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c2b74c71946c7befc152781b29562d30 | What does patellofemoral pain syndrome feel like? | It's common in athletes, especially females and young adults. Your doctor may suggest physical therapy to: Improve strength and range of motion in your thigh, hip, abs, and lower back Show you how to tape your knee or use a brace to reduce pain Teach you how to correct your form if your knee moves in when you squat Rarely, you might need surgery to remove damaged cartilage, loosen tendons, or realign the patellar tendon and the top of the shinbone. |
6004e961320b9adbfd136b4ed94d5795 | What is prepatellar bursitis? | Bones, tendons, and ligaments all come together so you can run, jump, and kick to your heart's content. Small tears. With prepatellar bursitis, the bursa in the front of your knee gets irritated and swells with extra fluid. That puts pressure on your knee that leads to pain. |
98613dfc9f5d85e2788519eb495932d3 | Can improving your diet if you have HIV be helpful? | If you're HIV-positive, nutrition and HIV is a subject you'll want to pay special attention to. That's because your body will undergo changes, both from medications and the disease itself. For example, you may experience extreme weight loss, infections, or diarrhea. Another common change is lipodystrophy (fat distribution syndrome) which can cause body shape changes and increases in cholesterol levels. Making improvements in your diet can improve your health and how well you feel. |
57987db0b71182d71de9c94c3af256b6 | How can I deal with too much weight loss from HIV? | Too much weight loss Include more protein, carbohydrates, and fats in your diet. Use cream or half and half on cereals. Add ice cream to desserts. Eat dried fruits or nuts for snacks. Talk to your doctor about adding a nutrition supplement, such as Boost, Ensure, or Carnation Instant Breakfast. Ask your doctor about medications that stimulate appetite and treat nausea. |
f959a78d1225dac6d5e0dd7ae929ef4f | How can I deal with lipodystrophy (fat redistribution syndrome) caused by HIV? | Lipodystrophy (fat redistribution syndrome) Limit fat, especially saturated and trans fats. Choose unsaturated fats and sources of omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon and tuna. Limit alcohol, and refined sugars. Prevent insulin resistance by limiting foods that raise glucose and insulin levels: primarily carbohydrates. Eat more fiber-rich whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Exercise. |
c4074788a8e2b6a13b4de3e24db5e173 | How can I deal with mouth and swallowing problems caused by HIV? | Mouth and swallowing problems Eat soft foods such as yogurt or mashed potatoes. Avoid raw vegetables; cook them instead. Choose softer fruits, such as bananas or pears. Stay away from acidic foods, such as oranges, lemons, and tomatoes. See your doctor to make sure you do not have an opportunistic infection or need more diagnostic testing. |
ad91f1f2497d4ffb5b68440594d267c8 | How many carbohydrates should I eat if I have HIV? | Fat provides extra energy. To get enough of the right kinds of fat: Get 30% of your daily calories from fat. |
152c61c605f60d86c5aa997fd1e722b7 | How can I deal with nausea and vomiting from HIV? | Nausea and vomiting Try bland, low-fat foods, such as plain pasta, canned fruit, or plain broth Eat smaller meals every one to two hours. Avoid greasy or spicy foods, or foods with strong odors. Drink ginger tea or ginger ale. Eat more cold foods and fewer hot foods. Rest between meals, but don't lie flat. Ask your doctor about nausea medications. |
2be3ee49fc3eb86cdea77dada9190ab1 | How can I deal with diarrhea from HIV? | Diarrhea Drink more fluids than usual. Try diluted juices or Gatorade. Limit milk and sugary or caffeinated drinks. Eat slowly and more frequently. Avoid greasy foods. Try the B. R. A. T. diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast) for a brief time. Instead of fresh produce, try well-cooked vegetables or canned ones. Try calcium carbonate supplements or fiber supplements like Metamucil wafers. |
fc942320670db6279308796d306649f6 | How many calories should I eat if I have HIV? | That's because your body will undergo changes, both from medications and the disease itself. To get enough calories: Consume 17 calories per pound of your body weight if you've been maintaining your weight. Consume 20 calories per pound if you have an opportunistic infection. Consume 25 calories per pound if you are losing weight. Your body may have a variety of responses to HIV and you may also experience side effects from medications. |
500692a28385cf5b74127f5356fc8936 | What causes cervical radiculopathy? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Damage can occur as a result of pressure from material from a ruptured disc, degenerative changes in bones, arthritis or other injuries that put pressure on the nerve roots. In middle-aged people, normal degenerative changes in the discs can cause pressure on nerve roots. In younger people, cervical radiculopathy tends to be the result of a ruptured disc, perhaps as a result of trauma. This disc material then compresses or inflames the nerve root, causing pain. |
2df5c6d84e5289421fb17c3fde189295 | What is cervical radiculopathy? | Cervical radiculopathy is the damage or disturbance of nerve function that results if one of the nerve roots near the cervical vertebrae is compressed. Damage to nerve roots in the cervical area can cause pain and the loss of sensation along the nerve's pathway into the arm and hand, depending on where the damaged roots are located. |
2f9f3ca6cbcb23438455d5cb44a52e73 | What are the treatments for cervical radiculopathy? | Steroids may be prescribed either orally or injected epidurally (into the space surrounding the dura, which is the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord). |
54f14cf700f4dbe6afd28ab46e91a5e3 | What are the symptoms of cervical radiculopathy? | Cervical radiculopathy is the damage or disturbance of nerve function that results if one of the nerve roots near the cervical vertebrae is compressed. A person with radiculopathy may experience muscle weakness and/or numbness or tingling in fingers or hands. Other symptoms may include lack of coordination, especially in the hands. |
