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Women are generally as active as men in cash crop production, often providing the bulk of labour on contracted farms. There are, however, important gender differences in control over the commercial proceeds (men are contracted, while women supply unpaid family labour) and in the scale of operations (due to the constraints women face on increasing sales of their produce). Global Employment Trends 2014: supporting data sets: Employment by status and sex (http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/geiy2014/GET_sector_share.xlsx) (accessed July 2015). Note: Data for the following countries are unavailable: Djibouti, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, South Sudan, Sudan (Former), Timor-Leste, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Evidence from a number of studies points to similar dynamics in both traditional export sectors (e.g. cocoa, coffee and tea) and non-traditional exports (e.g. fruit, horticulture and flowers). | sdg5 |
Governments will need to foster investments in broadband, smart infrastructure and the Internet of Things as well as in data and analytics, with a strong focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and high value-added services. It will also be important to promote skills and competences in analysing data. Moreover, removing unnecessary barriers to the development of the Internet of Things, such as sector-specific regulations, could help ensure its impact across the economy. | sdg4 |
In particular, an increase or decrease in rainfall with respect to a fixed assumption can result in dams being undersized or oversized. The World Bank supports countries in developing capacity for planning under conditions of uncertainty. By investing in cogeneration, it is possible to increase the production of biofuels from sugarcane bagasse. This leads to reduced imports of fossil fuels, reduced CO2 emissions, and reduced expenditures. | sdg6 |
Current status of corporate reporting legislation internationally (cont.) Under this scheme, all UK quoted companies must report on their GHG emissions as part of their annual directors’ reports. The requirement affects all UK incorporated companies listed on the main London Stock Exchange, another European market or whose shares are dealing on the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ. | sdg13 |
This paper is concerned with demonstrating the capacity of international human rights law and domestic constitutional law to have a synergistic relationship that is focused on the ways in which the two sets of standards can be harmonised rather than on questions of ‘superiority’ and ‘inferiority’. Conceiving of the relationship between the two bodies of law in this way requires us to recognise their shared dignitary core and the optimal effect of international human rights law, namely effective rights-protection at the domestic level with international law playing a subsidiary role. This paper uses the example of LGBT rights in European Convention on Human Rights jurisprudence to demonstrate such a synergistic relationship and argues that such a relationship is possible as between US constitutional law and international human rights law notwithstanding some prima facie barriers thereto. | sdg16 |
Some teachers use their contacts with companies when organising work placements for students as an opportunity to maintain familiarity with workplace requirements. These examples illustrate that many teachers recognise the importance of updating their vocational knowledge and skills. But the lack of a supportive framework means that not all teachers benefit from skills updating opportunities. | sdg4 |
As for the previous group of countries, the official poverty estimates coincide in the direction of variation, although in general they report larger poverty reductions in Ecuador, Panama, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. The ECLAC figures aim to reflect the situation in the region in the most comparable manner possible, while the national figures seek to best capture the realities of each country. This leads to normal methodological differences in the many decisions that are made in the process of building poverty lines (the way the goods in staple food and non-food baskets are selected, the prices used to allocate value to these goods or the deflators used to update poverty lines, among many other factors), as well as in the definition of household income, the treatment of non-responses or the inclusion of imputed rent for the use of owner-occupied dwellings. | sdg1 |
More specifically, it analyses the impact of risks - actual and perceived -associated with EE projects. Much has been written about the many barriers to energy-efficiency investments, including market organisation, price distortions, split incentives, lack of information, transaction costs, institutional biases, product availability, regulatory policy, and others.3 This report does not delve into the full array of these barriers. Instead, it focuses on the financial and risk barriers. | sdg7 |
For example, Indonesia’s BUR explicitly includes only grants received, excluding all loans, while Montenegro only includes ODA. Explanations could be provided as needed. Terms such as “Approved" or “received/committed” are used, without it being clear what this refers to, in some cases a project or programme’s budget is given. Disbursement can be measured in various ways at different stages of the transfer process, so countries may specify this as needed. | sdg13 |
This Article, which will appear in a forthcoming volume from Cambridge University Press, seeks to situate local governments in the growth of international environmental governance. After considering the seminal decision of Genesis Power Ltd. v. Franklin District Council, it proposes that models from international relations theory could be adapted and altered to explain and predict local government behavior in global governance. In contrast to the widely-held - but rarely examined - consensus view, we suggest that local government might possess strong incentives to take action in mitigating climate change, and set forth a research agenda with testable propositions to determine whether such international local government theory has validity. | sdg16 |
In addition, the “Organic Agriculture National Action Plan” (2013-16) prepared by MOFAL, universities, government offices, non-governmental organisations and trade associations aims at promoting organic farming through dedicated actions in various areas including control and inspection services, traceability, education and institutional capacity (Ataseven and Sumelius, 2014). The purpose is to prevent pollution in rural areas and protect natural resources. Projects themes are tourism infrastructure, hard waste storage, recycling infrastructure, wastewater treatment and potable water infrastructure. | sdg2 |
Such payments cover about 33% of senior citizens in Bangladesh, and around 50% in Nepal (introduction in 1995). In Thailand, the Old Age Allowance introduced in 1993 reached close to 70% of the population aged 60 and over in 2011, and almost three/quarters of the elderly in Hong Kong (China) receive the Old Age Allowance. Similarly, the Basic Old-age Pension introduced in 2008 in Korea, reaches about 70% of the people aged 65 and over and provides KRW 200 000 (about USD 180) per month per beneficiary on average. | sdg1 |
What kinds of interventions are most effective for these schools? Teacher shortage and disciplinary climate are inter-related: most teachers tend to avoid schools with more disciplinary problems, while a shortage of qualified teachers adversely affects disciplinary climate. What is needed in these schools is an intervention to break this vicious cycle. Countries that have improved their performance in PISA, like Brazil, Colombia, Estonia, Israel, japan and Poland, for example, have established policies to improve the quality of their teaching staff by either adding to the requirements to earn a teaching license, providing incentives for high-achieving students to enter the profession, increasing salaries to make the profession more attractive and to retain more teachers, or by offering incentives for teachers to engage in in-service teacher-training programmes. | sdg4 |
