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In its 2015 report, the OECD noted that ASEAN can draw on vast strengths and play an increasingly important role on the global stage. The five largest economies in South-East Asia all feature in the top half of its rankings, with improvements in ranking compared to the previous year: Malaysia (+4 places), Thailand (+6), Indonesia (+4), the Philippines (+7), and Viet Nam (+2). Nevertheless, as indicated in Table 3, there are large differences between countries.28 ASEAN economic integration will thus affect countries differently, and will have distinct impacts for women entrepreneurs in each country. | sdg5 |
Panel B: the bars and left axis show that the region's investment in renewable energy {combined light green, purple and red bars) has steadily increased to reach $171 billion in 2015. The dark blue line and right axis show that the region now accounts for half of the world's investment in renewable energy, such as solar and wind. This is because, without consistent increases in real wages backed by rising productivity, such growth can lead to debt accumulation and entail financial vulnerability. Robust investment is critical for sustained income growth, on which consumption ultimately depends. Thus, having a balanced aggregate demand mix is important, and some progress seems to be taking place. In South Asia, where the nominal share of investment is relatively low, investment growth is projected to outpace private consumption growth in the coming years, while in East Asia, particularly in China, where investment rates are relatively high, private consumption growth is projected to outpace investment growth (World Bank, 2018a). | sdg8 |
For further details, see www.ipeadata.gov.br. In other words, 39.92% of the Brazilian population was below the poverty line used in this study, while 17.76% of these people were living in extreme poverty. The lowest amount to be registered, 160.13 reais, was for Piaui in 1983, while the highest, 1,266.63 reais was for Sao Paulo in 2012. | sdg1 |
ABSTRACTWithin the context of Arctic geopolitics, the article focuses on British policies toward Spitsbergen or Svalbard over the past century. The 1920 Spitsbergen Treaty accorded Norway sovereignty over the archipelago, but it gave other signatories, including Britain, non-discriminatory access to its natural resources. It is argued that while geopolitical interests have played a role in Britain's policy-making, its main rationale has been a determination to use international law to protect pre-existing mining rights and potential future oil rights in the Svalbard area. Apart from Russia, Britain has been most active in challenging Norway's interpretation of its sovereign rights, especially the view about the treaty's non-applicability to Exclusive Economic Zones and continental shelves. It is shown that the Britain's economic focus was tempered during the Cold War by the need for Western solidarity and for supporting Norway's resistance to Soviet Spitsbergen claims. But having been instrumental in wate... | sdg16 |
Welfare states may also experience the financial burden of supporting individuals who are constantly cycling in and out of low-paid work. Such costs to the state can be related to unemployment benefits and other out of work cash transfers and any in-work cash transfers intended to supplement the income of low-paid workers from low-income households (Thompson, 2015).To reduce the number of working poor, as well as to cut down on public expenditure costs in the long run, governments should look towards policy solutions that improve job security and increase the wages of low-paid-workers (Europa, 2013). According to a working paper on the relationship between age and skills using data from the Survey of Adult Skills (Paccagnella, 2016), a negative relationship between literacy and age exists. Literacy declines with age, especially after age 45. In Denmark, Ireland, Norway and Sweden, literacy proficiency falls substantially with age. Adults aged 55 to 64 have 18% to 23% lower literacy proficiency than 25-34 year-olds, even after various socio-economic and demographic factors are taken into account. | sdg4 |
Cases such as blockchain-based financing platforms, carbon emissions markets, effective contract management and a concept for global action and infrastructure monitoring are expected to address some of the key challenges facing sustainable infrastructure investment, and can have a high impact on the fulfilment of investment objectives. The relevant stakeholders on intergovernmental, supranational, national, business and private consumer levels prospectively hold different roles and responsibilities in initiating, developing, and provisioning such blockchain systems. Initially, the overall concept and envisioned application with its main functionalities are outlined. | sdg9 |
As we have discussed above, the net effect of all of these changes is an unambiguous increase in inequality from 1996 to 2001. A lower poverty line of $2 per day (R91 per person per month in 1996 purchasing power parity terms) and an upper poverty line of R250 per person per month (in 1996 Rands) are used to show that the leftward shift of incomes in the middle and lower-middle areas of the 2001 distribution is indeed a reflection of a slight but unambiguous increase in measured poverty between 1996 and 2001. The poverty rankings by race are completely robust. At any poverty line, Africans are very much poorer than Coloureds, who are very much poorer than Indians/Asians, who are poorer than whites. | sdg10 |
Based on this set of indicators, 28 county level, outcome-based indicators were identified. Through stakeholder consultation, this number was subsequently reduced to 10. The objective of these indicators is to measure the effectiveness of national initiatives to build institutional adaptive capacity at the county level. Although most of the actions in the NCCAP will take place at the national level, it is desirable to measure institutional adaptive capacity at the county level since that is where adaptive capacity translates into practical benefits for the people of Kenya. | sdg13 |
For example, Spilimbergo (2009) describes how student migration towards democratic countries promotes democracy at home. However, the role of migration as an agent of change for gender discrimination has been neglected by the economic literature. Lodigiani and Salomone (2012) investigate the linkage between transfers of norms through migration and women's political empowerment. | sdg5 |
There is an opportunity for the OECD to draw from this comparative analysis to develop and implement an international decision-support platform for health expenditure forecasting. Benefiting from the lessons learned from model development in member countries, and building from OECD experience in model development, including the recent CDP model that supported the Fit not Fat report, this platform could be designed to address pressing policy questions and to provide a tool for testing the impact of reforms and comparing results. Critical Review of Stochastic Simulation Literature and Applications for Health Actuaries. New Considerations on the Empirical Analysis of Health Expenditures in Canada: 1966-1998. Health Canada Working Paper 02-06. Ottawa: Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer. | sdg3 |
Both directions promise considerable added value at the technical level and synergies with trends towards stronger participation by Turkmenistan in international processes, There have been proposals to develop a regional ecological network that includes and builds on national PA systems, including that of Turkmenistan. Most of these challenges require strong cooperation among Caspian littoral States. By joining the Tehran Convention and actively participating in CEP, Turkmenistan has taken important steps in this direction. | sdg15 |
