text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| label
stringclasses 16
values |
|---|---|
Because TALIS focuses on teachers and teachers' working conditions, it is important to note that, as in the first cycle of TALIS, most of the tables and charts in this section and in most of the report are presented from a teacher perspective. This focus becomes particularly apparent in the second section of this chapter, where the data represent the proportion of teachers who work in schools with certain characteristics rather than the proportion of schools with certain characteristics.2 In cases where the policy issue is most interesting at the school level in particular (especially in Chapter 3), analyses were performed accordingly (proportion of schools), and this is clearly noted under the tables in question. | sdg4 |
The way guidelines are funded and developed is problematic in Australia. Another problem relate to the confusion caused by the existence of hundreds of clinical guidelines produced by numerous organisations. It is unknown the extent to which clinical guidelines are contributing to quality improvements in the health system, or better population health outcomes. | sdg3 |
This more integrated approach is being developed and promoted but is still quite limited in scope and reach. It established a multiagency task force to facilitate co-ordination in implementing HI-ECD. At the national level, the Task Force is chaired by the Coordinating Ministry for People’s Welfare (Kemenkokesra) and jointly co-chaired by the National Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) and the Ministry of Home Affairs. | sdg4 |
Environmental justice is too often interpreted as a state rather than a process. This can lead to erroneous conclusions about the role of race and privilege in the distribution of environmental disamenities. Toxic facilities are concentrated disproportionately in Latino neighborhoods in Los Angeles and in white neighborhoods in Baltimore. However, these seemingly contradictory results are both the legacies of decades of racist practices and white privilege. Explanation in environmental justice research should therefore focus on fairness of process in addition to outcome. Promising new avenues for research can build on theories, data, and methods from other fields and approaches, including land use law, industrial and housing location theory, hazards and vulnerability, political ecology, public health, and ecology. Environmental justice research should turn some attention to the distributive and procedural justice of environmental amenities, social variables beyond race and class, and analyses at the house... | sdg16 |
For instance, the Dutch company Diligent Energy Systems used an innovation voucher to contact the Technical University of Eindhoven to help improve the efficiency of the biodiesel production process using tropical plant Jathropa. With the help of Ph.D. students from the university, the efficiency was increased and brought close to more traditional biodiesel production processes, which made the upscaling of the project possible (EC, 2011). Another example is Axxium Ltd in the United Kingdom, which intended to start manufacturing “smart door locks” that could be remotely unlocked via a mobile device, enabling people with reduced mobility to move more freely. | sdg9 |
Since the implementation of this policy, the unit difference between oil and gasoline prices has been very stable, implying strong pass-through. However, it is unclear how the government would respond were international oil prices to rise above USD 130 per barrel. However, these changes were partially offset by the removal of other taxes. | sdg6 |
The death of the employee is one of the causes that terminates the employment contract without liability for the worker and without extinguishing his/her rights or those of his/her successors to claim and obtain payment of any benefits or indemnities that may accrue to them under the Code or pursuant to special provisions. The fact that the worker takes retirement benefits is one of the causes that terminates the employment contract without liability for the worker and without extinguishing his/her rights or those of his/her successors to claim and obtain payment of any benefits or indemnities that may accrue to them under the Code or pursuant to special provisions. The National Steering Committee to Combat Child Labour, attached to the Secretary of State for Labour, is hereby created. | sdg8 |
Both the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, and the subsequent outcomes of their review conferences, have reaffirmed the centrality of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights to sustainable development. Sexual and reproductive health and rights include rights to access essential information, education and services for all on issues such as sexuality, relationships, pregnancies and safe childbirth. This includes recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly on the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so. The human rights of women include their right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. | sdg5 |
It emphasises the centrality of knowledge and learning and aims to promote inclusion, coherence and flexibility in educational practice. It also stresses the importance of adaptability, audacity and raising awareness of environmental sustainability issues as critical to a 21st century' educational approach. This includes the expectation that the citizen develop critical thinking, self-awareness, autonomy and responsibility. Individuals should be able to cope with uncertainty' in a fast-changing world, to use the skills they have developed, to continue lifelong learning, and should respect the fundamental principles of democratic society and the rights, guarantees and freedoms on which it is based. These include: responsibility and integrity, excellence and high standards, curiosity, reflection and innovation, citizenship and participation, and freedom. These include: the use of languages and texts, information and communication, reasoning and problem solving, critical and creative thinking, interpersonal relations, autonomy and personal development, well-being, health and environment, aesthetic and artistic sensitivity/awareness, scientific, technical and technological knowledge, and body awareness and mastery. | sdg4 |
This database will expand to cover 37 countries representing more than half of global landings by the end of 2017. The majority of reported support is in the form of general services to the fishing sector, not payments directed to fishers individually. Of this general support, the majority is to cover the costs of fisheries management, monitoring and control, infrastructure and research. The amount of GSSE support is quite substantial, amounting to around 20 percent of the landed value of fisheries in countries participating in the FSE. | sdg14 |
These issues are discussed below. Aside from reducing the total amount of climate finance devoted to climate activities, funds or programmes with large transaction costs will disfavour small-scale projects, e.g. that take place in small island developing states (SIDS) (Maclellan, 2011). Governance structures can affect the ease with which developing countries access international climate finance. | sdg13 |
What are their and their family's characteristics? A possible response to these questions is distilled when comparing the results with other groups of children (who are e.g. only deprived in nutrition, who are only poor but attending school and who are simultaneously severely deprived and poor). Bringing all the information together without getting lost in the multitude of dimensions or taking refuge in a single figure has been a challenge. | sdg1 |
Social and emotional skills play a particularly important role in skills formation since they not only drive future development of social and emotional skills but also cognitive skills. Parental engagement and attachment have considerable impact on children’s early social and emotional skill development. School-based programmes can also play a role by promoting intensive interactions between teachers and children through mentoring. | sdg4 |
