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When established in 1989, the Penang Skills Development Centre (PSDC) concentrated on technical and vocational training programmes for employees of multinational corporations (MNCs). Over a 20 year period, the knowledge and skills of every level (operators, technicians, supervisors, engineers and managers) have increased significantly (PSDC, 2009, 2010). While the multinational corporations (MNCs) hire some technical personnel to work on design, testing and product developments, the supply of R&D engineers and technicians was too small for them to expand their R&D in Penang. ( The level of educational attainment remains significantly below that of OECD countries in the region. | sdg4 |
Other possible impacts of climate change on aquaculture include changes in feed composition and supply as well as changes in the type, scope and extent disease outbreaks in fish farms. For both sectors, relocation of aquaculture production sites, wild harvest landing sites (e.g. ports), and fish processing facilities may be required due to extreme weather events, changing stock distribution and location relative to markets. While there will continue to be a great deal of uncertainty associated with the interactions between climate change and fisheries and aquaculture over the next several years, fisheries policy makers should now turn their attention to the development and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies. | sdg14 |
Some sources indicate even lower percentage, i.e. around 19,500 ha, or only 2.2 per cent. The GEF-UNEP-WWF project, "Development of the Econet for Long-term Conservation of Biodiversity in the Central Asia Eco-region”, being pursued in consultation with Governments and using GIS technologies, has outlined an ecological network plan for Central Asian countries. Taking this plan into account, Kyrgyzstan has established five new protected areas since 2000 (three State reserves and two national parks) and enlarged several others. | sdg15 |
This is necessary for its large rural agricultural labour force to rapidly be drawn into high-productivity, non-farming activities in the manufacturing and services sectors as well as to lift the productivity of the agriculture sector, where the vast majority of the poor work. Creating backward and forward linkages among manufacturing, agriculture and services sectors by linking MSMEs to the supply chain and production network is a key criterion. In addition, improving the access to low-cost finance is vital for MSMEs. | sdg1 |
Such cultural change takes time, and while the central level can establish policies, plans and programmes, central-level institutions have to provide a behavioural example and embody the practice. Meanwhile, the local level must also be an active player in encouraging a transformation to more open and inclusive government. A report undertaken for SUBDERE and the Ministry of Foreign Relations focusing on the status of citizen participation at the sub-national level17 was highly critical of Antofagasta’s approach, characterising it as narrow, paternalistic and traditional, with little recognition of social or community actors in the management of local development, citizens taking a passive role, and CSOs facing capacity challenges. The report also indicated no systematic identification was made of needs or programme design in areas of interest to citizens and civic organisations. | sdg11 |
This chapter briefly discusses the major secular ideologies that developed in the wake of the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment: liberalism, socialism, feminism, nationalism, ecologism, and humanism. The main purpose is to look at and evaluate those secular ideologies from an evolutionary perspective and their significance for the development of evolutionary ethics. It is concluded that all of the major ideologies appear to include moral principles and practices that can be considered to be useful for evolution-based ethics. Albeit, they are only partial building stones for the design of a viable universal, evolutionarily grounded ethics in a further progressing modernisation. None of the secular ideologies have succeeded so far in elaborating a comprehensive worldview comparable to the major organised religious traditions. They excel as a result of their fragmented nature and, in most cases, short-term perspective. | sdg16 |
Hong Kong, China as well as Japan, the Republic of Korea and Singapore have developed well-functioning integrated urban transportation systems that are based on attractive pub lie transport and restricted use of private vehicles. Country and city authorities could initiate policies to promote their use through providing tax rebates. Many guidelines,14 technical standards,15 case studies16 and sourcebooksl7 that focus on a particular aspect of urban transport and mobility are readily available. | sdg11 |
Much less support was destined to the transition economies in Eastern Europe (USD 12.9 billion), Latin America and the Caribbean (USD 11.1 billion) and Oceania (USD 2.1 billion). Banking and financial services, and other business services, received USD 33.2 billion and USD 16.4 billion respectively. Most disbursements for building productive capacity went to Africa (USD 47.8 billion) followed by Asia (USD 41.7 billion), Europe (USD 13.7 billion), Latin America and the Caribbean (USD 11.9 billion), and Oceania (USD 1.2 billion). | sdg9 |
This article analyses the ideological and theoretical underpinnings of neoconservative discourses on international relations. It moves beyond recent polemics and debates over the Bush administration's foreign policy to offer a deeper look at the intellectual premises of the peculiar synthesis of realism and idealism which characterizes the neoconservative mode of political engagement with the world. Looking at the domestic and foreign policy dimensions of neoconservative political sociology, the article argues that neoconservatism is not the centrist ‘liberal’ conservatism that it pretends to be (and that many foreign policy analysts have diagnosed in recent years). It argues that to the extent that neoconservatism is committed to the Enlightenment narrative of human rights and liberal democracy, these commitments are predicated on an atavistic conservative philosophy that is in fact ferociously predatory on liberal values and liberal mechanisms of governance. The aim here is not to provide a normative de... | sdg16 |
This growing economic, social, political and cultural integration is to a large extent the result of endogenous changes in transportation, information and telecommunication technologies, and in demographic trends. Yet, policies (referred to in this paper, for convenience, as “neo-liberal policies”) that dominated the scene until the onset of the recent financial crisis did contribute to accelerating economic integration, except in the case of labour mobility. During these same three decades (1980-2010), there has also been a gradual spread of liberal democracy, particularly in the former socialist countries of Europe and in Latin America. In a marked departure from the trends of the 1980s and 1990s, the current decade (that is to say, since 2000) has witnessed a recovery in practically all developing and transitional regions. | sdg10 |
To support partner countries in achieving their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and pursuing green growth, development co-operation providers will need to better engage with the private sector to mobilise resources, innovation and know-how. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on how development co-operation providers are working with and through the private sector to promote development outcomes. With a focus on green growth and climate change, the paper provides a broad overview of private sector engagement (PSE) approaches used by development co-operation providers, discusses ongoing challenges, and highlights emerging areas of good practice. The challenge is great, as much of the infrastructure investment needs in coming decades will be in emerging and developing countries. | sdg13 |