Proalcool successfully reduced the impact of the oil crisis on the Brazilian trade balance and increased the country’s energy self-sufficiency. Nevertheless, when the second oil crisis occurred in 1979, Brazil was still importing the majority of its oil which renewed the government’s focus on Proalcool and led to increased subsidies for both producers and consumers and credit for investment into the sector. The first car running on hydrous ethanol was launched in 1979. Growing concerns about global warming, greenhouse gas emission and energy security led a certain number of developed and developing countries to implement ambitious biofuel targets or mandates as well as other support measures to the biofuel sector. | sdg2 |
Reporting countries spend between 0.6 and 1.8% of GDP on housing allowances. Almost all of the reporting OECD countries use this policy instrument, in half of them, allowances are reserved for tenants - and are usually available for private and social tenants - but in the other half of the countries allowances are also granted to households who own their home. Housing allowances are usually means-tested, but eligibility conditions and the payment rate vary considerably across countries. | sdg11 |
Within the region, subscriptions in countries and territories in the Pacific subregion remained highest at 19.8 per 100 people (largely influenced by Australia and New Zealand) in 2014, with East and North-East Asia having the second highest subscription rate at 16.7 per 100 people. South and South-West Asian countries had the lowest rate at 2.0 per 100 people. For those countries where such data do exist, the data are available only for the period up to 2012. In the Pacific subregion, only 6 of 21 countries and territories had such data available, in North and Central Asia, 2 of the 9 countries in that subregion had relevant data. | sdg9 |
Despite significant income convergence that has taken place since the 1990s, convergence has been arguably slower in education, health and other measures of human development. Figure A shows that the literacy rate is significantly lower in Cambodia and the Lao Peoples’ Democratic Republic, at less than 75%. Public spending on education is lower in CLMV, particularly in Myanmar where it accounts for less than 1% of GDP. There is significant variation, however, Viet Nam spends more than 5%, the highest share only next to Malaysia. | sdg8 |
Inter-state water disputes occur in federal political systems. They stand at the intersection of two branches of law: federalism under constitutional law, and water law – specifically river basin regulation. In India, constitutional federalism is the outcome of colonial history. River-basin regulation is the outcome of developments in capitalism within the social context of Europe and United States, later universalised as international law under the Helsinki Rules and the International Law Commission Convention on Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. When national law evolved in the historical context of colonisation, intersecting with international law evolved in the historical context of European capitalism, it reproduced imperial-colonial relations of super-ordination and sub-ordination in relation to water. It created an internal schism that locks the water sector into a developmental catharsis. | sdg16 |
Policy Brief 3, Task Force on Public Financial Management, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/development/effectiveness/48780926.pdf. Climate Change”, http://www.deza.admin.cli/en/Home/Themes/Climate_change. Efficiency of the CDM and the GEF in Leveraging Funds and Reducing CO2, Climate Strategies, London, http://www.climatestrategies.org/research/our-reports/category/71/324.html. Presentation at CCXG Global Forum. | sdg13 |
A number of participatory intersectoral assessments, informed by analysis, have been carried out in transboundary basins, such as the Alazani/Ganykh, the Sava and its tributary, the Drina, and the Syr Darya. This inclusive approach provides a good basis for identifying solutions jointly. Moreover, meetings and workshops on the water-food-energy-ecosystem nexus provide for exchange of experience on intersectoral impacts and trade-offs as well as good practices to address them. At the national level, the project aims at improving legal and institutional capacity of authorities involved in dam safety management. | sdg6 |
The lack of legal clarity about the compensation clause led to the reform making all efforts to avoid severe prejudice to the economic viability of enterprises. In the case of Alberta, Canada, measures were put into place to do just that. This measure was the allowing for the possibility to transfer the assignment of priority from one rights holder to another. | sdg6 |
Women, ethnic minorities, immigrants and residents in deprived areas, among others, are systematically underrepresented in research, innovation and entrepreneurship activities in most countries. For example, in Japan only 14.7% of total researchers in 2015 were women, and their share was even lower in the fields of science and engineering (Statistics Japan, 2016). In Israel, the Arab minority represented only 5.7% of total employment in the high-tech sector and 2% of employment in the R&D sector in 2015, while they accounted for 21% of the country’s population (Innovation Israel, 2016). | sdg9 |
This result is in line with most findings on inequalities in unhealthy lifestyle habits (e.g. smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity), with a range of explanations including health information, time preferences, and intergenerational transmissions. In contrast, for women, the social gradient is reverse, in particular for hazardous drinking. Women with higher education who end up taking better-paid jobs involving higher degrees of responsibility may drink more heavily because they have more stress, and more frequent occasions of socializing and going out with colleague. Besides, these occasions being typically in masculine work environment, they are confronted to higher limits of drinking (Com-Ruelle et al., | sdg3 |
Disaggregated data is not always available and, where it is not, this fact should be reflected in the report. In such instances, data in the OHCHR database or estimates provided by local human rights organizations might be used as indicators, provided they are properly referenced in the report. A gender analysis shed light on the causes of transmission: women and girls are more often in contact with bodily fluids of infected persons as they are usually caretakers for ill family members and more likely to be front-line health workers (nurses, midwives) or health facility service staff (e.g. cleaners, laundry workers, etc.). | sdg5 |
These experiences show that the success of using national climate funds is highly context-specific, with many remaining uncertainties. However, as one provider pointed out, extra-budgetary NCFs may appear more efficient if seen as a stepping stone to more integrated finance. In general, a wide range of views and practices were found across interviewees on NCFs, reflecting their exploratory stage. | sdg13 |