Market development has gone through a trial-and-er-ror approach that included a government decision in 2000 to build 49 power plants with a total capacity of 14,000 MW. This belated and unrealistic decision was taken when the risk of a power shortage had become acute. That plan was dissociated from the existing hydro system, and was eventually dropped, but not before a number of plants had been built, including several open-cycle inefficient plants. | sdg7 |
The first thing that can be noted there is the inclusion of unpaid work. This encompasses all activities carried out by households to ensure the reproduction of their members, including the specific work of care (of dependents, including children and the elderly and infirm, but also people capable of looking after themselves, such as spouses) and domestic work (home maintenance, cleaning, administration of the home, repair of installations, etc.). Links to the external sector are also excluded, given that the objective is to situate the reproduction process in relation to that of production and not to carry out a complex analysis of the workings of the economic system. | sdg5 |
The measures need to be selected based on evidence of the results they can be expected to produce. Detailed ex-ante assessment is employed in countries at the leading edge of achievement. In the United Kingdom, for example, targets for specific users or types of crash are based on ex-ante assessments. In the Netherlands, overall targets for reducing deaths and serious injuries are tightened periodically and the accompanying measures modelled to assess whether they will deliver the improvement required to meet the new target. | sdg11 |
The governing body of these groundwater councils is comprised of 12 representatives, 3 from each sector (agriculture, domestic, industrial and tourism). It is supported by a technical taskforce and a consultative taskforce for the design of plans and projects. The structure of the groundwater councils in Guanajuato includes civil society, users from each of the main sectoral activities, technical experts and the financial, technical, legal and political support from the government. | sdg6 |
The focus of this paper is to discuss issues related to social injustice. Following a discussion on social justice and poverty and the connection between poverty and health, four areas are discussed. They are as follows: (1) individual change versus social change (public health and economic policy, food subsidies, recreational facilities, and access to primary care), (2) public health approaches to promoting social justice (three models: locality development, technical, and social action), (3) ethical issues in public health practice, and (4) public health and education: missed opportunities for collaboration. There is a need for greater collaboration between public health and education and other factions. We all share similar goals. However, as our efforts tend to be duplicative and scattered, the end results are less than what could be accomplished in moving toward a more socially just society. | sdg16 |
Since the United States Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, the public's support for the judicial system looms as an especially important concern. Although studies have confirmed that the Supreme Court's reservoir of public goodwill has remained largely intact following the politically divisive decision, the status of public support for other American courts has received little attention. This reflects a broader trend in judicial politics scholarship toward placing inordinate attention on explaining public support for the U.S. Supreme Court while largely ignoring the courts where most of the policymaking in the nation occurs—state courts. We use a national survey to assess the factors influencing diffuse support for state courts. We find that although many considerations affecting diffuse support for state courts parallel the determinants of such support for the nation's high Court, important differences exist between explanations of citizen support for state courts and the Supreme Court. Most notab... | sdg16 |
On the other hand, Argentina (the second most successful country in reducing child poverty) saw the fertility rate for the youngest poor mothers decline less than for all mothers. In Panama, which ranked fourth in reducing child poverty, the fertility rate among poor mothers rose, this was the only case among 16 countries. For the countries that were least successful at decreasing the child poverty rate (Colombia, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico and Paraguay), the simple average decrease was 27%. These calculations did not include Panama among the countries with the largest drops in the child poverty rate because the fertility rate among poor mothers aged 15-24 in Panama increased. | sdg1 |
The site provides instructions on how to set up and maintain such Geo-DRM portals, perform geospatial analysis and flood risk modelling. It also offers information on other disaster-related GIS skills and techniques (http://drmlearning.unescap.org/). They include those developed by: the Indian Space Research Organisation (http:// bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in), the Pacific Disaster Center (http://www.pdc.org), the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (http:// geoportal.icimod.org), the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (http://www.gdacs. | sdg13 |
This proportion is now lower than in most other EU countries and the EU average (25%). A large difference exists between girls and boys, with only 9% of 15-year-old girls reporting doing physical activity each day, compared to 17% of 15-year-old boys. Based on self-reported data (which underestimate the true prevalence of obesity), one in seven adults (14%) were obese in 2013, up from one in eight (12%) in 2001.6 This rate nonetheless remains lower than in most other EU countries (the EU average was 16% in 2014). Also based on self-reported data, one in six (16%) 15-year-olds were overweight or obese in 2013-14, up from one in nine (11%) in 2001-02. | sdg3 |
The size of adjacent higher-income groups can help develop opportunities for cross-financing models, whereby the poorest pay a very low price, which is compensated by the higher price paid by the moderately poor of marginally higher income. Based on a common threshold of constant 2005 USD 5 per day at purchasing power parity (PPP), 90% of Indonesia’s population and 96% of India’s population is poor, compared with 68% in China, 49% in Colombia and 62% in South Africa. Extreme poverty affects a large share of the population in each of the five countries and is particularly prevalent in India, Indonesia and South Africa. Poverty touches mostly rural populations in India (71%) and China (73%). In Indonesia, virtually half of the poor (52%) are urban dwellers, the other half live in rural areas. | sdg9 |
Self-employed women frequently earn 30 to 40% less than their male counterparts. Two key differences between male and female entrepreneurs help explain these relatively low returns: women start their enterprises with limited management experience and devote much less time to their businesses than men. There is a clear need to provide more and better information about entrepreneurship as an attractive career option, both for young women in school and for women outside the labour force who are considering starting or getting back into work. | sdg5 |
In general, recent tests and exercises have been successful and shown that the regional system performs well but have not been linked effectively with local-level drills and exercises. At the 2014 region-wide exercise (IOWave14) only three out of 24 participating countries (India, the Seychelles and Timor-Leste) conducted public evacuation drills. As a result, the ability of the regional warning system to trigger local life-saving action was not fully tested. The 10th Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the IOTWS in 2015 recommended future region-wide exercises to make such public evacuation drills a priority. | sdg13 |