8fdc2626209f93046d65fc7d9e5dc5a7 | Which foods can cause food allergies in children? | There are eight foods that cause over 90% of food allergies in children -- cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts (such as walnuts, pecans, and almonds). In adults, 90% of food allergies are caused by peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish. |
f0a07c3c29eea99b1cd30a120ff9b98a | How can a food allergy be treated? | The best way to cope with a food allergy is to strictly avoid the foods that cause a reaction. Mild reactions often will subside without treatment. For rashes, antihistamines may help reduce itching and may also relieve congestion and other symptoms. For more serious reactions, corticosteroids, such as prednisone, will help to reduce swelling. In life-threatening situations, an epinephrine injection can immediately begin to reverse symptoms and is the only effective treatment option. |
5d560dd3050011e112f4f7f8ee6a9a17 | How can you avoid skin reactions from beauty products? | Do a patch test before using any product. Place a small amount on the inside of your elbow and wait 48 hours to 72 hours. If you have redness, swelling, itching, or burning, don't use that product. Always apply fragrance to your clothes, not your skin. This can help reduce the risk of reaction to the fragrance. It can also reduce the risk of the fragrance interacting with ingredients in other products and causing a skin reaction. Just because a label says something is "hypoallergenic," "dermatologist tested," "sensitivity tested," or "non-irritating," that's no guarantee that the products will be kind to your skin. Some companies do the testing, others don't. There are no rules about how these terms can be used on a label. |
b8c9fa198f41faa30307915141f474ad | Which beauty products tend to cause skin reactions? | Fragrances and preservatives are often to blame. The most common are parabens, imidazolidinyl urea, Quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, phenoxyethanol, methylchloroisothiazolinone, and formaldehyde. |
0fefc6f2ea608acdb44d1d45c44434ed | What are treatments for skin reactions from beauty products? | Some hydrocortisone preparations may cause side effects for sensitive areas like your face, so first check with your doctor before using it. This can help reduce the risk of reaction to the fragrance. It can also reduce the risk of the fragrance interacting with ingredients in other products and causing a skin reaction. |
4316ce593281de0f4cdc8a60661d8715 | What should I know about skin reactions to beauty products? | They can also cause irritated skin or an allergic reaction. If you have redness, swelling, itching, or burning, don't use that product. |
9046f0e97f5d927bd4ad9b0cb421aa7c | What are the different types of skin reactions to beauty products? | There are two types of skin reactions to beauty products. One, called irritant contact dermatitis, happens when something actually damages your skin. Your skin might burn, sting, itch, or get red right where you used the product. You might get blisters and have oozing, especially if you scratch. The other kind of reaction actually involves your immune system. It's called allergic contact dermatitis and symptoms can include redness, swelling, itching, and hives. You can even have a reaction that's a combination of the two. |
f926afd420d764fdc4ab643acdfeb39e | What are the symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive type? | A person with this type must have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive type: Not paying attention to detail Making careless mistakes Failing to pay attention and keep on task Not listening Being unable to follow or understand instructions Avoiding tasks that involve effort Being distracted Being forgetful Losing things that are needed to complete tasks To have this type, a person has to have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of inattentive type: Fidgeting Squirming Getting up often when seated Running or climbing at inappropriate times Having trouble playing quietly Talking too much Talking out of turn or blurting out Interrupting Often âon the goâ as if âdriven by a motorâ This is the most common type of ADHD. |
31afd7c859b6c5f20a301dfb645394dd | Is there only one kind of ADHD? | Everyone is different. The American Psychiatric Association has identified three types. |
b39881ed2f08995c4eace2e63991cd25 | What is the most common type of ADHD? | A person with this type must have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive type: Not paying attention to detail Making careless mistakes Failing to pay attention and keep on task Not listening Being unable to follow or understand instructions Avoiding tasks that involve effort Being distracted Being forgetful Losing things that are needed to complete tasks To have this type, a person has to have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of inattentive type: Fidgeting Squirming Getting up often when seated Running or climbing at inappropriate times Having trouble playing quietly Talking too much Talking out of turn or blurting out Interrupting Often âon the goâ as if âdriven by a motorâ This is the most common type of ADHD. People with it have symptoms of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive types. |
5277bc202243dfeead0361798086362a | What are the symptoms of inattentive type ADHD? | A person with this type must have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive type: Not paying attention to detail Making careless mistakes Failing to pay attention and keep on task Not listening Being unable to follow or understand instructions Avoiding tasks that involve effort Being distracted Being forgetful Losing things that are needed to complete tasks To have this type, a person has to have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of inattentive type: Fidgeting Squirming Getting up often when seated Running or climbing at inappropriate times Having trouble playing quietly Talking too much Talking out of turn or blurting out Interrupting Often âon the goâ as if âdriven by a motorâ This is the most common type of ADHD. |