For instance, a drone delivery service provided by the United States-based company Zipline in partnership with the Rwandan health ministry, has slashed the delivery time of life-saving medicine to remote regions of Rwanda from four hours to an average half an hour225 (see case study on Rwanda in Chapter 2). Unassisted robots for some time have been planting seeds and picking weeds, and agricultural aircraft are spraying crops with precision to reduce chemical infiltration of groundwater in some parts of the world. Nevertheless, adoption of aerial survey vehicles is not yet within the reach of most farmers with low purchasing power. | sdg9 |
For this purpose, OECD countries are increasingly using such tools as gender impact analysis and gender-responsive budgeting to implement gender mainstreaming and to evaluate the different effects of any policy, legislation or practice on gender equality. In fact, while several countries employ some form of gender analysis, the Palestinian Authority is the only country in the region that has established mechanisms for regular assessment of impacts of all draft laws and policies. Sufficient good quality data provide the basis for sound performance measurement, monitoring and evaluation activities. Nevertheless, the general practice of citizen engagement and public consultation remains limited and sporadic, and often involves only certain stakeholders within or outside the government (see OECD, 2013). | sdg5 |
Payments systems linked to performance need to have accurate quality metrics that encourage physicians to offer services to all patients, including those whose health is complicated by multiple conditions. In many cases the physician performance metrics do not include adequate adjustment for patients with multiple chronic conditions. Most existing quality metrics have the tendency to encourage clinicians to avoid medically complex patients. More refined performance measures would account for patients with multiple chronic conditions and thereby strengthen the capacity of performance-based payment systems to support care for those with multiple conditions. | sdg3 |
National efforts will be assessed against the objectives laid out in the NDCs, but the NDCs themselves will not be assessed by the UNFCCC for adequacy.6 Therefore, no Party can rely on its membership in the Agreement and good-faith fulfilment of its NDCs to shield it from being judged to be ‘inadequately’ pricing carbon, and being subject to BCA as a result. See, for example, UNEP (2015). It has been proposed a number of times and has consistently been rejected in the legislative or regulatory process. | sdg13 |
The sharp increase of e-waste has not been matched with policy and regulatory mechanisms designed to cope with the influx of e-waste in developing countries generated from usage within and from illegal trade-related dumping. Huge populations and the environment are now unduly exposed to the devastating effects of the unmitigated handling of e-waste. This dismal situation spins a tragic story for many in the developing world who unknowingly make a choice between poverty and poison.4 Unfortunately, many people who have to pay the price never have the opportunity to have a say in the matter. Governments all over the world have identified ICTs as a key element in the delivery of services to their citizens and in the expansion of business as they seek more prosperity for their citizens.5 The uptake of broadband networks (which provide high speed access to the Internet) results in the replacement of massive copper infrastructure. | sdg12 |
Pollution from factories and power plants has been the classic example for the concepts of external or social cost. While long considered a beneficial side-effect of decarbonisation, pollution control efforts are increasingly the primary policy driver for reducing fossil fuel use in power generation, with the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) being a welcome side-effect. Indeed, in most climate change mitigation studies, the benefits from reducing human exposure to PM, S02 and NOx outweigh the benefits of reducing GHG emissions and the resulting climate change mitigation, which offers new perspectives for internalisation. | sdg7 |
Inheritance and gift taxes are applied rather widely but several countries have reduced or abolished them since the mid-1990s (including Austria, France, New Zealand, Portugal, Slovak Republic and Sweden). The effective tax rate on small transactions is de facto much higher and often paid by low-income families. Spain introduced a wealth tax in September 2011. | sdg10 |
This is not surprising as consumer interests are addressed by both types of stockholding programmes. In the case of buffer stock programmes, there is an explicit objective to stabilise market prices, while social safety net stocks focus on the provision of cereals or food at subsidised prices. Some of these impacts will be mentioned alongside the performance variables in the country case reviews. | sdg2 |
One of the objectives of the Data Centers for Government project is to ensure the continuous operation of e-government components, minimizing failures in the operation of central and local government agency (including local offices) software and hardware, with an assured 99.749 per cent (second level) reliability. It partnered with an international consultant to establish its e-government strategy for the next five years. The Kuwait Information Network (KIN) is one of the early projects, set up to provide the communications infrastructure that paved the way towards efficient and integrated nationwide e-services implementation. | sdg9 |
In 2011, countries in South Asia, South-East Asia and the Pacific received almost half the world’s remittances and the volume continued to increase in 2012.29 Indeed remittances are now on such a scale that they exceed government social expenditure or official development assistance. In the year ending June 2012 Bangladeshis sent home $13 billion, more than all the Government’s social protection programmes put together.30 Remittances have the advantage that they are often countercyclical, rising during economic downturns and natural disasters as migrants send more cash to meet their families’ emergency needs. This process is illustrated schematically in a model in Figure III-l. | sdg1 |
Although 9 per cent sounds like a small minority, in absolute numbers it amounts to millions of children across the world, and the numbers are rising rapidly due to population growth and urbanization. An exclusive focus on income poverty could lead to inadequate policy focus on the multiple deprivations that are experienced by almost half of urban children in developing countries. One in four rural children under 18 experience extreme monetary poverty (UNICEF and World Bank 2016) and 8 out of 10 rural children under five do not have their basic needs met (Rutstein et al. | sdg1 |
The ‘constitutional failures’ ushering in World Wars I and II and the emergence of post-war ‘multilevel constitutionalism’ in Europe suggest that also UN/WTO law can effectively protect international public goods only if UN/WTO law are interpreted and protected for the benefit of citizens in conformity with the human rights and other ‘principles of justice’ recognized by all UN member states. This paper discusses recent publications by Philip Allott on ‘international constitutionalism’ and argues that the necessary transformation of the prevailing conceptions of ‘international law among sovereign states’ into a ‘multilevel constitutional law of humanity’ requires extending ‘multilevel constitutionalism’ to UN/WTO governance of public goods with due respect for ‘constitutional pluralism’ protecting individual and democratic diversity, subsidiarity and ‘institutional experimentation’. | sdg16 |
Compared with the current regime, the shift to permitted amounts as the basis for charging could result in increased abstraction in water-stressed districts. In 2014 there were 484 cases of freshwater offences, with an average fine per case of GEL 349 or EUR 145. In 2015 these figures were, respectively, 289 and GEL 422 or EUR 176. These levels of fine are unlikely to provide sufficient deterrent. | sdg6 |