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Immigration Policing in Gauteng, Forced Migration Studies Programme, Johannesburg. Following the sections on the volume and nature of employment, the chapter examines occupational change using a demographic decomposition method. Comparisons are also made between the human capital of native-born and immigrant workers, including with regard to skills mismatch. Although new legislation was introduced in the early 2000s, there was also a continuation of past migration policies focusing on security issues. | sdg8 |
The property rights issue is central in this respect. This raises questions as to future sources of finance and asset management. Securing financial and investment assets may require water user groups to seek private-public partnerships to raise capital and develop skills in long term asset management for infrastructure renewal. This is because there remain many impediments to water market formation related to, for example, issues of equity, incomplete science, specific quantity-related property rights, high transaction costs in creating water markets, and the historical allocation of water. In addressing these issues a different mix of policies may be appropriate, such as the use of well-targeted payments where farmers provide a clearly-defined and verifiable public good or service, such as wetland conservation areas. A few countries, however, are using water markets to meet consumptive (address the scarcity value of water) and environmental objectives. | sdg6 |
The ITP approach is to scan the trade and development landscape for areas where orthodox approaches are ineffective or where there are public policy failures or gaps, and to seek heterodox approaches to address those. Its work plan is flexible to enable quick response to emerging issues in the international trading environment that impact particularly on highly vulnerable Commonwealth constituencies - least developed countries (LDCs), small states and sub-Saharan Africa. | sdg13 |
Therefore, high-quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) can result in better outcomes in subsequent stages of life. For instance, the number of years spent in ECEC is a strong predictor of level ofperformance in and out of schools reached at later stages. In the same vein, children with an immigrant background and more globally disadvantaged children can benefit the most of attending high-quality ECEC. However, the benefits of ECEC attendance are not limited to learning outcomes. | sdg4 |
Providing safe transport system is an objective for sustainable transport, because risk of injuries and deaths from traffic crashes has become a major public health concern worldwide (WHO, 2011)1' At the same time safety of pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users also has an impact on the choice of these modes. Risk to pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users can be reduced by appropriate street designs and neighbourhood environment. Safer pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure results in increased use of these environment friendly modes (Tiwari & Jain, 2012)2. | sdg11 |
This might be due to the fact that families moving to neighbourhoods that are drastically different than their original location have a lower probability of integrating successfully and remaining in that new location. Direct support generally consists of transfers from the central government to municipalities, who own the social rental housing stock.5 City governments therefore have a central role to play in realising the potential benefits of social rental housing for improving the well-being and opportunities of all residents. National legal frameworks sometimes impose a minimum target of social housing on local authorities. However, the law also allows municipalities to pay a fine rather than comply with this rule, revenues collected from these fines are redistributed to municipalities that have high proportions of social housing. | sdg11 |
Such work may provide evidence-based inputs into lender views of w'hat constitutes a “good” asset. This work would be of particular relevance for SMEs which are less likely to use formal intellectual property rights than large companies. Many of these assets are rendered in software, which enjoys automatic copyright protection, but may not be patentable. A difficulty w ith the use of copyright-protected assets is that they do not require registration, and only a few countries (such as the United States) offer an “official” voluntary service to record them. Providing effective ways to confirm the existence and ownership of these assets could be a significant finance enabler, especially for SMEs which face more challenges in managing their intangible assets and are more reliant on these assets to secure external financing at the same time. | sdg8 |
Currently various international treaties require contracting States to disseminate the text of international conventions and to promote public education concerning relevant issues of international law. In this regard, the teaching of international law has an important contribution to make in effectuating the treaty obligation. At the same time, the teaching of international law may contribute to promote public awareness for monitoring the compliance with treaties by government. Thus this study will explore the role of international legal education in effectuating the obligation to disseminate the text of relevant treaties and to promote public education concerning international law. | sdg16 |
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. In turn, effective appraisal and feedback for teachers is essential to increase the focus on teaching quality and teachers ’ professional learning. Teacher appraisal can also support the effective organisation of schools by allowing teachers to progress in their career and take on new roles and responsibilities based on a solid evaluation of their performance. This chapter describes the approaches that countries take to appraise individual teachers. | sdg4 |
In 2015, a new Ethics Code was introduced to deal with conflicts of interest. This set up a new position, the “ethics commissioner”, for civil servants to consult on ethical issues.19 The National Bureau of Anti-Corruption was established in the Ministry of the Civil Service with the functions of prevention, detection, suppression and investigation of corruption offences. Janenova (2016) points out the need for a cultural change in government and of a renewal of ethical and moral values of civil servants, to be able to create a professional civil service. | sdg11 |
Capturing these broader benefits in concrete terms can also build a case for more ambitious, scaled-up actions. This includes issues such as reducing disproportionate social and environmental impacts on women or indigenous populations. For instance, many institutions include guidance to disaggregate results by gender or impacts on indigenous peoples, where appropriate (UK, 2013, Mulenga, 2013, CIF, 2011, 2012a, 2012c, GEF, 2012). | sdg13 |
All of this works against overcoming the poverty threshold (Rodriguez, 2006). Poor children develop at a disadvantage in terms of nutrition, health and access to the education system. This erodes their accumulation of human capital and funnels them into precarious jobs that are more poorly paid and generate less household income, thus contributing to the reproduction of poverty in the long run (Paz and others, 2004). This is in keeping with the behaviour of factors linked to the demographic transition (ECLAC, 2004). | sdg1 |
That emotional, physical and sexual abuse occurred in boarding schools, as well as punishment for speaking their languages and practicing their cultures has been well documented, has been acknowledged and has tarnished the human rights record of Canada and the United States. The effects of boarding schools on generations of indigenous peoples, including generations still living and future generations, cuts deep in indigenous communities throughout the United States and Canada, where many believe are the root cause of pervasive social problems such as alcoholism and sexual abuse and the widespread loss of indigenous languages. Negative memories of this institutionalization are thought to have created a social climate of distrust of other government-funded institutions such as hospitals and clinics, resulting in avoidance until an illness is advanced. | sdg3 |