016c2009d7cd3fb6b5fa3efa42d9b7a7 | Are there different types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? | When it comes to ADHD, no one diagnosis or treatment fits all. Everyone is different. The American Psychiatric Association has identified three types. Each has different symptoms, and treatments are based on those symptoms. |
f10576e6f7976b6758961c4c4501861d | Do antibiotics help treat gum disease? | This method reduces the size of the space between the gum and tooth, thereby decreasing the areas where harmful bacteria can grow and decreasing the chance of serious health problems associated with periodontal disease. |
7df5c25c00f5df3149b070a1130da313 | How is flap surgery/pocket reduction surgery done to treat gum disease? | During this procedure the gums are lifted back and the tartar is removed. In some cases, irregular surfaces of the damaged bone are smoothed to limit areas where disease-causing bacteria can hide. The gums are then placed so that the tissue fits snugly around the tooth. This method reduces the size of the space between the gum and tooth, thereby decreasing the areas where harmful bacteria can grow and decreasing the chance of serious health problems associated with periodontal disease. |
d388ae7d1b4ba64e4eba3fe348861dec | What is guided tissue regeneration for gum disease treatment? | Performed when the bone supporting your teeth has been destroyed, this procedure stimulates bone and gum tissue growth. Done in combination with flap surgery, a small piece of mesh-like fabric is inserted between the bone and gum tissue. This keeps the gum tissue from growing into the area where the bone should be, allowing the bone and connective tissue to regrow to better support the teeth. |
7357fb197aaafcd887a800be36e539c7 | How does chlorhexidine help in the treatment for gum disease? | The medication is available as a mouth rinse or as a gelatin-filled chip that is placed in pockets after root planing and releases the medication slowly over about 7 days. |
ec2228ea563c7a101f50396c6ee42d61 | What causes overflow incontinence? | Unlike other types of incontinence, overflow incontinence is more common in men than women. The most common cause in men is an enlarged prostate, which impedes the flow of urine out of the bladder. Other possible causes of overflow incontinence include: Blockages of the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body) from tumors, urinary stones, scar tissue, swelling from infection, or kinks caused by dropping of the bladder within the abdomen Weak bladder muscles, which are unable to squeeze the bladder empty Injury of nerves that affect the bladder Nerve damage from diseases such as diabetes, alcoholism, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or spina bifida Medications, including some anticonvulsants and antidepressants, that affect nerve signals to the bladder If you have problems with incontinence, it's important to speak with your doctor. |
b5fe0d1cff4e317a0606e8e6cc0fac56 | How is overflow incontinence diagnosed? | Your doctor may ask questions such as: How often do you go to the bathroom? Next, your doctor will perform a physical examination and look for signs of damage to the nerves that affect the bladder and rectum. Depending on the findings of the examination, your doctor may refer you to a urologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary tract) or neurologist (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the nervous system). |
87592b04df25f59de65d8b61919f03d0 | What are the treatments for overflow incontinence? | Your doctor may ask questions such as: How often do you go to the bathroom? Treating overflow incontinence can be difficult, but for some men with an enlarged prostate, treatment with a type of medication called an alpha-adrenergic blocker -- including doxazosin ( Cardura), alfuzosin ( Uroxatal), Minipress, tamulosin ( Flomax), silodosin ( Rapaflo), fesoterodine ( Toviaz) and terazosin ( Hytrin) -- can help relax the muscle at the base of the urethra and allow urine to pass from the bladder. If medications do not relieve overflow incontinence, your doctor will have you use a catheter to ensure your bladder is emptied when you go to the bathroom. |
d3b019621a0576330aada027379d04d6 | What tests are used to diagnose overflow incontinence? | Your doctor checks to see if you lose urine when coughing. Catheterization. After having you go to the bathroom and empty your bladder, the doctor inserts a catheter to see if more urine comes out. Ultrasound . Urodynamic testing can evaluate bladder contractions, bladder pressure, urine flow, nerve signals, and leakage. Other tests to confirm a diagnosis may include: cystocopy, a test that examines the inside of the bladder with a small scope called a cytoscope; a CT scan to evaluate the kidneys and bladder; and IVP, a procedure in which a special solution is injected into a vein in your arm and an X-ray is taken of your kidneys, ureters (the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder), and bladder. |
95a3e2d8fe824010e2ba0a4f3d6798bd | What is the best way to protect my eyes from injury? | Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes. Also put on safety glasses when you use tools like a lawnmower, trimmer, or leaf blower. |
a040ad9c2640ce9ed4c5285ce3d7a85f | What chemicals can seriously damage my eye? | Certain chemicals can cause very serious burns inside your eyes. Among the most dangerous chemicals are alkalis, such as oven or drain cleaners and fertilizers. They attack the tissues of the eye very quickly and cause damage or even blindness. Acids like bleach and swimming pool chemicals can also cause injury, but aren't as harmful. Vapors from chemicals can cause irritation. |
1deb62bc1a03f8505d9450c40ec66912 | When should I call 911 for an eye injury? | Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes. |