Drawing upon a cultural studies perspective, this study investigates the audience role in shaping corporate involvement in social issues – identified as cause-related corporate outreach. We assert that, more than consumer, voter, or passive receptor of corporate messages, the audience is an active participant in the communication process.This case study of the Avon Breast Cancer 3-Day Walk, one of the most visible fitness-based fundraising events, examines the meaning individual participants construct during their involvement in the event. The study provides a context in which public relations practitioners and scholars alike can better understand the role corporate communication plays in defining and preserving community and social values. This understanding can help corporations build communication that resonates with specific publics and is more beneficial to all involved. The research also extends public relations theory. It develops a cultural understanding of the growing phenomenon of corporate invo... | sdg16 |
Within this framework, the Inter-Ministerial Conference for the Environment (CCIM) Steering Group Water (presided over by the Flemish Environment Agency) is the consultative body in charge of the necessary co-ordination of the implementation of international water policy between the different Belgian authorities in charge. It also advises on strategic planning of water policy in the long term, makes proposals for institutional mechanisms, incentives and guarantees towards the implementation of water policies in rural and urban areas, and adopts the necessary agreements for the implementation of the national integrated water strategy. It seeks to co-ordinate the actions of ministries of Environmental Protection, Health, Finance, Foreign Affairs, and Infrastructure, which used to be collectively responsible for the decision-making process over matters concerning water and sewage. | sdg6 |
An excellent example of such an approach is Japan’s Top Runner programme, which turns the most efficient product into a standard to be met by other manufacturers within a given time period. Upgrading towards technologies that are low on emissions and highly energy-efficient should be a key objective of industrial policy. Achieving this goal with existing agricultural technologies and production systems would entail further increases in greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, deforestation and land degradation, which in turn would impose further environmental limits on food production growth itself. | sdg2 |
As a starting point, it would be useful to conduct a substantial longitudinal study assessing the career choices nurses make. This could help inform policy options to make the role of the nurse practitioner a more attractive career path for suitably qualified nurses. Australia should also monitor the experience of countries like the United States, which is advanced in the use of nurse practitioners, for other innovations in the tasks appropriately trained nurse practitioners could take on feasibly and safely. They practise medicine in health care teams with physicians and other providers. Their tasks include taking a patient’s medical history, conducting physical exams, diagnosing and treating illness, ordering and interpreting tests, developing treatment plans, counselling on preventive care, assisting in surgery, writing prescriptions, and making rounds in hospitals and nursing homes (American Academy of Physician Assistants). This is not in the best interests of patient safety. | sdg3 |
As such, pursuing a shift to demand-led growth, on its own, is unlikely to address the environmental costs associated with sustained growth, unless the higher wages and earnings of lower income groups that will result from such a shift are spent on goods that are less reliant on fossil fuels and natural resource extraction, and increased public expenditure and investment is also allocated to fuel-efficient sectors and technologies. This is where proposals for green economy become relevant. There are, however, different variants of green economy. | sdg5 |
This result can be explained by the fact that the top EPP exporters are low-income Asian and African countries that have not attracted significant levels of FDI. This correlation is robust and positive for eight of the ten categories of EGs. In most cases the elasticities are also very high - significantly more than one - indicating the crucial role of technical assistance projects in explaining trade in EGs. The profile of these projects indicates that tied aid may be an important factor contributing to trade in EGs to developing countries. | sdg7 |
Similarly, Governments in several Latin American countries have forged successful partnerships with private companies aimed at improving technical education (Alvarez and others, 1999). These partnerships can also help strengthen interactions between agents in the economy. Studies have shown that educating consumers regarding their energy consumption patterns can reduce consumption (by about 11 per cent in the United States, according to one study), by switching from high- to low-energy items (Gardner and Stern, 2008). A United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) programme focused on training, awareness creation and policy advice has led to significant savings by firms through conservation. | sdg7 |
While much research has demonstrated that English-only rhetoric negatively affects bilingual education for the children of US immigrants, few studies have examined the local negotiations and discourses that shape the development of multilingual programming for English-speaking students. Across the USA, educational leaders and policy-makers today struggle to develop language programs and explain the benefits of multilingualism. To examine these challenges at the local level, this study analyzed data from an 18-month ethnography documenting the development of an elementary (K-5) language immersion school in a predominantly monolingual city. Framed by neo-institutional theory, analyses focused on leaders' and parents' cultural scripts, or the discourses they employed during bottom-up planning processes. Findings demonstrate that the majority of leaders and diverse parents valued multilingualism as a right and resource for all students, however, parents' discourses also stressed the importance of language as ... | sdg16 |
It describes the progress made in the region in two key areas: (i) food insecurity and hunger, based on the Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) indicator and level of severe food insecurity shown by the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), and (ii) malnutrition, based on SDG Indicator 2.2.1 on stunting and SDG Indicator 2.2.2 on wasting and overweight among children younger than five. It also considers the state of micronutrient deficiency, including anaemia and deficiencies in vitamin A, zinc and iodine, as well as possible undernutrition outcomes such as low birth weight. All countries in the region have made considerable progress in reducing the incidence of food insecurity. | sdg2 |
Hence, they might not be universally applicable and some adaptations may be needed. Comparability is a concern also in terms of time: over time, data may not be available or the original measurement may no longer be relevant to guide decisions, for instance because of changes in the institutional setting. In fact, there are a number of factors that can affect results beyond the policy itself, such as fiscal crisis and climate conditions. | sdg6 |
The Riksdag has set up an internal audit to determine its institutional gender sensitivity with the aim of developing gender-sensitive measures and flexible working schedules. Accordingly, it now draws up its parliamentary calendar one year ahead, with sittings scheduled on specific days of the week between the months of October and June (OECD, 2014). Canada’s parliament has developed family-friendly, gender-sensitive infrastructure to bridge the gender divide in the country. | sdg5 |
