Yusuf5/OpenCaselistTMP · Datasets at Hugging Face

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1,000	14,674	285	FRAMEWORK	null	FW – Epistemology First	Evaluate epistemology first – Empire is constructed through various self-legitimating hegemonic discourses, but under each is an alternative ontology of liberation which can only be revealed through a priori deconstruction	Hardt/Negri ‘2K (Michael Hardt; professor of literature at Duke University. Antonio Negri; independent researcher and philosopher, previously a professor of political science at University of Padua. “Empire” pg 46-49 2000) // ELog	Hardt/Negri ‘2K	11,349	12	6,559
1,001	492,809	6,368	Diplomatic Capital DA	Internal Links	Kerry Key	Kerry’s methods are vital to a peace talk agreement	CBS ‘13(CBS News, “Arab leaders endorse Kerry's bid to restart Israeli-Palestinian peace talks”, 7/17/13, CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57594130/arab-leaders-endorse-kerrys-bid-to-restart-israeli-palestinian-peace-talks/)	CBS ‘13(CBS News, “Arab leaders endorse Kerry's bid to restart Israeli-Palestinian peace talks”, 7/17/13, CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57594130/arab-leaders-endorse-kerrys-bid-to-restart-israeli-palestinian-peace-talks/)	307,480	1	3,228
1,002	492,590	6,363	Solvency	Supporting bad regime	Cuban corruption	The Cuban Government Controls the Economy	The Heritage Foundation, 13 The Heritage Foundation, is a research and educational institution, “The 2013 Index of Economic Freedom,” The Heritage Foundation, 2013; http://www.heritage.org/index/country/cuba Accessed 7/16/13. GM	The Heritage Foundation, 13	307,349	1	1,738
1,003	442,731	5,730	**Aff**	Non UQ	Cuba	Non UQ – We have appeased already – Legalized agricultural trade and eased restrictions	Hanson and Lee 13 (Stephanie Hanson is associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org. She manages the editorial production of the website and covers economic and political development in Africa and Latin America. Brianna Lee is Senior Production Editor at CFR, January 31, 2013, “U.S.-Cuba Relations,” http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113)	Hanson and Lee 13	277,154	23	2,345
1,004	1,130,692	27,932	Case	1AC	1AC Precipitation Adv	Extinction—sea life can’t adapt to hypoxia	Brannen 18	Brannen 18	24,275	53	1,923
1,005	469,766	6,031	null	Solvency / Mechanism defense	AT: Conditions CP – top level	Cuba will use the condition to veto the plan	Ratliff, 9 - Research Fellow at the Independent Institute and a member of the Board of Advisors of the Institute’s Center on Global Prosperity. He is also a Research Fellow and Curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution (William, “Why and How to Lift the U.S. Embargo on Cuba”, 5/7,	Ratliff, 9 -	281,412	5	4,027
1,006	469,926	6,036	at: off case	politics link turns	us econ	Lifting the embargo is politically palatable – farm lobby and humanitarian appeal – empirics prove	National Journal 13 ("Legal Affairs - How the Embargo Hurts Cubans and Helps Castro," 5/29/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/legal-affairs-how-the-embargo-hurts-cubans-and-helps-castro-20000513)//AM	National Journal 13	294,690	1	684
1,007	191,268	2,425	Empire K	1NC	Opacity Fails	Their strategy of localist politics will fail – as Empire becomes increasingly globalized, our resistance must proliferate too. They forget that Empire thrives on the their very goal – the removal of barriers to capital flows via the abolition of borders. Instead of giving the Empire what it wants, we should prioritize the reterritorialization of borders and the deterritorialization of the imperial machine.	Hardt and Negri 00 (Michael, American literary theorist and political philosopher, best known for his book Empire, which was co-written with Antonio, Italian Marxist sociologist and political philosopher, best known for his co-authorship of Empire and secondarily for his work on Spinoza, Empire, 42-52, Harvard University Press, 2000) //jd&KI	Hardt and Negri 00	11,349	12	23,178
1,008	470,439	6,047	null	1ac	1ac Economy	Debt causes geopolitical tensions and economic collapse – now is key to avert crisis	Ture 13 – Ph.D. and Senior Fellow in the Economics of Fiscal Policy at the Heritage Foundation (JD,	Ture 13	294,985	2	3,817
1,009	470,575	6,046	Adv Work	2AC Exts (Multilat)	i/l – 3 – US Based	That promotes US energy diplomacy which is key to multilateralism	Clinton 12 (Hillary Rodham, Former US Secretary of State and Future President of the USA swag, Energy Diplomacy in the 21st Century, Speech Delivered at Georgetown University 10/18/12, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/10/199330.htm)//LA	Clinton 12	172,888	4	6,549
1,010	474,044	6,086	“Its” CP	null	2nc Solvency	Even if there is a benefit to diplomacy, it’s too far off to matter	Hanson 13 – associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org, the website of the Council on Foreign Relations	Hanson 13	277,154	23	4,433
1,011	443,127	5,737	Cuba Embargo Negative	*** Case	2NC/1NR—Ext. Relations Dead	Relations are beyond gone—the US will still maintain diplomatic isolation	Hanson and Lee 13—Stephanie Hanson is associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org. She manages the editorial production of the website and covers economic and political development in Africa and Latin America. Brianna Lee is Senior Production Editor at CFR [January 31, 2013, “U.S.-Cuba Relations,” http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113]	Hanson and Lee 13	277,154	23	2,184
1,012	444,392	5,762	Cuba Aff- Relations Low	null	null	U.S.-Cuba relations on life-support	Hanson & Lee 13' (Stephanie- Director of Policy & Outreach, On Acre Fund, Brianna- Senior Production Editor, http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113, J.R, 1-31-13)	Hanson & Lee 13'	277,154	23	855
1,013	451,101	5,824	Inherency	1AC	Inherency— US-Cuba Relations Low Now	No relations -	Hanson et al. , Senior Production Editor on the Council of Foreign Relations, 1/31	Hanson 1/31	277,154	23	2,365
1,014	463,798	5,964	***Cuba DA	**1NC	Uniqueness	Cuban-United States relations will not improve	Stephanie Hanson, Brianna Lee 01/31/13	Hanson, Lee 13	277,154	23	2,271
1,015	656,235	13,056	Ac	null	Ac	The spatially and temporally indeterminate powers of Empire make fighting against it a prima facie burden. Thousands of academic spaces are structured by capitalism; the affirmation of the unjustness of the project endorses the discussion and is the only ethical way to subvert the system - I control uniqueness. Hardt and Negri 2k	Antonio Negri (Former Professor at University of Paris and University of Padua) and Michael Hardt (Professor at Duke University) “Empire.” Harvard University Press. 2000. *bracketed for clarity and ableist discourse cw//az \|\| AS	null	11,349	12	4,162
1,016	1,130,995	27,794	2NC---Regionals---Round 3	1NR	2NC---Advantage	Middle east war escalates, draws-in great powers and causes global wars. Their defense doesn’t assume recent trends or oil.	Klare 18 — Michael Klare, Five College professor emeritus of peace and world security studies, and director of the Five College Program in Peace and World Security Studies (PAWSS), holds a B.A. and M.A. from Columbia University and a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of the Union Institute. He has written widely on U.S. military policy, international peace and security affairs, the global arms trade, and global resource politics. (“Gearing Up for the Third Gulf War” Common Dreams, May 14, 2018. https://www.commondreams.org/views/2018/05/14/gearing-third-gulf-war)//JLPark	Klare 18	35,426	43	17,515
1,017	661,584	13,309	1NC	1	1NC Shell	The impact is endless genocide and violence.	Hardt and Negri 01 [Michael Hardt (American literary theorist and political philosopher) and Antonio Negri (Ph.D., is an Italian Marxist sociologist, scholar, revolutionary philosopher and teacher). “Empire.” 2001. Harvard University Press] AJ	Hardt and Negri 01	11,349	12	10,302
1,018	1,131,120	27,841	1nc---MBA LT	1nc---Management	1nc---Frontlines	“Existential risks first!” is Pascal’s Wager, which stupefies decision-making.	Munthe 15 – Christian Munthe, PhD, Practical Philosophy Professor Associate Head of Department for Research at the University of Gothenburg. [Why Aren't Existential Risk / Ultimate Harm Argument Advocates All Attending Mass? Philosophical Comment, 2-1-15, http://philosophicalcomment.blogspot.com/2015/02/why-arent-existential-risk-ultimate.html]//BPS	Munthe 15	10,125	302	8,331
1,019	1,131,712	27,857	null	DA---PTX	null	---marked--- Schiff and his allies did not commit to opposing the missile sale, noting that the Saudis could use the equipment against attacks by the Houthis, the pro-Iran militia they are fighting in Yemen that also opposes the U.S. But those lawmakers said they want to “strengthen” measures to restrict U.S. support for Saudi Arabia that could be part of this year’s defense authorization bill. The defense bill will be finalized in the coming weeks, and Biden does not want it to be derailed ― so by keeping the Saudi-related ideas in the bill, Democrats could force the president to rebuke Riyadh. The survival of those restrictions depends on ongoing negotiations between top legislators in the House and Senate.	null	lawmakers said they want to “strengthen” measures to restrict U.S. support for Saudi Arabia that could be part of this year’s defense authorization bill. The defense bill will be finalized in the coming weeks, and Biden does not want it to be derailed ― so by keeping the Saudi-related ideas in the bill, Democrats could force the president to rebuke Riyadh. The survival of those restrictions depends on ongoing negotiations between top legislators in the House and Senate	554,095	1	null
1,020	466,124	5,979	COHA 13 (Council on Hemispheric Affairs) “Best Time for U.S.– Cuba Rapprochement Is Now” 1/30/13 // sb	AFF.	SOLVENCY – U.S.-CUBAN RELATIONS LOW NOW	US-Cuban Relations are frozen in the SQ	Hanson and Lee, Directors for the Counsel of Foreign Relations, ’13, Stephanie and Brianna, “U.S.-Cuba Relations” (1/31/2013), http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113 /// JMR	Hanson and Lee, , ’13, JMR	277,154	23	2,921