Why is administrative law so neglected in the curricula of graduate public administration in the United States? In the light of professed adherence to democratic administration and rule of law, this gap in the academic education of public service professionals seems surprising and somewhat disconcerting. Public servants are not only empowered but obligated by law to use the power of the state to make decisions and take actions in the public interest. Yet, study of the theory, processes, and practices of administrative law seems to play little or no part in their preparation for these tasks. | sdg16 |
This growth occurred more quickly in some regions of the world than in others. In recent years, the rate of growth in global aquaculture production has been slowing down. There are large differences in trends in aquaculture production and in capture fisheries among OECD countries and among fishing areas, with significant increases in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. China remains the largest producer, though fishery statistics for China are under review and still entail uncertainties. | sdg15 |
One option w'ould therefore be to lengthen the trial period so that firms are more willing to hire and experiment with new workers. These types of contractual arrangements may be of particular interest to youth since workers under such contracts tend to receive more training than workers in standard fixed-term contracts, are assisted in finding assignments, and gain a wide range of experience (OECD, 2013). In some countries, workers are hired by agency firms under open-ended contracts, and even receive an (albeit low) wage in-between assignments. | sdg8 |
The training included the preparation of flight plans, arming and manoeuvring drones, image processing and mapping with high-resolution images. The maps generated enable the authorities to guide decision making for the protection, management and conservation of their forests and natural resources, thus contributing to Sustainable Development Goals 13 and 15 linked to ecosystem and climate change. In addition, community monitoring should obtain information that is of interest to the communities and territories involved. This information collected in the territories can provide data for the National System of Forest Monitoring. However, certain steps should be taken to ensure Free, Prior Informed Consent (FPIC)4 for the exchange of information at each level. | sdg15 |
Since 1983, approximately 3.7 million ha have been allocated to households and individuals (long et al., The 5MHRP, Degraded Forest Land Allocation (FLA) scheme and National Mangrove Restoration and Development Plan for 2008-2015 have all allocated considerable areas of forest land to local households and communities, which have been reforested (Clement et al., The 5MHRP has provided local people with payments, tax incentives and favourable loans for forest protection (Binh 2003). | sdg15 |
In addition, the Icelandic company Samherji HF owns harvesting interests in the UK, Germany and Poland and Aker Seafoods of Norway has interests in a Spanish harvesting company. Most OECD and non-OECD countries have various regulations in place that try to reserve domestic resources for domestic fishers. To overcome these restrictions, harvesting companies often use local companies, joint operations, service arrangements, and vessel operating agreements, etc. However, two factors are very important before foreign investments can take place in the harvesting sector. | sdg14 |
Bringing together Muslim women from across geographical borders has been important in building solidarity, and women across the world realize that they are not working in isolation, but that they are fighting similar battles. Musawah’s transnational ties represent a channel that is important to women activists in sharing information and strategy. Musawah has established an affinity group for young women advocates, the Young Women's Caucus, in which some 30 Muslim women under age 35 are working on issues among young Muslim women and based on the Musawah framework. Social and economic norms that cast men as breadwinners and women as caregivers shape how young women find marriage partners even if the realities are somewhat different for other reasons. The idea that higher education is inappropriate for women, especially if the education would require women to live far from home, is an obstacle in some settings, mainly in lower class and suburban areas. The family is also a key source of emotional and social support for many young women. | sdg5 |
Of the five models compared, the one with the most detailed representation of end-use technologies found “energy efficiency and end-use technologies constitute first rank options to cope with severe climate constraints” (Kitous et al., This includes rapid penetration by mid-century of electric vehicles and low-energy buildings, with the diffusion dynamics of both end-use technologies modeled endogenously. The policy-induced technological change in climate change mitigation scenarios is a major point of departure from historical energy transitions. | sdg7 |
However, it does not include information on when licences are applied for (while providing the date of issue), nor on the reasons for and conditions on the numerous licence transfers. There is also a problem at present with accessing the area covered by petroleum licences in the Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry database. In addition, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism is not providing the most recent data on receipts to its special fund for mining rehabilitation, arguing that this is not permitted by banking legislation. Further, though licence holders provide information to the EITI, they are often unwilling to present the same information on their own websites, thus reducing transparency. | sdg12 |
Political, legal and economic institutions will determine the limits and effectiveness of each stakeholder in achieving its objectives. These factors are then illustrated in the context of the fisheries sector, from a general perspective, in order to provide a framework for the country case studies. The political economy literature also highlights the problems of sustaining policy reform in the face of pressure from social actors to reverse some or all of the policy changes once they have been implemented. | sdg14 |
This exhibit is based on prior OECD work (OECD, 2009), with minor amendments to the functional category descriptions. However, experience and evidence in the literature suggest that while capacity varies greatly among developing countries, most often capacity is relatively low. In view of the major environmental challenges outlined in Chapter 3, and the key role of government in addressing these challenges, capacity development in government is a high priority. ( | sdg7 |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan successfully tested the use of this coal with an ash content of less than 0.2% in gas turbines (SKM, 2009). This impurity level should not cause major problems in the gas turbine. Initial estimates suggest that the fuel cost in Australia would be rather high, ASD 0.05 to ASD 0.08 per kWh, compared to ASD 0.02 per kWh for regular hard coal. Cost may come down as the technology develops. | sdg7 |
Poverty reduction was featured as the first and pre-eminent goal. At the end of the 1990s, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund had incorporated a linkage between market-oriented structural adjustment policies and the poverty agenda within the revised framework for the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs), making the formulation of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) a precondition for the receipt of debt relief under the heavily indebted poor countries Initiative. However, the Goals, per se, do not encompass any particular strategy for achieving those objectives. | sdg1 |
