text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| label
stringclasses 16
values |
|---|---|
Having more limited contribution records, many women fail to meet the eligibility conditions to obtain a benefit of their own. When they do, their benefits tend to be lower than men’s, reflecting the joint impact of shorter periods of paid work, more part-time work and lower earnings. In some countries, this can especially harm low-income women who have lower (formal) labour market participation and may also lack access to derived benefits if they are single or divorced from/widowed by an informal worker with no pension rights. Indeed, the extent to which gendered labour markets effectively affect women’s pension entitlements depends on specific aspects of pension design that are particularly relevant for gender equality. In contributory social insurance systems, workers are typically entitled to a retirement benefit when they reach the retirement age and have a minimum number of years of work and/or contributions. Women find it harder than men to accumulate long contributory records. | sdg5 |
For example, Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor (2000) observe that among the working-age men in their sample who were unemployed at the time of an annual interview, around one-third were in an unemployment spell that lasted longer than 12 months (the average gap between annual interviews). For these cases, unemployment a year ago (y„-i) refers to the same spell rather than a different spell, so the higher chances of unemployment for those with yit.i = 1 may in part reflect the relatively long length of the unemployment spell to date. In order to check the sensitivity of the estimates of (Markovian) state dependence derived from their basic DREP model, Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor fit two further model variants. | sdg1 |
Overall, support to the agricultural sector imposes a relatively low burden on the Brazilian economy. In 2012-14 the ratio of the TSE to GDP was 0.4% in Brazil. Altogether, these data suggest that there is a scope for policy to become better targeted to productivity and sustainability outcomes, and for increased spending on the provision of important public goods. | sdg2 |
In addition, a consultation with 14 returnee migrant women from 14 districts was held in September 2016 in Kathmandu in order to better understand the reintegration process. The interaction focused on the challenges and opportunities of reintegration after women’s migration journeys. Following the focus group discussion, five in-depth interviews were conducted to further consolidate the data. | sdg5 |
With the increasing opportunities for justice ushered in by the repeal of the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws in 2005, the struggles for memory and justice by Argentina’s H.I.J.O.S. (Sons and Daughters for Identity and Justice against Forgetting and Silence) have shifted focus. Pre-2005, the organization used escraches (public demonstrations in which the perpetrators of human rights violations are “outed”) to respond to the problem of top-down impunity in Argentina, condemn the atrocities, and expose the legal immunity enjoyed by the perpetrators. Post-2005, it has employed escraches to bring to the fore shortcomings in the judicial sphere by widening its selection of targets. Furthermore, new activities outside and inside the courtroom reflect the new landscape of justice, celebrating the advent of justice and accompanying victims, survivors, and witnesses in this process while continuing to highlight persistent shortcomings and obstacles in the judicial sphere.Con las nuevas oportunidades para la justi... | sdg16 |
As soils degrade either more land has to be brought into production or additional inputs have to be used to maintain output levels. If agriculture is to make its full contribution to the economy of Chihuahua it is crucial that current farming practices that contribute to soil degradation have to be replaced by practices that enhance soil capability. The possibility of climate change that will further stress plant and livestock growth only increases the need to improve soil capability. The problem exists both for arable land and for pastures. While the drawdown of aquifers is obvious, because water has to pumped from a greater depth each year, losses in soil fertility are less apparent, other than where intense erosion occurs. Nevertheless, lower quality soil imposes clear costs in the form of: lower yields, lower rates of soil moisture retention and the need for higher rates of fertiliser application. | sdg6 |
Since effective tax rates increase with income, the relative extensive underreporting of higher income earners reduces the progressivity of the tax system (the redistributional effect of under-reporting of low-income groups is minimal given the low effective tax rate they face) (Benedek and Lelkes, 2011). These findings appear to be in line with those for Italy and Hungary (Matsaganis et al., The distributional impact of tax evasion would be even stronger if evasion of other taxes than the personal income tax, and especially, social security contributions, were taken into account. In addition, tax evasion imposes a sizeable fiscal cost, with an estimated shortfall in tax revenue of around 30% (Leventi and Matsaganis, 2013b). | sdg10 |
They would be paid on a new fee schedule with higher payments for preventative services, counselling, and management of chronic diseases. This would complemented by a P4P scheme to reward high quality primary care. Medical schools would create model primary care polyclinics to train future primary care physicians. With these reforms, Korea could develop a health system that is more efficient, with fewer avoidable hospital admissions, that achieves better outcomes for chronic diseases, decreases health inequalities, and improves social cohesion. | sdg3 |
Haig (1921) and Simons (1938). Goode (1977) argues persuasively that von Schanz anticipated the Haig-Simons definition in 1896 and so prefers “Schanz-Haig-Simons”. Non-recurring incomes derive from infrequent or unusual events such as the sale of assets, the settlement of insurance contracts, etc. A capital gain is accrued when the value of the asset increases. | sdg1 |
A large number of traditional players have already developed their own regulatory systems, and well-established schemes for maritime safety, pollution prevention, etc. But as emerging ocean industries have grown in importance and have spread across the globe, the challenge has become how to integrate them into existing regulatory structures. For indeed, there is no agency for ocean issues. | sdg14 |
Access to adequate and affordable ICT infrastructure (notably national and international broadband connectivity) is essential for the development of the software industry. This involves consideration of the role of network operators, Internet exchange points, data centres and related regulation. While it is beyond the scope of this report to discuss related policies for broadband development in detail, several publications from international organizations address this topic in detail.2 Technology parks, innovation hubs and incubators are sometimes set up with the aim of making it easier for software enterprises to get started, innovate and expand (see also chapter III). Such facilities are of particular value when weak basic infrastructure (electricity, broadband connectivity) represents an obstacle to business development. | sdg9 |
