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800 | 563,605 | 8,629 | 1AR | null | AT: Mining | Private companies also won’t share minerals | Stockwell 20. “Legal ‘Black Holes’ in Outer Space: The Regulation of Private Space Companies.” E-International Relations, 20 July 2020, https://www.e-ir.info/2020/07/20/legal-black-holes-in-outer-space-the-regulation-of-private-space-companies/ . | Stockwell 20. , . | 335,571 | 122 | 1,978 |
801 | 620,597 | 11,323 | 1NC HW R4 | null | 3 | Extinction | Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow | Sandberg, 8 | 21,354 | 875 | 1,575 |
802 | 563,496 | 8,624 | null | null | 1AC – Solvency | Data exclusivity only provides extra protection that can’t scale up – plan massively increases generics and fosters competition | AI means plan utilizes emerging tech effectively and leads to massive increases in medicine | null | 340,231 | 9 | 5,360 |
803 | 563,800 | 8,638 | null | OFF | T - Reduce | In answering this question, the Hampton court turned to various principles for guidance. The court looked first to the "plain meaning" of the statute.6 " Interpretation of a statute involves ascertaining the legislative intent behind the enactment of the statute. Consideration of the "plain meaning" of the words used in the statute is a basic principle of statutory construction in determining legislative intent.6 7 The Hampton court discussed the "plain meaning" of the words "reduce" and "claim" in reaching its construction of the statute. The court referred to the dictionary definition of "reduce" as meaning "to diminish in size, amount, extent or number; to make small or to lower, bring down or to change the denomination of a quantity." 68 The court then judicially defined "claim" as "the amount of damages as determined by an impartial fact finder - the jury." | null | null | 340,485 | 1 | null |
804 | 2,822,154 | 89,386 | 2NC | 2NC — Liberal Pacification K | They Say: “Perm: Do Both” | 4. Accommodation DA — the pursuit of tactical campaign victories requires accepting the disciplinary geographies that underlie the global military order. This precludes strategic contestation of the overarching system. | Cooper 11 — Neil Cooper, Professor of International Relations and Security Studies, Director of the Rotary Peace Centre, and Research Director of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford (UK), holds a Ph.D. from the University of Kent (UK), 2011 (“Humanitarian Arms Control and Processes of Securitization: Moving Weapons along the Security Continuum,” Contemporary Security Policy, Volume 32, Issue 1, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Taylor & Francis Online, p. 153-154) | Cooper 11 | 67,708 | 251 | 3,596 |
805 | 620,672 | 11,327 | 1NC | null | 1 | Econ decline causes world war – there’s no buffer now | Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19 [Jomo Kwame Sundaram, a former economics professor, was United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, and received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007. Vladimir Popov, a former senior economics researcher in the Soviet Union, Russia and the United Nations Secretariat, is now Research Director at the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute in Berlin. Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War. February 12, 2019. www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/]
KUALA LUMPUR and BERLIN, Feb 12 2019 (IPS) - Economic recovery efforts since the 2008-2009 global financial crisis have mainly depended on unconventional monetary policies. As fears rise of yet another international financial crisis, there are growing concerns about the increased possibility of large-scale military conflict. | Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19 | 2,125 | 912 | 5,397 |
806 | 564,011 | 8,646 | null | 1AC – Data Exclusivity | 1AC – Solvency | Data exclusivity only provides extra protection that can’t scale up – plan massively increases generics and fosters competition | AI means plan utilizes emerging tech effectively and leads to massive increases in medicine | null | 340,231 | 9 | 5,360 |
807 | 620,885 | 11,339 | null | null | 1 | Extinction | Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow | Sandberg, 8 | 21,354 | 875 | 1,575 |
808 | 564,039 | 8,647 | null | OFF | OFF | IPTK banks are key to DCVMs | Crager 18 [Dr. Sara Crager, MD is a board certified emergency medicine physician in Los Angeles, California. She is affiliated with Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, 2018 December, "Improving Global Access to New Vaccines: Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, and Regulatory Pathways," PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6291766/ ]//AAli | Crager 18 | 340,221 | 6 | 7,350 |
809 | 2,824,143 | 89,447 | 1NC | null | 1NC — Liberal Pacification K | Their call to embargo a pariah nation legitimizes the imperial world military order. The affirmative is just a 21st century version of 19th century colonialism. | Cooper 11 — Neil Cooper, Professor of International Relations and Security Studies, Director of the Rotary Peace Centre, and Research Director of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford (UK), holds a Ph.D. from the University of Kent (UK), 2011 (“Humanitarian Arms Control and Processes of Securitization: Moving Weapons along the Security Continuum,” Contemporary Security Policy, Volume 32, Issue 1, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Taylor & Francis Online, p. 149-150) | Cooper 11 | 67,708 | 251 | 4,049 |
810 | 21,854 | 418 | null | AT: EU CP | 2AC – Nuclear Deterrence | NOTE: Do not read this specific card against EU-NATO CP | null | null | 16,432 | 1 | null |
811 | 141,703 | 1,904 | AFRICOM – 1AR | AT – FW | AT – TVA | Contentment DA—Affirming revolutionary scholarship forces debate out of its comfort zone that allows for continual suppression of revolutions that create social change – the TVA reverts back to that comfort zone | null | null | 93,894 | 1 | null |
812 | 620,993 | 11,343 | 1NC Stanford Quarters | null | 1 | Interpretation: “states” is a generic bare plural. The aff may not defend a subset of states eliminates their nuclear arsenals. | Nebel 19. [Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. He writes a lot of this stuff lol – duh.] “Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution.” Vbriefly. August 12, 2019. https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/?fbclid=IwAR0hUkKdDzHWrNeqEVI7m59pwsnmqLl490n4uRLQTe7bWmWDO_avWCNzi14 TG | Nebel 19 | 336,758 | 492 | 2,362 |
