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James Watt | James Watt | James Watt (; 30 January 1736 – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. | James Watt, né le à Greenock en Écosse et mort le à Heathfield Hall, dans sa maison à (localité maintenant intégrée à Birmingham, en Angleterre) est un ingénieur écossais dont les améliorations sur la machine à vapeur furent une des étapes clé dans la révolution industrielle. Il a animé la Lunar Society de Birmingham. En hommage à ses recherches, le watt (symbole W), a été donné à l'Unité internationale de puissance, ou de flux énergétique (dont le flux thermique). | [
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Arnold Schwarzenegger | Arnold Schwarzenegger | Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, author, and former politician and professional bodybuilder. He served as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. As of 2020, he is the most recent Republican governor of California. | Arnold Schwarzenegger ( ; ) est un acteur, réalisateur, producteur de cinéma culturiste et homme politique austro-américain, né le à Thal, en Autriche. | [
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Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre | Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre | Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (full name Élisabeth-Claude Jacquet de La Guerre; born Élisabeth Jacquet, 17 March 1665, Paris – 27 June 1729, Paris) was a French musician, harpsichordist and composer. | Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre ou Élisabeth-Claude Jacquet de La Guerre (née Élisabeth Jacquet,, paroisse Saint-Louis-en-l'Île de Paris –, Paris) est une compositrice et claveciniste française. Elle est la plus célèbre compositrice de l'Ancien Régime sous Louis XIV et Louis XV. | [
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Edward Jenner | Edward Jenner | Edward Jenner, FRS FRCPE (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" are derived from "Variolae vaccinae" (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 in the long title of his "Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox", in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox. | Edward Jenner, membre de la ( - ), est un scientifique et médecin anglais qui étudia les sciences naturelles dans son environnement à Berkeley, dans le, en Angleterre. | [
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String theory | Théorie des cordes | In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. It describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string looks just like an ordinary particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string. In string theory, one of the many vibrational states of the string corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries gravitational force. Thus string theory is a theory of quantum gravity. | En physique fondamentale, la théorie des cordes est un cadre théorique dans lequel les particules ponctuelles de la physique des particules sont représentées par des objets unidimensionnels appelés cordes. La théorie décrit comment ces cordes se propagent dans l'espace et interagissent les unes avec les autres. Sur des échelles de distance supérieures à l'échelle de la corde, cette dernière ressemble à une particule ordinaire, avec ses propriétés de masse, de charge et autres, déterminées par l'état vibratoire de la corde. En théorie des cordes, l'un de ces états vibratoires correspond au graviton, une particule décrite par la mécanique quantique qui véhicule l'interaction gravitationnelle. Ainsi, la théorie des cordes est une théorie de la gravité quantique. | [
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Annonaceae | Annonaceae | The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the Magnoliales. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably "Annona", "Anonidium", "Asimina", "Rollinia", and "Uvaria". Its type genus is "Annona". The family is concentrated in the tropics, with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical, 450 are Afrotropical, and the remaining are Indomalayan. | La famille des annonacées regroupe des plantes dicotylédones primitives ; constituée de 2500 espèces réparties en une centaine de genres, c'est la plus grande famille de l'ordre des magnoliales. Ce sont des arbres, des arbustes ou des lianes des zones tropicales ou sub-tropicales. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Taxil hoax | Affaire Léo Taxil | The Taxil hoax was an 1890s hoax of exposure by Léo Taxil intended to mock not only Freemasonry but also the Catholic Church's opposition to it. | L'affaire Léo Taxil (parfois nommée mystification de Léo Taxil ou canular de Taxil) est une imposture antimaçonnique française célèbre, qui débuta en 1885 et se poursuivit jusqu'en 1897. Son auteur, Marie Joseph Gabriel Antoine Jogand-Pagès alias Léo Taxil conçut une mystification qui visait à discréditer la franc-maçonnerie et à duper l'Église catholique. | [
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Bhopal | Bhopal | Bhopal (; ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of both Bhopal district and Bhopal division.'for its various natural and artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India. It is the 16th largest city in India and 131st<ref name="Estimated Population of Bhopal urban area in 2009, Bhopal 131th largest city in world in 2009/"> in the world. | Bhopal (, "Bhopāl") () est une ville et une ancienne principauté de l'Inde. Bhopal est la capitale du Madhya Pradesh avec environ 1,8 million d'habitants. | [
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Privateer | Corsaire | A privateer is a private person or ship that engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign or delegated authority issued commissions, also referred to as a letter of marque, during wartime. The commission empowered the holder to carry on all forms of hostility permissible at sea by the usages of war. This included attacking foreign vessels and taking them as prizes, and taking prize crews as prisoners for exchange. Captured ships were subject to condemnation and sale under prize law, with the proceeds divided by percentage between the privateer's sponsors, shipowners, captains and crew. A percentage share usually went to the issuer of the commission (i.e. the sovereign). | Un corsaire est une personne (le plus souvent l'armateur, le capitaine ou le membre de l'équipage d'un navire civil armé) autorisée par une lettre de marque (également appelée « lettre de commission » ou « lettre de course ») à attaquer en temps de guerre, tout navire battant pavillon d'États ennemis, et particulièrement son trafic marchand, laissant à la flotte de guerre le soin de s'attaquer aux objectifs militaires. Les corsaires ne doivent donc pas être confondus avec les pirates puisqu'ils exercent leur activité selon les lois de la guerre, uniquement en temps de guerre et avec l'autorisation de leur gouvernement. Capturés, ils ont droit au statut de prisonnier de guerre. | [
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Jean Froissart | Jean Froissart | Jean Froissart (Old and Middle French: "Jehan", – ) was a French-speaking medieval author and court historian from the Low Countries, who wrote several works, including "Chronicles" and "Meliador", a long Arthurian romance, and a large body of poetry, both short lyrical forms, as well as longer narrative poems. For centuries, "Froissart's Chronicles" have been recognised as the chief expression of the chivalric revival of the 14th century kingdoms of England, France and Scotland. His history is also an important source for the first half of the Hundred Years' War. | Jean Froissart ou Jehan Froissart, né vers 1337 à Valenciennes et mort vers 1410 à Chimay, est l'un des plus importants chroniqueurs de l'époque médiévale. Pendant des siècles, les Chroniques de Froissart ont été reconnues comme l'expression majeure de la renaissance chevaleresque dans l'Angleterre et la France du. Il s'agit également d'une des sources les plus importantes sur la première moitié de la guerre de Cent Ans. | [
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Christian democracy | Démocratie chrétienne | Christian democracy is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching, as well as Neo-Calvinism. Christian democratic political ideology advocates for a commitment to social market principles and qualified interventionism. It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ideas and traditional Christian values, incorporating the social teachings espoused by the Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, and Pentecostal traditions in various parts of the world. After World War II, the Protestant and Catholic movements of the Social Gospel and Neo-Thomism, respectively, played a role in shaping Christian democracy. Christian democracy continues to be influential in Europe and Latin America, although it is also present in other parts of the world. | La démocratie chrétienne est un courant de pensée politique et religieuse qui s'exprime en Europe à partir de la fin du. La démocratie chrétienne cherche à promouvoir, au sein d’une société démocratique et pluraliste, les valeurs véhiculées par l’Église : la liberté, le respect de l'être humain, les droits de l'homme, la fraternité, l'aide aux plus démunis. Concrètement, les démocrates-chrétiens placent l'être humain au centre des préoccupations et considèrent que l’État doit conserver un pouvoir d'intervention dans la société, notamment dans l'économie. | [
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Cananga odorata | Ylang-ylang | Cananga odorata, known as the cananga tree (,,,, ), is a tropical tree that is native to India, through parts of Indochina, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia, to Queensland, Australia. It is valued for the perfume extracted from its flowers, called ylang-ylang (a name also sometimes used for the tree itself), which is an essential oil used in aromatherapy. The tree is also called the fragrant cananga, Macassar-oil plant, or perfume tree. Its traditional Polynesian names include "Mata‘oi" (Cook Islands), "Mohokoi" (Tonga), "Moso‘oi" (Samoa), "Moto‘oi" (Hawaii), and "Mokosoi", "Mokasoi" or "Mokohoi" (Fiji). | L’ylang-ylang "(Cananga odorata)" est un arbre de la famille des Annonacées, originaire d'Asie du Sud-Est. On le cultive pour ses fleurs dont on extrait par distillation une huile essentielle très utilisée en parfumerie. | [
