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St. Imier Congress | Congrès de Saint-Imier | The St. Imier Congress was a meeting of the Jura Federation and anti-authoritarian apostates of the First International in September 1872. | Le Congrès de Saint-Imier, qui s'est tenu les 15 et à Saint-Imier, dans le Jura suisse, a vu la fondation de l'Internationale anti-autoritaire par les anarchistes après l'éclatement de la Première Internationale, mettant un point final au conflit qui opposait les socialistes dits « marxistes » conduits par Karl Marx, et les tendances « libertaires » qu'incarnaient Michel Bakounine, James Guillaume ou encore Charles Perron, le cartographe d'Élisée Reclus. | [
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Referendum | Référendum | A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct and universal vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal and can have nationwide or local forms. This may result in the adoption of a new policy or specific law. In some countries, it is synonymous with a plebiscite or a vote on a ballot question. | Le référendum est un procédé par lequel une autorité politique consulte l'ensemble des citoyens d'une collectivité donnée sur une proposition concernant. | [
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Agamemnon | Agamemnon | In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (, "Ἀgamémnōn") was a king of Mycenae, the son, or grandson, of King Atreus and Queen Aerope of Mycenae, the brother of Menelaus, the husband of Clytemnestra and the father of Iphigenia, Electra or Laodike (Λαοδίκη), Orestes and Chrysothemis. Legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos, thought to be different names for the same area. When Menelaus's wife, Helen, was taken to Troy by Paris, Agamemnon commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan War. | Agamemnon (en grec ancien, « immuable, obstiné ») est un héros grec et roi de Mycènes. Membre de la famille des Atrides, il est marié à Clytemnestre, avec qui il a trois filles, Iphigénie, Chrysothémis et Électre/Laodicé, ainsi qu'un fils, Oreste. Il assume le commandement de l'armée achéenne durant la guerre de Troie. Dans ce cadre, il est souvent nommé comme le « roi des rois de toute la Grèce ». Durant le siège, il s'empare de Briséis, butin d'Achille, provoquant la colère de celui-ci narrée dans l’"Iliade". Après la chute de Troie, il rentre chez lui et est assassiné par son cousin Égisthe, devenu l'amant de son épouse Clytemnestre, qui elle-même tue Cassandre (concubine d'Agamemnon). | [
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Vitamin B12 | Vitamine B12 | Vitamin B, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body. It is one of eight B vitamins. It is a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. It is particularly important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin, and in the maturation of developing red blood cells in the bone marrow. | La, également appelée cobalamine, est une vitamine hydrosoluble essentielle au fonctionnement normal du cerveau (elle participe à la synthèse des neurotransmetteurs), du système nerveux (elle est indispensable au maintien de l'intégrité du système nerveux et tout particulièrement de la gaine de myéline qui protège les nerfs et optimise leur fonctionnement) et à la formation du sang. C'est l'une des huit vitamines B. Elle est normalement impliquée comme cofacteur dans le métabolisme de chacune des cellules du corps humain, plus particulièrement dans la synthèse de l'ADN et sa régulation ainsi que dans la synthèse des acides gras et dans la production d'énergie. | [
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Afrika Korps | Deutsches Afrikakorps | The Afrika Korps or German Africa Corps (, DAK ) was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of their African colonies, the formation fought on in Africa, under various appellations, from March 1941 until its surrender in May 1943. The unit's best known commander was Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. | Le'(en abrégé ',, ou DAK) était le quartier général commandant les divisions allemandes de panzers dans les déserts de Libye et d'Égypte occidentale, puis en Tunisie, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Peu à peu, le nom Afrikakorps engloba le QG et les unités militaires qui lui étaient rattachées. | [
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The Milky Way (1969 film) | La Voie lactée (film, 1969) | The Milky Way () is a 1969 surrealist film directed by Luis Buñuel. It stars Laurent Terzieff, Paul Frankeur, Delphine Seyrig, Georges Marchal and Michel Piccoli. Buñuel later called "The Milky Way" the first in a trilogy (along with "The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie" and "The Phantom of Liberty") about "the search for truth." | La Voie lactée est un film franco-germano-italien articulé autour des diverses hérésies du christianisme, de Luis Buñuel, sorti en 1969. | [
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Polygamy | Polygamie | Polygamy (from Late Greek, "polygamía", "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, sociologists call this polygyny. When a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called a group marriage. | La polygamie désigne un régime matrimonial où un individu est lié, au même moment, à plusieurs conjoints. Pour une femme ayant plusieurs hommes, on parle également de polyandrie ; pour un homme ayant plusieurs femmes, de polygynie. Quand deux ou plusieurs hommes ont une relation sexuelle exclusive avec deux ou plusieurs femmes, on parle de polygynandrie. | [
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Vitamin D | Vitamine D | Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D (ergocalciferol). | La vitamine D est une vitamine liposoluble (soluble dans les lipides). C'est une hormone retrouvée dans l'alimentation et synthétisée dans l'organisme humain à partir d'un dérivé du cholestérol ou d’ergostérol sous l'action des rayonnements UVB du Soleil. | [
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The Game of Love and Chance | Le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard | The Game of Love and Chance () is a three-act romantic comedy by French playwright Marivaux. "The Game of Love and Chance" was first performed 23 January 1730 by the Comédie Italienne. In this play, a young woman is visited by her betrothed, whom she does not know. To get a better idea of the type of person he is, she trades places with her servant and disguises herself. However, unbeknownst to her, her fiancé has the same idea and trades places with his valet. The "game" pits the two false servants against the two false masters, and in the end, the couples fall in love with their appropriate counterpart. | Le Jeu de l’amour et du hasard est une comédie en trois actes et en prose de Marivaux, représentée pour la première fois le par les comédiens italiens à l’hôtel de Bourgogne. C'est la pièce de Marivaux la plus célèbre et la plus représentée, tant en France qu'à l'étranger. | [
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Frankincense | Encens (résine oliban) | Frankincense (also known as olibanum,,, "al-libān" or "al-bakhūr", ) is an aromatic resin used in incense and perfumes, obtained from trees of the genus "Boswellia" in the family Burseraceae, particularly "Boswellia sacra" (syn. "B. bhaw-dajiana"), "B. carterii", "B. frereana", "B. serrata" ("B. thurifera", Indian frankincense), and "B. papyrifera". The word is from Old French ('high-quality incense'). | L'encens (le « s » final ne se prononce pas), appelé également oliban (substantif masculin issu du bas-latin "olibanum" du grec λίβανος "libanos" de l'arabe اللُّبَّان "al-lubbān"), est une oléo-gomme-résine aromatique. Le monde arabe tout comme les perses ont fortement contribué à sa diffusion. | [
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Battle of Crete | Bataille de Crète | The Battle of Crete (, also "Unternehmen Merkur", "Operation Mercury", ) was fought during the Second World War on the Greek island of Crete. It began on the morning of 20 May 1941, when Nazi Germany began an airborne invasion of Crete. Greek and other Allied forces, along with Cretan civilians, defended the island. After one day of fighting, the Germans had suffered heavy casualties and the Allied troops were confident that they would defeat the invasion. The next day, through communication failures, Allied tactical hesitation and German offensive operations, Maleme Airfield in western Crete fell, enabling the Germans to land reinforcements and overwhelm the defensive positions on the north of the island. Allied forces withdrew to the south coast. More than half were evacuated by the British Royal Navy and the remainder surrendered or joined the Cretan resistance. The defence of Crete evolved into a costly naval engagement; by the end of the campaign the Royal Navy's eastern Mediterranean strength had been reduced to only two battleships and three cruisers. | La bataille de Crète oppose les troupes britanniques et alliées (néo-zélandaises, australiennes et grecques) aux parachutistes allemands pendant 10 jours, du 20 au. Ce fut la dernière bataille de la campagne des Balkans. | [
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Pierre de Marivaux | Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux | Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux (4 February 1688 – 12 February 1763), commonly referred to as Marivaux, was a French novelist and dramatist. | Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux, plus connu sous le nom de Marivaux, né le et baptisé le à Paris où il meurt le, est un écrivain français. | [
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Vulgate | Vulgate | The Vulgate () is a late-4th century Latin translation of the Bible. It was to become the Catholic Church's officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible during the 16th century and is still used in the Latin Church alongside the Hebrew and Greek sources. | La Vulgate est une version latine de la Bible, traduite initialement par Jérôme de Stridon à la fin du directement depuis le texte hébreu de l'Ancien Testament et depuis le texte grec du Nouveau Testament, auxquels Jérôme et ses successeurs ont ajouté des adaptations de la "Vetus Latina" (« vieille [bible] latine »), une version plus ancienne traduite du grec de la "Septante". | [