813 | 2,825,638 | 89,398 | 1NR | Liberal Pacification Kritik | They Say: “Perm: Do Both” | 4. Accommodation DA — the pursuit of tactical campaign victories requires accepting the disciplinary geographies that underlie the global military order. This precludes strategic contestation of the overarching system. | Cooper 11 — Neil Cooper, Professor of International Relations and Security Studies, Director of the Rotary Peace Centre, and Research Director of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford (UK), holds a Ph.D. from the University of Kent (UK), 2011 (“Humanitarian Arms Control and Processes of Securitization: Moving Weapons along the Security Continuum,” Contemporary Security Policy, Volume 32, Issue 1, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Taylor & Francis Online, p. 153-154) | Cooper 11 | 67,708 | 251 | 3,596 |
814 | 564,078 | 8,648 | null | Case | 1NC – AT: Ozone | No extinction from pandemics | Death rates as high as 50% didn’t collapse civilization | null | 996 | 728 | 7,632 |
815 | 620,999 | 11,341 | 1NC Cal R3 | null | 1 | That results in extinction level pandemics – no checks apply | Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow | Sandberg, 8 | 21,354 | 875 | 1,575 |
816 | 564,282 | 8,663 | null | null | null | Capitalism’s successes necessitate human extinction and destroy the value to life – it’s try or die for alternative organizing. That controls the internal link to the aff’s impacts | Duzgun 20 Eren Duzgun (teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands), 4-5-2020, "Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction," Socialist Project, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/ | Eren Duzgun (teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands), 4-5-2020, "Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction," Socialist Project, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/ | 11,995 | 174 | 10,282 |
817 | 564,401 | 8,682 | null | OFF | 1NC – T Appropriation | Interpretation: “Appropriation of outer space” by private entities refers to the exercise of exclusive control of space. | TIMOTHY JUSTIN TRAPP, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, ’13, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 2013 No. 4] | TRAPP ’13 | 44,302 | 318 | 1,076 |
818 | 2,831,662 | 89,634 | null | null | 2 | Their call to embargo a pariah nation legitimizes the imperial world military order. The affirmative is just a 21st century version of 19th century colonialism. | Cooper 11 — Neil Cooper, Professor of International Relations and Security Studies, Director of the Rotary Peace Centre, and Research Director of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford (UK), holds a Ph.D. from the University of Kent (UK), 2011 (“Humanitarian Arms Control and Processes of Securitization: Moving Weapons along the Security Continuum,” Contemporary Security Policy, Volume 32, Issue 1, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Taylor & Francis Online, p. 149-150) | Cooper 11 | 67,708 | 251 | 4,049 |
819 | 444,369 | 5,760 | ***Oil | Unq- Oil Trade now | null | Oil trade already happens | Kruass 13 | Kruass 13 | 283,349 | 1 | 583 |
820 | 621,276 | 11,356 | NC R1 | OFF | 4 | Extinction | Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow | Sandberg, 8 | 21,354 | 875 | 1,575 |
821 | 3,304,965 | 108,704 | null | null | NC | Global nuclear war | Hayes, 18 -- Nautilus Institute director and University of Sydney Centre for International Security professor | Hayes, 18 | 1,783 | 845 | 9,947 |
822 | 448,377 | 5,788 | Advantage Areas | Mexican Economy Advantage | Energy Key – Budget | PEMEX reform causes Mexican economic boom | Helman, Forbes, 12
(Cristopher, Forbes, 11/30/12, “With Pemex Overhaul, Mexico's New Prez Is Set To Be Big Oil's B.F.F.”, http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2012/11/30/with-pemex-overhaul-mexicos-new-prez-set-to-become-big-oils-pal/, 6/30/13, PD) | Helman, Forbes, 12 | 283,552 | 1 | 1,952 |
823 | 565,202 | 8,721 | null | null | 1AC -- Space Settlers | Systems of knowledge serve to institute and replicate settler colonialism — the human is a storytelling species and knowledge systems are always already being chartered through the replication of sociogenic codes | Wynter and McKittrick 15. Sylvia Wynter is a Professor Emerita at Stanford University. Katherine McKittrick is a professor in Gender Studies at Queen's University. She is an academic and writer whose work focuses on black studies, cultural geography, anti-colonial and diaspora studies, with an emphasis on the ways in which liberation emerges in black creative texts. (Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis, Duke University Press, 2015) vikas | Wynter and McKittrick 15 | 95,895 | 60 | 2,828 |
824 | 1,151,415 | 28,440 | null | OFF (7) | CP | Unhinged AI unloads nuclear escalation and infinite suffering. | Toby Ord 20, senior research fellow in philosophy at Oxford University and world-renowned risk-assessment expert who’s advised WHO, the World Bank, the WEF, and the US National Intelligence Council, 3/3/2020, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, pp. 194-196, cc, edited for ableist language | Ord 20 | 315,268 | 114 | 2,832 |
825 | 565,382 | 8,728 | null | OFF | 1NC – T | Interpretation: “Appropriation of outer space” by private entities refers to the exercise of exclusive control of space. | TIMOTHY JUSTIN TRAPP, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, ’13, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 2013 No. 4] | TRAPP ’13 | 44,302 | 318 | 1,076 |
826 | 621,759 | 11,378 | 1AC | Accidents | Policy | Disarm is key | Brehm, 18 -- Researcher with expertise in international humanitarian and human rights law, disarmament and weapons law; co-founder of ICAN Switzerland | Brehm, 18 | 373,850 | 128 | 6,670 |
827 | 566,007 | 8,788 | null | 1AC v1 – Damus | 1AC: Econ/Leadership | Extinction | Shivshankar Menon 18, distinguished fellow at Brookings India, 12/26/18, “China-US contention has opened up space for other powers, including India,” https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-us-contention-has-opened-up-space-for-other-powers-including-india-118122500454_1.html | Menon 18 opened up space for other powers, including India | 341,758 | 66 | 5,752 |