7f57c81d363c680a8d83da60810fbbb0 | How can your eye get scratched? | Grains of sand, wood chips, metal shavings, or slivers of glass can get into the eye. A sharp object inside your eye can scratch or cut your cornea. Having something in your eye will feel uncomfortable and it might make your eye water. When the cornea is scratched, it will feel like something is inside your eye and you can't get it out. |
fc40ae90f12da0241ce99b18b6d2607b | Does radiation cause eye damage? | Grains of sand, wood chips, metal shavings, or slivers of glass can get into the eye. While these might burn a little bit, flushing out your eyes with water should help. Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes. |
ed97776b5d2974b52a20853e357ed0eb | When should I call a doctor if I have an eye injury? | A scratch can cause symptoms like: Blurred vision Light sensitivity Pain Redness Excess tears Small scratches usually heal on their own. A deep cut and injuries associated with a loss of vision, pain, or broken bone need medical help. Also see a doctor for anything sharp in your eye, like a piece of metal or glass. Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes. |
952bba03cd8c13442ec813163efd4607 | How can I prevent myself from swine flu daily? | Use the same steps to prevent all types of flu: Wash your hands often with soap and water. That includes before, during, and after preparing food; before eating; before and after touching someone who's sick; before and after treating a wound; after using the bathroom, changing diapers, or helping a child in the bathroom; and especially after you blow your nose, cough, or sneeze. Use hand sanitizer when you can't wash your hands. Don't touch your face unless you've washed your hands. Touching your mouth, nose, or eyes can spread the virus to your lungs and throat. Avoid crowded places and people who are sneezing or coughing whenever possible. Stay as healthy as you can: Eat healthy foods, drink a lot of liquids, and get plenty of sleep and exercise. |
1b36d9a5b5d658ead645cdf35941d5da | How can the swine flu affect people with chronic conditions? | Most people call it swine flu. When you have a chronic health condition and get any kind of flu, you'll probably get sicker than someone who doesn't have the problem. You're more likely to get complications from the flu -- like bronchitis or pneumonia -- that can land you in the hospital. Not only that, but having the flu can make other health problems worse. If you have asthma, for instance, your attacks may be more severe when you have the flu. You are at high risk for severe swine flu if you have: Asthma or chronic lung disease A blood disorder A brain or central nervous system condition Diabetes or a kidney disorder Heart disease Liver disease Obesity A weakened immune system If you've had a flu shot this year, you have the best protection from swine flu. |
f24bd6bee568fec44c4e2582a50406b9 | Should I make the people around me get the flu shot if I have a chronic condition? | Your family and caregivers -- anyone who is around you on most days -- can help prevent you from getting the flu by getting the vaccine themselves. |
9cfc56fb62ccac4fbd16f4ef5b9efcf0 | What flu medications should I take if I have the flu and a chronic medical condition? | Flu medicines work best if you take them within 48 hours of your first symptoms. Plus, they can help keep you from getting more serious problems, like pneumonia. If you have any type of flu, your doctor may treat it with one of these antiviral medicines: Oseltamivir ( Tamiflu) Peramivir ( Rapivab) Zanamivir ( Relenza) Ask the doctor if it could affect other medications you take. |
6e77d4d641565a2dd94f814251466f69 | What should I do if I have a chronic medical condition and someone in my house has swine flu? | Go to the emergency room if you: Have problems breathing Feel pain or pressure in your chest or abdomen Feel confused or dizzy all of a sudden Can't stop vomiting Have flu symptoms that get better but come back with a fever and worse cough If someone who lives with you comes down with swine flu, stay away from the person as much as possible. Also have him use a separate bathroom, if possible. If he needs to leave the sick room, have him wear a mask or cover his face when he coughs and sneezes. Don't be the caregiver for the sick person. Choose one person in your household to take care of the person who's ill. If you have a chronic health issue, that should not be you. Ask your doctor if you should take antiviral drugs to prevent the flu. |
d01c5851a9a18c2a751ceaf22431e3b2 | How can you avoid mold allergy? | Like many other allergies, the warning signs can include: Wheezing Stuffy or runny nose Itchy, watery eyes Rash or hives You might not be able to totally avoid mold when you're allergic to it. But you can lower your risk of a reaction to food-borne mold by carefully choosing what you eat. Check everything you eat for signs of mold before you chow down. Don't smell foods to see if they're spoiled, because inhaling mold spores can set off an allergic reaction. |
1946d4b1e26c4c20fcfac75626e3b163 | What foods are likely to trigger a mold allergy? | Common culprits include: Cheese Mushrooms Vinegar and foods containing vinegar, such as salad dressing, catsup, and pickles Sour cream, sour milk, and buttermilk Meat or fish Breads and other food made with yeast Jarred jams and jellies Sauerkraut Pickled and smoked meats and fish Dried fruits such as dates, prunes, figs, and raisins Soy sauce Hot dogs, sausages Canned juices Leftovers that are more than 3 or 4 days old |
3fae717116fb0d8698ddd6e02a4729d0 | What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } All the blood in the body flows through the kidneys hundreds of times each day. The kidneys push the liquid part of blood through tiny filters (called nephrons), then reabsorb most of the fluid back into the blood. The fluid and waste products that the kidneys don't reabsorb are excreted as urine. The rate of blood flow through the kidneys is the glomerular filtration rate, or GFR. ( The glomeruli are microscopic bundles of blood vessels inside nephrons, and are crucial parts of the filtering system.) The glomerular filtration rate can't be measured directly -- that's where measuring creatinine and creatinine clearance comes in. |
