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Crude oil prices have a major influence on the fuel price for the consumer, indeed in the United States, crude oil constitutes 69% of the price of a gallon of regular gasoline (where refining only costs 9%, distribution and marketing 8%, and taxes 14%).7 Gas prices are more complex, since there exist three regional gas markets (North America, Europe and Asia) with strong historical relations due to the pipeline infrastructure on these continents. At the same time, a new type of gas transportation is rapidly accelerating: liquefied natural gas (LNG), which can be shipped over long distances albeit only with specially equipped tankers since it requires constant cooling at minus 162°C. Usually, the long-term price of gas is indexed to oil product prices, and consequently follows its volatility. | sdg7 |
Typically, species diversity is low, and a portion of the ecosystems are isolated ecological islands, ecosystems that are not in a direct connection to other similar environments. This causes these ecosystems to be highly vulnerable to disturbance, often unique, and plausibly non-restorable. Additionally, summers are short and characterized by relatively low average temperatures. | sdg6 |
Thus far, the most common certification in Guatemala and throughout Central America is stewardship chain certification, which includes monitoring and certification of the process of transforming the timber from the felling of a tree in the forest through to the preparation of the final product sold to consumers on the retail or wholesale markets. By 2007, the Rainforest Alliance had certified practices applied in 478,000 ha of the RBM, representing 60% of the multiple-use zone and 23% of the total area of the reserve. Nonetheless, the information obtained by consulting studies done previously in Peten by other institutions, and comparing them with data obtained in the interviews held during the technical visit, revealed that transport and fuel expenses weigh most heavily on the chain's production costs and significantly impair its competitiveness. This situation and the long distances that separate the forests from the industries, in many cases exceeding 100 km, significantly raise the cost of wood in the form of logs. | sdg15 |
Most SWFs have a mandate to preserve and transfer wealth to future generations. Therefore, green investments make sense to them from an asset-liability perspective, since the risks associated with climate change can be seen as a potential liability to nation States (Bolton, Guesnerie and Samama, 2010). These include traditional forms of risk-sharing, such as public-private partnerships, as well as more innovative mechanisms, such as equity-linked financing, rural funds and national green long-horizon funds. | sdg7 |
The imperative to reduce poverty and achieve the MDGs certainly provides a compelling enough policy argument in favour of energy investments. However, the political attractiveness and full development potential of these investments require the utilization of energy for income-generating activities. This requires identifying and building upon “pockets of opportunity”. | sdg7 |
For example, the cash transfer programme, PROSPERA, formerly known as Oportunidades or Progresa, encourages disadvantaged families to send their children to school and to medical check-ups. It covers around 6.5 million Mexican families, and has helped to increase enrolment rates for secondary school, reduce the incidence of anaemia among children, and cut poverty rates in rural areas. Along with this, additional efforts need to be continued to improve the quality of education opportunities provided for all. | sdg4 |
The strategy is process-oriented, not only describing activities but also defining a set of ideas, guidelines and action plans to raise the resources required, and linking the strategy with the overall concept of sustainable development. The strategy aims to sustain and scale up existing successful initiatives to increase funding and enhance the productivity of biodiversity resources and ecosystems services. It aims at establishing appropriate and coherent mobilisation, and proper use of financial resources based on national biodiversity priorities and needs. The strategy was developed in a consultative manner, and in response to CBD Decision X/3 on ‘developing a strategy for financial resource mobilisation’. | sdg15 |
Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed. Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed. Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed. | sdg1 |
In particular, the Asian crisis and El Nino were two major factors behind the contraction of production during 1997-99. Overall, between 1990 and 2009, Gross Agricultural Output increased in volume terms by 97%, of which crop production by 97% and livestock production by 89%, compared with a population growth of 29% over the same period indicating a significant increase in production per capita. In the 1990s, overall TFP growth was weak, reflecting a fall in public spending in the sector that was not replaced by private investment. | sdg2 |
Out of the identified 150 NUPs, 43 (29 per cent) are in Asia and the Pacific region, followed by 38 (26 per cent) in Africa, 32 (21 per cent) in Europe and North America, 19 (13 per cent) in Latin America and the Caribbean and 17 (11 per cent) in the Arab States region (Figure 2.1). There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the "Cyprus issue". | sdg11 |
For decades, home studies has been developed across a wide range of disciplines, including ethnography and anthropology, human and cultural geography, history, and social research in architecture and design. Transnational migrations also found their own specific niche in this multidisciplinary research area. Still, in migration studies of home numerous localized but isolated case studies predominate. This book by sociologist Paolo Boccagni is a long-awaited first attempt at generalizing, systematizing, and conceptualizing more deeply existing scholarship on the migrationhome nexus. DOI: 10.25285/2078-1938-2017-9-3-160-163 | sdg16 |
According to FRA 2010, the area of forests and OWL in Turkmenistan (according to the FAO definition) is 4,127,000 ha. As the areas of OWL were shown as “0”, this means that there was no such category in the national forest classification and all areas of Forest and OWL were included in the category of Forest. This confirms that part of the area classified as Forest may actually be OWL, according to the FRA definitions. | sdg15 |
Overall, much greater attention is being paid to these methods also in academic circles, and the number of impact evaluation studies covering all fields continues to rise (Sabet and Brown, 2018). Government policy-makers and practitioners interested in ensuring that actions and finance invested is achieving real impact on the ground could therefore also enable academics to undertake such rigorous studies if relevant data is collected. Fostering stronger collaboration in the science-policy interface (i.e. betw'een academia and government) may also help to move from an ad-hoc emergence of biodiversity-relevant impact evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis studies, to a more strategic one. A Farm-Level Evaluation from Costa Rica, Land Economics, 88 (2). | sdg15 |
