one will see this pattern often violated. | Un triolet est un poème à forme fixe composé de huit vers sur deux rimes et dans lequel les premier, quatrième et septième vers, ainsi que les deuxième et huitième vers, sont identiques. Le mètre d'un triolet est généralement octosyllabique. Il peut être composé de deux quatrains ou bien d'un seul tenant, formant un huitain que l'on appelle alors triolet continu. | [
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Ruppia | Ruppia | Ruppia, also known as the widgeonweeds, ditch grasses or widgeon grass, is the only extant genus in the family Ruppiaceae, with eight known species. These are aquatic plants widespread over much of the world. The genus name honours Heinrich Bernhard Rupp, a German botanist (1688-1719). They are widespread outside of frigid zones and the tropics. | Ruppia est un genre de plantes monocotylédones. C'est le seul genre de la famille des "Ruppiaceae". Il comprend quelques espèces de plantes herbacées aquatiques, généralement pérennes, submergées ou à feuilles flottantes des régions froides à tropicales. | [
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Cercus | Cerque | Cerci (singular cercus) are paired appendages on the rear-most segments of many arthropods, including insects and symphylans. Many forms of cerci serve as sensory organs, but some serve as pinching weapons or as organs of copulation. In many insects, they simply may be functionless vestigial structures. | Cerques, ou forceps, correspondent à certains appendices situés à l'extrémité de l'abdomen de l'insecte. Le mot vient du grec ancien « "kerkos" » qui signifie « queue ». | [
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | Atal Bihari Vajpayee (; 25 December 1924 – 16 August 2018) was an Indian statesman who served three terms as the Prime Minister of India, first for a term of 13 days in 1996, then for a period of 13 months from 1998 to 1999, followed by a full term from 1999 to 2004. A member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he was the first Indian prime minister not of the Indian National Congress to serve a full term in office. He was also noted as a poet and a writer. | Atal Bihari Vajpayee (अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी), né le à Gwalior dans l'État du Madhya Pradesh et mort à New Delhi le, est un homme d'État indien. | [
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Mecoptera | Mecoptera | Mecoptera (from the Greek: "mecos" = "long", "ptera" = "wings") are an order of insects in the superorder Endopterygota with about six hundred species in nine families worldwide. Mecopterans are sometimes called scorpionflies after their largest family, Panorpidae, in which the males have enlarged genitals that look similar to the stingers of scorpions, and long beaklike rostra. The Bittacidae, or hangingflies, are another prominent family and are known for their elaborate mating rituals, in which females choose mates based on the quality of gift prey offered to them by the males. A smaller group is the snow scorpionflies, family Boreidae, adults of which are sometimes seen walking on snowfields. In contrast, the majority of species in the order inhabit moist environments in tropical locations. | Les mécoptères (Mecoptera) sont un ordre d'insectes, de la sous-classe des ptérygotes, de l'infra-classe des néoptères et du super-ordre des holométaboles. | [
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Fly | Diptera | True flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- "di-" "two", and πτερόν "pteron" "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000 species including horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described. | Les diptères ou Diptera (du grec "di", deux, et "ptéron", aile) sont un ordre de la classe des insectes. Il s'agit de l'un des ordres dominants en matière de nombre d'espèces. On retrouve plus de 150 000 espèces de mouches décrites. Ce groupe comprend des espèces désignées par les noms vernaculaires de mouches, syrphes, moustiques, taons, moucherons, etc. | [
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Citron | Cédratier | The citron ("Citrus medica") is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind. It is one of the three original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types developed through natural hybrid speciation or artificial hybridization. Though citron cultivars take on a wide variety of physical forms, they are all closely related genetically. It is used widely in Asian cuisine, and also in traditional medicines, perfume, and for religious rituals and offerings. Hybrids of citrons with other citrus are commercially prominent, notably lemons and many limes. | Le cédratier "(Citrus medica" L.) est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Rutacées. Son fruit, le cédrat, est un agrume. | [