39added46aa774410a308dfd8a6c42b7 | What is often used to measure creatinine clearance? | For practical reasons, the blood test estimation method for GFR is used far more often than the 24-hour urine collection test for creatinine clearance. However, the use of 24-hour collections for creatinine clearance may still be useful in patients who have large muscle mass or a marked decrease in muscle mass. |
6db725eaa6dd935bcde6f8ff19b472d1 | How can I manage kidney disease? | The main causes of chronic kidney disease are high blood pressure and diabetes. If you have these conditions, the first step is to get them under control with improved diet, exercise, and medications. If these conditions are not present, further testing may be needed to identify the cause of kidney disease. |
466a7576a15b2eb023b89ee07fccca12 | What is creatinine and creatinine clearance? | Creatinine is a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue. The amount of blood the kidneys can make creatinine-free each minute is called the creatinine clearance. Creatinine clearance in a healthy young person is about 95 milliliters per minute for women/120 milliliters per minute for men. This means that each minute, that person's kidneys clear 95-120 m L of blood free of creatinine. The GFR can vary depending on age, sex, and size. Generally, the creatinine clearance is a good estimation of the glomerular filtration rate. Testing the rate of creatinine clearance shows the kidneys' ability to filter the blood. |
43f526a3017b1862b3ff99760dc558cc | How do doctors determine the severity of chronic kidney disease relative to creatinine? | The rate of blood flow through the kidneys is the glomerular filtration rate, or GFR. Doctors determine the severity of chronic kidney disease with a staging system that uses GFR: Stage 1: GFR 90 or greater (normal kidney function) Stage 2: GFR 60-89 (mild decline in kidney function) Stage 3a: GFR 45 - 59 (mild to moderate decline in kidney function) Stage 3b GFR 30 - 44 (moderate to severe decline in kidney function) Stage 4: GFR 15-29 (severe decline in kidney function) Stage 5: GFR less than 15 (kidney failure, usually requiring dialysis) People over age 60 may have an apparently normal creatinine blood level, but still have a low GFR and creatinine clearance. The 24-hour urine collection method, or one of the GFR estimation formulas, can more accurately identify the decline in kidney function. |
4d160505ffef9288e34575be2a56efd2 | What should I know about creatinine and creatinine clearance blood tests? | Doctors measure the blood creatinine level as a test of kidney function. The kidneys' ability to handle creatinine is called the creatinine clearance rate, which helps to estimate the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR) -- the rate of blood flow through the kidneys. The fluid and waste products that the kidneys don't reabsorb are excreted as urine. Creatinine is a waste product that is produced continuously during normal muscle breakdown. |
30c64bafc1023682308e0b407f0968d4 | When should you call your healthcare provider about a stye? | In most cases, styes don't require medical care. Call your health care provider if: The stye doesn't heal in a week or 10 days. The stye becomes more painful or swollen after several days of home treatment. The person also has fever or chills. The person develops vision problems. The person has recurring styes. The entire eyelid or eye itself is red or swollen. Redness spreads to around the eye or the cheek. The person has an abnormal immune system (for example, people with diabetes or HIV, patients receiving treatment for cancer, organ transplant recipients). |
1e55a114b1101ab03646ac14373eb0b4 | How can you protect yourself from infections if you have a stye? | Keep the area clean and avoid touching or rubbing the eyes. Don't squeeze the sty. Don't use eye make-up or wear contact lenses. |
ff6186b3b753c9e867f535020c2fd3a1 | When should I see a doctor about my stye? | In most cases, styes don't require medical care. Call your health care provider if: The stye doesn't heal in a week or 10 days. The stye becomes more painful or swollen after several days of home treatment. |
84534e3ccaa2cf426f65951709f9c08d | How do I protect my eyes from infection when I have a stye? | Keep the area clean and avoid touching or rubbing the eyes. Don't squeeze the sty. Don't use eye make-up or wear contact lenses. |
269aeaa525cd64b827d79cf62fff7e40 | How are the symptoms of styes treated? | Apply a warm compress for 5 to 10 minutes several times a day. Use a clean washcloth or towel soaked in warm water. Keep eyes closed. In most cases, styes don't require medical care. |
9aa6ae04ee6e90f10c0cfebfa65251a5 | How should I treat a stye? | Apply a warm compress for 5 to 10 minutes several times a day. Use a clean washcloth or towel soaked in warm water. Keep eyes closed. In most cases, styes don't require medical care. |
ce8c8dc4205ddcb0562ab74761ee5750 | What are body lice? | Body lice ( Pediculus humanus corporis) are nearly identical in appearance to head lice but may be more difficult to find. Adults grow to 2.3 to 3.6 mm long. When not feeding, they tend to hide in the seams of clothing and folds of bedding. If the lice are not treated, the person can develop complications such as skin sores or bacterial infection of the affected area. Body lice can also spread blood infections. Lice are found all over the world, wherever people gather in close proximity, such as in schools. |
8c55492babb26e98216e019fdbabdaa5 | How big are head lice? | Eggs can barely be seen; these tiny white particles attach so firmly to hair shafts that they are not removed by normal washing. Adults grow to 2.3 to 3.6 mm long. |