Depending on the field, the shift from one technology to another may take place in a continuous fashion (e.g. in data processing and storage), or as simultaneous bursts followed by relatively flat patenting activity, and then by later bursts as different technologies emerge (e.g. in chemistry and biotechnology, phone and wireless communication). Under its new Industrial Strategy, the United Kingdom granted USD 865 million PPP (GBP 600 million) in 2013 to its Eight Great Technologies, which cover the four areas of technology acceleration mentioned above.12 Hirkey has launched two mission-oriented programmes in the priority areas of its National STI Strategy 2011-16, including ICT, automotive, machinery and manufacturing, energy, and health. The United States has increased federal investment and interagency co-operation in neuroscience to improve health and learning. The USD 100 million Brain Initiative aims to advance knowledge of brain disorders, such Alzheimer’s disease. | sdg9 |
Complaints filed with the National Human Rights Commission are reviewed under the 2000 Law on the National Human Rights Commission. Complaints filed with the court are review'ed under the Law on General Administrative Procedures and Law' on Civil Procedures. An extension of another 30 days can be granted for complaints for which more time is required to collect the required information. To facilitate the submission of petitions, complaints and requests from the public, the Ministry' has placed a special box in a room located at the entrance of the Ministry, before the security checkpoint. Petitions and complaints that require urgent attention are handled by a dedicated official, while requests for environmental information undergo a common process of registration and dispatch to the relevant departments, depending on the content and nature of the request. | sdg4 |
However, the National Collaboration for Mental Health (NSPH) is a notable and influential actor in the field of mental health care in Sweden. Although it does not directly develop national policy, its aim is to promote the development of improved psychiatric treatment via the enabling of relevant authorities to “benefit from the experiences and empowerment advocated through user participation from patients, users and relations” (NSPH). They also work to support patient voices, improve accessibility, develop mental illness prevention, spread information and influence public opinion, provide support and resources to interested organisations and cooperate with authorities and other mental health organisations on a national level. | sdg3 |
The incidence of child labour has also declined and became negligible. Despite these positive changes, however, significant gender differences still exist in several spheres of human activity, including employment status. In all threesurveyyears,nearly 80 percent of men were employed while the share of employed women was less than half that. | sdg5 |
Less successful industrial development processes, such as those of Latin America during the import-substitution era, paid insufficient attention to income inequality, thereby limiting the size of the domestic market and hence expansion of the protected industries. The greater technological focus of production and exports will require a more capable labour force and hence continuous improvements in educational performance and better health outcomes. Labour-market policy discussions often focus rather narrowly on the degree of labour protection and wage-setting, on the one hand, and industrial competitiveness, on the other. | sdg1 |
A number of incumbent operators that either monopolize or have a significant market share of the wired broadband market are financially strapped and cannot afford the required investment. In other cases, incumbents have mobile subsidiaries and prefer to focus their investments in that area. However, wired broadband can be an attractive alternative to mobile broadband, particularly if it is unmetered or has high usage caps. Another attraction is the potential for significantly higher speeds than what is available in most LDC mobile broadband networks. | sdg9 |
All firms report a desire for a stable and business-friendly regulatory environment. The company also manufactures wheels for agricultural and municipal machinery, pneumatic and hydraulic systems, axles for trailers, as well as steel profiles and plastic components. In 2014 Pronar opened a Research and Development Centre which works on developing new designs and approaches. | sdg9 |
A common platform for transportation planning and funding could enable key stakeholders from across the Chicago-area 21-county region to make the case that in so far as state and federal funding currently supports road infrastructure, it might make more sense from a long-term regional economic development viewpoint to place a higher priority on investing in public transit. While policy makers may be reluctant to raise taxes, it would be worth considering expanding the value capture tax. The base for a value capture tax is an increase in property values arising from public infrastructure development. This increased value results from the increased desirability of the location, better access, and the potential for higher rents, increased resale value and higher-density development. | sdg7 |
Management plans are proposed by the relevant Management Committees, with participation of the relevant Scientific and Technical Committees, and approved by the Undersecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture. These Licenses are divisible, and last 20 years, after this period, they can be renewed or rendered expired, depending on the owner's behaviour regarding environmental, fishing, and labour matters. Licence holders are required to pay annually a fee for each vessel registered in a fishery managed under TQL. If the owner operates with the same vessel in a fishery that is not under TQL, the owner is only required to pay the non-TQL fee, which has a lower value than the TQL fee. | sdg14 |
Changes in child monetary poverty under the different scenarios simulated in this analysis are captured through a Cobb-Douglas approach, using household specific preferences but with fixed budget shares. A more sophisticated approach allowing for substitution effects, such as an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), was not possible with the available micro data.7 Aggregate household consumption, deflated by a per adult equivalent scale based on minimum caloric needs and by relevant spatial and temporal deflators, is the variable used to assess changes in monetary poverty, according to country specific absolute poverty lines. Changes in real expenditure are affected by two main channels: income and consumer prices. | sdg1 |
By 2016, a total of 626 000 beneficiaries had contracted savings accounts, and 639 000 had acquired basic credit (CONAIF, 2016). Yet norms and expectations around gender are hard to change. Public opinion about the role of men and women has shifted very slowly over time, especially in emerging and upper-middle income countries (OECD, 2016d). | sdg5 |
G: Girls, B: Boys. Interestingly, all of these practices are more positively associated with girls’ expectations of pursuing a career in science, especially when the questions are related to designing experiments and spending time in the laboratory'. For instance, the odds ratio of expecting to pursue a career in science is 21% higher among girls who reported that they spend time in the laboratory' doing practical experiments in all or most science lessons than among girls who reported that this happened less frequently, the increase among boys was only 11%. For instance, only 5% of girls see themselves as engineers, compared to 12% of boys, and only a handful of girls (less than 1%) expect to work as ICT professionals, compared to 5% of boys. | sdg4 |