828 | 448,415 | 5,807 | Aff Answers | A2: Gift CP | A2: Gift Giving Doesn’t Force Reciprocation | Grants appear to be unreciprocated but this signals symbolic domination | Mawdsley 2012 [Emma, Senior Lecturer, Department of Geography, Cambridge University, "The Changing Geographies Of Foreign Aid And Development Cooperation: Contributions From Gift Theory." Transactions Of The Institute Of British Geographers 37.2 (2012): 256-272.] | Mawdsley 2012 [Emma, Senior Lecturer, Department of Geography, Cambridge University, "The Changing Geographies Of Foreign Aid And Development Cooperation: Contributions From Gift Theory." Transactions Of The Institute Of British Geographers 37.2 (2012): 256-272.] | 283,565 | 1 | 1,703 |
829 | 448,466 | 5,796 | Borders Affirmative Core | Topicality | We Meet | Immigration is economic engagement. | Milner and Tingley, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Assistant Professor of Government at Harvard University, 11
(Helen V and Dustin, October 3, 2011, Princeton University, “The Economic and Political Influences on Different Dimensions of United States Immigration Policy,” pages 4-5, http://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/working%20papers/The%20Economic%20and%20Political%20Influences%20on%20Different%20Dimensions%20of%20United%20States%20Immigration%20Policy.pdf Accessed 7-10-13, RH) | Milner and Tingley, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Assistant Professor of Government at Harvard University, 11 | 190,775 | 9 | 1,279 |
830 | 448,507 | 5,788 | Advantage Areas | Mexican Economy Advantage | AT – Mexico Not Key | And that spills over globally- | US Chamber of Congress 12,
(US Chamber of Congress, Enhancing the US-Mexico Economic Partnership, A Report of the US-Mexico Leadership Initiative, P. 2, www.uschamber.com/.../enhancing-us-mexico-economic-partnership, Accessed: 6/14/13, LPS.) | US Chamber of Congress 12, | 103,713 | 5 | 826 |
831 | 448,455 | 5,806 | Consult Brazil | Net Benefit | Coop Over Venezuela Key | Consulting Brazil solves stability best | Duddy, Duke University Senior Lecturer, 12 [Patrick D, September, “Political Unrest in Venezuela”, http://www.cfr.org/venezuela/political-unrest-venezuela/p28936, CFR, accessed: 7/3/13, ML] | Duddy, Duke University Senior Lecturer, 12 | 279,369 | 2 | 964 |
832 | 621,818 | 11,388 | 1NC | Off | 1NC - T – Nebel | Interpretation: “states” is a generic bare plural. The aff may not defend a subset of states eliminates their nuclear arsenals. | Nebel 19. [Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. He writes a lot of this stuff lol – duh.] “Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution.” Vbriefly. August 12, 2019. https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/?fbclid=IwAR0hUkKdDzHWrNeqEVI7m59pwsnmqLl490n4uRLQTe7bWmWDO_avWCNzi14 TG | Nebel 19 | 336,758 | 492 | 2,362 |
833 | 622,340 | 11,414 | null | 3 | null | Extinction | Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow | Sandberg, 8 | 21,354 | 875 | 1,575 |
834 | 448,875 | 5,796 | Borders Negative Core | Terrorism DA | 1NC—Terrorism | Allowing our borders to be opened will lead to loss of all American freedoms and nuclear terrorism | Schlafly 1 (Phyllis, J.D., Oct, The Phyllis Schlafly Report, The Threat of Terrorism Is From Illegal Aliens, http://www.eagleforum.org/psr/2001/oct01/psroct01.shtml) TYBG | Schlafly 1 TYBG | 283,778 | 1 | 4,930 |
835 | 159,802 | 2,125 | solvency | solvency | at: trade deficit | Trade deficits are inevitable with foreign investment and aren’t a concern | Strain 17—resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, (Michael, “Why is President Trump attacking foreign investment in the United States?,” 2/16/17, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/02/16/why-is-president-trump-attacking-foreign-investment-in-the-united-states/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.fe1a0297d5e4)//JLE | Strain 17 | 106,406 | 1 | 3,589 |
836 | 441,178 | 5,696 | Mexican Borders Affirmative | Neg Stuff | Piecemeal stuff | Obama hates Piecemeal reform- won’t push for it | Hughes 7/16 Brian Hughes, News OK: “Obama warns against House GOP’s piecemeal immigration plan” http://newsok.com/obama-warns-against-house-gops-piecemeal-immigration-plan/article/feed/566710 | Hughes 7/16 Brian Hughes, News OK: “Obama warns against House GOP’s piecemeal immigration plan” http://newsok.com/obama-warns-against-house-gops-piecemeal-immigration-plan/article/feed/566710 | 279,105 | 1 | 743 |
837 | 441,360 | 5,699 | null | Rogue States Adv. | Stuff to look at | Cuba is sponsoring terrorist groups and Castro brothers are a threat | Ros-Lehtinen 13 | null | 279,231 | 1 | 1,333 |
838 | 441,687 | 5,710 | Kritikal Venezuela Debt Cancellation | 1AC | null | Coloniality generates a permanent state of exception which is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary | Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ‘8 [Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21] | Maldonado-Torres ‘8 | 44,880 | 74 | 11,566 |
839 | 566,420 | 8,801 | null | Case | 1NC---AT: Solvency | Appropriation means permanent control over a region of space. | Trapp 13, Timothy Justin. "Taking up Space by Any Other Means: Coming to Terms with Nonappropriation Article of the Outer Space Treaty." U. Ill. L. Rev. (2013): 1681. (JD Candidate at UIUC Law School)//Re-cut by Elmer | Trapp 13 | 44,302 | 318 | 1,078 |
840 | 566,994 | 8,817 | null | 1NC | 1NC – OFF | Appropriation | TIMOTHY JUSTIN TRAPP, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, ’13, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 2013 No. 4] | TRAPP ’13 | 44,302 | 318 | 1,076 |
841 | 449,211 | 5,813 | null | Heg Uq*** | Hegemony Low Now – Latin America Shifting | Latin America is moving away from a US dominated, unipolar world – the US’ hegemony caused balancing | Marcella, U.S. Army War College Americas Studies director, 13
(Gabriel, 3/22/13, Journal of International Affairs, “The transformation of security in Latin America: a cause for common action,” http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+transformation+of+security+in+Latin+America%3a+a+cause+for+common...-a0330143508, accessed 7/9/13, IC) | Marcella, U.S. Army War College Americas Studies director, 13 | 283,105 | 3 | 2,778 |
842 | 3,307,769 | 108,767 | null | null | 1 | 2. Depth of Education – focusing on intricacies highlights comparative argument quality as well as moving past a vague “good/bad” focus. Prefer in depth strategies over generics that don’t generate clash | null | null | 1,391,163 | 1 | null |
843 | 1,163,389 | 28,592 | 1nr | Food Good | 2NC---Impact---Terror | Even if limited, it flips nuclear tripwires. | Peter Hayes 18, Professor of International Relations at RMIT University, Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability, Ph.D. in Energy and Resources from the University of California-Berkeley; NAPSNet Special Reports, 1/18/2018, “Non-State Terrorism and Inadvertent Nuclear War,” https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/non-state-terrorism-and-inadvertent-nuclear-war/ | Hayes 18 | 1,783 | 845 | 5,288 |