1,021	661,961	13,329	null	1AC	1AC New	It’s wraps for East Asian non-prolif – Trump has pushed relations to the brink and is encouraging an arms race.	Kirk 19 [(Donald Kirk is a journalist and the author of several books about Asian affairs, including Korea Betrayed: Kim Dae Jung and Sunshine (2009); Okinawa and Jeju: Bases of Discontent (2013); Kim Dae Jung and the Quest for the Nobel (with Kim Kisam, 2016)) “Is Trump Getting Ready to Sell Out South Korea and Japan?,” Daily Beast, 11-26-2019, https://www.thedailybeast.com/by-demanding-south-korea-and-japan-pay-billions-more-for-us-troops-donald-trump-pushes-them-to-go-nuclear?ref=scroll], (vikram)]	Kirk 19	397,062	1	5,938
1,022	467,506	6,000	null	*Negative*	Cuba Relations Defense	The aff is insufficient	Hanson 2013 (Stephanie Hanson, associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor at CFR, January 31, 2013, “U.S.-Cuba Relations,” http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113)	Hanson 2013	277,154	23	2,188
1,023	468,304	6,019	null	*Negative*	Cuba Relations Defense	The aff is insufficient	Hanson 2013 (Stephanie Hanson, associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor at CFR, January 31, 2013, “U.S.-Cuba Relations,” http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113)	Hanson 2013	277,154	23	2,188
1,024	469,249	6,029	Solvency/Inherency	US-Cuba Relations Low	null	US-Cuba tensions high, despite Obama	Hanson, 13 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113U.S.-Cuba Relations Authors: Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor	Hanson, 13	277,154	23	829
1,025	1,131,859	27,832	2NC	Chevron DA	Impact---2NC	Retaliation goes nuclear---containment solves	Conley 3 (Lieutenant Colonel Harry W., Chief of the System Analysis Branch – Headquarters Air Combat Command, “Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack”, Air & Space Power Journal, Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)	Conley 3	64,744	182	2,878
1,026	784,861	18,357	null	Trade Adv	1nc Trade	Growth despite censorship	The Economist 2013 (Ours, all ours; Apr 6; www.economist.com/news/special-report/21574638-wealth-internet-businesses-chinese-characteristics-ours-all-ours; kdf)	The Economist 2013	445,252	3	5,102
1,027	3,306,119	108,689	NC	Case	1NC – Advantage	4. Localized biodiversity loss doesn’t spillover.	Brook & Bradshaw ’13 Barry Brook 13, Professor at the University of Adelaide, leading environmental scientist, holding the Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and is also Director of Climate Science at the University of Adelaide’s Environment Institute, author of 3 books and over 250 scholarly articles, Corey Bradshaw is an Associate Professor at the University of Adelaide and a joint appointee at the South Australian Research and Development Institute, Brave New Climate, March 4, 2013, "Worrying about global tipping points distracts from real planetary threats", http://bravenewclimate.com/2013/03/04/ecological-tipping-points/	Brook & Bradshaw ’13	35,507	326	6,517
1,028	490,174	6,328	CUBA	Affirmative Answers	Says No	Cuba says no—multiple reasons Cuba doesn’t want the US	Hanson and Lee ’13 (Authors: Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor	Hanson and Lee ’13	277,154	23	7,194
1,029	1,865,825	54,853	Juvenile Juries 1AC	Adv. 1: Due Process	Inherency	Wrongful convictions not only allow criminal acts to continue, but they undermine the fairness which underscores our criminal justice system and our democracy	Furman 03 “Wrongful Convictions and the Accuracy of the Criminal Justice System”, University of Colorado Law School: Colorado Law Scholarly Commons, The Colorado Lawyer, H. Patrick Furman (University of Colorado Law School), https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1509&context=articles	Furman 03	836,655	3	215
1,030	662,477	13,362	1AC	1AC	1AC Sanctions	Sanctions create immense human costs at the expense of continued military growth.	Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]	Albert ‘6-16 ]	395,999	60	531
1,031	662,576	13,366	null	Case	null	Rigorous climate simulations prove that hydrophilic black carbon would cause to atmospheric precipitation – results in a rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling	Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)	Reisner et al. 18	10,501	505	15,842
1,032	490,400	6,334	CUBA OIL AFF – 2 WEEK VARSITY	***1AC LEVEL	1AC – Relations Advantage	Relations won’t thaw in the status quo – prolonged sanctions have caused Cubans to be pessimistic	Lee 1-31 (http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113#p9; “U.S.-Cuba Relations”; Brianna Lee[Senior Production Editor for Council of Foreign Relations] )	Lee 1-31 Senior Production Editor for Council of Foreign Relations] )	277,154	23	2,658
1,033	492,540	6,365	null	Cuba Relations	North Korea	Relations too far gone- Alan Gross	Hanson and Lee ’13 - Senior Production Editors at CFR (Updated: 1/31/13, Stephanie, Brianna, Council on Foreign Relations, “U.S.-Cuba Relations”,	Hanson and Lee ’13	277,154	23	854
1,034	1,132,101	27,910	null	null	OFF	Businesses confident now	Wojno 1/27 [Marc; reporter for ZDNet; 1/27/2022; “Undaunted by 2021, CEOs remain hopeful for 2022”; ZDNet; https://www.zdnet.com/article/undaunted-by-2021-ceos-are-hopeful-for-2022-survey/; accessed 1/27/2022; Lowell-WN]	Wojno 1/27 CEOs remain hopeful	554,197	9	2,965
1,035	471,535	6,060	Solvency	2NC AT: Solvency Deficits	2NC Solves Trade and Relations	Medical diplomacy opens up the possibility for trade and relations	Council on Hemispheric Affairs 06’ (“The Cuban Threat: Medical Diplomacy”, 11/1/06, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0611/S00005.htm)//AK	Council on Hemispheric Affairs 06’	295,693	1	4,012
1,036	662,789	13,379	null	1	null	CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove	Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf	Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17	2,127	1,722	7,730
1,037	492,750	6,359	Disads 2ac Blocks	DA’s are Non-Unique	Political Question Doctrine in the Supreme Court	(--) US Supreme Court has invoked international law to interpret US law in a number of cases:	BENJAMIN MANCHAK, 2010 (staff writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “NOTE: COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,” 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, Lexis, Accessed 2/24/2013, rwg)	MANCHAK, 2010	307,448	1	942
1,038	662,931	13,384	null	3	null	CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove	Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf	Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17	2,127	1,722	7,730
1,039	493,132	6,374	Impacts and Links	Patriarchy	Impact	Gender hierarchies guarantee extinction	Clark 4 (Mary E., PhD and professor of biological studies @ Berkeley, "RHETORIC, PATRIARCHY & WAR: EXPLAINING THE DANGERS OF "LEADERSHIP" IN MASS CULTURE", http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4005307/Rhetoric-patriarchy-war-explaining-the.html)	Clark 4	122,292	12	6,069
1,040	493,305	6,372	Guantanamo Bay Aff – HSSB	T Answers	2ac – T Increase Economic Engagement	We Meet Engagement on physical infrastructure is economic	UN Business Guidelines ’13 (United Nations Organization devoted to studying, regulating, and advising the business communities of the world on how to be global citizens, “How can companies make a profit, responsibly, while assisting low income communities/countries?” UN Business Guidelines, accessed July 22, http://business.un.org/en/documents/196)	UN Business Guidelines ’13	307,806	2	1,514
1,041	494,451	6,392	Russia CP + SOI DA	Solvency	Solvency- Cuba- Military	Russia solves military supply issues	Kommersant 8 (10/27/08, Kommersant Publishing House, “Russia’s Military to Check Cuba’s Missile Defense Facilities,” http://www.kommersant.com/p-13444/r_527/Cuba_missile_defense_military/)	Kommersant 8	308,466	1	951
1,042	471,671	6,061	1NR	Case	1NC – K	They definitely link to this – their aff is an explicit critique of liberal individualism and the rights FW	Naimou 15 – Angela Naimou holds a Ph.D. in English and an M.A. in English from Cornell University, and a B.A. in English from the University of Michigan. She is currently an Associate Professor of English at Clemson University, [“Salvage Work: U.S. and Caribbean Literatures Amid the Debris of Legal Personhood”, 2015, Fordham University Press, 978-0-8232-6476-6]RA	Naimou 15	295,778	5	10,291
1,043	471,796	6,042	Case	Solveny	2ac defense of conditions	Modern conditional development partnerships are uniquely effective	Schmitz, 6 - Deputy Head, Research Division “Russian Federation/CIS” at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (Andrea, “Conditionality in Development Aid Policy,” German Institute for International and Security Affairs, August, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=117699)//SS	Schmitz, 6	295,845	1	1,105
1,044	662,871	13,382	1AC	1AC	1AC Sanctions	Sanctions create immense human costs at the expense of continued military growth.	Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]	Albert ‘6-16 ]	395,999	60	531
1,045	297,862	3,770	Trade Deficit Good	Good for Economy	Economic Growth	Trade deficit is overhyped—fear of economic collapse via the deficit is unwarranted	Bier and Osorio 2011(David and Ivan, Forbes, 9/18/2011, “Two Cheers For A Big U.S. Trade Deficit,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2011/09/18/two-cheers-for-a-big-u-s-trade-deficit/#6350700a1aab Accessed: 7/7/2016 –RHMB)	Bier and Osorio 2011	190,760	4	3,826
1,046	494,778	6,399	Impacts - Relations Good	Climate Change	1NC	C. Disease spread causes extinction	Yu 9 [Victoria Yu, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” May 22, 2009, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate]	Yu 9	95,194	130	2,134
1,047	1,137,564	27,957	2AC	AT – T-Its	2AC – T Its – T/L	“United States” signifies jurisdiction. It grammatically alters “in”.	US Code ’10 [111th Congress, Session 2; Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010; 124 Stat. 3024 (2010) Public Law 111-281; Hein Online; Recut-Lowell-DS]	US Code ’10	33,645	81	300
1,048	663,341	13,406	null	Case	1NC	No nuclear winter	Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)	Reisner et al. 18	10,501	505	15,842
