Yusuf5/OpenCaselistTMP · Datasets at Hugging Face

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2,000	2,621,263	83,339	Card Doc	1NC	1NC – U DA	Economic recession triggers war	Sundaram & Popov’19 (Jomo Kwame Sundaram, former economics professor, former United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007. Vladimir Popov, former senior economics researcher in the Soviet Union, Russia and the United Nations Secretariat, current Research Director at the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute in Berlin. “Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War” http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/, February 12, 2019) MMW	Sundaram & Popov’19 Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War	2,125	912	6,254
2,001	888,733	21,457	Bleiker	FLOW	2AC – Realism	Realism inevitable—it’s grounded in human nature	Thayer 4 [Bradley, Ph.D, Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a consultant to the Rand Corporation, "Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict"]	Thayer 4	265,182	13	3,090
2,002	1,209,855	29,766	1NR	Water Advantage	1nc — federalism advantage	Global actors mean they can’t solve biodiversity — prefer the only comparative analysis.	Carrington ’20 — Damian, environment editor, citing the Swiss Re Index; (October 12, 2020; “Fifth of countries at risk of ecosystem collapse, analysis finds”; The Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/12/fifth-of-nations-at-risk-of-ecosystem-collapse-analysis-finds; //LFS—SR)	Carrington ’20	10,139	36	3,084
2,003	856,643	20,471	null	2AC	futurism	Predicting international response to actions is possible – we can understand macro-functioning within systems and predict actions based on that	Streufert and Satish in 97 (Siegried and Usha, Department of Behavioral Science Pennsylvanian State University, “Complexity Theory: Predictions Based on the Confluence of Science-Wide and Behavioral Theories,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, n. 27, pp. 2096-2116)	Streufert and Satish in 97	467,260	11	2,833
2,004	642,981	12,383	null	1AC	Framework	1] Consequences first — anything else is irresponsible and escapes valuable discussions.	Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318	Bracey 6	41,912	638	1,683
2,005	856,684	20,472	null	2AC	K	Predicting international response to actions is possible – we can understand macro-functioning within systems and predict actions based on that	Streufert and Satish in 97 (Siegried and Usha, Department of Behavioral Science Pennsylvanian State University, “Complexity Theory: Predictions Based on the Confluence of Science-Wide and Behavioral Theories,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, n. 27, pp. 2096-2116)	Streufert and Satish in 97 , n. 27, pp. 2096-2116)	467,260	11	2,833
2,006	856,694	20,473	null	1NC	OFF	They are contextually distinct from military personnel	Mark Hemingway, staff, "Warriors for Hire," WEEKLY STANDARD, 12—18—06, www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/013/062fxarf.asp, accessed 8-1-15.	Hemingway 06	467,271	1	505
2,007	857,155	20,490	null	1NC	Case	Discourse isn’t the primary shaper of reality	Balzacq 5 (Thierry, Prof. of Political Science and IR @ Namar University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context,” European Journal of International Relations, June 2005, Vol. 11, No. 2)	Balzacq 5 University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context,” European Journal of International Relations, June 2005, Vol. 11, No. 2)	18,299	492	2,092
2,008	889,048	21,463	Case	Solvency – 1NC	1NC	Alt causes to FBI recruitment – lower pay than private sector jobs	Matt Novak, 7-31-2015, "FBI Struggling With Cybersecurity Because of Shit Pay and Drug Tests," Gizmodo, http://gizmodo.com/fbi-struggling-with-cybersecurity-because-of-shit-pay-a-1721337348 /Bingham-DS	Novak 2015 /Bingham-DS	477,970	2	1,545
2,009	889,061	21,463	2NC	Solvency – 1NC	2NC Long Framework	A crisis focused ethic is wrong – attention to isolated instances of warfare ignores the daily horrors of structural violence. This is the precondition for any war to happen	Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30)	Cuomo 96	917	222	6,565
2,010	642,961	12,381	Apple Valley R1 Neg	Case	Framing	Consequences matter—anything else is irresponsible and escapes valuable discussions.	Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318	Bracey 6	41,912	638	1,683
2,011	2,621,428	83,336	1NC	OFF	Kritik---1NC	International relations in the cornerstone of a violent orientalist power projection in the post colony---the Aff’s rhetorical imposition of this relationship only serves to reinforce a violent Western hegemony—turns the Aff	Shani 8 (Giorgio, “Toward a Post-Western IR: The Umma, Khalsa Panth, and Critical International Relations Theory” by Giorgio Shani on December 1, 2008. Accessed online on June 25, 2019. Professor Giorgio Shani is Chair of the Department of Politics and International Studies and Director of the Rotary Peace Center, at International Christian University. https://academic.oup.com/isr/article-abstract/10/4/722/1817169)	Shani 8	66,689	5	4,481
2,012	889,430	21,468	OFF	K	2AC – Security K	The alt’s all-or-nothing choice fails --- small reforms like the plan are key to institutional change and getting others to sign on to the alt	Erik Olin Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, “Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias”, Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Published%20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf	Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, “Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias”, Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Published%20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf	30,552	207	2,421
2,013	1,878,626	55,316	2NC	Case	Case	(--) Death penalty abolition leads to an increase in Life Without Parole sentences:	Ross Kleinstuber et al, 2016 (assistant professor of Justice Administration and Criminology at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown), “INTO THE ABYSS: THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF DEATH PENALTY ABOLITION,” Retrieved June 6, 2020 from https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1196&context=jlasc	Kleinstuber 16	64,699	5	1,166
2,014	857,785	20,507	2NC	Advantage 2	Alternative	Barker 09 (between which there is no différance). This evaluation forms the very core of meta-transformation. Insofar as psychic and collective individuation must be defined – always fluidly – as projected desire, it is always a matter of either dis- or re-enchantment. Enchantment, in the sense in which Stiegler appropriates it from the MEDEF, is the undoing of “cognitive capitalism’s” seizure and control of techniques (skills), knowledge, and consumption, a seizure which, as the word suggests, is a suspension of dynamic development. The forces of transindividuation bring about the adoption not only of cultural histories and techniques but of the dynamic, participatory involvement that can re-direct “telecracy” “back” into democracy – which in Stiegler’s participatory sense of it cannot survive the amnesia resultant from the subversion of long circuits of attention and critical thinking by programming industries whose strategic goal is attention-capture and the undermining, if not the destruction, of inter-generational transference. The forces of control operating in the “worst” transformative dimension in which we now find ourselves strive to become “adaptive,” rather than adoptive, Stiegler points out; that is, entropic (Réenchanter le monde 122). Adaptation – to adapt to environmental circumstance – as opposed to adoption – to participate in the genealogical transmission and transformation of knowledge and culture – is for Stiegler not a matter of adjustment but of amnesia, of the mind in thrall to the spectacle of images and messages designed to short-circuit attention and critique. Adaptation means “the imperatives of production that are secondary to shareholder expectations, and not producers of alternatives, of models of meta-transformation. Knowledge is intrinsically contradictory to adaptation, as innovation” (Réenchanter le monde 122). In other words, adaptation offers no alternative options to control, and emerges as the blocking of – the obstacle to – human development. Stiegler, [40] sees the ex-teriorization of memory – technics – as the very ground of human being as such (original prostheticity); all knowledge, Stiegler says, has its origins in exteriorization: memory is “exteriorization re-interiorized in new intellectual and motor behaviors” (Réenchanter le monde 136). The transformative process of individuation is the process of exteriorization is grammatization. Re-enchantment, then, “the re-enchantment of the world,” is beyond all else a gamble – indeed, according to Stiegler, a gamble against all the current odds. As the word “enchantment” implies, re-enchantment in a world currently “enchanted” (in thrall to) psychotechnologies would be nothing less than magical, resultant from supernatural forces. But despite seemingly overwhelming evidence, Stiegler is not pessimistic about this potential renewal; in his most recent work he sees the possibility of such a re-enchantment’s occurring as resting on the associative circuitry of “information, knowledge, technology, industry, and society as the fragile product of an international politics of the transformation of contemporary capitalism” (Réenchanter le monde 165; emphasis added). In the battle against disenchantment – whose other names are ennui and care-less-ness [incurie] – in the battle for intelligence and for the perpetual (re)creation of enchant-ent, the transformation of psychotechnologies into “psychopolitics devoted to the service of a noopolitics . . . through technologies of the mind” (Taking Care 339) is Stiegler’s great hope. There is no reason to think that this re-creation is not possible; indeed, Stiegler insists, we must assume that it is possible (to give Stiegler the last word): We can certainly go on struggling against care-less-ness and weigh the results. But we must face the consequences of recent information on the state of the human mind, on what is destroyed and on the possibilities of reconstructing what has been destroyed – on condition of fundamentally reversing the situation of this power as a psychopower, and of subjecting it to the controls prescribed by a psychopolitics placed in the service of a noopolitics, across an industrial politics of the mind. (Taking Care 339) Only through transindividuation – psychic, collective, and technical – can any hope of a future transcending our current thrall to programming, an ontological future in the most fundamental sense, become a program for a future of the human in a world of psychotechnological mystifications.	null	This evaluation forms the very core of meta-transformation Insofar as psychic and collective individuation must be defined as projected desire, it is always a matter of either dis- or re-enchantment. Enchantment is the undoing of “cognitive capitalism’s” seizure and control of techniques (skills), knowledge, and consumption, a seizure which, as the word suggests, is a suspension of dynamic development The forces of transindividuation bring about the adoption not only of cultural histories and techniques but of the dynamic, participatory involvement that can re-direct “telecracy” “back” into democracy The forces of control operating in the “worst” transformative dimension in which we now find ourselves strive to become “adaptive,” rather than adoptive, Adaptation is for Stiegler not a matter of adjustment but of amnesia, of the mind in thrall to the spectacle of images and messages designed to short-circuit attention and critique . Knowledge is intrinsically contradictory to adaptation, as innovation” In other words, adaptation offers no alternative options to control, and emerges as the blocking of human development. Re-enchantment, then, “the re-enchantment of the world,” is beyond all else a gamble – indeed, according to Stiegler, a gamble against all the current odds. re-enchantment in a world currently “enchanted” (in thrall to) psychotechnologies would be nothing less than magical, resultant from supernatural forces. In the battle against disenchantment in the battle for intelligence and for the perpetual (re)creation of enchant-ent, the transformation of psychotechnologies into “psychopolitics is Stiegler’s great hope. There is no reason to think that this re-creation is not possible we must assume that it is possible We can certainly go on struggling against care-less-ness and weigh the results. But we must face the consequences of recent information on the state of the human mind, on what is destroyed and on the possibilities of reconstructing what has been destroyed – on condition of fundamentally reversing the situation of this power as a psychopower, and of subjecting it to the controls prescribed by a psychopolitics placed in the service of a noopolitics, across an industrial politics of the mind. Only through transindividuation – psychic, collective, and technical – can any hope of a future transcending our current thrall to programming, an ontological future in the most fundamental sense, become a program for a future of the human in a world of psychotechnological mystifications.	467,616	1	null
2,015	889,361	21,467	1NR	K	AT Perm	6. The alternative is mutually exclusive: the affirmative’s demand for revolution is like fast and direct cooking on a grill, but the alternative’s call for reform is like the slow and indirect cooking of barbeque. Both the process and results are distinct.	Bogost 9 — Ian Bogost, Ivan Allen College Distinguished Chair in Media Studies and Professor of Interactive Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Founding Partner at Persuasive Games LLC—an independent game studio, holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from the University of California-Los Angeles and a B.A. in Philosophy and Comparative Literature from the University of Southern California, 2009 (“The Ribs of Reform: Politics and Slow Cooking,” Bogost.com—Ian Bogost’s blog, October 2nd, Available Online at http://www.bogost.com/blog/the_ribs_of_reform.shtml, Accessed 03-25-2014)	Bogost 9	239,495	3	1,814
2,016	1,210,259	29,674	2AC	CP — Guidance	2AC — Guidance CP — T/L	No runaway AI.	Vallati 20 — Senior Lecturer in Computer Science, University of Huddersfield. (Mauro; Published: January 6, 2020; “Will AI take over? Quantum theory suggests otherwise”; The Conversation; Accessed: August 12, 2021; https://theconversation.com/will-ai-take-over-quantum-theory-suggests-otherwise-126567)//CYang	Vallati 20	533,291	9	2,696
2,017	643,227	12,393	Neg v Harker SS	Off	CBW	It’s the most probable impact	Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow	Sandberg, 8	21,354	875	1,575