The perception of risk level has generally increased, i.e. farmers tend to estimate the same risks as more important than previously. New Zealand farmers distinguish risks that generate threats and those that generate opportunities, with the dividing line between the two likely being the ability of the farmer to manage the risk. As this ability may change in the long run, their perception of risk as an opportunity or threat may also change with time. | sdg2 |
Chile, Iceland and Slovenia continue to employ the largest percentage of women in central government, at more than 60%, while Japan employs the smallest share (16%). Data for the Netherlands is in full-time equivalent. Japan and Spain are for full-time employees only. Even among the best achievers in terms of gender equality progress, strong segmentation in educational and occupational choices remains: for example, in Norway in 2009, half of working women were employed in seven occupations, while men were employed in 14 occupations (OECD, 2012a). | sdg5 |
Dotted lines indicate 95 per cent confidence intervals for market and net Gini coefficients. Global market and net/disposable inequality indices are computed as population-weighted averages of within-country Gini indices as defined in the SWIID database. See figure 1 for an illustration of the difference between market and disposable/ net income. | sdg10 |
Although recognized in international law for decades, the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications has received little attention from the human rights and scientific communities ( 1 – 5 ). In 2012, Farida Shaheed, a Special Rapporteur (SR) for the United Nations (UN), presented a report to the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) on the meaning and application of the right ( 6 ). The next step is for the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) to adopt an official statement on the meaning and application of the right that provides clear guidance on the steps governments must take for implementation. The CESCR has been reluctant because of the complexity of issues and the need to know more about government practice. To address such knowledge gaps, the scientific and human rights communities need to provide input. | sdg16 |
This effectively breaks the time-honoured link between civic rights and nationality. The political inclusion mandate is taken one step further with voter education and awareness campaigns. In Colombia, the government guarantees basic services - water supply, sanitation, electricity, waste collection, telephone and gas - to all, including slum-dwellers. These technological innovations have resulted in new urban landscapes that would have seemed too futuristic and only remotely possible nearly 20 years ago, during the Habitat II conference. | sdg11 |
In the process of preparing the 2014 Folkeskole reform, stakeholders acknowledged that better learning outcomes for all students should be possible without using more of society’s resources on compulsory education. The present evidence does not indicate any reduction in student achievement since the introduction of the reform, but the full impact of the changes will need to be monitored over the years to come. The impression of the OECD review team is, however, that the Danish school system has been able to implement a reform with clear and high ambitions for improved student performance without a major increase in overall spending. | sdg4 |
First was the food and fuel price crisis which seemed to have abated in 2009, but resumed in late 2010. The global economic and financial crisis, which affected households through incomes, employment and remittances, is presumably over as indicated by positive growth rates and recovering remittances. Finally, natural disasters and internal conflicts further threaten fragile economies. The multi-dimensionality of the crises and the volatile economic environment challenge vulnerable households’ ability to cope and maintain their living standards. | sdg1 |
Real incomes subsequently grew strongly until 2000 but then fell back so that they stagnated in real terms over the period as a whole. With the exception of the Netherlands and the United States, income levels at the 10lh percentile (the bottom decile) in all other countries are now lower than they were at the beginning of the available data series. One explanation could be that employment gains have coincided with an increase in the number of low-paid workers and part-time workers (as has also happened in the Netherlands). | sdg10 |
An even higher default rate is expected for 2011 and beyond because of the revolution. The Fonds National de Promotion de lArtisanat et des Petits Metiers [National Fund for the Promotion of Crafts and Small Enterprises! The Banqne de Financement des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (BFPME) [Small and Medium Enterprise Financing Bank] provides loans for larger ventures (between TND 100 000 and TND 5 million). Indeed, according to a OECD and IDRC (2012) study on New Entrepreneurs and High Growth Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa, low enterprise activity rates in the region are in part due to the low levels of participation of women in the formal economic sphere, as both employees and business leaders. | sdg8 |
Metals, minerals, wood, water, glass energy, etc. Over the years, largely due to climate change discussions, there has been increasing understanding of the impact of transport and mobility on society and the environment. The production of motor vehicles is resource intensive, their use requires constant GHG-emitting fuels and the construction of roads, and at the end of life the scrapping of cars takes up space, requires energy and may release harmful substances with potential impacts on human health. | sdg12 |
However, the number of poor people living in Chennai compared with Bengaluru is greater, they constitute 18.53 per cent of the city economy, as compared with 15 per cent in Bengaluru. The smaller number in Chennai could be the result of underreporting, a variable over which the researcher has no direct control. Based on discussions with the Tamil Nadu Directorate of Economics and Statistics a possible explanation for this is that in Chennai, most of the manufacturing that contributes to the city’s GDP is beyond the city corporation boundaries, while in Bengaluru, the high contributors to the city’s GDP, the IT industries, are located very within the city boundaries. This could be partly due to the fact that the government of Tamil Nadu is quite generous as far as worker salaries are concerned. | sdg1 |
The region, with k,500 people, is relatively isolated, it has little government presence and receives little assistance from external institutions. In 2000, community leaders established the Kahua Association (KA). The organization has been helping communities learn more about external market forces and appreciate the risks they face, while helping them enter into partnerships with development agencies. | sdg1 |
There is, however, concern that the benefits of technology may not be available to all. However, innovation is not limited to new breakthroughs: most innovation involves incremental improvements and adaptations of existing technologies, processes and organizational structures. China and India, in particular, have become global leaders in some sustainable technologies, such as solar and wind technology, and electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, in part because they were able to improve existing technologies and production processes. Some LDCs have also begun to develop domestic technological capacities and successfully build new industries, such as the solar photovoltaic industry in Bangladesh. This technology makes transactions possible without an intermediary and thus has the potential to reduce service costs and increase financial inclusion. However, it is important to note that blockchain services are still in early stages and a number of issues, including data and privacy protection, regulatory oversight, and the overall contribution to sustainable development need further discussion, especially at the international level due to their cross-border nature. | sdg9 |
