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Since 2010, policy progress has been made with the introduction of the “Grand Design”, a blueprint for the development of early childhood care and education (ECCE), building on a programme dating back to 2001. The Grand Design sets outcomes, targets and principles for the expansion of early-years education and care from 2011 to 2025 as part of an ambitious and far reaching set of goals to be realised by 2045. Increasingly the period from birth to six years is being seen in a more holistic way, bringing together health, social care, childcare and education. | sdg4 |
The upside risk is from potential trade and investment impacts related to the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement. Together with the floods, strong domestic demand and continued monetization of the fiscal deficit drove up inflation to 10.7% in 2015 from 5.9% in 2014. On the external front, exports of natural gas increased, but imports grew more rapidly, resulting in a wider current account deficit of 9% in 2015. | sdg8 |
In many social studies, Madura is known as an archipelago with its various local wisdom, embodied in the socio-religious systems and structures of pesantren. Pesantren is a social system and structure that contains local values which have great influence especially on the formation of Islamic traditions among the Madurese community. This study employs a qualitative approach with a library method, combined with the perspective of the sociology of religion. Theoretically, this study is aimed to enrich the scholarship on social and religious studies, and practically to build Islamic culture that upholds the values of moderatism. The findings of this study contain an in-depth description of local wisdom values of pesantren in Madura, their role in, and influence on, the formation of Islamic moderatism among the Madurese community. | sdg16 |
Overall, the share of general services in total support increased from 11% in 1995-97 to 21% in 2009-11, however transfers to producers individually continue to be the major component of agricultural support in Kazakhstan. The %TSE in Kazakhstan is comparable to that in the European Union and the United States, and much smaller than in Ukraine and Russia, countries moving on a similar economic path as Kazakhstan. This is driven by several considerations. First, there is a desire to compensate for the decline the agricultural sector experienced during the early transition period. Second, development of agriculture is part of the overall strategy for economic diversification to reduce dependency on energy income. Third, agricultural output growth has been viewed as a key factor of food security, a view that has strengthened since the onset of the high food price volatility in 2008. | sdg2 |
It is important to emphasise that eliminating zoning will not address the problems of social segregation and segregated land use if conditional urban developments are not grounded in a city-wide vision for urban spatial development. The German zoning system provides a useful example of an approach that relies on zoning, and also allows for flexibility and a mix of uses throughout most of an urban area. As in single-use zoning, land-use zones are separated into categories, such as residential, commercial, industrial and mixed use. However, in each zone, other uses are also allowed either automatically or based on conditions (see Table 2.4). | sdg11 |
As such, current low funding for research may constrain sustainable agricultural productivity growth in future and, in turn, the capacity of countries to eliminate food insecurity. Beyond funding for agricultural research, development and extension, the OECD (2013a) has stressed the importance of agricultural innovation policy3 - and governments' role in the AIS more broadly. | sdg2 |
This has been accompanied by a rise in mobile broadband coverage from less than ten per cent of the population in 2010 to over half in 2016 (Figure 2.4, right). The rollout of 3G services by the national operator, Econet Telecom Lesotho (ETL) and South African based Vodacom has also provided impetus for nationwide signal coverage which boosted usage. Mobile broadband penetration stood at 37% in 201624. Vodacom was the first operator to introduce mobile broadband services in the country, based on HSPA technology. | sdg9 |
Producer organisations exist for sugar, cocoa, coconut, palm oil, rice, sugar, tobacco and coffee. In more recent years it has moved on to campaign on issues such as food sovereignty, sustainable agriculture and anti-neoliberalism, protesting strongly against rice imports and “unfair” trade practices such as subsidised commodity imports. Other national farmer organisations include the National Peasant Union (Serikat Tani National, STN), the Alliance of Agrarian Reform Movements (Aliansi Gerakan Refarma, AGRA), and the Indonesian Peasant’s Alliance (Aliansi Petani Indonesia, API). A farmer’s interest in joining an organisation or group tends to be based on the assistance to be provided to the group. Consequently, farmer organisations are generally dependent on facilities from other institutions and their activities will likely cease without help. | sdg2 |
How do we reduce the prevalence of gender-based violence? Most of these countries are also confronting the increasingly important issue of ageing populations and devising policies to meet the needs of older people while keeping them engaged in their communities. “ Each society, each community, must prepare and put in place structures that can accommodate older people and treat with dignity those who have earned their age,” Osotimehin says. | sdg5 |
At either poverty line the African share of poverty is over 95 percent in both years. The coloured poverty share accounts for nearly all of the remaining poverty with 1 percent of poverty or less being attributed to the other two groups. In both periods, rural poverty rates are substantially higher than urban poverty rates (regardless of the poverty line chosen). | sdg10 |
Systematic and ad hoc cross-border exchanges of scientific evidence for law enforcement purposes are increasing. This chapter investigates what we ‘need to know’ when law enforcement agencies from one country seek to utilise scientific evidence produced in another jurisdiction. Criminal courts potentially face additional challenges, above and beyond those presented by all scientific evidence, when complex chains of custody and attenuated communications confound domestic attempts at ensuring the safety and reliability of scientific evidence. This chapter assesses the adequacy of national and international safeguards to ensure the reliability of scientific evidence generated extraterritorially. Subsisting regulatory frameworks and quality assurance mechanisms are described, with a view to assessing whether a ‘country by country’ approach secures ‘all we need to know’ about the provenance and probative value of scientific evidence. Alternatively, does international evidence exchange demand more comprehensive institutional solutions to guarantee evidential reliability and trustworthiness for the purposes of criminal adjudication? | sdg16 |