2,018	643,314	12,396	TOC Quarters Aff	1AC	Baltics	Alliances contain allied and adversary aggression – the alternative is great power conflict driven overlapping spheres of influence and loss of conflict dampeners – it’s an impact filter.	Twining 17 - director of the Asia Program at The German Marshall Fund of the United States, based in Washington, DC, MPhil & PhD degrees from Oxford University (Daniel, "Abandoning the Liberal International Order for a Spheres-of-Influence World is a Trap for America…," Medium, 3-21-2017, https://medium.com/out-of-order/abandoning-the-liberal-international-order-for-a-spheres-of-influence-world-is-a-trap-for-america-7bfcdbb83df4)	Twining 17	2,569	334	7,236
2,019	858,065	20,513	null	null	1NC Case	Aff destroys hegemony or it doesn’t solve – heg is good – deters and deescalates conflict – decline causes transition wars	Brooks et al 13 [Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File]	Brooks et al 13	2,521	405	6,677
2,020	1,220,929	30,165	1AC – Water Rights – St. Mark’s	null	Water Quality	Disease causes extinction.	Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]	Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]	996	728	12,956
2,021	889,451	21,469	CASE	Solvency – 1NC	1NC	Alt causes to FBI recruitment – lower pay than private sector jobs	Matt Novak, 7-31-2015, "FBI Struggling With Cybersecurity Because of Shit Pay and Drug Tests," Gizmodo, http://gizmodo.com/fbi-struggling-with-cybersecurity-because-of-shit-pay-a-1721337348 /Bingham-DS	Novak 2015 /Bingham-DS	477,970	2	1,545
2,022	643,535	12,405	Glenbrooks Round 6 Neg	Case	Framing	1] Consequences matter—anything else is irresponsible and escapes valuable discussions.	Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318	Bracey 6	41,912	638	1,683
2,023	858,376	20,522	K	null	null	Two Implications: 1) their links aren’t true; no institution or mindset is to blame; people are often bad people, and our impulses to do bad things can’t be wished away by rejection and rethinking 2) The harms will replicate themselves in the world of their alternative – you can’t agree to forget how violence works and never use it again.	Babbit 19 (this card has been edited for gendered language) Irving, comparative literature professor at Harvard University, Rousseau and Romanticism, originally published 1919, 1991 edition introduction by Claes Ryn, p. 194-196	null	467,858	2	3,809
2,024	643,818	12,416	Neg	Off	CBW Shift	It’s the most probable impact	Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow	Sandberg, 8	21,354	875	1,575
2,025	890,202	21,486	null	null	Cyber	Cyberwar isn’t an existential threat --- best studies prove	Healey 13 Jason, Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, "No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War", 3/20, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us	Healey 13	48,511	253	3,239
2,026	643,748	12,413	null	Case	Framing	1] Consequences first — anything else is irresponsible and escapes valuable discussions.	Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318	Bracey 6	41,912	638	1,683
2,027	287,714	3,642	Space Debris DA	1NC Space Debris DA	2NC Turns Space Leadership	Continuation of Space Debris destroys US leadership in space.	Matthews 2011 [William, writer for Defense News March 20 2011 http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3999596&c=AIR&s=TOP]kho	Matthews 2011	184,982	1	3,625
2,028	354,074	4,512	Negative	K links	Black fem links	The gratuitous violence committed against females is only perpetuated by the invisibility of the black female perspective.	Hartman 8 (Saidiya Hartman. Professor at Columbia University specializing in African American Literature. Venus in two acts. June 2008)	Hartman 8	90,707	32	2,223
2,029	220,617	2,842	Affirmative	Economy Add-Ons	L – Integration/Plan Improves Economy	Integrated Schools make students who are ready to contribute to the Global Economy	AMY STUART WELLS, LAUREN FOX, AND DIANA CORDOVA-COBO, 16 (Amy Stuart Wells is a professor and Lauren Fox and Diana Cordova-Cobo are doctoral students in sociology and education at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY. Wells is director, Fox is research associate and Cordova-Cobo is research assistant at the Center for Understanding Race and Education (CURE) at Teachers College. Wells is also co-director and Cordova-Cobo is research assistant at the Public Good, a nonprofit public school support organization for racially and ethnically diverse schools. https://tcf.org/content/report/how-racially-diverse-schools-and-classrooms-can-benefit-all-students/)//JS	WELLS, FOX, AND CORDOVA-COBO, 16	134,768	8	21,940
2,030	859,371	20,562	2NC	Iran Advantage	AT: 2AC Ev	Iran could never start the war---status quo deterrence solves	W. Andrew Terrill 15, Middle East Specialist at the Strategic Studies Institute, previously Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, October 2015, “ARAB THREAT PERCEPTIONS AND THE FUTURE OF THE U.S. MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST,” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub1297.pdf	Terrill 15	443,322	3	953
2,031	859,470	20,564	1NR	Saudi DA	Link	1AC tewell evidence concludes keeping the carrier in the middle east is key to assurance– flexibility may be good for future tensions, but our impending one causes nuclear prolif	Tewell 15, Washington Institute Military Fellow, 15 ~Cmdr Ryan T; 10-5-15; The Washington Institute; "Assessing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Gap in the Gulf"; www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/assessing-the-u.s.-aircraft-carrier-gap-in-the-gulf	Tewell 15	426,569	34	754
2,032	467,598	5,986	Oil Dependence	General oil dependence	AT: Markets make SLOCs irrelevant	Direct purchases from Middle East lead to SLOC conflicts and military draw in	Gjeltan 12 (Tom Gjeltan; U.S. diplomacy and military affairs, first from the State Department and then from the Pentagon; “U.S. Rethinks Security As Mideast Oil Imports Drop”; 7-8-13)	Gjeltan 12	292,338	3	788
2,033	645,213	12,482	1nc	1 – Nebel	1nc shell	Interpretation: “States” is a generic bare plural. The aff may not specify a subset of states that ought to eliminate nuclear arsenals.	Nebel 19. [Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. He writes a lot of this stuff lol – duh.] “Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution.” Vbriefly. August 12, 2019. https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/?fbclid=IwAR0hUkKdDzHWrNeqEVI7m59pwsnmqLl490n4uRLQTe7bWmWDO_avWCNzi14 TG	Nebel 19	336,758	492	4,660
2,034	860,178	20,584	1NC	null	1NC	Presence in the Greater Horn is key to counter Chinese military rise – the plan widens their sphere of influence	Hugo Norton 15, Africa Policy Analyst and Advisor, "China’s Military Base in Djibouti Exposes US Decline," 6/3/15, http://www.fairobserver.com/region/north_america/chinas-military-base-in-djibouti-exposes-us-decline-30178/	Norton 15	422,845	26	4,331
2,035	892,448	21,575	1nc	Case	null	Academia is a pollution of the affirmative project—an inoculation and re-scripting of the very terms of contestation such that nothing is left but the continued propagation of social death	Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 (“The Necrosocial – Civic Life, Social Death, and the University of California,” November 2009, Craccum Magazine – University of Auckland Student Magazine. Iss. 4, 2012. http://craccum.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/?p=286) [m leap]	Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 ) [m leap]	1,058	306	11,993
2,036	1,183,740	28,968	null	null	1NC – BBB	Dems reach an agreement now – but PC is key to negotiations	EY 1/3. EY Tax News Update. “Congress returns as Build Back Better Act faces uncertain path following Manchin objections.” 1/3/22. https://taxnews.ey.com/news/2022-0001-congress-returns-as-build-back-better-act-faces-uncertain-path-following-manchin-objections	EY 1/3	538,617	8	1,937
2,037	892,404	21,572	1NC interlake	Case	null	Academia is a pollution of the affirmative project—an inoculation and re-scripting of the very terms of contestation such that nothing is left but the continued propagation of social death	Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 (“The Necrosocial – Civic Life, Social Death, and the University of California,” November 2009, Craccum Magazine – University of Auckland Student Magazine. Iss. 4, 2012. http://craccum.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/?p=286)	Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 )	1,058	306	11,993
2,038	892,495	21,578	null	null	Case	Academia is a pollution of the affirmative project—an inoculation and re-scripting of the very terms of contestation such that nothing is left but the continued propagation of social death	Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 (“The Necrosocial – Civic Life, Social Death, and the University of California,” November 2009, Craccum Magazine – University of Auckland Student Magazine. Iss. 4, 2012. http://craccum.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/?p=286) [m leap]	Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 ) [m leap]	1,058	306	11,993
2,039	1,210,807	29,778	null	1AC---Policy	1AC---Trade Adv	Breakdown causes nuclear war via hotspot escalation---accelerates warming and tech shift.	Oppenheimer 21 (, M., 2021. 2. The Turbulent Future of International Relations. The Future of Global Affairs - Springer International Publishing, 1(1), p.Chapter 2. Michael Oppenheimer leads the IR Futures concentration at CGA, teaching courses on International Relations (core course), The Future of International Relations, and U.S. Foreign Policy. He also oversees an ongoing research and consulting project for the UN Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Executive Directorate, which involves students directly in advising the UN system on counter terrorism policies and practices. He writes and speaks publicly on U.S foreign policy and on the future of international relations. He has had a varied career, beginning with several years with the U.S. government, then in strategic consulting for government policy makers and private firms, and-since 2005-teaching and research at CGA. His particular specialty is the cognition and methods of thinking about the future, and how perceptions of future change can be incorporated into the foreign policy process, in order to improve foresight and agility. He has applied his skills in research and consulting for the US intelligence community, the Department of State, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the UN, and many others. He is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and is actively involved (and involves his students) in the foreign policy/IR community.)-re-highlighted rahulpenu	Oppenheimer 21 (	16,473	447	17,798
2,040	3,325,667	109,654	1AC Harvard R5	null	Contention	Great Lakes applies to this list of countries:	Patrick Kanyangara 16, the Regional Coordinator of the ACCORD’s Great Lakes Programme aiming at consolidating peace, “Conflict in the Great Lakes Region,” African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, May 5, 2016, ttps://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/conflict-great-lakes-region/ // JW	Kanyangara 16	1,398,318	4	926
2,041	2,621,523	83,339	Card Doc	1NR	Sino-Japan DA	China and Japan making steady progress in improving their ties:	Gao Hong, 10/29/2018 (a research fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Daily, “New chapter for China-Japan relations,” http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201810/29/ WS5bd642d8a310eff303285081.html, Retrieved 8/21/2019, rwg)	Gao 18	1,144,832	1	1,324
2,042	1,184,214	28,930	1AC	null	1AC – solvency	Denying Enbridge’s request to build the tunnel solves and is NOT vital to energy prices.	TenEyck 20(Jane TenEyck, Executive Director of “CORA”, Sean McBrearty Michigan Legislative and Political Director Clean Water Action (“CWA”), Elizabeth R. Kirkwood Executive Director For Love of Water (“FLOW”), Jim Lively Director of Program Strategy Groundwork Center for Resilient Communities, Bentley Johnson Senior Partnerships Manager Michigan League of Conservation Voters (“MLCV”), Ann Rogers and Greg Reisig Co-Chairs Northern Michigan Environmental Action Council, David Holtz and Anne Woiwode Co-Chairs Sierra Club Michigan, JoAnne Cromley Chair Straits Area of Concerned Citizens for Peace Justice and the Environment (“SACCPJE”), Patty Peek Chair Straits of Mackinac Alliance (“SMA”), Bill Latka Chair TC350.org, 7-14-2020, "Public Comments on the Joint Application of Enbridge Energy for proposed pipeline tunnel under the Straits of Mackinac between Mackinaw City and Saint Ignace, Michigan,” https://forloveofwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Comments-to-USACE-permitting-on-proposed-tunnel.pdf, accessed 6-22-2021//mrul) The Application Threatens to Violate State, Federal and Local Laws. In this case, boring an unprecedented tunnel through the bedrock and soils of the Great Lakes threatens to violate a host of Federal, State, or local law or requirements imposed for the protection of the environment, including but not limited to, the Great Lakes Submerged Lands Act (“GLSLA”), the Michigan Environmental Protection Act (“MEPA”) public trust law, Michigan’s Constitution, Michigan Water Quality Standards, 59 the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”). As a threshold matter, Enbridge lacks legal authorization to 60 construct and operate this proposed tunnel and pipeline because the 2017 and 2018 agreements coupled with the Act 359 legislation to authorize such construction of a private tunnel through public trust bottomlands violate public trust law (GLSLA and MEPA) and the Michigan Constitution (Art. 4 Sec. 52). As public trustee, the State of Michigan has a separate and irrevocable duty to protect the paramount interests of the navigable waterways and bottomlands of the Great Lakes. This includes the proposed location of the tunnel and pipeline project under the Straits of Mackinac. In other words, the very tunnel agreements and legislation Enbridge relies on to make this joint application are defective. Thus, an EIS 61 is required to evaluate these and other applicable federal and state laws.	TenEyck 20(Jane TenEyck, Executive Director of “CORA”, Sean McBrearty Michigan Legislative and Political Director Clean Water Action (“CWA”), Elizabeth R. Kirkwood Executive Director For Love of Water (“FLOW”), Jim Lively Director of Program Strategy Groundwork Center for Resilient Communities, Bentley Johnson Senior Partnerships Manager Michigan League of Conservation Voters (“MLCV”), Ann Rogers and Greg Reisig Co-Chairs Northern Michigan Environmental Action Council, David Holtz and Anne Woiwode Co-Chairs Sierra Club Michigan, JoAnne Cromley Chair Straits Area of Concerned Citizens for Peace Justice and the Environment (“SACCPJE”), Patty Peek Chair Straits of Mackinac Alliance (“SMA”), Bill Latka Chair TC350.org, 7-14-2020, "Public Comments on the Joint Application of Enbridge Energy for proposed pipeline tunnel under the Straits of Mackinac between Mackinaw City and Saint Ignace, Michigan,” https://forloveofwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Comments-to-USACE-permitting-on-proposed-tunnel.pdf, accessed 6-22-2021//mrul)	36,603	23	13,095