844 | 29,333 | 617 | Alt | Other | A2: Realism | Realism is not natural or inevitable. Engaging alternatives is good. | Inan, 04 | Inan, 04 | 279,529 | 5 | 5,183 |
845 | 567,079 | 8,821 | 1NC Doc Emory Finals | Offs | Extra-T | 1] Interp - Appropriation means permanent control over a region of space. | Trapp 13, Timothy Justin. "Taking up Space by Any Other Means: Coming to Terms with Nonappropriation Article of the Outer Space Treaty." U. Ill. L. Rev. (2013): 1681. (JD Candidate at UIUC Law School)//Re-cut by Elmer | Trapp 13 | 44,302 | 318 | 1,078 |
846 | 280,282 | 3,522 | security k --- bfhlr | impacts/answers | at: realism | Imagined dominance of realism promotes violence and conflict- alternative images are not only possible but critical to examine in order to avoid cognitive biases | A. (Annette) Freyberg Inan Associate Professor, the Director of the Master's Program in Political Science, Univ of Amsterdam, PhD in Political Science at the University of Georgia, USA. Her MA degrees in Political Science and English were obtained at the University of Stuttgart in her native Germany. Editorial Board Member: International Studies Review, Globalizations Journal, Advisory Board Member: Millennium, What Moves Man: The Realist Theory of International Relations and Its Judgment of Human Nature 2004 | Inan 04 | 279,529 | 5 | 4,664 |
847 | 3,299,457 | 108,428 | 1AC – R3 | AC | 2 | Egyptian repression and prison radicalization are fueling ISIS | HRF, 17 [Human Rights First, "How to Protect Civil Society and Promote Stability in Egypt," August 2017, www.humanrightsfirst.org/sites/default/files/Egypt-Report-July.pdf, accessed 12-7-18] | HRF, 17 | 82,715 | 77 | 3,543 |
848 | 567,511 | 8,834 | null | 1NC | 1NC – OFF | Appropriation | TIMOTHY JUSTIN TRAPP, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, ’13, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 2013 No. 4] | TRAPP ’13 | 44,302 | 318 | 1,076 |
849 | 449,729 | 5,816 | ***NEG | ***Warming Advantage*** | Ice Age Turn | An Ice Age causes extinction | Snook, author, ‘7 | Snook, author, ‘7 | 284,154 | 3 | 798 |
850 | 441,986 | 5,715 | Trade Core – DDI 2013 | US Trade Leadership | Leadership Bad – Hegemony | Trade leadership doesn’t determine economic or military hegemony –many factors | Preble 10 – VP for Defense and Foreign Policy Studies at Cato, PhD in history (Christopher, 8/3/2010, “US Military Power: Preeminence For What Purpose?,” http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/) | Preble 10 – | 97,647 | 81 | 1,292 |
851 | 450,444 | 5,823 | **NEG** | **AT: Bio-D | Bio-D—Status Quo Solves | The US and Cuba are already collaborating on scientific and ecological issues – recent discussions and long time projects prove | Machlis, Science Advisor to the Director, National Park Service, 2012 | Machlis, Science Advisor to the Director, National Park Service, 2012 | 284,548 | 3 | 5,802 |
852 | 450,474 | 5,819 | Impacts + Solvency | Venezuela Links | Rape Evil | Rape is an indisputably evil crime against humanity | Amnesty, 10 | null | 284,567 | 5 | 1,920 |
853 | 161,387 | 2,140 | ---2NC/1NR--- | 2NC – AT: Misc 2AC Args | AT: Ignore Host Population FX | Should focus on short term impact to host population -ignoring it | Collier, PhD Oxford, 13
(Paul, Economics@Oxford, Exodus How Migration Is Changing Our World, cut from epub with no pages ) | Collier, PhD Oxford, 13 | 107,545 | 2 | 1,831 |
854 | 570,587 | 8,933 | null | 1AC Shell v4 – Palm Classic | 1AC: Lunar Heritage v3 | That causes extinction. | Sears 21 (, N., 2021. Great Powers, Polarity, and Existential Threats to Humanity: An Analysis of the Distribution of the Forces of Total Destruction in International Security. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350500094> [Accessed 22 November 2021] Nathan Alexander Sears is a PhD Candidate in Political Science at The University of Toronto. Before beginning his PhD, he was a Professor of International Relations at the Universidad de Las Américas, Quito. His research focuses on international security and the existential threats to humanity posed by nuclear weapons, climate change, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence. His PhD dissertation is entitled, “International Politics in the Age of Existential Threats”)-re-cut rahulpenu | Sears 21 | 8,457 | 174 | 5,189 |
855 | 442,070 | 5,714 | 1NC Instability | Aff | US Key to Venezuela | Drop in oil production would globally raise oil prices | GAO 2006 [Government Accountability Office, “Issues Related to Potential Reductions in Venezuelan Oil Production”, http://www.gao.gov/assets/260/250667.html] | GAO 2006 | 279,646 | 1 | 1,321 |
856 | 3,999,386 | 135,115 | null | 1AC | Advantage | Debris cascades cause global nuke war | Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 [language modified] | Johnson 13 | 4,780 | 395 | 8,232 |
857 | 215,167 | 2,789 | States/Visa CP | 2NC – Visas | 2NC/1NR Solvency – Tech Advantage | Solves the tech adv because it enters high-skilled labor into the workforce instead of pe teachers teaching physics | Bier 12 - David Bier is a senior analyst at Forbes. (“H1-B Visa Quotas Greatly Restrain Small Business Expansion”. Available Online at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/06/17/h1-b-visa-quotas-greatly-restrain-small-business-expansion/) | Bier 12 ) | 141,150 | 3 | 4,696 |
858 | 571,081 | 8,952 | null | 1NC | 1NC---OFF | Interpretation---“Appropriation of outer space” by private entities refers to the exercise of exclusive control of space. | TIMOTHY JUSTIN TRAPP, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, ’13, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 2013 No. 4] | TRAPP ’13 | 44,302 | 318 | 1,076 |
859 | 3,305,196 | 108,746 | Kant | NC | null | Extinction justifies moral loopholes | Bok, 1988 (Sissela Bok, Professor of Philosophy, Brandeis, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. David Rosenthal and Fudlou Shehadi, 1988) | Bok, 1988 ( | 84,753 | 174 | 1,184 |
860 | 3,305,193 | 108,746 | Kant | NC | null | Epistemic modesty breaks any tie and answers all AC pre-empts | Nick Bostrom, Existential Risk Prevention as a Global Priority, 2012. NS | null | 15,765 | 1,536 | 821 |