Responses to such requests and complaints must be provided within 30 and 14 days, respectively. For instance, in 2016, a number of suggestions were received from the public on how to improve environmental protection from mining and exploration activities and from illegal logging. There is an annual review assessing how' the petitions are handled. The Law also provides for discounts and waivers that shall be approved by the Government. | sdg4 |
As reported in OECD (2015b) plans could shift from a “programme” approach, which always requires someone else to implement, to a “target” approach. An example would be to define water quality targets, limits in water consumption and pollution loads, and standards for water use efficiency to be reflected into water permit systems. Targets not met could then be subject to sanctions. | sdg6 |
Background: The ecology of physical education is created through the interaction of three task systems: managerial task system, instructional task system, and the student social system. Within the ecological framework tasks are presented and task development is influenced by concepts such as ambiguity, risk, and accountability. Teachers' and students' perceptions of assessment tasks have been examined to some extent in physical education, however, they have not been investigated through an ecological lens. Purpose of study: The purpose of this study was to examine middle school students' and their teacher's perceptions of assessment through an ecological lens in order to investigate how assessment influenced both the teacher's and the students' agenda in the classroom. Setting: The research took place in a suburban middle school located in the western part of Massachusetts. Participants: Participants were an intact class of 36 seventh-grade students and their teacher. Research design: Qualitative case stu... | sdg16 |
The standards were set up by the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC) to drive care of a uniformly high quality across the country. They are applied to all hospitals (private and public, across all states), covering ten priority areas including quality governance, hospital-acquired infection, medication safety and clinical handover (see Box 2.5 for further detail). There has been broad agreement from stakeholders that the new standards are a positive move forward, promoting greater clinical involvement and more directly addressing specific quality issues than other standards. | sdg3 |
Abstract This article engages with concerns in feminist scholarship about a decline of feminist influence in contemporary efforts to prevent, challenge and mitigate the harms of sexual violence. A key focus of these concerns has centred on co-option into the conservative regulatory apparatus of the state and concomitant depoliticisation of an issue that was a key mobilising force of the second-wave women's movement. Drawing on empirical research from a study undertaken in a local Australian field of sexual assault service provision, I argue that the narrative of feminist decline in the sector is oversimplified, rather, I have found that there is an almost naturalised relationship between feminism and the field of sexual assault service provision. In this article, I explore the core feminist epistemologies that are embedded in the structure of sexual assault services and enacted through worker practices. | sdg16 |
Large and small players alike benefit from working together. They get involved in coaching and mentoring, and discover new ways of looking at things, they develop the destination as a whole and learn to take better care of the visitors they share. All surveys indicate that a visitor who feels at home in a destination is considerably more likely to choose the same destination again and even become an ambassador for the destination. | sdg8 |
This appears to have generated positive economic responses in the form of increased ‘value per drop’ through more efficient technologies and a shift to higher value crops (Bjomlund and McKay 2002). The first thing to note is the predominance of agricultural conservation measures at the lower end of this cost curve. Indeed, one-third of the projected deficit in 2030 comprises ‘no regrets’ policies - changes in behaviour which will actually save money! | sdg6 |
Over the past twenty-five years, the UK government has implemented reforms in doctoral level provision, led by the Research Councils and especially the Economic and Social Research Council. These have emphasised training in research methodology and also, recently, other employment-related skills. This article considers the drivers of these initiatives (demands for accountability and ‘new public management’) and some of their consequences (including the steering of research in particular directions and a neglect of the scholarship produced and also doctoral studies as a form of lifelong learning). It also examines some of the universities' responses in the form of diversification of doctoral studies, the institution of graduate schools, and the establishment of a National Council for Graduate Education. Throughout these reforms, the diversity of doctoral students and their concerns have largely been neglected. | sdg16 |
Delivering on Sustainable Infrastructure for Better Development and Better Climate. Infrastructure for development: Meeting the challenge. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment in collaboration with G-24 Inter-Governmental Group of Twenty Four. | sdg9 |
Instead, it fosters the establishment and implementation of such agreements, as well as their further development. The Convention establishes principles and rules that form the basis for countries working together to protect and sustainably use their shared freshwater resources. Such measures include undertaking environmental impact assessments and other means of assessment, preventing and reducing pollution at its source, licensing and monitoring wastewater discharges and developing and applying best environmental practices to reduce inputs of nutrients and hazardous substances from agriculture and other diffuse sources. Parties are obligated to use water resources sustainably, taking into account the ecosystem approach. | sdg6 |
In other words, the poor are not considered as needy people who must be helped with a set of goods and services, but as citizens who have the right to demand those things from society. Thus, the State becomes the guarantor of the enjoyment of those rights. As is pointed out in a recent report of the Human Rights Council (United Nations, 2009, p.7), cash transfer programmes “have the potential to assist in the realization of the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food, clothing and housing”, although they should be seen as a component of social welfare policies and should be integrated within broader social protection systems. | sdg10 |
Cultural and other factors affect the willingness of employers and employees to try FWAs. Company cultures may also affect these attitudes (Komarraju, 2006). Trust between employers and employees is critical to the success of FWAs, with traditional forms of oversight augmented or replaced by output-based evaluations of performance. In some countries, the private sector (and multinational firms in particular) has taken the lead on the issue. | sdg11 |
Nowadays the process of collecting and exchanging the information and data is moving very fast, in particular due to the fact that for each subject area related to biodiversity a database has been established. Several respondents to the UNEP Survey 2014 reported that their country had a general Convention Committee as a coordination mechanism for NFPs. One respondent highlighted that all NFPs related to biodiversity are members of the national advisory bodies of the other conventions (National Ramsar Convention Committee, National Biodiversity Committee, National Biosafety Committee, and the National Committee on Plant Genetic Resources etc). | sdg15 |