An action plan is now needed to put the new strategy into operation. Implementation of the strategy would also benefit from an assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of existing policy instruments. The government is committed to achieving the Aichi targets of protecting 17% of terrestrial areas and 10% of marine areas by 2020. Colombia considers that protected areas cover about 12% of terrestrial areas and 9.2% of marine areas. However, the latter estimate is more than that which is currently assessed using IUCN criteria and includes an area which has been the subject of an international dispute. This suggests that a significant effort will be required, particularly for marine areas. | sdg15 |
Children of mothers with secondary education or higher are twice as likely to survive beyond age 5 compared to those whose mothers have no education. Improvements in women’s education explained half of the reduction in child deaths between 1990 and 2009. A child born to a mother who can read is 50 per cent more likely to survive past age 5. | sdg5 |
Agricultural modernisation inevitably leads to farm consolidation and the release of labour, which creates a clear employment problem for current small farm operators and farm workers. These points to the need for broader rural development initiatives that can provide a more diversified regional economy in rural areas, to absorb these released workers. This has been the experience of OECD countries over the last 100 years, as they increased agricultural output, reduced the number of farm workers and increased the financial well-being of farm households to close to, or even above, the level of their urban population. | sdg2 |
Report and full dataset accessible on line http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboardl3.html, Panel 2 - OECD (2013), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013: Innovation for Growth, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ sti_scoreboard-2013-en, Based on the EPO, Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, April 2013. New fields of research emerge from S&T disciplines that follow a mix of approaches to research and use a variety of analytical instruments and evaluation methods. Technology platforms connect data, models and actors to integrate knowledge, identify gaps and support co-ordination of global research. | sdg9 |
From the same date, the Annual Motor Tax for all newly registered cars in Ireland is based on C02 emissions instead of engine size. Also relevant for tourism businesses is the Energy Efficiency Retrofit Fund for the public and business sector, which supports energy efficiency investments in upgrading existing buildings and facilities. Failte Ireland supports the establishment of environmental standards for the various sectors of the tourism industry and publishes an annual guide containing advice regarding auditing, training and accreditation to reduce consumption of energy and water. " | sdg13 |
In Turin, Italy, when such an assessment was undertaken it came to light that one building segment, multifamily, high-rise buildings constructed before 1980 accounted for more than 70% of total residential floor area and about 70% of total energy consumption for heating (IEA, 2016a). This information allowed for better targeted energy saving measures. Also, In Paris, an energy information advisor has been providing support to building pennit applicants for energy saving projects since 2008 covering issues on sustainable building renovation (Maine de Paris, 2012). | sdg11 |
The introduction of market based economic instruments therefore represents a paradigmatic change of the social and productive base. In practice, the intention to include social sustainability in policy reforms is often sacrificed on the expense of economic and ecological objectives. This might partly be caused by a limited understanding of the social complexity in the Nordic fisheries sectors, or because the fundamental relation between the social organisation and the property system have been disregarded inthe policy reforms, subjected to the overarching economic imperative that has aggregate growth and efficiency as its aim. We find that alternatives to large-scale fisheries are still attractive to youngsters if the right policy design allow for the different business models to co-exists. Further, the large-scale fisheries that are promoted by deregulated quota markets risk promoting a form of wage-work that are only temporary attractive (for youngsters or migrant laborers). | sdg14 |
The Polish land-use planning law also refrains from granting the Ministry of Infrastructure any direct regulatory powers over local planning beyond national roads, nature reserves and the like. While the ministry does play an important function in issuing regulations for making local plans, these tend to focus on technical rules, such as how to calculate the need for public services. Only a small part of the country is covered by approved Municipal Physical Development Plans that are in accordance with the 2003 Spatial Planning and Spatial Development Act, which are produced at neighbourhood scale. While the share of land covered by these plans in cities with county (poioiat) status has increased from nearly 11% in 2006 to 17% in 2008, this leaves a significant share of city land that is not managed by Municipal Physical Development Plans (Table 2.4). Only Gdansk is fully covered by Municipal Physical Development Plans (Sleszyhski et al., In Poland, unlike many OECD countries, the law does not require the preparation of any overall citywide plan, and cities have not adopted this mode as a good practice. | sdg11 |
While most developing countries have more youthful populations, and hence more demographic momentum, declining fertility rates mean that they too will increasingly face the phenomenon of population ageing. However, a narrow focus on contraception and family planning overlooks the complex interplay of social, economic and cultural factors in demographic transitions to lower birth rates. Family planning policies should be situated within a broader sexual and reproductive health and rights and gender equality framework, rather than solely focusing on fertility reduction. | sdg5 |
In most countries, the gap between higher-paid workers and lower-paid workers widened for men but not necessarily for women. Earnings are CPI adjusted in 2005 national currency. Source: OECD Secretariat calculations from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). In the United States, for instance, these developments were linked to stagnating educational attainment among men and deteriorating employment prospects for less-educated males (Autor and Wasserman, 2013). In Australia, hours worked have increased mostly among part-timers, who are mostly women, in the lower part of the distribution, while working hours for full-timers have been stable and employment rates for men have declined (Greenville et al., | sdg5 |
This would to lay the foundation for a new generation of fisheries experts through mid- and long-term specialization curricula, in collaboration with regional and national research/training institutions. In addition, in order to build on ongoing cooperation and further strengthen fisheries governance in the Black Sea, the organization of a high-level conference and the launch of a regional, scientific and technical cooperation project for the Black Sea should contribute to further bridging gaps at the regional level. Finally, bolstering cooperation in the GFCM area of application, not only with the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department and its regional projects for the Mediterranean, but also with partner organizations with which the GFCM has an MoU, is predicted to foster synergies, avoid duplications and promote comparative advantages. Science-based regulations are strengthened and more fisheries are subject to multiannual management plans (see Chapter 7). | sdg14 |
However, a human capital accumulation-centred development strategy cannot entirely rely on the market. The State must have vision, leadership and strategic planning, as well as make other substantive interventions in the normal functioning of the market. Following a discussion, in particular, of the case of the market for education, the chapter finds ample room for State action if the long-run aim of full and successful development is to be realized. | sdg1 |