The world as a whole gained 23.7 years of life expectancy since the early 1950s (table 1), reaching a level of 70.5 years in the years from 2010 to 2015. During this same period, the less developed regions gained 27.2 years of life expectancy, double the gain in the more developed regions, due in substantial part to large reductions in child mortality, which in the developed regions had already occurred by 1950. Latin America and the Caribbean had the highest level of life expectancy among large developing regions throughout this period, rising from 51.2 years in 1950-1955 to 74.5 years in 2010-2015 (table 1). | sdg3 |
Furthermore, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has a vast potential for renewable energy sources (RES), which is largely untapped with the exception of large-scale hydropower. While the region is expected to see a steady rise in hydropower and rapid expansion of other renewables, the International Energy Agency (IEA) still projects the share of fossil fuels in the total primary energy supply (TPES) to increase to 78% by 2040. The target is to increase the share of renewables (including large-scale hydropower but not traditional uses of biomass) in the TPES to 23% by 2025. In emerging Asia as a whole, coal and gas are expected to prevail as the dominant source of energy towards 2040. However, the projected growth in energy demand provides great opportunities for emerging Asia to exploit its largely untapped potential of renewable energy sources. Although energy efficiency measures could help to slow the growth of fossil fuel consumption, large-scale investment in renewable energy development would still be needed to make a significant difference. | sdg7 |
In terms of social domain, the OECD has arguably the largest scope the different datasets as it has developed a methodology, which facilitates the comprehensive accounting of fiscal measures that affect social protection. See Adema et al. ( Indicators on Social Spending, 1980-2012, and a Manual to the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX)”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. | sdg1 |
The Prosperity Outcomes include measures of academic performance, educational attainment, attitudes towards school and learning, and health and well-being. Foundations for Success, cumulative development and institutional selection. The Foundations for Success are described below, while a description of the other processes and the effects associated with each of the processes along the Educational Prosperity pathway are available in Annex 5.A1. For example, from age 2 to age 5, children's development is affected by parents' engagement with the child and intra-family relations, as well as by the quality of care at home and in early childhood centres. | sdg4 |
An atmosphere of ineffectiveness regarding the ability of police to address crime problems in general and street-level drug problems in particular prevailed in the 1980s. Law enforcement tactics in the 1980s were typically reactive, unfocused and generally failed to disrupt street-level drug market activity. Development of focused proactive policing strategies during the 1990s, such as problem-oriented policing and partnerships with third parties, led to a renewed faith in the capacity of the police to efficaciously deal with street-level drug problems.The objectives of this review is to utilize meta-analytic procedures to assess the relative effectiveness of police-led drug law enforcement interventions. Specifically, The authors examined the relative effectiveness of a number of policing approaches, including problem-oriented policing, community-wide policing, and hotspots policing compared to the standard, reactive mode of drug law enforcement that dominated police practice until the 1990s. | sdg16 |
In the last few decades, the prevalence of obesity has expanded rapidly and now constitutes a grave public health concern across the developed world. Obesity is negatively associated with, among other factors, education and healthcare quality, which are factors that governments can and do influence through welfare policies. This study investigated to what extent the change in the prevalence of obesity is lower in more generous welfare states. Based on pooled time series cross-section regressions for 15 developed countries over 25 years, we found that the more generous are transfer payments, health policy and education policy, the lower is the increase of obesity prevalence. These findings have important implications for public policy formation and the public health and welfare state literatures. | sdg16 |
If outsourced, the registry also establishes the wholesale price for registrars. The registry is normally responsible for maintaining the ccTLD database and associated name server. In 1998, DotTV, a tech startup from the United States, paid the Tuvaluan government US$50 million for the rights to the TV ccTLD for a dozen years.62 When the contract expired in 2001, another company took over arranging to pay Tuvalu US$2.2 million a year plus 5% of revenue exceeding US$20 million for 15 years. | sdg9 |
The number of children (0-14) in Korea has almost halved over the past 4 decades: from 13,2 million children in the 1975 to 7 million in 2015. Over the same period, the youth dependency ratio - the number of children and young people (aged 0-20) per one hundred people of working age (aged 20-64) - fell dramatically from 108 to 31 (OECD, 2018|i]). The growing income in Korea can be shared among a smaller number of children, which helps to explain why the child poverty rate in Korea is below the OECD average (Figure 1) and poor children today live in smaller families than only a few years ago (Yeo, 2017). | sdg1 |
The Internet has become a platform for innovation thanks to its end-to-end connectivity and lack of gatekeepers, providing a place where creativity, the exchange of ideas, entrepreneurship and experimentation can flourish. Furthermore, an open Internet enables the management of global value chains, as companies increasingly spread production across borders. It will be particularly important to preserve the open Internet and promote the free flow of data across the global ecosystem while also addressing individuals’ concerns about privacy violations and promoting a culture of digital risk management across society. | sdg4 |
By 2020, the government plans to have 70% of schools with inclusive facilities, 20% of schools with barrier-free access and 50% of students with a disability in mainstream schools (MESRK, 2010). Initiatives include support and facilities for various groups (e.g. those needing speech and language therapy) and updating of special education programmes, textbooks and learning packages for hearing-impaired children (IAC, 2014). There is no coherent medium or long-term funding strategy for school physical infrastructure and overall capital expenditures represented only 2.5% of the overall budget for school education in 2011 (see Figure 3.1). | sdg4 |