e5c595751e96f4bbb638e78792a52999 | Which drugs are used to treat nausea from migraine headaches? | Almotriptan ( Axert) Eletriptan ( Relpax) Frovatriptan ( Frova) Naratriptan ( Amerge) Rizatriptan ( Maxalt) Sumatriptan ( Alsuma, Imitrex, Onzetra, Sumavel, Zembrace) Zolmitriptan ( Zomig) The following drugs are also used for treatment: Acetaminophen -isometheptene-dichloralphenazone ( Midrin) Dihydroergotamine ( D. H. E. 45 Injection, Migranal Nasal Spray) Ergotamine tartrate ( Cafergot) Over- the-counter medications such as Advil Migraine (containing ibuprofen), Excedrin Migraine (containing aspirin, acetaminophen,caffeine), and Motrin Migraine Pain (containing ibuprofen) The following drugs are sometimes used for nausea related to migraine headaches, in addition to migraine treatment: Chlorpromazine Droperidol Metoclopramide ( Reglan) Prochlorperazine ( Compro,) Some drugs are used for headache pain, but are not specific for migraines. |
73ce8b2386783dcc6c3e0d423902c785 | How can drugs help with treating migraine headache? | The goal is to lessen the frequency and severity of the migraine attacks. |
673d71d579f0d589153bd6ddc16b0710 | How can Spring TMS help prevent migraine headaches? | Spring TM may be another option. You hold it at the back of your head at the first sign of a headache, and it gives off a magnetic pulse that stimulates part of the brain. |
d8390ba26f5a6839436b9c29e4470932 | Which medications can prevent migraine headaches? | Preventive treatment medications include the following: Medications used to treat high blood pressure: beta-blockers (propranolol, timolol, metoprolol)calcium channel blockers (verapamil) Antidepressants: amitriptyline, nortriptyline ( Aventyl, Pamelor) Antiseizure medications: gabapentin ( Neurontin), topiramate ( Topamax), valproic acid ( Depakote) CGRP inhibitors used to block the calcitonin gene-related peptide: Erenumab ( Aimovi), fremanezumab ( Ajovy) Botox Some nontraditional supplement treatments for migraine prevention includecertified PA-free butterbur, coenzyme Q10, and feverfew. |
29a328c12e5f58aee02b87c082440f97 | How should I treat my headache after exercise? | It has been found that most exertional headaches are benign and respond to usual headache treatments. |
ba5ed363eb6f352efbc1734d94bf1fba | What is an exertional headache? | This causes the blood vessels to dilate, which can lead to a condition called exertional headaches. |
05930e3d4c1801e9724824ff4d7a5ecc | If a family member has migraines, am I susceptible to headaches after exercise? | Headaches that most frequently occur due to exercise or over-exertion include jogger's headache and orgasmic headache (sex headache). While these may occur in isolation, they are most common in people who have an inherited susceptibility to migraine (one or both parents have migraines). |
1df8a8f56e87e689b8c6cf26947263cc | What causes my headaches after I work out? | This causes the blood vessels to dilate, which can lead to a condition called exertional headaches. |
fdbdc08ee2bc4129cd42f437f2b3e8ec | What is a continuous glucose monitor? | This FDA-approved system tracks your blood sugar levels day and night. It collects readings automatically every 5 to 15 minutes. It can help detect trends and patterns that give you and your doctor a more complete picture of your diabetes. The data can help you find ways to better manage your condition. Several devices are available for adults and children. You need a prescription from your doctor to get one. |
915e6959d3e2d97e6954d005bc65be2d | What is the future of continuous glucose monitor (CGM)? | Scientists are testing new and better kinds of CGM systems in clinical trials. The technology is also a key part of researchers' efforts to build an artificial pancreas, which could mimic the body's natural process of controlling insulin. |
037734b5e8ea89541c15f91aee6d9d77 | What is the future of continuous glucose monitors? | Scientists are testing new and better kinds of CGM systems in clinical trials. The technology is also a key part of researchers' efforts to build an artificial pancreas, which could mimic the body's natural process of controlling insulin. |
af00763bee3ac456de4bf5e4fa270ded | Who should use a continuous glucose monitor? | Your doctor may recommend CGM if you have: Major highs and lows in your blood sugar levels for no clear reason Gestational diabetes, which happens during pregnancy An insulin pump Blood sugar levels that are very low, called hypoglycemia, or very high, called hyperglycemia The device can be used by adults and children ages 2 and older. The FDA recently approved smartphone apps to pair with the CGM. |
62dc4231355f5c35ca8bd7fb21cf672e | What is continuous glucose monitor reading data used for? | The information can help you and your doctor make the best plan for managing your diabetes, including: How much insulin you should take An exercise plan that's right for you The number of meals and snacks you need each day The correct types and doses of medications CGM doesn't replace traditional home monitors. |
0486d6f216cc83de5182c504096c7d81 | Will a continuous glucose monitor work with an insulin pump? | If you use an insulin pump, you can also link it to your CGM system for continuous care. You won't need to manually program the pump as with the other finger-prick methods. This is called a âsensor-augmented pump.â Unlike traditional glucose meters, CGM records your blood sugar levels throughout the entire day and night, showing your highs and lows throughout the whole week. |
0f18935f7ed57c215cbd6457a6b141ee | When is a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) recommended? | Your doctor may recommend CGM if you have: Major highs and lows in your blood sugar levels for no clear reason Gestational diabetes, which happens during pregnancy An insulin pump Blood sugar levels that are very low, called hypoglycemia, or very high, called hyperglycemia The device can be used by adults and children ages 2 and older. |
2d781cfd0ca85b9f421bf0761ae9924e | Why should you use a continuous glucose monitor (CGM)? | This is called a âsensor-augmented pump.â Unlike traditional glucose meters, CGM records your blood sugar levels throughout the entire day and night, showing your highs and lows throughout the whole week. The systems can help: Record dangerously low overnight blood sugar levels, which often go undetected Track high levels between meals Show early morning spikes in blood sugar Evaluate how diet and exercise affect you Determine if your treatment plan works on a day-to-day basis CGM isn't right for every person with diabetes, though. They're more expensive than glucose meters and your insurance or Medicaid might not cover one. You may also need some extra training and practice to use the technology correctly. Talk to your doctor about whether CGM is a good fit for you. |