2,043	860,555	20,591	GSU Round 1 – Neg vs. West Georgia DZ	1NC	DA	That fuels instability – Chinese military emboldment causes great power war	Yuen Foong Khong 14, Professor of International Relations and Professorial Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford University, "Primacy or World Order?," International Security 39(3), Winter 2013-14, www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00147	Khong 14	165,250	54	2,328
2,044	957,120	23,237	2AC	CP	Executive CP---2AC	Congress key to predictability---the counterplans constitutional objections cause confusions.	Derrian Smith 19. J.D., 2019, Indiana University Maurer School of Law; B.A., 2016, Indiana University - Indianapolis. "Taming Sherman's Wilderness." Indiana Law Journal, vol. 94, no. 3, Summer 2019, p. 1223-1246. HeinOnline.	Smith 19	484,475	16	1,042
2,045	1,221,911	30,078	null	T-Protect	null	W/M - Dams are point-source polluters	Workman, 7 --- adviser and consultant on water and natural resources issues to governmental and nongovernmental organizations, including the World Commission on Dams (FALL 2007, JAMES G. WORKMAN, “How to Fix Our Dam Problems; Thousands of aging dams should be repaired or destroyed, at a cost of billions. A cap-and-trade policy could speed the process and help pay the bills,” https://issues.org/workman-water-crisis-drought-fix-dams/, JMP)	Workman, 7	33,060	27	617
2,046	861,052	20,602	1AC	null	1AC – Nuclear Doctrine	Fear of conventional strike causes China to adopt launch-on-warning posture	Nicolas Giacometti 14 is a specialist in nuclear issues and missile defense. He is a consultant for the Office of the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment at NATO. “Could China’s Nuclear Strategy Evolve?” Oct. 16, http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/could-chinas-nuclear-strategy-evolve/	Giacometti 14	422,080	26	2,587
2,047	421,495	5,395	Ext #7 Ba - No SCS war	null	null	No war	Goldstein 11 - Professor and Director of the China Maritime Studies Institute @ US Naval War College [Dr. Lyle J. Goldstein, “Resetting the US–China Security Relationship,” Survival \| vol. 53 no. 2 \| April–May 2011 \| pp. 89–116	Goldstein 11	388,165	11	1,295
2,048	861,187	20,605	1AC Regular	null	1AC – Naval Strategy Adv	Command of the seas is key to global great power stability. Independently, stationing the carrier in Northeast Asia sends signals of aggression that undermine maritime cooperation and encourage global naval arms races – causes nuclear war	Robert C. Rubel 14, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “Navies and Economic Prosperity: The New Logic of Sea Power,” in “Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career,” p.60-68	Rubel 14 p.60-68	427,970	83	25,534
2,049	1,221,998	30,119	1AC	null	Solvency---1AC	Fed Fracking Ban Key	Michael Burger, 2013, (Michael Burger is the Executive Director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law. He oversees a dynamic team of attorneys working in eight program areas to combat climate change. His research and advocacy focus on legal strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote climate change adaptation through pollution control, resource management, land use planning and green finance. Prior to joining the Sabin Center in 2015, he was an associate professor at Roger Williams University School of Law, where he taught environmental law, administrative law, and law and literature, and was founder and director of the Environmental and Land Use Law Clinical Externship program. He previously taught in the Lawyering Program at New York University School of Law, and served as an attorney in the Environmental Law Division of New York City’s Office of the Corporation Counsel. He has lead short courses on climate change and human rights in the Hague and Grand Cayman. He is also a co-founder and member of the Environmental Law Collaborative, and the incoming chair of the New York City Bar Association International Environmental Law Committee. Michael is a graduate of Columbia Law School and of Brown University. He also holds a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Creative Writing program at NYU.), “The (Re)federalization of Fracking Regulation”, Michigan State Law Review, 1483, 2013, pages 1498-1499/ceng/msdi21	Burger 2013	31,887	9	2,354
2,050	1,222,315	30,123	null	Theoretical 1AC	Contention 4: Framing	Be skeptical of their long linear chains because each step greatly reduces net risk – the aff outweighs even seemingly probable disads	Conetta 98	Conetta 98	10,120	543	3,044
2,051	645,966	12,512	1NC	Case	Advantage	Israel can weather the hit – they have a strong economy and a booming tech sector that will strengthen their military in the absence of aid	Bandow 12 [Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. A former special assistant to President Ronald Reagan, he is the author and editor of several books, including Foreign Follies: America’s New Global Empire (Xulon) and Perpetuating Poverty: The World Bank, the IMF, and the Developing World (co-editor, Cato Institute). The Case for Ending Aid to Israel. June 5, 2012. https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-case-ending-aid-israel-7005]	Bandow 12	67,149	7	661
2,052	1,881,873	55,441	1NC – Grapevine Doubles	OFF	OFF	Trump re-election triggers every catastrophic impact and makes damage irreversible	Starr 19 – professor of sociology and public affairs at Princeton, Pulitzer Prize winner, Paul, May. “Trump’s Second Term.” https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/05/trump-2020-second-term/585994/	Starr 19	45,170	1,116	10,797
2,053	894,499	21,675	Overload	null	null	The alternative to bulk collection is a massive intelligence gap – here’s the most recent evidence	McLaughlin 10/8/15 – reporter and blogger covering surveillance and national security, published multiple freelance articles with the National Journal, and previously worked for Baltimore City Paper and DC Magazine (Jenna, Government Likens Ending Bulk Surveillance to Opening Prison Gates, The Intercept, https://theintercept.com/2015/10/08/government-likens-ending-bulk-surveillance-to-opening-prison-gates/) A Justice Department prosecutor said Thursday that ordering the immediate end of bulk surveillance of	McLaughlin 10/8/15 – reporter and blogger covering surveillance and national security, published multiple freelance articles with the National Journal, and previously worked for Baltimore City Paper and DC Magazine (Jenna, Government Likens Ending Bulk Surveillance to Opening Prison Gates, The Intercept, )	480,338	1	71
2,054	3,311,387	108,913	JG – Fem Weapons PMA	null	Contention 2: Framing	The judge should make an ethical decision about domestic violence – this requires setting aside issues of political expediency. Concerns with political will or scarce resources makes possible violence against women.	Enloe 04 [Cynthia, prof of IR, The Curious Feminist, p. 74]	Enloe 04	5,192	142	1,227
2,055	861,278	20,607	1AC	null	Advantage 1 – Crisis Instability	Independently, China will adopt launch-on-warning in response to ASB	Nicolas Giacometti 14 is a specialist in nuclear issues and missile defense. He is a consultant for the Office of the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment at NATO. “Could China’s Nuclear Strategy Evolve?” Oct. 16, http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/could-chinas-nuclear-strategy-evolve/	Giacometti 14	422,080	26	2,587
2,056	647,353	12,586	Case	Trump	Healthcare	Extinction – fits under their fw and they are contradictory to their own fw	Sandberg 08 — Anders Sandberg, James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, PhD in Computational Neuroscience from Stockholm University, Jason G. Matheny, PhD Candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Milan M. Ćirković, Senior Research Associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 09-09-2008, Accessed: 9-19-2017, "How Can We Reduce The Risk Of Human Extinction?" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, http://thebulletin.org/how-can-we-reduce-risk-human-extinction	Sandberg 08	21,354	875	1,272
2,057	1,222,574	30,127	null	null	International Water Leadership	Federal enforcement of a right to water signals U.S. compliance with international customs and ensures clean water---legitimizes the right to water for other nations	Canty, 17 --- second-year law student at Northeastern University School of Law (6/16/2017, Tanisha Canty, “It Isn’t Just About Flint: Water As A Human Right in the United States,” https://rightscapes.wordpress.com/2017/06/16/it-isnt-just-about-flint-water-as-a-human-right-in-the-united-states/, JMP)	Canty, 17	542,506	88	8,999
2,058	896,396	21,778	Block	null	Case	Executive action -- they’ll make policy unilaterally	Bendix & Quirk, 15 --- assistant professor of political science at Keene State College, AND *Phil Lind Chair in U.S. Politics and Representation at the University of British Columbia (March 2015, William Bendix and Paul J. Quirk, “Secrecy and negligence: How Congress lost control of domestic surveillance,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/03/02-secrecy-negligence-congres-surveillance-bendix-quirk/ctibendixquirksecrecyv3.pdf, JMP)	Bendix & Quirk, 15 , JMP)	481,578	1	178
2,059	896,671	21,793	null	off	1nc – k	Capitalism causes inevitable crises, inequality, and dehumanization—the alternative is a class-based critique of the system—pedagogical spaces are the crucial staging ground for keeping socialism on the horizon	McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, ‘4	McLaren ‘4	46,572	731	10,971
2,060	647,403	12,592	1NC	2	null	Diseases are an existential threat- studies underestimate risk	MacPhee 13 — Ross D. E. MacPhee, Ph.D. in Physical Anthropology from University of Alberta, Former chairman of the Department of Mammalogy at the American Museum of Natural History, Professor at Richard Gilder Graduate School, Alex D. Greenwood, Head of the Department of Wildlife Diseases at the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Professor of wildlife diseases in the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Freie Universität Berlin, “Infectious Disease, Endangerment, and Extinction,” Hindawi Publishing Corporation, http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijeb/2013/571939/	MacPhee 13	2,230	82	13,687
2,061	1,228,098	30,257	null	null	International Water Leadership	Federal enforcement of a right to water signals U.S. compliance with international customs and ensures clean water---legitimizes the right to water for other nations	Canty, 17 --- second-year law student at Northeastern University School of Law (6/16/2017, Tanisha Canty, “It Isn’t Just About Flint: Water As A Human Right in the United States,” https://rightscapes.wordpress.com/2017/06/16/it-isnt-just-about-flint-water-as-a-human-right-in-the-united-states/, JMP)	Canty, 17	542,506	88	8,999
2,062	897,138	21,809	null	null	1nc – t: its	Violation – The plan is done by individual hospitals	Social Security Administration no date (Social Security, https://secure.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0200302530)	Social Security Administration no date	481,886	1	414
2,063	861,533	20,613	1AC	null	1AC – Naval Strategy	Maintaining command of the seas through the carrier is key to great power stability. Independently, carrier presence in Northeast Asia is modeled and encourages global naval arms races – causes nuclear war	Robert C. Rubel 14, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “Navies and Economic Prosperity: The New Logic of Sea Power,” in “Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career,” p.60-68	Rubel 14 p.60-68	427,970	83	25,534
2,064	861,506	20,612	2NC	CP	2NC – Mission Creep Solvency	The CP solves---procedural, geographic, and temporal restrictions are more than sufficient to avoid endless war	Benjamin Wittes 14, editor in chief of Lawfare and a Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, with Waxman, Chesney, and Goldsmith, “A Draft AUMF to Get the Discussion Going,” 11/10/14, https://www.lawfareblog.com/draft-aumf-get-discussion-going	Wittes 14	468,860	1	4,708
2,065	647,247	12,585	null	Nietzsche K	Case	There is no broader meaning in life and so confronted with this question, you have two possible options: negative nihilism or affirmative nihilism. The former is an attempt to impose meaning on the world, a desire to find an overarching truth, whether it be in god or a higher form of morality—this inevitably fails because it fails to recognize the fundamental nature of existence as one which is not defined by anyone other than yourself. The latter is to reject a faith in rationality and truth and instead recognize the objective meaninglessness of life but choose to affirm your own life and beauty in it anyways. The affirmative is negative nihilism, an attempt to produce an equal society based in monolithic conceptions of pity for the other, respecting universal truths, and the suppression of individuality. Within this paradigm, only violence and mediocrity can manifest itself while the potential for human greatness is eliminated. These democratic values are nothing more than the remnants of Judeo-Christian values rooted in slave morality that reduces life to its lowest common denominator. The right to know is the attempt to level the playing field, hindering greatness. Nietzsche effectively gets rid of ROBs, so even though we win the ROB on turns case, the philosophy behind it is false under Nietzsche’s FW	Melekian, 15 – PhD student @ State University of Iowa [Melekian, Yervant Elia. "Nietzsche and the problem of democracy." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, State University of Iowa, 1915. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3941/, HKR-LWZ]	Melekian, 15	388,905	2	23,617
2,066	861,630	20,615	1AC	null	1AC – Naval Strategy	Maintaining command of the seas through the carrier is key to great power stability. Independently, carrier presence in Northeast Asia is modeled and encourages global naval arms races – causes nuclear war	Robert C. Rubel 14, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “Navies and Economic Prosperity: The New Logic of Sea Power,” in “Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career,” p.60-68	Rubel 14 p.60-68	427,970	83	25,534
2,067	897,198	21,811	null	null	1nc – marx	Capitalism causes inevitable crises, inequality, and dehumanization—the alternative is a class-based critique of the system—pedagogical spaces are the crucial staging ground for keeping socialism on the horizon	McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, ‘4	McLaren ‘4	46,572	731	10,971