The structural quota system (SQS), which was endorsed by Parliament in 2007, continues with small adjustments. This law replaces the Raw Fish Act from 1951. Norway has prioritised efforts on issues related to discards and by-catch of marine recourses and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). The total first-hand value decreased from NOK 14.2 billion in 2012 to NOK 12.5 billion in 2013. | sdg14 |
In Norway, this finding may again be linked to the fact that low-income single parents will typically receive Transitional Allowance rather than Social Economic Assistance. For Sweden, it is difficult to come up with a policy-related explanation for this finding. In the other four countries, this pattern is however much weaker (in Latvia and the Netherlands) or even reversed (in Norway and Sweden). Immigrants or individuals with a foreign nationality are represented more strongly among recipients with long benefit spells. | sdg1 |
Less than 3 per cent of collected MSW is recycled. Separation of waste and recycling infrastructure are not yet sufficiently developed to achieve targets set by the EU. This MO transposes relevant EU legislation.57 The aim of these regulations is to define limit values for concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and in sludge, and for the maximum annual quantities of heavy metals which may be introduced into the soil. | sdg12 |
Countries in LAC tend to have ratified the convention earlier than countries in other regions. Discriminatory attitudes also vary across regions: one person in four declares that men make better political leader than women do in LAC (25%), one third in SSA (34%) and OECD countries (35%), and about one in two in EAP (53%) and ECA (54%). Gender-biased attitudes towards political leadership are widespread in SA and MENA where 67% and 74% of the population respectively underestimated women's political leadership. To address this question, we start by investigating the relationship between the gender-based discrimination in social institutions, captured by the SIGI, and income per capita, measured by GDP per capita. | sdg5 |
In low and lower-middle-income countries, there may also be limited resources with which to pursue redistributive strategies, although politics are usually a more serious obstacle. Prolonged and increasingly global economic depression will not help this situation, but the political space for progressive policies is determined less by levels of economic growth than by the nature of political regimes in power. In fragile states, developing an inclusive political settlement that provides a basis for social cohesion and long-term growth and prosperity can be especially challenging (Chapter 16, Global approach 4). | sdg1 |
Finally, 5.2% was spent on general psychiatry and 0.9% (the least of all medical specialties) on child psychiatry in regional hospitals. This implies that the county hospitals bear the largest share of specialist psychiatric out- and inpatient services (SALAR, 201 lb). Sweden has been a proactive actor in the advancement of national mental health, developing locally targeted policy and programmes, as well as cooperating with international mental health efforts. | sdg3 |
Significant effort will be needed by countries to develop detailed sector level implementation plans and understand associated investment and finance needs in light of available domestic resources. They are intended to articulate the actions each Party plans to implement post-2020 as part of its commitment to the international climate change regime. The (l)NDCs are in the first instance documents for communicating political commitments, setting out national or sectoral climate goals, and as such provide no detailed implementation plans, which can be used as a basis for business planning and investment decisions. | sdg13 |
The overall budget of the Ministry of Science and Technology was cut nearly by half during this time. Similarly, university research budgets, which are based on the total budget per student, declined by 9% between 1996 and 2005, while many government ministry budgets for R&D (excluding agriculture) have been cut by over 50% during the past ten years. The recommendation has been approved, but no decision has been taken for implementation. | sdg4 |
Women from diverse backgrounds continue to face higher barriers during recruitment and promotion processes. In 2016 (for the 31 OECD countries for which data are available), women occupied on average 56% of offices in first instance courts and 47% in appeal courts, but held only 33% of judgeships in the supreme courts. These studies can trigger policy actions by providing information that directly responds to identified gaps. | sdg5 |
This included two main waves of trade liberalization, one in the 1990s and a second in the 2000s (Coello at al., The first wave lasted From the initial opening of the country until approximately 2001 and foresaw the total abolition of trade licences and the removal of most quantitative restrictions (Thanh and Duong, 2009). The second wave—still ongoing—includes the full involvement of the country in the global network of reciprocal trade agreements (both multilateral, WTO accession in January 2007, and bilateral, such as agreements signed with the United States in 2001 as well as FTA negotiations with the EU concluded in 2016). Empirical analyses consistently highlight the increased importance of international trade in the Vietnamese economy as well as the positive correlation between trade liberalization, growth and poverty reduction. | sdg1 |
Among these notions are "carrying capacity", which is related to planetary boundaries, as discussed in chapter I, "the tragedy of the commons", which is concerned with the management of common resources, and degradation narratives that refer to environmental destruction by the poor. First, even though these notions may have been disproven by historical evidence (Ostrom, 2000, Boyce, Narain and Stanton, 2007), overpopulation paradigms project population-induced scarcities into the future. Because sustainable development takes a long-term and future-oriented view, such projections are appealing: they seem to provide insight into what lies ahead for humanity. By avoiding the political negotiation of resource use and control, competition and conflict, these paradigms can shift responsibilities away from powerful elites and vested interests onto the shoulders of the poor. | sdg5 |
The "fourth-generation regulator" must oversee an increased range of services, delivered over multiple broadband and converged networks that form the digital ecosystem. More than ever before, regulators are now being asked to protect consumers from a stew of ills such as inappropriate content, faulty billing and fraudulent online activities. So important is the Internet, that fourth-generation regulators are increasingly becoming involved not only in the economic necessity of building affordable access, but also in the attendant social opportunities and challenges arising from better-connected communities. | sdg9 |
The region has widely implemented projects on irrigation and drainage management. In the water sector, upgrading assets that are operating beyond their planned lifetime is a primary issue, even in countries with relatively developed water and wastewater infrastructure such as Ukraine (World Bank, 2014). Another issue is that development plans and investments regarding water infrastructure often do not seem to consider the long-term implications of climate change in many developing countries, including some EECCA countries. | sdg13 |