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Cingulata | Tatou | Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order. Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant armadillos (maximum body mass of 45 kg (100 lb) in the case of the giant armadillo) existed until recently: pampatheriids, which reached weights of up to 200 kg (440 lb) and chlamyphorid glyptodonts, which attained masses of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) or more. | Les tatous (Cingulata) sont un ordre de mammifères placentaires d'Amérique tropicale et subtropicale du super-ordre des xénarthres (anciennement super-ordre des édentés). Les tatous actuels sont rangés dans deux familles, celle des Dasypodidae et celle des Chlamyphoridae. Parmi les espèces fossiles, on distingue les glyptodons, classées avec les Chlamyphoridae. Ils sont omnivores même si leur régime alimentaire est principalement composé d'insectes (chenilles, fourmis, larves...). | [
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Piracy | Piraterie | Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates, while dedicated ships that are used by them are called pirate ships. The earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, and the English Channel, whose geographic structures facilitated pirate attacks. A land-based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes. Privateering uses similar methods to piracy, but the captain acts under orders of the state authorizing the capture of merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation, making it a legitimate form of war-like activity by non-state actors. | La piraterie désigne une forme de banditisme pratiquée sur mer par des marins appelés pirates. Cependant, les pirates ne se limitent pas seulement aux pillages de navire, mais attaquent parfois de petites villes côtières. | [
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Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy | Amédée VIII | Amadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451) was a Savoyard nobleman, the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. He was surnamed the Peaceful. After the death of his father in 1391, his mother acted as a regent, because of his youth. He was a claimant to the papacy from 1439 to 1449 as Felix V in opposition to Eugene IV and Nicholas V. | Amédée, dit « le Pacifique », né au château de Chambéry, le, et mort à Genève, le, est comte de Savoie, duc de Chablais et d'Aoste, prince, marquis en Italie (1391-1416), comte de Genève (1401), vicaire impérial (1398), puis duc de Savoie (1416-1440), et antipape sous le nom de Félix (1439-1449). Il est le fils d’Amédée dit "le comte Rouge" et de Bonne de Berry. | [
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Liquid | Liquide | A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, it is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. | La phase liquide est un état de la matière ainsi qu'une forme de fluide : Les liquides peuvent être miscibles ou non, en fonction des forces moléculaires grâce auxquelles un corps pur liquide possède une cohérence. Il est notamment possible dans un liquide d'avoir sept phases distinctes non miscibles. | [
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Sauce | Sauce | In cooking, a sauce is a liquid, cream, or semi-solid food, served on or used in preparing other foods. Most sauces are not normally consumed by themselves; they add flavor, moisture, and visual appeal to a dish. "Sauce" is a French word taken from the Latin "salsa", meaning "salted". Possibly the oldest recorded European sauce is garum, the fish sauce used by the Ancient Romans; while doubanjiang, the Chinese soy bean paste is mentioned in "Rites of Zhou" in the 3rd century BC. | Une sauce est une préparation culinaire, froide, tiède ou chaude, destinée à être servie avec un mets salé ou sucré. Composée d’un simple jus ou d'un apprêt très élaboré, la sauce peut servir d’accompagnement, comme la mayonnaise, la béarnaise ou le coulis de fruits, mais aussi d’élément de cuisson, comme pour une daube ou un ragoût. | [
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Arabian Peninsula | Arabie | The Arabian Peninsula (;,, 'Arabian peninsula' or,, 'Island of the Arabs') is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate. The Peninsula, plus Bahrain, the Socotra Archipelago and other nearby islands form a geopolitical region called Arabia, which is the biggest region in the world without any river. | L'Arabie, ou péninsule arabique ( « la presqu'île arabe » ou « la presqu'île des Arabes »), est une vaste péninsule située au sud-ouest de l'Asie, à la jonction entre ce continent et l'Afrique. Cette région fait partie du Moyen-Orient et joue un rôle géopolitique fondamental, du fait de ses importantes réserves de pétrole et de gaz naturel. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Van der Waals radius | Rayon de van der Waals | The van der Waals radius, "r", of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom. It is named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics, as he was the first to recognise that atoms were not simply points and to demonstrate the physical consequences of their size through the van der Waals equation of state. | Le rayon de van der Waals, formula_1, d'un atome est le rayon d'une sphère géométrique théorique qui peut être utilisée, dans beaucoup de raisonnements adéquats, pour modéliser l'atome. Son nom vient de Johannes Diderik van der Waals, lauréat du prix Nobel de physique en 1910, pour avoir été le premier à reconnaître que les atomes ont une taille finie (i. e., les atomes ne sont pas de simples points) et pour sa démonstration des conséquences physiques de leurs dimensions à travers l'équation d'état de van der Waals. | [
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Eurocorps | Corps de réaction rapide européen | The European Corps (Eurocorps) is an intergovernmental military corps with its headquarters of approximately 1,000 soldiers stationed in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. The corps had its headquarters established in May 1992, activated in October 1993 and declared operational in 1995. The nucleus of the force is the Franco-German Brigade established in 1987. The Treaty of Strasbourg, signed in 2004, gave the corps its formal legal basis when it entered into force on 26 February 2009. | Le corps de réaction rapide européen (CRR-E), ou Eurocorps, est un état-major de niveau corps d'armée regroupant des contingents de cinq pays européens ainsi que cinq pays associés. | [
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Douglas Adams | Douglas Adams | Douglas Noel Adams (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was an English author, screenwriter, essayist, humorist, satirist and dramatist. Adams was author of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", which originated in 1978 as a BBC radio comedy before developing into a "trilogy" of five books that sold more than 15 million copies in his lifetime and generated a television series, several stage plays, comics, a video game, and in 2005 a feature film. Adams's contribution to UK radio is commemorated in The Radio Academy's Hall of Fame. | Douglas Noel Adams, né le à Cambridge et mort le à Santa Barbara, est un écrivain et scénariste britannique. Il est surtout connu pour son œuvre "Le Guide du voyageur galactique" ("The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"), une saga de science-fiction humoristique dont il scénarisa le feuilleton radio original puis écrivit la « trilogie en cinq volumes » de romans. | [
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Ericsson | Ericsson | Ericsson had a 27% market share in the 2G/3G/4G mobile network infrastructure market in 2018. The company was founded in 1876 by Lars Magnus Ericsson and was taken over by the Wallenberg family in 1960; today, the family, through its holding company Investor AB, owns a controlling 22.53% voting power. it is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The company employs around 95,000 people and operates in around 180 countries. Ericsson holds over 49,000 granted patents as of September 2019, including many in wireless communications. Ericsson is the inventor of Bluetooth technology. | Ericsson est une entreprise suédoise de télécommunications fondée en 1876 par Lars Magnus Ericsson. Ericsson conçoit, fabrique et commercialise des systèmes et des équipements de télécommunications fixes et mobiles : de téléphonie et de réseaux de transmission. | [
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Cologne | Cologne | Cologne ( ; ; ;, usually shortened to ) is the largest city of Germany's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city in Germany. With slightly over a million inhabitants (1.09 million) within its city boundaries, Cologne is the largest city on the Rhine and also the most populous city both of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region, which is Germany's largest and one of Europe's major metropolitan areas, and of the Rhineland. Centered on the left bank of the Rhine, Cologne is about southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia's capital of Düsseldorf and northwest of Bonn. It is the largest city in the Central Franconian and Ripuarian dialect areas. | Cologne (, en kölsch : "Kölle") est une ville de l'Ouest de l'Allemagne, en Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie. Avec presque 1,1 millions d'habitants en juin 2019, Cologne est la plus grande ville du "Land", devant Düsseldorf et Dortmund, et la quatrième ville d'Allemagne par sa population, derrière Berlin, Hambourg et Munich. Traversée par le Rhin, son agglomération de plus de deux millions d'habitants constitue le sud de l'aire métropolitaine Rhin-Ruhr, au cœur de la mégalopole européenne. La ville est notamment célèbre pour sa cathédrale, classée au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco, ainsi que pour l'eau de Cologne. | [
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Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications | DECT (téléphone sans fil) | Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (Digital European cordless telecommunications), usually known by the acronym DECT, is a standard primarily used for creating cordless telephone systems. It originated in Europe, where it is the universal standard, replacing earlier cordless phone standards, such as 900 MHz CT1 and CT2. | Un téléphone DECT (de l'anglais abrégé en "DECT" signifiant littéralement « téléphone sans-fil numérique amélioré »), anciennement, est une norme de téléphone sans fil numérique destinée aux particuliers comme aux entreprises sur la gamme de fréquence. Cette norme, même si elle a été conçue pour une gamme large d'utilisations, est aujourd'hui principalement utilisée pour des communications vocales. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Chloride | Chlorure | The chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl. It is formed when the element chlorine (a halogen) gains an electron or when a compound such as hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water or other polar solvents. Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often very soluble in water. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating fluid in and out of cells. Less frequently, the word "chloride" may also form part of the "common" name of chemical compounds in which one or more chlorine atoms are covalently bonded. For example, methyl chloride, with the standard name chloromethane (see IUPAC books) is an organic compound with a covalent C−Cl bond in which the chlorine is not an anion. | Dans le domaine de la chimie ou de la qualité de l'eau ou de l'air, le terme chlorure désigne : | [