No more than 40% of Seguro Popular funds can go to human resources, no more than 30% can be spent on pharmaceuticals and a minimum of 20% can be spent on preventive activities. Yet beyond these figures, there is no clear resource allocation strategy at the state level, leaving states responsible for how they spend resources within these restrictions. The one exception is for public health interventions, where states make decisions in conjunction with the Ministry of Health to decide how they should allocate their spending on prevention activities. Similar shared decision-making approaches could possibly be employed for other types of spending, particularly for states with managerial capacity constraints. There remains a need for better accountability of how funds for health are used and for incentives and indicators to ensure that money is well spent. | sdg3 |
The nt are whether countries are part of a free trade agreement, whether they are The determinants of information and transaction costs taken into account are ation that remains unexplained by our variables. Furthermore, transaction costs are high for cross-border trade because of different institutional frameworks and the need for cross-border financial transactions and currency conversions. The last category includes policy measures that make access to the domestic market relatively more difficult for foreign firms. | sdg9 |
There are also payments related to placement of nursing staff for Overnight Stay-based Training for Independence Support and placement of health care professionals for disability welfare services and they make it possible for individuals to live in the community while receiving health-related support. Nursing outreach visits and community oriented services in private hospitals and clinics have been established in order to support early discharge. The numbers of psychiatric day care centres, private psychiatric outpatients’ clinics and social rehabilitation facilities have also increased. In addition, the MHLW provides subsidies for “Child mental health care network” projects implemented by prefecture. However, there is a shortage of hub hospitals which specialise in care for children’s mental health, with just 21 hospitals with specialised child and adolescent wards across Japan. “ Hikikomori”, a group identified in Japan generally understood to be reclusive adolescents or young adults who withdraw from social life, often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement, are a particular cause for concern. | sdg3 |
They can also take the form of lengthy port-handling or custom procedures. One characteristic of NTMs is that they otten lead to fixed costs for exporters - costs that do not change with the number or amount of products exported. Unlike large companies, most SMEs do not possess in-house trade or international departments with experts who know how to efficiently overcome relevant trade costs. | sdg5 |
In addition to political will, this package requires governments to mobilize sufficient resources. In order to close income, health and care gaps, for example, a quarter of countries (41 out of 155 studied) could implement the required policies for less than 3 per cent of GDP, just over half of the countries (79) could do so for less than 5 per cent of GDP. For one fifth of countries, these policies would cost more than 10 percent of GDP, which means that additional international support would be required. | sdg5 |
One approach is to draw on self-selection. An example for this method is the Projet d'irrigation et de gestion de I'eau a petite echelle (PIGEPE) project in Burkina Faso, which provides micro-irrigation kits only attractive to farmers with small landholdings. Only farmers who are part of the target group will acquire these kits. For example, participation in the programmes of the Chilean public Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario (INDAP) is open only to small family farmers who fulfil the following economic criteria: their agricultural assets may not exceed a value of approximately US$140 000, the area under their cultivation must be below a location-specific limit, and agriculture must be the households' main source of income. | sdg2 |
The brokers have been successful in matching 50 people with jobs and stimulating the key businesses in the market to the opportunities provided by unemployed people. As these approaches are rolled out more widely the Greater London Authority will build future local employment and skills requirements directly into the contracts as part of their Responsible Procurement code. This suggests a considerable knowledge gap between front-line advisors in the mainstream system potentially limiting the number of jobs opened up to unemployed people. | sdg7 |
A better overview of how these different actor groups are relevant to green business models is provided later in Section 2.3. The distribution of the 22 interviewed organisations between these business types and in geographic coverage can be seen in Figure 2. Nearly a quarter of interviewed companies have full Nordic coverage (mostly manufacturers and network service providers). It should be noted that a number of companies could fit into more than one of the categories. | sdg12 |
Committee members represent non-governmental actors and government officials connected to each specific commodity. Moreover, in some cases these committees have taken on a more political than technical character. Regions within Morelos are identified by areas having a significant production of a particular crop or commodity. | sdg11 |
This chapter reviews changes and continuities for the development of International Political Economy (IPE) in the twenty-first century. We highlight four themes, which authors in this handbook subsequently explore. These include necessary adaptations of IPE theory in response to changing global conditions, how global reordering affects global economic governance, production, and power relations, the diverse global crises to which actors must respond, often under intense time pressure, and a variety of emerging IPE issues on which we need new and/or more attention from IPE scholars and students. We conclude by identifying five trends which we argue would help enhance IPE understandings, ensure the policy relevance of our discipline, and prepare our students in the coming decade. | sdg16 |
In this sense, performance indicators are blunt instruments of control, which, inappropriately used, may have undesirable effects on the system that is monitored. Such effects can be minimised by a good understanding of the system and broad agreement on a set of performance indicators that are sufficiently nuanced. It may be systematic or ad hoc (OECD, 2010a). | sdg9 |
This flat-topped seamount measures approximately 120 km in diameter at the base and rises 1500 m above the adjacent bathyal plain, with a summit 756 m below sea level. The high faunal diversity and density indicate a uniquely rich environment in the Levant basin, possibly an isolated refuge for relict populations of species that have disappeared from the adjacent continental slope. This area likely represents one the most pristine environments found in the Mediterranean Sea, and therefore its protection fromfishingactivitiesisconsideredapriority (GFCM, 2005). The coral colonies consist of bioconstructed buildups mostly located on muddy mounds widespread in the study area. Other important taxa (Foraminifera, Porifera, Brachiopoda, Anellida, etc.) These species also contribute to the complexity of the Lophelia reef community, with the presence of many suspension feeders and a complex trophic system. | sdg14 |