If nutrient and organic loading can be controlled and reduced, systems will recover from hypoxia. For example, a hypoxic event in 1976 that affected an area of about 1 000 km2 along the coast of New York and New Jersey displaced demersal Fishes and also blocked the migration of pelagic bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). Northward migrating bluefish that encountered the hypoxic zone did not pass through or around it, but stayed to the south waiting for it to dissipate and then continued their migration north (Azarovitz etal., Hypoxia also alters spatial patterns of human use by influencing the spatial distribution of fisheries resources (Selberg etal., Most negative effects tend to occur locally, within the region of the water body in which oxygen concentrations are reduced, but much wider ranging consequences can be mediated through the indirect effects of altered distributions and abundances (Breitburg et al., The frequency and magnitude of fish kills have increased as nutrient-related hypoxia has worsened. | sdg14 |
Economic growth is obviously critical to achieving food security objectives. The scenario also leads to lower imports of vegetable oil and higher exports of wheat, rice and coarse grain result in marginally lower international market prices. One scenario result illustrated in this case is that with weaker markets, domestic wheat prices fall to MSP levels, causing public stocks to build as additional wheat is procured to support prices. | sdg2 |
Livestock production is also expected to be affected by heat stress and changes to feed and pasture resources. Rising temperatures can shorten the reproductive cycle of many pests, which will also increase their risk to agricultural plants. Because of the diverse peculiarities of the weather in the different parts of the national space, the transport system is relatively flexible, recognizing both the normal atmospheric conditions and local characteristics and manifestations of extreme meteorological phenomena diat directly or indirectly affect the functioning of the transport sector. For the period 2040-2070, cost reductions (2.4 per cent annually) are expected for winter maintenance of the road infrastructure as a consequence of the mitigation of weather conditions during the winter months. | sdg13 |
For comparison purposes, the global warming potential of 1 million tonnes of N20 is equivalent to 265 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.) Reduction strategies could potentially hold emissions at 4.1 million tonnes in 2030 and cut them to 3.3 million tonnes by 2050. However, offsetting the projected increases in emissions under the business-as-usual scenario for the year 2030 would require the adoption of all five of the emission reduction strategies presented in Table 11, including behavioural changes such as reducing animal protein in diets, making the reduction estimates uncertain. | sdg2 |
The regression analysis shows that labour regulations have reduced female labour force participation and that recent reforms to liberalise them have mostly benefitted male employment (Daymard and Sorsa,2015). This can reflect the fact that the regulations remain rigid and affect negatively formal job creation (Dougherty, 2008). With sufficient reforms more flexible labour markets are likely to benefit job creation for women as well. In this context the proposed amendment to the Factories Bill in 2014 to relax female night work are welcome. | sdg8 |
The national populations are growing slowly (with intercensal growth rates of 0.7 per cent and 0.4 per cent respectively) through fertility, with their respective birth rates being 24.8 and 26.5. Both countries have relatively high population density, with Samoa having 63 persons per square kilometre and Tonga 160 per square kilometre. Since Samoa is mountainous, very little potentially productive land in either country is unused. | sdg10 |
But as gross domestic product (GDP) rises, the growth in domestic cement demand is expected to remain strong and to rise to between 400 kg/cap and 460 kg/cap in 2050. Annual production could reach 646 Mt and 742 Mt by 2050, increasing production by between 3.8 and 4.4 times in 2050 compared to current levels. They refer to the core process excluding options for heat Page | 81 cascading and the process integration of material flows in individual plants on a site and for combined heat and power (CHP) systems. | sdg7 |
At the same time, well-off parents are often ready to pay more for child care (Camehl et al., In Germany (Hamburg), tire gross full-time child care fee charged to such a family is equal to 21.5% of the national average wage (blue bars). They are entitled to child care benefits/rebates (including fee reductions) equal to 7.2% of the national average wage (light grey bars), and a tax reduction equal to 3.2% of the national average wage (light blue bars). | sdg5 |
Both Nepal and Yemen exhibit a sharp downward trend in export concentration even though the movement on the export diversification index is milder. It will be important to see whether these encouraging trends are maintained into the future, and to understand the dynamics of export diversification in these countries through more focused case studies. The current economic crisis has highlighted the importance of entertaining a broad range of export partners. | sdg10 |
State-assisted return programmes (SARPs) have emerged as key components of diaspora mobilisation strategies in countries of origin. Especially in countries where the principle of jus sanguinis underpins citizenship regimes, these programmes have often been drawn from ostensibly national(istic) discourses in order to encourage the repatriation of (mostly highly skilled) citizens residing abroad. Drawing on interviews with public officials and migrants as well as content analysis of primary and secondary materials, this paper examines SARPs deployed by Israel and Germany. It argues that while the discourse and practice within which state programmes are embedded (re-)construct the nation in certain ways that are commensurate with perceived determinants of return, migrants have often rejected these formulations, underscoring instead a range of neglected personal and professional return-oriented risks. The paper's main contribution lies in better clarifying the links between highly skilled return migration pol... | sdg16 |
Note that all anti-poverty programmes have conditions, even those characterized as 'unconditional'. Our focus is on behavioural conditions attached to anti-poverty programmes. The most commonly used conditions are those that incentivise physical asset creation (usually at the community level) or human capital accumulation in terms of education or health. | sdg1 |
Although efforts have been made to address these barriers, they are still far from being resolved. In a very broad way, programmes to address constraints faced by smallholders are: fertiliser subsidies, investments in agricultural infrastructure, particularly irrigation, the provision of various credit programmes with subsidised interest rate, advice and market information provided through extension services, the development of partnership between farmers and traders/processors and the creation of farmer organisations, and technology development and dissemination. Some of these programmes are described briefly below. | sdg2 |
A comprehensive review of the TWM Strategy is being carried out to ensure sustainable use of water resources and timely introduction of new initiatives to strengthen resilience and preparedness against uncertainties and challenges. More information available at The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (2008), Total Water Management in Hong Kong, available at: http://vvww.\vsd.eov.hk/filcmanai!cr/cii/sharc/Ddf/TWM.pdf and PUB (n.d), Singapore’s National Water Agency website, http:/Avww.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/Pages/default.aspx. ( Cities are not isolated and need to implement win-win approaches with surrounding areas to manage interdependences, they have to enhance the buy-in, trust and confidence by engaging stakeholders and to favour policy complementarities and avoid silos to reap the benefits of integrated urban water management. | sdg6 |