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Balkans | Balkans | The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in Southeast Europe with various definitions and meanings, including geopolitical and historical. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria from the Serbian–Bulgarian border to the Black Sea coast. The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the northwest, the Ionian Sea in the southwest, the Aegean Sea in the south, the Turkish Straits in the east, and the Black Sea in the northeast. The northern border of the peninsula is variously defined. The highest point of the Balkans is Mount Musala,, in the Rila mountain range, Bulgaria. | Les Balkans sont une des trois « péninsules » de l'Europe du Sud, mais cette appellation traditionnelle est parfois contestée en l'absence d'un isthme : les géographes préfèrent le terme de « région ». Elle est bordée par des mers sur trois côtés : la mer Adriatique et la mer Ionienne à l'ouest, la mer Égée au sud et la mer de Marmara et la mer Noire à l'est. Au nord, on la délimite généralement par les cours du Danube, de la Save et de la Kupa. Cette région couvre une aire totale de plus de et regroupe une population de près de d’habitants. | [
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History of Uruguay | Histoire de l'Uruguay | The history of Uruguay comprises different periods: the pre-Columbian time or early history (up to the sixteenth century), the colonial period (1516–1811), the period of nation-building (1811–1830), and the history of Uruguay as an independent country (from around 1830). | L’histoire de l'Uruguay comprend différentes périodes : l'époque précolombienne ou l'histoire ancienne (jusqu'au ), la période coloniale (1516-1811), la période de construction de la nation (1811-1830) et l'histoire de l'Uruguay en tant que pays indépendant (depuis 1830). | [
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Commonwealth of Independent States | Communauté des États indépendants | The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (, "Sodružestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv", initialism: "СНГ", "SNG") is a regional intergovernmental organization of nine (originally ten) members, plus two founding non-member, post-Soviet republics in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It covers an area of 20,368,759 km2 (8,097,484 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 239,796,010. The CIS encourages cooperation in economic, political and military affairs and has certain powers relating to the coordination of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security. It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention. | La Communauté des États indépendants (CEI) ( (), prononcé "Sodroujestvo Nezavissimykh Gossoudarstv", parfois également appelée Confédération des États indépendants ; en anglais, "Commonwealth of Independent States" ou "CIS") est une entité intergouvernementale composée de 10 des 15 anciennes républiques soviétiques. Conformément à ses instruments constitutifs, les accords de Minsk et d’Alma-Ata, la CEI est dépourvue de personnalité juridique internationale. Pour cette raison, cette communauté des anciennes républiques soviétiques n’est pas une organisation internationale au sens strict. | [
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CFA franc | Franc CFA | The CFA franc (in French: "franc CFA", originally Franc of the French Colonies in Africa, recently Franc of the Financial Community of Africa, or colloquially "franc") is the name of two currencies, the West African CFA franc, used in eight West African countries, and the Central African CFA franc, used in six Central African countries. Both currencies are guaranteed by the French treasury. Although separate, the two CFA franc currencies have always been at parity and are effectively interchangeable. The ISO currency codes are XAF for the Central African CFA franc and XOF for the West African CFA franc. On 22 December 2019, it was announced that the West African currency would be replaced by an independent currency to be called Eco. | Le franc CFA, officiellement franc de la Communauté financière africaine, est le nom de deux monnaies communes héritées de la colonisation française et utilisées par 14 pays d'Afrique constituant en partie la zone franc : | [
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Currency union | Zone monétaire | A currency union (also known as monetary union) is an intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more states sharing the same currency. These states may not necessarily have any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market). | Une zone monétaire est formée des pays : Il y a donc en fait au minimum deux types possibles de zones monétaires. Un système intermédiaire étant celui de la double circulation monétaire où à la fois la monnaie locale et la monnaie de référence sont admises dans les transactions internes, ou du moins certains types d'opération interne. La monnaie de référence est alors commune, mais pas unique. Un tel système ne peut être que transitoire, car il pose des problèmes de stabilité à l'usage, l'une des deux monnaies tendant à prendre le dessus (loi de Gresham). | [
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Anse-Bertrand | Anse-Bertrand | Anse-Bertrand is a commune in Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France in the Lesser Antilles. The inhabitants in Anse-Bertrand are called Ansois. | Anse-Bertrand (en créole "Lansbétran") est une commune française, située dans le département de la Guadeloupe. Ses habitants sont appelés les Ansois(es). | [
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Umami | Umami | Umami (, from ) or savory taste is one of the five basic tastes (together with sweetness, sourness, bitterness, and saltiness). It has been described as savory and is characteristic of broths and cooked meats. | L', prononcé [], se traduisant généralement par savoureux, est l’une des cinq saveurs de base avec le sucré, l’acide, l’amer et le salé. | [
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Electromagnet | Électroaimant | An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. Electromagnets usually consist of wire wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic field which is concentrated in the hole, denoting the centre of the coil. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. The wire turns are often wound around a magnetic core made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as iron; the magnetic core concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more powerful magnet. | Un électroaimant produit un champ magnétique lorsqu'il est alimenté par un courant électrique : il convertit de l’énergie électrique en énergie magnétique. Il a été inventé par les Français André-Marie Ampère et François Arago. Il est constitué d’un bobinage et d’une pièce polaire en matériau ferromagnétique doux appelé cœur magnétique qui canalise les lignes de champ magnétique. Les électroaimants sont très largement utilisés dans l’industrie. | [
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Malpighiales | Malpighiales | The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinsettia, and coca plant, and are hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is not part of any of the classification systems based only on plant morphology. Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago (Mya) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya. | Les Malpighiales forment un ordre de plantes dicotylédones. Réintroduit par la cet ordre appartient au groupe des Fabidées (anglais ), lui-même rattaché aux Rosidées (anglais ) puis au noyau des Dicotylédones vraies. Cet ordre est très grand et comprend de nombreuses familles. | [
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Kronecker delta | Symbole de Kronecker | In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise: | En mathématiques, le delta de Kronecker est une fonction de deux variables qui est égale à 1 si celles-ci sont égales, et 0 sinon. Il est symbolisé par la lettre δ ("delta" minuscule) de l'alphabet grec. | [
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Aravalli Range | Aravalli | The Aravalli Range (also spelled "Aravali") is a mountain range in Northwestern India, running approximately 692 km (430 mi) in a south-west direction, starting near Delhi, passing through southern Haryana and Rajasthan, and ending in Gujarat. The highest peak is Guru Shikhar at. | Les Aravalli sont une chaîne de montagnes de faible hauteur – 300 à – qui traverse l'État du Rajasthan suivant un axe nord-est sud-ouest – grossièrement des environs de Delhi, avec l'arête de Delhi, au golfe de Cambay – et culminant à au Gurû Sikhara près de la ville de Mont Âbû. | [
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Arthur Nikisch | Arthur Nikisch | Arthur Nikisch (12 October 185523 January 1922) was a Hungarian conductor who performed internationally, holding posts in Boston, London, Leipzig and—most importantly—Berlin. He was considered an outstanding interpreter of the music of Bruckner, Tchaikovsky, Beethoven and Liszt. Johannes Brahms praised Nikisch's performance of his Fourth Symphony as "quite exemplary, it's impossible to hear it any better." | Arthur Nikisch est un chef d'orchestre, violoniste et pédagogue hongrois, né à Lébény-Szentmiklós le et mort à Leipzig le. | [
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Bank of France | Banque de France | The Bank of France (French: "Banque de France"), headquartered in Paris, is the central bank of France. Founded in 1800, it began as a private institution for managing state debts and issuing notes. It is responsible for the accounts of the French government, managing the accounts and the facilitation of payments for the Treasury and some public companies. It also oversees the auctions of public securities on behalf of the European Central Bank. | La Banque de France (BDF) est la banque centrale de la France. Il s'agit d'une institution bicentenaire, de capital privé lors de sa création le sous le Consulat, puis devenue propriété de l'État français le lors de sa nationalisation par Charles de Gaulle (loi du 2 décembre 1945). | [