Data is based on the latest Teacher Census, organised in 2007. The census covered teachers working in public institutions maintained by the National Public Education Administration (ANEP) only. Hence, data for early childhood and pre-primary education do not include teachers in schools managed by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) and by the Child and Adolescent Institute of Uruguay (INAU). Also data on technical-professional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level (a minor proportion of programmes supervised by CETP). In general, in 2007, there was no major concern about the ageing of the teaching workforce. | sdg4 |
All six SEE economies have tripartite councils in place to engage in dialogue with social partners. While social dialogue does take place in all the economies, more effort is needed to build social partners’ capacity, in particular among worker organisations. Moreover, the impact of tripartism and social dialogue is not regularly evaluated by independent evaluators. | sdg8 |
These impacts are avoided if collected wool is carded and spun into new yarn, with the possibility that more benefits can be achieved further down the production line. Although the lower heat value for wool is slightly higher than for cotton, the benefits are also in this case smaller than those calculated for recycling. The obvious explanation of this is that it is more demanding for the environment to produce wool and the benefits from avoided production are, accordingly, much higher. | sdg12 |
These indicators fall into two groups: those based on surveys (such as the percentage of adults supported at home who agree that their health and care services seemed to be well co-ordinated), and, those derived from routine data sources (such as that rate of emergency admissions for adults). These indicators are discussed in more detail in Section 2.7. Given that most OECD health and social care systems are exploring how best to monitor person-centred, integrated care, Scotland’s experience with these indicators will be of international interest. | sdg3 |
An example from an OECD country is the National Centre for Domestic Violence in the United Kingdom.31 Finally, it is important to ensure that the existing hotline is accessible 24 hours per day, nationwide, toll-free and that it provides information and support services in several languages to respond to the needs of national, expatriate, migrant and trafficked women. For example, legal services for victims of violence are often supplied by NGOs that specialise in women’s issues. For example, in the Palestinian Authority, the Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and Counselling (WCLAC) provides a unit that provides legal advice, court representation, social support and counselling for women (Box 7.5). The centre provides legal aid, social counselling and protection services to women living in precarious and hazardous situations. It also benefits from a special consultative status to the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). | sdg5 |
Gender gaps in healthy life years were in favour of women in Poland and Estonia, while men were expected to live in a healthy condition longer than women in Denmark and the Netherlands. Healthy life years were highest for both sexes in Sweden and Norway. As outlined in the 2012 OECD report Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, girls have higher rates of graduation at secondary level. When success is measured in terms of outcomes rather than participation and retention, boys perform noticeably less well in reading, and are more likely to be defined as having special educational needs (Hibel et al., | sdg5 |
The age groups are 0-23 months, 24-59 months, 5-14 years and 15-17 years. The younger age groups have 7 dimensions of deprivation while the older age groups have 6 dimensions. The deprivation rate is based on a threshold of 4 for children 0-59 months and 3 for children 5-17 years. The deprivation headcount is 60% in rural areas versus 16% in urban areas. | sdg1 |
Employee resource groups are networks of employees that aim to foster diversity and inclusion in the workplace while also providing valuable advice to companies on issues related to human resources and organisational management. In the United States, many private sector companies have created such groups to foster great employer-employee dialogue w'hile providing workers more opportunities to problem solve, thinking innovatively, and develop leadership skills. This strategy also identifies a number of critical sectors for growth including digital and creative technologies, life and health sciences, financial and professional services, as well as advanced manufacturing and engineering. | sdg8 |
They may be kept artificially low for political reasons, which results in power utilities not recovering the full costs of production, meaning that there are insufficient funds to cover operation and maintenance expenses and the capital costs of replacing ageing infrastructure. Tariffs that are subsidised can foster a culture of overconsumption, which can lead to payment difficulties for consumers, especially when high oil prices result in higher tariffs. There is also a lack of standards and certification to ensure that only robust renewable energy equipment is installed in the Pacific. | sdg7 |
Boundaries: between public and private law – Political dimensions of private and public law – Boundaries between domestic law and transnational and international law – Boundaries between law and other disciplines, including economics, comparative politics, normative political theory, and hermeneutic disciplines – National styles of comparative law scholarship – Analytic and pragmatic traditions in comparative law scholarship | sdg16 |
The share of the population over 65 years of age has been increasing in OECD countries over the past few decades. In 1960, 9% of the OECD population was over 65 years old, but the proportion rose to around 15% in 2010 (OECD, 201 la). This trend is expected to continue into the future, so that by 2050 the share of the population aged 65 or more is expected to reach 26% of the total OECD population. With rising life expectancy and improved healthcare, elderly citizens will be able to remain active longer, in many cases continuing to work well beyond the official retirement age. | sdg14 |
Programmes implemented by member organisations integrate sport skills and life skills through movement games, role-play, drama and other cultural and recreational activities. The PNG Games concept is driving behaviour at the community level and there is evidence of increased sports and physical activities at the Ward, District and Provincial Levels. Community coaches, sports administrators, volunteers and sports leaders are trained under the Community Sports Education Program and use these opportunities to put their knowledge and skills into practice. | sdg3 |
The proportion of older people who reported being mistreated or witnessing the mistreatment of a fellow resident was 2.4% in Uruguay, around 8% in Argentina and 14% in Chile. These figures are a cause for concern, as the study included a direct question on this issue. Similarly, provide mental health services to older persons living in long-term care establishments. In practice, government bodies responsible for overseeing such services usually report problems in assessing compliance with care standards in private institutions, in some cases only institutions that receive State funding are monitored. | sdg3 |