Under the influence of climate change, rainfall is predicted to decrease by 3-4% and run-off to decrease by 5-10%. Groundwater levels arc expected to decrease, with minor changes in groundwater quality. The 64-km river has its source in Turkey from springs on Goze Mountain (Goze Dagi), and discharges into the Kura River. In the part of the basin that is Georgia’s territory, the surface water resources are estimated, based on observations from 1936 to 1990, to be approximately 0.672 km3/year, about 14,400 m3/year/capita. In Georgia’s part of the basin, water withdrawal is 9.156 x 106 m3/year, with 78% withdrawn for energy, 13% for agricultural purposes, 4% for domestic uses and 5% for industry. Animal husbandry and agriculture are the main sources of income, and are increasing in the Turkish territory in the Kura basin (see assessment of the Kura). | sdg6 |
Capital invested into a number of other sugar processing companies. Reformed into a joint-stock company under Decision No. There were almost 62 500 such groups in 2013, up from about 50 OOO in 1996. In comparison to formal co-operatives, many of these are located in the Mekong River Delta (MRD) region (29%). | sdg2 |
While in some countries gains in life expectancy have outpaced gains in living standards, in others the reverse has been observed. The Russian Federation saw life expectancy decline in the 1990s, due largely to societal changes, increases in external causes of death and other risk factors such as excess consumption of alcohol, there is evidence that this trend is now reversing and life expectancy has started to increase again (Popov, 2011). In South Africa, life expectancy has also fallen recently because of the devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic. Years gained are calculated starting from 1961 for Canada, New Zealand and Italy. For the Russian Federation the gain is nil. | sdg3 |
The definition “good status” follows the EU Water Framework Directive. A quantitatively good status requires that abstractions do not have a significant impact on related surface water bodies. These wetlands and their small ponds make a very large contribution to bio-diversity in semi-arid climates. By offering breeding grounds for migratory species they also have considerable international significance. | sdg6 |
A number of “scales” exist for such adjustment. In this analysis, total household income is divided by the square root of household size. While almost two-thirds of OECD countries provide some estimates of non-cash income components such as imputed rents, the high heterogeneity in the methodology applied for deriving such figures makes them unsuited to cross-country comparisons. | sdg10 |
All large metropolitan areas in Germany have set up a metropolitan transport authority- called Verkehrsverbund. Such transport authorities usually bring together all local governments located in the metropolitan area as well as the corresponding Land (or Lander if there are several of them, as in the case of Hamburg). The creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated the expansion of the public transport supply, as illustrated in the example of Frankfurt (Box 1.9). | sdg11 |
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact of a major initiative (the National Competition Policy) and pieces of legislation (the Local Government Act and the Local Government Finance Standards) on the internal practices of a large Australian local authority.Design/methodology/approach – A theoretical framework is developed using new public management (NPM) and neo‐institutional theory literatures to explain the findings. A case study approach was applied to collect the data for the research.Findings – The findings reveal that the National Competition Policy 1993, the Local Government Act 1993 and the Local Government Finance Standards 1994 mainly have brought about significant changes to the organisation's internal management control processes, such as financial reporting, budgeting and performance appraisal. The changes brought in appeared to be coincidentally similar to NPM ideals. Furthermore, senior managers (such as the chief executive and divisional heads) played a major role in ... | sdg16 |
Promoting a vision of small-scale farming rooted in agroecological techniques, local markets and food sovereignty (Borras, 2004, McMichael, 2009), some strands, though by no means all, emphasize the rights of women as small-scale food producers. The National Association of Rural and Indigenous Women in Chile, with its 10,000 members, is linked to La Via Campesina and is launching an agroecology institute to train women smallholder farmers in South America.14 Other examples include movements initiated by groups of poor urban dwellers in many cities in Asia, Africa and Latin America, linking well-being and rights to homes and livelihoods with the design of decent, sustainable urban spaces (Satterthwaite, Mitlin and Patel, 2011). In the case of Shack/Slum Dwellers International, groups initiated around women's savings and credit associations and waste-pickers cooperatives have networked into a federated global structure that now covers 33 countries, linking local action with campaigning around global agendas. | sdg5 |
The NBI experience illustrates the importance of using both technical information and informal processes to build trust among states, and the value of hvolving a variety of stakeholders in the dialogue. While the etforts of more than ten years have been significant, the most challenging issues remain unaddressed, namely reaching a consensus between all ten countries on new levels of water allocation based on changing needs and demands. The aim of the request was to help resolve tensions that were caused by uncertainty over the drivers of environmental change and implications for water availability. The study, released in 2005, helped identify the main phases of environmental change in the wetlands over the past 30 years together with the key drivers, tx>th natural and human-induced. | sdg6 |
This article provides an overview of the interdisciplinary field of disability studies. It highlights the social model of disability, a foundational analytic framework within disability activism, practice, and scholarship. Through explicating and historicizing the emergence of disability as a social category, the article offers the social sciences an emancipatory lens through which to reflexively examine and dislodge disabling assumptions and practices. The article concludes by illustrating how disability studies can complement and expand the social justice orientations of contemporary social science research and practice. | sdg16 |
Accordingly, the four pillars of gender equality in e-Government emerged from the research, which include: women’s access to ICT, capacity development for women, online public service outreach for women, and women’s participation in online public process. It should be the specific situation of a country’s advancement and capacity in those four pillars that jointly influence the scope and priority of objectives for gender equality in e-Government. It should be noted that the two concepts, gender equality and empowerment of women, are different in their meanings - gender equality emphasizes remedying the existing inequality between men and women which reproduces further inequalities with negative consequences for women’s well-being, while empowerment of women does not have a connotation of gender disparities and focuses on the changes needed for women to realize her full human rights (UNFPA, 2012). | sdg5 |
They also seek to improve the environmental performance of all operators involved in the life cycle of EEE. Any discharge, dumping, storage, accumulation or injection of this type of waste requires prior authorization. It also introduces the need for programmes for the gradual reduction, and ultimate elimination, of pollution caused by waste from Ti(>2 manufacturing facilities. | sdg12 |
There are no common standards of collection and use of data, some registers are not electronic, and information systems are not mutually compatible. The implementation of the new legislation on information systems and of the “e-health” programme, which is planned to be completed by 2015, should improve the situation. Another possibility is that the illness resolves itself while waiting for treatment. A more subtle argument arises from the existence of a private-sector alternative. | sdg3 |