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Roselyne Bachelot | Roselyne Bachelot | Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin, generally known as Roselyne Bachelot (born 24 December 1946) is a French politician, former Minister of Solidarity and Social Cohesion, and a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, which is part of the European People's Party. | Roselyne Bachelot, née le à Nevers (Nièvre), est une femme politique, animatrice de radio et de télévision française. Docteur en pharmacie de formation, Roselyne Bachelot est ministre de l'Écologie et du Développement durable de 2002 à 2004, dans les gouvernements Raffarin et Raffarin, sous la présidence de Jacques Chirac. | [
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Azores | Açores | The Azores (, ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of continental Portugal, about west of Lisbon, in continental Portugal, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. | Les Açores (« autours des palombes » en portugais, ce rapace figure d'ailleurs sur le drapeau) sont un groupe d’îles portugaises qui se trouvent dans l'Atlantique Nord, à environ à l’ouest de Lisbonne, et à à l'est-sud-est des côtes orientales de l'île de Terre-Neuve (province de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, Canada). | [
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Exogamy | Exogamie | Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups engage in continual wife exchange. | L'exogamie est une règle matrimoniale imposant de chercher son conjoint à l'extérieur de son groupe social : communauté sédentaire ou nomade, clan, groupe territorial, caste, société, milieu social. | [
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Sodium chloride | Chlorure de sodium | Sodium chloride, commonly known as salt (although sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form of table salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. A second major application of sodium chloride is de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather. | Le chlorure de sodium est un composé chimique ionique de formule NaCl. On l'appelle plus communément "sel de table" ou "sel de cuisine", ou tout simplement sel dans le langage courant. Cette roche évaporite a l'aspect d'une matière cristalline, sèche et solide, de, de et surtout friable, très soluble dans l'eau, avec un goût âcre et une saveur salée caractéristique. Cet exhausteur de goût, plus ou moins raffiné, est utilisé depuis des temps immémoriaux pour l'assaisonnement, la préservation et la conservation des aliments. | [
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Corporate governance | Gouvernement d'entreprise | Corporate governance is the collection of mechanisms, processes and relations by which corporations are controlled and operated. Governance structures and principles identify the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation (such as the board of directors, managers, shareholders, creditors, auditors, regulators, and other stakeholders) and include the rules and procedures for making decisions in corporate affairs. Corporate governance is necessary because of the possibility of conflicts of interests between stakeholders, primarily between shareholders and upper management or among shareholders. | Le gouvernement d'entreprise (ou gouvernance d'entreprise - expression dérivée de l'anglais "« corporate governance »" -) désigne l'ensemble des processus, réglementations, lois et institutions destinés à cadrer la manière dont l'entreprise est dirigée, administrée et contrôlée. Initialement le gouvernement d'entreprise était axé sur les intérêts des actionnaires (Niveau des dividendes et valeur des parts sociales). Mais les différents acteurs qui participent plus ou moins directement à l'entreprise ont également fait valoir leurs propres attentes. Ce qui fait que, en fonction des objectifs qui gouvernent l'entreprise, sa gouvernance est appelée à réguler les relations entre les nombreux acteurs impliqués ou parties prenantes (en anglais : "stakeholders"). | [
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Michèle Alliot-Marie | Michèle Alliot-Marie | Michèle Yvette Marie-Thérèse Jeanne Honorine Alliot-Marie (; born 10 September 1946), known in France as MAM, is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from France. She is a member of the Republicans, part of the European People's Party. A member of all right-wing governments formed in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, she was the first woman in France to hold the portfolios of Defense (2002–2007), the Interior (2007–2009) and Foreign Affairs (2010–2011); she has also been in charge of Youth and Sports (1993–1995) and Justice (2009–2010), and was granted the honorary rank of Minister of State in her last two offices. | Michèle Alliot-Marie, dite MAM, née Michèle Marie le à Villeneuve-le-Roi (Seine-et-Oise, aujourd'hui Val-de-Marne), est une femme politique française. Députée des Pyrénées-Atlantiques durant six législatures, entre 1986 et 2012, elle préside notamment le Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) de 1999 à 2002. Membre des gouvernements Jacques Chirac (1986-1988) puis Édouard Balladur (1993-1995), elle assume par quatre fois et sans interruption des portefeuilles ministériels régaliens (Défense, Intérieur, Justice et Affaires étrangères) de 2002 à 2011. | [
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Arte | Arte | ARTE (; Association relative à la télévision européenne) is a European free-to-air television network that promotes cultural programming. It is made up of three separate companies: the Strasbourg-based European Economic Interest Grouping ARTE GEIE, plus two member companies acting as editorial and programme production centres, ARTE France in Paris (France) and ARTE Deutschland in Baden-Baden (Germany). As an international joint venture (an EEIG), its programmes focuses to audiences in both countries. Due to this, the channel features two audio tracks and two subtitle tracks, each in French and German. | Arte (prononcé ), acronyme d'Association relative à la télévision européenne, est une chaîne de télévision franco-allemande de service public à vocation culturelle européenne diffusant depuis le. La chaîne est un groupement européen d'intérêt économique (GEIE) basé à Strasbourg, créé le et composé à parité de deux pôles : Arte France (ancienne chaîne La Sept) et Arte Deutschland TV. | [
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Baie-Mahault | Baie-Mahault | Baie-Mahault is a commune in France and is the second most populated commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe after Les Abymes The extensive industrial zone of Jarry in Baie-Mahault is by far the most industrialized commune in the islands and the largest industrial park in the Lesser Antilles. It is part of the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest metropolitan area in Guadeloupe, located in the northwest. | Baie-Mahault (en créole "Bémao") est une commune française, située dans le département de la Guadeloupe. Baie-Mahault est la deuxième ville la plus peuplée de la Guadeloupe après Les Abymes. La zone industrielle et commerciale de Jarry-Moudong située sur le territoire de Baie-Mahault est considérée comme le poumon économique de la Guadeloupe avec entreprises et près de emplois. Ses habitants sont appelés les Baie-Mahaultiens. | [
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Les Abymes | Les Abymes | Les Abymes () is the most populated commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is located on the west side of the island of Grande-Terre, and is part of the metropolitan area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest urban area in Guadeloupe. | Les Abymes (en créole guadeloupéen : Zabym), est une commune française située dans le département de la Guadeloupe. Avec près de habitants, Les Abymes est la commune la plus peuplée de Guadeloupe. Elle est la ville-centre de l'unité urbaine de Pointe-à-Pitre - Les Abymes, qui est la plus peuplée de l'outre-mer français, avec habitants en 2012, et la de France. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Abymiens" et les "Abymiennes". | [
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Pointe-à-Pitre | Pointe-à-Pitre | Pointe-à-Pitre (, ; Creole: "Lapwent", ) is the largest city of Guadeloupe, an overseas "région" and "département" of France located in the Lesser Antilles, of which it is a "sous-préfecture", being the seat of the Arrondissement of Pointe-à-Pitre. | Pointe-à-Pitre (en créole : "Lapwent") est une commune française située dans le département de la Guadeloupe. Habitée en 2014 par personnes, la commune est, avec celle voisine des Abymes, au centre d'une vaste aire urbaine de habitants, soit la de France. | [
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Baillif | Baillif | Baillif is a commune of Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France located in the Lesser Antilles. Baillif is a suburb of Basse-Terre, the prefecture and second largest urban area of Guadeloupe located on Basse-Terre Island (the western-half of Guadeloupe). | Baillif (en créole "Bayif") est une commune française, située sur l'île de Basse-Terre dans le département-région de la Guadeloupe. Elle appartient à une agglomération de plus de, l'unité urbaine de Basse-Terre, nommée d'après la préfecture dont Baillif est limitrophe. Baillif fut l'un des premiers lieux de peuplement européen de l'île. Ses habitants sont appelés les Baillifiens. | [
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John Tyler | John Tyler | John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the tenth president of the United States from 1841 to 1845 after briefly serving as the tenth vice president in 1841; he was elected vice president on the 1840 Whig ticket with President William Henry Harrison. Tyler ascended to the presidency after Harrison's death in April 1841, only a month after the start of the new administration. He was a stalwart supporter and advocate of states' rights, and he adopted nationalistic policies as president only when they did not infringe on the powers of the states. His unexpected rise to the presidency posed a threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other politicians, and left Tyler estranged from both major political parties. | John Tyler, né le dans le comté de Charles City (Virginie) et mort le à Richmond (même État), est un homme d'État, militaire et avocat américain, 10 président des États-Unis et vice-président des États-Unis. | [