The GES included programmatic and institutional guidance and a results framework, which are essential ingredients for strong gender mainstreaming. However, it was not endorsed by the Executive Board, which made its guidance voluntary. This weakened its potential impact and integration. In a context of multiple competing priorities, staff reported that they do not prioritize an area unless a guidance document has been endorsed by the Executive Board, the area is considered mandatory or an urgent directive has been issued by the Administrator. | sdg5 |
In Nepal, for example, where more than 60% of the agricultural work force consists of women, only 13% of agricultural researchers were women in 2012 (Stads et al. The higher up the research ladder, the fewer women are found on the rungs (FAO 2011). Often the perspectives and interests of women scientists, researchers and research managers differ from those of their male counterparts (FAO 2011). | sdg2 |
The electricity generation of these power plants induces costs due to reinforcements of the distribution grid mainly caused by an inadmissible increase of the supply voltage. The additional transmission and distribution grid costs which depend on the installed capacities of wind and photovoltaic power plants are based on costs values derived by studies determining the required grid reinforcements due to increasing contributions of renewable energies to electricity supply (EC, 2011, Dena, 2010a, BDEW, 2011). The first section gives a more detailed description of the scenarios considered as well as of the cost assumptions. | sdg7 |
Abstract Energy democracy hopes to foster community engagement and participation in shaping our transition from fossil fuels to a renewable energy-based economy. These considerations result from critiques by environmental justice, climate justice, and just transition advocates. Although many are sympathetic to energy democracy ideals, climate goals often are articulated in math terms. This essay defines the aforementioned key terms and asks: what are the limitations and possibilities of engaging publics when climate action solely is articulated in numbers? A compelling case study is the City of Boulder – recognized as a global leader in climate science and a national leader in innovative environmental planning. This essay shares work from 2016, when the City shared a climate action plan for public feedback, supported several public participation events, and passed climate action legislation goals. We argue a just transition and energy democracy ideals are hindered if we reduce climate goals to math. | sdg16 |
The criteria for the inclusion of a model are as follows. The model must be global or include regions that together cover the whole world. Models focusing on regional impacts or adaptation (e.g. IGEM, CLIMPACTS, CanCLIM, RegIS2) and other models reviewed in Dickinson (ibid.) The model must include an energy/economy module, a climate module and a representation of climate impacts. | sdg13 |
In its various multilateral forms, ICT-enabled engagement can improve inclusiveness by providing a shared ground where exchange of knowledge and opinions is possible (Box 5.3). Web-based water information systems: The case of Italy and Portugal (cont.) In this regard, the “Pawa” project developed water accounts through recognised standards and activated an inclusive decision-making process as regards the selection of the most appropriate measures to face water scarcity and drought conditions. The information system not only contributes to information exchange among different stakeholders and public authorities responsible for the directive’s implementation (i.e. regions, water utilities, etc.), | sdg6 |
France is attempting to do this through its circular economy roadmap and Finland and the Netherlands have established an overarching mechanism to support coordination and coherence of resource productivity policies. These efforts have been supported by initiatives at the international level, such as the guidance and reference materials for measuring material flows and resource productivity developed by the OECD and the database on international material flows developed by the UNEP International Resource Panel. However, progress has been insufficient when measured against objectives established over the last decade. | sdg12 |
As such, nuclear power plants are important contributors to grid restoration in the event of blackouts. In particular, NPPs require more time to start up and cannot vary the cycle length much. Also, in many OECD countries flexible operation of NPPs is limited or not authorised by national safety authorities, NPPs can therefore offer only limited flexibility capabilities to the TSO. The inertia of wind turbines is quite low, while solar PV has no inertia. | sdg7 |
Investment incentives are sometimes associated with negative externalities, such as higher costs than benefits accrued, opportunity costs, and adverse selection, therefore making cost-benefit analysis essential (Chapter 3). The Ministry of Environment helps to ensure consistency and coherence of environmental, sectoral, economic and investment policies that affect private green investment across different levels of government and public agencies while the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources contributes to policy implementation. The Jordan Investment Board, which has a policy advocacy department, champions certain sectors, including renewable energy. While these initiatives are encouraging, more needs to be done to ensure that green policies are mainstreamed into regular policy making and implementation. | sdg7 |
Which European universities and research centres are most prominent in research on European Union (EU) interest groups? What are the theoretical perspectives employed currently in this scholarship? What research designs do scholars employ to study and investigate EU interest groups? And finally, what are the academic works that constitute the core building blocks on which researchers of EU lobbying build their theoretical arguments and empirical research? We answer these questions by analysing an original, built-for-purpose dataset providing information on the theoretical approaches, research designs and bibliographic references employed in 196 academic articles published on the topic of EU lobbying and interest groups in 22 European and American journals of political science and public policy. The dataset also contains information about authors' academic affiliation and Ph.D.-awarding institutions. We combine two approaches employed in the literature on systematic analyses of a discipline: the research synthesis and meta-analysis approach, and the bibliometric approach. | sdg16 |
These characteristics make them unique in the sense that the difficulties they face in the pursuit of sustainable development are particularly severe and complex. The SDGs do not adequately address the economic disadvantages small states face in terms of, for example, trade costs and connectivity, because of a narrower focus on trade in goods as opposed to services trade. This chapter takes stock of the global trading environment in relation to small states, and how the SDGs address their needs and their shortcomings. | sdg10 |
The Government of Angola (scheduled to graduate in 2021) has also set up a high-level committee to oversee the graduation process. Such aspirations are expressed, for example, in the national development plans of Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. The aim of Ethiopia’s Growth and Transformation Plan is to take the country to middle-income status10 between 2020 and 2025, Zambia’s National Vision is to become “a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030", and both Rwanda’s Second Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy and Uganda’s Second National Development Plan set a goal of achieving middle-income status by 2020. For Senegal, the Plan S§n6gal Emergent aims to make Senegal an “emerging’’ country by 2035, while Cambodia’s Rectangular Strategy Phase Three aims “at graduating from a low-income country to a lower-middle-income status in the very near future and further to become an upper-middle income country by 2030”. | sdg10 |