In Sweden, some county councils placed restrictions preventing any kind of direct contact between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry (Moise and Docteur, 2007). Rather than taking such an extreme measure, restrictions such as allowing only group visits would preserve the educational value of the visits of sales representatives and could reduce the likelihood of undue influence of the pharmaceutical industry through this channel. This approach could also underpin the prioritisation process. It was seen as an important step to make health care provision more equitable, increase the quality of care and improve the efficiency of health care delivery. | sdg3 |
In the field of environmental and ethical-social accountability models present in Italy, it is possible to distinguish between process standards (SA 8000, Accountability model 1000, Q-RES project, Copenhagen Charter) and product standards (Bagnoli 2010). The latter include the GRI model, the GBS model, which is the subject of this chapter, the unified standard ABI/IBS, the Federcasse model, and the Italian Ministry of Labor and Social Policy (CSR-SC Project 2003) (see Baldarelli 2007, Biglietti 2004). The management systems are placed alongside the accountability models and integrated reporting models (see Chap. 3). | sdg16 |
The countries in Central Asia all have social protection systems in place, though the relevance, focus and mix of instruments varies. It provides a forum for the assessment of development risks (especially around the interplay of vulnerability to natural disasters with potential political conflict, with respect to water, energy and ethnicity) and for improving coordination around the development/humanitarian nexus. This paper aims to contribute to the discussion on social policy effectiveness, particularly in terms of mitigating the impact of high food and energy prices on vulnerable households. | sdg1 |
But even in the case of these programmes, sanctions are rarely enforced. Monitoring and enforcement of sanctions increase the cost of the programme and can have adverse effects on participation in the programmes for the poorest individuals, in particular for those in poor remote areas, for whom transportation cost can be high. Interestingly, there is evidence that mild verification and less-than-perfect enforcement could still work as even the announcement of conditionalities in a CT programme may induce participants to comply (Grosh et al, 2008). | sdg10 |
In some ways, food aid is an outmoded form of assistance, and it is surprising to see diat the region still receives more dian 2 million tons per year. Most of diis continues to be shipped long distances, which can be slow and inefficient, and may not deliver food that is culturally appropriate (FAO 2006). Such transfers not only give recipients greater freedom regarding how to use the money, but the transfers offer greater benefits than even locally-sourced food in stimulating the local economy through multiplier effects. | sdg2 |
Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (hereinafter, “PLHIV”) face barriers at each stage of the criminal justice process, including prosecution for non-disclosure of HIV status. Justice institutions reinforce the stigma of HIV, which has perverse consequences for HIV prevention and treatment services. This article takes a critical criminological approach to “HIV criminalization,” using the frames of queer criminology and epidemiological criminology to analyze both the punishment of “deviant” sex and the public health consequences of HIV stigma. Finally, this article offers a comprehensive consideration of the criminal justice barriers that PLHIV face in light of current criminological research, providing both mainstream and critical criminologists new insights into the social construction of deviance, legitimacy of institutions, definition of victims, and purposes of punishment. | sdg16 |
These agreements only focus on the benefits of energy resources exchange and do not look at the long-term balanced use of water. This can cause early drawdown of the Toktogul Reservoir and huge losses in both the pow'er and water sectors of the republics. Further, 3 767 houses with yards have been moved from the area of flooding. | sdg6 |
This initiative was the first in the country to be managed by a local government. The number of C02 certification certificates issued has risen year on year from 3 in 2007, to 20 in 2008, to 28 in 2009. The first initiative under this system was the establishment of a wood-based biomass mixed incinerator facility at the Sumitomo Osaka Cement Company, Kochi Plant (in Suzaki). | sdg15 |
To shed light on the relative importance of these two factors, they will be discussed separately as far as possible. A number of measurement choices are crucial for the interpretation of results. Some of them are dictated by data availability, while others are a reflection of the purpose of the study at hand. The purpose in this paper is to isolate the direct impact of government redistribution policies on income inequalities among non-elderly households. | sdg10 |
The provision of a performance guarantee can be also be insured by a commercial reinsurance company to provide solar plant operators and investors with greater planning security, which will give investors, including institutional investors, more confidence about revenue derived from projects (Munich RE, 2010). In the case of sustainable energy projects, surety bonds are useful to ensure project completion if a contractor defaults. Project contractors purchase these surety bonds from surety companies which assume liability for nonperformance. | sdg7 |
At the state level, women held an average of 25.6% of seats in the unicameral congresses in 2013, which rose to 38% in 2016. Quotas are also symbolically important in that they help alter negative perceptions of women in power and increase their electability. In bodies which have not taken special temporary measures or affirmative action - which include the executive, the 13 state governments still to adopt parity requirements in their municipal councils, and the judiciary- wide gender gaps persist in women’s representation. | sdg5 |
The slowdown of the growth of the trade volumes could already be observed in 2007, with an annual growth rate of 7.2% for total world trade transactions in goods and services, less than the 9.2% growth rate recorded in 2006 (figure 2). This decline corresponds to reduced export volumes of -12.5% and -11.7%, respectively for advanced economies, and emerging and developing economies, in 2009. The growth rate of world trade volumes could become positive in 2010 according to these same projections, to reach 5.8%, 5.9% and 5.4% in 2010 and 6.3%, 5.6% and 7.8% in 2011, respectively for the total volume of world trade, exports for advanced economies and exports for emerging and developing economies. | sdg1 |
For example, the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” in the North Pacific Ocean accumulates a huge amount of litter, covering a surface estimated to be at least equal to the size of Texas. The coasts are popular tourist destinations with numerous opportunities for recreation and relaxation. Recreational fisheries are an important economic activity for many local communities. | sdg14 |
Further, despite support for agricultural modernisation and economic diversification, the transformation of rural areas has proceeded slowly in many cases. Rural residents account for a large share of the population (approximately 40%) and the well-being of rural residents is critical to the growth and prosperity of the country. Poverty is the highest in rural areas and the highest among agricultural households and as such, there is a clear need for rural policies to support economic diversification and employment in order to help raise rural dwellers’ quality of life. Further, Poland has a polycentric settlement pattern with small and medium-sized cities dispersed throughout its territory. | sdg9 |