Meanwhile, access to infrastructure that is seen as essential for social and human development indicates even larger gaps in most developing regions. Gaps are also huge with respect to basic sanitation facilities, as evident from figure 4.9. This contrasts, quite sharply, with the current approach to infrastructure investment that looks at individual projects on acase-by-case basis to ensure that they are ‘"bankable” (assuring repayment of loans taken for such investment) and requires that all investors in such projects get adequate returns. | sdg9 |
The political and social transformations of 1989 in Poland were primarily related to the profound democratization of the apparatus of public authority, resulting in the almost total abandonment of the unified, centralized structure. In the realm of public administration this process is illustrated by the thorough decentralization of the administrative apparatus. The current model of administration assumes that is it is exercised both by the apparatus of the centralized governmental administration and by a diversified system of independent organs and institutions that perform public tasks vested in them by virtue of law in their own names and on their own accounts. The subject of this paper is the reinstatement of territorial self-government which constituted an integral part of this process. | sdg16 |
This mode is being implemented to reduce congestion and promote healthier living by some cities that are experiencing congested sidewalks and broken bicycles that contribute to unsightly littering. With government support, both are also operating in Singapore. The fastest adopters of this mode of transport are young users. Mobike has 6,000 bicycles and records 20,000 rides a day. | sdg11 |
Throughout this chapter we use the terms “informal,” subsistence,” and “traditional” interchangeably to refer to the same sector of the economy. While GDP may correctly assess the production of a region’s market sector, ignoring the important transfer and traditional components of the Arctic economy will give a false picture of the material well-being of an Arctic region. For the Arctic we need an alternative to GDP as a measure of material well-being: a social indicator that reflects all three sectors of the Arctic economy. | sdg1 |
The notable variability of wildlife and high degree of biological diversity at the species, genetic and ecosystem levels (Bosnia and Herzegovina is among the top five countries in Europe in respect of biodiversity) is a result of this ecological heterogeneity of space, geomorphologic and hydrological diversity, and climate diversity. There are 1,859 species of 217 genera within the group of cyanophyta and algae. On average, 74 per cent of fungi species on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List for Europe can be found in Bosnia and Herzegovina forest ecosystems. | sdg15 |
Fair treatment in sport occurs when there are equitable resources and opportunities for all participants. Sport offers the opportunity to traverse social identities, yet it also can be divisive. In some cases, minority social group members are treated unfairly. In other situations, sport is an avenue to educate people and increase awareness about a wide range of social issues, fight social injustice, and provide humanitarian assistance. We include examples of discrimination in sport as well as when sport transcends bias throughout the chapter. Implications for applied sport psychologists to promote fair and equitable sport also are provided. | sdg16 |
They have engaged with local communities and brought about substantial improvements, especially for children. The goal of CBR is to demystify the rehabilitation process and give responsibility back to the individual, family and community. As can be seen from the above guidance, CBR has taken on the 'social model' and moved away from concepts such as normality and developmental benchmarks when dealing with disabled children. | sdg4 |
From 1970 to 2004, average daily calorie intake per capita has fluctuated in the range of 1 950 to 2 350 kcal. Average intake of calories in 1980 in India was about 63%, and by 2013 it was 73% of OECD levels.4 For protein, intake was 50% of OECD levels in 1980 and 59% by 2013. While some progress is evident over time, the extent of the difference has not changed rapidly. However, there does appear to be an upward trend in this ratio since the middle of the last decade. | sdg2 |
Anyone whose income is less than 50% of the median equivalised income is said to be “at risk of poverty”. The European Union uses a 60% cut-off point (before housing costs),12 while lower thresholds give rise to what is sometimes termed “severe poverty” measures (Brewer et al., A headcount ratio in the late 2000s revealed that 12.8% of the over-65s were poor in the OECD area (Figure 2.8). | sdg1 |
On average across OECD countries, and after accounting for the socio-economic profile of schools, no association can be identified between the percentage of immigrant students attending a school and the likelihood that students attending that school will attain baseline levels of academic proficiency. After accounting for schools’ socio-economic profile, a high concentration of immigrant students was associated with poorer performance in Germany, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland. Slovenia was the only country where students who attend schools where more than one in four students has an immigrant background are less likely to attain baseline levels of proficiency, after accounting for the school’s socio-economic profile. | sdg4 |
The significant increase of large scale land allocations in recent years has led to numerous land conflicts. In fact, the Foreign Investment Law remains quite vague on the activities restricted to foreign investment, stating for example that “agricultural or livestock breeding business requiring a small amount of investment capital” are closed to foreign investment, without specifying the amount of capital. Similarly, activities “detrimental to traditional ethnic cultures and customs” are closed to foreign investment which leaves significant discretion to the MIC to decide if a specific activity may be detrimental. In fact, the law even allows the MIC to allow foreign investment that may have adverse cultural impacts if it considers such investment is in the national interest. | sdg2 |
However, there is a large number of educational programmes whose implementation is not sufficiently co-ordinated and which are likely to involve a great deal of duplication in terms of objectives and allocated resources. The suggested move of some of these equity-related resources to be distributed through needs-based funding formulas (see above) is an opportunity to review the delivery and impact of compensatory educational programmes in view of consolidating them. There is a need to evaluate the use of public resources in education uis-a-uis their impact on educational outcomes. The financial monitoring system remains focused on financial compliance while it needs to evolve into an analysis of education system performance, including in audit exercises (performance audits). This could benefit from the more strategic budget planning suggested above, whereby education targets are established and the monitoring of resource use assesses whether or not the targets were achieved. As a result, the annual reporting of ANEP to parliament about the execution of the education budget should involve evidence of the performance of the education system uis-a-uis established policy objectives and education targets. | sdg4 |