Lao PDR, Cambodia and Myanmar were major sources of illegal timber in the 1990s and 2000s, leading to significant forest depletion in these countries (Costenbader et al., Demand for furniture, timber for housing and other forest products continues to increase. Good governance with the presence of checks and balances will ensure better SFM. | sdg15 |
Such mappings are good illustrations of how the values of ecosystem services are spread in a country or a region. Mappings like these have become more widely used. However, you need good data to produce good maps, and lack of good valuation data for ecosystem services still limits the use of mappings. Figure A illustrates Turner et al. | sdg15 |
Many EECCA countries have already benefited from international climate funds that are either established as standalone funds or financed by bilateral and multilateral financiers. The GEF is also an operating entity for other multilateral environmental treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. All the EECCA countries have accessed climate-related development finance from the GEF No data on finance approved by the GCF is included in the analysis in this chapter (as the database used here covers the period 2013-14), while the GCF Board has approved two projects from the EECCA countries as of 1 July 2016. | sdg13 |
In the context of biodiversity management, indicators should help to guide decision-making processes. Ideally, indicators should tell a story and help to communicate ideas. The fifteen Environmental Objectives include six objectives focusing on biodiversity of a certain nature type (freshwater, the marine environment, wetlands, forests, agricultural landscapes and mountains) and one objective that includes biodiversity as one of the main aspects (the built-up environment). | sdg15 |
As a result, the Danish definition reduces measured market income inequality compared to the OECD definition. The Danish government definition of disposable income considers voluntary (tax deductible) pension contributions as current transfers paid by households, which thereby reduces disposable income. By contrast, the OECD considers voluntary pension contributions as savings. | sdg10 |
Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided. They ensure both that the environmental problems affecting disadvantaged groups and vulnerable communities are adequately addressed and that policy decisions, either on environmental issues or as affecting the environment, take into consideration the needs of those groups. In so doing, those provisions also serve as key instruments in ensuring that climate change adaptation and resilience-building strategies (as well as mitigation measures) promote equality. Yet, even in countries that have enacted such legislation, challenges to implementation remain. | sdg13 |
Through comprehensive contracts that specify the production process, they ensure other product characteristics (e.g. related to food safety, retailer specification, or exigencies of particular overseas markets) that enable these sectors to maintain existing markets or to penetrate new ones. Co-operatives in these sectors go further than just managing member’s market risks but through technology transfer and investment also address farmers’ production and financial risks. In other sectors, such as pipfruit, co-operatives co-exist with other companies which also offer primary producers contracts that address various risks. | sdg2 |
It identifies opportunities and challenges for implementing SPP and provides guidance for governments in developing and implementing successful SPP programs. It saw reiteration in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation in 2002 and more recently, at the 19m Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development in 2011. It forms part of the 10 year Framework of Programmes suggested at the recently concluded Summit in Rio in June 2012. | sdg12 |
Therefore, most Governments have been involved directly or indirectly in supporting family planning programmes. Direct support entails the provision of family planning information, guidance and supplies through Government-run facilities or outlets such as hospitals, clinics, health posts and health centres and through Government fieldworkers. The proportion of Governments providing direct support has risen steadily since 1976 when less than two thirds of Governments (63 per cent) provided such support (table III.4). | sdg5 |
Also both countries have long and vast traditions in using traditional firewood in energy production in small-sized dwellings. The recent increase can be explained in the growing use of forestry residues and wood pellets in energy production. The reason for this is mainly that the use of wood in energy production is very minor. According to Iceland Forest Service, in Iceland the vast majority of forest products consumed in Iceland are imported due to the country's very small forest resource. | sdg7 |
But people who see themselves as candidates for the professions, and are attracted to the working conditions enjoyed by professionals, might not find what they're looking for in schools that use bureaucratic management to direct teachers' work. Media campaigns to enhance the image of the profession by highlighting its importance for the nation, its sophistication and complexity, and the intellectual excitement it can generate, can also help. Countries that wish to broaden the range of teachers' backgrounds and experiences could concentrate on promoting the benefits of a teaching career to groups who are under-represented in the teaching force, such as men and people from minority backgrounds. This is intended to ensure that all schools have access to effective teachers and a balance of experienced and beginning teachers. The allocation of teachers to schools is decided by the local education authority, and the exact rules followed may differ. | sdg4 |
The 13th FYP (2016-20) reiterates this commitment by including “improvement in ecological environment” as a central goal with dedicated targets and indicators. Brazil’s federal development plan, Plano Plurianual (2016-2019), includes “conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity” as one of the core programmes, detailing a number of objectives, sub-goals and initiatives. In Mexico, since 2007, the government has included mainstreaming of environmental concerns as a necessary strategy for achieving sustainable development. Both the 2007-12 NDP and the 2013-18 NDP refer to biodiversity under various action items, most notably in the section on green and inclusive growth (OECD, 2013b). However, no targets and indicators are specified. The current short-term plan, the Framework for Economic and Social Reforms (FESR) (2012-15), includes a short section on environmental protection more broadly, with a single reference to biodiversity. | sdg15 |
Deficit irrigation describes an irrigation strategy in which water application is reduced to an amount that is less than the amount required to meet full crop transpiration requirements. Because the resulting reduction in crop yield is often less than the reduction in applied water, this can be an efficient strategy for reducing consumptive water use in some situations. For example, supplying 50% of full crop water requirements may reduce yields by only 10% to 15% for some crops. | sdg6 |