2,068	897,497	21,822	null	case	1nc	Reps not first	Tuathail, 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)	Tuathail, 96	30,049	246	3,255
2,069	1,133,924	27,835	1AR	Politics	1AC — Solvency	1---Anything that relieves drought is politically popular – Bipartisan consensus	Duster 21 (Chandelis, politics reporter covering breaking news in Washington, D.C for CNN. 7-4-21 “Western governors make bipartisan plea as states battle record heat and drought” CNN https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/04/politics/climate-change-governors-kate-brown-spencer-cox/index.html JO)	Duster 21	581,808	8	1,677
2,070	788,131	18,427	null	1AC	Fism Adv	Successful bioterror attack causes extinction	Anders Sandberg et al., James Martin Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University, "How Can We Reduce the Risk of Human Extinction?" BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS, 9-9-08, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction, accessed 5-2-10.	Sandberg 08	21,354	875	1,272
2,071	1,143,965	28,173	1AR	Infra	1AC — 3	Anything that relieves drought is politically popular – Bipartisan consensus	Duster 21 (Chandelis, politics reporter covering breaking news in Washington, D.C for CNN. 7-4-21 “Western governors make bipartisan plea as states battle record heat and drought” CNN https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/04/politics/climate-change-governors-kate-brown-spencer-cox/index.html JO)	Duster 21	581,808	8	1,677
2,072	1,222,862	29,990	1AC – DOD Pollution	Guidance CP	Extra Cards	Guidance Documents are left in draft form to avoid public input, agency response, and judicial review – that erodes rule of law and separation of powers.	Weidner 20 (Chase Weidner, Judicial Law Clerk at United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, 2020, ew York University Annual Survey of American Law, "HE GUIDANCE DOCUMENT DILEMMA: REFORMING THE FDA'S USE OF GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, 75 N.Y.U. Ann. Surv. Am. L. 137", https://advance-lexis-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/api/document?collection=analytical-materials&id=urn:contentItem:60RS-9R21-FGJR-2358-00000-00&context=1516831.)//veronica	Weidner 20	35,293	16	2,423
2,073	861,824	20,619	1AC	null	1AC – Naval Strategy	Improvements in China’s anti-ship missiles and air defense negate the utility of carrier presence in Japan	Robert C. Rubel 11, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “The Future of Aircraft Carriers,” September, https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/87bcd2ff-c7b6-4715-b2ed-05df6e416b3b/The-Future-of-Aircraft-Carriers	Rubel 11	426,096	16	21,797
2,074	648,562	12,660	null	1	null	The 1ac wields the spectre of nuclear disaster which tortures the social. The constant prospect of total annihilation justifies absolute security despite the fact that this will never come. This spectacle causes equivalent mental trauma as the catastrophe would itself.	Baudrillard in 81 [Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation” p. 55-57]	Baudrillard 81	375,863	7	5,331
2,075	898,331	21,839	1NC	null	1NC---DA	Blockchain solves snap financial collapse	Furber 19 – Sophia Furber is a journalist with S&P Global Market Intelligence, where she leads EMEA fintech and banking tech reporting, citing Brian Behlendorf, executive director of Hyperledger	Furber 19	482,043	11	3,107
2,076	899,321	21,849	2AC	T Prohibit	2AC---Per Se	2) “Business practices” include tactics or activities.	Free Dictionary ND, “Business Practice,” No Date, https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Business+Practice	Free Dictionary ND	482,675	31	385
2,077	648,388	12,647	null	3	Contention	1] Limits – there are hundreds of thousands of different laws and areas of policy, and tons of \ countries to stop giving aid to. Allowing the aff to specify any of them explodes the topic to hundreds of possible plans – here’s the caselist of disclosed countries – Israel, Tajikistan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Uganda, UAE, and Afghanistan- and that’s just the list from LAST weekend. There are legitimately hundreds of different countries the neg has to be prepared for. That kills engagement – Their interp requires the neg to bifurcate their prep between tons of aff’s while the aff focuses on just one, meaning the 1NC is destroyed by 1ar frontlines since they have dozens of times more prep.	null	null	389,463	1	null
2,078	648,448	12,652	null	null	Underview	1AR theory is legitimate because otherwise the 1N has infinite abuse that can’t be countered, it’s drop the debater because the 2N could concede the shell and win another layer and a 4 minute 1ar makes winning substance impossible if I read a shell, and it’s no RVI since a 6-minute 2N dump on theory makes the 2AR impossible and I could never check back abuse. Use competing interps because reasonability is a race to the bottom for the most abuse. Fairness is a voter because debate is a game that requires competitive equity to win and rounds are irresolvable if skewed in one persons favor. Education is a voter- a. it’s a constitutive aim of debate b. it’s the only reason schools fund debate in the first place, which means uneducational debates incentivizes schools to take out funding which is a question of accessibility which is a prerequisite. Aff theory comes before neg theory otherwise the NC can just spam shells and choose any one to win whereas the 1AR can only fit one shell so it’s a no risk issue for the NC	null	null	389,504	1	null
2,079	648,725	12,675	null	null	1AC – Advantage	US and Canada have been exploiting the Columbia river preventing Tribes from getting salmon and other necessary resources.	Athens 18, Allison K. Athens, Accessed 6/26/19 11-8-2018 An Indivisible and Living Whole: Do We Value Nature Enough to Grant It Personhood?, 45 Ecology L. Q. 187 (2018) https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2185&context=elq SLHS-RR	Athens 18	389,695	8	3,413
2,080	900,324	21,872	1AC	null	Adv 2 is Turf Wars	Disease causes extinction.	Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]	Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]	996	728	12,956
2,081	861,826	20,619	1AC	null	1AC – Naval Strategy	Maintaining command of the seas through the carrier is key to great power stability. Independently, carrier presence in Northeast Asia is modeled and encourages global naval arms races – causes nuclear war	Robert C. Rubel 14, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “Navies and Economic Prosperity: The New Logic of Sea Power,” in “Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career,” p.60-68	Rubel 14 p.60-68	427,970	83	25,534
2,082	1,864,881	54,819	null	1AC	Gendered violence	Framing matters—challenging the justification for US militarized masculinity shifts public discussion and opens space for reclaiming violent gendered discourses.	Ferguson 5	Ferguson 5	89,145	31	48,727
2,083	861,773	20,618	1AC	null	1AC – Naval Strategy	Improvements in China’s anti-ship missiles and air defense negate the utility of carrier presence in Japan	Robert C. Rubel 11, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “The Future of Aircraft Carriers,” September, https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/87bcd2ff-c7b6-4715-b2ed-05df6e416b3b/The-Future-of-Aircraft-Carriers	Rubel 11	426,096	16	21,797
2,084	861,992	20,623	1nc	null	1	That fuels instability – Chinese military emboldment causes great power war	Yuen Foong Khong 14, Professor of International Relations and Professorial Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford University, "Primacy or World Order?," International Security 39(3), Winter 2013-14, www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00147	Khong 14	165,250	54	2,328
2,085	900,065	21,865	2NC	Case	null	History and biology prove	Ord, 20 (Dr. Toby Ord 20, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, Hachette Books, Kindle Edition, p. 124-126)	Ord, 20	996	728	4,210
2,086	900,276	21,873	1ac---Texas	null	null	Disease alone causes extinction.	Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]	Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]	996	728	12,956
2,087	648,850	12,676	null	null	1ac – cont	2] Since states are moral agents, interference in their affairs is a violation of their autonomy.	Van der Linden 95 summarizes and quotes Kant [Harry, "Kant, the Duty to Promote International Peace, and Political Intervention" Proceedings of the Eighth International Kant Congress, Volume II / (1995): 71-81. Available at http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers/39] AG	Van der Linden 95 summarizes and quotes Kant	389,788	37	2,097
2,088	900,597	21,878	null	1NC	Adv 1 Blockchain	Bees are doing fine and tons of alt causes	Hageman, 20 (Markie Hageman, "Are honey bees endangered? Here’s the truth of the matter", 6/24/20, https://www.agdaily.com/crops/are-honey-bees-endangered/)	Hageman, 20	279,367	9	3,373
2,089	862,576	20,635	1AC	1AC—ASB	Advantage 1	4 -- China will adopt launch-on-warning posture in response to ASB	Nicolas Giacometti 14 is a specialist in nuclear issues and missile defense. He is a consultant for the Office of the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment at NATO. “Could China’s Nuclear Strategy Evolve?” Oct. 16, http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/could-chinas-nuclear-strategy-evolve/	Giacometti 14	422,080	26	2,587
2,090	290,696	3,687	Disad Answers	null	China-Russia Relations Answers	(--) US-Sino relations do not affect Sino-Russia relations	Wishnick 15 — Elizabeth Wishnick, Associate Professor of Political Science at Montclair State University and Senior Research Scholar in the Weatherhead East Asian Institute at Columbia University, 2015 (“The New China-Russia-U.S. Triangle”, NBR Analysis Brief, December 16th, Available Online at http://www.nbr.org/publications/nbranalysis/pdf/brief/121615_Wishnick_ChinaRussiaUS.pdf, Accessed 07-07-216, SP)	Wishnick 15 —	163,705	19	1,050
2,091	862,714	20,637	2NC/1NR	Containment	2NC—Russia War	Ukraine backfired—Russia will suffer massive international backlash---they won’t risk conflict	Dingli 1/29/15 (Shen, Professor and Associate Dean of the Institute of International Studies, Fudan University. “Balancing interests in Ukraine”, http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2015-01/29/content_34685198.htm)	Dingli 1/29/15	424,684	7	2,068
2,092	900,845	21,884	null	null	1ac	Disease alone causes extinction.	Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]	Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]	996	728	12,956
2,093	1,185,248	29,104	S---2AC---Trevian r3---Crossings BY	2AC---OFF	2AC---AT: T-Protection	b) Protection includes mitigation of future threats to water resources	John H. Davidson, 17 - Professor Emeritus, School of Law, University of South Dakota. ARTICLE: SOUTH DAKOTA'S PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE: CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 62 S.D. L. REV. 397, lexis SDEPA = South Dakota Environmental Protection Act //DH The law, as enacted in South Dakota, bears one minor but striking variation from the original law enacted in Michigan. Section 3(1) of the Michigan law reads: "When the plaintiff in the action has made a prima facie showing that the conduct of defendant has polluted, impaired, or destroyed … ." The SDEPA, in contrast, reads: "When the plaintiff in the action has made a prima facie showing that the conduct of the defendant is polluting, impairing or destroying … ." This variation may alter the nature of the prima facie case that must be presented - active pollution, impairment or destruction, or a threat sufficient to warrant equitable intervention.	Davidson, 17 SDEPA = South Dakota Environmental Protection Act //DH	33,519	14	2,029
2,094	901,296	21,891	2NC	Incentives CP	AT “Positive Incentives Fail”	Deterrence fails – positive incentives for self-regulation are key to solving antitrust	Ristaniemi 20 [Michael, VP of Sustainability at Metsa Group, acting as competition counsel, nominated for the 2019 Antitrust Writing Awards, “Rewarding Competition Compliance – Its Societal Value and How Policy Alignment Can Help, Liikejuridiikka - Finnish Business Law Journal, JCR]	Ristaniemi 20	483,520	2	983
2,095	863,675	20,660	null	2NC	Links	U.S. marine presence in Japan is key to deter North Korea---more important than our presence in South Korea	William T. Pendley 6, Rear Admiral, US Navy (ret.), former Acting Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 2006, “The Korea-U.S. Alliance: A Problematic Future,” in Korea: The East Asian Pivot, p. 353-354	Pendley 6	469,395	1	2,006
2,096	649,425	12,712	null	1	null	Extinction	Millett, 17 - PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow at Oxford (Piers, Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576214/)	Millett, 17	2,127	1,722	6,034
2,097	1,211,596	29,671	2NC	Pits PIC	1NC---Advantage	Bans pollution from nukes.	EPA 19 [US EPA; "Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station"; Published: 5-31-2019; Accessed: 2-20-2022; https://www.epa.gov/npdes-permits/pilgrim-nuclear-power-station; KL]	EPA 19	577,757	1	1,118
2,098	901,955	21,910	2NC	Multilateralism	2NC – A2 Say No	Status-seeking drives agreement AND overwhelms economic costs	Geoffrey A. Manne 13, Lecturer in Law at Lewis & Clark Law School, Executive Director of the International Center for Law & Economics, JD from the University of Chicago Law School, Former Olin Fellow at the University of Virginia School of Law, and Dr. Seth Weinberger, PhD and MA in Political Science from Duke University, MA in National Security Studies from Georgetown University, AB from the University of Chicago, Associate Professor in the Department of Politics and Government at the University of Puget Sound, “International Signals: The Political Dimension of International Competition Law”, The Antitrust Bulletin, Volume 57, Number 3, Fall 2012, Volume 57, Number 3, Last Revised 7/18/2013, p. 490-492	Manne 13	483,731	20	3,370
2,099	1,865,056	54,811	2ac	Courts CP	Advantage 2 is Courts	No impact to democracy AND its inevitable – allies are moving away BUT ilaw create a sustainable international order post collapse	Bidisha Biswas and Anish Goel 18 (Bidisha Biswas is a professor of political science at Western Washington University, Anish Goel is a senior fellow at the New America Foundation, December 19, 2018, "What Comes After US Hegemony?", No Publication, https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/what-comes-after-us-hegemony/, accessed: 7-23-2020)//yeed As long-standing allies, Australia and Japan have forged a durable relationship with the United States, based on shared values and interests. But the allies have good reason to fear that, in the decades to come, the United States will not be able to deliver the benefits that it used to. As a result, they have both, on their own initiative, sought out closer engagement with China and worked to strengthen multilateral regional arrangements.	Biswas and Goel 18	70,660	13	2,636