Mitigation banks in Florida, for example, are overwhelmingly located in areas with low population density when compared to the development projects that they compensate for. The possible redistribution of biodiversity and ecosystem services from urban to regional areas and its social welfare consequences are important programme design considerations (see also Chapter 5). One is to allow developers to purchase offsets to compensate for residual biodiversity loss directly through the offsets market. | sdg15 |
For information, our national poverty rate (44 per cent), based on the latest available household survey (2003) and calculated with a per capita equivalence scale for the whole population, is very close to the official one (46.4 per cent) (World Development Indicators 2009). Numbers in parentheses refer to the base-year values. As already discussed above, the lower rates in Cameroon might be at least partly due to the better quality of data used to calculate hunger rates. However, the simulated changes still give some rough basis for discussion. In terms of BaU hunger rates, figures for Cameroon are broadly in line with those for monetary poverty rates. On the other hand, Burkina Faso and, to a greater extent, Ghana show a trend in hunger rates to some extent different from that discussed above for monetary poverty (figure 12). | sdg1 |
In other cases, individual accounts worked as an additional pillar on top of a public pension benefit (mixed systems). In still others, individual accounts completely replaced existing PAYG systems (substitutive systems) (see Mesa-Lago 2006, 2008). In some cases, affiliation was optional (and some or all workers could choose to stay in the public system). | sdg5 |
Eco-epidemiology is a promising model for cross-disciplinary anti-terrorism. Derived from epidemiology's dominance of agents to illness and injury, the eco-epidemiological paradigm considers natural systems that generate causal pathways to disease and dynamic morbidity. Within this model is a hierarchy of systems interconnecting at biological, human, and social levels. Eco-epidemiology capitalizes on interacting components within and between system levels to identify contact patterns and apply mechanisms of control. Considering the complex and paradoxical nature of the threat-fear dynamic, a systematic, ecological approach would be more adaptive to terrorism's changing rules of engagement. To counter terrorism and nullify threat-fear, eco-epidemiology must be shared by public health researchers with threat assessment and harm reduction disciplines. Language: en | sdg16 |
In Section 2, key developments in international markets are discussed, exploring changes in production, prices and trading patterns. In Section 3, changes in the policy landscape are explored, taking the three broad categories in the 1994 WTO Agreement on Agriculture as the organising framework - those of market access, domestic support and export competition. Policy responses as a result of the 2007/08 food price crisis are also discussed. | sdg2 |
Budget allocations for salaries of teachers, school support and administrative staff cover all the full year, including the months of school breaks, and teachers and school support and administrative staff are contracted to perform their instructional responsibilities for more days than the current instructional year. Thus, an extended school year may not generate additional direct instructional costs. There would be additional public expenditure needed to support a lengthened instructional year, including maintenance, transportation, and other non-instmctional costs, and these would be borne principally by municipalities. Since 96% of six-year-olds are already in state-provided early childhood education and care (Figure 2.8), this option would not adversely affect family life. | sdg4 |
The floor price indicates the trigger price at which the government will buy stock, while the ceiling price specifies when the government w ill start selling its stock. By setting a floor price and a ceiling price, the government creates a “price band”, i.e. a range between which it wants to keep prices. In these situations, the distinction between price support programmes and buffer stock schemes becomes blurred, as both programmes support producers by offering them higher prices. In the case of buffer stocks, these prices are often referred to as “procurement prices” while they are called “support prices” in the case of price support programmes. | sdg2 |
Regulating risks in the face of scientific uncertainty poses a particular challenge to policy-makers. Such problems are amplified when decisions are taken in a multi-level framework of supranational governance. The genetically modified organism (GMO) regulation in the European Union constitutes an especially salient issue of risk governance in a multi-lateral arena, as the topic is politically highly visible and decision-making is slow and contested. Furthermore, as authority is dispersed among multiple actors, European risk governance is in need of adequate mechanisms ensuring that decision-makers justify and account for their behavior. While legitimacy aspects of GMO governance have widely been examined, accountability relations within the field of GMO risk governance have hitherto only weakly been explored. Hence, this paper analyzes the question of who can be held accountable under the complex system of supranational risk governance. This paper claims that mere adherence by actors to the regulatory pr... | sdg16 |
As time-series data for the Gini index for labour income are not available for a wide range of countries, the Gini indices are based on disposable income and are calculated over the whole population (not just the working-age population). The estimated coefficients in the Gini regressions thus capture more than just the impact of the explanatory variables on labour income inequality (for example, the coefficient on the unemployment benefit replacement rate captures both the indirect effects whereby a higher replacement rate may reduce employment as well as the dispersion of wages and the direct effect whereby it raises the income of the unemployed). Technical change is measured by the number of patents per one million inhabitants. The stock of human capital is captured by the share of the population with post-secondary education. | sdg10 |
While the provision of education is the responsibility of the states, the federal Ministry of Education (MEC) has played an important role in this context. What is essential for this improvement to be realised, however, is to improve teacher training and create the right performance incentives now. While the provision of education is the responsibility of the states, the federal Ministry of Education (MEC) has played an important role in this context. In addition, it has required states and municipalities to establish a formal recruitment process and career plan for teachers, and set a nationwide floor for teacher pay in 2009. In-service training to improve the capabilities of existing teachers has become more prominent, and some states have founded specific schools for training current teachers. | sdg10 |
That high proportion is significant, as there is evidence that a gender-balanced workforce offers a greater variety of skills, competencies, perspectives, experiences and backgrounds, which fuels better organisational and financial performance (OECD, 2012, McKinsey & Company, 2013). Achieving substantive equality between women and men in public service employment is also linked to gender-balanced policies and quality service delivery, w'hich prompt perceptions of the civil service as exemplary, responsible, responsive and legitimate and, in turn, contributes to greater public trust in government (OECD, 2009, OECD 2014). Against those yardsticks, Mexican women are still affected by lower occupational and sector-related segregation. | sdg5 |