Electricity needs will further be affected by the consequences of energy-related policies, which may not be readily anticipated. This gives rise to a significant degree of endogeneity, in that policies need to respond to changes in demand which themselves arise in part from policies themselves. For example, policies to promote productive use will affect demand, while progress towards rural electrification may affect the rate of urbanization and rural settlement patterns. | sdg7 |
The International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Human Rights Law (HRL) are branches of international law which regulate protection of human dignity and integrity. Nevertheless, they have differences between them in their thresholds of application and their fulfilment of the international obligations assessed by State parties when they have ratified those international conventions. This essay focuses on their scopes of application viewed from the Indonesian context, perspective and legal analogy. Cases are used to uphold and to reach the relationship between them Indonesia. | sdg16 |
In fact, 50% of Romanian respondents (compared to 19% across EU countries) said that they felt they had to make the extra payment or gift before the care was received In contrast, 28% said they made the informal payment or gift after care was provided. Moreover, about one fifth of respondents in Romania (19%) said that they had been asked to go to a private consultation with the doctor in order to be treated in a public hospital. There have also been some unfavourable trends, including rising mortality rates for the most common causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and lung, breast and colorectal cancers), increasing numbers of new HIV/AIDS cases and falling immunisation rates. | sdg3 |
The Plan began to be rolled out in State secondary schools in 2011. As can be seen in the chart below, a large majority of people in the lower-income quintiles (and not only those of school age) potentially have access to a computer at home thanks to this programme. This outcome has led to international recognition for the CEIBAL Plan, which received the ICTs in Sustainable Development Award from the InternationalTelecommunication Union in 2015. | sdg1 |
These shortages, estimated at about 2,700 GWh, about one quarter of winter electricity demand, impose economic losses estimated at over US$200 million per annum or 3 per cent of GDP. When the losses during transmission and distribution of electricity are considered, the deficit at the generation level amounts to about 3,100 GWh during winter, compared with a total winter supply requirement of 11,200 GWh, a gap of about 24 per cent. Without prompt action to remedy the causes of Tajikistan’s electricity crisis, and with growing demand, the shortages could increase to about 4,500 GWh by 2016 (over one third of winter electricity demand) or worse. Rehabilitation also offers an opportunity to increase the electricity generation per unit of water. | sdg7 |
Conventional approaches towards the impact of corruption on post-conflict stabilization suggest that corrupt practices impede a successful war to peace transition. When transparency and accountability are absent, the risk of corruption threatens to turn the state apparatus into a tool of enrichment for those in power and affect the “exit” from violence/insurgency towards demobilization and reintegration. However, corruption may have redeeming values by serving the function of a power-sharing arrangement between antagonistic parties, thereby, reinforcing peace. Radical anti-corruption programs in post-conflicts situations may bring adverse results such as a renewal of violence. Aimed to fill the void in research on corruption in post-conflict situations, the article inquires about the links between corruption, peacebuilding and violent non-state actors. By combining various disciplinary approaches, the article theorizes the outcomes of corruption in post-conflict situations and discusses them in the context of Kosovo and Chechnya. | sdg16 |
In addition, Africa’s urbanisation is taking place in a resource and climate-constrained world unknown to earlier urbanisation (Swilling, 2015, Currie et al., Ensuring that the ongoing wave of urbanisation is more sustainable than in the past is of strategic importance to Africa and to the world at large. It took Europe 110 years to move from 15% urban in 1800, to 40% in 1910. | sdg11 |
This assumption clouds understanding if distinct results for each gap are derived from the same general stratification process, in which the overlaying of different hierarchical categories might play a central role. The result of such a superimposition of categories might be particularly important in the case of the intersections of class and ethnicity. Hence, ethnicity can be understood as a hierarchical space of symbolic distinctions, more than as a simple indicator of group heterogeneity. | sdg1 |
Although global factors may be difficult to address, countries could ease domestic constraints to private investment. In China, a priority is to address excess capacity in certain sectors, facilitate deleveraging and create a level playing field between State-owned enterprises and private firms. In India, a priority is to repair bank balance sheets, especially those of public sector banks. For all countries, in the medium term, increasing infrastructure investment and enhancing the business environment could stimulate private investment. | sdg8 |
It helps to reduce the direct and opportunity costs of formal learning, by making acquired skills transparent, it improves the efficiency of the labour market, it helps adults with limited formal education to re-enter education and advance their careers, also, it might reward and therefore encourage learning in informal settings (Field et al., The centre has, through pilot projects, developed a recognition of prior learning methodology with the main target group being people with poor formal education. The 12 lifelong learning centres around the country and the two centres for certified trades co-operate in carrying out recognition of prior learning projects. | sdg4 |
What had been an ad hoc development project quickly devolved into a scheme for companies in the West to cheaply dump dangerous garbage into ill-equipped and extraordinarily poor rural villages by sending unregulated shipping containers, marked 'donations', as a means to get around national regulations.66,67As a result of this unregulated dumping, Agbogbloshie's soil and water have high concentrations of lead, mercury, thallium, hydrogen cyanide, and PVC. Thus, it is often cheaper to ship outdated and damaged computers to developing countries under the 'donation' label than to recycle the electronics properly. However, as the Agbogbloshie case illustrates, the development of an effective e-waste strategy cannot be complete without appreciating the policy and regulatory governance frameworks that exist at the global, regional and local levels. Efforts must be made to ensure that the enforcement and compliance aspects of these policy and regulatory frameworks complement each other. | sdg12 |
It is only useful to talk about ‘discipline-centric’ and ‘student-centric’ pedagogies for the purpose of clarity about intentions. Teaching is therefore all about combinations. How teachers organise their own time and that of their students has implications for the range of opportunities students have to develop competences, and the depth and breadth of knowledge they acquire. | sdg4 |