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Oscar (1967 film) | Oscar (film) | Oscar is a 1967 French comedy of errors directed by Édouard Molinaro and starring Louis de Funès. In the movie, Louis de Funès plays an industrialist named Bertrand Barnier who discovers over the course of a single day that his daughter is pregnant, he has been robbed by an employee, and various other calamities have befallen his household and his business. | Oscar est un film français réalisé par Édouard Molinaro, sorti en 1967. Mettant en vedette Louis de Funès, le film raconte l'histoire d'un industriel (incarné par Louis de Funès) qui découvre au cours d'une seule journée que sa fille est enceinte, qu'il a été volé par un employé et que d'autres calamités se sont abattues dans sa maison et son entreprise. | [
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Robinia pseudoacacia | Robinia pseudoacacia | Robinia pseudoacacia, commonly known in its native territory as black locust, is a medium-sized hardwood deciduous tree, belonging to the tribe Robinieae. It is endemic to a few small areas of the United States, but it has been widely planted and naturalized elsewhere in temperate North America, Europe, Southern Africa and Asia and is considered an invasive species in some areas. Another common name is false acacia, a literal translation of the specific name ("pseudo" meaning fake or false and "acacia" referring to the genus of plants with the same name). It was introduced into Britain in 1636. | Le robinier faux-acacia ou acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) est une espèce de la famille des Fabacées (légumineuses de la sous-famille des "Viciaceae"). Cet arbre présente des fleurs zygomorphes caractéristiques chez les Fabacées. Ses fruits sont des gousses ressemblant à un haricot plat avec des graines à l'intérieur. | [
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Mehrgarh | Mehrgarh | Mehrgarh (Balochi: "Mehrgaŕh"; ) is a Neolithic site (dated c. 7000 BCE to c. 2500/2000 BCE), which lies on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan. Mehrgarh is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River valley and between the present-day Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. The site was discovered in 1974 by an archaeological team directed by French archaeologists Jean-François Jarrige and Catherine Jarrige, and was excavated continuously between 1974 and 1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. Archaeological material has been found in six mounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected. The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh—in the northeast corner of the site—was a small farming village dated between 7000 BCE and 5500 BCE. | Mehrgarh est un site néolithique du Pakistan, en Asie du Sud, et l'un des plus importants en archéologie pour l'étude des premiers peuplements néolithiques de la région. Le site se trouve au Baloutchistan pakistanais, dans la plaine du Kachi, près de la passe de Bolan, à l'ouest de la vallée de l'Indus et entre les villes actuelles de Quetta, Kalat et Sibi. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Refraction | Réfraction | In physics, refraction is the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another or from a gradual change in the medium. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves also experience refraction. How much a wave is refracted is determined by the change in wave speed and the initial direction of wave propagation relative to the direction of change in speed. | En physique des ondes, la réfraction désigne le fléchissement d'une onde (notamment optique, acoustique ou sismologique) à l'interface entre deux milieux aux vitesses de phase différentes sur le plan chimique ou physique (densité, impédance, température...) | [
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Embraer | Embraer | Embraer S.A. () is a Brazilian aerospace conglomerate that produces commercial, military, executive and agricultural aircraft and provides aeronautical services. It was founded in 1969 in São José dos Campos, São Paulo, where its headquarters are located. The company is the third largest producer of civil aircraft, after Boeing and Airbus. | Embraer ("Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica") est un constructeur aéronautique brésilien, spécialisé dans les avions civils de petite et de moyenne taille, utilisés dans l'aviation régionale, d'affaires et agricole jusqu'en 2018 et le rachat par Boeing. L'entreprise construit également des avions de chasse, de télédétection et de transport d'autorités. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Viscosity | Viscosité | The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. | La viscosité (du latin "", gui, glu) peut être définie comme l'ensemble des phénomènes de résistance au mouvement d'un fluide pour un écoulement avec ou sans turbulence. La viscosité diminue la liberté d'écoulement du fluide et dissipe son énergie. | [
250004,
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7840,
2481,
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Heinrich Himmler | Heinrich Himmler | Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was "Reichsführer" of the "Schutzstaffel" (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of the Holocaust. | Heinrich Himmler ( ) est l’un des plus hauts dignitaires du Troisième Reich, né le à Munich et mort par suicide le à Lunebourg. Il est "Reichsführer-SS", le maître absolu de la SS, "Chef der Deutschen Polizei" (chef de toutes les polices allemandes, dont la Gestapo) et, à partir de 1943, ministre de l'Intérieur du Reich et "" (responsable de l'équipement militaire de l'Armée de terre et commandant en chef de l'Armée de terre de réserve). Criminel de guerre, il est qualifié par certains auteurs allemands de « meurtrier du siècle » ("Jahrhundertmörder"). | [
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Memphis Belle (aircraft) | Memphis Belle | Memphis Belle is a Boeing B-17F Flying Fortress used during the Second World War that inspired the making of two motion pictures: a 1944 documentary film, "", and a 1990 Hollywood feature film, "Memphis Belle". The aircraft was one of the first United States Army Air Forces B-17 heavy bombers to complete 25 combat missions. The aircraft and crew then returned to the United States to sell war bonds. In 2005, restoration began on the aircraft at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio where, from May 2018, it is on display. | Le Memphis Belle est un bombardier B-17 "Flying Fortress" datant de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dont de nombreux films et reportages relatent les exploits. Ce fut le deuxième avion et équipage à réussir vingt-cinq missions trois jours après le Hell's Angels, signifiant à l'époque un billet de retour pour les États-Unis. Cet appareil est, en 2011, conservé au musée national de l'armée de l'air des États-Unis ("National Museum of the United States Air Force"), implanté sur la base aérienne Wright-Patterson, dans l'Ohio. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Constructive proof | Démonstration constructive | In mathematics, a constructive proof is a method of proof that demonstrates the existence of a mathematical object by creating or providing a method for creating the object. This is in contrast to a non-constructive proof (also known as an existence proof or "pure existence theorem"), which proves the existence of a particular kind of object without providing an example. For avoiding confusion with the stronger concept that follows, such a constructive proof is sometimes called an effective proof. | Une "première vision" d'une démonstration constructive est celle d'une démonstration mathématique qui respecte les contraintes des mathématiques intuitionnistes, c'est-à-dire qui ne fait pas appel à l'infini, ni au principe du tiers exclu. Ainsi, démontrer l'impossibilité de l'inexistence d'un objet ne constitue pas une démonstration constructive de son existence : il faut pour cela en exhiber un et expliquer comment le construire. | [
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Jasmine | Jasmin | Jasmine (taxonomic name Jasminum ) is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family (Oleaceae). It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia and Oceania. Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. A number of unrelated plants contain the word "Jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "Jasmine"). | Le mot jasmin désigne les plantes dicotylédones appartenant au genre "Jasminum". Le jasmin est, avec la rose, pour ce qui est des espèces odorantes et capiteuses, une des deux fleurs reines de la parfumerie. Son nom vient de l'arabe ("yāsamīn"), lui-même dérivé du moyen perse ("yāsaman"). La fleur généralement jaune ou blanche pousse sur un arbuste appartenant à la famille des Oléacées, surtout cultivé en Chine, dont beaucoup d'espèces sont originaires. Parmi plus de 200 espèces, les jasmins les plus utilisés en parfumerie sont "Jasminum grandiflorum", "Jasminum officinale" et "Jasminum odoratissimum". Les autres espèces sont pour la plupart cultivées dans les jardins comme arbustes d'ornement. | [
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Studio glass | Verrerie | Studio glass is the modern use of glass as an artistic medium to produce sculptures or three-dimensional artworks. The glass objects created are intended to make a sculptural or decorative statement. Their prices may range from a few hundred to hundreds of thousands of dollars (US). For the largest installations, the prices are in the millions. | La verrerie est l’art de la fabrication du verre et désigne aussi l’atelier du verrier. Depuis l’Égypte ancienne, le verre fascine par ses propriétés étranges. Translucide ou transparent, il se travaille au feu, un peu comme un métal. Fragile, il est aussi très dur une fois figé dans la forme qu’on lui a donnée. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Time Regained (film) | Le Temps retrouvé (film) | Time Regained () is a 1999 French drama film directed by the Chilean filmmaker Raúl Ruiz. It is an adaptation of the 1927 final volume of the seven-volume series "In Search of Lost Time" by Marcel Proust. The plot is about the anonymous narrator of "In Search of Lost Time" who reflects on his past experiences while lying on his deathbed. | Le Temps retrouvé est un film franco-italo-portugais réalisé par Raoul Ruiz d'après le roman homonyme de Marcel Proust et sorti en 1999. | [