Information on maximal potential consequences of an accident is important as society and individuals are reluctant to accept options bearing potentially large negative outcomes or large uncertainties. Simply multiplying probability by potential outcomes does not address this issue. Some authors and studies have thus applied a risk-aversion factor (larger than one) to low-probability/high-consequence events, but the choice of the coefficient is subjective and controversial. The valuation of this subjective aspect can be appropriately assessed in a multi-criteria analysis: the SECURE project identifies three separate risk indicators to characterise the risk of severe accidents and to be used in a multi-criteria decision analysis framework (Eckle et al., | sdg7 |
While there seems to be agreement about the importance of the role of capable developmental states, it is not clear how such states can emerge in countries that lack them. Grindle (2010) shows that developing countries vary widely with regard to the capability of their states, which range from “very capable” to “failing”. A major challenge before the development community is to find the means through which a “failing” state can change into a “capable” one. | sdg1 |
In other words, the less experienced teacheis assume more of the teaching load. Thus, the value of more experienced teachers is lost. Between 1996 and 2009, net contact time in hours per year decreased more sharply in Greece al all levels than any OECD country and significantly more than in the EU and in OECD countries on average. | sdg4 |
The barriers include high interest rates, collateral requirements, lack of track record and the complex application process.1' In addition, in 127 countries covered by the World Bank data, the law does not prohibit discrimination by creditors on the basis of gender in access to credit. Chapter 4 describes some innovations to overcome this barrier. According to data from 'Women, Business and the Law 2016' (World Bank, 2015), 167 of the 173 countries surveyed mandate paid or unpaid maternity leave. | sdg5 |
Brazil invests much less in maintaining its protected areas than other countries, including Latin American countries and emerging economies (Figure 5.6). The lack of financial resources heavily constrains protected area managers from adequately meeting objectives and from hiring the staff necessary to manage the areas (Section 4.3). The volume of public resources allocated to SNUC is not systematically tracked. | sdg15 |
The expansion of access to Medicare funding can be considered a possible tool to encourage appropriately qualified and trained health practitioners to embrace other roles. For example, pharmacists in areas of need could be eligible to receive Medicare funding to administer vaccines and prescribe limited medications. Such a move should be carefully regulated and done in a fiscally responsible way. | sdg3 |
There has been some limited experience of collective reporting of mobilised climate finance (e.g. OECD, 2015a, which also addressed attribution of mobilised climate finance to different actors, MDBs, 2016). Further work would be needed if collective reporting of climate finance is to be taken forward in the UNFCCC context, as it could entail significant changes in the transparency framework, such as the reporting of information from non-Parties. There is some precedent of communicating climate finance information to the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP) by non-Parties who are operating entities of the UNFCCC’s financial mechanism. The COP could provide relevant guidance regarding the information to be included in future reports, for example on quantifying mobilised climate finance in the context of the UNFCCC, which could increase the utility of such reports. | sdg13 |
Despite their relatively low levels of fish consumption, people in developing countries have a higher share of fish protein in their diets than those in developed countries. The highest per capita fish consumption, over 50 kg, is found in several small island developing States (SIDS), particularly in Oceania, while the lowest levels, just above 2 kg, are in Central Asia and some landlocked countries. Catches in area 31, the Western Central Atlantic, exceeded 1.5 million tonnes in 2016, a level that had not been reached since 2004. However, over one-third of total capture production in area 31 consists of catches by the United States of America of Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), a clupeoid species that is processed into fishmeal and fish oil. | sdg14 |
Editors' introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Public Law. The Cambridge Companion to Public Law examines key themes, debates and issues in contemporary public law. The book identifies and draws out five key themes: the notions of government and the state, the place of the state and public law in the world at large, relationships between institutions and officials within the state, the legitimacy of institutions, and the identity and value of public law in relation to politics. The book presents a contemporary examination, taking account of the substantial changes witnessed in this area in recent decades and of the resulting need to reassess orthodox accounts of the subject. Written by leading authorities drawn from across the common law world, their approach is rigorous, engaging and highly accessible. This Companion acts as both a thoughtful introduction and a collection that consciously moves the discipline forward. | sdg16 |
This was done by comparing the survey entries for income with figures from an estimate of household income and spending taken from each country's System of National Accounts (SNA), prepared for this purpose using official information. In most countries, household income included the imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. The period 2002-2008 was also characterized by a reduction in the total number of poor and indigent persons (41 million and 26 million, respectively). | sdg1 |
Data for countries in the European Statistical System come from the pilot EU Adult Education Survey (AES). The EU AES surveys were carried out between 2005 and 2008 by 29 countries in the EU, EFTA and EU candidate countries. The EU AES is a pilot exercise which proposed a common framework for the first time, including a standard questionnaire, tools and quality reporting (OECD, 2010b). They do not, however, indicate anything about the actual quality of the competences gained by people and therefore about how the qualifications earned contribute to individual wellbeing, e.g. by improving access to the labour market. | sdg4 |
This article discusses and analyses the experience of women involved in a non-government organisation-funded women's empowerment project in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Women involved in the project encounter ideas about community development and urban poverty reduction – in particular, outsider-imposed notions of self-help group formation, women's empowerment, and community solidarity. The article explores the ways in which power dynamics and social structures in this post-conflict setting affect the outcome of women's self-help groups. We argue that for some women, vulnerability and social exclusion are reinforced, because of assumptions that both ‘the community’ and ‘women’ are homogenous groupings. In fact, unequal power and diversity among women can derail ideas of solidarity and shared interests in women's self-help groups. | sdg16 |