In 2011, the average number of ESRF patients across countries was 101 per 100 000 population, with widespread variation between countries. Countries such as Singapore and Iceland reported fewer than 70 ESRF patients per 100 000 population, whereas Portugal and the United States reported more than 150. The number of ESRF patients has increased in every country over the 2000 to 2011 period. On average, the number of patients increased by 36% over the 11-year period, but in countries such as Korea the rate nearly doubled over this timeframe. | sdg3 |
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It is composed of road safety experts and statisticians from renowned safety research institutes, national road and transport administrations, international organisations, universities, automobile associations, the automobile industry, and others from OECD and non-OECD countries. | sdg3 |
Personality characteristics are linked to the course of mental disorders and to work functioning. This is of importance because such personality traits cannot be directly changed. This holds also true for personality disorders, which can be influenced by psychological interventions, coaching, or training (e.g. training of social skills, or work skills), but cannot be directly treated, or even cured, in clinical practice. The significance of enduring personality characteristics, be it accentuated personality traits which are quite common or real personality disorders, shows that there is a group of people in need of long-term supports in order to achieve vocationally. They found that the association between mental disorder and subsequent work impairment weakens or even disappears once personality characteristics were taken into account. | sdg3 |
Box figure 3.1 presents a schematic assessment of the main technologies for utility-scale electricity generation. The contrast with developed countries is still sharper. There, only 60 per cent of generation and capacity are combustible fuel-based, as much faster deployment of nuclear and non-hydro renewables has led to a more diversified generation mix. | sdg7 |
Rural hubs revitalisation project has been promoted since 2015 by MAFRA, reorganising predecessor project focusing on infrastructure and property development. In response to the increase in depopulated villages, the new project aims to improve the residents' livelihoods by linking with towns which can function as rural hub and provide neighbouring villages with various services including education, medical, cultural, welfare and business. Public supports are focused on improving basic living infrastructure in general village districts and in contrast larger investment is made in leading districts so that they can function as the business and service hub in the region. | sdg11 |
These plans are the primary instrument for planning, managing and co-ordinating local development. They integrate a diagnosis of the socio-economic characteristics, strengths and challenges of the municipality and identify its main development priorities in such aspects as infrastructure, productive development, education and the environment (see Box 2.2). Given their comprehensive approach, PLADECO represent an interesting management tool to promote coherence between urban development, land-use planning and general economic development. | sdg11 |
Innovative solutions are needed to incite new players to become active in providing training and education in new technologies. Moving in this direction would create a system for transparent and quality-assured TVET qualifications. They determine whether a plug fits into a socket, whether one mobile phone can connect to another, or whether the traffic signs can be understood when driving in another country. | sdg9 |
This paper discusses three main areas of controversy relating to detention in the context of multinational operations: the relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law, the principle of legality in the context of relying on United Nations Security Council resolutions as a justification for taking detainees, and the transfer of detainees where there is, for example, a substantial risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The paper then considers how the Copenhagen Principles address these issues. | sdg16 |
In 2010, about EUR 56 million was allocated from the state budget to the MoE’s nature department and agencies in charge of nature protection (the Nature Conservancy, the Caves Administration, a 200 and a museum). In 2005-09, annual disbursements for nature and biodiversity from the Environmental Fund amounted to EUR 6.5 million or 2% of total expenditure from the fund. Since 2004, the LIFE programme has provided EUR 1.1 million per year to finance the management and restoration of Natura 2000 sites in Slovakia. | sdg6 |
However, the figure is still much higher than those for Europe (5.3 TEU) and North America (2.7 TEU). The South-East Asian subregion has the highest figure in Asia and the Pacific at 35.1 TEU per $1 million of GDP, whereas the North and Central Asian subregion has the smallest figure at 2.1 TEU. All subregions in Asia and the Pacific have experienced solid growth of between 8 and 12 per cent per annum in their air transport passenger numbers, with the exception being the Pacific subregion, which still grew, but by a modest per cent. Within the concept of STI, importance is placed not only on developing and utilizing new technologies, but also on learning to use existing technologies, enhancing local absorption capacity and transferring knowledge to meet the needs of cross sections of society. | sdg9 |
The topic of the report is “Enabling the 21st Century Learner”. E-leaming Action Plan for Schools for the Years 2006-2010”. ( It means that we need to reinforce the IT infrastmcture, in order to develop a coherent strategy to make IT educational contents available and to offer ICT training and certification for teachers. (“ This project aims to “generalise ICT skills training and certification” and “to promote the use of ICT in teaching and management” (p. 38). | sdg4 |
Patient annual OOP spending is capped to SEK 2 200 (USD 250). Co-payment is increased to 20% for off-patent drugs with cheaper (generic) alternatives. Scotland: no co-payment. The standard benefit in 2014 has a USD 310 deductible and 25% coinsurance up to an initial coverage limit of $2,850 in total drug costs, followed by a coverage gap. | sdg3 |
Thorough consultations with communities about programmes that have such profound effects on local livelihoods and lifestyles should be undertaken to ensure deeper community understanding of the consequences. Programmes designed and planned from outside the community may not create local jobs, particularly if the construction contracts arc won by large international companies that are not accountable to the community. Only if there is a conscious effort to consider the needs of local people, such as through skills development in the Suai community housing project, are the expectations of the communities for local jobs likely to be fulfilled. | sdg8 |
Increased water security and economic efficiency are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for improved welfare. Another key dimension is the “social” dimension, including equity. Most people in society will feel their own welfare depends not only on their own individual exposure to water risks but also on the distribution of risks among citizens. When considering which particular instruments should be used to meet a given target for water risk, an assessment should be made of how much each instrument (or each “instrument mix”) is likely to contribute to the goals of water security and economic efficiency (in part, following OECD, 2008). | sdg6 |