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Pyrex | Pyrex | Pyrex (trademarked as PYREX) is a brand introduced by Corning Inc. in 1915 for a line of clear, low-thermal-expansion borosilicate glass used for laboratory glassware and kitchenware. It was later expanded to include clear and opal ware products made of soda-lime glass. | Le pyrex est un verre borosilicate présentant un faible coefficient de dilatation. Il est résistant à la chaleur car son coefficient de dilatation thermique est très faible. Pyrex est un nom de marque lexicalisé, c'est-à-dire entré dans le langage courant pour désigner des produits qui ne sont pas de marque Pyrex. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Rhinestone | Strass | A rhinestone, paste or diamante is a diamond simulant originally made from rock crystal but since the 19th century from crystal glass or polymers such as acrylic. | Le strass (appelé pierre du Rhin au Québec) est un verre imitant une gemme. Il est utilisé pour la confection de bijoux de fantaisie. Devenu un véritable accessoire de mode, le strass est utilisé partout : sur les vêtements, bijoux, objets de décoration, maquillage de fêtes, ornements de coiffures, tatouages temporaires, etc. | [
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Glassblowing | Soufflage du verre | Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten glass into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a blowpipe (or blow tube). A person who blows glass is called a "glassblower", "glassmith", or "gaffer". A "lampworker" (often also called a glassblower or glassworker) manipulates glass with the use of a torch on a smaller scale, such as in producing precision laboratory glassware out of borosilicate glass. | Le soufflage du verre est la technique qui permet de produire en verre des volumes en creux (à partir d'un manchon initial), ou dans des techniques anciennes de miroiterie, de constituer les vitres et glaces, par simple déroulement du manchon initial. Ce travail se fait au moyen de la canne de verrier. | [
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History of glass | Histoire du verre | The history of glass-making dates back to at least 3,600 in Mesopotamia, however some claim they may have been producing copies of glass objects from Egypt. Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid 2,000, were beads, perhaps initially created as the accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing. Glass products remained a luxury until the disasters that overtook the late Bronze Age civilizations seemingly brought glass-making to a halt. | L’histoire du verre remonte à la Préhistoire : en, l'obsidienne, un verre volcanique naturel, est déjà taillée par l'homme pour former des pointes de flèches ; les tectites, billes de verre formées par des impacts avec des météorites, servent également de bijoux ; enfin, les fulgurites, petits tubes issus de la fusion du sable atteint par un éclair, sont connus. | [
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Siege of Harfleur | Siège d'Harfleur | The Siege of Harfleur (18 August – 22 September 1415) was conducted by the English army of King Henry V in Normandy, France, during the Hundred Years' War. The defenders of Harfleur surrendered to the English on terms and were treated as prisoners of war. The English army was considerably reduced by casualties and an outbreak of dysentery during the siege but marched towards Calais, less a garrison left behind at the port. The English were intercepted en route and fought the Battle of Agincourt (25 October), inflicting a huge defeat on the French. | Le siège d'Harfleur par Henri V d'Angleterre commence le et dure jusqu'à la reddition de la ville près d'un mois après le. | [
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Lead glass | Cristal (verre) | Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass. Lead glass contains typically 18–40% (by weight) lead(II) oxide (PbO), while modern lead crystal, historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source, contains a minimum of 24% PbO. Lead glass is often desirable for a variety of uses due to its clarity. | Le cristal est un type de verre riche en plomb (jusqu'à 40 % de la masse en plus, et au moins 24 % d'oxyde de plomb PbO doit avoir été ajouté au verre). | [
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EEPROM | Electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory | EEPROM (also EPROM) stands for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers, integrated in microcontrollers for smart cards and remote keyless systems, and other electronic devices to store relatively small amounts of data but allowing individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed. | La mémoire EEPROM (' ou mémoire morte effaçable électriquement et programmable) (aussi appelée E2PROM ou E2PROM) est un type de mémoire morte. Une mémoire morte est une mémoire utilisée pour enregistrer des informations qui ne doivent pas être perdues lorsque l'appareil qui les contient n'est plus alimenté en électricité.VII.1. Registres utilisés | [
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Dassault Mirage 2000 | Dassault Mirage 2000 | The Dassault Mirage 2000 is a French multirole, single-engine fourth-generation jet fighter manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It was designed in the late 1970s as a lightweight fighter to replace the Mirage III for the French Air Force ("Armée de l'Air"). The Mirage 2000 evolved into a multirole aircraft with several variants developed, with sales to a number of nations. It was later developed into the Mirage 2000N and 2000D strike variants, the improved Mirage 2000-5 and several export variants. Over 600 aircraft were built and it has been in service with nine nations. | Le Mirage 2000 est un avion de chasse conçu par la société française Dassault Aviation à la fin des années 1970. Bien que la formule à aile delta fasse penser au des années 1960 et que le soit de taille comparable, il s'agit en fait d'un avion entièrement nouveau, avec une surface alaire plus importante, naturellement instable pour améliorer sa manœuvrabilité et équipé de commandes de vol électriques. Mis en service en 1984, le est principalement utilisé par l'Armée de l'air française qui en a reçu, tandis que ont été exportés vers huit pays différents. | [
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List of World War II films | Liste de films sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale | This is a list of fictional feature films or miniseries which feature events of World War II in the narrative. | La liste de films sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale comprend des films (et téléfilms et séries) de fiction, de propagande et documentaires consacrés aux différents aspects relatifs à la Seconde Guerre mondiale (dont les différents conflits qui opposèrent les forces de l'Axe aux forces alliés en Europe, au Pacifique et en Afrique ; les faits de résistances et de collaborations ; et la déportation et extermination de juifs. Les films sont classés chronologiquement, puis alphabétiquement s'il y a plusieurs films de la même année. | [
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Conquistador | Conquistador | Conquistadors (also spelled conquistadores)(,,, ; from Spanish and ) were the knights, soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, conquering territory and opening trade routes. They colonized much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. | Les conquistadors (terme qui signifie "conquérants" en castillan et en portugais) sont des explorateurs, et plus généralement les chefs d'expédition et leurs soldats qui ont exploré puis conquis le Nouveau Monde du s pour la couronne de Castille, participant directement à la conquête de l'Amérique. Cet épisode de l'histoire est désigné sous le terme colonisation espagnole des Amériques. Un processus similaire eut lieu ultérieurement dans le pacifique, aux Philippines et Guam. Plus que de simples explorateurs (dans le sens aventuriers, ou grands navigateurs), ils ont un caractère essentiellement militaire. Au Brésil, le terme utilisé pour la colonisation est "bandeirante". | [
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NRJ Group | NRJ Group | The NRJ Group (NRJ is an acronym read as "énergie" in French, pronounced ) () is a French multimedia group based in Paris. Its founders are Jean-Paul Baudecroux and Max Guazzini. Since its foundation in 1981 as a French pop music radio station it has grown and evolved to become the NRJ Group. NRJ is the most popular radio station in France with 6,159,000 listeners daily. | NRJ Group est un groupe audiovisuel français qui s'est d'abord développé autour de la radio NRJ, créée le, puis plus tard avec la chaîne de télévision NRJ 12 lancée le. Le fondateur du groupe NRJ est Jean-Paul Baudecroux. | [
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Boeing B-29 Superfortress | Boeing B-29 Superfortress | The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War. Named in allusion to its predecessor, the B-17 Flying Fortress, the Superfortress was designed for high-altitude strategic bombing but also excelled in low-altitude night incendiary bombing, and in dropping naval mines to blockade Japan. B-29s also dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, becoming the only aircraft to ever use nuclear weaponry in combat. | Le Boeing B-29 "Superfortress" est un bombardier lourd quadrimoteur à hélices et à long rayon d'action utilisé par les États-Unis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et la guerre de Corée. Conçu par Boeing comme le et développé à partir de 1938, le B-29 est l'un des plus gros avions utilisés lors de ces conflits ; lors de son entrée en service, il est à la pointe de la technologie. En comptant les coûts de conception et de production, le projet B-29 est le programme d'armement américain le plus cher de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dépassant le coût du projet Manhattan de plus d'un milliard de dollars. C'est le premier bombardier américain à recevoir une cabine pressurisée, ainsi qu'un système de tourelles contrôlées à distance ; il est équipé d'un train d'atterrissage tricycle. Le nom « "Superfortress" » suit le modèle que Boeing a lancé avec le prédécesseur du B-29, le B-17 "Flying Fortress" (forteresse volante). Conçu comme un bombardier stratégique à haute altitude, le B-29 se montre tout aussi capable de réaliser des missions de bombardement incendiaire à basse altitude. L'un des derniers rôles du B-29 au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale est de réaliser les bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki. | [