They include other ministries and public authorities (e.g. the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Water Authority, and the Israeli Land Administration), local municipal and regional authorities, and non-governmental (private or charitable) organisations such as the Jewish National Fund (JNF) and the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI). Several policies are the responsibility of more than one institution. The degree of overlap and conflicts among institutions creates bureaucratic obstacles to efficient implementation and enforcement. | sdg15 |
The deeper causes of stunting and overweight should therefore be addressed in more detail in further research that is unfortunately beyond the scope and possibility of this report. Deprivation in housing is driven by housing problems (i.e. dilapidated walls and windows), while deprivation in utilities is mainly driven by the heating indicator (Figure 30). More than one in three children are deprived in education, which derives almost completely from the lack of a suitable place for the child to study and do homework. | sdg1 |
This vision could point towards more effective multi-level governance, better policy coherence and planning (including climate change scenarios), more systematic use of economic instruments, alignment of river basin authorities, comprehensive and consistent information systems and public participation, and better financing and regulatory frameworks for service provision. The process should provide a basis for engaging a broad range of stakeholders from the national and subnational level in applying innovative solutions. Such a strategic vision would require a high level of leadership and commitment to raise the profile of water on the national reform agenda. | sdg6 |
Yet despite - and in large part because of -the attention given to conceptual thinking and practical applications of peacebuilding instruments and approaches, we are far from a full understanding and the capacity to apply peacebuilding strategies and techniques to their full potential. Is such work regarded as “transforming” - seeking ultimately to challenge the unsustainable, unjust status quo and bring about profound change towards greater justice and wellbeing? In that sense peacebuilding needs to do more to contribute to the “transformation” of society, in the spirit of Fisher and Zimina. | sdg5 |
Furthermore, this solution increases the chances that the entrepreneur will obtain a bank loan. The proportion of the personal financial contribution is part of the overall balance of the financing plan for a new business or takeover project. Hence it must be understood in terms of the many other criteria that differ depending on the type of project. | sdg5 |
A well-designed national reporting system, that remains closely linked to local and frontline services, should add to continuous learning. National reporting already occurs for adverse reactions to medications (through the Yellow Card scheme) and Health Protection Scotland already produces reports on infections regularly, such as Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia infection (which is then analysed and reported back at NHS Board level), so precedents exist. A country Scotland could follow in promoting a national adverse events reporting system is Denmark (Box 2.10). Notably, six years later, the system was expanded to include adverse events occurring in primary care, including in general practice and pharmacy. | sdg3 |
Official development finance provided as core funding to these entities or activities implemented by these entities were considered to support STI. Most of these agencies are research institutions, or NGOs or other networks focused on science in a particular field. The list also includes entities focusing on standard setting or monitoring of the ICT landscape and entities providing technical assistance or supporting technology transfers in the field of ICTs or green technologies. These entities are presented in table A.3. | sdg9 |
According to CONAGUA (2010c), the average global efficiency of utilities in 2006 was 32.6%, a percentage that increased to 42.3% in 2010, based on data of 80 utilities in cities with more than 20 000 inhabitants. This means that, out of 1 000 litres produced, only 423 are paid for, the rest is lost through the network, not billed for, or billed but not paid for. In 2005, the PATME26 programme was specifically launched to increase the efficiency of water operators. The APAZU programme emphasises increasing physical and commercial efficiency of water utilities (e.g. it prioritises operators that undertake billing and collection actions as well as water leak reduction). | sdg6 |
The more parties that are involved in contracts, the more time-consuming and costly the contract documentation and orchestration of the stakeholders becomes. Additionally, in the course of construction, the involved parties modify contracts quite often, for example by extending the contract or splitting it into smaller more complex contract landscapes. Mutual agreements might lead to changes of existing parts of the contract itself. Another key driver is regulatory changes that need to be implemented and require adaptation of existing contracts, as a handover using the existing agreements might be contra legem. | sdg9 |
It has been supporting the development of a BRT corridor which opened in December 2012 and now carries more than 280,000 persons per day. Lessons from Lanzhou are being used to develop BRT systems in other Asian cities including Astana, Davao, Dhaka, Jinagxi Ji'ar and Yichang. Finally, EBRD financed an important BRT project in Burgas, Bulgaria, as a complement to EU financing. | sdg11 |
These limitations of origin have already been criticized by the members of the so-called Indigenous Peoples Major Group3 - which brings together internationally recognized indigenous intellectuals, leaders, and representatives -, during their participation in the previous meetings towards the final adoption of the Agenda. These demands were not incorporated, which has forced the Indigenous Peoples to develop their own indicators and their own monitoring methodologies in the implementation of the SDGs. In that sense, the Indigenous Peoples do not separate the SDGs from their differentiated rights. For them, it is impossible to work for sustainable development without guaranteeing the practical and real protection of their rights, both individual and, above all, collective. | sdg5 |
The American Society for Public Administration and the National Academy of Public Administration, as well as several leading authors in our field, have expressed support for a range of ethical principles, including representativeness, diversity, affirmative action, equality, fairness, and justice. Various social equity reformers have argued that universities should expand their integrative efforts to include more students of poverty and working class origins. The present study surveyed the nation’s 50 top-rated MPA schools asking them whether they collect data about their students’ socioeconomic backgrounds. While other academic disciplines have initiated social class-based affirmative action plans for enrolling students, none of the 43 survey respondents said they do so. The discussion closes by suggesting that with the present study’s evidence and justification in place, academic public administration, driven by its commitment to the discipline’s acknowledged ideals, has sound rationale for establishing socioeconomic affirmative action plans for student diversity purposes. | sdg16 |