1,049	495,700	6,410	Cuban Embargo Affirmative	1AC	null	Disease spread will cause extinction	Yu 09 [Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate]	Yu 09	95,194	130	2,099
1,050	495,673	6,410	Cuban Embargo Affirmative	1AC	null	The plan restores cooperation between the US and Latin America	White 3-7-13 [Robert E. White, a senior fellow at the Center for International Policy, was the United States ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 to 1979 and to El Salvador from 1980 to 1981, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0]	White 3-7	201,876	30	7,186
1,051	471,854	6,064	Sun Sentinel, 12 (“New oil spill plan needed” April 22, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-04-22/news/fl-cuba-oil-editorial-dl-20120422_1_deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-oil-spill)//IK	AT Environment Advantage	Squo Solves – Cuba Safety	Spill claims are overblown – Cuba is incorporating best practices into safety and regulatory planning	Sadowksi, 12 –Managing Editor of the Journal of International Business and Law, J.D. Candidate at Hofstra University (Richard, “Cuban Offshore Drilling: Preparation and Prevention within the Framework of the United States’ Embargo”, 2012, http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1497&context=sdlp)	Sadowksi, 12 –Managing Editor of the Journal of International Business and Law, J.D. Candidate at Hofstra University	233,988	14	892
1,052	471,970	6,042	Offcase	Politics	Public	Americans support economic and immigration improvement with Mexico	RAND Corporation, 12 - nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and	RAND Corporation, 12	295,950	1	780
1,053	663,523	13,417	null	1AC	1AC Sanctions	Sanctions create immense human costs and fail to curb military growth.	Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]	Albert ‘6-16 ]	395,999	60	531
1,054	472,087	6,065	cooperation advantage	1nc f/l	ethanol impact	No bioterrorism and no impact---multiple obstacles	Stolar 6 Research Officer, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (*Alex Stolar: October 2006, “BIOTERRORISM AND US POLICY RESPONSES ASSESSING THE THREAT OF MASS CASUALTY,” http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/1659566521IPCS-Special-Report-31.pdf,)//KY	Stolar 6	285,797	7	5,226
1,055	663,455	13,414	null	Case	1nc	Rigorous climate simulations prove that hydrophilic black carbon would adhere to atmospheric precipitation – Results in a rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling	Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)	Reisner et al. 18	10,501	505	15,842
1,056	1,132,277	27,927	OFF	null	OFF	The plan’s expansive court ruling is controversial in itself.	Hirschl 13 – Professor of Political Science and Law, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada [Ran, Sep 2013, The Oxford Handbook of Political Science, “The Judicialization of Politics,” https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-013, DOA: 7/16/21, Lowell-TT]	Hirschl 13	34,924	10	2,611
1,057	495,821	6,397	AT: Off-Case Debate	Disad Blocks	AT: Politics – Debt Ceiling – Obama Good	6. Plan doesn’t spend pol cap – requires little push	Negroponte 13 (Formerly a trade lawyer and professor of history, Diana Negroponte is a nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative under Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution. http://anacaalves.wordpress.com/page/6/)	Negroponte 13	275,108	9	768
1,058	663,577	13,422	1AC	1AC	1AC Sanctions	Sanctions create immense human costs and fail to curb military growth.	Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]	Albert ‘6-16 ]	395,999	60	531
1,059	663,889	13,443	null	null	1	Extinction – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.	Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity,” Health Security, 15(4), PubMed	Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17	2,127	1,722	8,517
1,060	495,933	6,413	Extensions	A/T Renegotiate NAFTA CP	null	Disease spread will cause extinction	Yu 09 [Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate]	Yu 09	95,194	130	2,099
1,061	496,359	6,417	Politics DA/Answers	Links	Focus Links	OBAMA’S AGENDA IS FINITE – FOCUS IS KEY – PLAN DERAILS THE AGENDA.	CSMonitor 9. [March 12 – lexis]	CSMonitor 9	220,995	5	646
1,062	664,017	13,449	1AC	1AC	1AC Sanctions	Sanctions create immense human costs and fail to curb military growth.	Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]	Albert ‘6-16 ]	395,999	60	531
1,063	664,430	13,466	null	null	Case:	No nuclear winter	Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)	Reisner et al. 18	10,501	505	15,842
1,064	1,137,786	28,030	1AC – Columbia River Treaty	null	1AC – Prior Appropriations	Low latency drives edge computing’s adoption.	Vigliarolo ’21 [Brandon; software writer for TechRepublic; 1/29/2021; TechRepublic; “Business leaders want low latency, not speed, study finds”; https://www.techrepublic.com/article/business-leaders-want-low-latency-not-speed-study-finds/; accessed 12/15/2021; Lowell-DS]	Vigliarolo ’21	528,774	16	3,046
1,065	496,197	6,417	Politics DA/Answers	Uniqueness Extensions	UQ: AT: Obama Will Do Immigration Reform By Executive Order	(--) Obama’s already done all he can do via executive order, immigration reform needs to be done through Congress:	Mike Lillis, 2/16/2013 (staff writer, “Dems: Obama can act unilaterally on immigration reform,” http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/administration/283583-dems-recognize-that-obama-can-act-unilaterally-on-immigration-reform, Accessed 2/21/2013, rwg)	Lillis, 2/16/2013 , Accessed 2/21/2013, rwg)	290,963	3	438
1,066	496,475	6,420	1NR	Heg turn	Yes Russia China alliance	US military expansion triggers China/Russian counterbalancing that makes conflict inevitable	Kofman 18 Michael Kofman, Michael Kofman is a Senior Research Scientist at CNA Corporation and a Fellow at the Wilson Center’s Kennan Institute. Previously he served as Program Manager at National Defense University. “SEARCHING FOR STRATEGY IN WASHINGTON’S COMPETITION WITH RUSSIA.” War on the Rocks. January 30, 2018. https://warontherocks.com/2018/01/searching-strategy-washingtons-competition-russia/ Reading the recently released 2018 National Defense Strategy, which trumpets the national security establishment’s emergence from “a period of strategic atrophy,” one can be forgiven for wondering what took so long. The new formulation emanating from the Pentagon, that “inter-state strategic competition, not terrorism, is now the primary concern of U.S. national security,” is both refreshing and long overdue. America seems to be the last of the great powers to self-consciously join a geopolitical competition that has been unfolding for some years with Russia and China.	Kofman 18	309,638	2	29,401
1,067	473,152	6,070	Case	AT: Immigration Advantage	Deterrence Defense	Deterrence resilient – strong presence	The Epoch Times 12 – [International Media Organization “US Military Bases Growing Worldwide” 7/23/12 http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/world/us-military-bases-growing-worldwide-269170.html //NGopaul]	The Epoch Times 12	296,688	1	3,886
1,068	473,362	6,070	Counterplans	AT: Immigration Advantage	1nc customs union cp	Custom unions solves integration	Barbee, 12 – Inveer Barbee graduated with a B.A. in Political Science from Simon Fraser University, in Burnaby BC, Canada, in 2008. Barbee completed her M.A. in U.S. Foreign Policy at American University’s School of International Service. (Inveer, “The Path to Customs Union: The European Experience and North American Integration”, Faculty of the School of International Service” 6-14-12, http://www.american.edu/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=3209906)//sawyer	Barbee, 12	296,826	1	3,088
1,069	473,377	6,074	Trafficking Neg – BFJR – 7wk	Security K	AT: Securitization Good	Exaggeration TURNS human rights – even if people are “motivated” it creates policy failures	Loubser 9 – MA in Global Studies	Loubser 9	296,838	1	796
1,070	664,569	13,472	1NC	PIC–LIHEAP	1nc	It helps millions get heating	Perl 18 [(Libby, ) “LIHEAP: Program and Funding”, Congressional Research Service, June 22, 2018, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31865.pdf] VB	Perl 18	398,026	2	751
1,071	664,812	13,485	NC	3	null	CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove	Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf	Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17	2,127	1,722	7,730
1,072	166,327	2,188	AFFIRMATIVE	AFF MULTI-PURPOSE	---xt: rate hikes	Quick and unexpected hikes will collapse the economy	Bruno 17—BA and MA in International Relations all at the University of Toronto, analyst in the global investment banking sector (Alessandro, 7/18/17, “We’re Still Living Like it’s 2008; the U.S. Economy Still Faces The Risk of an Economic Collapse,” https://www.lombardiletter.com/the-u-s-economy-still-faces-the-risk-of-an-economic-collapse/13998/, Accessed 7/18/17, HWilson)	Bruno 17	111,178	8	7,737
1,073	390,640	5,051	*Warming GOOD*	*No Impact/Impact Turns*	CO2 Good 1NC	Resource conflicts are the most likely to escalate	Heinberg 2004 Richard Heinberg. (Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Author of Eight Books and widely regarded as one the world's foremost Peak Oil Educators). "Book Excerpt: Powerdown: options and actions for a post-carbon world." 2004. Online.	Heinberg 2004	309,829	7	1,753
1,074	489,670	6,323	Neg	UQ	A2 Spy Scandal	Spy Scandal wont affect relations	Associated Press 7/10/13 (Leading Brazil congressman says disclosures of US spying will not affect relations Published July 10, 2013	Associated Press 7/10/13 (	284,068	6	921
1,075	490,197	6,329	AFF ANSWERS	Relations Net-Benefit	Relations High Now	Spy Scandal wont affect relations	Associated Press 7/10/13 (Leading Brazil congressman says disclosures of US spying will not affect relations Published July 10, 2013	Associated Press 7/10/13 (	284,068	6	921
1,076	497,458	6,432	Case	Cuban Economy ADV	No Cuban Oil	No commercially viable oil – recent efforts prove	Offshore Mag 12 (Offshore Magazine, “Another Cuban oil well turns up dry”, 11/25, http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2012/11/another-cuban-oil.html)	Offshore Mag 12	234,115	6	1,154