939e95e244c7e07ecb90fb33c119fdc5 | How can a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) be used? | CGM measures the amount of glucose in the fluid inside your body. Now anyone can use the devices as part of at-home diabetes care. You can download data on your computer, tablet, or smartphone to see patterns and trends in your sugar levels. The information can help you and your doctor make the best plan for managing your diabetes, including: How much insulin you should take An exercise plan that's right for you The number of meals and snacks you need each day The correct types and doses of medications CGM doesn't replace traditional home monitors. |
3fc43501c0d9224f0d02fe8c3f89de24 | How can play time help with parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder? | Apart from the medical care and therapies that you may line up to help your son or daughter, there are simple, everyday things that make a difference. |
7f9a848d2f26d0ecd053f208e3703ab8 | How can staying on a schedule help when parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder? | People on the spectrum like routines. Make sure they get consistent guidance and interaction, so they can practice what they learn from therapy. This can make learning new skills and behaviors easier, and help them apply their knowledge in different situations. Talk to their teachers and therapists and try to align on a consistent set of techniques and methods of interaction so you can bring what they're learning home. |
ac574763c39c7223ab8518dc204a56cc | How can respite care help when parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder? | This is when another caregiver looks after your child for a period of time to give you a short break. You'll need it, especially if your child has intense needs due to ASD. This can give you a chance to do things that restore your own health and that you enjoy, so that you come back home ready to help. |
9aec90bbfe4b494849a893070f2e7ae8 | How can you get support when you're parenting child with autism spectrum disorder? | Support groups can be a good way to share advice and information and to meet other parents dealing with similar challenges. Individual, marital, or family counseling can be helpful, too. Think about what might make your life a little easier, and ask for help. |
2ae150b2125000003cf08f063afb9832 | How can positive reinforcement help when parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder? | Just like anyone else, children with autism spectrum disorder often respond well to positive reinforcement. That means when you praise them for the behaviors they're doing well, it will make them (and you) feel good. Be specific, so that they know exactly what you liked about their behavior. Find ways to reward them, either with extra playtime or a small prize like a sticker. |
2665346b8b4dfa800daca61180426f40 | Why is it a good idea to take your child with autism spectrum disorder along for everyday activities? | That means when you praise them for the behaviors they're doing well, it will make them (and you) feel good. But when you take them on everyday errands like grocery shopping or a post office run, it may help them get them used to the world around them. |
d94470808beb6e940a60597f3fa5f437 | How can I reassure my children as I recover from a bout of depression? | If you have children, they may have been frightened and confused when you were depressed. Now is the time to explain what happened. Discuss it in terms that they can understand. Explain that you were sick but that you're getting help and feeling better. |
28fb60f59dd6369d21b8699c9474d00c | How can I reconnect to my loved ones after a bout of depression? | During your depression, you may have isolated yourself. Sometimes when people are depressed they just stay at home alone and stop picking up the phone. But now that you're feeling better, it's important to reconnect to your friends and family. Don't let your relationships fade away -- the support of your loved ones is crucial to staying well. If you're nervous, start slowly. Just call a friend and ask to meet for a quick visit, maybe for a cup of coffee. Or get together for a walk. You may find that talking about what you've been through will help you feel better while you are recovering. |
6db9612c44d53f30a9a71369bff5630e | How can setting boundaries help relationships work after a bout of depression? | After you've been depressed, the people around you are likely to be worried that you'll become depressed again. Their concern is understandable. But it's important to set limits -- so they aren't monitoring your every move. For instance, if your family becomes alarmed every single time you get angry or upset, you're going to get frustrated. Explain that while you appreciate their concern, you need them to give you some space. In return, they might want assurance that you will reach out if you really do need their help. |
bb0c13591289f65937ee965ce467c268 | How can your loved ones help you cope as you recover from a bout of depression? | Readjusting to your life can be tricky. So ask your loved ones for help. While you may worry about being a burden, the fact is that your friends and family may actually want to help -- but they may just not know what to do. Help doesn't just mean only emotional support. You might need a hand with practical chores like shopping or watching the kids. |
1964430f9550d339599bac035f783dcf | How should I handle any sexual issues that affect my relationship as a result of depression? | Depression can have a huge effect on your relationships. You and your partner should talk openly about it. If you ignore the problem, you may just make things worse. Also, don't be afraid to talk with your doctor. If your medication is affecting your sex drive, your doctor may be able to change your prescription or recommend other medicines that may counteract sexual side effects. |