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Vladimir Tatlin | Vladimir Tatline | Vladimir Tatlin ( – 31 May 1953) was a Russian and Soviet painter, architect and stage-designer. Tatlin achieved fame as the architect who designed The Monument to the Third International, more commonly known as Tatlin's Tower, which he began in 1919. With Kazimir Malevich he was one of the two most important figures in the Soviet avant-garde art movement of the 1920s, and he later became an important artist in the Constructivist movement. | Vladimir Ievgrafovitch Tatline (en ), en ), né le à Kharkiv et mort le à Moscou, est un peintre et sculpteur soviétique constructiviste. | [
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Jean-Christophe Rufin | Jean-Christophe Rufin | Jean-Christophe Rufin (born 28 June 1952) is a French doctor, diplomat, historian, globetrotter and novelist. He is the president of Action Against Hunger, one of the earliest members of Médecins Sans Frontières, and a member of the Académie française. | Jean-Christophe Rufin, né le à Bourges dans le Cher, est un médecin, écrivain et diplomate français. Il a été élu en 2008 à l'Académie française, dont il devient alors le plus jeune membre. Ancien président d'Action contre la faim, il a été ambassadeur de France au Sénégal et en Gambie. | [
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Free will | Libre arbitre | Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded. Free will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, guilt, sin, and other judgements which apply only to actions that are freely chosen. It is also connected with the concepts of advice, persuasion, deliberation, and prohibition. Traditionally, only actions that are freely willed are seen as deserving credit or blame. Whether free will exists, what it is and the implications of whether it exists or not are some of the longest running debates of philosophy and religion. | Le libre arbitre est la faculté qu’aurait l'être humain de se déterminer librement et par lui seul, à agir et à penser, par opposition au déterminisme ou au fatalisme, qui affirment que la volonté serait déterminée dans chacun de ses actes par des « forces » qui l’y nécessitent. « Se déterminer à » ou « être déterminé par » illustrent l’enjeu de l’antinomie du libre arbitre d'un côté et du destin ou de la « nécessité » de l'autre. | [
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Bridge | Pont | A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a body of water, valley, or road, without closing the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, usually something that can be detrimental to cross otherwise. There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it. | Un pont est une construction qui permet de franchir un obstacle naturel ou artificiel (dépression, cours d'eau, voie de communication, vallée, ravin, canyon) en passant par-dessus. Le franchissement supporte le passage d'humains et de véhicules dans le cas d'un pont routier, ou d'eau dans le cas d'un aqueduc. On désigne également comme écoduc ou écopont, des passages construits ou « réservés » dans un milieu aménagé, pour permettre aux espèces animales, végétales, fongiques, etc. de traverser des obstacles construits par l'être humain ou résultant de ses activités. Les ponts font partie de la famille des ouvrages d'art. Leur construction relève du génie civil. | [
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Glenn Miller | Glenn Miller | Alton Glenn Miller (March 1, 1904 – disappeared December 15, 1944) was an American big-band trombonist, arranger, composer, and bandleader in the swing era. He was the best-selling recording artist from 1939 to 1942, leading one of the best-known big bands. Miller's recordings include "In the Mood", "Moonlight Serenade", "Pennsylvania 6-5000", "Chattanooga Choo Choo", "A String of Pearls", "At Last", "(I've Got a Gal In) Kalamazoo", "American Patrol", "Tuxedo Junction", "Elmer's Tune", and "Little Brown Jug". In just four years Glenn Miller scored 16 number-one records and 69 top ten hits—more than Elvis Presley (38 top 10s) and the Beatles (33 top 10s) did in their careers. While he was traveling to entertain U.S. troops in France during World War II, Miller's aircraft disappeared in bad weather over the English Channel. | Glenn Miller (Alton Glenn Miller) est un tromboniste, compositeur, et chef d'orchestre de big band jazz & swing américain, né le à Clarinda, Iowa et disparu à l'age de 40 ans, probablement au-dessus de la Manche, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le. Recordman de vente de disque de 1939 à 1943, avec son "« Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band »" de l'US Air Force, durant la seconde Guerre mondiale, il fait partie de la légende internationale emblématique des big band jazz & swing américains des années 1930 et années 1940, avec ses nombreux tubes dont "In the Mood, Chattanooga Choo Choo, Moonlight Serenade, Tuxedo Junction, American Patrol"... | [
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Koh-i-Noor | Koh-i Nor | The Koh-i-Noor (; "Mountain of light"), also spelt Kohinoor and Koh-i-Nur, is one of the largest cut diamonds in the world, weighing. It is part of the British Crown Jewels. | Le Koh-i Nor ou Kuh-e Nûr ou Koh-i-Noor est un diamant de () actuellement monté sur la couronne de la famille royale britannique, exposée avec les joyaux de la Couronne britannique à la Tour de Londres. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Planck's law | Loi de Planck | Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature "T", when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment. | La loi de Planck définit la distribution de luminance énergétique spectrale du rayonnement thermique du corps noir à l'équilibre thermique en fonction de sa température thermodynamique. La loi est nommée d'après le physicien allemand Max Planck, qui l'a formulée en 1900. C'est un résultat précurseur de la physique moderne et de la théorie quantique. | [
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Anna Karina | Anna Karina | Anna Karina (born Hanne Karin Bayer, 22 September 194014 December 2019) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress, director, writer, and singer. She rose to prominence as French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godard's muse in the 1960s, performing in several of his films, including "The Little Soldier", "A Woman Is a Woman", "My Life to Live",'("Band of Outsiders"),'("Crazy Pete") and "Alphaville". For her performance in "A Woman Is a Woman", Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival. | Hanne Karin Bayer, dite Anna Karina, née le à Solbjerg au Danemark et morte le à Paris, est une actrice, chanteuse et écrivaine française d'origine danoise. | [
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Juan Ponce de León | Juan Ponce de León | Juan Ponce de León (; 1474 – July 1521), commonly known as Ponce de León (,, ), was a Spanish explorer and "conquistador" known for leading the first official European expedition to Florida and the first governor of Puerto Rico. He was born in Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain in 1474. Though little is known about his family, he was of noble birth and served in the Spanish military from a young age. He first came to the Americas as a "gentleman volunteer" with Christopher Columbus's second expedition in 1493. | Juan Ponce de León (c. 1460 – juillet 1521) est un conquistador espagnol. Premier gouverneur de Porto Rico, il est souvent considéré comme le premier Européen à avoir exploré la Péninsule de Floride. La légende de la recherche de la fontaine de jouvence est attachée à cette exploration. | [
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Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress | Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress | The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engined heavy bomber developed in the 1930s for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry (prototype Model 299/XB-17) outperformed both competitors and exceeded the air corps' performance specifications. Although Boeing lost the contract (to the Douglas B-18 Bolo) because the prototype crashed, the air corps ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances, becoming the third-most produced bomber of all time, behind the four-engined B-24 and the multirole, twin-engined Ju 88. | Le Boeing B-17 "Flying Fortress" est l'un des bombardiers américains, voire alliés, les plus connus de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et surtout celui qui a largué le plus gros tonnage de bombes tout au long du conflit. Conçu dans la seconde moitié des années 1930, le B-17 a été construit à et a servi sur tous les théâtres d'opération jusqu'en 1945. | [
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Khaled (musician) | Khaled (chanteur) | Khaled Hadj Ibrahim (, born 29 February 1960), better known by his mononym Khaled (, ), is an Algerian musician, singer and songwriter born in Oran, Algeria. He began recording in his early teens under the name Cheb Khaled (, Arabic for "Young" Khaled, as opposed to the traditionalist Sheikh elders). He was crowned "King of Raï" in the first Raï festival in Oran and has since become the world’s best-known Arab singer. His most famous songs are "Didi", "El Arbi", "Aïcha" and "C'est la vie" as well as "Alech Taadi", which was prominently featured in the 1997 film "The Fifth Element". | Khaled Hadj Ibrahim (en ), connu sous le nom de scène Cheb Khaled puis juste Khaled (), né le à Oran en Algérie, est un chanteur, compositeur et multi-instrumentiste algérien de raï. Il a commencé à enregistrer au début de son adolescence sous le nom de Cheb Khaled (arabe pour « Jeune » Khaled, par opposition aux traditionalistes anciens cheikhs) et est devenu le chanteur algérien le plus célèbre au niveau international dans le monde arabe et à travers plusieurs continents. Sa popularité lui a valu le titre officieux de « Roi du Raï ». Ses chansons les plus célèbres en France, sont "Didi", "Aïcha" et "C'est la vie". | [