1,077	664,753	13,481	null	1AC	1AC Sanctions	Sanctions create immense human costs at the expense of continued military growth.	Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]	Albert ‘6-16 ]	395,999	60	531
1,078	664,840	13,487	1NC	1	null	CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove	Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf	Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17	2,127	1,722	7,730
1,079	497,646	6,431	Add-ons – A2 intl actor CPs	Topicality	Economic Engagement = offshore drilling	Economic engagement includes cooperative offshore energy production – it’s predictable – the government includes it	Dan Sullivan (Former Assistant Secretary for Economic, Energy and Business Affairs) 2007 “Economic Engagement: Building the U.S.-Azerbaijan Relationship”, http://2001-2009.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/rm/2007/91369.htm	Sullivan 2007	234,433	3	4,317
1,080	473,401	6,074	Trafficking Neg – BFJR – 7wk	Victim K – Extensions	Imperialism	Victim discourse is a disguise for imperialism	Soderlund 5 (Gretchen Soderlund is Assistant Director of the Center for the Study of Communication and Society and Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Chicago. Send correspondence to [email protected]. Running from the Rescuers: New U.S. Crusades Against Sex Trafficking and the Rhetoric of Abolition¶ http://traffickingroundtable.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Soderlund-Running-from-the-Rescuers.pdf // OP)	Soderlund 5	114,600	3	1,517
1,081	664,859	13,488	NC	1	null	1. Predictable Limits – nukes exist in varied categories based off strategic purpose, range, storage location, and condition. Also, “nuclear arsenals” are distinct between countries, so their case-list multiplies with one that solely specifies “States.”	IMEMO ’13 [Institute of World Economy and International Relations (leading independent research institution based in Moscow, Russia) 2013, “RUSSIA: ARMS CONTROL, DISARMAMENT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY,” INSTITUTE OF WORLD ECONOMY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (IMEMO RAN), IMEMO SUPPLEMENT TO THE RUSSIAN EDITION OF THE SIPRI YEARBOOK Preface by Alexander Dynkin, Editors Alexei Arbatov and Alexandre Kaliadine, Moscow, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/172934/13012_EN.pdf] KD	IMEMO ’13	395,947	28	2,281
1,082	665,308	13,512	Stanford 1NC vs Harker AM	null	Case:	No nuclear winter	Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)	Reisner et al. 18	10,501	505	15,842
1,083	3,306,264	109,144	null	Framing	null	Extinction justifies moral loopholes	Bok, 1988 (Sissela Bok, Professor of Philosophy, Brandeis, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. David Rosenthal and Fudlou Shehadi, 1988)	Bok, 1988 (	84,753	174	1,184
1,084	473,956	6,081	answer to perms	at: perm	1nc instability	Perm fails – empirically progress is dwarfed by U.S. policies	Rochlin 12 professor of political science at the University of British Columbia-Okanagan (James Rochlin, 2012, “Introduction: Canada and the Americas: There’s Still Much to Discover,” Canada Looks South: In Search of an American Policy, page 21)//KP	Rochlin 12	297,236	1	932
1,085	465,003	5,963	null	ECONOMY EXTENSIONS	Corn Adv.	Cuba needs to open itself up for investment, especially from U.S.	Elledge 9 (Nicholas, Researcher for the Council of Hemispheric Relations, 10/29/09, CUBA’S SUGARCANE ETHANOL POTENTIAL: CUBA, RAUL CASTRO, AND THE RETURN OF KING SUGAR TO THE ISLAND, Council of Hemispheric Relations (Think Tank; NGO), http://www.coha.org/cubas-sugarcane-ethanol-potential/) KL	Elledge 9 ) KL	278,865	5	604
1,086	493,783	6,383	New Ethanol Advantage	2AC Materials start here	A-to “Cuba says no”	( ) Cuba won’t say “no” – incentives are too tempting	Elledge ‘9 Nicholas Elledge – Research Fellow at Council on Hemispheric Affairs – – degrees from The London School of Economics and Political Science and Southern Methodist University – “Cuba’s Sugarcane Ethanol Potential: Cuba, Raul Castro, and the Return of King Sugar to the Island” – October 29, 2009 – http://www.coha.org/cubas-sugarcane-ethanol-potential/	Elledge ‘9	278,865	5	604
1,087	498,517	6,437	Free Trade	Uniqueness – Country Specific	Cuba pursuing protectionist policies – general	Cuba protectionist now- it’s general policy	Randall Woods & John Quigley [writing for Bloomberg News] Jan 28, 2013¶ Latin America Commits to Open Trade After Protectionist Year¶ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-28/latin-america-commits-to-open-trade-after-year-of-protectionism.html	Woods & Quigley Jan 28, 2013	310,348	2	913
1,088	1,866,046	54,859	null	1AC	Gendered violence	Framing matters—challenging the justification for US militarized masculinity shifts public discussion and opens space for reclaiming violent gendered discourses.	Ferguson 5	Ferguson 5	89,145	31	48,727
1,089	498,759	6,440	A2 Case Args/Exts	Economy Adv	Current tech out of date	Increasing Demand for Mexican-grown Foods in the US Means That Current Food Transport and Inspection Technologies are Inadequate	Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2009 William Nganje (Economics Professor at ASU), Timothy Richards, Jesus Bravo, Na Hu(Member of the Safety Committee in Chemistry Department at Michigan), Albert Kagan, Ram Acharya, and Mark Edwards, A publication of the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association, “Food Safety and Defense Risks in U.S.-Mexico Produce Trade” http://www.choicesmagazine.org/magazine/pdf/article_70.pdf	Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 09	310,880	1	2,996
1,090	1,138,424	27,978	1AC – Columbia River Treaty	null	1AC – Canada	That’s reflected in Canada’s working recommendations for the negotiations.	Bode ’17 [Thomas G.; JD Georgetown; “A MODERN TREATY FOR THE COLUMBIA RIVER”; 47 Envtl. L. 81-125; https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/23904-47-1bodepdf; accessed 10/1/2021; Lowell-TT]	Bode ’17	553,752	32	2,269
1,091	166,704	2,199	Heg Bad	Heg Decline Peaceful	--xt Hegemony Ineffective	Heg is ineffective – no empirical data supports their assumptions	Fettweis 13 - Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane University (Christopher J. Fettweis; “The Pathologies of Power: Fear, Honor, Glory, and Hubris in U.S. Foreign Policy”; Cambridge University Press; pgs. 212-216)//TS	Fettweis 13	111,414	10	8,668
1,092	472,070	6,060	AFF	1NC Cuban Ag Turn	Gradualism Hurts U.S. Influence	No instability - The population is in favor of quick reforms	Vivanco 06( Jose Miguel Vivanco, writer for The Financial Times, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba” December 22, 2006 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/14558d20-9161-11db-b71a-0000779e2340.html#axzz2b1o5fRFG, RLA)	Vivanco 06	280,119	12	2,550
1,093	473,932	6,063	null	Unconditional CP	1nc – unconditional	Any step short of unconditional removal means Cuba says no – the embargo empowers the regime and it has an incentive to reject conditional removal	Vivanco 6- LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch	Vivanco 6	280,119	12	3,235
1,094	665,398	13,517	null	3	1	CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove	Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf	Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17	2,127	1,722	7,730
1,095	1,132,744	27,825	Gonzaga R6 – Open Source	2AC---Gonzaga R6	2AC---DA – Rider	6 – Drone prolif means every hotspot goes nuclear	Zenko and Kreps, 14 -- Micah - Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, PhD in political science from Brandeis University; Sarah - Stanton nuclear security fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, assistant professor in the department of government and an adjunct professor at Cornell Law School, BA from Harvard University, MSc from Oxford University, and PhD from Georgetown University; “Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation," Council on Foreign Relations, June 2014, http://aspheramedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Limiting_Armed_Drone_Proliferation_CSR69.pdf	Zenko and Kreps, 14	9,780	106	10,765
1,096	140,620	1,912	1NC Off-Case	1NC – Academy K	K	The AFFs mode of accounting for violence is the logic of humanism and western imperialism which turns the aff you should refuse those modes of research.	Hoofd 2017. Ingrid. Assistant Professor Department of Media and Culture Studies, Higher Education and Technological Acceleration. http://www.palgrave.com/it/book/9781137517517	Hoofd 2017.	92,816	19	5,315
1,097	499,354	6,448	Oil DA Neg	Mexico	Link – Infrastructure	Expanded US/Mexico infrastructure boosts energy investment and oil production	Handley ’13 (Meg Handley, Reporter for U.S. News & World Report, “Infrastructure Upgrades Needed to Fuel Domestic Energy Boom”, February 22, 2013)	Handley ’13	243,716	7	4,039
1,098	665,677	13,536	Non-Naturalism AC	null	Contention:	Fairness principle – it’s key to emancipation that is not colorblind, but identity-conscious. It’s also comes first, you assume your arguments will be evaluated fairly.	Tommie Shelby, Race and Ethnicity, Race and Social Justice: Rawlsian Considerations, 72 Fordham L. Rev. 1697 (2004). Available at: http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol72/iss5/15 // Massa	Shelby 2004	398,471	2	2,460
1,099	3,307,380	109,016	1NC vs Greenhill AM Glenbrooks Quarters	null	1nc whole res	Interpretation: Right to know must defend ALL rights, not just a subset.	Bassiouni et al ’17 (Prof. M.C., President; Prof. C. Dunlop; Prof. F. Graziani; Prof. C.M. Radaelli; Dr. E.P. Reale; Prof. N. Ronzitti. “THE RIGHT TO KNOW Concept Definition and Background Document.” The Scientific Committee, May 2017. https://nrptt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/RighttoKnow_May2017.pdf)-JJN	Bassiouni et al ’17 (Prof. M.C., President; Prof. C. Dunlop; Prof. F. Graziani; Prof. C.M. Radaelli; Dr. E.P. Reale; Prof. N. Ronzitti. “THE RIGHT TO KNOW Concept Definition and Background Document.” The Scientific Committee, May 2017. https://nrptt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/RighttoKnow_May2017.pdf)-JJN	1,389,695	8	835