861 | 442,119 | 5,716 | Negative | Impact – Economy | Chinese Economy – 2NC Impact – CCP Collapse | Extinction | Sandberg et al 8—Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. PhD in computation neuroscience, Stockholm—AND—Jason G. Matheny—PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins. special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh—AND—Milan M. Ćirković—senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad. (Anders, How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?, 9 September 2008, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction) | Sandberg et al 8 | 21,354 | 875 | 1,272 |
862 | 451,890 | 5,824 | **Advantages** | **Biotech** | Impact—Bioterror | That solves Extinction | Steinbrenner, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow, 97
(John Steinbrenner, Senior Fellow – Brookings, Foreign Policy, 12-22-1997, Lexis, 6-31-13) | Steinbrenner, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow, 97 | 250,630 | 84 | 1,662 |
863 | 571,160 | 8,954 | null | 1AC v1 – Glenbrooks | 1AC: Econ/Leadership | Extinction | Shivshankar Menon 18, distinguished fellow at Brookings India, 12/26/18, “China-US contention has opened up space for other powers, including India,” https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-us-contention-has-opened-up-space-for-other-powers-including-india-118122500454_1.html | Menon 18 opened up space for other powers, including India | 341,758 | 66 | 5,752 |
864 | 442,175 | 5,712 | DDI 2013 – Neoliberalism Generic | ***Globalization From Below Alt*** | Cuba Model Good – Environment/Inequality/Healthcare | The Cuban model represents an effective alternative logic to neoliberalism – it resolves social inequality and environmental destruction while creating high levels of education and health care | Fanelli 8 | Fanelli 8 | 275,491 | 6 | 3,944 |
865 | 451,942 | 5,834 | NEG | AT: CTS Advantage | CTS Frontline | CTS precludes effective policy action | Jones, Professor at University of Glasgow, and Smith, Professor at University of London, 09 | Jones, Professor at University of Glasgow, and Smith, Professor at University of London, 09 | 447,259 | 3 | 4,810 |
866 | 442,292 | 5,719 | Cuba Embargo Negative | A2: Public Health Advantage | Turn - Lifting Embargo Hurts Healthcare System | Lifting the embargo leads to medical tourism which overstretches healthcare system | Garrett, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010
(Laurie, “Castrocare in Crisis,” Foreign Affairs, 89:4, July/August, EBSCOhost) | Garrett, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 | 275,160 | 14 | 1,479 |
867 | 442,374 | 5,714 | Uniqueness | No War | Cuba | Oil prices will remain high despite U.S. boom—developing world increases demand | Andrew Holland 5/2/13. (“Why Oil Prices Will Remain High Despite the U.S. Oil Boom.” American Security Project. http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2013/why-oil-prices-will-remain-high-despite-the-u-s-oil-boom/ Andrew Holland is the ASP Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate. He is a Washington-based expert on energy, climate, and infrastructure policy. He has a Master’s Degree in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St. Andrews and a Bachelor’s Degree in History and Economics from Wake Forest university in North Carolina.) | Holland 5/2/ | 279,792 | 1 | 7,035 |
868 | 452,070 | 5,824 | **Advantages** | **Oil Spills** | Ext – Cooperation Key | rgo holds back the oil clean up in the Gulf | Dlouhy energy reporter for the Houston Chronicle 11 | Dlouhy energy reporter for the Houston Chronicle 11 | 285,482 | 3 | 6,927 |
869 | 571,313 | 8,959 | 1NC | 4 | null | Ignore statistics regarding material progress for queerness – they’re geared at hiding the truth of the situation which means only our ontology claim explains the reality of overkill. | Stanley 2 (Eric Stanley, Near Life, Queer Death: Overkill and Ontological Capture, 2011, p. 5-6) SJCP//JG | Stanley 2 | 180,386 | 88 | 3,461 |
870 | 435,599 | 5,581 | ***ECONOMIC REFORM ADV*** | ECONOMIC REFORM ADV NEG | AT: Economic Reform Adv - 1NC | Investment doesn’t reform – all the money goes through the government | Suchlicki professor of history at the School of International Studies at the University of Miami 4/04/2013 Jaime DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENT AND INSTITUTIONS A BLOG SPONSORED BY THE DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTER What if…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo? http://devresearchcenter.org/2013/04/12/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/#more-219 | Suchlicki 2013 | 274,815 | 43 | 3,875 |
871 | 572,012 | 8,973 | 1AC | null | 1AC - Offense | The appropriation of space by private entities isn’t value neutral but is sutured in a discourse of the cosmic elite and unequal IR. | Stockwell 20 [Samuel Stockwell (Research Project Manager, the Annenberg Institute at Brown University). “Legal ‘Black Holes’ in Outer Space: The Regulation of Private Space Companies”. E-International Relations. Jul 20 2020. Accessed 12/7/21. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/07/20/legal-black-holes-in-outer-space-the-regulation-of-private-space-companies/ //Xu] | Stockwell 20 | 335,571 | 122 | 1,976 |
872 | 441,769 | 5,707 | Appeasement Disadvantage – Negative | Cuba | Cuba – Travel Ban Link | Lifting the travel ban signals weakness and legitimizes Cuba | Suchlicki, 2/26/2013 (Jime – Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo?, Focus on Cuba, Issue 185, p. http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/FOCUS_Web/Issue185.htm) | Suchlicki 2013 | 274,815 | 43 | 3,779 |
873 | 3,305,484 | 108,645 | null | null | 1nc | Terror attacks cause US nuclear retaliation | Conley 3 (Chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html) | Conley 3 | 64,744 | 182 | 2,872 |
874 | 442,429 | 5,719 | Cuba Embargo Negative | Tourism Disad | Impact – Government Repression | Tourism provides the Castro regime with more money to dominate Cuban citizens. | Suchlicki, Director of the Institute for Cuban Studies at the University of Miami, 2013
(Jaime, “What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo?,” Feb 26, Online: http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/) | Suchlicki, Director of the Institute for Cuban Studies at the University of Miami, 2013 | 274,815 | 43 | 2,074 |
875 | 1,162,063 | 28,493 | 1AC---Agriculture | Case | Mid terms 🀫 | Dems have zero chances of maintaining majorities. | Paul Bedard 11/16, columnist for Washington Secrets, 11/16/2021, “Historic pro-GOP voting gap revealed, potential 70-seat pickup,” https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/washington-secrets/historic-pro-gop-voting-gap-revealed-potential-70-seat-pickup, RMax | Bedard 11/16 | 563,677 | 1 | 3,168 |