Another example is a food waste recycling system developed by a multidisciplinary team of government agencies, corporations and academia, this is similar to an ongoing Japanese project related to methane fermentation and high-speed composting technology with waste recovery logistics and multi-stakeholder collaboration. For example, continuous exchanges of knowledge and practices on an RCS between Japan and Viet Nam yield significant academic and practical fruits in the IR3S research project. A Vietnamese research team has examined typical ecosystem services in the wetland conservancy of the Mekong River delta (Triet and Caines, 2007). | sdg12 |
In an attempt to strengthen the position of the police to fight cybercrime, the Dutch government proposed new legislation giving police agencies new investigative powers on the Internet. This proposed legislation is controversial as it allows police agencies to hack into computers and install spyware. This paper examines the background and contents of the proposed legislation and tries to answer the question to what extent these new investigative powers may result in infringements of the right to privacy and other fundamental rights of citizens, and whether these infringements are justified. The framework for this evaluation, mainly based on the European Convention on Human Rights, focuses on the legitimacy and necessity of the proposed investigative powers. The most important considerations are that new investigative powers are introduced while existing powers are not used adequately and that there are serious doubts as to whether these new investigative powers will be effective. | sdg16 |
Many prosperous cities have developed or transformed their transport systems from traditional to sustainable and smart systems. Sustainable transport systems offer social, economic and environmental returns that support the goals of Agenda 2030. Given that the transport system is a space where people spend significant amounts of time every day, governments and city decision makers need to consider comfort and safety issues as well as conditions of dignity for users. | sdg11 |
Such efforts can help adults make informed decisions to prepare them to transition into the labour market (OECD, 2015b). Some countries establish physical centres where job seekers can come to speak to counsellors and learn about local employment or education opportunities. Canada boasts over 10,000 career guidance centres, and the province of Saskatchewan has developed a network of 20 centres to provide advice on finding jobs, changing careers and the education programmes that can help accomplish these goals (OECD, 2005). Virtual guidance centres can also be established through online platforms. | sdg4 |
It is also manifested in the difficulty of combining recognition and redistribution policies, the risk being that upholding cultural difference ends up legitimizing social inequality (or, conversely, that upholding equality legitimizes cultural homogenization). All this adds up to a situation of profound inequality for indigenous peoples, since the scale and depth of the divides are compounded by their persistence and reproduction in numerous spheres. Guatemala and the Plurinational State of Bolivia are the countries with the highest proportions of indigenous people in the region, and this is reflected in all quintiles, by comparison with the other countries in the sample. | sdg10 |
V told the DHS child protection officer she was engaged to be married to her 17-year-old fiance and she was going to travel overseas to meet him. Early and Forced Marriages in East Afric. Katanga was charged with the crime against humanity of sexual slavery and rape under article 7 (1) (g) of the Rome Statute (enslaving civilian female population of Bogoro), and sexual slavery and rape constituting a war crime under article 8 (2) (e) (vi) and article 8 (2) (b) (xxii) constituting a war crime in non-international and international armed conflicts respectively. | sdg5 |
Women and girls or men and boys experience these negative impacts differently. Women and men tend to have different roles in the value chain, including hunting, processing, transporting, purchasing and consumption. Gender-specific studies and other information, or requirements regarding gender and the wildlife trade, are nevertheless very limited. Women can play effective roles in formal forest protection forces, including combating illegal wildlife poaching and logging. | sdg15 |
Article 5 states that "Local populations should be associated with tourism activities and share equitably in the economic, social and cultural benefits they generate, and particularly in the creation of direct and indirect jobs resulting from them." Considering nature-based tourism from a sustainability perspective will inevitably take us to the concept of ecotourism, which can be seen as a normative sub-category of nature-based tourism. Donohoe and Needham (2006) reviewed 42 definitions and conclude that ecotourism is characterized as nature-based, preservative, educative, sustainable, responsible and ethical tourism. | sdg15 |
Recently, agricultural support levels in most of the emerging economies have tended to rise, in particular in China and Indonesia. They subsequently also shape production of the feedstock commodities. In the United States, government mandates have played a major role in the fast growth of maize based ethanol production, while the EU biodiesel policy has led to strong increases in the cultivation of rapeseed for vegetable oil production. | sdg2 |
For those requiring more comprehensive care, there are sheltered housing options that provide staff on either a full- or part-time basis. If the individual has an income, municipalities can charge for the housing service (rent and other care) on a sliding scale (Melke, 2010). Two-thirds were classified as “home-like”, while the remaining one-third was found to be “institution-like”. | sdg3 |
Focusing on the long-term horizon to 2050 has the benefit of also examining whether countries are likely to achieve the SDGs even if they miss the mark by 2030. Will the mirror of the past provide the image of the future? This chapter sets out to answer these questions, providing the overall context and background for the remaining chapters. | sdg15 |
This shows no change from the previous data point, 2011/12, when the indicator was introduced (the indicator is a score between 0 and 100, but not a percentage value, with higher score representing better outcomes). Since 2008, this level has fuctuated betwen 74% and 77%. For example, in the case of health care-acquired infections, the website explains that improvements can be achieved through measures including hand hygiene, hospital cleanliness, equipment decontamination and optimal antimicrobial prescribing. The data for this indicator, however, relate to 2011, and some of the other indicators are also based on old data, making them less useful. | sdg3 |
Further, more than half of men and nearly two-thirds of women among such self-employed workers reported monthly remuneration that is very low, indeed below the official minimum wages in most states. This, in turn, requires a significant rethinking of the way analysts and policy makers deal with the notion of “workers”. Several new policy problems emerge: the difficulty of ensuring decent conditions of work when the absence of a direct employer means that self-exploitation by workers in a competitive market is the greater danger, the difficulty of assessing and then ensuring “living wages” when wages are not received by such workers, who instead depend on uncertain returns from various activities that are typically petty in nature, the need to develop new forms of policy intervention to improve work conditions and strategies of worker mobilisation in this context. | sdg1 |