1,000

14,674

285

FRAMEWORK

null

FW – Epistemology First

Evaluate epistemology first – Empire is constructed through various self-legitimating hegemonic discourses, but under each is an alternative ontology of liberation which can only be revealed through a priori deconstruction

Hardt/Negri ‘2K (Michael Hardt; professor of literature at Duke University. Antonio Negri; independent researcher and philosopher, previously a professor of political science at University of Padua. “Empire” pg 46-49 2000) // ELog

Hardt/Negri ‘2K

11,349

12

6,559

1,001

492,809

6,368

Diplomatic Capital DA

Internal Links

Kerry Key

Kerry’s methods are vital to a peace talk agreement

CBS ‘13(CBS News, “Arab leaders endorse Kerry's bid to restart Israeli-Palestinian peace talks”, 7/17/13, CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57594130/arab-leaders-endorse-kerrys-bid-to-restart-israeli-palestinian-peace-talks/)

307,480

1

3,228

1,002

492,590

6,363

Solvency

Supporting bad regime

Cuban corruption

The Cuban Government Controls the Economy

The Heritage Foundation, 13 The Heritage Foundation, is a research and educational institution, “The 2013 Index of Economic Freedom,” The Heritage Foundation, 2013; http://www.heritage.org/index/country/cuba Accessed 7/16/13. GM

The Heritage Foundation, 13

307,349

1

1,738

1,003

442,731

5,730

****Aff****

Non UQ

Cuba

Non UQ – We have appeased already – Legalized agricultural trade and eased restrictions

Hanson and Lee 13 (Stephanie Hanson is associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org. She manages the editorial production of the website and covers economic and political development in Africa and Latin America. Brianna Lee is Senior Production Editor at CFR, January 31, 2013, “U.S.-Cuba Relations,” http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113)

Hanson and Lee 13

277,154

23

2,345

1,004

1,130,692

27,932

Case

1AC

1AC Precipitation Adv

Extinction—sea life can’t adapt to hypoxia

Brannen 18

24,275

53

1,923

1,005

469,766

6,031

null

Solvency / Mechanism defense

AT: Conditions CP – top level

Cuba will use the condition to veto the plan

Ratliff, 9 - Research Fellow at the Independent Institute and a member of the Board of Advisors of the Institute’s Center on Global Prosperity. He is also a Research Fellow and Curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution (William, “Why and How to Lift the U.S. Embargo on Cuba”, 5/7,

Ratliff, 9 -

281,412

5

4,027

1,006

469,926

6,036

at: off case

politics link turns

us econ

Lifting the embargo is politically palatable – farm lobby and humanitarian appeal – empirics prove

National Journal 13 ("Legal Affairs - How the Embargo Hurts Cubans and Helps Castro," 5/29/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/legal-affairs-how-the-embargo-hurts-cubans-and-helps-castro-20000513)//AM

National Journal 13

294,690

1

684

1,007

191,268

2,425

Empire K

1NC

Opacity Fails

Their strategy of localist politics will fail – as Empire becomes increasingly globalized, our resistance must proliferate too. They forget that Empire thrives on the their very goal – the removal of barriers to capital flows via the abolition of borders. Instead of giving the Empire what it wants, we should prioritize the reterritorialization of borders and the deterritorialization of the imperial machine.

Hardt and Negri 00 (Michael, American literary theorist and political philosopher, best known for his book Empire, which was co-written with Antonio, Italian Marxist sociologist and political philosopher, best known for his co-authorship of Empire and secondarily for his work on Spinoza, Empire, 42-52, Harvard University Press, 2000) //jd&KI

Hardt and Negri 00

11,349

12

23,178

1,008

470,439

6,047

null

1ac

1ac Economy

Debt causes geopolitical tensions and economic collapse – now is key to avert crisis

Ture 13 – Ph.D. and Senior Fellow in the Economics of Fiscal Policy at the Heritage Foundation (JD,

Ture 13

294,985

2

3,817

1,009

470,575

6,046

Adv Work

2AC Exts (Multilat)

i/l – 3 – US Based

That promotes US energy diplomacy which is key to multilateralism

Clinton 12 (Hillary Rodham, Former US Secretary of State and Future President of the USA swag, Energy Diplomacy in the 21st Century, Speech Delivered at Georgetown University 10/18/12, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/10/199330.htm)//LA

Clinton 12

172,888

4

6,549

1,010

474,044

6,086

“Its” CP

null

2nc Solvency

Even if there is a benefit to diplomacy, it’s too far off to matter

Hanson 13 – associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org, the website of the Council on Foreign Relations

Hanson 13

277,154

23

4,433

1,011

443,127

5,737

Cuba Embargo Negative

*** Case

2NC/1NR—Ext. Relations Dead

Relations are beyond gone—the US will still maintain diplomatic isolation

Hanson and Lee 13—Stephanie Hanson is associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org. She manages the editorial production of the website and covers economic and political development in Africa and Latin America. Brianna Lee is Senior Production Editor at CFR [January 31, 2013, “U.S.-Cuba Relations,” http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113]

Hanson and Lee 13

277,154

23

2,184

1,012

444,392

5,762

Cuba Aff- Relations Low

null

U.S.-Cuba relations on life-support

Hanson & Lee 13' (Stephanie- Director of Policy & Outreach, On Acre Fund, Brianna- Senior Production Editor, http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113, J.R, 1-31-13)

Hanson & Lee 13'

277,154

23

855

1,013

451,101

5,824

**Inherency**

1AC

Inherency— US-Cuba Relations Low Now

No relations -

Hanson et al. , Senior Production Editor on the Council of Foreign Relations, 1/31

Hanson 1/31

277,154

23

2,365

1,014

463,798

5,964

***Cuba DA

**1NC

Uniqueness

Cuban-United States relations will not improve

Stephanie Hanson, Brianna Lee 01/31/13

Hanson, Lee 13

277,154

23

2,271

1,015

656,235

13,056

Ac

null

Ac

The spatially and temporally indeterminate powers of Empire make fighting against it a prima facie burden. Thousands of academic spaces are structured by capitalism; the affirmation of the unjustness of the project endorses the discussion and is the only ethical way to subvert the system - I control uniqueness. Hardt and Negri 2k

Antonio Negri (Former Professor at University of Paris and University of Padua) and Michael Hardt (Professor at Duke University) “Empire.” Harvard University Press. 2000. *bracketed for clarity and ableist discourse cw//az || AS

null

11,349

12

4,162

1,016

1,130,995

27,794

2NC---Regionals---Round 3

1NR

2NC---Advantage

Middle east war escalates, draws-in great powers and causes global wars. Their defense doesn’t assume recent trends or oil.

Klare 18 — Michael Klare, Five College professor emeritus of peace and world security studies, and director of the Five College Program in Peace and World Security Studies (PAWSS), holds a B.A. and M.A. from Columbia University and a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of the Union Institute. He has written widely on U.S. military policy, international peace and security affairs, the global arms trade, and global resource politics. (“Gearing Up for the Third Gulf War” Common Dreams, May 14, 2018. https://www.commondreams.org/views/2018/05/14/gearing-third-gulf-war)//JLPark

Klare 18

35,426

43

17,515

1,017

661,584

13,309

1NC

1

1NC Shell

The impact is endless genocide and violence.

Hardt and Negri 01 [Michael Hardt (American literary theorist and political philosopher) and Antonio Negri (Ph.D., is an Italian Marxist sociologist, scholar, revolutionary philosopher and teacher). “Empire.” 2001. Harvard University Press] AJ

Hardt and Negri 01

11,349

12

10,302

1,018

1,131,120

27,841

1nc---MBA LT

1nc---Management

1nc---Frontlines

“Existential risks first!” is Pascal’s Wager, which stupefies decision-making.

Munthe 15 – Christian Munthe, PhD, Practical Philosophy Professor Associate Head of Department for Research at the University of Gothenburg. [Why Aren't Existential Risk / Ultimate Harm Argument Advocates All Attending Mass? Philosophical Comment, 2-1-15, http://philosophicalcomment.blogspot.com/2015/02/why-arent-existential-risk-ultimate.html]//BPS

Munthe 15

10,125

302

8,331

1,019

1,131,712

27,857

null

DA---PTX

null

---marked--- Schiff and his allies did not commit to opposing the missile sale, noting that the Saudis could use the equipment against attacks by the Houthis, the pro-Iran militia they are fighting in Yemen that also opposes the U.S. But those lawmakers said they want to “strengthen” measures to restrict U.S. support for Saudi Arabia that could be part of this year’s defense authorization bill. The defense bill will be finalized in the coming weeks, and Biden does not want it to be derailed ― so by keeping the Saudi-related ideas in the bill, Democrats could force the president to rebuke Riyadh. The survival of those restrictions depends on ongoing negotiations between top legislators in the House and Senate.

null

lawmakers said they want to “strengthen” measures to restrict U.S. support for Saudi Arabia that could be part of this year’s defense authorization bill. The defense bill will be finalized in the coming weeks, and Biden does not want it to be derailed ― so by keeping the Saudi-related ideas in the bill, Democrats could force the president to rebuke Riyadh. The survival of those restrictions depends on ongoing negotiations between top legislators in the House and Senate

554,095

1

null

1,020

466,124

5,979

COHA 13 (Council on Hemispheric Affairs) “Best Time for U.S.– Cuba Rapprochement Is Now” 1/30/13 // sb

AFF.

SOLVENCY – U.S.-CUBAN RELATIONS LOW NOW

US-Cuban Relations are frozen in the SQ

Hanson and Lee, Directors for the Counsel of Foreign Relations, ’13, Stephanie and Brianna, “U.S.-Cuba Relations” (1/31/2013), http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113 /// JMR

Hanson and Lee, , ’13, JMR

277,154

23

2,921

1,021

661,961

13,329

null

1AC

1AC New

It’s wraps for East Asian non-prolif – Trump has pushed relations to the brink and is encouraging an arms race.