a711b80a9bf7d5c2121bd0474a31768e | How should you treat a bee or wasp sting with mild allergic symptoms? | With mild allergic symptoms such as a rash and itching over your body but no problems with breathing or other vital signs, you may be treated with an antihistamine. You may also be given steroids. In some cases, the doctor will give you an epinephrine (adrenaline) injection. Treatment may be started at the scene or in the ambulance by the emergency medics. If you are doing well, you may be sent home after observation in the emergency department. |
f2b6f14d44e2bd8a1b218fd9ee12a8fb | How should you treat multiple bee or wasp stings? | With multiple stings -- more than 10-20 -- but no evidence of an allergic reaction, you may still need prolonged observation in the emergency department or admission to the hospital. At that point, the doctor may order multiple blood tests. |
df192757c5d4ea1790b440da23a6a6e0 | How are bee and wasp stings treated normally? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Treating bee and wasp stings depends on their severity. The majority of problems that require medical attention come from an allergic reaction to the sting. In most cases, complications from that reaction respond well to medications -- when given in time. |
80c7af57d5af4da01ee1e6c7c3da763d | What are the steps to take after someone who is allergic has been stung by a bee or wasp? | Here are the steps you need to take after someone who is allergic has been stung: Remove any stingers immediately. Some experts recommend scraping out the stinger with a credit card. Applying ice to the site may provide some mild relief. Apply ice for 20 minutes once every hour as needed. Wrap the ice in a towel or keep a cloth between the ice and skin to keep from freezing the skin. Taking an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) or a nonsedating one such as loratadine ( Claritin) will help with itching and swelling. Take acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Motrin)for pain relief as needed. Wash the sting site with soap and water. Placing hydrocortisone cream on the sting can help relieve redness, itching, and swelling. If it's been more than 10 years since your last tetanus booster, get a booster within the next few days. Most insect stings require no additional medical care. |
32580451f977d2b9bdd6f55d8680e699 | If you know you may be allergic to bee or wasp stings, what should you take as soon as possible? | Taking an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) or a nonsedating one such as loratadine ( Claritin) will help with itching and swelling. If you have a more moderate allergic reaction such as a rash all over the body and some mild problems breathing, you will likely receive injections of antihistamines, steroids, and epinephrine. If you are stung inside the mouth or throat, you may may need to remain in the emergency department for observation, or you may need more intensive management if complications develop. |
63b4cff653e6db6d4058854a189717c1 | How should you treat a bee or wasp sting with no allergic symptoms? | Here are the steps you need to take after someone who is allergic has been stung: Remove any stingers immediately. The doctor may also tell you to use ibuprofen ( Motrin) or acetaminophen ( Tylenol) for pain. If your tetanus immunization is not current, you'll receive a booster shot. With mild allergic symptoms such as a rash and itching over your body but no problems with breathing or other vital signs, you may be treated with an antihistamine. You may also be given steroids. |
96dcb6d7140b1858524fc636449a0718 | How should you treat a bee or wasp sting with moderate allergic symptoms? | Treatment may be started at the scene or in the ambulance by the emergency medics. You will likely be given injections of antihistamines, steroids, and epinephrine. You will be closely monitored in the emergency department and likely be admitted to the hospital -- perhaps the intensive care unit. |
04e2385fd3d7b7e214165af38718c394 | How should you treat a bee or wasp sting on the mouth, or eyeball? | If you are doing well, you may be sent home after observation in the emergency department. If you are stung inside the mouth or throat, you may may need to remain in the emergency department for observation, or you may need more intensive management if complications develop. |
cf59a0e69f7c19f7aea3acb69137b422 | How should you treat a bee or wasp sting with severe allergic symptoms? | If you have a more moderate allergic reaction such as a rash all over the body and some mild problems breathing, you will likely receive injections of antihistamines, steroids, and epinephrine. Treatment may include placing a breathing tube into your trachea. You will likely be given injections of antihistamines, steroids, and epinephrine. Intravenous fluids may also be given. Some of these treatments may start at the scene or in the ambulance. You will be closely monitored in the emergency department and likely be admitted to the hospital -- perhaps the intensive care unit. |
f60b3ceafdcbdf2998dd5ad6f3ae039e | How much does Medicare cover for therapeutic footwear for people with diabetes? | Medicare will pay for 80% of the Medicare-approved amount either directly to the patient or by reimbursement after the Part B deductible is met. The patient is responsible for a minimum of 20% of the total payment amount and possibly more if the dispenser does not accept Medicare assignment and if the dispenser's usual fee is higher than the payment amount. |
7fe8b8c739f14d7d02a6bf8ef9b3dfb9 | How can I meet Medicare requirements for therapeutic footwear for people with diabetes? | In order to receive payment for therapeutic shoes and inserts, Medicare also requires: A podiatrist or other qualified doctor to prescribe the shoes A doctor or other qualified professional, such as a pedorthist, orthotist, or prosthetist fits and provides the shoes Note that in most cases the certifying physician and the prescribing physician will be two different individuals. |
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