The first stage consists in selecting participating schools and the second stage consists of selecting one (or more) intact classrooms from the target grade of each participating school. Contextual data are collected from students and teachers, school principals, and their parents via background questionnaires. The number of participating countries has increased from 32 in 2000 to over 70 in 2015. | sdg4 |
The dollar cost for removing each kg of P was determined by SNC based on its history of delivering projects. Using earlier trading formulae (Batchelor, 1999, Draper, 1997), it was possible to calculate the amount of P controlled for a number of projects completed by SNC prior to the trading programme starting. Since the total cost for each of these projects was known, it was possible to derive an average cost of CAD 400 (2009 figures) for each kg of P. This figure is reviewed by South Nation Conservation annually, and is generally increased by yearly inflation figures. | sdg6 |
The most influential factors in the United Kingdom are, in this order, self-reported health, employment status, perceived freedom of choice and the state of the environment. Indicators of material living standards, such as income or wealth, have a much smaller effect, in line with other OECD countries. All else equal, doubling income increases average wellbeing by only 0.1 units, in a scale of life satisfaction ranging from 1 to 10. This compares to larger well-being losses associated to becoming unemployed, 0.45 points, or gains from perceived health, for which a one point improvement (for example, from good to very good health) yields a 0.5 points increase in life satisfaction. | sdg10 |
Furthermore, business and labour organisations are represented on the body as consulting members. The work of the decision-making body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of 25-30. Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, OROK also monitors spatial development across Austria. It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years. | sdg11 |
Multilateral providers also increased their commitments by USD 1.9 billion to USD 22.7 billion. The EU Institutions and the World Bank remain the main contributors providing almost two-thirds of multilateral aid for trade. Main increases in 2015 were provided by the Arab Fund, the African Development Bank, EU Institutions and IFAD. | sdg9 |
But even after accounting for the socioeconomic status and demographic background of students and schools and various other school characteristics, in the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Switzerland schools whose principals reported that teacher shortages hinder learning tend to show lower average performance (Table IV.1.12c). On average across OECD countries, almost half of the performance differences between schools are accounted for jointly by school resources and students' and schools' socioeconomic status and demographic profile (Table IV.1.8a).16 This suggests that much of the impact of socio-economic status on performance is mediated by the resources invested in schools. As shown in Figure 1V.1.11, even after accounting for per capita GDP, 30% of the variation in mathematics performance across OECD countries can be explained by the level of similarities in principals' report on school s' educational resources between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools. | sdg4 |
Bhutan’s eleventh Five Year Plan (2013-2018), for example, establishes graduation by 2020 as a top priority, while Nepal’s Thirteenth Plan includes a target of graduation by 2022 (brought forward from 2030 in the Twelfth Plan in light of the IPoA graduation target). Bangladesh is focusing primarily on the HAI criterion, as it has already fulfilled the EVI criterion and remains far below the graduation threshold for GNI. Here, civil society has been active in discussing the prospects for and policies towards graduation, led by the Centre for Policy Dialogue, a local think tank. Myanmar, for example, has established a high-level committee on graduation headed by the Vice-President, and specific subcommittees for each of the graduation criteria. | sdg10 |
Fourth, small and medium-sized enterprises only rarely embark on collaborative programmes with higher education institutions. The Government of Malaysia is called upon to take steps to reduce or eliminate these obstacles. Increasing the incentives for collaborative research would be particularly helpful. | sdg4 |
This trend stands in sharp contrast with the performance of objective indicators of inequality, especially of poverty in Chile, deviates from what has been said about the role that may be played by a president from sectors habitually excluded from power (in this case, by the country's first-ever female president) and is also inconsistent with the various efforts made in Chile to broaden the social safety net. The factors that may explain this include the targeted nature of social programmes implemented in Chile (even though that has changed considerably in recent years) and the population's low level of confidence in the country's institutions. The pension system was thoroughly overhauled in 2000, based on forums for social dialogue, the most important of which was the 1998 Forum for National Consensus Building (Foro de Concertacidn Nacional). | sdg1 |
This involves optimizing processes and reducing defects to achieve better management and more efficient use of time and resources. This in turn can lead to greater customer satisfaction and an enlarged client base - domestically (for example, in public procurement) or internationally. For firms and developers in developing and transition economies, quality standards are relevant to building trust among potential foreign clients - a key parameter to win offshoring contracts. | sdg9 |
The next-most common (also one-dimensional) profiles were those corresponding to “deaths of live-born children” and “disposal of household waste”, with over 5 million people registering those types of deprivation in each case. The fourth-most common profile was a combination of two indicators: “sewerage system” and “deaths of live-born children”, with over 4 million people exhibiting that profile. This is followed by four different one-dimensional profiles: “school attendance”, “overcrowding”, “child labour” and “household assets”, with over 1.5% of the uiban population in Brazil exhibiting each of these profiles. None of the two-dimensional profiles that does not include the lack of a sewerage system were very common, and the same is true of all of the profiles corresponding to three or more indicators of deprivation. | sdg1 |
Others take a pragmatic view that the application of proceeds to popular local purposes can defuse opposition to the introduction of a new tax of this nature. The case for earmarking proceeds of the pollution tax to funding a new Environmental Fund in Georgia is made separately. However, such diffuse (“non-point source”) pollution is difficult to monitor and control directly, where it results from the activities of many farmers dispersed over a large area of the country (Nath, 1998). | sdg6 |
It is usually applied to the analysis of the entire energy sector, but may also be applied to detailed study of single sectors, such as the electricity and district heat sector. Using these as inputs, the TIMES model aims to supply energy services at minimum global cost, or more accurately, at minimum loss of surplus, by simultaneously making equipment, investment, operating, primary energy supply and energy trade decisions by region. The scope extends beyond energy-oriented issues, to the representation of environmental emissions - and perhaps materials - related to the energy system. It is a model ofthe world's energy, land and food systems that allows users to explore options for reducing global emissions by 2050, and to see the climatic consequences of these choices by 2100. It is a free web-based interactive system and incorporates an Excel spreadsheet with an online interface (tool.globalcalculator.org). | sdg6 |