2,000

2,621,263

83,339

Card Doc

1NC

1NC – U DA

Economic recession triggers war

Sundaram & Popov’19 (Jomo Kwame Sundaram, former economics professor, former United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007. Vladimir Popov, former senior economics researcher in the Soviet Union, Russia and the United Nations Secretariat, current Research Director at the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute in Berlin. “Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War” http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/, February 12, 2019) MMW

Sundaram & Popov’19 Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War

2,125

912

6,254

2,001

888,733

21,457

Bleiker

FLOW

2AC – Realism

Realism inevitable—it’s grounded in human nature

Thayer 4 [Bradley, Ph.D, Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a consultant to the Rand Corporation, "Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict"]

Thayer 4

265,182

13

3,090

2,002

1,209,855

29,766

1NR

Water Advantage

1nc — federalism advantage

Global actors mean they can’t solve biodiversity — prefer the only comparative analysis.

Carrington ’20 — Damian, environment editor, citing the Swiss Re Index; (October 12, 2020; “Fifth of countries at risk of ecosystem collapse, analysis finds”; The Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/12/fifth-of-nations-at-risk-of-ecosystem-collapse-analysis-finds; //LFS—SR)

Carrington ’20

10,139

36

3,084

2,003

856,643

20,471

null

2AC

futurism

Predicting international response to actions is possible – we can understand macro-functioning within systems and predict actions based on that

Streufert and Satish in 97 (Siegried and Usha, Department of Behavioral Science Pennsylvanian State University, “Complexity Theory: Predictions Based on the Confluence of Science-Wide and Behavioral Theories,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, n. 27, pp. 2096-2116)

Streufert and Satish in 97

467,260

11

2,833

2,004

642,981

12,383

null

1AC

Framework

1] Consequences first — anything else is irresponsible and escapes valuable discussions.

Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318

Bracey 6

41,912

638

1,683

2,005

856,684

20,472

null

2AC

K

Predicting international response to actions is possible – we can understand macro-functioning within systems and predict actions based on that

Streufert and Satish in 97 (Siegried and Usha, Department of Behavioral Science Pennsylvanian State University, “Complexity Theory: Predictions Based on the Confluence of Science-Wide and Behavioral Theories,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, n. 27, pp. 2096-2116)

Streufert and Satish in 97 , n. 27, pp. 2096-2116)

467,260

11

2,833

2,006

856,694

20,473

null

1NC

OFF

They are contextually distinct from military personnel

Mark Hemingway, staff, "Warriors for Hire," WEEKLY STANDARD, 12—18—06, www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/013/062fxarf.asp, accessed 8-1-15.

Hemingway 06

467,271

1

505

2,007

857,155

20,490

null

1NC

Case

Discourse isn’t the primary shaper of reality

Balzacq 5 (Thierry, Prof. of Political Science and IR @ Namar University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context,” European Journal of International Relations, June 2005, Vol. 11, No. 2)

Balzacq 5 University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context,” European Journal of International Relations, June 2005, Vol. 11, No. 2)

18,299

492

2,092

2,008

889,048

21,463

Case

Solvency – 1NC

1NC

Alt causes to FBI recruitment – lower pay than private sector jobs

Matt Novak, 7-31-2015, "FBI Struggling With Cybersecurity Because of Shit Pay and Drug Tests," Gizmodo, http://gizmodo.com/fbi-struggling-with-cybersecurity-because-of-shit-pay-a-1721337348 /Bingham-DS

Novak 2015 /Bingham-DS

477,970

2

1,545

2,009

889,061

21,463

2NC

Solvency – 1NC

2NC Long Framework

A crisis focused ethic is wrong – attention to isolated instances of warfare ignores the daily horrors of structural violence. This is the precondition for any war to happen

Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30)

Cuomo 96

917

222

6,565

2,010

642,961

12,381

Apple Valley R1 Neg

Case

Framing

Consequences matter—anything else is irresponsible and escapes valuable discussions.

Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318

Bracey 6

41,912

638

1,683

2,011

2,621,428

83,336

1NC

OFF

Kritik---1NC

International relations in the cornerstone of a violent orientalist power projection in the post colony---the Aff’s rhetorical imposition of this relationship only serves to reinforce a violent Western hegemony—turns the Aff

Shani 8 (Giorgio, “Toward a Post-Western IR: The Umma, Khalsa Panth, and Critical International Relations Theory” by Giorgio Shani on December 1, 2008. Accessed online on June 25, 2019. Professor Giorgio Shani is Chair of the Department of Politics and International Studies and Director of the Rotary Peace Center, at International Christian University. https://academic.oup.com/isr/article-abstract/10/4/722/1817169)

Shani 8

66,689

5

4,481

2,012

889,430

21,468

OFF

K

2AC – Security K

The alt’s all-or-nothing choice fails --- small reforms like the plan are key to institutional change and getting others to sign on to the alt

Erik Olin Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, “Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias”, Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Published%20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf

Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, “Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias”, Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Published%20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf

30,552

207

2,421

2,013

1,878,626

55,316

2NC

Case

(--) Death penalty abolition leads to an increase in Life Without Parole sentences:

Ross Kleinstuber et al, 2016 (assistant professor of Justice Administration and Criminology at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown), “INTO THE ABYSS: THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF DEATH PENALTY ABOLITION,” Retrieved June 6, 2020 from https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1196&context=jlasc

Kleinstuber 16

64,699

5

1,166

2,014

857,785

20,507

2NC

Advantage 2

Alternative

Barker 09 (between which there is no différance). This evaluation forms the very core of meta-transformation. Insofar as psychic and collective individuation must be defined – always fluidly – as projected desire, it is always a matter of either dis- or re-enchantment. Enchantment, in the sense in which Stiegler appropriates it from the MEDEF, is the undoing of “cognitive capitalism’s” seizure and control of techniques (skills), knowledge, and consumption, a seizure which, as the word suggests, is a suspension of dynamic development. The forces of transindividuation bring about the adoption not only of cultural histories and techniques but of the dynamic, participatory involvement that can re-direct “telecracy” “back” into democracy – which in Stiegler’s participatory sense of it cannot survive the amnesia resultant from the subversion of long circuits of attention and critical thinking by programming industries whose strategic goal is attention-capture and the undermining, if not the destruction, of inter-generational transference. The forces of control operating in the “worst” transformative dimension in which we now find ourselves strive to become “adaptive,” rather than adoptive, Stiegler points out; that is, entropic (Réenchanter le monde 122). Adaptation – to adapt to environmental circumstance – as opposed to adoption – to participate in the genealogical transmission and transformation of knowledge and culture – is for Stiegler not a matter of adjustment but of amnesia, of the mind in thrall to the spectacle of images and messages designed to short-circuit attention and critique. Adaptation means “the imperatives of production that are secondary to shareholder expectations, and not producers of alternatives, of models of meta-transformation. Knowledge is intrinsically contradictory to adaptation, as innovation” (Réenchanter le monde 122). In other words, adaptation offers no alternative options to control, and emerges as the blocking of – the obstacle to – human development. Stiegler, [40] sees the ex-teriorization of memory – technics – as the very ground of human being as such (original prostheticity); all knowledge, Stiegler says, has its origins in exteriorization: memory is “exteriorization re-interiorized in new intellectual and motor behaviors” (Réenchanter le monde 136). The transformative process of individuation is the process of exteriorization is grammatization. Re-enchantment, then, “the re-enchantment of the world,” is beyond all else a gamble – indeed, according to Stiegler, a gamble against all the current odds. As the word “enchantment” implies, re-enchantment in a world currently “enchanted” (in thrall to) psychotechnologies would be nothing less than magical, resultant from supernatural forces. But despite seemingly overwhelming evidence, Stiegler is not pessimistic about this potential renewal; in his most recent work he sees the possibility of such a re-enchantment’s occurring as resting on the associative circuitry of “information, knowledge, technology, industry, and society as the fragile product of an international politics of the transformation of contemporary capitalism” (Réenchanter le monde 165; emphasis added). In the battle against disenchantment – whose other names are ennui and care-less-ness [incurie] – in the battle for intelligence and for the perpetual (re)creation of enchant-ent, the transformation of psychotechnologies into “psychopolitics devoted to the service of a noopolitics . . . through technologies of the mind” (Taking Care 339) is Stiegler’s great hope. There is no reason to think that this re-creation is not possible; indeed, Stiegler insists, we must assume that it is possible (to give Stiegler the last word): We can certainly go on struggling against care-less-ness and weigh the results. But we must face the consequences of recent information on the state of the human mind, on what is destroyed and on the possibilities of reconstructing what has been destroyed – on condition of fundamentally reversing the situation of this power as a psychopower, and of subjecting it to the controls prescribed by a psychopolitics placed in the service of a noopolitics, across an industrial politics of the mind. (Taking Care 339) Only through transindividuation – psychic, collective, and technical – can any hope of a future transcending our current thrall to programming, an ontological future in the most fundamental sense, become a program for a future of the human in a world of psychotechnological mystifications.

null

This evaluation forms the very core of meta-transformation Insofar as psychic and collective individuation must be defined as projected desire, it is always a matter of either dis- or re-enchantment. Enchantment is the undoing of “cognitive capitalism’s” seizure and control of techniques (skills), knowledge, and consumption, a seizure which, as the word suggests, is a suspension of dynamic development The forces of transindividuation bring about the adoption not only of cultural histories and techniques but of the dynamic, participatory involvement that can re-direct “telecracy” “back” into democracy The forces of control operating in the “worst” transformative dimension in which we now find ourselves strive to become “adaptive,” rather than adoptive, Adaptation is for Stiegler not a matter of adjustment but of amnesia, of the mind in thrall to the spectacle of images and messages designed to short-circuit attention and critique . Knowledge is intrinsically contradictory to adaptation, as innovation” In other words, adaptation offers no alternative options to control, and emerges as the blocking of human development. Re-enchantment, then, “the re-enchantment of the world,” is beyond all else a gamble – indeed, according to Stiegler, a gamble against all the current odds. re-enchantment in a world currently “enchanted” (in thrall to) psychotechnologies would be nothing less than magical, resultant from supernatural forces. In the battle against disenchantment in the battle for intelligence and for the perpetual (re)creation of enchant-ent, the transformation of psychotechnologies into “psychopolitics is Stiegler’s great hope. There is no reason to think that this re-creation is not possible we must assume that it is possible We can certainly go on struggling against care-less-ness and weigh the results. But we must face the consequences of recent information on the state of the human mind, on what is destroyed and on the possibilities of reconstructing what has been destroyed – on condition of fundamentally reversing the situation of this power as a psychopower, and of subjecting it to the controls prescribed by a psychopolitics placed in the service of a noopolitics, across an industrial politics of the mind. Only through transindividuation – psychic, collective, and technical – can any hope of a future transcending our current thrall to programming, an ontological future in the most fundamental sense, become a program for a future of the human in a world of psychotechnological mystifications.

467,616

1

null

2,015

889,361

21,467

1NR

K

AT Perm

6. The alternative is mutually exclusive: the affirmative’s demand for revolution is like fast and direct cooking on a grill, but the alternative’s call for reform is like the slow and indirect cooking of barbeque. Both the process and results are distinct.

Bogost 9 — Ian Bogost, Ivan Allen College Distinguished Chair in Media Studies and Professor of Interactive Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Founding Partner at Persuasive Games LLC—an independent game studio, holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from the University of California-Los Angeles and a B.A. in Philosophy and Comparative Literature from the University of Southern California, 2009 (“The Ribs of Reform: Politics and Slow Cooking,” Bogost.com—Ian Bogost’s blog, October 2nd, Available Online at http://www.bogost.com/blog/the_ribs_of_reform.shtml, Accessed 03-25-2014)

Bogost 9

239,495

3

1,814

2,016

1,210,259

29,674

2AC

CP — Guidance

2AC — Guidance CP — T/L

No runaway AI.

Vallati 20 — Senior Lecturer in Computer Science, University of Huddersfield. (Mauro; Published: January 6, 2020; “Will AI take over? Quantum theory suggests otherwise”; The Conversation; Accessed: August 12, 2021; https://theconversation.com/will-ai-take-over-quantum-theory-suggests-otherwise-126567)//CYang

Vallati 20

533,291

9

2,696

2,017

643,227

12,393

Neg v Harker SS

Off

CBW

It’s the most probable impact

Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow

Sandberg, 8

21,354

875

1,575

2,018

643,314

12,396

TOC Quarters Aff

1AC

Baltics

Alliances contain allied and adversary aggression – the alternative is great power conflict driven overlapping spheres of influence and loss of conflict dampeners – it’s an impact filter.

Twining 17 - director of the Asia Program at The German Marshall Fund of the United States, based in Washington, DC, MPhil & PhD degrees from Oxford University (Daniel, "Abandoning the Liberal International Order for a Spheres-of-Influence World is a Trap for America…," Medium, 3-21-2017, https://medium.com/out-of-order/abandoning-the-liberal-international-order-for-a-spheres-of-influence-world-is-a-trap-for-america-7bfcdbb83df4)

Twining 17

2,569

334

7,236

2,019

858,065

20,513

null

1NC Case

Aff destroys hegemony or it doesn’t solve – heg is good – deters and deescalates conflict – decline causes transition wars

Brooks et al 13 [Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File]

Brooks et al 13

2,521

405

6,677

2,020

1,220,929

30,165

1AC – Water Rights – St. Mark’s

null

Water Quality

Disease causes extinction.

Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

996

728

12,956

2,021

889,451

21,469

CASE

Solvency – 1NC

1NC

Alt causes to FBI recruitment – lower pay than private sector jobs

Matt Novak, 7-31-2015, "FBI Struggling With Cybersecurity Because of Shit Pay and Drug Tests," Gizmodo, http://gizmodo.com/fbi-struggling-with-cybersecurity-because-of-shit-pay-a-1721337348 /Bingham-DS

Novak 2015 /Bingham-DS

477,970

2

1,545

2,022

643,535

12,405

Glenbrooks Round 6 Neg

Case

Framing

1] Consequences matter—anything else is irresponsible and escapes valuable discussions.

Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318

Bracey 6

41,912

638

1,683

2,023

858,376

20,522

K

null

Two Implications: 1) their links aren’t true; no institution or mindset is to blame; people are often bad people, and our impulses to do bad things can’t be wished away by rejection and rethinking 2) The harms will replicate themselves in the world of their alternative – you can’t agree to forget how violence works and never use it again.

Babbit 19 (this card has been edited for gendered language) Irving, comparative literature professor at Harvard University, Rousseau and Romanticism, originally published 1919, 1991 edition introduction by Claes Ryn, p. 194-196

null

467,858

2

3,809

2,024

643,818

12,416

Neg

Off

CBW Shift

It’s the most probable impact

Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow

Sandberg, 8

21,354

875

1,575

2,025

890,202

21,486

null

Cyber

Cyberwar isn’t an existential threat --- best studies prove

Healey 13 Jason, Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, "No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War", 3/20, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us

Healey 13

48,511

253

3,239

2,026

643,748

12,413

null

Case

Framing

1] Consequences first — anything else is irresponsible and escapes valuable discussions.

Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318

Bracey 6

41,912

638

1,683

2,027

287,714

3,642

Space Debris DA

1NC Space Debris DA

2NC Turns Space Leadership

Continuation of Space Debris destroys US leadership in space.

Matthews 2011 [William, writer for Defense News March 20 2011 http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3999596&c=AIR&s=TOP]kho

Matthews 2011

184,982

1

3,625

2,028

354,074

4,512

Negative

K links

Black fem links

The gratuitous violence committed against females is only perpetuated by the invisibility of the black female perspective.

Hartman 8 (Saidiya Hartman. Professor at Columbia University specializing in African American Literature. Venus in two acts. June 2008)

Hartman 8

90,707

32

2,223

2,029

220,617

2,842

Affirmative

Economy Add-Ons

L – Integration/Plan Improves Economy

Integrated Schools make students who are ready to contribute to the Global Economy

AMY STUART WELLS, LAUREN FOX, AND DIANA CORDOVA-COBO, 16 (Amy Stuart Wells is a professor and Lauren Fox and Diana Cordova-Cobo are doctoral students in sociology and education at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY. Wells is director, Fox is research associate and Cordova-Cobo is research assistant at the Center for Understanding Race and Education (CURE) at Teachers College. Wells is also co-director and Cordova-Cobo is research assistant at the Public Good, a nonprofit public school support organization for racially and ethnically diverse schools. https://tcf.org/content/report/how-racially-diverse-schools-and-classrooms-can-benefit-all-students/)//JS

WELLS, FOX, AND CORDOVA-COBO, 16

134,768

8

21,940

2,030

859,371

20,562

2NC

Iran Advantage

AT: 2AC Ev

Iran could never start the war---status quo deterrence solves

W. Andrew Terrill 15, Middle East Specialist at the Strategic Studies Institute, previously Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, October 2015, “ARAB THREAT PERCEPTIONS AND THE FUTURE OF THE U.S. MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST,” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub1297.pdf

Terrill 15

443,322

3

953

2,031

859,470

20,564

1NR

Saudi DA

Link

1AC tewell evidence concludes keeping the carrier in the middle east is key to assurance– flexibility may be good for future tensions, but our impending one causes nuclear prolif

Tewell 15, Washington Institute Military Fellow, 15 ~Cmdr Ryan T; 10-5-15; The Washington Institute; "Assessing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Gap in the Gulf"; www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/assessing-the-u.s.-aircraft-carrier-gap-in-the-gulf

Tewell 15

426,569

34

754

2,032

467,598

5,986

Oil Dependence

General oil dependence

AT: Markets make SLOCs irrelevant

Direct purchases from Middle East lead to SLOC conflicts and military draw in

Gjeltan 12 (Tom Gjeltan; U.S. diplomacy and military affairs, first from the State Department and then from the Pentagon; “U.S. Rethinks Security As Mideast Oil Imports Drop”; 7-8-13)

Gjeltan 12

292,338

3

788

2,033

645,213

12,482

1nc

1 – Nebel

1nc shell

Interpretation: “States” is a generic bare plural. The aff may not specify a subset of states that ought to eliminate nuclear arsenals.

Nebel 19. [Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. He writes a lot of this stuff lol – duh.] “Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution.” Vbriefly. August 12, 2019. https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/?fbclid=IwAR0hUkKdDzHWrNeqEVI7m59pwsnmqLl490n4uRLQTe7bWmWDO_avWCNzi14 TG

Nebel 19

336,758

492

4,660

2,034

860,178

20,584

1NC

null

1NC

Presence in the Greater Horn is key to counter Chinese military rise – the plan widens their sphere of influence

Hugo Norton 15, Africa Policy Analyst and Advisor, "China’s Military Base in Djibouti Exposes US Decline," 6/3/15, http://www.fairobserver.com/region/north_america/chinas-military-base-in-djibouti-exposes-us-decline-30178/

Norton 15

422,845

26

4,331

2,035

892,448

21,575

1nc

Case

null

Academia is a pollution of the affirmative project—an inoculation and re-scripting of the very terms of contestation such that nothing is left but the continued propagation of social death

Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 (“The Necrosocial – Civic Life, Social Death, and the University of California,” November 2009, Craccum Magazine – University of Auckland Student Magazine. Iss. 4, 2012. http://craccum.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/?p=286) [m leap]

Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 ) [m leap]

1,058

306

11,993

2,036

1,183,740

28,968

null

1NC – BBB

Dems reach an agreement now – but PC is key to negotiations

EY 1/3. EY Tax News Update. “Congress returns as Build Back Better Act faces uncertain path following Manchin objections.” 1/3/22. https://taxnews.ey.com/news/2022-0001-congress-returns-as-build-back-better-act-faces-uncertain-path-following-manchin-objections

EY 1/3

538,617

8

1,937

2,037

892,404

21,572

1NC interlake

Case

null

Academia is a pollution of the affirmative project—an inoculation and re-scripting of the very terms of contestation such that nothing is left but the continued propagation of social death

Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 (“The Necrosocial – Civic Life, Social Death, and the University of California,” November 2009, Craccum Magazine – University of Auckland Student Magazine. Iss. 4, 2012. http://craccum.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/?p=286)

Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 )

1,058

306

11,993

2,038

892,495

21,578

null

Case

Academia is a pollution of the affirmative project—an inoculation and re-scripting of the very terms of contestation such that nothing is left but the continued propagation of social death

Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 (“The Necrosocial – Civic Life, Social Death, and the University of California,” November 2009, Craccum Magazine – University of Auckland Student Magazine. Iss. 4, 2012. http://craccum.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/?p=286) [m leap]

Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 ) [m leap]

1,058

306

11,993

2,039

1,210,807

29,778

null

1AC---Policy

1AC---Trade Adv

Breakdown causes nuclear war via hotspot escalation---accelerates warming and tech shift.

Oppenheimer 21 (, M., 2021. 2. The Turbulent Future of International Relations. The Future of Global Affairs - Springer International Publishing, 1(1), p.Chapter 2. Michael Oppenheimer leads the IR Futures concentration at CGA, teaching courses on International Relations (core course), The Future of International Relations, and U.S. Foreign Policy. He also oversees an ongoing research and consulting project for the UN Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Executive Directorate, which involves students directly in advising the UN system on counter terrorism policies and practices. He writes and speaks publicly on U.S foreign policy and on the future of international relations. He has had a varied career, beginning with several years with the U.S. government, then in strategic consulting for government policy makers and private firms, and-since 2005-teaching and research at CGA. His particular specialty is the cognition and methods of thinking about the future, and how perceptions of future change can be incorporated into the foreign policy process, in order to improve foresight and agility. He has applied his skills in research and consulting for the US intelligence community, the Department of State, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the UN, and many others. He is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and is actively involved (and involves his students) in the foreign policy/IR community.)-re-highlighted rahulpenu

Oppenheimer 21 (

16,473

447

17,798

2,040

3,325,667

109,654

1AC Harvard R5

null

Contention

Great Lakes applies to this list of countries:

Patrick Kanyangara 16, the Regional Coordinator of the ACCORD’s Great Lakes Programme aiming at consolidating peace, “Conflict in the Great Lakes Region,” African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, May 5, 2016, ttps://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/conflict-great-lakes-region/ // JW

Kanyangara 16

1,398,318

4

926

2,041

2,621,523

83,339

Card Doc

1NR

Sino-Japan DA

China and Japan making steady progress in improving their ties:

Gao Hong, 10/29/2018 (a research fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Daily, “New chapter for China-Japan relations,” http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201810/29/ WS5bd642d8a310eff303285081.html, Retrieved 8/21/2019, rwg)

Gao 18

1,144,832

1

1,324

2,042

1,184,214

28,930

1AC

null

1AC – solvency

Denying Enbridge’s request to build the tunnel solves and is NOT vital to energy prices.

TenEyck 20(Jane TenEyck, Executive Director of “CORA”, Sean McBrearty Michigan Legislative and Political Director Clean Water Action (“CWA”), Elizabeth R. Kirkwood Executive Director For Love of Water (“FLOW”), Jim Lively Director of Program Strategy Groundwork Center for Resilient Communities, Bentley Johnson Senior Partnerships Manager Michigan League of Conservation Voters (“MLCV”), Ann Rogers and Greg Reisig Co-Chairs Northern Michigan Environmental Action Council, David Holtz and Anne Woiwode Co-Chairs Sierra Club Michigan, JoAnne Cromley Chair Straits Area of Concerned Citizens for Peace Justice and the Environment (“SACCPJE”), Patty Peek Chair Straits of Mackinac Alliance (“SMA”), Bill Latka Chair TC350.org, 7-14-2020, "Public Comments on the Joint Application of Enbridge Energy for proposed pipeline tunnel under the Straits of Mackinac between Mackinaw City and Saint Ignace, Michigan,” https://forloveofwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Comments-to-USACE-permitting-on-proposed-tunnel.pdf, accessed 6-22-2021//mrul) The Application Threatens to Violate State, Federal and Local Laws. In this case, boring an unprecedented tunnel through the bedrock and soils of the Great Lakes threatens to violate a host of Federal, State, or local law or requirements imposed for the protection of the environment, including but not limited to, the Great Lakes Submerged Lands Act (“GLSLA”), the Michigan Environmental Protection Act (“MEPA”) public trust law, Michigan’s Constitution, Michigan Water Quality Standards, 59 the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”). As a threshold matter, Enbridge lacks legal authorization to 60 construct and operate this proposed tunnel and pipeline because the 2017 and 2018 agreements coupled with the Act 359 legislation to authorize such construction of a private tunnel through public trust bottomlands violate public trust law (GLSLA and MEPA) and the Michigan Constitution (Art. 4 Sec. 52). As public trustee, the State of Michigan has a separate and irrevocable duty to protect the paramount interests of the navigable waterways and bottomlands of the Great Lakes. This includes the proposed location of the tunnel and pipeline project under the Straits of Mackinac. In other words, the very tunnel agreements and legislation Enbridge relies on to make this joint application are defective. Thus, an EIS 61 is required to evaluate these and other applicable federal and state laws.

TenEyck 20(Jane TenEyck, Executive Director of “CORA”, Sean McBrearty Michigan Legislative and Political Director Clean Water Action (“CWA”), Elizabeth R. Kirkwood Executive Director For Love of Water (“FLOW”), Jim Lively Director of Program Strategy Groundwork Center for Resilient Communities, Bentley Johnson Senior Partnerships Manager Michigan League of Conservation Voters (“MLCV”), Ann Rogers and Greg Reisig Co-Chairs Northern Michigan Environmental Action Council, David Holtz and Anne Woiwode Co-Chairs Sierra Club Michigan, JoAnne Cromley Chair Straits Area of Concerned Citizens for Peace Justice and the Environment (“SACCPJE”), Patty Peek Chair Straits of Mackinac Alliance (“SMA”), Bill Latka Chair TC350.org, 7-14-2020, "Public Comments on the Joint Application of Enbridge Energy for proposed pipeline tunnel under the Straits of Mackinac between Mackinaw City and Saint Ignace, Michigan,” https://forloveofwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Comments-to-USACE-permitting-on-proposed-tunnel.pdf, accessed 6-22-2021//mrul)

36,603

23

13,095

2,043

860,555

20,591

GSU Round 1 – Neg vs. West Georgia DZ

1NC

DA

That fuels instability – Chinese military emboldment causes great power war

Yuen Foong Khong 14, Professor of International Relations and Professorial Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford University, "Primacy or World Order?," International Security 39(3), Winter 2013-14, www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00147

Khong 14

165,250

54

2,328

2,044

957,120

23,237

2AC

CP

Executive CP---2AC

Congress key to predictability---the counterplans constitutional objections cause confusions.