It also supervises the system of minimum wages and working-hours regulations. Another important task for the Bureau is to promote adherence to the Labour Insurance (Workers’ Accident Compensation Insurance and El) system and ensure the payment of the annual premiums. Under its supervision, over 300 Labour Standard Inspection Offices enforce labour standards at local level. It audits Prefectural offices (which in turn audit local welfare offices) to ensure uniform administration across the country. | sdg8 |
Innovation-driven diversification into higher value-added production can sustain employment growth in a commodity-intensive economy with a tendency towards currency appreciation. It will sustain income and employment growth in a steadily rising urban population and expand the range of agricultural products produced in rural contexts. Agricultural diversification through innovation will be especially important as trade agreements with the United States and others come fully into play, opening new opportunities for some types of agricultural production while putting competitive pressures on others. | sdg9 |
While this is interesting in-and-of itself, it would also have been interesting if the studies had provided information on the average payment/unit measured (e.g. hectare or type of ecosystem service) for each of the PES schemes, and if possible, information on the opportunity costs of land. To some extent this also raises the question of associated monitoring and enforcement efforts across protected areas. It would be interesting, for example, to better understand if the results depend on the average PA spending per hectare. | sdg15 |
The South West Sydney Institute has long-standing relationships with Energy Australia and Integral Energy.122 These close relationships with industry leaders and local firms in the environmental and energy arenas enable the TAFE Institutes to stay nimble and responsive to shifting training needs emerging from the green economy. Moreover, if Sydney is able to export its expertise in key green sectors such as the design and installation of green transformers or advanced water conservation and reuse measures, the TAFE Institutes could position themselves to train workers from around the Asia-Pacific region in these specialised skills and trades. It is one of 55 committees that have been appointed as a result of Regional Development Australia, a recent partnership between the Australian, state, territory and local governments to support the growth and development of Australia’s regions. | sdg7 |
Insights into the impact of new technologies on production processes within a given industry as well as into the trends of structural transformation across different stages of development are necessary to assess employment opportunities in general. In his view, automation may actually complement labour inputs and create new opportunities for employment, thereby affecting income generation in various ways. However, automation has a limited cost-reducing effect, as certain tasks can simply not be fully automated yet. | sdg9 |
Development co-operation can play an important role in building trust, facilitating knowledge sharing and accelerating learning from experience across countries and regions, as well as the development, climate change and finance communities. The findings of this report provide initial insights on the pre-conditions enabling effective climate finance in the context of development co-operation. Going forward, there may be a need for new considerations and additional pre-conditions or principles that go beyond the insights from this research. In particular, the increasing role of private climate finance and South-South and triangular' co-operation in scaling up climate finance to meet global needs, as well as specific objectives of international climate funds may require a broader set of pre-conditions for effectiveness. | sdg13 |
Take Gabon, for example. The nature of demand in China (figure 6.2), however, was such that it led to a relative de-greening of the Gabonese timber and wood value chain. Certifiers assess forests' operations against a predetermined set of standards developed by the council. This allows wood to be sold in the market as "certified" wood, bearing the FSC trademark logo. | sdg7 |
Digital trade, and its growing significance, particularly for small, remotely located service suppliers, in small market economies, necessitates Aid for Trade deployment in the development of a robust, sustainable, scalable IT and network infrastructure. Digital trade forms a crucial link for firms in small states and LDCs, particularly small firms, to connect and plug into global supply chains. In the absence of a strong network infrastructure, not only do these firms lose out on linking into crucial supply chains, but the cost of trade also increases for them. | sdg10 |
Australian offshore jurisdiction is among the most complex in the world, not least in part because of the division in jurisdiction between the Commonwealth Government in Canberra, and the Australian state governments. State jurisdiction is increasingly important in Australia, with increases in maritime capabilities for state police forces, the proliferation of state marine parks as part of the suite of national parks and the relevance of state jurisdiction to native title. This article provides an introduction to the determination of maritime jurisdiction vested in the Australian states, an area of law generally poorly understood and seldom considered by publicists. | sdg16 |
Wage compression is closely associated with a high degree of co-ordination in wage setting, which pushes up wages in low-productivity firms, forcing them to improve, scale down and shed workers or go out of business. Central wage setting also keeps down wages in high-productivity firms, enhancing their incentives to invest in human capital and technology, as firm-level productivity gains do not directly translate into higher wages (Moene and Wallerstein, 2006). However, the compressed wage distribution also comes with disadvantages (discussed later in the chapter), as private payoffs do not always provide sufficient incentives for individuals to make the educational and career choices that would benefit society the most, and low-skilled individuals struggle to integrate into the labour market. | sdg4 |
However, the group receiving unemployment-related SA benefits substantially overlapped with the group receiving housing costs-related SA benefits, and Cappellari and Jenkins argue that the choice of whether to include HB in the definition of SA benefits is of little practical importance. An additional complication was that there were both contribution-based (social insurance) and means-tested (SA) benefits for unemployed workers. However the majority of individuals receiving social insurance also received SA top-ups as well. Ideally one would like to identify only the individuals and families receiving SA (or SA top-ups to insurance benefits) but this turns out to be impossible in practice. | sdg1 |
That being said there is no internationally established or consistently applied definition of P4P to date. In most definitions of P4P, performance and/or quality improvement are common themes (see Table 2.1). Unlike ex-ante add-on payments, which are applied prior to provision of services and/or are automatically applied to certain processes (i.e. providers understand that certain listed services will receive additional payment), add-on payments for quality are focussed on the degree of achievement of certain defined objectives by providers or practitioners, hence the “performance” dimension. | sdg3 |
According to the Plan, all public programmes for Information Society development include the effective consideration of the principle of equal opportunities between women and men in their design and implementation. The Government promotes the full incorporation of women in the Information Society through the development of specific programmes, especially in terms of access and training, taking into account initiatives from groups w ith a high risk of exclusion and from rural areas. Promoting knowledge about gender equality in the Information Society. The Programme for Gender Equality in the Information Society is a Plan Avanza initiative which provides NGOs with funding to carry out projects aimed at teaching women ICT skills and increasing their employment opportunities. The assessment interviews revealed that, among those four targeted areas, closing the gender divide has been the least successful, although more that 60% of the interviewees consider that Plan Avanza had positive impact on the gender divide (among them, nearly 16% define the impact as considerable and nearly 47% as limited). | sdg5 |