It im plies that there has been considerable reduction in inequality in the earlier period, although the average per capita consumption expenditure did not change in real terms between 1999-2000 and 2004-2005. The methodology used forthe estimation until 2004-2005 was anchored on a calorie norm of 2,400 K.Cal per day per person in rural areas and 2,100 K.Cal per day per person in urban areas. The poverty lines for rural and urban areas in each of the major states were determined as the MPCE required for deriving the required calorie norm. | sdg5 |
This could be more effective than the preferential feed-in tariffs for infant industries. To boost the development of wind energy, the region could stimulate its reindustrialisation by taking advantage of its component manufacturing base, as Chicago has done. While surface geothermal energy is already well-established in the Paris-IDF region, there is considerable underexploited potential in deep geothermal energy, but it will require major investments. | sdg9 |
The Latin American educational and social reality demands critical contributions on the ways of defining inclusion in educational processes. This article presents an exploratory analysis of conceptual perspectives that have persisted in academic research in educational inclusion in Latin America for the past ten years. From an approach of inclusion for social transformation, this article analyzes the conceptual development this research has undergone as a whole, discussing different conceptions around educational inclusion and exploring the possibilities of offering an educational perspective that will contribute to changes in the conditions that generate social exclusion. The methodology utilized is the analysis of qualitative content found in 35 research articles published between 2009 and 2019 in indexed journals from specialized databases. The results demonstrate that research on inclusive education is related to intercultural, participation and citizenship, integrated work, resources and pedagogical strategies, teachers’ education and teaching autonomy, and education quality. | sdg16 |
Since the early 1990s, international security organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and, more recently, the European Union (EU), have undertaken numerous military operations in order to protect human rights, to prevent civil wars or the collapse of states, to end domestic conflicts or to prevent their re-emergence. Prominent examples include international involvement in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Often these operations were paralleled with or followed by civilian efforts such as the provision of humanitarian aid or socioeconomic and political assistance in order to (re-)establish state structures. | sdg16 |
Appraisal-related training is also offered through school leader and supervisory officer associations as well as through web casts. Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom requires External Advisers to apply for annual reaccreditation to ensure they are informed about potential changes to the Performance Review and Staff Development Scheme and that they have the knowledge and competencies to provide helpful advice to governor reviewers. As very limited research, however, indicates, policy making in some contexts lacks attention towards the development of appraisal-related knowledge and competencies among evaluators and school leaders. | sdg4 |
The focus here is on the aspects of poverty that reflect situations of human rights violations, this builds upon the proposition that poverty is a denial of human rights." The lack of access to food prevents the poor from breaking free from hunger. Vulnerability to retrenchment without social protection subjects them to income insecurity. Discrimination experienced in social and political life deprives them of their dignity. | sdg1 |
For example, one of the core indicators that the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience use in their evaluations is the extent of integration of adaptation into national and sector planning (CIF, 2012), which is to be done via a qualitative assessment using a standardised scorecard. Further, evaluation of some programmes with broad aims (including, but not focused on adaptation) has focused on evaluating the outputs of specific pilot activities: this illustrates the difficulty in conducting broad-based evaluation of impacts of adaptation actions on a country’s overall climate resilience and vulnerability (UNDP, 2012). However, both Finland and France have done mid-term evaluations of their adaptation plans. France’s mid-term evaluation of its 2011-15 Adaptation Plan found that while 92% of planned actions had been initiated and 60% of them were proceeding according to plan, 35% of actions were now expected to only partially reach their initial objectives (MEDDE 2013). | sdg13 |
The connections between variables are called feedbacks and should be understood as the two-way connectors, either reinforcing (positive feedback) or dampening (negative feedback) system change. In practice, this could, for example, mean keeping things dynamically fluctuating within specified boundaries rather than at fixed levels. Encouraging learning has to do both with knowledge itself and its distribution. | sdg15 |
Specifically, the cost for a benefit of $2.50 a day for all older people aged 60 years or over ranges between 0.5 per cent and 2.7 per cent of GDP, the cost being higher for poorer countries, where $2.50 represents a larger proportion of average income. The risk of poverty among older persons has fallen, while poverty rates among young adults and families with children have risen. However, because the initial old-age poverty rates were very high, persons aged 75 years or over remain the group most likely to be poor. People aged 66 to 75 years in contrast, are now no more likely to be poor than the population as a whole. | sdg1 |
Consequently, the in underestimation. Even in the developed world, the share of STEM in total bachelor’s degrees was below the world average in 2012, at 18.5 per cent in the European Union and 16.7 per cent in the United States. In Africa, it was just 7.2 per cent, and 14.4 per cent in Latin America. | sdg9 |
To limit the negative externalities of unilateral policies on small, vulnerable economies (SVE), and in particular export taxes that may be difficult to ban in the short run, and to limit the use of such policies by large countries and generate income to help vulnerable importers to manage the price surge period, a system of “permits to tax' could be implemented. Free trade is necessary to achieve food security, but food security is also necessary to achieve support for free trade in the long run. Existing trade rules and disciplines offer little to ensure that trade remains conducive to food security under this new market environment, and they have to be adapted accordingly. Empirical analysis shows that different countries and regions suffered differently from the food price spike in 2007/08. | sdg2 |
Actions will be implemented by the river basin committee, ANA, IGARN and AESA. The plan considers water allocation and operation of the reservoirs of the region as central issues. Governance is key to put these actions in place from improving knowledge on strategic issues to establishing negotiated processes for water allocation. | sdg6 |
It aims to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative and secure growth, and by accelerating regional economic integration. Capacity-building projects target specific policy areas, from enhancing small and medium enterprise competitiveness to facilitating the adoption of renewable energy technologies in the region. It is an independent intergovernmental organization within the ASEAN structure that represents the ASEAN member States' interests in the energy sector. | sdg7 |