Derrian Smith 19. J.D., 2019, Indiana University Maurer School of Law; B.A., 2016, Indiana University - Indianapolis. "Taming Sherman's Wilderness." Indiana Law Journal, vol. 94, no. 3, Summer 2019, p. 1223-1246. HeinOnline.

Smith 19

484,475

16

1,042

2,045

1,221,911

30,078

null

T-Protect

null

W/M - Dams are point-source polluters

Workman, 7 --- adviser and consultant on water and natural resources issues to governmental and nongovernmental organizations, including the World Commission on Dams (FALL 2007, JAMES G. WORKMAN, “How to Fix Our Dam Problems; Thousands of aging dams should be repaired or destroyed, at a cost of billions. A cap-and-trade policy could speed the process and help pay the bills,” https://issues.org/workman-water-crisis-drought-fix-dams/, JMP)

Workman, 7

33,060

27

617

2,046

861,052

20,602

1AC

null

1AC – Nuclear Doctrine

Fear of conventional strike causes China to adopt launch-on-warning posture

Nicolas Giacometti 14 is a specialist in nuclear issues and missile defense. He is a consultant for the Office of the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment at NATO. “Could China’s Nuclear Strategy Evolve?” Oct. 16, http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/could-chinas-nuclear-strategy-evolve/

Giacometti 14

422,080

26

2,587

2,047

421,495

5,395

Ext #7 Ba - No SCS war

null

No war

Goldstein 11 - Professor and Director of the China Maritime Studies Institute @ US Naval War College [Dr. Lyle J. Goldstein, “Resetting the US–China Security Relationship,” Survival | vol. 53 no. 2 | April–May 2011 | pp. 89–116

Goldstein 11

388,165

11

1,295

2,048

861,187

20,605

1AC Regular

null

1AC – Naval Strategy Adv

Command of the seas is key to global great power stability. Independently, stationing the carrier in Northeast Asia sends signals of aggression that undermine maritime cooperation and encourage global naval arms races – causes nuclear war

Robert C. Rubel 14, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “Navies and Economic Prosperity: The New Logic of Sea Power,” in “Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career,” p.60-68

Rubel 14 p.60-68

427,970

83

25,534

2,049

1,221,998

30,119

1AC

null

Solvency---1AC

Fed Fracking Ban Key

Michael Burger, 2013, (Michael Burger is the Executive Director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law. He oversees a dynamic team of attorneys working in eight program areas to combat climate change. His research and advocacy focus on legal strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote climate change adaptation through pollution control, resource management, land use planning and green finance. Prior to joining the Sabin Center in 2015, he was an associate professor at Roger Williams University School of Law, where he taught environmental law, administrative law, and law and literature, and was founder and director of the Environmental and Land Use Law Clinical Externship program. He previously taught in the Lawyering Program at New York University School of Law, and served as an attorney in the Environmental Law Division of New York City’s Office of the Corporation Counsel. He has lead short courses on climate change and human rights in the Hague and Grand Cayman. He is also a co-founder and member of the Environmental Law Collaborative, and the incoming chair of the New York City Bar Association International Environmental Law Committee. Michael is a graduate of Columbia Law School and of Brown University. He also holds a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Creative Writing program at NYU.), “The (Re)federalization of Fracking Regulation”, Michigan State Law Review, 1483, 2013, pages 1498-1499/ceng/msdi21

Burger 2013

31,887

9

2,354

2,050

1,222,315

30,123

null

Theoretical 1AC

Contention 4: Framing

Be skeptical of their long linear chains because each step greatly reduces net risk – the aff outweighs even seemingly probable disads

Conetta 98

10,120

543

3,044

2,051

645,966

12,512

1NC

Case

Advantage

Israel can weather the hit – they have a strong economy and a booming tech sector that will strengthen their military in the absence of aid

Bandow 12 [Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. A former special assistant to President Ronald Reagan, he is the author and editor of several books, including Foreign Follies: America’s New Global Empire (Xulon) and Perpetuating Poverty: The World Bank, the IMF, and the Developing World (co-editor, Cato Institute). The Case for Ending Aid to Israel. June 5, 2012. https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-case-ending-aid-israel-7005]

Bandow 12

67,149

7

661

2,052

1,881,873

55,441

1NC – Grapevine Doubles

OFF

Trump re-election triggers every catastrophic impact and makes damage irreversible

Starr 19 – professor of sociology and public affairs at Princeton, Pulitzer Prize winner, Paul, May. “Trump’s Second Term.” https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/05/trump-2020-second-term/585994/

Starr 19

45,170

1,116

10,797

2,053

894,499

21,675

Overload

null

The alternative to bulk collection is a massive intelligence gap – here’s the most recent evidence

McLaughlin 10/8/15 – reporter and blogger covering surveillance and national security, published multiple freelance articles with the National Journal, and previously worked for Baltimore City Paper and DC Magazine (Jenna, Government Likens Ending Bulk Surveillance to Opening Prison Gates, The Intercept, https://theintercept.com/2015/10/08/government-likens-ending-bulk-surveillance-to-opening-prison-gates/) A Justice Department prosecutor said Thursday that ordering the immediate end of bulk surveillance of

McLaughlin 10/8/15 – reporter and blogger covering surveillance and national security, published multiple freelance articles with the National Journal, and previously worked for Baltimore City Paper and DC Magazine (Jenna, Government Likens Ending Bulk Surveillance to Opening Prison Gates, The Intercept, )

480,338

1

71

2,054

3,311,387

108,913

JG – Fem Weapons PMA

null

Contention 2: Framing

The judge should make an ethical decision about domestic violence – this requires setting aside issues of political expediency. Concerns with political will or scarce resources makes possible violence against women.

Enloe 04 [Cynthia, prof of IR, The Curious Feminist, p. 74]

Enloe 04

5,192

142

1,227

2,055

861,278

20,607

1AC

null

Advantage 1 – Crisis Instability

Independently, China will adopt launch-on-warning in response to ASB

Nicolas Giacometti 14 is a specialist in nuclear issues and missile defense. He is a consultant for the Office of the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment at NATO. “Could China’s Nuclear Strategy Evolve?” Oct. 16, http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/could-chinas-nuclear-strategy-evolve/

Giacometti 14

422,080

26

2,587

2,056

647,353

12,586

Case

Trump

Healthcare

Extinction – fits under their fw and they are contradictory to their own fw

Sandberg 08 — Anders Sandberg, James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, PhD in Computational Neuroscience from Stockholm University, Jason G. Matheny, PhD Candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Milan M. Ćirković, Senior Research Associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 09-09-2008, Accessed: 9-19-2017, "How Can We Reduce The Risk Of Human Extinction?" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, http://thebulletin.org/how-can-we-reduce-risk-human-extinction

Sandberg 08

21,354

875

1,272

2,057

1,222,574

30,127

null

International Water Leadership

Federal enforcement of a right to water signals U.S. compliance with international customs and ensures clean water---legitimizes the right to water for other nations

Canty, 17 --- second-year law student at Northeastern University School of Law (6/16/2017, Tanisha Canty, “It Isn’t Just About Flint: Water As A Human Right in the United States,” https://rightscapes.wordpress.com/2017/06/16/it-isnt-just-about-flint-water-as-a-human-right-in-the-united-states/, JMP)

Canty, 17

542,506

88

8,999

2,058

896,396

21,778

Block

null

Case

Executive action -- they’ll make policy unilaterally

Bendix & Quirk, 15 --- *assistant professor of political science at Keene State College, AND **Phil Lind Chair in U.S. Politics and Representation at the University of British Columbia (March 2015, William Bendix and Paul J. Quirk, “Secrecy and negligence: How Congress lost control of domestic surveillance,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/03/02-secrecy-negligence-congres-surveillance-bendix-quirk/ctibendixquirksecrecyv3.pdf, JMP)

Bendix & Quirk, 15 , JMP)

481,578

1

178

2,059

896,671

21,793

null

off

1nc – k

Capitalism causes inevitable crises, inequality, and dehumanization—the alternative is a class-based critique of the system—pedagogical spaces are the crucial staging ground for keeping socialism on the horizon

McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, ‘4

McLaren ‘4

46,572

731

10,971

2,060

647,403

12,592

1NC

2

null

Diseases are an existential threat- studies underestimate risk

MacPhee 13 — Ross D. E. MacPhee, Ph.D. in Physical Anthropology from University of Alberta, Former chairman of the Department of Mammalogy at the American Museum of Natural History, Professor at Richard Gilder Graduate School, Alex D. Greenwood, Head of the Department of Wildlife Diseases at the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Professor of wildlife diseases in the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Freie Universität Berlin, “Infectious Disease, Endangerment, and Extinction,” Hindawi Publishing Corporation, http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijeb/2013/571939/

MacPhee 13

2,230

82

13,687

2,061

1,228,098

30,257

null

International Water Leadership

Federal enforcement of a right to water signals U.S. compliance with international customs and ensures clean water---legitimizes the right to water for other nations

Canty, 17 --- second-year law student at Northeastern University School of Law (6/16/2017, Tanisha Canty, “It Isn’t Just About Flint: Water As A Human Right in the United States,” https://rightscapes.wordpress.com/2017/06/16/it-isnt-just-about-flint-water-as-a-human-right-in-the-united-states/, JMP)

Canty, 17

542,506

88

8,999

2,062

897,138

21,809

null

1nc – t: its

Violation – The plan is done by individual hospitals

Social Security Administration no date (Social Security, https://secure.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0200302530)

Social Security Administration no date

481,886

1

414

2,063

861,533

20,613

1AC

null

1AC – Naval Strategy

Maintaining command of the seas through the carrier is key to great power stability. Independently, carrier presence in Northeast Asia is modeled and encourages global naval arms races – causes nuclear war

Robert C. Rubel 14, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “Navies and Economic Prosperity: The New Logic of Sea Power,” in “Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career,” p.60-68

Rubel 14 p.60-68

427,970

83

25,534

2,064

861,506

20,612

2NC

CP

2NC – Mission Creep Solvency

The CP solves---procedural, geographic, and temporal restrictions are more than sufficient to avoid endless war

Benjamin Wittes 14, editor in chief of Lawfare and a Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, with Waxman, Chesney, and Goldsmith, “A Draft AUMF to Get the Discussion Going,” 11/10/14, https://www.lawfareblog.com/draft-aumf-get-discussion-going

Wittes 14

468,860

1

4,708

2,065

647,247

12,585

null

Nietzsche K

Case

There is no broader meaning in life and so confronted with this question, you have two possible options: negative nihilism or affirmative nihilism. The former is an attempt to impose meaning on the world, a desire to find an overarching truth, whether it be in god or a higher form of morality—this inevitably fails because it fails to recognize the fundamental nature of existence as one which is not defined by anyone other than yourself. The latter is to reject a faith in rationality and truth and instead recognize the objective meaninglessness of life but choose to affirm your own life and beauty in it anyways. The affirmative is negative nihilism, an attempt to produce an equal society based in monolithic conceptions of pity for the other, respecting universal truths, and the suppression of individuality. Within this paradigm, only violence and mediocrity can manifest itself while the potential for human greatness is eliminated. These democratic values are nothing more than the remnants of Judeo-Christian values rooted in slave morality that reduces life to its lowest common denominator. The right to know is the attempt to level the playing field, hindering greatness. Nietzsche effectively gets rid of ROBs, so even though we win the ROB on turns case, the philosophy behind it is false under Nietzsche’s FW

Melekian, 15 – PhD student @ State University of Iowa [Melekian, Yervant Elia. "Nietzsche and the problem of democracy." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, State University of Iowa, 1915. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3941/, HKR-LWZ]

Melekian, 15

388,905

2

23,617

2,066

861,630

20,615

1AC

null

1AC – Naval Strategy

Maintaining command of the seas through the carrier is key to great power stability. Independently, carrier presence in Northeast Asia is modeled and encourages global naval arms races – causes nuclear war

Robert C. Rubel 14, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “Navies and Economic Prosperity: The New Logic of Sea Power,” in “Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career,” p.60-68

Rubel 14 p.60-68

427,970

83

25,534

2,067

897,198

21,811

null

1nc – marx

Capitalism causes inevitable crises, inequality, and dehumanization—the alternative is a class-based critique of the system—pedagogical spaces are the crucial staging ground for keeping socialism on the horizon

McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, ‘4

McLaren ‘4

46,572

731

10,971

2,068

897,497

21,822

null

case

1nc

Reps not first

Tuathail, 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

Tuathail, 96

30,049

246

3,255

2,069

1,133,924

27,835

1AR

Politics

1AC — Solvency

1---Anything that relieves drought is politically popular – Bipartisan consensus

Duster 21 (Chandelis, politics reporter covering breaking news in Washington, D.C for CNN. 7-4-21 “Western governors make bipartisan plea as states battle record heat and drought” CNN https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/04/politics/climate-change-governors-kate-brown-spencer-cox/index.html JO)

Duster 21

581,808

8

1,677

2,070

788,131

18,427

null

1AC

Fism Adv

Successful bioterror attack causes extinction

Anders Sandberg et al., James Martin Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University, "How Can We Reduce the Risk of Human Extinction?" BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS, 9-9-08, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction, accessed 5-2-10.