This shows that while the share of climate-related ODA remains relatively stable since the introduction of the climate adaptation marker in 2010, the select key basic social services and infrastructure sectors have changed slightly during that time. Education decreased from 8% of total ODA in 2010 and 2011 to 7% in 2013, while health and water supply and sanitation have increased one percentage point in the same period. There has been a noticeable decline in support to governments and civil society, down from 14% in 2011 to just under 12% in 2014, although it is not possible to connect this to the increase in climate-related ODA. | sdg13 |
Several African countries have adopted the Union of Plant Varieties (UPOV) 1978 and 1991 conventions as their sui generis regimes, regardless of their impact on their local contexts. Literature on the point has been particularly vocal on the fact that the UPOV 1991 convention especially does not contain provisions to cater to the needs of farmers in developing countries, and expressly prevents them from saving seeds to sow back in subsequent seasons. Policy choices on these issues will determine the space available for agricultural innovation and needs to be evaluated carefully. | sdg2 |
Use of pesticides and chemicals in agriculture is a joint responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry- and Ministry of Health (chapter 1). Among other tasks, GASI performs inspection and monitoring of water sources and distribution points for drinking water control. For food safety' control, inspection focuses on the entire process, from raw material to the final product. | sdg3 |
Participation in education is one of the most effective means of overcoming socio-economic barriers. However, access to education may be limited by a number of factors - poverty, rural settings and a lack of flexible delivery options. Freeing instruction from the constraints of time, place and pace has the potential to provide new learning opportunities for many. Breaking down barriers to accessing education must be thought of as a process of widening participation in education rather than simply widening the audience. | sdg4 |
By 2020, it is expected to cover areas at an altitude from 200m to 600-700m. This area includes the northern half of the Danube Plain, southern Dobrudzha, part of the Upper Valley and the Black Sea coast except for Strandzha Mountain. In 2050, Zone B will reach 600-800 m above sea level and include areas of the Danube Plain, Dobrudzha, Fore Upper Valley, much of the Middle forest Strandja Sofia field. By 2020, it is expected to cover small areas in the southern border region and sub-belt highland forests of beech, fir and spruce. | sdg13 |
Technical and vocational education should be strengthened for the benefit of the regional industry and underrepresented groups. Models for linking postgraduate students with the local industry include the Knowledge Transfer Partnership Scheme in the United Kingdom that has improved the competitiveness of the companies through introduction of some form of innovation or new technology and around 75% of postgraduate associates are offered jobs in the companies. The universities and colleges should focus their concerted efforts on challenge-driven innovation on the key issues in the region, such as water, health and social challenges stemming from the multicultural population and use the region as a “laboratory” for research and knowledge transfer. | sdg4 |
Note by the UNCTAD secretariat for the multi-year Expert Meeting on Commodities and Development, Geneva, 6-7 April, available at: www.unctad.org/en/docs/cimem2d2_en.pdf. The global economic crisis: Systemic failures and multilateral remedies (UNCTAD/GDS/2009/1). Report by the UNCTAD secretariat Task Force on Systemic Issues and Economic Cooperation. | sdg7 |
We will identify and briefly assess key policy choices affecting ICTs and how best to ensure that government policy optimizes the role of ICTs in sustainable development. Government influence also extends to co-regulation, social marketing/advertising, and collective action for non-market production by private individuals. It will show how all of these goals are related. | sdg9 |
Mobile-broadband services are offered in only 38 per cent of the LDCs, however, in those countries where the service is offered, handset-based prices more than halved in PPP terms between 2012 and 2015 and currently account for 11 per cent of GNI per capita. Still, mobile-broadband cannot always replace fixed-broadband Internet access, especially in the business sector, and a growing number of applications require higher speeds and better connection quality. Figures on mobile Internet traffic show that the amount of data consumed by each subscription is increasing in most countries for which data are available. | sdg9 |
The tests are based on information technology, they are self-scored (local teachers do not mark the tests, but get the results returned) and adaptive, which means they adapt to the individual student's ability during the testing process. Furthermore, teachers have an opportunity to exchange experience. The website also provides students and parents with information about the evaluation, which gives especially the parents an opportunity to understand the aim of the tests and evaluations. Teachers are obliged to write an individual student plan for every student from preschool to grade 10. | sdg4 |
About one quarter of Hebrew-speaking children or one-fifth of the whole population start primary school in the ultra-Orthodox stream. In terms of expenditure per student relative to GDP per capita, Israel is slightly below the OECD average of around 25%. Real expenditure per student is decreasing, by close to 9% between 1995 and 2007. | sdg4 |
Divergence between statutory (formal) law and customary and/or religious law can be addressed at the highest level, namely with constitutional protections. The Uganda National Land Policy (Final Draft) also commits to reform customary law, to modify the rules of transmission of land rights under customary land tenure, to guarantee gender equality and equity, and to ensure that the decisions of traditional land management institutions uphold constitutional rights and obligations with regard to gender equality. In this policy, the Government of Uganda specifically commits to protect the rights of access to, inheritance and ownership of land for women and children, and to address the existing gender inequality and ensure that both men and women enjoy equal rights to land before marriage, in marriage, after marriage, and at succession, without discrimination. | sdg5 |
It would also rely on national-level reporting, raising significant capacity challenges - particularly in poorer countries - relating to data collection and analysis.133 Furthermore, to be of real value, such a database would need to be freely and widely accessible. An international organization, such as IOM or one of the UN agencies - or, ideally, an inter-agency collaborative effort - might be best placed to initiate such a project. | sdg13 |
Although politically attractive in the short-term, across-the-board subsidies come at huge fiscal and economic costs (Ravallion 2009, Grosh et al. They are difficult to reverse and are most often regressive, i.e. they distribute relatively more resources to the non-poor than to the poor. Scaling-up existing cash transfer schemes is easier than installing a programme from scratch. The ability to respond quickly depends on the quality of the existing programmes (Mitra et al. | sdg1 |