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Adult comics | Seijin | The term adult comics typically denotes comic books, comic magazines, comic strips or graphic novels with content of an erotic, violent, or sophisticated nature marketed by publishers toward adult readers. They are sometimes restricted to purchase by legal adults, especially erotic comics which include sexually explicit material. | En occident, le mot seijin est quasiment exclusivement utilisé pour désigner un type de manga. Le seijin manga est un manga qui s'adresse aux adultes, et plus particulièrement aux jeunes hommes. Cela ne veut pas forcément dire que son contenu est érotique, mais souvent simplement que les sujets abordés sont plus graves et complexes (politique, histoire, enquêtes policières,...) et traités de façon plus sérieuse. | [
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Inquisition | Inquisition | The Inquisition, in historical ecclesiastical parlance also referred to as the "Holy Inquisition", was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy. The Inquisition started in 12th-century France to combat religious dissent, in particular the Cathars and the Waldensians. Other groups investigated later included the Spiritual Franciscans, the Hussites (followers of Jan Hus) and the Beguines. Beginning in the 1250s, inquisitors were generally chosen from members of the Dominican Order, replacing the earlier practice of using local clergy as judges. The term Medieval Inquisition covers these courts up to the mid-15th century. | L’Inquisition (du mot latin "inquisitio" signifiant "enquête", "recherche") est une juridiction spécialisée (autrement dit un tribunal), créée au par l'Église catholique et relevant du droit canonique, dont le but était de combattre l'hérésie, en faisant appliquer aux personnes qui ne respectaient pas le dogme des peines variant de simples peines spirituelles (prières, pénitences) à des amendes lorsque l'hérésie n'était pas établie, et de la confiscation de tous les biens à la peine de mort pour les apostats relaps. Combattant les hérésies, l'Inquisition ne pouvait condamner que des catholiques — dont ceux qui avaient eu le choix entre le baptême ou la mort. Bien que la peine de mort puisse être prononcée, elle ne l’a été que très rarement puisqu'Anne Brenon, spécialiste du catharisme, estime à le nombre de peines de mort prononcées par l'Inquisition durant ses cinq siècles d'existence à travers l'Europe. Elle se substituait à l'ordalie en introduisant la notion de tribunal, de défenseur et de minutes du procès. | [
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Troy | Troie | Troy (, "Troía",, "Ílion" or, "Ílios"; and ; Hittite: 𒌷𒃾𒇻𒊭 "Wilusa" or 𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 "Truwisa"; ) was a city in the northwest of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), southwest of the Canakkale Strait, south of the mouth of the Dardanelles and northwest of Mount Ida. The location in the present day is the hill of Hisarlik and its immediate vicinity. In modern scholarly nomenclature, the Ridge of Troy (including Hisarlik) borders the Plain of Troy, flat agricultural land, which conducts the lower Scamander River to the strait. Troy was the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle, in particular in the "Iliad", one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" suggests that the name ("Ilion") formerly began with a digamma: ("Wilion"); this is also supported by the Hittite name for what is thought to be the same city, Wilusa. | Troie (en grec ancien / et en turc "Truva") est une cité disparue, à la fois historique et légendaire, située à l’entrée de l'Hellespont, non loin de la mer Égée, en Troade (Asie Mineure), qui correspond, dans l'actuelle Turquie, à Hissarlık. | [
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Saint Martin | Saint-Martin (île) | Saint Martin (; ) is an island in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately east of Puerto Rico. The island is divided roughly 60/40 between the French Republic () and the Kingdom of the Netherlands (), but the two parts are roughly equal in population. The division dates to 1648. The southern Dutch part comprises Sint Maarten and is one of four constituent countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The northern French part comprises the Collectivity of Saint Martin and is an overseas collectivity of France. As part of France proper, the French part of the island is part of the European Union. The island is also known for having an airport runway 10/28 extremely close to the beach. | Saint-Martin ( ; ) est une île du nord-est des Antilles située à au nord de la Guadeloupe et à l'est de Porto Rico. D'une superficie de, elle compte. Elle est partagée entre deux États par une frontière de séparant : | [
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Capesterre-Belle-Eau | Capesterre-Belle-Eau | Capesterre-Belle-Eau is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is located in the south-east of Basse-Terre Island. Capesterre-Belle-Eau covers an area of 103.3 km2 (39.884 sq mi). The 1999 population was 19,568. The population density is 189 persons per km. The inhabitants are called "Capesterriens". | Capesterre-Belle-Eau (anciennement Capesterre-de-Guadeloupe, appelée en créole "Kapestè") est une commune française, située dans le département de la Guadeloupe. Les habitants sont appelés les "Capesterriens". | [
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Fertilizer | Engrais | A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially produced. | Les engrais sont des substances organiques ou minérales, souvent utilisées en mélanges, destinées à apporter aux plantes des compléments d'éléments nutritifs, de façon à améliorer leur croissance, et à augmenter le rendement et la qualité des cultures. L'action consistant à apporter un engrais s'appelle la fertilisation. Les engrais font partie, avec les amendements, des produits fertilisants. La fertilisation se pratique en agriculture, horticulture, sylviculture et lors des activités de jardinage. Les engrais sont utilisés depuis l'Antiquité, où l'on ajoutait au sol, de façon empirique, les phosphates des os, calcinés ou non, l'azote des fumures animales et humaines, le potassium des cendres. | [
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La Désirade | La Désirade (île) | La Désirade ('The Desired', also called La Deseada) is an island in the French West Indies. It forms part of Guadeloupe, an overseas region of France. | La Désirade est une île française de l'arc des Petites Antilles et une dépendance administrative de la Guadeloupe. Située à une dizaine de kilomètres à l'est de la Grande-Terre, elle est également une commune du même nom, qui intègre les îles de la Petite-Terre. Ses habitants sont les Désiradiens. | [
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Tel Aviv | Tel Aviv-Jaffa | Tel Aviv-Yafo ( – "Tel Aviv-Yafo" ; – "Tall ʾAbīb - Yāfā"), often referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel. Located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline and with a population of, it is the economic and technological center of the country. If East Jerusalem is considered part of Israel, Tel Aviv is the country's second most populous city after Jerusalem; if not, Tel Aviv is the most populous city before West Jerusalem. | Tel Aviv-Jaffa ou Tel-Aviv-Jaffa (en hébreu (), en arabe ), souvent désignée simplement sous le nom de Tel Aviv ou Tel-Aviv, est une ville située sur la côte méditerranéenne au cœur de la métropole du Gush Dan en Israël. La ville moderne de Tel Aviv a été fondée en 1909 à l'époque ottomane dans les faubourgs de Jaffa, ville portuaire avec laquelle elle a fusionné en 1950. | [
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Josephine Baker | Joséphine Baker | Josephine Baker (born Freda Josephine McDonald, naturalised French Joséphine Baker; 3 June 1906 – 12 April 1975) was an American-born French entertainer, French Resistance agent, and civil rights activist. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. She was the first Black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film "Siren of the Tropics", directed by and. | Joséphine Baker, de son vrai nom Freda Josephine McDonald, née le à Saint-Louis, dans le Missouri, aux États-Unis, et morte le dans le de Paris, en France, est une chanteuse, danseuse, actrice, meneuse de revue et résistante française d'origine américaine. | [
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Basse-Terre | Basse-Terre | Basse-Terre () is a French commune in the Guadeloupe department of France in the Lesser Antilles. It is also the "prefecture" (capital city) of Guadeloupe. The city of Basse-Terre is located on Basse-Terre Island, the western half of Guadeloupe. | Basse-Terre (en créole : "Bastè") est une commune française, située dans le département de la Guadeloupe sur la côte sous-le-vent de l'île dont elle constitue le chef-lieu. Principal centre administratif de l'île, Basse-Terre abrite la préfecture, le conseil régional, le conseil général, le diocèse de la Guadeloupe, le palais de justice et la cour d'appel de l'archipel. C'est l'une des villes-centres d'une agglomération de plus de – qui sont appelés les Basse-Terriennes et Basses-Terriens –, l'unité urbaine de Basse-Terre. | [
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Heavy Metal (film) | Métal hurlant (film) | Heavy Metal is a 1981 Canadian adult animated sci-fi-fantasy film directed by Gerald Potterton, produced by Ivan Reitman and Leonard Mogel, who also was the publisher of "Heavy Metal" magazine, which was the basis for the film, and starring the voices of Rodger Bumpass, Jackie Burroughs, John Candy, Joe Flaherty, Don Francks, Martin Lavut, Marilyn Lightstone, Eugene Levy, Alice Playten, Harold Ramis, Percy Rodriguez, Susan Roman, Richard Romanus, August Schellenberg, John Vernon, and Zal Yanovsky. The screenplay was written by Daniel Goldberg and Len Blum. | Métal hurlant ("Heavy Metal") est un film d'animation canadien de Gerald Potterton, produit par Ivan Reitman et sorti en 1981. | [
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Heavy Metal 2000 | Heavy Metal 2000 | Heavy Metal 2000 (also known as Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.2 outside North America) is a 2000 Canadian-German-American adult animated science fiction film produced by Jacques Pettigrew and Michel Lemire, and directed by Michael Coldewey and Lemire. Starring the voices of Michael Ironside, Julie Strain, and Billy Idol, the film is the follow-up to the 1981 animated cult film "Heavy Metal", which is based on the fantasy magazine of the same name. The story is based on the graphic novel, "The Melting Pot", written by Kevin Eastman, Simon Bisley and Eric Talbot. The film was made by CinéGroupe, a studio based in Montreal, Quebec. | Heavy Metal - F.A.K.K. 2 ou Métal Hurlant F.A.K.K.2 au Québec ("Heavy Metal FAKK2") est un long-métrage d'animation germano-canadien, réalisé par Michel Lemire et Michael Coldewey et sorti en 2000. Il se présente comme une sorte de « suite » de "Métal hurlant", mais possède sa propre cohérence et peut être regardé indépendamment. | [