Access to finance for small- and medium-sized enterprises is a widespread problem, especially in developing countries, but care must also be taken to minimise risks that external funding can contribute to pressure for unsustainable expansion (UNESCO 2013). More generally, broader progress towards good governance and reducing bureaucracy is important for removing potential barriers to entrepreneurship and enterprise (Ratten 2014). However, ongoing and multiple concerns have been raised about employment practices, pay and conditions for local and migrant workers in different countries in both of these sectors (Cottle and Rombaldi 2014). Further intervention may be required in cases where selfregulation enacted through private sector manufacturing supply chains proves ineffective (Thibault 2009). | sdg8 |
During the 1990s, 50% of the reduction of CO2 emissions occurred thanks to the restructuring of the East German economy following reunification (Eichhammer et al, 2001, Weidner and Mez, 2008). Inefficient heavy industries located in the new Ldnder collapsed, inducing a reduction by 44% of C02 emissions in that region (OECD, 2001). Outsourcing of manufacturing industries to eastern European countries as well as an increasing import penetration probably also contributed. | sdg7 |
This report identifies the following forms of linkages to be of importance to policy. The first is the research-intensive public science, organized largely around those creating new knowledge through intensive R&D activities and creative design that initiate entire processes of innovation. Although it is difficult to draw the lines conclusively, basic research (and some applied) tends to be the domain of universities and highly advanced public laboratories while firms tend to focus more on applied and developmental research. This was largely led by the public sector organisations even in the industrial countries, up until recent times, because private firms tend to have little incentive to engage in socially relevant basic research. | sdg2 |
The company is then expected to become self-sufficient. It intends in particular to encourage and stimulate demand for the services of HEI/PRIs. Projects under IRCRO involve co-operation between industrial firms and HEI/PRIs and are jointly funded by IRCRO and the company using a 50/50 matching grant scheme. Applicants are obliged to hire consultants that have been pre-approved by BICRO. | sdg9 |
Another makes a grant, covering half of the implementation costs, to employers who implement age-management approaches that serve as model programs for the local labour market (www.jeed.or.jp/english/subsidies.html). However, these are relatively small measures with a combined budget of about JPY 5 billion in 2008 (see Table 5A.1). The “job development” subsidy for hiring hard-to-place and elderly workers is a relatively large programme in spending terms, with a budget of JPY 25 billion in FY 2008 (see Table 5A.1). | sdg8 |
Part-time employment is frequently associated with low quality and precarious jobs, and elevated poverty risks. This is often related to women being the main caregiver in families, and reduced working hours helps parents reconcile work and family commitments. Across the Asia/Pacific region, there are more women than men in part-time employment, and at 22% of female workers, the proportion of part-time employment is just below the OECD average (Figure 2.6). The proportion of part-time employment is particularly high among higher income countries, including Australia, Japan and New Zealand. These countries also have large gender gaps in part-time employment, with up to a 25 percentage point difference. Women’s participation increase in agriculture is related to an “outmigration” of men from low-paying agricultural work to industry (Vepa, 2005). | sdg5 |
Understanding that there is also a "hydro-social cycle" draws attention to gender dimensions. At every stage of the hydro-social cycle there are different demands, risks and benefits for women and for men. This responsibility becomes even greater in the face of pervasive water quality problems in both developed and developing countries, which will become worse with climate disruption. | sdg6 |
Loans from these institutions generally have a longer tenure than from commercial banks, which helps lower the energy tariff, their participation also lowers the risk profile and thus the cost of funds. However, it is important to satisfy the more stringent requirements of the development institutions, particularly regarding transparency and minimizing environmental and social impacts. It is envisaged that energy connectivity (electricity transmission lines, markets and natural gas pipelines) will initially strengthen the systems in the four subregions — South-East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and North-East Asia. | sdg7 |
They argued that evaluation focus must shift from “inputs” (e.g., investment dollars) and “outputs” (e.g., training) to “outcomes” produced directly because of conservation investments (e.g., species and habitats), stating that "In the field of program evaluation, one lesson is paramount: you cannot overcome poor quality with greater quantity. ” A subsequent review conducted in 2012 re-confirmed the claim that credible evaluations of common biodiversity instruments continue to be rare (Miteva, Pattanayak and Ferraro, 2012)9. Calls for more effective conservation-related development finance have also been made (e.g. Waldron et al. | sdg15 |
These add up to significant benefits, particularly if declines in fertility occur quickly enough to generate a demographic dividend. In addition, almost all studies on this topic confirm chat the magnitude of the demographic dividend depends not only on the pace of mortality and fertility decline, but also on the policy environment, particularly in the areas of sexual and reproductive health and family planning, education, labour-market flexibility and openness to trade and savings. Preventing unintended pregnancy protects adolescent girls and boys from being hijacked from their life opportunities. Learning to plan one’s family is a skill that is needed for decades of a person’s reproductive life. | sdg5 |
Most of these suppliers are headquartered in Guatemala City, and a few of them also have a representation in Peten. The inputs used in carpentry are generally obtained in hardware stores operating in the centre of la Flores, Peten's departmental capital. This situation has a direct effect on production costs, and both the continuity of production and customer satisfaction are hampered by the fact that the delivery period can vary from 20 days to three months. | sdg15 |
In both entities deciduous forest is dominant. This indicates that conifer forests have been properly managed. Round wood for industrial processing from deciduous forests accounts for only 30.24 per cent, while pulp and firewood account for 69.76 per cent. In the pre-war period there was no industrial capacity for deciduous pulp processing and no board factories that used deciduous wood. | sdg15 |
This makes their provision a matter of policy choice and contestation, In addition, technological changes have an impact on the provision of such infrastructure, including through a shift to less capital-intensive techniques and increased competition (Markard, 2011, Torrisi, 2009, Kasper, 2015). Electricity generation has historically relied on conventional fossil fuels and involved large centralized power stations. Transmission and distribution are responsible for moving electricity from power stations to users. | sdg9 |
This broad goal includes 19 targets addressing different aspects of global development, two of which have assigned ICT indicators. It has two assigned indicators, one concerned with science and technology agreements (which lies outside the scope of this chapter), the other with fixed Internet broadband subscriptions. Reliable broadband access is essenbal in order to use more sophisbcated ICT applicabons, including those required for scienbfic collaborabon. While mobile-broadband networks are increasingly widely available in both developed and developing countries, many developing countries have only limited fixed-broadband availability, which is considered preferable for high-volume, bme-cribcal applicabons. | sdg9 |