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Myrrh | Myrrhe | Myrrh (; from Aramaic, but see "§ Etymology") is a natural gum or resin extracted from a number of small, thorny tree species of the genus "Commiphora". Myrrh resin has been used throughout history as a perfume, incense, and medicine. Myrrh mixed with wine was common across ancient cultures, for general pleasure and as an analgesic. | La myrrhe est une gomme-résine aromatique produite par l'arbre à myrrhe ("Commiphora myrrha" ou "Commiphora molmol"), appelé aussi « myrrhe ». | [
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Minister (government) | Ministre | A minister is a politician who heads a ministry, making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers. In some jurisdictions the head of government is also a minister and is designated the ’prime minister’, ‘premier’, ’chief minister’, ’chancellor’ or other title. | Un ministre est un agent du pouvoir gouvernemental qui est à la tête d'un ministère ou d'un département ministériel, tel que les finances, la défense ou la santé. Il dirige les départements ministériels qui sont sous ses ordres, représente l'État pour ce qui concerne son ministère (ou département ministériel) et représente son administration au sein du gouvernement. Il agit généralement sous la direction d'un Premier ministre (en France, au Canada ou en Grande-Bretagne par exemple), d'un président du Conseil (en Italie), d'un chancelier fédéral (en Allemagne et en Autriche) ou d'un président (aux États-Unis). Il est généralement responsable devant le pouvoir législatif de la bonne exécution des services qu'il dirige. | [
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Gloster Gladiator | Gloster Gladiator | The Gloster Gladiator was a British-built biplane fighter. It was used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) (as the Sea Gladiator variant) and was exported to a number of other air forces during the late 1930s. | Le Gloster Gladiator (ou Gloster SS.37) est un avion de chasse biplan britannique de l'entre-deux-guerres. Il fut utilisé par la Royal Air Force (RAF) et la Fleet Air Arm (FAA) (version Sea Gladiator) et fut exporté dans de nombreuses forces armées fin des années 1930. Ce fut le dernier chasseur biplan de la RAF. Bien que souvent opposé à des ennemis plus redoutables au cours des premiers jours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il s'acquitta assez bien des combats. | [
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Paragliding | Parapente | Paragliding is the recreational and competitive adventure sport of flying paragliders: lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure. The pilot sits in a harness suspended below a fabric wing. Wing shape is maintained by the suspension lines, the pressure of air entering vents in the front of the wing, and the aerodynamic forces of the air flowing over the outside. | Le parapente est un aéronef dérivé du parachute, permettant la pratique du vol libre ou du paramoteur. De nos jours, son utilisation, qui constitue un loisir et un sport, est indépendante du parachutisme et se rapproche plus d'autres pratiques de sports aériens comme le vol à voile ou le deltaplane. Le mini parapente étend encore les possibilités de pratiques. | [
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Phoney War | Drôle de guerre | The Phoney War (; ) was an eight-month period at the start of World War II, during which there was only one limited military land operation on the Western Front, when French troops invaded Germany's Saar district. The Phoney period began with the declaration of war by the United Kingdom and France against Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939, and ended with the German invasion of France and the Low Countries on 10 May 1940. Although there was no large-scale military action by Britain and France, they did begin economic warfare, especially with the naval blockade, and shut down German surface raiders. They created elaborate plans for numerous large-scale operations designed to swiftly and decisively cripple the German war effort. These included opening an Anglo-French front in the Balkans, invading Norway to seize control of Germany's main source of iron ore and a strike against the Soviet Union, to cut off its supply of oil to Germany. Only the Norway plan came to fruition, and it was too little too late in April 1940. | La « drôle de guerre » (en, « fausse guerre » ; en, « guerre assise » ; en, « guerre étonnante ») est la période du début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui se situe entre la déclaration de guerre par le Royaume-Uni et la France (les Alliés) à l'Allemagne nazie le et l'offensive allemande du sur le théâtre européen du conflit. Cette période se caractérise par : | [
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Miklós Zrínyi | Miklós Zrínyi | Miklós VII Zrínyi or Nikola VII Zrinski (Hungarian: "Zrínyi Miklós", Croatian: "Nikola Zrinski"; 5 January 1620 – 18 November 1664) was a Croatian and Hungarian military leader, statesman and poet. He was a member of the House of Zrinski (or Zrínyi), a Croatian-Hungarian noble family. He is the author of the first epic poem, "The Peril of Sziget", in Hungarian literature. | Le comte Nicolas de Zrin (Miklós Zrínyi en hongrois, Nikola Zrinski en croate), né le à Čakovec et mort le à Kuršanec, est un militaire et homme d'État croate et hongrois, et un écrivain de langue hongroise. | [
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Gisèle Casadesus | Gisèle Casadesus | Gisèle Casadesus (14 June 1914 – 24 September 2017) was a French actress, who appeared in numerous theatre and film productions. She was an honorary member of the Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and "Grand-Croix" of the National Order of Merit. In a career spanning more than 80 years, Casadesus appeared in more than a dozen films after turning 90. | Gisèle Casadesus est une comédienne française, née le à Paris où elle est morte le. Doyenne des sociétaires de la Comédie-Française et grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur, elle a reçu en 2003 un Molière d'honneur pour l'ensemble de sa carrière. | [
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Amur | Amour (fleuve) | The Amur (, ), or Heilong Jiang (, "Black Dragon River", ), is the world's tenth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China (Inner Manchuria). The Amur proper is long, and has a drainage basin of. Including its source river Argun, it is long. The largest fish species in the Amur is the kaluga, attaining a length as great as. The river basin is home to a variety of large predatory fish such as northern snakehead, Amur pike, taimen, Amur catfish, predatory carp and yellowcheek, as well as the northernmost populations of the Amur softshell turtle and Indian lotus. | LAmour (en, voir ci-dessous) est un fleuve d'Asie. Il s'étend sur depuis la source de l'Argoun, ce qui en fait le premier fleuve de Sibérie — moins long toutefois que le système formé par l'Ob et son affluent l'Irtych — et le cinquième d'Asie pour la longueur de son cours. Il se jette dans le détroit de Tatarie, face à l'île de Sakhaline, juste au sud de la mer d'Okhotsk (nord de l'océan Pacifique). Une grande partie de son cours marque la frontière entre l'extrême-orient russe et la Chine. Son bassin versant s'étend sur une partie de la Mongolie, de la Chine et de la Russie. | [
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Huy | Huy | Huy (; ; ) is a municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Liège Province. Huy lies along the river Meuse, at the mouth of the small river Hoyoux. It is in the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia, home to the Walloon population. The Huy municipality includes the sub-municipalities of Ben-Ahin, Neuville-sous-Huy, and Tihange. | Huy (en néerlandais "Hoei", en wallon "Hu") est une ville francophone de Belgique située en Région wallonne, chef-lieu d'arrondissement en province de Liège. | [
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Toleration | Tolérance | Toleration is the allowing, permitting, or acceptance of an action, idea, object, or person which one dislikes or disagrees with. Political scientist Andrew R. Murphy explains that "We can improve our understanding by defining "toleration" as a set of social or political practices and "tolerance" as a set of attitudes.". Where "Random House Dictionary" defines tolerance as "a fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, beliefs, practices, racial or ethnic origins, etc., differ from one's own;" toleration is the practice of applying those attitudes within a social or political setting. | En général, la tolérance, du latin "tolerare" (supporter) et "tolerantia" (endurance, patience, résignation), désigne la capacité à permettre ce que l'on désapprouve, c'est-à-dire ce que l'on devrait normalement refuser. En construction ou en dessin par exemple, on dit qu'on peut "tolérer" une certaine marge d'erreur. | [