In contrast, Austria ranks eight places lower (i.e., more unequal) using the R-squared measure, and Spain, Latvia and Italy fall seven, five and four places respectively-also notably lower than when using the P90-P10 measure. Norway and Spain would respectively rank four and six places higher (more equal) based only on the occupational R-squared than on the overall R-squared. In fact, Norway tops the overall ranking as having the lowest proportion of reading score variance that can be attributed to parental occupation. | sdg4 |
Instead of treating the water in a large storage facility before delivery, it deployed an S&R approach that complied with Arizona State regulations. This approach accomplished more than one goal: (i) it avoided the costs of centralised treatment plants, (ii) it stored water underground for future use, (in) it replenished groundwater already pumped, and (iy) it addressed water management-related objectives. Thus, the S&R approach allowed utilising CAP water, first by storing it underground, mostly in large, shallow spreading basins, where it mixes with groundwater in the aquifer, and then by recovering it for distribution. | sdg6 |
Population development and the changing range of illnesses among the population), is a priority for mental health and addiction as it is for diabetes or COPD. In line with the expectations of the Coordination Reform, municipalities are to take primary responsibility for prevention and early intervention in the course of a disease (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, 2009). “ Prevention” was also included as part of the services that municipalities were expected to deliver in the Escalation Plan. When looking to address mental health, municipalities are in some respects well-placed to lead prevention efforts, given their responsibility for public health, kindergarten and pre-schools, education (up until age 16), for social services, and community services, which are key loci for prevention and early intervention, programmes. | sdg3 |
However, “becoming pregnant while still a teenager may make the (associated) problems worse (to an extent that is still undetermined) but not becoming pregnant will not make them go away.” ( Unicef, 2001: 6). Indeed, recent research suggests that transitioas to young parenthood can be rational for some young people and while teenage parents may be relatively poor it has no impact on young men or women’s psychological well-being (Booth et al., | sdg1 |
These, however, can be complementary. The encouragement of large enterprises and the introduction of capital-intensive techniques in livestock farming are not necessarily inconsistent with measures to integrate smallholdings into the broader agricultural economy. Under the present circumstances, the latter may be seen as a necessary step to promote rural development by a pro-poor strategy and should complement measures aimed at boosting output and export expansion with less emphasis placed on rural employment. | sdg2 |
However, replicating the development path of industrialized countries based almost exclusively on fossil fuels would result in a level of emissions that would preclude reaching meaningful global targets with respect to emissions reductions. Renewable energies could in theory address both issues, allowing developing countries to develop while limiting the growth in emissions from that part of the world. Such causality is best demonstrated at the micro level. There is a wide body of literature showing how access to energy, especially clean cooking energy and electricity, radically improves livelihoods and basic development indicators. | sdg7 |
The physicians selected as the “medecin traitant” receives an additional annual payment for patients diagnosed with an ALD. This payment covers the care co-ordination required to implement specific care protocols. The care protocol of a patient lists all medical and paramedical services required for a comprehensive treatment, and automatically identifies the services for which patients are exempt from co-payment. In nearly all cases, this coordinating role is fulfilled by GPs. | sdg3 |
The eldest woman (older than 18 years) in every eligible household will receive the ration cards for the household. In addition, reforms will be undertaken to make the public distribution system effective and transparent. These measures include the application of modem information and communication technologies and the use of biometric information for eligible households. | sdg2 |
Critical terrorism studies (CTS) claims to engage with Frankfurt School critical theory to provide a critique of terrorism discourse and to develop an emancipatory project. This article argues that CTS makes very little effort to engage with critical theory and instead relies on many of the mistaken ideas of the post-positivist turn in international relations. It also takes an overly discursive approach that fails to properly engage with terrorism as a social relation. This piece suggests how CTS might make more use of a historical materialism approach underpinned by a realist philosophy. | sdg16 |
The NEMURO model (Kishi et al., Other input parameters, such as biomass, catch, production/biomass ratio (P/B), consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B), and diet compositions, are also used for the Ecopath run. Finally, the outputs of the Ecopath run, together with results from ecological process studies and fishery socio-economic analyses, are used for the IFRAME risk assessment. First, scenarios on management options and/or climate changes are selected. | sdg14 |
This objective is pursued in practice through the organization's two main divisions: community development, which attends to strengthening social and human capital and advocacy work, and production promotion, in charge of the work related to forest management and biodiversity. The Forestry Trade Association is a member of the Chamber of Industry and was founded in 1950 as a non-profit organization responsible for promoting the rational use of Guatemala's forestry resources, it also acts as an information centre and provides services to its members. The Association comprises individuals or legal entities and forestry associations from the country's various regions. Its activities include supporting its members, promoting production and exports, technology transfer, and participation in forums and the formulation of laws and regulations applicable to the sector. | sdg15 |
Communities set the tariffs, determine the budget, and introduce changes in the water supply systems (extension, household connections). In the short term, it is expected that the government will further decentralise the rural water supply and sanitation sector. There are already examples of water supply systems which, a year after they have been rehabilitated, are in very poor operating condition with standpipes broken, well doors missing, pumps out of order, etc. Furthermore, the remnants of welfare mentality and the desire to receive services for free are still strong. National regulators can remove regulatory constraints by setting clear rules for water operators, irrespective of ownership. | sdg6 |
First among these are the short-term costs that mitigation measures may impose on economic actors, whether firms or households. Recent evidence shows these costs to vary widely depending on which policy instruments are used, with taxes and emission permits usually resulting in lower abatement costs (OECD, 2013a).2 Reducing these costs further requires that signals and incentives for mitigation be coherent across policy areas, so that one set of policies does not undermine what the other is trying to achieve. In that regard, addressing climate change is as much about introducing new policies as it is about adapting existing ones. | sdg12 |