Kirk 19 [(Donald Kirk is a journalist and the author of several books about Asian affairs, including Korea Betrayed: Kim Dae Jung and Sunshine (2009); Okinawa and Jeju: Bases of Discontent (2013); Kim Dae Jung and the Quest for the Nobel (with Kim Kisam, 2016)) “Is Trump Getting Ready to Sell Out South Korea and Japan?,” Daily Beast, 11-26-2019, https://www.thedailybeast.com/by-demanding-south-korea-and-japan-pay-billions-more-for-us-troops-donald-trump-pushes-them-to-go-nuclear?ref=scroll], (vikram)]

Kirk 19

397,062

1

5,938

1,022

467,506

6,000

null

***Negative***

Cuba Relations Defense

The aff is insufficient

Hanson 2013 (Stephanie Hanson, associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor at CFR, January 31, 2013, “U.S.-Cuba Relations,” http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113)

Hanson 2013

277,154

23

2,188

1,023

468,304

6,019

null

***Negative***

Cuba Relations Defense

The aff is insufficient

Hanson 2013 (Stephanie Hanson, associate director and coordinating editor at CFR.org, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor at CFR, January 31, 2013, “U.S.-Cuba Relations,” http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113)

Hanson 2013

277,154

23

2,188

1,024

469,249

6,029

Solvency/Inherency

US-Cuba Relations Low

null

US-Cuba tensions high, despite Obama

Hanson, 13 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113U.S.-Cuba Relations Authors: Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor

Hanson, 13

277,154

23

829

1,025

1,131,859

27,832

2NC

Chevron DA

Impact---2NC

Retaliation goes nuclear---containment solves

Conley 3 (Lieutenant Colonel Harry W., Chief of the System Analysis Branch – Headquarters Air Combat Command, “Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack”, Air & Space Power Journal, Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)

Conley 3

64,744

182

2,878

1,026

784,861

18,357

null

Trade Adv

1nc Trade

Growth despite censorship

The Economist 2013 (Ours, all ours; Apr 6; www.economist.com/news/special-report/21574638-wealth-internet-businesses-chinese-characteristics-ours-all-ours; kdf)

The Economist 2013

445,252

3

5,102

1,027

3,306,119

108,689

NC

Case

1NC – Advantage

4. Localized biodiversity loss doesn’t spillover.

Brook & Bradshaw ’13 Barry Brook 13, Professor at the University of Adelaide, leading environmental scientist, holding the Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and is also Director of Climate Science at the University of Adelaide’s Environment Institute, author of 3 books and over 250 scholarly articles, Corey Bradshaw is an Associate Professor at the University of Adelaide and a joint appointee at the South Australian Research and Development Institute, Brave New Climate, March 4, 2013, "Worrying about global tipping points distracts from real planetary threats", http://bravenewclimate.com/2013/03/04/ecological-tipping-points/

Brook & Bradshaw ’13

35,507

326

6,517

1,028

490,174

6,328

CUBA

Affirmative Answers

Says No

Cuba says no—multiple reasons Cuba doesn’t want the US

Hanson and Lee ’13 (Authors: Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor

Hanson and Lee ’13

277,154

23

7,194

1,029

1,865,825

54,853

Juvenile Juries 1AC

Adv. 1: Due Process

Inherency

Wrongful convictions not only allow criminal acts to continue, but they undermine the fairness which underscores our criminal justice system and our democracy

Furman 03 “Wrongful Convictions and the Accuracy of the Criminal Justice System”, University of Colorado Law School: Colorado Law Scholarly Commons, The Colorado Lawyer, H. Patrick Furman (University of Colorado Law School), https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1509&context=articles

Furman 03

836,655

3

215

1,030

662,477

13,362

1AC

1AC Sanctions

Sanctions create immense human costs at the expense of continued military growth.

Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]

Albert ‘6-16 ]

395,999

60

531

1,031

662,576

13,366

null

Case

null

Rigorous climate simulations prove that hydrophilic black carbon would cause to atmospheric precipitation – results in a rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

10,501

505

15,842

1,032

490,400

6,334

CUBA OIL AFF – 2 WEEK VARSITY

***1AC LEVEL

1AC – Relations Advantage

Relations won’t thaw in the status quo – prolonged sanctions have caused Cubans to be pessimistic

Lee 1-31 (http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113#p9; “U.S.-Cuba Relations”; Brianna Lee[Senior Production Editor for Council of Foreign Relations] )

Lee 1-31 Senior Production Editor for Council of Foreign Relations] )

277,154

23

2,658

1,033

492,540

6,365

null

Cuba Relations

North Korea

Relations too far gone- Alan Gross

Hanson and Lee ’13 - Senior Production Editors at CFR (Updated: 1/31/13, Stephanie, Brianna, Council on Foreign Relations, “U.S.-Cuba Relations”,

Hanson and Lee ’13

277,154

23

854

1,034

1,132,101

27,910

null

OFF

Businesses confident now

Wojno 1/27 [Marc; reporter for ZDNet; 1/27/2022; “Undaunted by 2021, CEOs remain hopeful for 2022”; ZDNet; https://www.zdnet.com/article/undaunted-by-2021-ceos-are-hopeful-for-2022-survey/; accessed 1/27/2022; Lowell-WN]

Wojno 1/27 CEOs remain hopeful

554,197

9

2,965

1,035

471,535

6,060

Solvency

2NC AT: Solvency Deficits

2NC Solves Trade and Relations

Medical diplomacy opens up the possibility for trade and relations

Council on Hemispheric Affairs 06’ (“The Cuban Threat: Medical Diplomacy”, 11/1/06, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0611/S00005.htm)//AK

Council on Hemispheric Affairs 06’

295,693

1

4,012

1,036

662,789

13,379

null

1

null

CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove

Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf

Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17

2,127

1,722

7,730

1,037

492,750

6,359

Disads 2ac Blocks

DA’s are Non-Unique

Political Question Doctrine in the Supreme Court

(--) US Supreme Court has invoked international law to interpret US law in a number of cases:

BENJAMIN MANCHAK, 2010 (staff writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “NOTE: COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,” 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, Lexis, Accessed 2/24/2013, rwg)

MANCHAK, 2010

307,448

1

942

1,038

662,931

13,384

null

3

null

CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove

Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf

Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17

2,127

1,722

7,730

1,039

493,132

6,374

Impacts and Links

Patriarchy

Impact

Gender hierarchies guarantee extinction

Clark 4 (Mary E., PhD and professor of biological studies @ Berkeley, "RHETORIC, PATRIARCHY & WAR: EXPLAINING THE DANGERS OF "LEADERSHIP" IN MASS CULTURE", http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4005307/Rhetoric-patriarchy-war-explaining-the.html)

Clark 4

122,292

12

6,069

1,040

493,305

6,372

Guantanamo Bay Aff – HSSB

T Answers

2ac – T Increase Economic Engagement

We Meet Engagement on physical infrastructure is economic

UN Business Guidelines ’13 (United Nations Organization devoted to studying, regulating, and advising the business communities of the world on how to be global citizens, “How can companies make a profit, responsibly, while assisting low income communities/countries?” UN Business Guidelines, accessed July 22, http://business.un.org/en/documents/196)

UN Business Guidelines ’13

307,806

2

1,514

1,041

494,451

6,392

Russia CP + SOI DA

Solvency

Solvency- Cuba- Military

Russia solves military supply issues

Kommersant 8 (10/27/08, Kommersant Publishing House, “Russia’s Military to Check Cuba’s Missile Defense Facilities,” http://www.kommersant.com/p-13444/r_527/Cuba_missile_defense_military/)

Kommersant 8

308,466

1

951

1,042

471,671

6,061

1NR

Case

1NC – K

They definitely link to this – their aff is an explicit critique of liberal individualism and the rights FW

Naimou 15 – Angela Naimou holds a Ph.D. in English and an M.A. in English from Cornell University, and a B.A. in English from the University of Michigan. She is currently an Associate Professor of English at Clemson University, [“Salvage Work: U.S. and Caribbean Literatures Amid the Debris of Legal Personhood”, 2015, Fordham University Press, 978-0-8232-6476-6]RA

Naimou 15

295,778

5

10,291

1,043

471,796

6,042

Case

Solveny

2ac defense of conditions

Modern conditional development partnerships are uniquely effective

Schmitz, 6 - Deputy Head, Research Division “Russian Federation/CIS” at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (Andrea, “Conditionality in Development Aid Policy,” German Institute for International and Security Affairs, August, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=117699)//SS

Schmitz, 6

295,845

1

1,105

1,044

662,871

13,382

1AC

1AC Sanctions

Sanctions create immense human costs at the expense of continued military growth.

Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]

Albert ‘6-16 ]

395,999

60

531

1,045

297,862

3,770

Trade Deficit Good

Good for Economy

Economic Growth

Trade deficit is overhyped—fear of economic collapse via the deficit is unwarranted

Bier and Osorio 2011(David and Ivan, Forbes, 9/18/2011, “Two Cheers For A Big U.S. Trade Deficit,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2011/09/18/two-cheers-for-a-big-u-s-trade-deficit/#6350700a1aab Accessed: 7/7/2016 –RHMB)

Bier and Osorio 2011

190,760

4

3,826

1,046

494,778

6,399

Impacts - Relations Good

Climate Change

1NC

C. Disease spread causes extinction

Yu 9 [Victoria Yu, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” May 22, 2009, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate]

Yu 9

95,194

130

2,134

1,047

1,137,564

27,957

2AC

AT – T-Its

2AC – T Its – T/L

“United States” signifies jurisdiction. It grammatically alters “in”.