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Lost-wax casting | Cire perdue | Lost-wax casting (also called "investment casting", "precision casting", or cire perdue which has been adopted into English from the French) is the process by which a duplicate metal sculpture (often silver, gold, brass or bronze) is cast from an original sculpture. Intricate works can be achieved by this method. | La cire perdue est un procédé de moulage de précision, pour obtenir une sculpture en métal (tel que argent, or, bronze, cuivre, aluminium) à partir d'un modèle en cire. Ce modèle en cire sera ensuite éliminée par chauffage pendant l'opération. Il faut donc l'envelopper dans une matière réfractaire et permettre au métal ou au verre de prendre la place de la cire, par des entonnoirs et des conduits, après qu'elle s'est écoulée par d'autres conduits. Il est nécessaire, en conséquence de placer sur la sculpture en cire des éléments coniques qui serviront d'entonnoirs et appelés « jets », et des filaments qui serviront de conduits aux matières et à l'air, et appelés « évents ». Cônes et filaments sont donc réalisés en cire, comme la sculpture. L'ensemble est alors revêtu d'un moule fait de ciment réfractaire, en veillant à laisser émerger la base des cônes. Après solidification du revêtement, la cire sera évacuée par la chaleur, laissant un creux qui sera rempli via les jets. Les évents permettent à la fois l'évacuation de l'air et une bonne répartition de la matière dans les détails du moule. Ce moule doit ensuite être détruit par voie mécanique ou chimique pour récupérer l'exemplaire réalisé. Celui-ci devra alors être débarrassé des traces des jets et des évents. | [
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Val Saint Lambert | Cristalleries du Val-Saint-Lambert | Val Saint Lambert is a Belgian crystal glassware manufacturer, founded in 1826 and based in Seraing. It has the royal warrant of King Albert II. | Les cristalleries du Val-Saint-Lambert furent créées en 1826 sur le site d'une ancienne abbaye à Seraing, près de Liège, en Belgique. De renommée mondiale, elles connurent une production intense et de grande qualité. | [
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Andrés Segovia | Andrés Segovia | Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987), known as Andrés Segovia, was a virtuoso Spanish classical guitarist from Linares, Spain. Many professional classical guitarists today were students of Segovia, or students of his students. Segovia's contribution to the modern-romantic repertoire not only included commissions but also his own transcriptions of classical or baroque works. He is remembered for his expressive performances: his wide palette of tone, and his distinctive musical personality, phrasing and style. | Andrés Segovia Torres, marquis de Salobreña (né le à Linares, Espagne – mort le à Madrid) est un guitariste classique virtuose espagnol. | [
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Refractory | Matériau réfractaire | A refractory material or refractory is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack, and retains strength and form at high temperatures. Refractories are inorganic, nonmetallic, porous, and heterogeneous. They are typically composed of oxides of the following materials: silicon, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, and zirconium. | Un matériau réfractaire est un matériau qui a une forte résistance à un facteur (physique, chimique, biologique) susceptible de le dégrader, le plus souvent la chaleur. Par exemple, un four à pain peut être fait de briques réfractaires. | [
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Ida Presti | Ida Presti | Ida Presti (31 May 1924 – 24 April 1967) was a French classical guitarist and composer. She first came to prominence as a child prodigy, before maturing into what Alice Artzt has called "the greatest guitarist of the 20th century, and possibly of all time." | Ida Presti est une guitariste française, née Yvette Montagnon à Suresnes (France) le et morte à Rochester (États-Unis) le. | [
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John Williams (guitarist) | John Williams (guitariste) | John Christopher Williams, (born 24 April 1941) is an Australian virtuosic classical guitarist renowned for his ensemble playing as well as his interpretation and promotion of the modern classical guitar repertoire. In 1973, he shared a Grammy Award in the Best Chamber Music Performance category with fellow guitarist Julian Bream for "Julian and John (Works by Lawes, Carulli, Albéniz, Granados)". Guitar historian Graham Wade has said: "John is perhaps the most technically accomplished guitarist the world has seen." | John Christopher Williams est un guitariste australien né le à Melbourne en Australie. John Williams est actuellement l'un des plus grands guitaristes classiques au monde. Il a commencé son apprentissage de la musique avec son père. À l'âge de douze ans, il se rendit en Espagne pour étudier avec Andrés Segovia. Il intégra par la suite le Royal College of Music de Londres. | [
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Keychain | Porte-clefs | A keychain, or keyring, is a small chain, usually made from metal or plastic, that connects a small item to a keyring. The length of a keychain allows an item to be used more easily than if connected directly to a keyring. Some keychains allow one or both ends the ability to rotate, keeping the keychain from becoming twisted, while the item is being used. | Un porte-clé, porte-clef(s), ou porteclé (selon les Rectifications orthographiques de 1990) est un accessoire servant à rassembler en un faisceau unique plusieurs clés d'usage et de forme différentes, ou à permettre d'ajouter une étiquette à une clé, ou encore à éviter la perte d'une clé en lui ajoutant un objet d'un certain poids ou d'un certain volume, ou un flotteur. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Scoubidou | Scoubidou | Scoubidou (Craftlace, gimp, lanyard, scoubi, scoobie, boondoggle, color wraps, neckspressions, or rex-lace) is a knotting craft, originally aimed at children. It originated in France, where it became a fad in the late 1950s and has remained popular. It is named after the 1958 song of the same name by the French singer Sacha Distel. | Le Scoubidou est un loisir créatif qui est apparu en France en 1958 et a été célébré l'année suivante dans la chanson éponyme de Sacha Distel. La mode en est réapparue dans les années 1980. À l'aide de tuyaux en plastique souple de section millimétrique, on tresse d'interminables boudins colorés - carrés ou polygonaux, droits ou torsadés - qui peuvent être utilisés comme bracelets ou porte-clefs. Il est possible de faire d'autres scoubidous plus complexes (triangulés, en croix...) voire des personnages, objets ou animaux selon l'imagination du créateur. | [
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École de Nancy | École de Nancy (art) | École de Nancy, or the Nancy School, was a group of Art Nouveau artisans and designers working in Nancy, France between 1890 and 1914. Major figures included the furniture designer Louis Majorelle, ebenist and glass artist Jacques Grüber, the glass and furniture designer Émile Gallé, and the crystal manufactory of Daum. Their work was largely inspired by floral and vegetal forms found in the region. The goal of the group was to produce in series ordinary objects, such as furniture, glassware, and pottery, with fine craftsmanship and in original forms, making art objects available for people's homes. | L'école de Nancy, Alliance provinciale des industries d'art (en général appelée seulement école de Nancy) est le fer de lance de l'Art nouveau en France, dont l'inspiration essentielle est à chercher dans les formes végétales : ginkgo, ombelle, berce du Caucase, nénuphar, chardon ou encore cucurbitacée ; et animales, comme les libellules. Cette alliance s'appuie sur une recherche d'utilisation poussée dans la verrerie, la ferronnerie, l'acier, le bois, pour mettre le beau dans les mains de tous et ainsi faire entrer l'art dans les foyers. | [
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Lemniscate | Lemniscate | In algebraic geometry, a lemniscate is any of several figure-eight or -shaped curves. The word comes from the Latin "lēmniscātus" meaning "decorated with ribbons", from the Greek λημνίσκος meaning "ribbons", or which alternatively may refer to the wool from which the ribbons were made. | Une lemniscate est une courbe plane ayant la forme d'un 8. Elle possède deux axes de symétrie perpendiculaires. Ceux-ci se coupent en un point double de la courbe, également son centre de symétrie. | [
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert | Jean-Baptiste Colbert | Jean-Baptiste Colbert (; 29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French statesman who served as First Minister of State from 1661 until his death in 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His lasting impact on the organisation of the country's politics and markets, known as Colbertism, a doctrine often characterised as a variant of mercantilism, earned him the nickname "le Grand Colbert" (; "the Great Colbert"). | Jean-Baptiste Colbert, né le à Reims et mort le à Paris, est à partir de 1665 un des principaux ministres de Louis XIV, en tant que contrôleur général des finances (1665-1683), secrétaire d'État de la Maison du roi et secrétaire d'État de la Marine (1669-1683). | [
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Plane curve | Courbe plane | In mathematics, a plane curve is a curve in a plane that may be either a Euclidean plane, an affine plane or a projective plane. The most frequently studied cases are smooth plane curves (including piecewise smooth plane curves), and algebraic plane curves. Plane curves also include the Jordan curves (curves that enclose a region of the plane but need not be smooth) and the graphs of continuous functions. | En mathématiques, plus précisément en géométrie, une courbe plane est une courbe qui est entièrement contenue dans un (unique) plan, et qui est identifiable à une fonction continue : | [
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National Fascist Party | Parti national fasciste | The National Fascist Party (, PNF) was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian Fascism (previously represented by groups known as "Fasci"). The party ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 when Fascists took power with the March on Rome until the fall of the Fascist regime in 1943, when Mussolini was deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism. | Le Parti national fasciste (en italien,': PNF) était le parti politique italien qui représentait l'idéologie fasciste. Fondé en par Mussolini, il trouve ses origines dans les faisceaux italiens de combat, créés en alors que le royaume d'Italie est en proie à des troubles économiques et sociaux, liés à la sortie du premier conflit mondial. Entre 1919 et 1921, ces faisceaux font régner en Italie une agitation dirigée essentiellement contre le PSI, ses militants et ses organisations. | [