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Eutrophication | Eutrophisation | Eutrophication (from Greek "eutrophos", "well-nourished"), distrophication or hypertrophication, is when a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of algae. This process may result in oxygen depletion of the water body. One example is an "algal bloom" or great increase of phytoplankton in a sandy body as a response to increased levels of nutrients. Eutrophication is often induced by the discharge of nitrate or phosphate-containing detergents, fertilizers, or sewage into an aquatic system. | L'eutrophisation (du grec "eu" : « bien, vrai » et "trophein" : « nourrir ») est le processus par lequel des nutriments s'accumulent dans un milieu ou un habitat (terrestre ou aquatique). Les causes sont multiples et peuvent donner lieu à des situations d'interaction complexes entre les différents facteurs. Les nutriments concernés sont principalement l'azote (provenant surtout des nitrates agricoles et des eaux usées, et secondairement de la pollution automobile), et du phosphore (provenant surtout des phosphates agricoles et des eaux usées). L'ensoleillement ou la température de l’eau (qui tend à augmenter avec le dérèglement climatique) peuvent exacerber l'eutrophisation. | [
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Rugby World Cup | Coupe du monde de rugby à XV | The Rugby World Cup is a men's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams. The tournament was first held in 1987, when the tournament was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia. | La <dfn>Coupe du monde de rugby à XV</dfn> est une compétition internationale de rugby à XV masculine qui se déroule tous les quatre ans depuis 1987. Elle est ouverte à toutes les fédérations reconnues par World Rugby. La première édition se déroule en 1987 en Nouvelle-Zélande et en Australie. Elle est remportée par la Nouvelle-Zélande. | [
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Léonard (comics) | Léonard (bande dessinée) | Léonard in French, and Leonardo in the Dutch translation, is a Belgian comic series about an eponymous inventor and his assistant. It was created by artist Philippe Liégeois and writer Bob de Groot, better known under their pennames "Turk & De Groot". | Léonard est une série de bande dessinée humoristique mettant en scène un inventeur évoluant dans la ville italienne de Vinci à la fin du et au début du. | [
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World Youth Day | Journées mondiales de la jeunesse | World Youth Day (WYD) is an event for young people organized by the Catholic Church. World Youth Day was initiated by Pope John Paul II in 1985. Its concept has been influenced by the Light-Life Movement that has existed in Poland since the 1960s, where during summer camps Catholic young adults over 13 days of camp celebrated a "day of community". For the first celebration of WYD in 1986, bishops were invited to schedule an annual youth event to be held every Palm Sunday in their dioceses. It is celebrated at the diocesan level annually, and at the international level every two to three years at different locations. The 1995 World Youth Day closing Mass in the Philippines set a world record for the largest number of people gathered for a single religious event with 5 million attendees— a record surpassed when 6 million attended a Mass celebrated by Pope Francis in the Philippines 20 years later in 2015. | Les Journées mondiales de la jeunesse (JMJ) sont un événement organisé par l'Église catholique rassemblant des jeunes catholiques du monde entier. Les prochaines JMJ se tiendront à Lisbonne (Portugal) en août 2023. | [
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Menorah (Temple) | Menorah | The menorah (; ) is described in the Bible as the seven-lamp (six branches) ancient Hebrew lampstand made of pure gold and used in the portable sanctuary set up by Moses in the wilderness and later in the Temple in Jerusalem. Fresh olive oil of the purest quality was burned daily to light its lamps. The menorah has been a symbol of Judaism since ancient times and is the emblem on the coat of arms of the modern state of Israel. | La menorah (hébreu : מְּנוֹרָה IPA [mnoː'ɾaː]) est le chandelier (ou candélabre, autre acception conventionnelle) à sept branches des Hébreux, dont la construction fut prescrite dans le livre de l'Exode, chapitre 25, versets 31 à 40, pour devenir un des objets cultuels du Tabernacle et plus tard du Temple de Jérusalem. C’est le plus vieux symbole du judaïsme, mais également le plus important bien avant l’étoile de David apparue tardivement. | [
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PGA European Tour | Tour européen PGA | The PGA European Tour is an organisation which operates the three leading men's professional golf tours in Europe: the elite European Tour, which is the principal golf tour in Europe; the European Senior Tour, for players aged fifty or older; and the developmental Challenge Tour. Its headquarters are at Wentworth Club in Virginia Water, Surrey, England. The European Tour was established by the British-based Professional Golfers' Association through the 1970s, and responsibility was transferred to an independent PGA European Tour organisation in 1984. | Le Tour européen PGA est un circuit de golf professionnel masculin, le plus important d'Europe. Il est mis en place pour la première fois par l'association britannique professionnelle "PGA" mais devient indépendant en 1984. | [
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Arnaud Massy | Arnaud Massy | Arnaud George Watson Massy (; 6 July 1877 – 16 April 1950) was one of France's most successful professional golfers, most notable for winning the 1907 Open Championship. | Arnaud Massy (parfois orthographié "Massey"), né le 6 juillet 1877 à Biarritz et mort le 16 avril 1950 à Étretat à 72 ans, de 1,76 m pour 80 kg, est un joueur de golf français, considéré par beaucoup comme le plus grand joueur de l'histoire de ce sport en France. | [
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Marc Ravalomanana | Marc Ravalomanana | Marc Ravalomanana, GCSK () (born 12 December 1949) is a Malagasy politician who was the President of Madagascar from 2002 to 2009. Born into a farming Merina family in Imerinkasinina, near the capital city of Antananarivo, Ravalomanana first rose to prominence as the founder and CEO of the vast dairy conglomerate TIKO, later launching successful wholesaler MAGRO and several additional companies. | Marc Ravalomanana, né le à Imerinkasinina (région d'Antananarivo), est un homme d'État malgache. Il est maire d'Antananarivo de 1999 à 2002 et président de la République de Madagascar de 2002 à 2009, année lors de laquelle il est contraint de démissionner et de remettre le pouvoir à un directoire militaire, qui transmet le pouvoir à Andry Rajoelina. Il est battu par celui-ci à l’élection présidentielle de 2018. | [
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Le Moule | Le Moule | Le Moule is the sixth-largest commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. It is located on the northeast side of the island of Grande-Terre. | Le Moule (en créole guadeloupéen "Moul mul]") est une commune française, située dans la région monodépartementale de la Guadeloupe. Commune localisée au nord-est de l'île de Grande-Terre sur la façade atlantique, son activité est principalement agricole et touristique. La commune tient son nom du "môle" qui signifie jetée ; ses habitants sont appelés les "Mouliens" et les "Mouliennes". | [
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City | Ville | A city is a large human settlement. It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Cities generally have extensive systems for housing, transportation, sanitation, utilities, land use, and communication. Their density facilitates interaction between people, government organisations and businesses, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process, such as improving efficiency of goods and service distribution. This concentration also can have significant negative consequences, such as forming urban heat islands, concentrating pollution, and stressing water supplies and other resources. | Une ville — le milieu urbain — est à la fois un milieu physique et humain où se concentre une population qui organise son espace en fonction du site et de son environnement, en fonction de ses besoins et de ses activités propres et aussi de contingences notamment socio-politiques. La ville est un milieu complexe qui ne peut cependant pas se résumer à une approche physique, car l'espace urbain est aussi la traduction spatiale de l'organisation dans l'espace et dans le temps des hommes et de leurs activités dans un contexte donné. Ce contexte est autant physique, économique, que politique, social ou culturel. L'approche de la ville ne peut être que diachronique et l'histoire des villes, de chaque ville ou agglomération reste un élément d'analyse essentiel. La ville peut être comparée avec un écosystème qui interagit en permanence comme un milieu avec ses hôtes. Les principes qui régissent la structure et l'organisation de la ville sont étudiés par la sociologie urbaine, l'urbanisme ou encore l'économie urbaine. | [
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Louis Marchand | Louis Marchand (musicien) | Louis Marchand (2 February 1669 – 17 February 1732) was a French Baroque organist, harpsichordist, and composer. Born into an organist's family, Marchand was a child prodigy and quickly established himself as one of the best known French virtuosos of his time. He worked as organist of numerous churches and, for a few years, as one of the four "organistes du roy". Marchand had a violent temperament and an arrogant personality, and his life was filled with scandals, publicized and widely discussed both during his lifetime and after his death. Despite his fame, few of his works survive to this day, and those that do almost all date from his early years. Nevertheless, a few pieces of his, such as the organ pieces "Grand dialogue" and "Fond d'orgue" have been lauded as classic works of the French organ school. | Louis Marchand, né le à Lyon, mort le à Paris, est un compositeur, organiste et claveciniste français. La célèbre gravure posthume de Marchand par Robert et Ch. Dupuis mentionne qu'il est âgé de 61 ans au moment de sa mort, ce qui le ferait naître en 1671, et non en 1669 comme il est communément admis. | [