876 | 162,090 | 2,155 | Antiblackness Modular Negative | Wilderson | Red, Black, and White – Wilderson | Gratuitous Violence has turned individuals of myriad ethnicities into socially dead beings; however, blackness is an ontological perception of being socially dead in relation to the rest of the world. | Wilderson 10 Wilderson, Frank B. Red, White & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms. Duke University Press, 2010, Page 17-18. – AL | Wilderson 10 | 89,236 | 42 | 1,991 |
877 | 1,862,752 | 54,724 | 2AC | Stimulus DA | Last is Solvency | Either stimulus never passes because of other disputes, or just gets lumped in omnibus spending | Sarah Hansen, 11-30-2020, Hansen is a breaking news reporter for Forbes focusing on economic policy and capital markets. She completed my master’s degree in business and economic reporting at New York University. Before becoming a journalist, she worked as a paralegal specializing in corporate compliance. ("Congress Faces Tight Deadlines On Government Shutdown, Border Wall Funding, Stimulus, Trump Judges Before Year’s End," Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarahhansen/2020/11/30/congress-faces-tight-deadlines-on-government-shutdown-border-wall-funding-stimulus-trump-judges-before-years-end/?sh=11377f593a15) - AH | Hansen 11-30 | 836,017 | 2 | 1,662 |
878 | 571,945 | 8,971 | 1AC | null | 1AC -- Offense | The appropriation of space by private entities isn’t value neutral but is sutured in a discourse of the cosmic elite and unequal IR. | Stockwell 20 [Samuel Stockwell (Research Project Manager, the Annenberg Institute at Brown University). “Legal ‘Black Holes’ in Outer Space: The Regulation of Private Space Companies”. E-International Relations. Jul 20 2020. Accessed 12/7/21. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/07/20/legal-black-holes-in-outer-space-the-regulation-of-private-space-companies/ //Xu] | Stockwell 20 | 335,571 | 122 | 1,976 |
879 | 572,104 | 8,975 | 1AC | null | 1AC – Offense | The appropriation of space by private entities isn’t value neutral but is sutured in a discourse of the cosmic elite and unequal IR. | Stockwell 20 [Samuel Stockwell (Research Project Manager, the Annenberg Institute at Brown University). “Legal ‘Black Holes’ in Outer Space: The Regulation of Private Space Companies”. E-International Relations. Jul 20 2020. Accessed 12/7/21. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/07/20/legal-black-holes-in-outer-space-the-regulation-of-private-space-companies/ //Xu] | Stockwell 20 | 335,571 | 122 | 1,976 |
880 | 442,767 | 5,731 | NEG | Uniqueness | Cuba Specific | Sino Cuban relations good - Liberalizes Cuba’s economy | Hearn 8/10/2011 (Adrian H. Hearn, Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellow at the University of Sydney and co-chair of the Latin American Studies Association, 10 August 2011, China Global Governance and the Future of Cuba, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs) | Hearn 2011 | 280,018 | 8 | 2,418 |
881 | 452,656 | 5,837 | *Regional Integration Advantage* | AT- Mexican Manufacturing | AT- Bioterrorism Impact | No impact- technical hurdles, costs, and unreliability | Stolar, Research Officer at IPCS,6 | Stolar, Research Officer at IPCS,6 | 285,797 | 7 | 4,306 |
882 | 443,116 | 5,737 | Cuba Embargo Negative | *** Case | 1NC Human Rights Frontline | 1.Too much too fast causes instability—going too fast risks civil war | Perez 10 J.D. Yale Law School. Working with Koh former Dean of Yale Law and Legal Advisor to the State Department [David A. Perez, America's Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, Spring, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, 13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187] | Perez 10 J.D. Yale Law School. Working with Koh former Dean of Yale Law and Legal Advisor to the State Department | 275,330 | 7 | 3,866 |
883 | 1,162,443 | 28,514 | 1AC | 1AC | 1AC Precipitation Adv | Extinction—sea life can’t adapt to hypoxia | Brannen 18 | Brannen 18 | 24,275 | 53 | 1,923 |
884 | 33,805 | 688 | off case | T Protection | 1NC | Violation – | null | null | 23,768 | 1 | null |
885 | 454,214 | 5,845 | **US-Cuban Relations Advantage | Nuclear Terror Section | US will retaliate and escalate | ( ) U.S. lashout will kill hundreds of millions | Easterbrook ‘1 | Easterbrook ‘1 | 93,987 | 9 | 1,264 |
886 | 454,286 | 5,843 | ***AFF*** | Liberal Peace Good | Economy | Democracy helps the economy | Koch and Zeddy 09 (Andrew M. Koch is a professor of government and justice studies at Appalachian State University, Amanda Gail Zeddy is working on a PhD at the University of California at Santa Barbara, Democracy and Domination Technologies of Integration and the Rise of Collective Power, Lexington Books, page 191, first publication in March 28, 2009) | Koch and Zeddy 09 (Andrew M. Koch is a professor of government and justice studies at Appalachian State University, Amanda Gail Zeddy is working on a PhD at the University of California at Santa Barbara, Democracy and Domination Technologies of Integration and the Rise of Collective Power, Lexington Books, page 191, first publication in March 28, 2009) | 286,784 | 1 | 454 |
887 | 454,969 | 5,857 | **1AC Starts Here | 2ac MEXICO POLITICS DA | 1AR – Won’t Pass | Internal strife and political clash will prevent Pemex reform from passing | Economist 7/9
The Economist, 7/9/13, “Why might Mexico’s president want to lose an election?”, http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/07/economist-explains-5 | Economist 7/9 | 281,569 | 3 | 2,857 |
888 | 572,358 | 8,980 | 1AC | null | 1AC – Advantage | And soil erosion. | Monbiot 15 [George Monbiot, Guardian columnist and the author of Feral, The Age of Consent and Out of the Wreckage: a New Politics for an Age of Crisis, “We’re treating soil like dirt. It’s a fatal mistake, because all human life depends on it,” 03/25/15, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/25/treating-soil-like-dirt-fatal-mistake-human-life] | Monbiot 15 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/25/treating-soil-like-dirt-fatal-mistake-human-life] | 26,798 | 148 | 5,868 |
889 | 1,862,791 | 54,730 | null | 1AC | 1AC---Monopolization Adv | FTC is key to prevent monopolization---but, legitimacy is key. | Khan 16 (Lina Khan – legal fellow with the Open Markets Program at New America, an associate research scholar at Yale Law School, and a fellow with the Information Society Project. She researches market competition across sectors, and the way that antitrust law and competition policy shape our political economy – “How to reboot the FTC” – 4/12/16 - https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2016/04/ftc-antitrust-economy-monopolies-000090)/TK | Khan 16 | 836,036 | 1 | 3,649 |