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Allas-Champagne | Allas-Champagne | Allas-Champagne is a French commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Allasiens" or "Allasiennes" | Allas-Champagne est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France située dans le département de la Charente-Maritime (région Nouvelle-Aquitaine). La commune fait partie de canton de Jonzac dans l'arrondissement de Jonzac. | [
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Song of Songs | Cantique des Cantiques | The Song of Songs, also Song of Solomon or Canticles (Hebrew: "Šîr Hašîrîm", Greek and ; ), is one of the "megillot" (scrolls) found in the last section of the Tanakh, known as the Ketuvim (or "Writings"), and a book of the Old Testament. | Le Cantique des Cantiques ( Chir ha-chirim, Asma asamatôn), dit aussi Cantique ou Chant de Salomon, est un livre de la Bible. Il revêt la forme d'une suite de poèmes, de chants d'amour alternés entre une femme et un homme (ou même où plusieurs couples s'expriment), qui prennent à témoin d'autres personnes et des éléments de la nature. C'est l'un des livres de la Bible les plus poétiques. | [
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State of Siege | État de siège (film, 1972) | State of Siege (French title: État de Siège) is a 1972 French film directed by Costa-Gavras starring Yves Montand and Renato Salvatori. | État de siège est un film franco-italo-ouest-allemand réalisé par Costa-Gavras, sorti en 1972. L'intrigue s'inspire de l'enlèvement de Dan Mitrione, agent du FBI sous couverture de l'AID, par les Tupamaros en 1970. | [
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Supernatural | Surnaturel | The concept of the supernatural encompasses all entities, places and events that supposedly fall outside the scope of scientific understanding of the laws of nature. Examples include immaterial beings like angels, gods, and spirits, as well as claimed human abilities like magic, telekinesis, precognition, and extrasensory perception. | Le surnaturel est l'ensemble des phénomènes qui ne sont pas explicables par les lois de la nature, de façon rationnelle, ou bien qui sont réputés provenir d'une source divine. Le surnaturel ne peut pas être étudié par la méthode scientifique, ou par la méthode expérimentale. En l'absence d'explications, les phénomènes dits surnaturels sont parfois attribués à des interventions divines (par exemple les miracles) ou démoniaques, ou d'esprits (fantômes, possession), ou de pratiques. Certains auteurs réservent ce mot aux phénomènes supposément produits par une cause spirituelle ou divine tel les miracles, le refusant aux phénomènes issus de causes mal connues mais appartenant au monde naturel comme le psychisme, la parapsychologie, la sorcellerie ou le spiritisme. Le surnaturel est employé dans ce sens par l'Église catholique. Cependant, certains phénomènes considérés comme surnaturels autrefois ne sont plus considérés comme tel par exemple les catastrophes naturelles. | [
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UPN | United Paramount Network | The United Paramount Network (UPN) was an American broadcast television network that launched on January 16, 1995. The network was originally owned by Chris-Craft Industries and United Television; Viacom (through its Paramount Television unit, which produced most of the network's series) turned the network into a joint venture in 1996 after acquiring a 50% stake in the network, and subsequently purchased Chris-Craft's remaining stake in 2000. In December 2005, UPN was spun off to CBS Corporation when Viacom split into two separate companies. | Selon une estimation en 2003, le réseau rejoignait foyers américains (85,98 %) à l'aide de 143 stations principales et 65 stations secondaires. | [
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The WB | The WB Television Network | The WB Television Network (commonly shortened to The WB and short for Warner Bros.) was an American television network first launched on broadcast television on January 11, 1995, as a joint venture between the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner and the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of the Tribune Company, with the former acting as controlling partner. The network principally aired programs targeting teenagers and young adults between the ages of 12 and 34, with its Children's Division, Kids' WB, geared toward children ages 6 to 12. The common metonym of the network called "The Frog", referring to a former mascot Michigan J. Frog. | ' (connu sous le nom commercial ') était un réseau de télévision américain créé en 1995 et qui faisait partie de Warner Bros., une société du groupe Time Warner. | [
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Military | Armée | A military is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare, also known collectively as armed forces. It is typically officially authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct military uniform. It may consist of one or more military branches such as an army, navy, air force, space force, marines, or coast guard. The main task of the military is usually defined as defence of the state and its interests against external armed threats. | Une armée est une organisation structurée d'individus armés visant à conquérir ou à défendre un territoire, détruire ou protéger d'autres unités militaires ou des unités civiles (entreprises, administrations...). | [
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Emperor Taishō | Taishō Tennō | The Emperor's personal name was. According to Japanese custom, during the reign the Emperor is called "the Emperor". After death, he is known by a posthumous name, which is the name of the era coinciding with his reign. Having ruled during the Taishō period, he is known as the "Emperor Taishō". | , né le 31 août 1879 à Tokyo et mort le 25 décembre 1926 à Hayama, connu de son vivant en Occident par son nom personnel, est le empereur du Japon ; il règne du à sa mort. Son nom de prince est Haru ("Haru no Miya"). Selon la tradition impériale japonaise, il est désigné après sa mort par un nom posthume qui, depuis 1868, est identique au nom de l'ère de son règne. Au règne de l'empereur Taishō correspond exactement l'. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Oneiromancy | Oniromancie | Oneiromancy (from the Greek όνειροϛ "oneiros", dream, and μαντεία "manteia", prophecy) is a form of divination based upon dreams; it is a system of dream interpretation that uses dreams to predict the future. It is dismissed by the scientific community and skeptics as being superstition; experiments do not support the idea that dreams predict the future beyond the expectations of the person dreaming. Occasionally, the dreamer feels as if he or she is transported to another time or place, proving they are in fact providing divine information upon their return. | L’oniromancie ou onéiromancie (provient d'un mot grec signifiant songe et divination) est un art divinatoire utilisant les rêves. L’oniromancien est la personne qui pratique cet art. | [
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Daniel Bernoulli | Daniel Bernoulli | Daniel Bernoulli FRS (; 29 January 1700 – 17 March 1782) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family from Basel. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics. His name is commemorated in the Bernoulli's principle, a particular example of the conservation of energy, which describes the mathematics of the mechanism underlying the operation of two important technologies of the 20th century: the carburetor and the airplane wing. | Daniel Bernoulli est un médecin, physicien et mathématicien suisse, né à Groningue le, et mort à Bâle, le. | [
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Haruspex | Haruspice | In the religion of ancient Rome, a haruspex (plural haruspices; also called aruspex) was a person trained to practice a form of divination called haruspicy ("haruspicina"), the inspection of the entrails ("exta"—hence also extispicy ("extispicium")) of sacrificed animals, especially the livers of sacrificed sheep and poultry. The reading of omens specifically from the liver is also known by the Greek term hepatoscopy (also hepatomancy). | Un haruspice, ou aruspice, est un pratiquant de l'haruspicine, l'art divinatoire de lire dans les entrailles d'un animal sacrifié (notamment l'hépatoscopie : examen du foie censé représenter l'univers) pour en tirer des présages quant à l'avenir ou à une décision à prendre. | [
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Jacques Massu | Jacques Massu | Jacques Émile Massu (; 5 May 1908 – 26 October 2002) was a French general who fought in World War II, the First Indochina War, the Algerian War and the Suez crisis. He led French troops in the Battle of Algiers, first supporting and later denouncing their use of torture. | Jacques Massu, né le à Châlons-sur-Marne (Marne) et mort le à Conflans-sur-Loing (Loiret) est un militaire français. Officier général, compagnon de la Libération et commandant en chef des forces françaises en Allemagne, il s'illustre notamment dans la colonne Leclerc et la durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. | [
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Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis | Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis | Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis is a French commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France. The inhabitants are known as "Aigrefeuillais" or "Aigrefeuillaises". | Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France, située dans le département de la Charente-Maritime (région Nouvelle-Aquitaine). Ses habitants sont appelés les "Aigrefeuillais" et les "Aigrefeuillaises". | [
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Cycloid | Cycloïde | In geometry, a cycloid is the curve traced by a point on a circle as it rolls along a straight line without slipping. A cycloid is a specific form of trochoid and is an example of a roulette, a curve generated by a curve rolling on another curve. | La cycloïde droite, aussi appelée roue d'Aristote ou roulette de Pascal, est une courbe plane transcendante, trajectoire d'un point fixé à un cercle qui roule sans glisser sur une droite ; elle a été appelée "cycloïde" pour la première fois par Jean de Beaugrand. Il s'agit donc d'une courbe cycloïdale particulière dont la directrice est une droite et dont le point générateur est situé sur le cercle lui-même ; c'est un cas particulier de trochoïde. | [