The world’s leaders call for massive investment in the developing world, and UNEP insists that this investment be in green development. The International Energy Agency estimates that some $44 trillion - over and above the business-as-usual scenario - will be needed by 2050 to meet even the lowest of the IPCC’s estimates for stabilizing global climate, most of it in the developing world. Indeed, the agreements and contracts signed contain clauses that make a sustainable approach to development well-nigh impossible. We call for one thing in our political declarations, but do a very different thing in reality. | sdg7 |
The objective of this project was to assist countries in the Asia Pacific region in developing their own masterplans which will eventually provide access to affordable and reliable broadband supported content, services and applications. In essence it aims to address many aspects of the 'digital divide' by utilising wireless broadband technologies. These represent a diverse set of countries in the region in terms of size, demographics, location, and challenges (e.g. low penetration, or converting customers from voice centric services to data services etc.). | sdg9 |
This may indicate that personal choice and the availability of (job market or lifestyle) alternatives may play an important role in the decision to apply for VC financing. The ultimate objective would be to lift policy related barriers or discriminatory social norms that discourage women from embarking on risky business strategies. Thorough collection and monitoring of relevant policy settings - including, but not restricted to, public investment schemes -would be a milestone in assessing their effects and cost-effectiveness. | sdg5 |
This work should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Yet, the limitations of GDP per capita in measuring people’s wellbeing - even from a narrow material living standard perspective - are well-known (Stiglitz et al., | sdg10 |
In a survey conducted by the WHO in 2000-11, Suhrcke et al. ( A discussion of patient satisfaction then follows, providing insight into another dimension of quality. The characteristics of good clinical cancer care are well established, and if evidence-based clinical guidelines are followed, an estimated one-third of cases could be cured with timely detection and appropriate treatment (OECD, 2015). As such, the outcomes of cancer treatment can serve as a measure of health systems quality. | sdg3 |
According to recent estimates, over 4 billion people are not yet connected to the Internet (ITU, 2013a). The majority of those unconnected people are the main target group for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and are also people for whom ICTs potentially have a great development impact. Communities living in rural and remote areas stand to benefit particularly from greater connectivity to telephones and the Internet, to be able to receive information and services that can improve their economic and social condition. | sdg9 |
To maximise the potential for welfare gains, the three dimensions of sustainable development (social, economic and environmental) should be taken into account based on the understanding of interactions among these dimensions and their complementarities. In this regard energy efficiency policies should be designed and assessed with the broader perspective of achieving the potential of green growth in mind rather than simply reducing energy consumption. They cross areas as disparate as improvements in health to industrial productivity and imply welfare gains across the whole of society. | sdg7 |
The article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice is expressed when dealing with judgments as merely an auxiliary source of interpretation of the international law, and not as a formal source. However, with the expansion of the International Tribunals, started strong process of dialogue between international and national courts aiming for its decisions interpreting human rights. Thus, this study aims to verify, through the hypothetical-deductive method and a literature review, if judicial decisions today are still auxiliary or true formal sources of international law of the human rights. | sdg16 |
Finally, it is important that policy instruments adopted across the innovation system are mutually consistent. In this respect, there is a need to adjust the performance-based funding system used at universities in a way that does not discourage industry-science collaboration. These programmes have been Finland’s biggest arena for industry-science collaboration. Budget cuts and the refocusing of much of Tekes’ start-ups and entrepreneurship support have resulted in the disappearance of most of this effort. | sdg9 |
Where a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) or multilateral treaties - such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade rules or the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - protect foreign investors from expropriations, they may seek claims in response to climate-related law and policy. Although this has not yet happened with respect to domestic climate laws, it has occurred with respect to other environmental laws10 despite the exemptions for environmental policy in most trade agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT) Article XX11. These rules limit the ability of states to impose regulations of an internationally traded good on the basis of the process and production method (PPM) used to manufacture such good. This issue has already seen a challenge directly bearing on a country's ability to implement their NDCs. | sdg13 |
The available global estimates refer to coverage by schemes designed specifically to protect children, persons with disabilities and older persons, but cross-country data on access to other programmes—such as unemployment benefits for persons with disabilities or households with children—is largely lacking. Similarly, information on social protection coverage by race, ethnicity, indigenous or migrant status is scant. Data on the coverage of young people are also lacking. Obtaining such data is no easy matter, but the information base on what appear to be largely underserved groups of the population needs to be improved. | sdg10 |
The international experience shows that the countries with the highest average educational attainments are also those with the least inequality (Thomas, Wang and Fan, 2000, Checchi and Garcfa-Penalosa, 2004). The distribution of educational attainments is improving in most of the countries, the exceptions being Ecuador and Honduras. Generally speaking, as the average number of years of education among the region's adult population has risen, inequality in the distribution of these attainments has fallen, although the absolute differences between quintiles have not narrowed. In turn, skill at handling these technologies is itself a qualification for gainful employment. Furthermore, networked communication democratizes access to voice, dialogue and public visibility and thence to the power to debate, exert pressure and influence political decisions. Thus, greater equality in access to ICTs and connectivity is vital for progress towards greater equality in capability development and, above all, for leveraging the exercise of both individual and collective autonomy. | sdg10 |