The burden of unpaid work which is culturally assigned to women hinders their access to the labour market and generation of their own income, and is worse in households with children under the age of five. The households in the lowest-income deciles have the highest number of dependents, who require a greater amount of time for care, and have the greatest need of income (ECLAC, 2016a). Moreover, women in poor households are unable to acquire goods and services on the market that could save them time on domestic and care work. | sdg5 |
This article studies the forms of judicial protection of environmental living conditions through the human right to housing, in intense dialogue with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, especially when considering the absence of an express rule that ensures the protection of the right to environment in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. At the same time, the fundamental role of the European Court for the evolution of the matter is evidenced, considering that, through its jurisprudential effort, it strives to guarantee such right even if indirectly. The methodology used will be inductive, with a case law analysis by the European Court. Two possible paths of jurisprudential evolution are concluded: the first is the expansion of forms of environmental degradation considered relevant for the purpose of judicial protection, the second stems from a new perspective on the option of relocating victims. | sdg16 |
It is consensus based and suggests a wide range of activities by all parts of the forest sector, to be undertaken on a voluntary basis through ad hoc partnerships. In addition, forest workers often have lower than average wages, relatively low social prestige, and have to work in remote areas, in uncomfortable conditions. Meanwhile, the nature of forest work is changing, becoming more technical, with increasing mechanisation, and with a higher stress on communication: forest workers need more technical skills and forest district managers must often have advanced political or consensus forming skills, as they work not only with the forest owners, but also local authorities, other sectors and a wide range of different forest users and interested publics. Nevertheless, tropical deforestation, illegal logging and other unsustainable practices continue in many regions. However, many forest functions do not have recognised monetary value, and forest owners receive no income from them. This may lead to distortion of management choices, as owners give priority to those functions which bring income. | sdg15 |
Whether this is done is subject to decisions by the Minister of the Environment. In the next NBSAP Iceland will look into headline indicators, which are related to the Aichi targets. Currently there are no indicators connected with the targets.56 However, a number of indicators are followed on a national level with the aim of following-up progress in the area of sustainable development. | sdg15 |
The main issue remains that once on disability benefits or sick the likelihood to re-enter the labour force is limited. But it may also just reflect the fact that inactive people have lower income, hence live in more crowded houses or in cheaper areas far away from job centres. This could be interpreted as suggesting that decisions to enter or leave the labour force tend to be more permanent under these circumstances. No significant relations could be found with the other variables. The difference on the lagged coefficient would imply that a 10 percentage points increase in the share long-term unemployment could lead to a decline in participation 0.6 percentage point lower in the healthiest state than in the least healthy state. S + 5i(GDPls-GDPl-i,s) + 82(LTU,.5) + p (Xs)* (LTU,,S) +8,,s * Xs set of time unvarying structural indicators Results displayed in Table 2.3 show that long-term unemployment increases tend to lead to faster and stronger declines in participation where the share of disability recipients and the health of the population is w'eaker.22 On the other hand, higher educational attainment of the labour force tends to reduce this discouraged worker effect. | sdg8 |
This paper examines the contributions that the international human rights community can make to the definition and framing of a practically effective global ethic, especially in light of ongoing concerns about social and economic justice, environmental issues, and systematic abuses of vulnerable populations. The principal argument is that the human rights movement in all of its dimensions (moral, legal, political) provides the pivotal foundation for a practicable global ethic now and for the foreseeable future. Evidence for the truth of this claim is discerned in the movement's contemporary efforts to intersect explicitly with other areas of international law and politics. Examples adduced include developments with respect to the rights of indigenous peoples, decision making about the environment, and transitional justice. | sdg16 |
Scotland’s desire to strengthen the patient voice is grounded in a recently developed framework that empowers patients as equal partners in their care. Patient and public involvement is promoted through a commitment to transparency about the direction and performance of the NHS, and through a commitment to using feedback as a tool for improvement. For example, the results of a national survey on maternity care were used to identify areas where there was a need for improvement, and to inform future maternity policy. The Patients’ Rights (Scotland) Act 2011 sets out patient rights and principles for the delivery of health care. | sdg3 |
International Criminal Law [ICL] contains a number of general principles, which form the foundations of and conditions for holding individuals criminally responsible for crimes under international law (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression), and other crimes against the peace and security of mankind. Most general principles of ICL have been adequately implemented in the current (second) edition of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This paper assesses the quality of and identifies the lacunae in the implementation of Kazakhstan’s Criminal Code, with a view to suggesting further improvements to this Code. | sdg16 |
Chapter V explores two important areas of international cooperation: international financing for climate change adaptation and the development of improved systems of information and data sharing. Those uncertainties are compounded by the interaction of climate change with mega-trends related to demographic dynamics, urbanization, globalization and technological progress. In order to in some way address these conditions of uncertainty, the international research community has adopted a set of narratives which consider possible pathways for development. The estimation of plausible scenarios in the future are produced by different combinations of those mega-trends. | sdg13 |
Countries that are clustered closer to the origin have large deficits in energy access, while the countries that are close to the top right corner, are performing relatively better in energy access. Hydropower contributed to 82 per cent of th is growth, followed by wind at 12 per cent, solid biofuels at 3.4 per cent and solar (both PV and thermal) at 2.9 per cent. This was due to the rapid increase in TFEC, which grew by about one and a half times in 2014 compared with the 1990 level. | sdg7 |
Across OECD countries the range of treatments that the practitioner can employ varies. For example, in treating depression, most primary care practitioners in OECD countries can initiate and adjust prescription of antidepressants, and in most countries this includes both tri-cyclics and SSRIs. In some countries, for example Korea, primary care practitioners are not allowed to prescribe SSRIs. | sdg3 |
Moreover, there is a growing body of evidence that links export diversification to economic growth. The seminal work of Hausmann et al. ( It is also clear that countries that produce and export more sophisticated products tend to grow faster (Hidalgo et al. Consistent with the IPoA goals and targets, this section will therefore assess progress towards structural transformation of LDC economies using various quantitative indicators of export diversification. | sdg10 |