890 | 573,402 | 9,008 | 1AC | null | 1AC - Advantage | Prevents extinction. | Sears 21 (, N., 2021. Great Powers, Polarity, and Existential Threats to Humanity: An Analysis of the Distribution of the Forces of Total Destruction in International Security. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350500094> [Accessed 22 November 2021] Nathan Alexander Sears is a PhD Candidate in Political Science at The University of Toronto. Before beginning his PhD, he was a Professor of International Relations at the Universidad de Las Américas, Quito. His research focuses on international security and the existential threats to humanity posed by nuclear weapons, climate change, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence. His PhD dissertation is entitled, “International Politics in the Age of Existential Threats”)-re-cut rahulpenu | Sears 21 ( | 8,457 | 174 | 5,189 |
891 | 46,682 | 828 | Violation Section | Core | Whole Res | Definitions | null | null | 32,364 | 1 | null |
892 | 574,616 | 9,040 | IndoPak aff | null | Offense | Nationalism gives incentive for both countries to jump to nuclear escalation quickly | Lalwani 21 SAMEER LALWANI, FEBRUARY 26, 2021, War on the Rocks, “AMERICA CAN’T IGNORE THE NEXT INDO-PAKISTANI CRISIS”, https://warontherocks.com/2021/02/america-cant-ignore-the-next-indo-pakistani-crisis/ | Lalwani 21 | 346,614 | 6 | 12,866 |
893 | 3,305,396 | 108,784 | null | Case | null | 1. Their fatalist politics are doomed to failure – queer identity is contingent and any risk of the state being good means you negate. | Cornell, J.D., Professor of Political Science @ Rutgers, and Seely, PhD candidate, Department of Women and Gender Studies @ Rutgers, 2016. (Drucillia, and Stephen D., The Spirit of Revolution: Beyond the Dead Ends of Man, Ch. 1) | null | 27,079 | 235 | 4,998 |
894 | 443,598 | 5,746 | 1nc – Trans-Pacific Frontline | null | null | That risks preemptive war | Peterson 11 – Professor of Political Science @ Oklahoma State University [Timothy M Peterson, “Third-party trade, political similarity, and dyadic conflict,” Journal of Peace Research, 48(2) 185–200 | Peterson 11 , 48(2) 185–200 | 280,566 | 1 | 4,250 |
895 | 454,416 | 5,849 | Uniqueness | General | Decreasing US influence | US soft power declining now—Obama’s broken promises | Lagon 11 (Mark P.—Adjunct Senior Fellow for Human Rights, International Relations and Security Chair at Georgetown University’s Master of Science in Foreign Service Program and adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is the former US Ambassador-at-large to Combat Trafficking in Persons at the US Department of State, “The Value of Values: Soft Power Under Obama” World Affairs Journal, Council on Foreign Relations, September/October 2011, http://www.cfr.org/world/value-values-soft-power-under-obama/p26212)//MM | Lagon 11 | 287,735 | 5 | 2,008 |
896 | 288,118 | 3,644 | Economic and/or Diplomatic Engagement | QPQ/Conditional Engagement | EE- Can be Conditional or Unconditional | Economic engagement includes both explicit quid pro quos and unconditional strategies. | Kahler, Professor of Political Science at UC San Diego and Kastner, Professor of Gov’t and Politics @ U of Maryland, 6
Miles and Scott, “Strategic Uses of Interdependence”, www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/kastner/KahlerKastner.doc , Accessed 7/7/13 GAL | Kahler, Professor of Political Science at UC San Diego and Kastner, Professor of Gov’t and Politics @ U of Maryland, 6 | 280,720 | 18 | 3,041 |
897 | 455,612 | 5,856 | ***CASE ARGS*** | CREDIBILITY | credibility low | US soft power declining now—Obama’s broken promises | Lagon 11 (Mark P.—Adjunct Senior Fellow for Human Rights, International Relations and Security Chair at Georgetown University’s Master of Science in Foreign Service Program and adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is the former US Ambassador-at-large to Combat Trafficking in Persons at the US Department of State, “The Value of Values: Soft Power Under Obama” World Affairs Journal, Council on Foreign Relations, September/October 2011, http://www.cfr.org/world/value-values-soft-power-under-obama/p26212)//MM | Lagon 11 | 287,735 | 5 | 2,008 |
898 | 1,152,269 | 28,275 | 2AC | null | Set Col K---T/L---2AC | Framing settler colonialism through a totalizing lens makes indigenous liberation impossible by setting the terms of victory as all-or-nothing—pessimism actively reifies settler dominance – this is an impact turn to fatalism – there is no more fatalistic turn than the claim that god is real and a white racist | Busbridge, 18—Research Fellow at the Centre for Dialogue, La Trobe University (Rachel, “Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization,” Theory, Culture & Society Vol 35, Issue 1, 2018, dml)
The prescription for decolonisation—that is, a normative project committed to the liberation of the colonised and the overturning of colonial relationships of power (Kohn & McBride, 2011: 3)—is indeed one of the most counterhegemonic implications of the settler colonial paradigm as applied to IsraelPalestine, potentially shifting it from a diagnostic frame to a prognostic one which offers a ‘proposed solution to the problem, or at least a plan of attack’ (Benford & Snow, 2000: 616). What, however, does the settler colonial paradigm offer by way of envisioning decolonisation? As Veracini (2007) notes, while settler colonial studies scholars have sought to address the lack of attention paid to the experiences of Indigenous peoples in conventional historiographical accounts of decolonisation (which have mostly focused on settler independence and the loosening of ties to the ‘motherland’), there is nevertheless a ‘narrative deficit’ when it comes to imagining settler decolonisation. While Veracini (2007) relates this deficit to a matter of conceptualisation, it is apparent that the structural perspective of the paradigm in many ways closes down possibilities of imagining the type of social and political transformation to which the notion of decolonisation aspires. In this regard, there is a worrying tendency (if not tautological discrepancy) in settler colonial studies, where the only solution to settler colonialism is decolonisation—which a faithful adherence to the paradigm renders largely unachievable, if not impossible. To understand why this is the case, it is necessary to return to Wolfe’s (2013a: 257) account of settler colonialism as guided by a ‘zero-sum logic whereby settler societies, for all their internal complexities, uniformly require the elimination of