It affects more than half of the global population and touches the lives of every person. Inequalities are manifested in terms of unequal economic status, low political representation and power, unequal access to health care and other services, high levels of maternal mortality, high rates of violence and sexual harassment, unequal education, low social status, and subtle forms of discrimination—all of which are fuelled by gender stereotypes, roles and norms, as well as discriminatory institutions and legal frameworks. In many cases control over women and their bodies is woven into the cultural fabric of communities through traditional practices, such as early marriage, female genital cutting and virginity pledges. It is less blatantly maintained through gender segregation of roles and activities. | sdg5 |
In this case, for example, the ‘routine monitoring’ and ‘risk assessment’ components correspond to the ‘pre-disaster’ right time period of Figure IV-14. While the ‘Emergency monitoring’ and ‘Damage assessment’ components correspond to the ‘during’period. Pre-disaster products, for example, cover applications for providing advice and sending messages through mobile phones and other devices. It is important therefore that they are grounded within resilient infrastructure such that they can absorb shocks and maintain services when faced with limited connectivity or increased volume of traffic. | sdg13 |
Child labour in the construction sector is most prevalent in urban areas. In 2015, most of the children working in construction were boys and had begun work aged 15-18. They did not have a written contract, many were not equipped with proper safety equipment and almost half of them suffered injuries at work. Safety equipment is used only occasionally and over half of them suffered accidents at work. | sdg3 |
The future transparency framework is likely to increase the overall frequency and quality of information on GHG emissions and climate support, for example by increasing the frequency of reporting for some developing country Parties, filling information gaps in the current system, reducing duplication and providing clearer guidance in areas such as accounting for NDCs relating to mitigation. Technical expert reviews and multilateral consideration of progress under the Paris Agreement may also provide improved feedback and assist Parties to improve their measurement and reporting systems over time. Further examples of ways in which the future transparency framework is enhanced compared to the existing system are provided in Section 3.2. | sdg13 |
The ICSID Tribunal's decision on the claim put forward by two financial institutions (Postova banka and Istrokapital) against the 2012 sovereign debt restructuring process initiated by the Greek Government ('the Greek PSI'), and their subsequent losses on their investments on Greek Government bonds, despite its main procedural finding ('the Tribunal has no jurisdiction over the dispute') provided a very interesting reasoning on its rationae materiae competence and its conclusions on the main issues of the case. Further to the new per se legal conclusions resulting from this case, there are institutional conclusions regarding the possibility of a more permanent debt restructuring scheme within the EU economic governance scheme, as well as political conclusions regarding the international institutional framework for FDI, taking into account that the countries involved in the case are all member states of the EU and that the EU has acquired competence on FDI after the Lisbon Treaty. | sdg16 |
This was supported by the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), whose Presidential delivery agreement (Outcome 10, DEA, 2010) called for maps of sensitive areas for mining. Therefore, through this process it was possible to align biodiversity mainstreaming with development objectives. Lack of clarity on environmental planning issues was a key constraint for the mining sector, which was recognised in the sector as a business risk. | sdg15 |
In addition, because inclusionary housing policies rely on private developers to provide affordable housing units, the requirements need to be appealing to developers and not constrain development. This often means that the thresholds for qualify ing income levels are set high and can exclude the lowest income households. Leaving housing decisions to developers creates a risk that such a policy reinforces patterns of exclusion rather than mitigating them (Cameron, 2003, Meda, 2009). For example, Denver’s Inclusionary Housing Ordinance was initially designed to address urban sprawl and strenuous commuting costs for lower and middle-income workers. | sdg11 |
This is particularly the case for smaller rural and regional health services. The Agreement stipulates that funding be provided on the basis of activity “wherever practicable”. The states provide advice to the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority (IHPA) on how their hospital services and functions meet the block funding criteria on an annual basis. For small rural and regional hospitals, this advice can be provided once every six years, or more frequently at the states’ discretion. | sdg3 |
A number of large economies in Asia and the Pacific, most notably those of China and India, which proved resilient in the early part of the Great Recession of 2008-2009, subsequently have slowed markedly, reducing the support they had previously provided to Asia-Pacific economies through the channel of intraregional demand. The output loss could be significant for the region as a whole at almost $1.3 trillion from the start of the crisis until 2017. Policies to create or strengthen alternative sources of growth should be viewed as a priority in order to prevent the onset of the "new normal" of lower growth. | sdg10 |
In 2013 the two new operators Vietnamese-owned Viettel (operating asTelemor) and Indonesian-owned Telin (operating asTelkomcel) launched their respective mobile offerings. A year later mobile subscription penetration exceeded the population. The amazing impact of competition refutes the often held view that Small Island Developing States have limited market sizes that cannot sustain competition. | sdg9 |
Other priorities for Denmark include ensuring that teachers and principals have quality support, feedback and professional development opportunities and that principals take a more active pedagogical role. Completing a framework for evaluation and assessment and using the results in schools are also considered priorities. Building the capacity of municipalities and schools to implement national strategies at the local level and optimising resources in a decentralised context are key issues. | sdg4 |
23 years after the ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, a general treaty prohibiting the use of nuclear weapons has been adopted. It may be anticipated that the TPNW will probably not enter into force very soon, and when it does, it will neither be universally accepted, nor will it significantly influence thepractice of the nuclear weapon States. It is therefore justified to analyse the problem under consideration, not from a State-oriented perspective, but from a human and environmentally centred one. The article argues not only that any use of nuclear weapons would be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, in particular the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, but it would also violate international human rights law. The article further dwells upon the customary international law aspects of the problem under consideration. | sdg16 |
In Ethiopia, the deforestation rate between 1990 and 2010 was 1% per year (1,530 square kilometres). The trend changed in Kenya in 2000 and in Ethiopia in 2010 when larger afforestation efforts began (Figure 10 and 11). The Kenyan reforestation programme started way back in 1996 with the development ofthe Kenya forest master plan (Luukkanen, 1996). It proposed urgent studies on new patterns of forestry administration which would put an end to deforestation and improve forest management in Kenya. | sdg15 |