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Asarum canadense | Asaret du Canada | Asarum canadense, commonly known as Canada wild ginger, Canadian snakeroot, and broad-leaved asarabacca, is a herbaceous, perennial plant which forms dense colonies in the understory of deciduous forest throughout its native range in eastern North America, from the Great Plains east to the Atlantic Coast, and from southeastern Canada south to around the Fall Line in the southeastern United States. | L'asaret du Canada "(Asarum canadense)" est une plante herbacée, pérenne, rhizomateuse de la famille des Aristolochiacées. Elle est originaire des forêts de l'est de l'Amérique du Nord. | [
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Bernardo Pasquini | Bernardo Pasquini | Bernardo Pasquini (Massa e Cozzile, 7 December 1637 Rome, 21 November 1710) was an Italian composer of operas, oratorios, cantatas and keyboard music. A renowned virtuoso keyboard player in his day, he was one of the most important Italian composers for harpsichord between Girolamo Frescobaldi and Domenico Scarlatti, having also made substantial contributions to the opera and oratorio. | Bernardo Pasquini, né le à Massa di Valdinievole (près de Pistoia, en Toscane) et mort le à Rome, est un compositeur, claveciniste et organiste italien. | [
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Hemiptera | Hemiptera | The Hemiptera or true bugs are an order of insects comprising some 50,000 to 80,000 species of groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, and shield bugs. They range in size from to around, and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts. The name "true bugs" is sometimes limited to the suborder Heteroptera. Many insects commonly known as "bugs" belong to other orders; for example, the lovebug is a fly and the May bug and ladybug are beetles. | Les hémiptères (Hemiptera) sont un ordre d'insectes, de sous-classe des ptérygotes, de la section des néoptères et du super-ordre des hémiptéroidés. | [
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Culture of Brazil | Culture du Brésil | The culture of Brazil is primarily Western and is derived from Portuguese culture, but presents a very diverse nature showing that an ethnic and cultural mixing occurred in the colonial period involving mostly Indigenous people of the coastal and most accessible riverine areas, Portuguese people and African people. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, together with further waves of Portuguese colonization, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Austrians, Levantine Arabs (Syrians and Lebanese), Armenians, Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Greeks, Poles, Helvetians, Ukrainians and Russians settled in Brazil, playing an important role in its culture as it started to shape a multicultural and multiethnic society. | La culture du Brésil, pays d'Amérique du Sud, façade atlantique, désigne d'abord les pratiques culturelles observables de ses habitants (, estimation 2017). | [
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Protura | Protura | The Protura, or proturans, and sometimes nicknamed coneheads, are very small (<2 mm long), soil-dwelling animals, so inconspicuous they were not noticed until the 20th century. The Protura constitute an order of hexapods that were previously regarded as insects, and sometimes treated as a class in their own right. | Les Protura, protoures en français, sont de petits invertébrés terrestres (0,6 à 1,5 millimètres), ce sont des arthropodes pancrustacés hexapodes entognathes, longtemps considérés comme des insectes (aptérygotes). | [
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Mayfly | Ephemeroptera | Mayflies (also known as Canadian soldiers in the United States, and as shadflies or fishflies in Canada and the upper Midwestern U.S.; also up-winged flies in the United Kingdom) are aquatic insects belonging to the order Ephemeroptera. This order is part of an ancient group of insects termed the Palaeoptera, which also contains dragonflies and damselflies. Over 3,000 species of mayfly are known worldwide, grouped into over 400 genera in 42 families. | Les éphémères (nom masculin) ou éphéméroptères (Ephemeroptera) (aussi appelés « mannes » au Québec) sont un ordre d'insectes (sous-classe des ptérygotes, de la section des paléoptères). | [
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Courante | Courante | The courante, corrente, coranto and corant are some of the names given to a family of triple metre dances from the late Renaissance and the Baroque era. In a Baroque dance suite an Italian or French courante is typically paired with a preceding allemande, making it the second movement of the suite or the third if there is a prelude. | En musique, la courante est une danse, morceau de coupe binaire avec reprises, à 3 temps, précédés d'une levée, et de tempo assez vif (moins rapide toutefois que ce que suggère son nom). | [