Attention should be paid to addressing the concerns expressed in the global staff surveys and the gaps between men’s and women’s positive experiences with respect to empowerment, professional growth, openness, fairness, respect, work-life balance and office management. Online training courses should be independently assessed to determine whether they are useful and should be continued. In addition, the mentorship programming implemented in the regional bureaux for Africa and Asia and the Pacific and the leadership programmes being made available are examples of targeted investments with coaching and benchmarks. The efficacy and impact of these recent initiatives should be carefully tracked, assessed and reported to the GSIC. | sdg5 |
As discussed above, there are wide variations in the size, mix and progressivity of both taxes levied on and cash transfers paid to households. Indicators on tax and transfer policies have been assembled, which were brought together in country profiles. Indicators on tax and transfers policies have also been used to identify groups of countries sharing broadly comparable welfare systems. | sdg10 |
The total area of palm oil plantations owned by both companies and smallholders expanded from 5.7 in 2004 to 8.1 million ha in 2010 (almost one-fifth of the total crop area). Investment in biofuels has been driven by subsidies and mandatory requirements for the domestic use of biofuels in transportation, industry and power generation and by exports. In particular, the government is focusing on six economic corridors as growth centres through its Master Plan 2011-2025. | sdg2 |
Log of trade costs used. Moreover, country ad valorem transport costs of 20 per cent on both final output and intermediate goods reduce domestic value added (including wages and profits) by 60 per cent when intermediate goods account for 50 per cent of costs. The implication is that because of geographical location, foreign firms might be reluctant to move or relocate their production to these countries - even when wages are low (Redding and Venables 2001). It has been argued that distance matters more in supply chains and, even with today’s information and communications technology revolution, global production networks are likely to remain concentrated in low-wage nations that are near, or even contiguous with, high-technology nations (Baldwin 2011). This reality poses a major challenge to the current GVC narrative. The fragmentation process of the future will be different from that of the past and is likely to be at a much lower level of disaggregation. | sdg10 |
The claim that open trade promotes peace has sparked heated debate among scholars and policymakers for centuries. Until recently, however, this claim remained untested and largely unexplored. Economic Interdependence and International Conflict clarifies the state of current knowledge about the effects of foreign commerce on political-military relations and identifies the avenues of new research needed to improve our understanding of this relationship. The contributions to this volume offer crucial insights into the political economy of national security, the causes of war, and the politics of global economic relations.Edward D. Mansfield is Hum Rosen Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania.Brian M. Pollins is Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University and a Research Fellow at the Mershon Center. | sdg16 |
He/she calls, presides over and concludes any sessions of the General Meeting and the Board of Directors, as well as directs their discussions. The president adopts any urgent measure that the proper mnning of MedCities makes advisable or that proves necessary or useful in undertaking its activities, with no detriment to rendering account to the Board of Directors thereafter. The vice-president shall stand in for the president in his/her absence, on grounds of illness or for any other reason, and shall have the same attributes as the president. | sdg11 |
However, none of these encounters resulted in the victim being freed because the health care professional failed to recognize the true condition. In a study of casualty unit personnel it was found that only 3% had ever had any training in recognizing trafficking victims (Chisolm-Strike and Richardson 2007). Health and Human Services, USA, provides a list of indicators for health care professionals to identify victims in its Rescue and Restore Campaign. The identification of being a victim of sexual trafficking is important for the right to health care (Dovydaitis 2010). | sdg5 |
Tourism in the Mashreq and Maghreb dwindled in the face of heightened security risks. Balance-of-payments conditions have generally tightened in the region, reflecting the lack of foreign funds available to countries with current account deficits. In GCC countries, weak international commodity prices dampened other inflationary pressures, such as the rising price of utilities, owing to subsidy reforms. Low inflation in the eurozone had an impact on several countries, including Jordan, Lebanon and Mauritania. | sdg5 |
ABSTRACTThe current internationalization trends in higher education and educational language policies impel universities to plan their provision of foreign languages. Often, universities are developing language policies, redesigning their foreign language programs and seeking to foster bilingual or multilingual strategies within graduate and undergraduate programs in order to respond to these trends and to students’ new needs for a solid education in an increasingly interconnected world. Drawing on Johnson’s heuristics of language policy analysis [Johnson, D. C. (2009). Ethnography of language policy. Language Policy, 8, 139–159], this paper will share how explicit as well as implicit policy is being created by different agents at the largest state-funded higher education institution in the southwestern region of Colombia. The paper will then locate the initiatives for the teaching and learning of English and other foreign languages within the discourses that circulate around English as lingua franca, aca... | sdg16 |
When the policy environment is conducive. In particular, this is the case in regions with a favourable investment climate, limited regulations on direct transactions between companies and farms, well defined grades and standards and the presence of farmer organisations that link farmers and firms. The participating firms are selected on the basis of criteria including capacity to provide technology and training, and receive preferential treatment such as government loans and access to land (Lohmar et al., Nevertheless, by examining farmer surveys from villages mostly in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Shandong provinces, Guo and Jolly (2009) conclude that the proportion of households engaged in contract farming is relatively low and well below the proportion willing to produce under contract, owing to an absence of opportunities. | sdg2 |
Municipalities are responsible for the development and approval of management plans for all private forests on their territory. In fact, the Agency' was never established. It was considered that it would not be practical to create it and that the more rational option was to change the law. The collected funds from the lease of forestland should be used for maintenance and improvement of state forests as well as for raising new forests. | sdg15 |
The work also investigates alternative implementation strategies, namely replacing vs. preserving existing bus rapid transit (BRT) networks. In Auckland, simulations indicate that preserving BRT corridors is always more advantageous than replacing them. In areas characterised by low frequency bus services, however, existing performance appears to be worse than that which could be achieved by shared mobility services. | sdg11 |