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Lindy Hop | Lindy hop | The Lindy Hop is an American dance which was born in the African-American communities in Harlem, New York City, in 1928 and has evolved since then. It was very popular during the swing era of the late 1930s and early 1940s. Lindy was a fusion of many dances that preceded it or were popular during its development but is mainly based on jazz, tap, breakaway, and Charleston. It is frequently described as a jazz dance and is a member of the swing dance family. | Le lindy hop (ou jitterbug) est une danse de rue qui s'est développée dans la communauté noire-américaine de Harlem (New York) vers la fin des années 1920, en parallèle avec le jazz et plus particulièrement le swing. | [
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Causes of the French Revolution | Causes de la Révolution française | There is significant disagreement among historians of the French Revolution as to its causes. Usually, they acknowledge the presence of several interlinked factors, but vary in the weight they attribute to each one. These factors include: cultural change, normally associated with the Enlightenment; social change, often emphasised by Marxist historians; financial and economic difficulties; and the political actions of the involved parties. | Plusieurs facteurs ont permis le déclenchement de la Révolution française. On parle de causes structurelles profondes, auxquelles se sont combinées d'autres causes dues à la conjoncture de la période. La révolution n'est pas due à un seul événement mais à un ensemble d'événements qui, associés, ont créé un choc suffisamment important pour occasionner des transformations irréversibles dans la conception de l'organisation du pouvoir politique, de la société et des libertés individuelles. | [
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Bourvil | Bourvil | André Bourvil, born André Robert Raimbourg (; 27 July 1917 – 23 September 1970), often known mononymously as Bourvil, was a French actor and singer best known for his roles in comedy films, most notably in his collaboration with Louis de Funès in the films "Le Corniaud" (1965) and "La Grande Vadrouille" (1966). For his performance in "Le Corniaud", he won a Special Diploma at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival. | André Raimbourg, dit Bourvil, est un acteur, chanteur et humoriste français, né le à Prétot-Vicquemare (Seine-Inférieure) et mort le à Paris (arrondissement). | [
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Miles Davis | Miles Davis | Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926September 28, 1991) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He is among the most influential and acclaimed figures in the history of jazz and 20th-century music. Davis adopted a variety of musical directions in a five-decade career that kept him at the forefront of many major stylistic developments in jazz. | Miles Dewey Davis III, né le à Alton (Illinois) et mort le à Santa Monica (Californie), est un compositeur et trompettiste de jazz américain. | [
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Chemical weapon | Arme chimique | A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), "the term chemical weapon may also be applied to any toxic chemical or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves." | Une arme chimique est une arme spécialisée qui utilise des substances conçues pour infliger des blessures ou pour tuer des êtres vivants du fait de leurs propriétés chimiques ou de leur toxicité. | [
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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact | Pacte germano-soviétique | The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that enabled those two powers to divide-up Poland between them. It was signed in Moscow on August 23, 1939, by Foreign Ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, and was officially known as the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. | Le Pacte germano-soviétique, officiellement traité de non-agression entre l'Allemagne et l'Union soviétique, est un ensemble d'accords diplomatiques et militaires signés le à Moscou, par les ministres des Affaires étrangères allemand, Joachim von Ribbentrop, et soviétique, Viatcheslav Molotov, en présence de Joseph Staline. | [
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Battle of Lens | Bataille de Lens (1648) | The Battle of Lens (20 August 1648) was a French victory under Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé against the Spanish army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). It was the last major battle of the war and a French victory. The battle cemented the reputation of Condé as one of the greatest generals of his age. | La bataille de Lens est la dernière des batailles de la guerre de Trente Ans, une victoire française sur les troupes espagnoles du comté de Flandre, après la prise de Lens par l'archiduc Léopold-Guillaume de Habsbourg le. La rencontre a lieu dans une plaine à l'ouest de Lens, entre Grenay et Liévin, le. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Styrax | Styrax | Styrax (common names storax or snowbell) is a genus of about 130 species of large shrubs or small trees in the family Styracaceae, mostly native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with the majority in eastern and southeastern Asia, but also crossing the equator in South America. The resin obtained from the tree is called benzoin or storax (not to be confused with the "Liquidambar" storax balsam). | On appelle styrax (Styrax) un genre d'arbres ou d'arbustes poussant le plus souvent en Extrême-Orient, appartenant à la famille des Styracacées et comportant diverses espèces, quelques-unes très appréciées en parfumerie et en pharmacie pour leur baume. L'arbre est également appelé « aliboufier », en particulier lorsqu'il s'agit de l'espèce "Styrax officinalis". Le baume ou résine se nomme « storax » ou « benjoin » selon les espèces, le premier de ces deux termes étant aujourd'hui inusité. | [
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Spider | Araneae | Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization., at least 48,200 spider species, and 120 families have been recorded by taxonomists. However, there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900. | Les araignées ou Aranéides (ordre des Araneae de la classe des Arachnides, à laquelle il a donné son nom) sont des prédateurs invertébrés arthropodes. Comme tous les chélicérates, leur corps est divisé en deux tagmes, le prosome ou céphalothorax (partie antérieure dépourvue de mandibules et d'antennes, dotée de huit pattes) et l’opisthosome ou abdomen qui porte à l'arrière des filières. Elles sécrètent par ces appendices de la soie qui sert à produire le fil qui leur permet de se déplacer, de tisser leur toile ou des cocons emprisonnant leurs proies ou protégeant leurs œufs ou petits, voire de faire une réserve provisoire de sperme ou un dôme leur permettant de stocker de l’air sous l’eau douce. Contrairement aux insectes, elles ne disposent ni d'ailes ni d'antennes ni de pièces masticatrices dans la bouche. Elles possèdent en général six à huit yeux qui peuvent être simples ou multiples. | [
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The Outer Limits (1963 TV series) | Au-delà du réel | The Outer Limits is an American television series that was broadcast on ABC from September 16, 1963 to January 16, 1965 at 7:30 PM Eastern Time on Mondays. The series is often compared to "The Twilight Zone", but with a greater emphasis on science fiction stories (rather than stories of fantasy or the supernatural matters). "The Outer Limits" is an anthology of self-contained episodes, sometimes with a plot twist at the end. | Au-delà du réel ("") est une série télévisée américaine de 49 épisodes de 52 minutes, en noir et blanc, créée par Leslie Stevens et diffusée du au sur le réseau ABC. | [
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Lumpenproletariat | Lumpenprolétariat | Lumpenproletariat () is a term used primarily by Marxist theorists to describe the underclass devoid of class consciousness. Coined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 1840s, they used it to refer to the unthinking lower strata of society exploited by reactionary and counter-revolutionary forces, particularly in the context of the revolutions of 1848. They dismissed its revolutionary potential and contrasted it with the proletariat. | Le lumpenprolétariat (de l'allemand "Lumpenproletariat" : « prolétariat en haillons ») est un terme marxiste, parfois traduit « sous-prolétariat », désignant les « éléments déclassés, voyous, mendiants, voleurs » du prolétariat. | [
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History of San Marino | Histoire de Saint-Marin | As the only surviving medieval microstate in the Italian peninsula, the history of San Marino is intertwined with medieval, Renaissance and modern-day history of the Italian peninsula, beginning with independence from the Roman Empire on 257 AD (Diocletian kingdom). | L’histoire de Saint-Marin, un petit État souvent qualifié de « plus vieille république du monde », prend ses racines au, sous l'Empire romain. | [
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Empress Joséphine | Joséphine de Beauharnais | Empress Joséphine or Joséphine de Beauharnais (; born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoleon and the first Empress of the French after he proclaimed himself Emperor. | Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie, dite Joséphine de Beauharnais, née le aux Trois-Îlets en Martinique et morte le au château de Malmaison à Rueil-Malmaison, est la première épouse de l’empereur Napoléon I de 1796 à 1809. À ce titre, elle est impératrice des Français de 1804 à 1809 et reine d'Italie de 1805 à 1809. | [
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