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Bermuda | Bermudes | Bermuda () (in full, the "Islands of Bermuda") is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (with "Cape Point" on Hatteras Island being the nearest landfall); south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia; northeast of Cuba, and due north of the British Virgin Islands. Though it is typically referred to in the singular, Bermuda consists of 181 islands; the largest of these islands is known as Main Island. The capital city of Bermuda is Hamilton. Bermuda is internally self-governing, with its own constitution and cabinet of ministers selected from the elected Members of the lower house of a Parliament that enacts local laws. As the national government, the Government of the United Kingdom is ultimately responsible for ensuring good governance within British Overseas Territories, and retains responsibility for defence and foreign relations. As of July 2018, it has a population of 71,176, making it the most populous of the British overseas territories. Bermuda's largest economic sectors are offshore insurance, reinsurance, and tourism. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century. | Les Bermudes (, ) constituent un archipel d'Amérique du Nord membre associé de la communauté caribéenne et un territoire britannique d'outre-mer. Les habitants sont appelés "Bermudiens". L'économie de l'archipel repose en grande partie sur les finances à cause de son statut de paradis fiscal. | [
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Alemanni | Alamans | The Alemanni (also "Alamanni"; "Suebi" "Swabians") were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the Upper Rhine River. First mentioned by Cassius Dio in the context of the campaign of Caracalla of 213, the Alemanni captured the in 260, and later expanded into present-day Alsace, and northern Switzerland, leading to the establishment of the Old High German language in those regions, by the eighth century named "Alamannia". | Les Alamans ou Alémans (du germanique "all-mann", litt. « tous les hommes » ou « gens de toutes sortes » ; en allemand "Alamannen") étaient une confédération de tribus germaniques principalement suèves établies d'abord sur le cours moyen et inférieur de l’Elbe puis le long du Main. Apparaissant pour la première fois dans les textes romains en 213, ils conquirent les Champs Décumates en 260 pour se répandre ensuite sur un territoire couvrant une partie de l’Helvétie (la Suisse), la Décumanie (le pays de Bade) et une partie de la Séquanaise (l’Alsace) où ils contribuèrent à la germanisation de ces régions précédemment romanisées. En 496, les Alamans furent vaincus par le Franc Clovis, qui annexa leur territoire à son royaume. Après le traité de Verdun, ces territoires firent partie de la Francie orientale avant de constituer le duché de Souabe du. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Superstring theory | Théorie des supercordes | Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings. | La théorie des supercordes est une tentative pour expliquer l'existence de toutes les particules et forces fondamentales de la nature, en les modélisant comme les vibrations de minuscules cordes supersymétriques. Au début du, elle est considérée comme la plus féconde des théories pour une gravité quantique, même si elle souffre des mêmes défauts que la théorie des cordes en raison de l'impossibilité de la vérifier par l'expérimentation. | [
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César Award for Best Supporting Actress | César de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle | The César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (French: "César de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle") is one of the César Awards, presented annually by the "Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma" to recognize the outstanding performance in a supporting role of an actress who has worked within the French film industry during the year preceding the ceremony. Nominees and winner are selected via a run-off voting by all the members of the Académie. | Le César de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle est une récompense cinématographique française décernée par l'Académie des arts et techniques du cinéma depuis la première remise de prix le au Palais des congrès à Paris. | [
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Arawak | Arawaks | The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. All these groups spoke related Arawakan languages. | Les Arawaks (, "Aroüagues" dans les écrits français du ) sont des Amérindiens des Antilles issus de la forêt amazonienne, proches de la culture saladoïde. Le nom d'Arawaks qu'on leur a donné ne désigne pas un peuple en particulier, mais une famille linguistique à laquelle se rattachent de nombreuses populations amérindiennes d'Amazonie, dont les populations Kali'na ou Caraïbes. | [
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Hervé Gaymard | Hervé Gaymard | Hervé Gaymard (born 31 May 1960 in Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Savoie) is a French politician and a member of The Republicans conservative party. He served as the country's Minister of Finances from 30 November 2004 until his resignation on 25 February 2005. | Hervé Gaymard, né le à Bourg-Saint-Maurice en Savoie, est un homme politique français. Secrétaire d'État dans le gouvernement Juppé (1995-1997), ministre de l'Agriculture (2002-2004), il est nommé ministre de l'Économie, des Finances et de l'Industrie (2004-2005) dans le gouvernement Raffarin III. Il démissionne à la suite de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler l'« affaire Gaymard ». Il est actuellement président (Les Républicains) du Conseil départemental de la Savoie. | [
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Crystal structure | Structure cristalline | In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material. Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of three-dimensional space in matter. | La structure cristalline (ou structure d'un cristal) donne l'arrangement des atomes dans un cristal. Ces atomes se répètent périodiquement dans l'espace sous l'action des opérations de symétrie du groupe d'espace et forment ainsi la structure cristalline. Cette structure est un concept fondamental pour de nombreux domaines de la science et de la technologie. Elle est complètement décrite par les paramètres de maille du cristal, son réseau de Bravais, son groupe d'espace et la position des atomes dans l'unité asymétrique la maille. Pour cette raison, ce sont les données que l'on retrouve dans tous les fichiers d'échange d'informations cristallographiques, comme les fichiers CIF. | [
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Caprifoliaceae | Caprifoliaceae | The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade of dicotyledonous flowering plants consisting of about 860 species in 42 genera, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and eastern Asia, while they are absent in tropical and southern Africa. | Les Caprifoliacées (Caprifoliaceae) sont une famille de plantes dicotylédones de l'ordre des "Dipsacales". Ce sont des arbustes, des petits arbres, des lianes et plus rarement des plantes herbacées des zones tempérées à tropicales (montagnes). | [
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George Langelaan | George Langelaan | George Langelaan (19 January 1908 – 9 February 1972) was a French-British writer and journalist born in Paris, France. He is best known for his 1957 short story "The Fly", which was the basis for the 1958 and 1986 sci-fi/horror films and a 2008 opera of the same name. | George Langelaan, né le à Paris et mort le, est un écrivain et journaliste franco-britannique qui fut agent secret du Special Operations Executive pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il passa la majeure partie de sa vie en France. Parfaitement bilingue, il écrivit la plupart de ses articles, nouvelles et romans en français. | [
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Dacoity | Dacoït | Dacoity is a term used for "banditry" in the Indian subcontinent. The spelling is the anglicised version of the Hindustani word "daaku", "dacoit" is a colloquial Indian English word with this meaning, it appears in the "Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases" (1903). Banditry is criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. The East India Company established the Thuggee and Dacoity Department in 1830, and the Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–1848 were enacted in British India under East India Company rule. Areas with ravines or forests, such as Chambal and Chilapata Forests, were once known for dacoits. | Les dacoïts (en hindi डकैत en ourdou ڈکیت, ḍakait, ou en bengali ডাকাত ḍakat signifiant "bandit armé") sont, en Inde, des bandes armées organisées de brigands formées, la plupart du temps, par des paysans dépossédés de leur terre ou des "hors-castes" (intouchables). Les dacoïts attaquent les trains, parfois les voyageurs en automobile, et livrent de véritables batailles rangées contre les forces de police ou l'armée appelée pour les réduire. | [
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Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbiaceae | The Euphorbiaceae are a large family, the spurge family, of flowering plants. In common English, they are sometimes called euphorbias, which is also the name of a genus in the family. Most spurges such as "Euphorbia paralias" are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are shrubs or trees, such as "Hevea brasiliensis". Some, such as "Euphorbia canariensis", are succulent and resemble cacti because of convergent evolution. This family occurs mainly in the tropics, with the majority of the species in the Indo-Malayan region and tropical America a strong second. A large variety occurs in tropical Africa, but they are not as abundant or varied as in the two other tropical regions. However, the Euphorbiaceae also have many species in nontropical areas such as the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, South Africa, and the Southern United States. | La famille des Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiacées) regroupe des plantes dicotylédones ; elle comprend près de espèces réparties en près de 220 genres. | [
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Raymond Queneau | Raymond Queneau | Raymond Queneau (; 21 February 1903 – 25 October 1976) was a French novelist, poet, critic, editor and co-founder and president of Oulipo ("Ouvroir de littérature potentielle"), notable for his wit and cynical humour. | Raymond Queneau, né au Havre le et mort à Paris le, est un romancier, poète, dramaturge français, cofondateur du groupe littéraire Oulipo. | [