In the effort of improving resource efficiency, the consumers are important actors. The consumer is crucial in improving resource efficiency during the use phase such as printing double-sided, maintaining the windows to extend their life span, and upgrading their existing products instead of buying new ones. Therefore requirements on consumer information on resource efficiency are important requirements to include in future IM in the Ecodesign Directive. Further consumer information is also an issue emphasised in the Framework Ecodesign Directive. Therefore this section will shortly elaborate on three addition categories including: priority resources and critical metals, dematerialisation, and system thinking. | sdg12 |
It was last published by FAO in 2010. Again there were no indicators relating directly to recreation and tourism. The Collaborative Partnership on Forests established a portal in 2006 hosted by FAO on streamlining forest-related reporting. This includes links to several global processes. One of the main tasks was to develop and implement internationally agreed-upon criteria and indicators for the conservation and sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests. | sdg15 |
The celebrity cult has to be sharply distinguished from hero worship as its precondition is to be well known, no matter for what reason. It has been a product of American culture and is closely associated with modernity, individualism, egalitarianism and a moral, cultural and aesthetic relativism. It is part of popular culture and is also stimulated by the pervasive entertainment orientation of American society. Celebrity worship may provide vicarious gratification to people who seek to escape anonymity and believe that they do not get sufficient amounts of attention. | sdg16 |
It is indeed the case in Germany, where there are much higher chances of low-income women becoming mothers than those in the middle or at the top of the earnings distribution. In France, by contrast, individual female earnings have a limited impact on fertility behaviour though high earners are slightly more likely to have children than low earners. Differences in earnings between partners do not affect the probability of having a child in France, all else being equal. | sdg5 |
As evidenced by the oversubscription of the Trapezia funds in the United Kingdom, there is a business opportunity and scope for equity funders to meet the needs of women entrepreneurs (see case study VIII). They are also likely to have less time to spend on financial transacting due to the time demands of family and carer responsibilities. Institutions such as DFCU Group in Uganda have recognised this access challenge and have positioned ‘women-friendly’ branches in locations close to where there are clusters of women entrepreneurs and aligned branch operating times to correspond with the requirements of this group of customers. Significant numbers of women are using internet banking: 41 per cent in the UK and 29 per cent in Malta, for example (Eurostat 2010). | sdg5 |
But the prominence of these institutions stems from leadership in medical research and solving the most complicated health care problems, not necessarily from innovation in medical education or new forms of health care delivery. Jerusalem: National Economic Council. Approaches to Economic Development, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, pp. | sdg4 |
The light water (used as coolant and moderator) boils directly in the core. The steam produced is separated and dried in the upper part of the pressure vessel, and then directly transferred to the turbine. The steam is then condensed, re-heated and re-injected into the bottom part of the core. Unlike in PWRs, in BWRs the control rods are inserted from the bottom of the core. | sdg7 |
Bycatch and Discards Work Plan applies. Key management arrangements include input controls (limited entry, individual transferable quotas, gear restrictions and area closures) and output controls (total allowable catches) which apply for 34 species or stocks of shark and finfish. Harvest Strategy Framework used to set total allowable catches for these species. Bycatch and Discards Work Plan applies. | sdg14 |
Available from https://unstats, un.org/ unsd/publication/SeriesM/Series_M49_Rev4(1999)_en .pdf. An economy is classified as a fuel exporter if the share of fuel exports in its total merchandise exports is greater than 20 per cent and the level of fuel exports is at least 20 per cent higher than that of the country’s fuel imports (table D). This criterion is drawn from the share of fuel exports in the total value of world merchandise trade. Fuels include coal, oil and natural gas. | sdg9 |
Farmers in the other villages continued to plant local varieties. This case highlights two important aspects of the transition towards intensification. The first aspect is the notion of thresholds, a level at which traditional systems are not viable any longer (Malthusian evolution), that necessitates farmers to adapt by intensifying production to provide sufficient output to assure, at minimum, survival (Boserupian evolution). | sdg2 |
In FY 2006, the government abolished a special depreciation of equipment for “developmental research". In FY 2008, the government modified its tax incentive system to allow firms to claim an additional credit for 5% for the increase in R&D expenditures or an additional credit for 0.2% multiplied by the amount of R&D expenditures exceeding the equivalent of 10% of average sales, both within an additional 10% of corporate income tax. In 2010, a 20% preferential tax credit rate is expected for new-growth-engine R&D (30% for SMEs), and a 25% preferential tax credit rate is expected for original-sourcing-technology R&D (35% for SMEs). Recent and proposed changes in R&D tax incentives in OECD and selected non-member countries (cont.) In addition, an extra deduction will be created for existing companies (not start-ups) embarking on R&D for the first time. | sdg9 |
In the opinion of the court, the defendant—the university administrative body—had set the minimum average for acceptance by the Department of Medicine at 2,080 for Kuwaiti males and 3,020 for Kuwaiti females, although the two groups were in the same legal position of having passed the foundation year at the Center of Medical Sciences. Considering this to be in violation of the principle of equality stipulated in Article 29 of the Constitution, the court voided the acceptance policy based on gender discrimination. Except for tertiary education, educational attainment among women has been expanding since 1970. | sdg5 |
Canahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule), an underutilized Andean plant that is part of the spinach family and closely related to quinoa, with more than 200 varieties. It is remarkably frost-tolerant and has high nutritional value in terms of protein content and dietary fibre levels close to quinoa. They can be grown in areas where major staples requiring high inputs fail, and they to be more resistant to local pests and diseases. | sdg2 |