US Code ’10 [111th Congress, Session 2; Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010; 124 Stat. 3024 (2010) Public Law 111-281; Hein Online; Recut-Lowell-DS]

US Code ’10

33,645

81

300

1,048

663,341

13,406

null

Case

1NC

No nuclear winter

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

10,501

505

15,842

1,049

495,700

6,410

Cuban Embargo Affirmative

1AC

null

Disease spread will cause extinction

Yu 09 [Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate]

Yu 09

95,194

130

2,099

1,050

495,673

6,410

Cuban Embargo Affirmative

1AC

null

The plan restores cooperation between the US and Latin America

White 3-7-13 [Robert E. White, a senior fellow at the Center for International Policy, was the United States ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 to 1979 and to El Salvador from 1980 to 1981, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0]

White 3-7

201,876

30

7,186

1,051

471,854

6,064

Sun Sentinel, 12 (“New oil spill plan needed” April 22, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-04-22/news/fl-cuba-oil-editorial-dl-20120422_1_deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-oil-spill)//IK

AT Environment Advantage

Squo Solves – Cuba Safety

Spill claims are overblown – Cuba is incorporating best practices into safety and regulatory planning

Sadowksi, 12 –Managing Editor of the Journal of International Business and Law, J.D. Candidate at Hofstra University (Richard, “Cuban Offshore Drilling: Preparation and Prevention within the Framework of the United States’ Embargo”, 2012, http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1497&context=sdlp)

Sadowksi, 12 –Managing Editor of the Journal of International Business and Law, J.D. Candidate at Hofstra University

233,988

14

892

1,052

471,970

6,042

Offcase

Politics

Public

Americans support economic and immigration improvement with Mexico

RAND Corporation, 12 - nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and

RAND Corporation, 12

295,950

1

780

1,053

663,523

13,417

null

1AC

1AC Sanctions

Sanctions create immense human costs and fail to curb military growth.

Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]

Albert ‘6-16 ]

395,999

60

531

1,054

472,087

6,065

cooperation advantage

1nc f/l

ethanol impact

No bioterrorism and no impact---multiple obstacles

Stolar 6 Research Officer, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (*Alex Stolar: October 2006, “BIOTERRORISM AND US POLICY RESPONSES ASSESSING THE THREAT OF MASS CASUALTY,” http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/1659566521IPCS-Special-Report-31.pdf,)//KY

Stolar 6

285,797

7

5,226

1,055

663,455

13,414

null

Case

1nc

Rigorous climate simulations prove that hydrophilic black carbon would adhere to atmospheric precipitation – Results in a rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

10,501

505

15,842

1,056

1,132,277

27,927

OFF

null

OFF

The plan’s expansive court ruling is controversial in itself.

Hirschl 13 – Professor of Political Science and Law, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada [Ran, Sep 2013, The Oxford Handbook of Political Science, “The Judicialization of Politics,” https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-013, DOA: 7/16/21, Lowell-TT]

Hirschl 13

34,924

10

2,611

1,057

495,821

6,397

AT: Off-Case Debate

Disad Blocks

AT: Politics – Debt Ceiling – Obama Good

6. Plan doesn’t spend pol cap – requires little push

Negroponte 13 (Formerly a trade lawyer and professor of history, Diana Negroponte is a nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative under Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution. http://anacaalves.wordpress.com/page/6/)

Negroponte 13

275,108

9

768

1,058

663,577

13,422

1AC

1AC Sanctions

Sanctions create immense human costs and fail to curb military growth.

Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]

Albert ‘6-16 ]

395,999

60

531

1,059

663,889

13,443

null

1

Extinction – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.

Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity,” Health Security, 15(4), PubMed

Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17

2,127

1,722

8,517

1,060

495,933

6,413

Extensions

A/T Renegotiate NAFTA CP

null

Disease spread will cause extinction

Yu 09 [Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate]

Yu 09

95,194

130

2,099

1,061

496,359

6,417

Politics DA/Answers

Links

Focus Links

OBAMA’S AGENDA IS FINITE – FOCUS IS KEY – PLAN DERAILS THE AGENDA.

CSMonitor 9. [March 12 – lexis]

CSMonitor 9

220,995

5

646

1,062

664,017

13,449

1AC

1AC Sanctions

Sanctions create immense human costs and fail to curb military growth.

Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]

Albert ‘6-16 ]

395,999

60

531

1,063

664,430

13,466

null

Case:

No nuclear winter

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

10,501

505

15,842

1,064

1,137,786

28,030

1AC – Columbia River Treaty

null

1AC – Prior Appropriations

Low latency drives edge computing’s adoption.

Vigliarolo ’21 [Brandon; software writer for TechRepublic; 1/29/2021; TechRepublic; “Business leaders want low latency, not speed, study finds”; https://www.techrepublic.com/article/business-leaders-want-low-latency-not-speed-study-finds/; accessed 12/15/2021; Lowell-DS]

Vigliarolo ’21

528,774

16

3,046

1,065

496,197

6,417

Politics DA/Answers

Uniqueness Extensions

UQ: AT: Obama Will Do Immigration Reform By Executive Order

(--) Obama’s already done all he can do via executive order, immigration reform needs to be done through Congress:

Mike Lillis, 2/16/2013 (staff writer, “Dems: Obama can act unilaterally on immigration reform,” http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/administration/283583-dems-recognize-that-obama-can-act-unilaterally-on-immigration-reform, Accessed 2/21/2013, rwg)

Lillis, 2/16/2013 , Accessed 2/21/2013, rwg)

290,963

3

438

1,066

496,475

6,420

1NR

Heg turn

Yes Russia China alliance

US military expansion triggers China/Russian counterbalancing that makes conflict inevitable

Kofman 18 Michael Kofman, Michael Kofman is a Senior Research Scientist at CNA Corporation and a Fellow at the Wilson Center’s Kennan Institute. Previously he served as Program Manager at National Defense University. “SEARCHING FOR STRATEGY IN WASHINGTON’S COMPETITION WITH RUSSIA.” War on the Rocks. January 30, 2018. https://warontherocks.com/2018/01/searching-strategy-washingtons-competition-russia/ Reading the recently released 2018 National Defense Strategy, which trumpets the national security establishment’s emergence from “a period of strategic atrophy,” one can be forgiven for wondering what took so long. The new formulation emanating from the Pentagon, that “inter-state strategic competition, not terrorism, is now the primary concern of U.S. national security,” is both refreshing and long overdue. America seems to be the last of the great powers to self-consciously join a geopolitical competition that has been unfolding for some years with Russia and China.

Kofman 18

309,638

2

29,401

1,067

473,152

6,070

Case

AT: Immigration Advantage

Deterrence Defense

Deterrence resilient – strong presence

The Epoch Times 12 – [International Media Organization “US Military Bases Growing Worldwide” 7/23/12 http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/world/us-military-bases-growing-worldwide-269170.html //NGopaul]

The Epoch Times 12

296,688

1

3,886

1,068

473,362

6,070

Counterplans

AT: Immigration Advantage

1nc customs union cp

Custom unions solves integration

Barbee, 12 – Inveer Barbee graduated with a B.A. in Political Science from Simon Fraser University, in Burnaby BC, Canada, in 2008. Barbee completed her M.A. in U.S. Foreign Policy at American University’s School of International Service. (Inveer, “The Path to Customs Union: The European Experience and North American Integration”, Faculty of the School of International Service” 6-14-12, http://www.american.edu/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=3209906)//sawyer

Barbee, 12

296,826

1

3,088

1,069

473,377

6,074

Trafficking Neg – BFJR – 7wk

Security K

AT: Securitization Good

Exaggeration TURNS human rights – even if people are “motivated” it creates policy failures

Loubser 9 – MA in Global Studies

Loubser 9

296,838

1

796

1,070

664,569

13,472

1NC

PIC–LIHEAP

1nc

It helps millions get heating

Perl 18 [(Libby, ) “LIHEAP: Program and Funding”, Congressional Research Service, June 22, 2018, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31865.pdf] VB

Perl 18

398,026

2

751

1,071

664,812

13,485

NC

3

null

CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove

Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf

Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17

2,127

1,722

7,730

1,072

166,327

2,188

AFFIRMATIVE

AFF MULTI-PURPOSE

---xt: rate hikes

Quick and unexpected hikes will collapse the economy

Bruno 17—BA and MA in International Relations all at the University of Toronto, analyst in the global investment banking sector (Alessandro, 7/18/17, “We’re Still Living Like it’s 2008; the U.S. Economy Still Faces The Risk of an Economic Collapse,” https://www.lombardiletter.com/the-u-s-economy-still-faces-the-risk-of-an-economic-collapse/13998/, Accessed 7/18/17, HWilson)

Bruno 17

111,178

8

7,737

1,073

390,640

5,051

***Warming GOOD***

***No Impact/Impact Turns***

CO2 Good 1NC

Resource conflicts are the most likely to escalate

Heinberg 2004 Richard Heinberg. (Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Author of Eight Books and widely regarded as one the world's foremost Peak Oil Educators). "Book Excerpt: Powerdown: options and actions for a post-carbon world." 2004. Online.

Heinberg 2004

309,829

7

1,753

1,074

489,670

6,323

Neg

UQ

A2 Spy Scandal

Spy Scandal wont affect relations

Associated Press 7/10/13 (Leading Brazil congressman says disclosures of US spying will not affect relations Published July 10, 2013

Associated Press 7/10/13 (

284,068

6

921

1,075

490,197

6,329

AFF ANSWERS

Relations Net-Benefit

Relations High Now

Spy Scandal wont affect relations

Associated Press 7/10/13 (Leading Brazil congressman says disclosures of US spying will not affect relations Published July 10, 2013

Associated Press 7/10/13 (

284,068

6

921

1,076

497,458

6,432

Case

Cuban Economy ADV

No Cuban Oil

No commercially viable oil – recent efforts prove

Offshore Mag 12 (Offshore Magazine, “Another Cuban oil well turns up dry”, 11/25, http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2012/11/another-cuban-oil.html)

Offshore Mag 12

234,115

6

1,154

1,077

664,753

13,481

null

1AC

1AC Sanctions

Sanctions create immense human costs at the expense of continued military growth.