Sandberg 08

21,354

875

1,272

2,071

1,143,965

28,173

1AR

Infra

1AC — 3

Anything that relieves drought is politically popular – Bipartisan consensus

Duster 21 (Chandelis, politics reporter covering breaking news in Washington, D.C for CNN. 7-4-21 “Western governors make bipartisan plea as states battle record heat and drought” CNN https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/04/politics/climate-change-governors-kate-brown-spencer-cox/index.html JO)

Duster 21

581,808

8

1,677

2,072

1,222,862

29,990

1AC – DOD Pollution

Guidance CP

Extra Cards

Guidance Documents are left in draft form to avoid public input, agency response, and judicial review – that erodes rule of law and separation of powers.

Weidner 20 (Chase Weidner, Judicial Law Clerk at United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, 2020, ew York University Annual Survey of American Law, "HE GUIDANCE DOCUMENT DILEMMA: REFORMING THE FDA'S USE OF GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, 75 N.Y.U. Ann. Surv. Am. L. 137", https://advance-lexis-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/api/document?collection=analytical-materials&id=urn:contentItem:60RS-9R21-FGJR-2358-00000-00&context=1516831.)//veronica

Weidner 20

35,293

16

2,423

2,073

861,824

20,619

1AC

null

1AC – Naval Strategy

Improvements in China’s anti-ship missiles and air defense negate the utility of carrier presence in Japan

Robert C. Rubel 11, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “The Future of Aircraft Carriers,” September, https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/87bcd2ff-c7b6-4715-b2ed-05df6e416b3b/The-Future-of-Aircraft-Carriers

Rubel 11

426,096

16

21,797

2,074

648,562

12,660

null

1

null

The 1ac wields the spectre of nuclear disaster which tortures the social. The constant prospect of total annihilation justifies absolute security despite the fact that this will never come. This spectacle causes equivalent mental trauma as the catastrophe would itself.

Baudrillard in 81 [Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation” p. 55-57]

Baudrillard 81

375,863

7

5,331

2,075

898,331

21,839

1NC

null

1NC---DA

Blockchain solves snap financial collapse

Furber 19 – Sophia Furber is a journalist with S&P Global Market Intelligence, where she leads EMEA fintech and banking tech reporting, citing Brian Behlendorf, executive director of Hyperledger

Furber 19

482,043

11

3,107

2,076

899,321

21,849

2AC

T Prohibit

2AC---Per Se

2) “Business practices” include tactics or activities.

Free Dictionary ND, “Business Practice,” No Date, https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Business+Practice

Free Dictionary ND

482,675

31

385

2,077

648,388

12,647

null

3

Contention

1] Limits – there are hundreds of thousands of different laws and areas of policy, and tons of \ countries to stop giving aid to. Allowing the aff to specify any of them explodes the topic to hundreds of possible plans – here’s the caselist of disclosed countries – Israel, Tajikistan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Uganda, UAE, and Afghanistan- and that’s just the list from LAST weekend. There are legitimately hundreds of different countries the neg has to be prepared for. That kills engagement – Their interp requires the neg to bifurcate their prep between tons of aff’s while the aff focuses on just one, meaning the 1NC is destroyed by 1ar frontlines since they have dozens of times more prep.

null

389,463

1

null

2,078

648,448

12,652

null

Underview

1AR theory is legitimate because otherwise the 1N has infinite abuse that can’t be countered, it’s drop the debater because the 2N could concede the shell and win another layer and a 4 minute 1ar makes winning substance impossible if I read a shell, and it’s no RVI since a 6-minute 2N dump on theory makes the 2AR impossible and I could never check back abuse. Use competing interps because reasonability is a race to the bottom for the most abuse. Fairness is a voter because debate is a game that requires competitive equity to win and rounds are irresolvable if skewed in one persons favor. Education is a voter- a. it’s a constitutive aim of debate b. it’s the only reason schools fund debate in the first place, which means uneducational debates incentivizes schools to take out funding which is a question of accessibility which is a prerequisite. Aff theory comes before neg theory otherwise the NC can just spam shells and choose any one to win whereas the 1AR can only fit one shell so it’s a no risk issue for the NC

null

389,504

1

null

2,079

648,725

12,675

null

1AC – Advantage

US and Canada have been exploiting the Columbia river preventing Tribes from getting salmon and other necessary resources.

Athens 18, Allison K. Athens, Accessed 6/26/19 11-8-2018 An Indivisible and Living Whole: Do We Value Nature Enough to Grant It Personhood?, 45 Ecology L. Q. 187 (2018) https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2185&context=elq SLHS-RR

Athens 18

389,695

8

3,413

2,080

900,324

21,872

1AC

null

Adv 2 is Turf Wars

Disease causes extinction.

Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

996

728

12,956

2,081

861,826

20,619

1AC

null

1AC – Naval Strategy

Maintaining command of the seas through the carrier is key to great power stability. Independently, carrier presence in Northeast Asia is modeled and encourages global naval arms races – causes nuclear war

Robert C. Rubel 14, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “Navies and Economic Prosperity: The New Logic of Sea Power,” in “Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career,” p.60-68

Rubel 14 p.60-68

427,970

83

25,534

2,082

1,864,881

54,819

null

1AC

Gendered violence

Framing matters—challenging the justification for US militarized masculinity shifts public discussion and opens space for reclaiming violent gendered discourses.

Ferguson 5

89,145

31

48,727

2,083

861,773

20,618

1AC

null

1AC – Naval Strategy

Improvements in China’s anti-ship missiles and air defense negate the utility of carrier presence in Japan

Robert C. Rubel 11, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “The Future of Aircraft Carriers,” September, https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/87bcd2ff-c7b6-4715-b2ed-05df6e416b3b/The-Future-of-Aircraft-Carriers

Rubel 11

426,096

16

21,797

2,084

861,992

20,623

1nc

null

1

That fuels instability – Chinese military emboldment causes great power war

Yuen Foong Khong 14, Professor of International Relations and Professorial Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford University, "Primacy or World Order?," International Security 39(3), Winter 2013-14, www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00147

Khong 14

165,250

54

2,328

2,085

900,065

21,865

2NC

Case

null

History and biology prove

Ord, 20 (Dr. Toby Ord 20, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, Hachette Books, Kindle Edition, p. 124-126)

Ord, 20

996

728

4,210

2,086

900,276

21,873

1ac---Texas

null

Disease alone causes extinction.

Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

996

728

12,956

2,087

648,850

12,676

null

1ac – cont

2] Since states are moral agents, interference in their affairs is a violation of their autonomy.

Van der Linden 95 summarizes and quotes Kant [Harry, "Kant, the Duty to Promote International Peace, and Political Intervention" Proceedings of the Eighth International Kant Congress, Volume II / (1995): 71-81. Available at http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers/39] AG

Van der Linden 95 summarizes and quotes Kant

389,788

37

2,097

2,088

900,597

21,878

null

1NC

Adv 1 Blockchain

Bees are doing fine and tons of alt causes

Hageman, 20 (Markie Hageman, "Are honey bees endangered? Here’s the truth of the matter", 6/24/20, https://www.agdaily.com/crops/are-honey-bees-endangered/)

Hageman, 20

279,367

9

3,373

2,089

862,576

20,635

1AC

1AC—ASB

Advantage 1

4 -- China will adopt launch-on-warning posture in response to ASB

Nicolas Giacometti 14 is a specialist in nuclear issues and missile defense. He is a consultant for the Office of the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment at NATO. “Could China’s Nuclear Strategy Evolve?” Oct. 16, http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/could-chinas-nuclear-strategy-evolve/

Giacometti 14

422,080

26

2,587

2,090

290,696

3,687

Disad Answers

null

China-Russia Relations Answers

(--) US-Sino relations do not affect Sino-Russia relations

Wishnick 15 — Elizabeth Wishnick, Associate Professor of Political Science at Montclair State University and Senior Research Scholar in the Weatherhead East Asian Institute at Columbia University, 2015 (“The New China-Russia-U.S. Triangle”, NBR Analysis Brief, December 16th, Available Online at http://www.nbr.org/publications/nbranalysis/pdf/brief/121615_Wishnick_ChinaRussiaUS.pdf, Accessed 07-07-216, SP)

Wishnick 15 —

163,705

19

1,050

2,091

862,714

20,637

2NC/1NR

Containment

2NC—Russia War

Ukraine backfired—Russia will suffer massive international backlash---they won’t risk conflict

Dingli 1/29/15 (Shen, Professor and Associate Dean of the Institute of International Studies, Fudan University. “Balancing interests in Ukraine”, http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2015-01/29/content_34685198.htm)

Dingli 1/29/15

424,684

7

2,068

2,092

900,845

21,884

null

1ac

Disease alone causes extinction.

Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

996

728

12,956

2,093

1,185,248

29,104

S---2AC---Trevian r3---Crossings BY

2AC---OFF

2AC---AT: T-Protection

b) Protection includes mitigation of future threats to water resources

John H. Davidson, 17 - Professor Emeritus, School of Law, University of South Dakota. ARTICLE: SOUTH DAKOTA'S PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE: CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 62 S.D. L. REV. 397, lexis SDEPA = South Dakota Environmental Protection Act //DH The law, as enacted in South Dakota, bears one minor but striking variation from the original law enacted in Michigan. Section 3(1) of the Michigan law reads: "When the plaintiff in the action has made a prima facie showing that the conduct of defendant has polluted, impaired, or destroyed … ." The SDEPA, in contrast, reads: "When the plaintiff in the action has made a prima facie showing that the conduct of the defendant is polluting, impairing or destroying … ." This variation may alter the nature of the prima facie case that must be presented - active pollution, impairment or destruction, or a threat sufficient to warrant equitable intervention.

Davidson, 17 SDEPA = South Dakota Environmental Protection Act //DH

33,519

14

2,029

2,094

901,296

21,891

2NC

Incentives CP

AT “Positive Incentives Fail”

Deterrence fails – positive incentives for self-regulation are key to solving antitrust

Ristaniemi 20 [Michael, VP of Sustainability at Metsa Group, acting as competition counsel, nominated for the 2019 Antitrust Writing Awards, “Rewarding Competition Compliance – Its Societal Value and How Policy Alignment Can Help, Liikejuridiikka - Finnish Business Law Journal, JCR]

Ristaniemi 20

483,520

2

983

2,095

863,675

20,660

null

2NC

Links

U.S. marine presence in Japan is key to deter North Korea---more important than our presence in South Korea

William T. Pendley 6, Rear Admiral, US Navy (ret.), former Acting Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 2006, “The Korea-U.S. Alliance: A Problematic Future,” in Korea: The East Asian Pivot, p. 353-354

Pendley 6

469,395

1

2,006

2,096

649,425

12,712

null

1

null

Extinction

Millett, 17 - PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow at Oxford (Piers, Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576214/)

Millett, 17

2,127

1,722

6,034

2,097

1,211,596

29,671

2NC

Pits PIC

1NC---Advantage

Bans pollution from nukes.

EPA 19 [US EPA; "Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station"; Published: 5-31-2019; Accessed: 2-20-2022; https://www.epa.gov/npdes-permits/pilgrim-nuclear-power-station; KL]

EPA 19

577,757

1

1,118

2,098

901,955

21,910

2NC

Multilateralism

2NC – A2 Say No

Status-seeking drives agreement AND overwhelms economic costs

Geoffrey A. Manne 13, Lecturer in Law at Lewis & Clark Law School, Executive Director of the International Center for Law & Economics, JD from the University of Chicago Law School, Former Olin Fellow at the University of Virginia School of Law, and Dr. Seth Weinberger, PhD and MA in Political Science from Duke University, MA in National Security Studies from Georgetown University, AB from the University of Chicago, Associate Professor in the Department of Politics and Government at the University of Puget Sound, “International Signals: The Political Dimension of International Competition Law”, The Antitrust Bulletin, Volume 57, Number 3, Fall 2012, Volume 57, Number 3, Last Revised 7/18/2013, p. 490-492

Manne 13

483,731

20

3,370

2,099

1,865,056

54,811

2ac

Courts CP

Advantage 2 is Courts

No impact to democracy AND its inevitable – allies are moving away BUT ilaw create a sustainable international order post collapse

Bidisha Biswas and Anish Goel 18 (Bidisha Biswas is a professor of political science at Western Washington University, Anish Goel is a senior fellow at the New America Foundation, December 19, 2018, "What Comes After US Hegemony?", No Publication, https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/what-comes-after-us-hegemony/, accessed: 7-23-2020)//yeed As long-standing allies, Australia and Japan have forged a durable relationship with the United States, based on shared values and interests. But the allies have good reason to fear that, in the decades to come, the United States will not be able to deliver the benefits that it used to. As a result, they have both, on their own initiative, sought out closer engagement with China and worked to strengthen multilateral regional arrangements.

Biswas and Goel 18

70,660

13

2,636