From the information provided by the respondents on their principal activity in each month of the 48-month observation period, four mutually-exclusive activity states are defined using: in work, in education, in unemployment (‘NEET unemployed’), and inactive out of education (‘NEET inactive’). Young people who combine education and work are treated as ‘in education’, vocational training can unfortunately not be identified as separate from education. An individual’s chain of 48 monthly activity states from the age of 16 to 20 is interpreted as her school-to-work trajectory. The three panels are merged for the OECD countries to give the sample used for analysis. | sdg8 |
For the country to meet its target of increasing the share of RES in TPES to 23% by 2025, the RES share must increase by 1.52 percentage points per year on average from the 2013 base share of 5%. Viet Nam has set a target of increasing the share of electricity generation from renewable energy to 4.5% in 2020 and 6% in 2030, which is predominantly going to be achieved through hydropower. For 2020, Viet Nam expects to increase the installed capacity of hydropower to 17 400 MW, pumped storage hydropower to 1 800 MW, wind power to 1 000 MW and biomass to 500 MW. | sdg7 |
Estimates indicate that it could be a significant source of growth for the country (1% to 7% of GDP). However, various forms of protection of national businesses (e.g. local content requirements and high import duties) limit competition, raise technology costs and discourage innovation and diffusion of more efficient, cleaner technology, goods and services. Brazil’s leading companies invest only 1% of turnover in sustainable technology, and small and medium-sized enterprises are likely to invest even less (AHK, 2009). | sdg15 |
For the first time, clear targets have been set to end these evils, and the relationship between them and sustainable growth has been recognized. Put simply, ending child labour, slavery, trafficking and violence against children is directly tied to achieving most of the other development goals. However, what matters most is the will in the words, not the words in the will. | sdg1 |
The economic benefits from public visitation of protected areas (including for tourism, recreation and environmental education) are estimated to be large. Brazil’s national parks alone could generate between BRL 1.6 and 1.8 billion annually until 2016 (Medeiros and Young, 2011, also see Box 5.3). Semeia (2014) estimates that the potential income from tourism in protected areas could reach as much as BRL 53 billion over 10 years. | sdg15 |
New estimates indicate that 200 million women and girls living today have undergone female genital mutilation, even though the majority of men and women oppose the practice in many countries where it is performed.30 Acid attacks against women are a heinous form of violence common in communities where patriarchal gender orders are used to justify violence against women. In the last 15 years more than 3,300 acid-throwing attacks have been recorded in Bangladesh, Colombia, Pakistan, Uganda and the United Kingdom.31 The true number is likely much higher because many cases go unrecorded. More than 250 million people worldwide face discrimination solely on the basis of caste or inherited status.35 In Viet Nam there are gaps between the capabilities of ethnic or linguistic minorities and the Kinh-Hoa majority. | sdg1 |
International donors increased their involvement in waste management during the last few years and this resulted in improvements in management of obsolete pesticides and expired chemicals, but management of municipal and manufacturing waste is developing slowly and old practices remain. This development reduced generated amounts of waste and in some sectors also decreased the amount of waste previously accumulated. The development of modem waste management infrastructure is still in the initial phase. | sdg12 |
In cases where the father was a documented migrant worker and the couple had marriage documents, their children could until 2014 be registered for residency permits with GDGS.The renewal of residency permits of children below 4 years old was permitted without cost, with the subsequent extension of the residency permit dependent on school enrolment (Insan 2015). Migrants in Lebanon are at a disadvantage in registering the birth of their children with authorities, a survey by Insan Association found that while o per cent of Lebanese children are not registered, io percent of children of documented migrants and 63 per cent of children of undocumented migrants are not registered (Ibid). Although GDGS did not make public any policy directive regarding non-renewal, civil society organizations noticed that this was systematically happening even when both parents were regular migrants and had not had previous problems registering their children. | sdg5 |
International law embodies the rules, principles and processes that regulate the conduct of states and international organisations (Higgins, 1994, 2–3). As discussed in Chapter 1, Chapter VII of the UN Charter empowers the Security Council to require states to restrict and interdict economic relations with target states, entities, or individuals.1 Outside the UN Charter or other applicable treaty, the customary international law of state responsibility regulates how, and the conditions under which, a state may impose economic sanctions. | sdg16 |
Do national government transfers for social programmes take into account the share and diversity of an urban area's immigrant population? How strong is the urban dimension of policies aimed at addressing population ageing (e.g. attention to infrastructure needs and access to healthcare services for an ageing population)? Given that urban policies affect multiple sectors and multiple levels of government, both horizontal and vertical co-ordination is needed. | sdg11 |
Around one million hand pumps supply water to over 200 million rural water users across the continent, yet as many as one third of all hand pumps are thought to be broken at any given time, with 30-70% of pumps breaking within two years. The Smith School Water Programme at Oxford University launched a 12-month 'smart hand pump’ trial in Kyuso, Kenya, in 2013 in an attempt to resolve problems related to broken water pumps and to test a new maintenance model for universal and reliable water services. The team opted for non-rechargeable batteries, with a replacement lifetime longer than the pump maintenance cycle. | sdg15 |
The energy target for the period from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2017 is set at 700 TWh (lifetime cumulative savings). Since the start of the scheme, 907.4 TWh of energy certificates have been issued, with agriculture accounting for only 5% of the energy certificates issued. The scheme integrates three programmes: the energy performance plan, the modernisation plan for livestock buildings and the plant plan for the environment. | sdg7 |
Old-growth forests protected by strict conservation are conducive to both increasing carbon stock and biodiversity conservation. However, the carbon uptake will diminish and be zero as they reach the climax phase. Wood in construction and products stores carbon as well as avoids GHG emissions through substitution of more energy intensive materials such as concrete and steel. Studies show that, on average, the use of one cubic meter of wood in products or construction reduces about two tC02e of emissions (including the substitution effect). However, it is good to recognise that the climate benefits of wood use are highly case-specific and depend mainly on carbon-storage capacity of the product, its full life-cycle, as well as the properties of the material that has been substituted. Many countries have already taken national-level initiatives to promote the use of wood in construction. | sdg15 |