Through the lens of Guatemala’s Jorge Carpio Nicolle case I analyze the mechanisms that preserve impunity in Latin American nations struggling to emerge from violent conflict and embrace, the rule of law. I reveal how the infective influence of parallel powers, the ineffectiveness of the judicial process, and obstructive legal doctrine destroy domestic efforts to prosecute those responsible for human rights violations. The Carpio case exposes the role of international courts in providing justice when domestic courts fail to do so, and it demonstrates the importance of human rights groups in pursuing this justice. | sdg16 |
These include several groups of halogenated hydrocarbons containing either chlorine or bromine that are used as solvents or refrigerating agents. The Montreal Protocol, which supplements the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, had been ratified by 196 countries by 2011. By the end of 2010, the organization had completed 1,142 projects (worth $533 million in disbursements) phasing out 70,106 tonnes of potential ozone depleting substances. Another 199 projects are being implemented. | sdg7 |
A questionnaire compared occupational situations before and after the recognition of prior learning procedure was undertaken. In the case of employed workers, recognition of prior learning was found to have more of a positive effect within the employing organisation than on external mobility, in respect of promotion and increased job satisfaction. For individuals, the recognition of prior learning makes existing competences transparent to employers or to educational institutions. | sdg4 |
Turkey is a case in point.111 The supply of childcare services shows problems of accessibility and location, high prices and low quality, caused by lack of public provision or subsidies to cover the existing demand.112 For the country’s offer of public childcare services to match OECD average preschool enrolment, Turkey would have to invest 1.36 percent of its GDP annually. Such an investment in early childhood education would create (directly and indirectly) two and a half times the number of jobs (mostly women’s) that a similar demand injection would create if it were channelled (for example) to the construction sector. Almost 80 percent of expenditure would be recovered through increased government revenues, debunking the view that care policies (and social policies in general) only add to the expenditures side of the government budget. The latter channel is more than a linear impact on human capital that automatically feeds into greater future growth. | sdg5 |
The Jerusalem Bird Observatory is the only such centre in the world where the public can view the ringing process. One feature of this work has been co-operation with the Israeli air force. Since 1972, the air force has lost nine fighter aircraft and sustained serious damage to another 30 planes due to collisions with birds. | sdg15 |
The findings are presented in the tables below, occasionally supplemented by additional untabulated (UT) items reported in prose form. Of the remaining 377, 38% were male and 62% female, 49% were from the United Kingdom and 51% from Germany, so the sample was well balanced between the two countries. The higher female response may indicate that the issues were of more interest to women than to men. | sdg5 |
The education system is not adequate, focusing more on theory than practical work. Such gaps are even greater for women in conservative societies, because cultural barriers prevent girls from getting the training they need. Our projects build the skills of women and girls so that they can find alternate economic livelihoods. | sdg9 |
However, these are economic costs, for which provisions exist to be internalised through the funds that are constituted by electricity producers and that are passed on in customer prices and tariffs. The problem for policy making is, of course, that such accidents receive an extraordinary amount of attention from the media and the general public. The greatest number of fatalities is recorded in coal mining and hydroelectricity, two technologies which do not generate widespread public concerns. | sdg7 |
The most deprived and vulnerable are most often excluded from progress and most difficult to reach. They require particular attention not only in order to secure their entitlements, but also as a matter of ensuring the realization of everyone’s rights. The most rapidly and widely ratified of these is the Convention on the Rights of the Child. | sdg3 |
Therefore, detailed studies are needed to complement more general information with a specific focus on care, by type of illness, and to distinguish between the time invested in prevention from time spent on care relating to an illness (Dur^n, 2008b). Good health policies are hard to formulate if the distribution of the workload relating to this type of care is not known. Hence, the information provided by time-use surveys is crucial to the monetary valuation of domestic health services. | sdg5 |
These innovations serve new demands in cities for enhanced services and improved interaction, making it possible to increase real-time insights on traffic and transportation for public authorities. The harmonization of data, which can be supported by UN/CEFACTs work on standardization of information exchanges and data flows, interacting together with blockchain smart contracts to initiate action, could serve for example. Most of the funds go towards supporting several activities linked to reducing air pollution including agriculture, oil, waste, diesel, transport, household energy and local planning. | sdg11 |
Their underlying motivations seem based on the growing understanding that only through development planning will developing countries be able to accelerate growth, develop their productive capacities and achieve greater economic diversification. Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan. Cambodia, Fiji, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Vanuatu, Viet Nam and Timor-Leste. | sdg9 |
The author wishes to thank Fran§oise Benicourt and Theresa Poincet for their help in preparing the document for publication. The author’s gratitude also goes to the following OECD staff members who provided helpful comments and suggestions: Silvia Albrizio, Peter Borkey, Julien Hardelin, Tomasz Kozluk, Jussi Lankoski, S6bastien Miroudot, Andrew Prag, Dorothee Rouzet, Raed Safadi, and Ronald Steenblik. In addition, the analysis greatly benefited from the insights of Grant Ferrier (principal, Environmental Business International Inc.). | sdg6 |
When Thomas Luckmann, a pioneer of the "linguistic turn" in sociology, regarded Emile Durkheim as a source for the sociology of language, he had lifeworldly community-building in mind. However, the French sociologist himself understood language in the context of civil society-building. To Durkheim, language was a "social thing in the highest degree" that enabled general ideas and intermediated them to people. Abstract human ideals like the civil religion since the French Revolution could be shared through (a common) language. Thus, Durkheim took the exclusive use of French in the Third Republic's laic public education for granted, ignoring the patois in the country: This "child of the Enlightenment" considered French to be a universal language of Gesellschaft and, beyond ethno-communal elements, to work as a basis for the organic solidarity of French national civil society where the social division of labor was progressing. Durkheim's theory was predicated on civil-linguistic, not ethnolinguistic, nationalism. | sdg16 |