A 2012 law stipulates that the ratio of disadvantaged students in each school shall not exceed the average ratio of disadvantaged people in the settlement by more than 15 percentage points. However, the effect is likely to be limited because of the existing geographic segregation. The 2013 recentralisation of responsibilities may help in this respect as poorer municipalities often lacked resources to finance school infrastructures, while the central government may provide more funds (Box 2). The general increase in teachers’ wages may also help in recruiting and retaining more highly qualified teachers. | sdg4 |
The Law relates mainly to the protection and use of surface inland waters, rather than the regulation of groundwater and coastal waters.2 Most of the provisions of the Water Law have a questionable legal validity, and subsequent legislation has not been fully consistent with it (UNECE, 2016). According to the Tax Code, charges for environmental pollution, including water pollution charges (introduced in 1993), were abolished. The Law on Licences and Permits radically reduced the number of activities that w'ere classified as environmentally sensitive and in need of special environmental permit to be issued by the environmental authorities. | sdg6 |
The right to import cloves has been limited since 5 July 2002 to companies approved as clove importers by the MoT. To be approved, a company can only import cloves solely for use in a production process.40 Furthermore, every shipment requires import approval from both the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Industry concerning the quantity, kind and timing of import. However, since September 2002 the MoT has severely limited the number of companies able to import sugar, replacing the estimated 800 private importers in operation before the decree was issued (Stapleton, 2006), and tightly controlled the import volume.42 The importation of raw sugar and industrial-grade refined sugar is restricted to those companies approved by MoT as an Import Producer of Sugar (Importir Produsen Gula, IP-Sugar). These are companies that use imported sugar as a raw material in their own facilities, e.g. sugar millers/refiners in the case of raw sugar and food/beverage manufacturers in the case of refined sugar. | sdg2 |
Although the chapter reflects on the overall performance in terms of closing the gender gap in average years of education, this measure hides any gender imbalances related to the choice of academic field (e.g. young women being less likely than young men to choose Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) subjects as a field of study at the tertiary level), which later in life translates into occupational segregation (OECD, 2013). Furthermore, to achieve the greatest coverage in terms of time period, different data sources had to be employed, which sometimes come at the cost of jumps in the estimates. Most observations are estimates of official statistical agencies (1) or the product of historical research using the same sources and methods as these agencies (2). | sdg5 |
From over 200 000 ha in 2005-06, rubber plantations covered nearly 300 000 ha in the following year and 522 088 ha in February 2013.7 While the bulk of planted rubber is currently located in the south, since the mid-2000s, new plantations, developed almost entirely by companies receiving investment incentives, have quickly expanded in northern Myanmar along the Chinese border to supply the Chinese domestic market (TNI, 2012). The uplands in Kachin and Shan states have been transformed by the expansion of large-scale rubber plantations. However, smallholders with less than 8 ha of rubber plantations still constitute 90% of the total number of rubber growers while entrepreneurs with rubber estates larger than 16 ha account for only 1% of the growers (Thein, 2012). | sdg2 |
In some OECD countries the creation of co-ordination mechanisms such as inter-municipal co-operation helped to share information, build capacities and create the critical mass for investment. They should identify the priority areas for action on water resources management, on the basis of objective criteria that would take into account primarily health risks, social issues, the environment and the economy. This is only possible if quantitative information about the state of the environment is available. | sdg6 |
Both champions and critics of “neorealism” in contemporary international relations misinterpret David Hume as an early spokesman for a universal and scientific balance-of-power theory. This article instead treats Hume’s “Of the Balance of Power,” alongside the other essays in his Political Discourses (1752), as conceptual resources for a historically inflected analysis of state balancing. Hume’s defense of the balance of power cannot be divorced from his critique of commercial warfare in “Of the Balance of Trade” and “Of the Jealousy of Trade.” To better appreciate Hume’s historical and economic approach to foreign policy, this article places Hume in conversation with Machiavelli, Guicciardini, Andrew Fletcher, and Montesquieu. International relations scholars suspicious of static paradigms should reconsider Hume’s genealogy of the balance of power, which differs from the standard liberal and neorealist accounts. Well before International Political Economy developed as a formal subdiscipline, Hume was conceptually treating economics and power politics in tandem. | sdg16 |
Abstract: Recent international relations (IR) scholarship has developed a growing awareness of this discipline’s colonial roots, prompting a search for decolonising approaches. This article is about indigenous sovereignties and how they have been occluded in the currently globalised European system of states. The method employed is a case study of two of the most impoverished and brutalised Indigenous Peoples in Brazil: the Guarani and the Kaiowa. In an attempt to transit between the world of Westphalia and non-European worlds, it starts by engaging in a conversation with Guarani and Kaiowa knowledge. Then, through a long-term historical analysis, it examines the main colonial processes that caused the occlusion of Guarani and Kaiowa sovereignty. Finally, it provides a broader perspective on how the diffusion of the European model of sovereignty, confronted with Indigenous resistance, has led to the social exclusion of Indigenous Peoples worldwide. | sdg16 |
Agglomeration economies (cont.) There is a possibility that contractual problems arising from renegotiation among buyers and suppliers will result in one of the parties losing out to the other party in a renegotiation. However, if the agglomeration is extensive enough, agents can find an alternative partner. | sdg2 |
In PPP$ terms, the range spans from PPP$ 2.8 in Sri Lanka to more than PPP$ 50 in Bulgaria, Cabo Verde and Nicaragua (Table 4.1). A number of LDCs also offer monthly prices below USD 3 per month, including Bhutan, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Nepal (Republic of) and South Sudan. It is the task of regulators and policy-makers to strike a balance between these two forces, and they have intervened in this regard in some countries, such as for instance in Sri Lanka (Box 4.2). | sdg9 |
In SIDS with more diverse economies that are less dependent on tourism, the proportion of foreign workers may not be so high. As data from other SIDS are very limited, the assumption is that most SIDS employ more foreign workers when mass tourism and the all-inclusive market dominates the sector, rather than other forms of tourism. Figure 1.6 shows the number of people employed across all accommodation types in Jamaica (2009 and 2010). | sdg8 |
Indeed, more young women than ever before are now participating in formal and higher education in the OECD and, over the past decade, gender gaps in educational attainment have reversed. In 2000, adult men had higher tertiary-level attainment rates than adult women, but by 2012 34% of women across OECD countries had attained a tertiary education, compared with 30% of men. Among the over 100 non-OECD countries that are part of the Barro and Lee dataset (2013), the average number of years that working-age adults spend in education countries rose from around two to about eight among men and from one to eight years for women. | sdg5 |