Autor and Salomons' estimates show that the electrical and optical equipment industry and the chemicals and chemical products industries have registered substantial negative employment effects within their industries. Indirect effects (input-output linkages and final demand) are actually one of the biggest contributors to job creation in the whole economy. However, a study by Hallward-Driemeier and Nayyar (2018:139) finds evidence that, "manufacturing will likely continue to deliver on productivity, scale, trade, and innovation, but just not with the same number of jobs”. | sdg9 |
The environment axis consists of 14 objectives and associated strategies, including slowing deterioration of forests and jungles, conserving ecosystems and biodiversity, and integrating conservation of natural capital with economic and social development. This section looks at key sectors for mainstreaming. Policies addressing agri-environmental concerns are nascent. This is especially concerning as Mexico is projected to continue with strong growth in agricultural production in the coming decade, with the risk of further expansion of production onto environmentally fragile land (OECD, 2010b). | sdg15 |
Liberalism is one of two great progressive philosophical traditions to have come out of the European Enlightenment, the other being Marxism. Its ideas have had a profound impact on the political shape of all modern industrial societies. Liberalism has championed limited government and scientific rationality, believing individuals should be free from arbitrary state power, persecution and superstition. It has advocated political freedom, democracy, human and constitutionally guaranteed rights, and privileged the liberty of the individual and equality before the law. Liberalism has also argued for individual competition in civil society and claimed that market capitalism best promotes the general welfare of all by most efficiently allocating scarce resources. To the extent that its ideas have been realised in recent democratic transitions in both hemispheres and manifested in the globalisation of the world economy, liberalism remains a powerful and influential doctrine. | sdg16 |
About 15% of men and 20% of women in Sweden rate their mental wellbeing as impaired in national surveys using GHQ-12, a validated instrument used internationally for measuring mental wellbeing, early detection and treatment. Primary care is generally the first point of contact, and is responsible for minor mental health problems and onward referrals to specialist care for those with serious mental illness. High quality primary care for mental health problems is especially important in rural areas where access to specialist services may be difficult. | sdg3 |
Rural communities close to cities have seen more dynamic economic growth and, as such, it is important to strengthen the linkages between mral areas and small and medium-sized cities - this is recognised in Poland’s new Strategy for Responsible Development. In mral regions where tourism is less prevalent and where there are greater distances to urban agglomerations and markets, the profile of mral businesses is different - e.g. forms of manufacturing or industries related to the agricultural sector such as food processing dominate. The territorial location of mral firms impacts the size of companies, institutional frameworks and, in turn, the ways in which public policy supports entrepreneurship. This section examines a range of public interventions to support entrepreneurship - from financial lending and skills training to local economic development strategies and smart specialisation. | sdg9 |
Now, state, municipality and federal schools must purchase at least 30 percent of food for school meals directly from family fanners. The PNAE has expanded rapidly and, in 2014, had a budget of 3.5 billion reais (about US$1.54 billion), benefiting 47.2 million students. However, only 45 percent of implementing agencies comply with the legally mandated minimum requirement of 30 percent purchase from family farmers (Swensson, 2015). | sdg2 |
Calls for reform of the police complaints and discipline process have focused on the need for greater independence as a means to increase public confidence and police accountability. This paper addresses key reforms and draws upon empirical research to discuss the experiences of complainants. The trend among complainants indicated a perceived lack of objectivity, independence and a concern regarding the 'police investigating the police.' The government proposal of a new independent system (IPCC) in 2000 offered a new possibility for greater police accountability. | sdg16 |
The government also plays an active role in risk management in agriculture, but the scope of its involvement is strictly limited. Its actions - and the underlying financial transfers - are concentrated on building and maintaining a system of prevention of pest and disease incursions. Although this system serves the farming sector, the rationale for this policy is much broader as its objective is to preserve the country’s natural resources and human health. Governments at the local level are responsible for preventive and control measures related to natural disasters, but post-catastrophic assistance is largely financed by the central government. These activities are also not specific to agriculture but are part of a broader territorial policy of assistance to local communities. Finally, the government contributes to knowledge and information systems to support private risk management efforts. | sdg2 |
Unless fishery management decision makers and processes can produce a longterm sustainable EU fisheries, the likelihood of the CFP becoming subservient to the Integrated Maritime Policy seems to increase. Improvements in governance arrangements for fisheries are possible. There are a variety of choices available. While each must be tailored to the particular region and country context the tools exist. It should be of no surprise that each approach has a role in fishery management although they have very different rationales and serve different and complementary purposes. | sdg14 |
Peru suffers from serious weaknesses in this area and should not delay quantitative and qualitative efforts to strengthen the entire chain of education and training from primary school to postgraduate studies, and, more specifically, the development of knowledge and skills in science, mathematics and technology. The supply problems are compounded by problems of demand. It also makes them unwilling to take the risks associated with innovation. This implies wide-ranging efforts to develop training programmes and incentives to encourage the private sector to buy into them. Given the limitations on resources and capacity, the programmes should be circumscribed and focus on areas in which Peru has competitive advantages owing to its natural resources (e.g. biotechnologies for the preservation and sustainable exploitation of biodiversity, cleaner mining exploitation) or can address social needs (e.g. in health, water remediation and environment). | sdg9 |
This will improve the understanding of the problems and strengthen the knowledge base for identification and implementation of appropriate management measures to reduce transboundary impacts and improve the status of transboundary waters. The Second Assessment is intended to serve as a tool to inform, guide and stimulate further action by Governments, river basin organizations, the international community, including donors, and concerned non-governmental organizations. It allowed riparian countries to discuss and highlight needs in transboundary cooperation. | sdg6 |
Subsets and Splits