The legal, regulatory, and policy framework in most countries has yet to catch up with the commitments that most countries have made to the various international treaties and agreements guaranteeing the rights of adolescents and young people (Greene et al., In many countries, the framework has yet to catch up with the realities of adolescents and youth. | sdg5 |
The third graph indicates how the farmer changes the diversification strategy with the intervention price. In fact, the farmer uses a diversification strategy more often as the intervention price increases up to GBP 68 per tonne. More specifically, the farmer increases the proportion of barley production and reduces the wheat production to benefit both from price intervention for these two cereals while diversifying between these two crops. | sdg2 |
This reflects the EECCA region’s large financial needs to replace or rehabilitate aged and inefficient power plants and transmission infrastructure (IEA, 2015). The financing for energy generation and supply sector amounts to more than 40% of the total climate-related development finance committed to the EECCA countries during that period. This figure is significantly larger than the total committed finance to this sector at the global level (27%). Especially for countries at lower levels of economic development, such as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the development of the energy sector is crucial in eradicating poverty and pursuing sustainable development. Further investment in energy infrastructure is also essential to enhance energy security in most of the EECCA countries, especially those that lack large natural resource reserves. | sdg13 |
It´s presented the nuclear proposal disarmament at the light of principles of natural law in International Legal Sistem of Human Rights. It relates the natural law precepts of reason and the common good with the principles of the peaceful resolution of disputes. It´s demonstrated the incongruity of the nuclear weapons argument as a mean of defense. The research is a qualitative bibliography with a doctrinal analysis of international law. It´s concluded that the sovereign´s self-defense with an atomic arsenal violates international treaties, prevents the development of the common good, and is a constant threat to the flourishing of humanity. | sdg16 |
Demand may well be reduced from dietary and conversion efficiency improvements. But no attempt was made to quantify the effect as the Baseline demand is already so small that any adjustment will be negligible compared to the large uncertainties surrounding each of the much larger demand categories. Given the net response of the LPJmL model, this may result in slightly higher demand for irrigation water. | sdg6 |
Equity is measured by the difference in the index of quality of schools’ educational resources between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools. * Korea has a negative value (-0.01), which means that disadvantaged schools receive more resources than the advantaged ones. Source: OECD, (2013a), PISA 2012 Results: What Makes Schools Successful (Volume IV): Resources, Policies and Practices, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201156-en. The gap in tertiary enrolment rates between students from the highest income quartile and those from other quartiles has widened dramatically since 1996, and the gap between young people from the highest and the lowest income quartiles is especially large (Figure 2.16). | sdg4 |
They were more keen to work with parents, partly to show them the results of their children's progress and achievements, and partly to persuade other parents to bring their disabled children to school. There was an increase in the number of disabled children enrolling in pre-school and primary school - from 22 to 44 per cent in aimags where the approach was used. These were based on an inclusive education resource centre established by Save the Children at the Institute of Education, the main pre-service teacher training institution. | sdg4 |
As assessment of national digital strategies made by UNCTAD in 2017 revealed that only half of the assessed strategies that included digital infrastructure objectives addressed investment needs. While most plans acknowledged various sources of finance, including public and private, only a few strategies included an assessment of the amount required (UNCTAD, 2017[i4]). In January 2018, the Broadband Commission extended and updated this list with more ambitious targets for 2025. | sdg9 |
Due to the absence of widely available and economically feasible storage, each electricity system has to maintain a constant balance between supply and demand by adapting the generating power. Load also needs to be adapted to forecasted and unforecasted changes in supply and demand as well as to unexpected faults in the system, such as the unscheduled shutdown of a generating unit or transmission line. Such load following allows the alignment of the overall system supply with daily, weekly and seasonal demand variations. | sdg7 |
The increased volume of final output from this sector also generates employment momentum in the service sector (pink and purple bar). In emerging countries, the service sector may benefit considerably in terms of employment from the expansion of this particular subsector through manufacturing-related services. Thus, the process of 'servicification', where manufacturing-related services gain importance in the industrial sector, creates the necessary demand for a competitive service sector within a given economy (Guerrieri and Meliciani, 2005). | sdg9 |
These are interlinked areas yet, there are power dynamics that can undermine co-operation efforts. For instance, peripheral communes tend to want to retain influence and related to this, tactics may waver from subordination to co-operation with the main city depending on the issues at hand (Box 2.4). Smaller communities may feel like they will be subsumed by urban priorities for growth, and thus seek to maintain independence. | sdg11 |
On 14 February 2002, the International Court of Justice (the Court) delivered its judgment in the case concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000. In this case, the Court had the opportunity to take an authoritative stance on, and to contribute to the development of, two major questions in the field of immunities and jurisdiction of contemporary international law: do Ministers for Foreign Affairs enjoy immunity against prosecution by national courts of another state for crimes under international law, and how far can a state go in granting universal jurisdiction to its domestic courts? | sdg16 |
Primary school enrolment rates were above 80% for all economies in 2011 except Pakistan where only 65% of girls and 70% of boys were enrolled in primary school, compared with 85% of girls and boys in other economies in the Asia/Pacific region (Figure 2.1, Panel B). Increasing access to primary education remains a priority, particularly in rural areas where enrolment rates are lower than in urban areas, and children and teachers often have to walk long distances to get to school. Education policies in OECD countries and many Asia/Pacific economies aspire to have young people complete at least secondary education. In many OECD countries younger women (up to age 25) are now more likely to obtain a tertiary qualification than their male counterparts. | sdg5 |
This experience has generated several positive outcomes for small family farmers (Bioversity International, 2012). Farmers have more than doubled the area devoted to bananas to respond to demand and have adopted more efficient harvest and post-harvest practices. Over 85 percent of producers reported higher incomes and increased consumption, including milk and meat. | sdg2 |