In an increasingly globalized world, there have been mounting calls for social accountability with respect to recognizing Indigenous and nonwhite human rights within nation states. Thus, this perspective paper reflects on the Canadian occupational therapy journey for social change with a specific focus on Indigenous fieldwork experiences. First, we describe the importance of cultural safety in occupational therapy practice and partnership development. Then we profile a unique and successful fieldwork experience as a guide for facilitating transformative learning during an Indigenous fieldwork placement. The results of a national portrait evaluation of Indigenous fieldwork across Canada and considerations for future actions are also presented. The time is right to create further opportunities to develop creative, constructive dialogue and strategic thinking to engage in and evolve occupational therapy fieldwork education in forward-looking partnerships with Indigenous stakeholders, services and communities. | sdg16 |
Special thanks go to Nadine Dufour and Pascal Halim for editorial support. This Working Paper relates to Chapter 5 of the OECD’s 2011 Economic Survey of India twww.oecd.org/eco/sun evs/indiak The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD, the Indian authorities or OECD member countries. | sdg4 |
Agarwal (1997) argues that gender norms often prevent women from acting overtly in dieir own self-interest, and this may result in the appearance of compliance. Mabsout and Van Staveren (2010) point out that women's ability to exercise dieir bargaining power derived from earnings are affected by social norms and inequalities in markets including labour market as well as state support or actions (or lack thereof). However, only a few studies have examined the factors affecting women's role as household managers and care providers using household and other surveys. | sdg5 |
As a result, the PCF labelling schemes used by different private retailers are a concern. Ecolabels (like other quality standard systems) will tend to work against smaller producers.7 The fixed costs of certification and the inevitable restructuring of management systems are more easily borne by those producers with larger revenues over which to spread those costs. In addition, buyers tend to prefer larger producers, and will buy from them in preference to smaller producers. | sdg13 |
In 2006, women accounted for 29% of MSME owners in manufacturing. As in India, traditions and customs weigh on Indonesian female entrepreneurs, particularly in rural areas and among some ethnic groups. The situation of women entrepreneurs seem to have progressed at a faster pace in China, where female entrepreneurship boomed after the establishment of the new economic model in 1995. | sdg5 |
The liquidity position of the country’s banks improved but credit growth remained weak and had a dampening impact on inflation. Because of slower growth of GDP in 2012 and the winding down of tsunami-related construction, inflationary pressures are expected to subside in 2013. In Tonga, inflation decelerated from 6.2% in 2011 to 1.2% in 2012. | sdg8 |
New trading applications and increased degrees of automation can be opened up for engaging parties, while robust carbon accounting can be rolled up to regional and national levels. For instance the tracking of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) provides a means for transparent technical and expert reviews, preventing double registration, while automating processes using smart contracts (GHG Protocol, 2018). Article 6 of the Agreement can thus be operationalised in a virtual environment. With established players like the Energy Web Foundation, important steps have been made towards developing the suggested platform. | sdg9 |
ABSTRACT: This paper uses the template of institutional theory to explore the impact of organizational de-legitimation on its technical core. To operationalize this, social network theory is used to guide an exploratory study of the diaspora of Andersen employees. The results suggest an unusually high degree of entrepreneurial activity is unleashed once the confining legitimacy of the organizational structure is dissolved. It also shows that the value of social capital possessed by Andersen professionals changed in character and possibly increased in value. The paper offers contributions to institutional theory and the practice of modern accounting. | sdg16 |
During the Second Sudanese Civil War, the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army published a weekly newspaper entitled SPLA/SPLM Update . This article builds on previous scholarship about the role of Christianity in the Sudanese civil conflict by revealing how the SPLM/SPLA Update was an essential medium of the conflict and contributed to its framing in religious terms. The Update published content that constituted a martial theology pitting the SPLA against the National Islamic Front, the party of the Muslim Brothers under Hassan Turabi’s leadership. It interpreted events using biblical and ancient Israelite templates, placed circumstances in a narrative trajectory, and transformed political history into a spiritual chronicle. In so doing, it attracted readers beyond the geographic borders of Sudan, situating Christian Sudan in a contemporary global Sudanese diaspora while also reaching into the ancient past to locate the contemporary struggles of Sudanese Christians in an older story of divine chosenness. | sdg16 |
Next a brief description of major policy instruments directed to smallholders are described. The agricultural and Livestock Insurance Support Programme facilitates access for producers of crops, fruits and livestock to insurances related to climate risk or livestock diseases. The insurance indemnifies the beneficiary up to two thirds of the insured annual production. Beneficiaries receive technical advice and financial support for their projects. The main purpose of the Technical Training Services (SAT) is to provide small farmers with technical support in order to improve their productivity and their responsiveness to technical and climatic challenges. The Management and Productive Development Services (PROGYSO), aims to improve small farmer's communication with both public and private sectors and to promote extension activities (OECD, 2013b). | sdg2 |
In 2010, employment increased by 3.3% and by the end of the year, unemployment had dropped to 4.9%. During 2011, the growing demand for labour was largely met by an increase in hours worked. Employment growth in mining and construction has been particularly strong, however, shortages of skilled labour put pressure on investment projects within these sectors. | sdg4 |
Existing multiplier estimates for countries in the Asia-Pacific region are in fact closer to zero than 1. On average, the multiplier is above 1 only in China, about 0.5 in the Republic of Korea and the Philippines, about zero in Indonesia and Thailand, and negative in Singapore (Wang and Wen, 2013, Tang, Liu and Cheung, 2010). Indeed, fiscal policy in developing economies could be more concerned about supporting development priorities than just stabilizing output - in which case, fiscal performance would be better assessed through such indicators as public expenditure efficiency instead of multipliers, as shown in chapter 3 for such areas as education and health. It could also be the case that some of the dynamic, long-term effects of fiscal policy on output are not captured in the short-term multiplier. | sdg8 |
The results show' that a lack of skilled employees is currently the most important barrier to innovation. One-quarter of all firms report that this obstacle is highly important in impeding innovation. Other important widespread barriers include difficulties to obtain government grants for innovation, a lack of internal finance for innovation and excessively high innovation costs, each reported as being of high importance by about 20% of all firms. Competition and demand are less frequently reported barriers, while lack of credit or private equity, and lack of collaboration partners are experienced by only a small share of firms as important barriers to innovation. Skills are less often perceived as a barrier in service industries and in low-tech manufacturing. This marks a significant change in Austria’s position in the European and wider global innovation eco-system. | sdg9 |