Many health indicators have improved and Costa Rica today enjoys the second highest life expectancy among countries in the western hemisphere. Health care insurance reached 95% of the population in 2014. Very low levels of catastrophic health expenditure have been achieved, although out-of-pocket payments, as a share of total national health expenditure, exceed the OECD average. | sdg3 |
Training courses and technical support provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture and the LP have helped private land owners prepare and implement afforestation plans. This is essentially because since 2007, meadows and pastures have been excluded from afforestation to prevent degradation of valuable grassland habitats. Furthermore, the RDP has not provided support to land located within the Natura 2000 network, unless the planned afforestation is deemed compatible with the protection plans of the areas. | sdg15 |
The extent to which an intervention mobilises external resources could therefore be one upstream measure of effectiveness. Some development partners and institutions utilise results indicators for tracking resource mobilisation as part of larger monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems (e.g. CIF, UK, USAID, and CIF-CTF), as shown below in Table 1. Mobilising external finance can be a particularly important result for climate finance interventions that provide seed capital to private-equity umbrella funds or insurance and guarantee instruments, for example. | sdg13 |
Criminology is the systematic study of law making, law breaking, and law enforcing. Criminology is a social science emphasizing systematic data collection, theoretical-methodological symmetry, and the accumulation of empirical evidence toward the goal of understanding the nature and extent of crime in society. Rooted in the larger umbrella discipline of sociology, criminology is related to, but distinct from, the more applied field of criminal justice. The discipline of criminology offers a wide range of theoretical explanations for both individual criminality and aggregate-level crime rates and utilizes both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches. Keywords: Crime, Criminology, Deviance and Social Control, Philosophy of Science, Qualitative Methods, Quantitative Methods, Sociology of Crime, Sociology of Law | sdg16 |
Although this has recently been described as a component of a new “second safety net”, there is a risk, when income support is available only on condition of participation in training, of participation in training without appropriate selection and motivation. With a view to promoting the transition from non-regular to regular employment, in particular for young people, the so-called “Job Card system” was set up in 2008. The Job Card itself is a document which records the education and training backgrounds and employment history of its holder, updated after any further training. | sdg8 |
Cuts in unemployment-related and disability benefits will likely hit poorer people in the first place but may have less adverse effects on inequality in the long run once employment increases in response to a better incentive structure. Cette conclusion doite Etre pourtant consideree uniquement comme une premiere etape approximative de l’analyse. Une Evaluation complete des effets de distribution de consolidation fiscale nEcessiterait de prendre en compte des mesures dynamiques, comme la distribution du revenu tout au long de la vie et l’Egalite des chances ainsi que les reactions comportementales et les interactions avec d’autres politiques. En tout cas, il existe une marge pour Equilibrer les efforts d'assainissement dans le sens d'une plus grande EquitE avec une incidence nEgative limitEe sur la croissance potentielle. | sdg10 |
Paraguay and Plurinational State of Bolivia (2011), Honduras (2010), Nicaragua (2009) and Guatemala (2006). Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay stand out with personal income tax, social security contributions and public cash transfers (including pensions) together reducing inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) by around 13% on average. An equalizing effect was also achieved by public pension programmes in Chile, Costa Rica and Panama, and by direct taxation in Mexico. | sdg10 |
Moreover, statistics on landings may be reported on different weight bases. Fuel tax expenditures are an important component of overall support and their inclusion will improve the quality and utility of the GFT database. Fuel-tax concessions can form a large or small share of GFTs in different countries. In Italy and Australia, FTCs comprise more than half of all measured support. The composition of catch (fish, crustaceans and algae) may also influence the analysis. | sdg14 |
This also entails giving difficult cases sufficient resources and conserving resources in cases where their use would be sub-optimal. Furthermore, changes in payment systems could have long-term consequences for technology use, medical practices and costs over time (McClellan, 2011). They have, however, not been effective in avoiding unnecessary referrals and offering definitive care. Between 1990 and 2008, the number of non-diagnostic referrals to outpatient specialist care increased by more than four times, while the number of patients referred to inpatient care per physician increased by almost 80% (Gaal et al., | sdg3 |
Its STEM and gender advancement tools improve measurement and policies for gender equality in STEM fields. The Digital Skills for Jobs Campaign, led by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and international Labour Organization (ILO), mobilizes partners to invest in digital skills training opportunities for young women and men so that they can benefit from the opportunities offered by the digital economy, and to help countries make economic growth more inclusive. It has developed WIPO GREEN,93 a global marketplace that promotes green tech innovation and diffusion. The ITU has a large capacity-building programme focusing on strengthening skills among its membership in a wide range of ICT-related topics. | sdg9 |
In 2011, a team at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science reported the creation of a portable biosensor that could detect marine pollutants, including oil, much more quickly and cheaply than current technologies (Spier et al., If deployed near oil facilities, such sensors could provide early warning of spills and leaks and track dispersal patterns in real time. These tools have a range of applications, they enable the detection of genetically modified organisms and aquaculture escapees, validate the identity of species, and alert environmentalists to the presence of invasive species. | sdg14 |
As stated in the Policy Unit 3 Policy Paper, "an ineffective NUP has a weak connection between economic development policies and other urban policies, resulting in a silo approach to governance" (United Nations, 2016a). Countries can work to make direct and indirect linkages between NUPs and broader economic development policies and national development plans. It is not surprising that many NUPs address this theme, because it is widely recognised that cities are engines of national economic growth, and because maximising the potential economic benefits of urbanisation is, indeed, the main argument and the first incentive for countries to proactively manage urbanisation through national policies. | sdg11 |
The actual cost of care of the groups covered through ACE, however, has not been quantified. Hence, the gap between the minimum average contribution used by the CCSS (to determine FODESAF’s transfer) and the actual cost of care is unknown. This rate dropped when looking at the most vulnerable subgroups: only 45% of the extreme poor and 35% of the lowest two quintiles of the population were covered by ACE, suggesting gaps in coverage. Questions regarding sustainability also arise. | sdg3 |
Subsets and Splits