Another factor contributing to a low rate of job creation is the considerable scope that exists for raising output without increasing employment in many countries (i.e. through increases in labour productivity and working time). While increased layoff rates played an important role in raising unemployment during the initial phase of the recession, their importance gradually diminished as the downturn bottomed out and recovery began. This suggests that policy makers concerned with reducing unemployment or limiting its rise should shift their efforts from protecting viable jobs at risk of being terminated towards re-integrating the unemployed into the workforce and encouraging hiring by firms. | sdg8 |
I had completed 10 years of schooling, so I joined high school, which I have completed successfully. I am positive that with my work experience and qualification I can get a good job and provide a good future to my children.” As noted above, a symbolic capital of honour39 is attached to household ability to control women’s mobility: the higher the status of the household, the less the freedom to leave it and be seen outside alone. In Nepal, things are changing fast and women have always been involved in agriculture at the farmhouse level. | sdg5 |
But the first step is the need to acknowledge that there might in fact be a problem and that the VET system needs to take responsibility for addressing it. Interviews conducted during the visits suggested that even this first step may be a challenge. Because most young people in these countries leave full-time schooling after only nine or ten years, part-time vocational schools have a special responsibility to provide continuing general education alongside the more occupationally-specific education that is their main focus. In Germany dual system students receive only 160 hours annually of general education, and that time is divided among the subjects German, English, sports, and economics or social science. By contrast, Danish dual system students spend between 30% and 50% of their time in vocational school. This raises the larger question of how to ensure that the broader purposes of schooling are respected in a system principally focused on preparing young people for work. | sdg4 |
Grassroots involvement: the product was developed by an uneducated worker. While they are undertaken by the poor, they can be supported by other actors in the innovation system, including universities, non-govemmental organisations (NGOs) and private firms. Examples of grassroots innovations include the well-known Honey Bee Network (Table 1.1 and Box 3.6) and the sanitary napkin-making machine. | sdg9 |
It was revolutionary of course, but when I came face-to-face with a 1450s Gutenberg bible, with its twin black columns of dense Latin text, I realised that there was another story to tell: the story of humble paper. Paper is nothing special, except that it is far cheaper than animal-skin parchment. It's so cheap that we now use it to wipe our backsides. The cell phone is one, the computer is another. | sdg9 |
In the absence of waste regulations and their rigorous implementation and enforcement, a generator of waste will tend to opt for the cheapest available course of action. For example, household solid waste may be dumped in the street, on vacant land, or into drains, streams or other watercourses, or it may be burned to lessen the nuisance of accumulated piles of waste. The uncontrolled burning of waste creates particulate and persistent organic pollutant emissions that are highly damaging locally and globally. Accumulated waste and blocked drains encourage vectors to breed, resulting in the spread of cholera, dengue fever and other infectious diseases and are a major contributing factor to flooding. | sdg12 |
A full educational infrastructure or ecosystem must be available to support the improvement of teaching practices. Teachers need resources (rubrics, lesson plans, examples), new knowledge, colleagues to talk to, experts giving them feedback, space for reflection, support from their hierarchy, opportunities to try these new teaching approaches with their students, etc. Those professional development plans took many forms, depending on the teaching standards, beliefs of the teachers, and support of school and systems leaders, but most included three key elements: training sessions, individual follow-up with teachers and opportunities for peer learning (see Chapter 5). | sdg4 |
Similar examples can be found in the MENA region where there is a large gap between when the extension of male and female suffrage occurred, as in the case of Saudi Arabia. The variables are discussed in the following order: life expectancy, sex ratios, marriage age ratios, educational attainment and then the composite indicator. This is visible both from the individual country trends and the overall world average. | sdg5 |
This chapter explores the theoretical critiques that environmental politics attracted since the 1990s onward. Among them, building upon political ecology critique, post-environmentalist theory gained a prominent role and claimed that green diplomacy, business, and large NGOs determined a de-politicization of environmental issues in the pursuit of establishing a widespread consensus on the mainstream strategies for global environmental governance. The origins and development of post-environmentalism are described in the chapter, with particular attention devoted to the differences between the realist perspective of US scholars (most notably Michel Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, authors of the pamphlet “The Death of Environmentalism”) and the European scholars, advancing a constructivist interpretation of the end of environmentalism under the name of post-ecologism. | sdg16 |
The idea of biodiversity mainstreaming originates from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), of which 196 countries are Parties. Unemployment and inequality are high, with over 40% of the working age population in long-term unemployment. Life expectancy is two-thirds the OECD average (OECD, 2013). | sdg15 |
These policy initiatives are not equally relevant in all parts of the world and additional analysis will be necessary to tailor policy packages that best meet the specific needs of each country. Data for Argentina should be interpreted with caution due to the state of emergency in the national statistical system declared by the government of Argentina on 7 January 2016 (www.boletino/icial.gob.ar/pd//linfeQR/QIFISld)nVmpOWXMrdTVReEh2Zl,U0dz09). The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), published by the OECD Development Centre, is a multi-dimensional index that combines quantitative and qualitative data to capture both de jure and de facto gender discrimination in social institutions, through information on laws, attitudes and practices (for additional information, see ivunu.genderindex.org). The average rate of change in OECD countries would be even lower if one did not include the fast-changing Latin American countries that are also OECD members (Chile and Mexico). | sdg5 |
It could introduce drastic changes, such as splitting up some councils. The commission radically reformed the structure and functions of local governments. For this purpose, it relied on a set of “principles” enshrined in the Government Economic Statement (1987) and sent to local authorities for information and consultation. The previous 200 local authorities were replaced by 12 regional councils and 75 city and district councils (currently 11 regions and 67 city and district councils). | sdg11 |
Subsets and Splits