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Apterygota | Apterygota | The name Apterygota is sometimes applied to a subclass of small, agile insects, distinguished from other insects by their lack of wings in the present and in their evolutionary history; notable examples are the silverfish, the firebrat, and the jumping bristletails. Their first known occurrence in the fossil record is during the Devonian period, 417–354 million years ago. | Les Aptérygotes, ou Apterygota, sont une ancienne sous-classe d'insectes aptères. Les "Apterygota" sont considérés comme un grade par certains entomologistes. | [
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Allemande | Allemande (danse) | An allemande (allemanda, almain(e), or alman(d), French: "German (dance)") is a Renaissance and Baroque dance, and one of the most popular instrumental dance styles in Baroque music, with notable examples by Couperin, Purcell, Bach and Handel. It is often the first movement of a Baroque suite of dances, paired with a subsequent courante, though it is sometimes preceded by an introduction or prelude. | L'allemande est une pièce de musique et une danse qui tient une place importante dans le répertoire musical et chorégraphique, principalement au. | [
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Pomelo | Citrus maxima | The pomelo, pummelo, or in scientific terms "Citrus maxima" or "Citrus grandis", is the largest citrus fruit from the family Rutaceae and the principal ancestor of the grapefruit. It is a natural, i.e., non-hybrid, citrus fruit, native to Southeast Asia and Malaysia. Similar in taste to a large grapefruit, the pomelo is commonly consumed and used for festive occasions throughout Southeast Asia. | Citrus maxima est une espèce d'arbres fruitiers, nommée en français pamplemoussier, qui appartient à la famille des "Rutaceae". Il est originaire d'Asie du Sud-Est où il est connu depuis plus de quatre mille ans et cultivé pour son fruit. Il fut introduit à la Barbade au par le capitaine anglais Shaddock. Le nom de ce capitaine est parfois utilisé pour désigner le fruit dans certains pays. | [
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Samba | Samba (musique) | Samba () is a Brazilian music genre and dance style, with its roots in Africa via the West African slave trade and African religious traditions, particularly of Congo, through the samba de roda genre of the northeastern Brazilian state of Bahia, from which it derived. Although there were various forms of samba in Brazil with popular rhythms originated from African drumming and the African structures of polyrhythm of Beat and Off-Beat, Time-Line-Pattern and the elementary pulse, that are performed by different instruments of the "bateria" of the samba schools of the famous S"amba-Enredo", that has its origins in Rio de Janeiro. | La (ou le) samba est un genre musical et une forme de danse ayant émergé au Brésil, dont les racines proviennent d'Afrique à l'époque de l'esclavage ouest-africaine, et sont retracées dans les traditions religieuses africaines, en particulier celles en Angola et au Congo. Les amateurs de samba sont appelés sambistes. | [
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Clementine | Clémentine | A clementine ("Citrus × clementina") is a tangor, a citrus fruit hybrid between a willowleaf mandarin orange ("C." × "deliciosa") and a sweet orange ("C. × sinensis"), named for its late 19th-century discoverer. The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance. Clementines can be separated into 7 to 14 segments. Similar to tangerines, they tend to be easy to peel. They are typically juicy and sweet, with less acid than oranges. Their oils, like other citrus fruits, contain mostly limonene as well as myrcene, linalool, α-pinene and many complex aromatics. | La clémentine est un agrume, fruit du clémentinier ("Citrus" × "clementina"), un arbre hybride de la famille des rutacées, issu du croisement entre un mandarinier ("Citrus reticulata") et un oranger ("Citrus sinensis"). | [
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École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay | École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay | The École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay (also ENS Paris-Saclay or Normale Sup' Paris-Saclay), formerly ENS Cachan, is a higher education institution located in Gif-sur-Yvette within the Essonne department near Paris, in the Île-de-France region of France. | L'École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, à l'origine École normale supérieure de l'enseignement technique (ENSET), puis École normale supérieure de Cachan, est un établissement français d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche, « établissement-composante » de l'Université Paris-Saclay situé à Gif-sur-Yvette, dans l'Essonne. | [