The data are collected by examining the calculators and attached public documentation, peer reviewed research papers related to the calculators, interviews of calculator hosts, and additional data provided by the interviewed experts. Chapter 3 is devoted to the findings based on the desktop study and the interviews. In Chapter 4, we propose recommendations useful for the future development of existing calculators and new initiatives planning to make use of calculators. The report is concluded in Chapter 5. | sdg12 |
Further, the paper attempts to bring forth various debates associated with no-stakes standardised tests and it summarises empirical evidence on the effects of testing on teaching and learning outcomes. Standardised testing is often used in OECD countries as a means to assess students, teachers and schools, however across countries substantial differences exist in test purpose, design, implementation and use of test results (Kellaghan et al., The term standardised test refers to tests that are designed externally and aim to create conditions, questions, scoring procedures and interpretations that are consistent across schools (Popham, 1999, Wang et al, 2006). | sdg4 |
Such multi-dimensional approaches to effectiveness involve a combination of objectives, such as mobilising resources, maximising broader development benefits, achieving climate-related objectives, and/or building capacity. For example, a monoculture plantation might be an effective intervention that focuses solely on maximising mitigation potential. However, interventions balancing multiple objectives (e.g. mitigation, biodiversity, development) may favour mixed plantation or agroforestry activities that provide greater biodiversity and other benefits (food, medicinal plants, etc.). | sdg13 |
For instance, Tier One in the EU-United States proposal covers energy-related services (e.g. engineering and maintenance services to optimize the environmental performance of energy facilities), and services for the design and construction of energy-efficient buildings and facilities. Tier Two covers a broad set of environmental and climate-related services, including energy, construction, architectural, engineering and integrated engineering services.45 Once the picture on the services front is sufficiently clear, the negotiators would proceed to identify the goods essential to the delivery of the selected environmental and energy services and negotiate tariff concessions using the proposed modalities and taking into account national priorities and programmes. The introduction of sustainability standards and regulations may prove important to trade in biofuels. | sdg7 |
The network is currently working to create partnerships with other universities as well as add more members from diverse subject fields as most of the members are either German or social studies teachers (Universitat Paderborn, 2016[m]). First, new teachers can benefit from support offered by mentorship programmes. Comprehensive mentoring is a proven method to support these teachers, “without effective mentoring support, many beginning teachers struggle and fail to learn the nuances of effective teaching” (Spooner-Lane, 2017[nsj)- Furthermore, mentoring is essential for teachers in disadvantaged schools as it can help them learn the necessary skills more quickly (OECD, 2012, p. 132(69]). | sdg4 |
They shift the responsibility for sustainable development away from states toward the private sector without significant regulatory intervention. Economic incentives, on the other hand, can be used to promote and reward environmental stewardship and behaviour that support the fulfilment of environmental regulation. This is often linked with injustice as it can shift resource use rights or ownership from poor people to the more powerful. | sdg13 |
However, the national climate change efforts to which Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have committed themselves in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are largely insufficient, and only cover one third of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions necessary to reach this temperature goal (UNEP 2017). There is still a significant gap between 2030 emission levels and a least-cost 2°C pathway amounting to 11 GtC02e or even as much as i3.5GtC02e, taking only unconditional NDCs into account (UNEP 2017). Global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, albeit at a slower rate, and even though the Parties must increase the goals of their NDCs overtime, it is unlikely that the emissions reductions thus achieved will be sufficient (UNEP 2017). | sdg13 |
For example, only in 4 of the 16 countries in Africa with available data — Burundi, Malawi, Sao Tome and Principe and Zambia — were the poverty rates for female-headed households higher compared to male-headed households (figure 8.2). The largest difference, of 8 percentage points, is observed in Malawi, where 59 per cent of people living in female-headed households are poor compared to 51 per cent of those living in male-headed households. In the other countries or areas with available data in the region, male-headed households had similar or higher poverty rates than female-headed households. In Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger and Nigeria (all in Western Africa) the poverty rates for male-headed households were higher than those for female-headed households by more than 8 percentage points. For example, 44 per cent of people living in female-headed households in Nigeria were poor compared to 58 per cent of people living in male-headed households. Greater poverty rates for female-headed households, by more than 5 percentage points, were observed in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. | sdg1 |
In particular, where the range of outcomes is restricted (e.g. studies on specific sub-populations such as students with special educational needs), the effect size is inflated because the divisor in the calculation is smaller (Black and Wiliam, 1998a). Second, measures of educational outcomes differ greatly in their sensitivity to the effects of education and whether the measure relates directly to what students have been learning or is more remote, as with many national tests and examinations (Wiliam, 2008). Nevertheless, as a general guide, at least on standardised measures of educational achievement, effect sizes of around 0.4, which are typical in studies of feedback, indicate an increase of at least 50% in the rate of learning. | sdg4 |
Women continue to represent, on average, only one-third of senior public service employees, members of parliament (including in chair positions of committees) and Supreme Court judges. By way of example, women remain disproportionally responsible for unpaid care work, with major potential to improve public, accessible and affordable child and/or elderly care. Although women are often at the losing end of structural gender inequality, cultural norms and stereotypes are simultaneously creating pressure and subsequent problems for men and boys, such as underdiagnosed mental health problems, addiction and alcohol abuse, and use of violence as a masculinity norm. | sdg5 |
Standards ensure, among other things, that products can "connect” or talk to each other. But when standards are incompatible, or when conformity procedures do not match, the cost of doing business rises, both domestically and across national borders. A growing number of trade concerns of this nature are being raised at the WTO Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Committee). | sdg9 |
M&E ensures development dollars are spent as efficiently as possible. M&E also provides a better means of learning from past experience, improving service delivery, planning and allocating resources, and demonstrating results. The guidance addresses performance indicators, a performance framework, and approaches to gather information such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, participatory workshops, results-based-mapping, etc. | sdg7 |
Subsets and Splits