This so-called “+23” regime requires that a 5% minimum of total vacancies in universities and polytechnics be earmarked for students over the age of 23. This percentage can be increased to 20%, or even more if there are unoccupied vacancies in the general regime of access. Conversely, if the 5% places are not taken by students of over 23, they can be occupied by younger students. | sdg4 |
Higher investment should also stimulate growth as new government infrastructure programmes and the Land Acquisition Law reduce business uncertainty. Boosting growth and making it more inclusive will require addressing structural bottlenecks, in particular gaps in energy, transport and water infrastructure, overly stringent labour regulations and the shortage of skills. Tax reforms should raise more revenue, being less distortive for growth and redistributing more from the rich to the poor. | sdg2 |
The few foreign companies to locate their manufacturing activities in Malaysia, such as Matsushita Electric in 1965, which previously only had a small-scale trading company, did so to supply the Malaysian domestic market. They started with only minor, labour-intensive assembly operations in Malaysia. In particular, the size of the domestic market was not sufficiently attractive for multinational enterprises (MNEs) to set up subsidiaries in Malaysia and no policy was in place to support capability building of human resources. | sdg9 |
In 2008, an estimated 44 million induced abortions occurred in the world (6 million in developed countries and 38 million in developing countries), almost half of which were carried out using unsafe procedures (Guttmacher Institute, 2012). Globally, it is estimated that 47,000 women die each year from complications associated with unsafe abortion. Many of these deaths could be prevented through better access to sexuality education, contraceptive information and supplies, and safe abortion services where allowed by law (Shah and Ahman, 2010). | sdg5 |
This difference in turn affects platform design and operation. The seller sends the product directly to the buyer via express delivery or postal parcel, as part of an ecosystem that includes e-commerce platforms, e-payment providers and delivery services (Box 1). This model presents challenges for regulators, particularly customs authorities, in handling the growing number of high-frequency, low-value items traded across borders. Transactions levels are often higher, customers may have more specific expectations and be more demanding, and the process may involve a number of people in the decision-making. | sdg9 |
Preface Part I. Society and Law: 1. The will to know and the will to power: theory and moral responsibility 2. The phenomenon of law 3. Globalization from above: actualizing the ideal through law 4. The nation as mind politic: the making of the public mind 5. New enlightenment: the public mind of all-humanity Part II. European Society and its Law: 6. European governance and the re-branding of democracy 7. The crisis of European constitutionalism: reflections on a half-revolution 8. The concept of European Union: imagining the unimagined 9. The conversation that we are: the seven lamps of European unity Part III. International Society and its Law: 10. The concept of international law 11. International law and the idea of history 12. Intergovernmental societies and the idea of constitutionalism 13. International law and the international Hofmafia: towards a sociology of diplomacy 14. International law and international revolution: re-conceiving the world Index. | sdg16 |
This essay, written as a chapter for a forthcoming book on New Frontiers of State Constitutional Law, explores the question of whether and to what extent the scope of judicial review in state courts ought to track our views of state constitutionalism writ large. I consider the three possibilities: that the scope of review should be agnostic as to the overarching structure and theory of state constitutionalism, that the scope of review should be more deferential in light of the broad conception of state governmental power under principles of state constitutionalism, and, finally, that, given these broad powers assigned to state authorities, the scope of review should be more searching. In investigating this general question, we can illuminate broad themes about state constitutionalism and state constitutional law. | sdg16 |
Purpose – The paper aims to address the recent debate over the “relevance lost” of business school research and points to the establishment of neoliberal economic policy during the past three decades as an example of social change that has not been thoroughly theorized in business school research. Design/methodology/approach – The literature on neoliberalism is reviewed and, more specifically, its implications for the financialization of industry and the widespread use of financial theory in corporate governance. The paper outlines some of the consequences of neoliberalism, pointing out the connections between the growth of the finance industry and the 2008 financial crisis. Findings – The paper demonstrates that the financialization of industry and the institutionalization of finance theory, as the guiding corporate governance model used in the new millennium, have led to a concentration of capital in the finance industry. As a consequence, other productive investments have been postponed. Despite such s... | sdg16 |
Progress is slow, however, as illustrated by the difficulties in reaching consensus even in areas such as transparency and notifications. Financial and technical assistance, as well as technology transfer (Target 14.a), will be important to many SIDS and LDCs as they look to create and implement national and regional strategies for sustainability, preservation and protection of their fisheries industries. These interlinked goals provide a new framework for advancing sustainable development over the next 15 years. Today, the global population is about 7.3 billion, a figure projected to reach about 8.5 billion by 2035 (UNDESA, 2011). Some 2 billion more people will populate the earth in 20 years from now. | sdg14 |
If large-scale hazardous events and outliers are excluded disaster mortality triggered by hydrometeorological hazards can be observed in an upward trend, as shown in figure 15. These variations call for deeper analysis of each sector and kinds of disasters, for informed policymaking. Earthquakes account for the highest number of people potentially exposed, while flooding is the most frequent natural hazard, for which about 1 billion people in 155 countries were potentially exposed in 2015. | sdg11 |
Both maternity leaves and parental and paternity leave are considerably longer in Europe and in English-speaking countries, except for the United States, which lags behind even by comparison with the poorer Latin American countries. The socioeconomic status and gender of domestic workers, the great majority of whom are women, are inevitably intertwined, so the way in which the State addresses their labour conditions indicates the value it affords to the two types of equity. Any measure that improves conditions for domestic workers promotes both dimensions of equity. Yet, in the medium and long term, formalizing domestic workers’ labour conditions can foster collective efforts towards more institutionalized sequential and defamilializing measures. | sdg5 |
As a practical example, guidelines were established in Finland in 2004, involving the cities of Helsinki, Espoo, Joensuu, Tampere, Turku and Vantaa (Project "Helsinki for All"). The guidelines form the basis for the City of Helsinki Accessibility Plan and are freely available for use by other municipalities, corporations and planners. The guidelines contain criteria for evaluating the accessibility of outdoor locations: pedestrian crossings and pavements, pedestrian streets and squares, public courtyards, park paths and resting places, public bus stop areas etc. | sdg11 |
Subsets and Splits