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Carl Størmer | Carl Størmer | Fredrik Carl Mülertz Størmer (3 September 1874 – 13 August 1957) was a Norwegian mathematician and astrophysicist. In mathematics, he is known for his work in number theory, including the calculation of and Størmer's theorem on consecutive smooth numbers. In physics, he is known for studying the movement of charged particles in the magnetosphere and the formation of aurorae, and for his book on these subjects, "From the Depths of Space to the Heart of the Atom". He worked for many years as a professor of mathematics at the University of Oslo in Norway. A crater on the far side of the moon is named after him. | Frederik Carl Mülertz Størmer (- ) était un mathématicien et physicien norvégien qui étudia le mouvement des particules électrisées dans la magnétosphère et la formation des aurores polaires. | [
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James Van Allen | James Van Allen | James Alfred Van Allen (September 7, 1914August 9, 2006) was an American space scientist at the University of Iowa. He was instrumental in establishing the field of magnetospheric research in space. | James Alfred Van Allen ( - ) est un physicien et astronome américain qui étudia les propriétés des confins de l'atmosphère, notamment sur les propriétés magnétiques. | [
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Kristian Birkeland | Kristian Birkeland | Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland (13 December 1867 – 15 June 1917) was a Norwegian scientist. He is best remembered for his theories of atmospheric electric currents that elucidated the nature of the aurora borealis. In order to fund his research on the aurorae, he invented the electromagnetic cannon and the Birkeland–Eyde process of fixing nitrogen from the air. Birkeland was nominated for the Nobel Prize seven times. | Olaf Christian Bernhard Birkeland ( - ), qui signait toujours Kristian Birkeland, est un physicien norvégien qui s'intéressa au vent solaire et expliqua le mécanisme des aurores polaires. Afin de financer ses recherches il a inventé le canon magnétique et le procédé Birkeland-Eyde de fixation de l'azote. Ses contributions à la science l'ont amené à être proposé huit fois pour le prix Nobel (quatre fois en chimie et quatre fois en physique). | [
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Hannes Alfvén | Hannes Alfvén | Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (; 30 May 1908 – 2 April 1995) was a Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves. He was originally trained as an electrical power engineer and later moved to research and teaching in the fields of plasma physics and electrical engineering. Alfvén made many contributions to plasma physics, including theories describing the behavior of aurorae, the Van Allen radiation belts, the effect of magnetic storms on the Earth's magnetic field, the terrestrial magnetosphere, and the dynamics of plasmas in the Milky Way galaxy. | Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén ( à Norrköping, Suède - à Djursholm, Suède) était un astrophysicien suédois qui étudia le déplacement des particules électrisées et la propagation des ondes d'Alfvén dans le plasma de la magnétosphère. Il fut le premier à avoir employé le terme magnétohydrodynamique en 1942. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1970 pour ses travaux sur le sujet. | [
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Tower of London | Tour de Londres | The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was also used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952 (Kray twins), although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under kings Richard I, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site. | La tour de Londres (en anglais "Tower of London") est une forteresse historique située sur la rive nord de la Tamise à Londres en Angleterre à côté du "Tower Bridge". La tour se trouve dans le district londonien de "Tower Hamlets" situé à l'est de la Cité de Londres dans un espace appelé "Tower Hill". Sa construction commença vers la fin de l'année 1066 dans le cadre de la conquête normande de l’Angleterre. La tour Blanche ("White Tower") qui donna son nom à l'ensemble du château, fut construite sur l'ordre de Guillaume le Conquérant en 1078 et fut considérée comme un symbole de l'oppression infligée à Londres par la classe dirigeante. Le château fut utilisé comme prison dès 1100. Il servait également de grand palais et de résidence royale. Dans son ensemble, la tour est un complexe composé de plusieurs bâtiments entourés de deux murailles défensives concentriques et d'une douve. Il y eut plusieurs phases d'expansion, principalement lors des règnes de Richard, d'Henri III et d'Édouard aux s. Le plan général établi à la fin du n'évolua pas malgré les activités ultérieures dans ces murs. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Antoni Gaudí | Antoni Gaudí | Antoni Gaudí i Cornet (; ; 25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) was a Spanish architect known as the greatest exponent of Catalan Modernism. Gaudí's works have a highly individualized, one-of-a-kind style. Most are located in Barcelona, including his main work, the church of the Sagrada Família. | Antoni Gaudí i Cornet né le à Reus ou Riudoms et mort le à Barcelone, est un architecte catalan de nationalité espagnole et principal représentant du modernisme catalan. Son travail a marqué de façon durable l'architecture de Barcelone et constitue une. À ce titre, sous le nom d'« Œuvres de Gaudí », sept de ses œuvres ont été inscrites par l'UNESCO au patrimoine mondial de l'Humanité : le parc Güell, le palais Güell, la Casa Milà, la Casa Vicens, la façade de la Nativité et la crypte de la Sagrada Família, la Casa Batlló et la crypte de la Colonia Güell. | [
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Earth's magnetic field | Champ magnétique terrestre | Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth's interior out into space, where it interacts with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. The magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents of a mixture of molten iron and nickel in the Earth's outer core: these convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo. The magnitude of the Earth's magnetic field at its surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas (0.25 to 0.65 gauss). As an approximation, it is represented by a field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 11 degrees with respect to Earth's rotational axis, as if there were an enormous bar magnet placed at that angle through the center of the Earth. The North geomagnetic pole, which was in 2015 located on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, in the northern hemisphere, is actually the south pole of the Earth's magnetic field, and conversely. | Le champ magnétique terrestre, aussi appelé bouclier terrestre, est un champ magnétique présent dans un vaste espace autour de la Terre (de manière non uniforme du fait de son interaction avec le vent solaire) ainsi que dans la croûte et le manteau. Il a son origine dans le noyau externe, par un mécanisme de dynamo auto-excitée. | [
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Mazamet | Mazamet | Mazamet (Languedocien: "Masamet") is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France. It is the second-largest component of the Castres-Mazamet metropolitan area. | Mazamet est une commune française située dans le département du Tarn, au centre de la région Occitanie. Proche de l’Aude et de l’Hérault, au cœur du Parc naturel régional du Haut-Languedoc, la ville se situe à mi-chemin entre Toulouse et Béziers. Elle est la capitale du majestueux massif de la Montagne Noire. Ville d'environ, elle est la ville la plus importante de l'aire urbaine de Mazamet ( en 2016), et le centre d'une unité urbaine. | [
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EverQuest | EverQuest | EverQuest is a 3D fantasy-themed massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) originally developed by Verant Interactive and 989 Studios for Windows PCs. It was released by Sony Online Entertainment in March 1999 in North America, and by Ubisoft in Europe in April 2000. A dedicated version for macOS was released in June 2003, which operated for ten years before being shut down in November 2013. In June 2000, Verant Interactive was absorbed into Sony Online Entertainment, who took over full development and publishing duties of the title. Later, in February 2015, SOE's parent corporation, Sony Computer Entertainment, sold the studio to investment company Inception Acquisitions and was rebranded as Daybreak Game Company, which continues to develop and publish "EverQuest". | EverQuest (EQ) est un jeu de rôle en ligne massivement multijoueur sorti en mars 1999. L'idée originale est attribuée à Brad McQuaid, Steve Clover et Bill Trost. Pour jouer, il faut acheter le jeu puis souscrire un abonnement payant mensuel. Une version free to play d"EverQuest", ainsi qu'une version à prix réduit, sont disponibles depuis le 16 mars 2012 pour les 13 ans du jeu. Il a été développé par Verant Interactive et distribué par Sony Online Entertainment (SOE). | [
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Oxidation state | Nombre d'oxydation | The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state, which may be positive, negative or zero, is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic, with no covalent component. This is never exactly true for real bonds. | Le nombre d'oxydation (n.o.), ou degré d'oxydation (d.o.), est le nombre de charges électriques élémentaires réelles ou fictives que porte un atome au sein d'une espèce chimique (molécule, radical ou ion). Ce nombre, qui décrit l'état d'oxydation de l'atome, caractérise l'état électronique de l'élément chimique correspondant en considérant la charge réelle (dans le cas d'un ion monoatomique) ou fictive (si cet élément est combiné). La charge fictive se calcule, dans le cas des molécules, en considérant que l'élément : | [
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Placebo | Effet placebo | A placebo ( ) is a substance or treatment which is designed to have no therapeutic value. Common placebos include inert tablets (like sugar pills), inert injections (like saline), sham surgery, and other procedures. | Un placebo (du latin "placebō" : « je plairai », de "placeō" : « je plais ») est un procédé thérapeutique n'ayant pas d'efficacité propre ou spécifique mais agissant sur le patient par des mécanismes psychologique et physiologiques. Il existe diverses formes de placebo (médicamenteuses, physiques, chirurgicales). Dans le domaine du médicament, un est un traitement sans aucune substance active ; un est un produit actif sur le plan pharmacologique mais dépourvu d’effet sur la pathologie traitée, ou bien dont l’efficacité a été insuffisamment démontrée. | [
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