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Fuzzy logic | Logique floue | Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1 both inclusive. It is employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be the integer values 0 or 1. | La logique floue ("fuzzy logic", en anglais) est une logique polyvalente où les valeurs de vérité des variables - au lieu d'être vrai ou faux - sont des réels entre 0 et 1. En ce sens, elle étend la logique booléenne classique avec des valeurs de vérités partielles. Elle consiste à tenir compte de divers facteurs numériques pour aboutir à une décision qu'on souhaite acceptable. | [
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Bundela | Bundelâ | The Bundelas are a Rajput clan of central India. The families belonging to this clan ruled several small states in the Bundelkhand region from the 16th century. | Les Bundelâ sont des râjputes qui se sont installés dans le Bundelkund, dont le nom dérive du leur, une région du Madhya Pradesh au sud de la rivière Yamunâ, vers le, profitant probablement de la disparition des Chandelâ. | [
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Chaconne | Chaconne | A chaconne (; ; ;, ; earlier English: "chacony") is a type of musical composition popular in the baroque era when it was much used as a vehicle for variation on a repeated short harmonic progression, often involving a fairly short repetitive bass-line (ground bass) which offers a compositional outline for variation, decoration, figuration and melodic invention. In this it closely resembles the passacaglia. | La chaconne, ou plus rarement chacone, dont on trouve aussi le nom italien ciaccona, est un genre musical pratiqué aux s. | [
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Georg Simmel | Georg Simmel | Georg Simmel (; ; 1 March 1858 – 26 September 1918) was a German sociologist, philosopher, and critic. Simmel was one of the first generation of German sociologists: his neo-Kantian approach laid the foundations for sociological antipositivism, asking "what is society?"—directly alluding to Kant's "what is nature?"—presenting pioneering analyses of social individuality and fragmentation. For Simmel, "culture" referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history." Simmel discussed social and cultural phenomena in terms of "forms" and "contents" with a transient relationship, wherein form becomes content, and vice versa dependent on context. In this sense, Simmel was a forerunner to structuralist styles of reasoning in the social sciences. With his work on "the metropolis," Simmel would also be a precursor of urban sociology, symbolic interactionism, and social network analysis. | Georg Simmel, né le à Berlin en Royaume de Prusse et mort le à Strasbourg, est un philosophe et sociologue allemand. Sociologue atypique et hétérodoxe, Georg Simmel dépasse les clivages, pratiquant l'interdisciplinarité. | [
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Kaffir lime | Combava | Citrus hystrix, called the kaffir lime, makrut lime (, ), Thai lime or Mauritius papeda, is a citrus fruit native to tropical Southeast Asia and southern China. | Combava est le nom du Citrus hystrix et de son fruit, un agrume du sous-genre "papeda". Le nom combava (ou combawa, cumbava, cumbaba, makrut, citron combera, kaffir lime) provient des anciennes cartes maritimes où l'île indonésienne de "Sumbawa," à l’est de Bali dans l'archipel de la Sonde (mer des Moluques), est nommée "Combava" par les marins occidentaux. L'arbre est originaire de ces îles. | [
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Saint-Denis, Réunion | Saint-Denis (La Réunion) | Joseph Mary Plunkett (Irish: "Seosamh Máire Pluincéid", 21 November 1887 – 4 May 1916) was an Irish nationalist, republican, poet, journalist, revolutionary and a leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. | Saint-Denis (), parfois appelée Saint-Denis de La Réunion dans le langage courant, est une commune française située dans le nord du département et de la région de La Réunion, dont la population s'élevait à au dernier recensement de. Cette situation démographique en faisait la de France. Saint-Denis est aussi la agglomération de France et la d'outre-mer, avec en 2012. Son aire urbaine compte près de en 2012. | [