This introduction to this issue of The Polar Journal champions the work of early career researchers working in the humanities and social sciences addressing themes and topics pertaining to the Polar Regions. Mindful that no collection of essays can be comprehensive, the 10 essays presented here are interdisciplinary and geographically varied, involving writers hailing from institutions based in Australia, Europe and North America. Theoretically and methodologically, the essays presented here use textual and visual analysis, ethnography, discourse analysis, and draw upon theorising pertaining to identity politics, institutional analysis, security studies, cultural nationalism, regimes and governance and futures-based research. While clearly drawing upon the existing scholarship of established scholars, the collection as a whole points to the importance of ongoing capacity building in the social sciences and humanities with regard to the Polar Regions. | sdg16 |
By contrast, several countries with rich natural-resource endowments, both the more and less advanced ones, have seen an improvement in their terms of trade over the past decade. Under certain circumstances, this improve-ment has facilitated the adoption of policies designed to reduce income inequality. It starts with a brief account of the trade-inequality debate of the early 1990s, which emphasized the rise in wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labour in developed countries. | sdg10 |
Poor management or even loss of forest ecosystems can have different impacts on women than on men (Djoudi et al. Trading them can provide a "safety net" to help respond to environmental and economic shocks (Wunder et al. Both women and men generally collect NTFPs for both household consumption and commercial value, however, as shown in Figure 5 the pattern of their roles is not globally consistent. Where there are lower collection rates for women than for men, the reasons can include limited forest access, market information and transport (Azzez ef al. | sdg15 |
The Observatory is informed of all major deliberations on water management, on which it issues an opinion prior to their presentation at the City Council. These deliberations concern, for instance, the price and quality of public drinking water and sanitation services as well as the annual activity report of Eau de Paris (service provider). The Observatory is composed of four boards representing: i) elected officials at municipal level, ii) consumers, iii) local institutions from the health, urban planning, land use and housing sectors, and iv) academia. Beyond institutional and professional actors, any individuals or associations can join. | sdg6 |
Public transport-oriented mobility education for children and youth will be introduced into the school curriculum. The general purpose is to raise children’s awareness on the history' of how automobiles have become a dominant mode of urban transport, its negative impact, as well as general road safety instructions. Suwon is also developing a set of eco-mobility evaluation indicators in reference to the national and international examples such as KOTI’s Green Growth Evaluation Indicator and the OECD Green Growth Indicators. | sdg11 |
In most developed countries, even rural areas have reliable access to electricity. Here, ICT solutions can help consumers save money on their energy bills as sensors and actuators enable them to micro-manage their demand or to become prosumers who produce their own power. Furthermore, ICT can be used by energy providers to monitor and manage grids resulting in efficiency improvement and cost savings. In developing countries, urban grids partly can profit from the same impact of ICT. | sdg7 |
Catalonia and its universities need to view job creation as a key goal for innovation and adopt a wide innovation concept beyond science push. At the regional and institutional level stronger incentives for regional engagement could be provided through performance-based funding and “challenge-driven” competitive calls. There is also a need to monitor the rate of return and effectiveness of public investment in research and innovation. | sdg4 |
Sustainable Development Goal 15 is aimed at addressing the current rate of biodiversity loss, which some experts believe to be unprecedented since the last major global extinction event 65 million years ago. In Asia and the Pacific, the problems of biodiversity loss and ecological degradation have been growing. Protected areas are one of the main tools used by Governments for conservation of the remaining forests, but these efforts have had mixed results, according to statistics on primary forests and numbers of threatened species. | sdg15 |
To avoid this, from the outset of the flooding, the Institute of Public Health of Belgrade City increased the drinking water monitoring sequence and installed additional treatment by activated carbon, in order to monitor any flood-related impact. At the same time, what is now the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, carried out monitoring of the surface water of the Drina and Sava Rivers at selected sites upstream of the water source area of Belgrade, to control the main potential threats, leakage and “washing-out” of contaminants in the flooded area draining to the rivers, with special focus on industrial sites, the high concentration of pesticides from agricultural land, and sanitary and septic wastes also entering the water system from downstream. In addition, this Law stresses the importance of the development of water transport, as well as the ports and harbours of Serbia. Vessels are prohibited from the discharge and leakage into inland waters of harmful objects or substances, including oil and oil derivatives, which may cause pollution of inland waters or create obstacles and dangers to navigation. | sdg6 |
Considerable energy should go into upgrading firms and sectors with lagging productivity levels through hands-on, pragmatic programmes. At the same time the further development of the best-performing sectors and companies needs to be fostered. In the near term improvements can be obtained through innovation based on existing technologies of both domestic and foreign origin. | sdg9 |
Higher inequality at the top is unlikely to induce such consequences. In fact, increased inequality at the top end is rather a signal of the existence of high rewards to risky investments, and therefore more directly linked to the theories implying a positive effect of inequality on growth (theory d above, for example). However, the present findings differ from those of Voitchovsky (2005), who found support for both bottom and top inequality having negative growth consequences. | sdg10 |
It is readily evident that the greater self-sufficiency that would follow any decline of migration and remittances would be difficult and painful. There may be inequalities, frustrations and unwelcome social change, but there is little doubt that migration has provided new and beneficial development opportunities and that socio-economic change would have proceeded in the same direction, but much more slowly, without it. Furthermore, in a world where public sector interventions are against the flow of contemporary history, the will to discourage or redirect migration is absent. And in both countries these have been grasped in this century, as in no previous era, to encourage particular migration streams (evident in the RSE scheme), to improve skills (both for national development and for increased revenue generation after migration) and to ensure that remittances are greater and are used more effectively. | sdg10 |
Subsets and Splits