In Ohio, treatment admissions for the drug increased by 34 per cent from 2009 to 2012. In the county of San Diego, deaths related to methamphetamine increased by 70 per cent from 2008 to 2012. South America has a relatively strong institutional capacity in the wider context of Latin America and the Caribbean, and countries in the region have been making considerable efforts at the national and international levels to curb the illicit supply of drugs and address the increasing rates of drug abuse. | sdg3 |
While rising levels of school enrolment among the poorest is a positive trend, secondary education completion rates are still low. In 2011, 29% of the income-vulnerable population had either attended or completed higher education. One is relative monetary poverty, which expands the traditional concept of absolute poverty to take fuller account of what people need to fully participate in their society. | sdg1 |
This will affect seasonal workers in particular. Moreover, the level of unemployment insurance benefit was cut in February 2012 by around 20% to EUR 360 per month (about two-thirds of the current level of the minimum wage) in the wake of cuts to the minimum wage (see above). On the other hand, the unemployment insurance benefit will be extended to the self-employed, subject to means-testing (total personal income cumulated over the two years prior to claiming cannot exceed EUR 20 000, or EUR 30 000 in the case of family income). | sdg10 |
With a view to deciding on the general design and subject curricula, the framework assembled personnel from the Ministry, KEDI researchers, a basic research team leader, other curriculum experts, school teachers, and subject specialists. Public conferences, seminars, and hearings to formulate and review the overall design were held during the process. The Seventh Elementary and Secondary School Curricula were announced in December 1997 following several series of reviews and corrections. Basically, the NCC acts as a national framework for compulsory content for the first ten years of education, while the school level curriculum - created or adapted -regulates classroom processes. | sdg4 |
Race argues that Australia offers important lessons into how multiculturalism and multicultural policy can be implemented educationally. The objective is to advance multicultural dialogues not only within Australia but globally, which is the ultimate intention of this edited collection. This chapter uses Australian state policy documents as well as education empirical data as evidence bases to argue that in adopting a clear, explicit positive stance on multiculturalism, Australia allows its teachers to theoretically prepare their pupils for the evolving nature of cultural diversity within the country. The article also discusses the ‘cultural literate dialogue’ idea of Soutphommasane and how it fits within his wider idea of Australian citizenship through patriotism. It offers an assessment of these ideas within wider multicultural dialogues and the possibility of their application in a way that would allow for further positive consequences for multiculturalism and multicultural education in Australia and potentially in other countries. | sdg16 |
The code was hardly enforced, however, with considerable areas being deforested illegally. In response, the new code, while criticised as indulgent towards commercial interests, introduced potentially more effective enforcement instruments, which may result in a better level of protection. The new Forest Code aims to reconcile the objectives of preserving biodiversity and forests and of ensuring a good business environment for agriculture, a key sector of Brazil’s economy. | sdg15 |
A person suffering from burnout no longer manages to overcome everyday stressful events and experiences “emotional fatigue”. It is however difficult to estimate the prevalence of burnout in the population, as, for instance, it can be hard to distinguish it from depression. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, on the other hand, occurs among 3% to 6% of children of school age, and boys suffer from this state 2 to 3 times more often than girls. | sdg3 |
In this endeavour, it has also worked towards building healthy families and improving women’s health care. The Council is responsible for providing recommendations to the President on the effects of pending legislation and executive branch policy proposals, for suggesting changes to federal programs or policies to address issues of special importance to women and girls, for reviewing and recommending changes to policies that have a distinct impact on women in the federal workforce, and for assisting in the development of legislative and policy proposals of special importance to women and girls. The functions of the Council are advisory only. | sdg5 |
Schools provide an ideal, universal setting for reaching children with mental health concerns and their role in providing health support in increasing across the OECD. This section discusses recent and ongoing initiatives integrating mental health services with education systems. One of the key areas of the 2011 Budget of Australia’s Ten Year Roadmap for Mental Health Reform, for instance, was improving young people's mental health services. | sdg3 |
This study focuses on one arena of public administration in which the balancing act between various accountability considerations is especially visible: local law enforcement management, and one of... | sdg16 |
For water stress simulations, we implement three scenario variations-basin efficiency deficit (SB) and groundwater depletion (SG) and drought (SD). Two regional climate scenarios (RCP 8.5 IPSL and RCP 8.5 Hadley) are added. This equates to a possible twelve scenario runs (three climate options * four combinations of water stress). | sdg6 |
Governments of the home countries of foreign investors could help prevent such tax competition by taxing profit remittances from FDI at a higher rate than domestic profits while deducting from the tax charge the typically much lower taxes already paid on the corporate profit in the host country. Taking into account the large differences in unit labour costs between the home and host countries, this could be done in such a way that the profits of the foreign investors from their production in the developing country would still be a multiple of those that would result from the production of the same goods at home. For this purpose, the current United Nations Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters could be made into a truly intergovernmental body. | sdg10 |
Such measures should be coupled with reforms that improve technical assistance for farmers and remove the price distortions from the fertiliser market so that agricultural production decisions take into account the true costs of the inputs being used. Recent efforts by the government to encourage the application of new farm technologies may also help. Despite recent government reforms, China’s grassland continues to suffer degradation that can have important long-term economic and ecological effects. Grassland accounts for 40% of China’s total land area and is the feed base for livestock. | sdg2 |
Ecotourism must be developed as an environmentally and ecologically sustainable activity, to stimulate economic and social development in line with the agreed green economy foundations. Appropriate regulation and management for tourism expansion and development were deemed necessary for green economy implementation. Given the importance of the sector to the economy and livelihoods, strategic alliances must be developed. | sdg6 |
Subsets and Splits