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Springtail | Collembola | Springtails (Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they are to all insects, which have external mouthparts. | Les Collemboles (Collembola) sont une classe de petits arthropodes pancrustacés souvent sauteurs. Ils étaient anciennement considérés comme des insectes aptérygotes, mais forment aujourd'hui une classe à part, dans le sous-embranchement des Hexapodes appartenant au clade des Pancrustacea. | [
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Villeurbanne | Villeurbanne | Villeurbanne (; ) is a commune in the Metropolis of Lyon in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France. It is situated northeast of Lyon, with which it forms the heart of the second-largest metropolitan area in France after that of Paris. Villeurbanne is the second-largest city in the metropolitan area of Lyon and the 20th most populated in France. In 2013, Villeurbanne was elected the city with the best administration of France, which attracts more and more people. | Villeurbanne () est une commune, limitrophe de Lyon, située dans la métropole de Lyon en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Avec au, elle est la la plus peuplée de France, devant Boulogne-Billancourt, dans la banlieue parisienne. Elle est également la 4 commune de la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes et la 21 ville de France par sa population. | [
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J. M. Coetzee | J. M. Coetzee | John Maxwell Coetzee () (born 9 February 1940) is a South African-born novelist, essayist, linguist, translator and recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He has also won the Booker Prize (twice), the CNA Prize (thrice), the Jerusalem Prize, the Prix Femina étranger, "The Irish Times" International Fiction Prize, and holds a number of other awards and honorary doctorates. | J. M. Coetzee (prononciation : /kʊtˈsiə/), de son nom complet John Maxwell Coetzee, est un romancier et professeur en littérature australien, d'origine sud-africain, et d'expression anglaise, né le au Cap en Afrique du Sud. Il est lauréat de nombreux prix littéraires de premier ordre dont le prix Nobel de littérature en 2003. Marquée par le thème de l'ambiguïté, la violence et la servitude, son œuvre juxtapose réalité politique et allégorie afin d'explorer les phobies et les névroses de l'individu, à la fois victime et complice d'un système corrompu qui anéantit son langage. | [
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Psocoptera | Psocoptera | Psocoptera are an order of insects that are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. They first appeared in the Permian period, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the hemipteroids. Their name originates from the Greek word ψῶχος, "psokhos" meaning gnawed or rubbed and πτερά, "ptera" meaning wings. There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in recent years. | Les psocoptères (Psocoptera) sont un ordre d'insectes, de la sous-classe des ptérygotes, de la section des néoptères et du super-ordre des hémiptéroidés. | [
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Apocope | Apocope | In phonology, apocope () is the loss (elision) of one or more sounds from the end of a word, especially the loss of an unstressed vowel. | Une apocope, du grec "apokoptein/αποκοπτειν" (« retrancher »), est une modification phonétique, parfois utilisée comme figure de style, qui se caractérise par l'abréviation du mot complet, en gardant uniquement son ou ses premiers phonèmes ou syllabes (vocaliques ou consonantiques), par exemple « auto » pour « automobile ». | [
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Boustrophedon | Boustrophédon | Boustrophedon (,'"ox-turning" from, ', "ox",, "", "turn" and the adverbial suffix -, "like, in the manner of"; that is, turning like oxen in ploughing) is a type of bi-directional text, mostly seen in ancient manuscripts and other inscriptions. Alternate lines of writing are flipped, or reversed, with reversed letters. Rather than going left-to-right as in modern European languages, or right-to-left as in Arabic and Hebrew, alternate lines in boustrophedon must be read in opposite directions. Also, the individual characters are reversed, or mirrored. It was a common way of writing in stone in Ancient Greece. | Le boustrophédon désigne une écriture dont le sens de lecture change alternativement d'une ligne sur l'autre, à la manière du bœuf marquant les sillons dans un champ, allant de droite à gauche puis de gauche à droite. Le terme vient de l'adverbe grec ancien βουστροφηδόν "boustrophêdón", de βοῦς "boũs" « bœuf » et στροφή "strophế" « action de tourner ». Souvent, le ductus des lettres est également inversé en changeant de sens ; par exemple, la lettre Є tracée de gauche à droite deviendrait Э de droite à gauche. | [
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