Albert ‘6-16 [Eleanor Albert (PhD student at George Washington University), 6-16-2019, "What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea," Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-sanctions-north-korea]

Albert ‘6-16 ]

395,999

60

531

1,078

664,840

13,487

1NC

1

null

CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove

Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf

Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17

2,127

1,722

7,730

1,079

497,646

6,431

Add-ons – A2 intl actor CPs

Topicality

Economic Engagement = offshore drilling

Economic engagement includes cooperative offshore energy production – it’s predictable – the government includes it

Dan Sullivan (Former Assistant Secretary for Economic, Energy and Business Affairs) 2007 “Economic Engagement: Building the U.S.-Azerbaijan Relationship”, http://2001-2009.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/rm/2007/91369.htm

Sullivan 2007

234,433

3

4,317

1,080

473,401

6,074

Trafficking Neg – BFJR – 7wk

Victim K – Extensions

Imperialism

Victim discourse is a disguise for imperialism

Soderlund 5 (Gretchen Soderlund is Assistant Director of the Center for the Study of Communication and Society and Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Chicago. Send correspondence to [email protected]. Running from the Rescuers: New U.S. Crusades Against Sex Trafficking and the Rhetoric of Abolition¶ http://traffickingroundtable.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Soderlund-Running-from-the-Rescuers.pdf // OP)

Soderlund 5

114,600

3

1,517

1,081

664,859

13,488

NC

1

null

1. Predictable Limits – nukes exist in varied categories based off strategic purpose, range, storage location, and condition. Also, “nuclear arsenals” are distinct between countries, so their case-list multiplies with one that solely specifies “States.”

IMEMO ’13 [Institute of World Economy and International Relations (leading independent research institution based in Moscow, Russia) 2013, “RUSSIA: ARMS CONTROL, DISARMAMENT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY,” INSTITUTE OF WORLD ECONOMY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (IMEMO RAN), IMEMO SUPPLEMENT TO THE RUSSIAN EDITION OF THE SIPRI YEARBOOK Preface by Alexander Dynkin, Editors Alexei Arbatov and Alexandre Kaliadine, Moscow, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/172934/13012_EN.pdf] KD

IMEMO ’13

395,947

28

2,281

1,082

665,308

13,512

Stanford 1NC vs Harker AM

null

Case:

No nuclear winter

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

10,501

505

15,842

1,083

3,306,264

109,144

null

Framing

null

Extinction justifies moral loopholes

Bok, 1988 (Sissela Bok, Professor of Philosophy, Brandeis, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. David Rosenthal and Fudlou Shehadi, 1988)

Bok, 1988 (

84,753

174

1,184

1,084

473,956

6,081

answer to perms

at: perm

1nc instability

Perm fails – empirically progress is dwarfed by U.S. policies

Rochlin 12 professor of political science at the University of British Columbia-Okanagan (James Rochlin, 2012, “Introduction: Canada and the Americas: There’s Still Much to Discover,” Canada Looks South: In Search of an American Policy, page 21)//KP

Rochlin 12

297,236

1

932

1,085

465,003

5,963

null

ECONOMY EXTENSIONS

Corn Adv.

Cuba needs to open itself up for investment, especially from U.S.

Elledge 9 (Nicholas, Researcher for the Council of Hemispheric Relations, 10/29/09, CUBA’S SUGARCANE ETHANOL POTENTIAL: CUBA, RAUL CASTRO, AND THE RETURN OF KING SUGAR TO THE ISLAND, Council of Hemispheric Relations (Think Tank; NGO), http://www.coha.org/cubas-sugarcane-ethanol-potential/) KL

Elledge 9 ) KL

278,865

5

604

1,086

493,783

6,383

New Ethanol Advantage

2AC Materials start here

A-to “Cuba says no”

( ) Cuba won’t say “no” – incentives are too tempting

Elledge ‘9 Nicholas Elledge – Research Fellow at Council on Hemispheric Affairs – – degrees from The London School of Economics and Political Science and Southern Methodist University – “Cuba’s Sugarcane Ethanol Potential: Cuba, Raul Castro, and the Return of King Sugar to the Island” – October 29, 2009 – http://www.coha.org/cubas-sugarcane-ethanol-potential/

Elledge ‘9

278,865

5

604

1,087

498,517

6,437

Free Trade

Uniqueness – Country Specific

Cuba pursuing protectionist policies – general

Cuba protectionist now- it’s general policy

Randall Woods & John Quigley [writing for Bloomberg News] Jan 28, 2013¶ Latin America Commits to Open Trade After Protectionist Year¶ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-28/latin-america-commits-to-open-trade-after-year-of-protectionism.html

Woods & Quigley Jan 28, 2013

310,348

2

913

1,088

1,866,046

54,859

null

1AC

Gendered violence

Framing matters—challenging the justification for US militarized masculinity shifts public discussion and opens space for reclaiming violent gendered discourses.

Ferguson 5

89,145

31

48,727

1,089

498,759

6,440

A2 Case Args/Exts

Economy Adv

Current tech out of date

Increasing Demand for Mexican-grown Foods in the US Means That Current Food Transport and Inspection Technologies are Inadequate

Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2009 William Nganje (Economics Professor at ASU), Timothy Richards, Jesus Bravo, Na Hu(Member of the Safety Committee in Chemistry Department at Michigan), Albert Kagan, Ram Acharya, and Mark Edwards, A publication of the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association, “Food Safety and Defense Risks in U.S.-Mexico Produce Trade” http://www.choicesmagazine.org/magazine/pdf/article_70.pdf

Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 09

310,880

1

2,996

1,090

1,138,424

27,978

1AC – Columbia River Treaty

null

1AC – Canada

That’s reflected in Canada’s working recommendations for the negotiations.

Bode ’17 [Thomas G.; JD Georgetown; “A MODERN TREATY FOR THE COLUMBIA RIVER”; 47 Envtl. L. 81-125; https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/23904-47-1bodepdf; accessed 10/1/2021; Lowell-TT]

Bode ’17

553,752

32

2,269

1,091

166,704

2,199

Heg Bad

Heg Decline Peaceful

--xt Hegemony Ineffective

Heg is ineffective – no empirical data supports their assumptions

Fettweis 13 - Associate Professor of Political Science at Tulane University (Christopher J. Fettweis; “The Pathologies of Power: Fear, Honor, Glory, and Hubris in U.S. Foreign Policy”; Cambridge University Press; pgs. 212-216)//TS

Fettweis 13

111,414

10

8,668

1,092

472,070

6,060

AFF

1NC Cuban Ag Turn

Gradualism Hurts U.S. Influence

No instability - The population is in favor of quick reforms

Vivanco 06( Jose Miguel Vivanco, writer for The Financial Times, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba” December 22, 2006 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/14558d20-9161-11db-b71a-0000779e2340.html#axzz2b1o5fRFG, RLA)

Vivanco 06

280,119

12

2,550

1,093

473,932

6,063

null

Unconditional CP

1nc – unconditional

Any step short of unconditional removal means Cuba says no – the embargo empowers the regime and it has an incentive to reject conditional removal

Vivanco 6- LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch

Vivanco 6

280,119

12

3,235

1,094

665,398

13,517

null

3

1

CBW use causes extinction – states and terrorists prove

Piers Millett and Andrew Snyder-Beattie 17, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, where he focuses on pandemic and deliberate disease and the implications of biotechnology, consults for the World Health Organization on research and development for public health emergencies, spent more than a decade working for the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans these weapons; Director of Research at the Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, where he manages a number of research, outreach, and fundraising activities; “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Volume 15, Number 4, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5576214&blobtype=pdf

Millett and Snyder-Beattie 17

2,127

1,722

7,730

1,095

1,132,744

27,825

Gonzaga R6 – Open Source

2AC---Gonzaga R6

2AC---DA – Rider

6 – Drone prolif means every hotspot goes nuclear

Zenko and Kreps, 14 -- *Micah - Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, PhD in political science from Brandeis University; *Sarah - Stanton nuclear security fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, assistant professor in the department of government and an adjunct professor at Cornell Law School, BA from Harvard University, MSc from Oxford University, and PhD from Georgetown University; “Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation," Council on Foreign Relations, June 2014, http://aspheramedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Limiting_Armed_Drone_Proliferation_CSR69.pdf

Zenko and Kreps, 14

9,780

106

10,765

1,096

140,620

1,912

1NC Off-Case

1NC – Academy K

K

The AFFs mode of accounting for violence is the logic of humanism and western imperialism which turns the aff you should refuse those modes of research.

Hoofd 2017. Ingrid. Assistant Professor Department of Media and Culture Studies, Higher Education and Technological Acceleration. http://www.palgrave.com/it/book/9781137517517

Hoofd 2017.

92,816

19

5,315

1,097

499,354

6,448

Oil DA Neg

Mexico

Link – Infrastructure

Expanded US/Mexico infrastructure boosts energy investment and oil production

Handley ’13 (Meg Handley, Reporter for U.S. News & World Report, “Infrastructure Upgrades Needed to Fuel Domestic Energy Boom”, February 22, 2013)

Handley ’13

243,716

7

4,039

1,098

665,677

13,536

Non-Naturalism AC

null

Contention:

Fairness principle – it’s key to emancipation that is not colorblind, but identity-conscious. It’s also comes first, you assume your arguments will be evaluated fairly.

Tommie Shelby, Race and Ethnicity, Race and Social Justice: Rawlsian Considerations, 72 Fordham L. Rev. 1697 (2004). Available at: http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol72/iss5/15 // Massa

Shelby 2004

398,471

2

2,460

1,099

3,307,380

109,016

1NC vs Greenhill AM Glenbrooks Quarters

null

1nc whole res

Interpretation: Right to know must defend ALL rights, not just a subset.

Bassiouni et al ’17 (Prof. M.C., President; Prof. C. Dunlop; Prof. F. Graziani; Prof. C.M. Radaelli; Dr. E.P. Reale; Prof. N. Ronzitti. “THE RIGHT TO KNOW Concept Definition and Background Document.” The Scientific Committee, May 2017. https://nrptt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/RighttoKnow_May2017.pdf)-JJN

1,389,695

8

835