Native alternatives’. The structuralism of this account has immense power as a means of mapping forms of injustice and indignity as well as strategies of resistance and refusal, and Wolfe is careful to show how transmutations of the logic of elimination are complex, variable, discontinuous and uneven. Yet, in seeking to elucidate the logic of elimination as the overarching historical force guiding settler-native relations there is an operational weakness in the theory, whereby such a logic is simply there, omnipresent and manifest even when (and perhaps especially when) it appears not to be; the settler colonial studies scholar need only read it into a situation or context. It thus hurtles from the past to the present into the future, never to be fully extinguished until the native is, or until history itself ends. There is thus a powerful ontological (if not metaphysical) dimension to Wolfe’s account, where there is such thing as a ‘settler will’ that inherently desires the elimination of the native and the distinction between the settler and native can only ever be categorical, founded as it is on the ‘primal binarism of the frontier’ (2013a: 258). It is here that the differences between earlier settler colonial scholarship on Israel-Palestine and the recent settler colonial turn come into clearest view. While Jamal Hilal’s (1976) Marxist account of the conflict, for instance, engaged Palestinians and Jewish Israelis in terms of their relations to the means of production, Wolfe’s account brings its own ontology: the bourgeoisie/proletariat distinction becomes that of settler/native, and the class struggle the struggle between settler, who seeks to destroy and replace the native, and native, who can only ever push back. Indeed, if the settler colonial paradigm views history in similar teleological terms to the Marxist framework, it does not offer the same hopeful vision of a liberated future. After all, settler colonialism has only one story to tell—‘either total victory or total failure’ (Veracini, 2007). Veracini’s attempt to disaggregate different forms of settler decolonisation is revealing of the difficulties that come along with this zero-sum perspective. It is significant to note that beyond settler evacuation (which may decolonise territory, he cautions, but not necessarily relationships) the picture he paints is a relatively bleak one. For Veracini (2011: 5), claims for decolonisation from Indigenous peoples in settler societies can take two broad forms: an ‘anticolonial rhetoric expressing a demand for indigenous sovereign independence and self-determination… and an “ultra”-colonial one that seeks a reconstituted partnership with the [settler state] and advocates a return to a relatively more respectful middle ground and “treaty” conditions’. While both, he suggests, are tempting strategies in the struggle for change, though ‘ultimately ineffective against settler colonial structures of domination’ (2011: 5), it is the latter strategy that invites Veracini’s most scathing assessment. As he writes, under settler colonial conditions the independent polity is the settler polity and sanctioning the equal rights of indigenous peoples has historically been used as a powerful weapon in the denial of indigenous entitlement and in the enactment of various forms of coercive assimilation. This decolonisation actually enhances the subjection of indigenous peoples… it is at best irrelevant and at worst detrimental to indigenous peoples in settler societies (2011: 6-7). The ‘primal binarism of the frontier’ plays a particularly ambivalent role in Veracini’s (2011: 6) formulation, where the categorical distinction between settler and native obstructs the ‘possibility of a genuinely decolonised relationship’ (by virtue of its lopsidedness) yet is a necessary political strategy to guard against the absorption of Indigenous people into the settler fold, which would represent settler colonialism’s final victory. The battle here is between a ‘settler colonialism [that] is designed to produce a fundamental discontinuity as its “logic of elimination” runs its course until it actually extinguishes the settler colonial relation’ and an anti-colonial struggle that ‘must aim to keep the settler-indigenous relationship going’ (2011: 7). In other words, the categorical distinction produced by the frontier must be maintained in order to struggle against its effects. Given the lack of options presented to Indigenous peoples by Veracini (2014: 315), his conclusion that settler decolonisation demands a ‘radical, post-settler colonial passage’ is perhaps not surprising – although he has ‘no suggestion as to how this may be achieved and [is] pessimistic about its feasibility’. Scholars have long reckoned with the ambivalence of the settler colonial situation, which is simultaneously colonial and postcolonial, colonising and decolonising (Curthoys, 1999: 288). Given the generally dreadful Fourth World circumstances facing many Indigenous peoples in settler societies, it could be argued that there is good reason for such pessimism. The settler colonial paradigm, in this sense, offers an important caution against celebratory narratives of progress. Wolfe (1994), it must be recalled, wrote the original articulation of his thesis precisely against the idea of ‘historical rupture’ that dominated in Australia post-Mabo, and was thus as much a scholarly intervention as it was a political challenge to the idea of Australia having broken with its colonial past. Nonetheless, the fatalism of the settler colonial paradigm—whereby decolonisation is by and large put beyond the realms of possibility—has seen it come under considerable critique for reifying settler colonialism as a transhistorical meta-structure where colonial relations of domination are inevitable (Macoun & Strakosch, 2013: 435; Snelgrove et al., 2014: 9). Not only does Wolfe’s ontology erase contingency, heterogeneity and (crucially) agency (Merlan, 1997; Rowse, 2014), but its polarised framework effectively ‘puts politics to death | Busbridge, 18—Research Fellow at the Centre for Dialogue, La Trobe University (Rachel, “Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization,” Theory, Culture & Society Vol 35, Issue 1, 2018, dml) | 22,868 | 653 | 1,436 |
899 | 575,015 | 9,071 | 1NC | 2 | 1NC – T | “Appropriation of outer space” is exclusive and permanent | TIMOTHY JUSTIN TRAPP, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, ’13 quoting Smith 92, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 2013 No. 4] | TRAPP ’13 quoting Smith 92 | 44,302 | 318 | 1,076 |
Subsets and Splits