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An important component of the initiative is the engagement of local villagers. The project is mostly administered through village committees with significant participation by local residents: 60% of villagers are involved in some aspect of the redevelopment. Reforms have recently been announced to establish a three-tier pricing system for urban households that would raise average prices and more closely align the income share spent on water to levels observed in other countries. Such water pricing regimes should be closely monitored, not least because such schemes can have unintended redistributive consequences such as penalising larger families.
sdg2
It builds on the understanding that people care for the environment, sustainability and future generations, but they are also busy, and do not have the time to carefully think about how these issues connect with each other. These widespread concerns have formed a sound basis for the Good Chemistry campaign from the Danish EPA, which highlights nine good habits for pregnant and nursing mothers regarding chemicals in cosmetics, in products for children and in toys. According to the third good habit, consumers are advised to buy products with Swan label and the EU flower. The study from the Danish EPA suggests that the Nordic Swan ecolabelling has significantly increased its market share in the personal care sector in Denmark as a result of this campaign.
sdg12
On the other hand, Sweden has a regressive mandatory pension scheme, due to the U-shaped profile of the replacement rate.9 Some of the southern and eastern European countries, as well as Finland and the Netherlands, also show little progressivity. Among these countries, Italy and Poland now have defined-contribution second-tier pensions, which have been specifically designed to forge a strong link between contributions and benefits - i.e. redistribution over the life-cycle instead of across individuals. Low-income earners tend to die at a younger age than high-income earners {e.g. Waldrom, 2007, Christia, 2007, Marmot and Shipley, 1996). Pension income is in general taxed at lower rates than work-related income because: i) the personal income tax is progressive and gross replacement rates are generally below 100%, ii) pensioners are often exempted from certain types of social security contributions or pay them at a reduced rate. The effect of taxes on pension progressivity can be gauged by comparing the gap between gross (before taxes) and net (after taxes) replacement rates for low and high-income earners.11 Figure 6 shows that taxes and social security contributions slightly reduce the progressivity of retirement-income schemes on average across the OECD.
sdg10
Although the use of surveys in social science research is not new, growing computerization and widespread availability of Internet access has made it increasingly possible to conduct these surveys online. However, populations in the social sciences – and particularly in e-government – are not always well defined, and their boundaries are fuzzy. Therefore, additional challenges need to be considered in the research process, extending from the initial planning stages to the survey administration and beyond. Based on the existing literature and our experience conducting a national Web-based survey on information sharing with public health and criminal justice practitioners, this paper highlights some of these challenges and presents a series of lessons useful for digital government research. The lessons highlight aspects related o the nature of Web-based surveys, as well as particularities of working with government practitioners.
sdg16
In other countries, like Australia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland, they enter paid work earlier, with a dual work/education approach (e.g., apprenticeship) playing a crucial role in bridging educational and professional aspects (Figure 13.A 1.1 in Annex 13.A1). The way women and men enter the labour market differs and impacts their future career evolution: women are much more likely to begin their careers in temporary jobs in Australia, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (Figure 13.1). For Japan, data provided by R. Kambayashi based on the Japanese Labour Force Survey.
sdg5
In sectors less exposed to competition, there may be more market failures that have to be addressed. And reform of the energy transformation sector is critical to reduce the large amount of energy simply wasted through inefficiencies in turning primary energy supplies into final consumption. Another element to be aware of is the rebound effect, where paradoxically increasing energy efficiency can lead to greater overall energy use (Box 12.2).
sdg7
Men can divorce unilaterally by repudiating their wife before a notary civil servant without having to justify their decision, while women have to go to courts and can only file for divorce on a number of specific grounds. These grounds are specified in the family codes and require women to provide evidence that they have suffered a prejudice from their husband. Judicial procedures may take years while repudiation before a civil servant takes only a few minutes.
sdg5
One of these was that NBSAPs should be an instrument for implementation of all the Biodiversity-related Conventions, hereby being a means to promote coherence in national implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). National Focal Points (NFPs) of the Biodiversity-related Conventions and other key stakeholders engaged in their implementation should therefore cooperate to work towards the best possible outcome of current and upcoming NBSAP development, revision and implementation processes. Parties agreed to translate this overarching international framework into revised and updated NBSAPs by 201561.
sdg15
The article deals with the implementation, as mandated y by the New Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, of a system of binding judicial precedents and the consequent need to adapt the collegiate voting procedures of the Federal Supreme Court and the others courts of our country so that the decisions generating precedents are the result of full collegial deliberation, with institutional recognition of the precedent. The models of collegiate decision seriatim , per curiam and majoritariam practice are analyzed, concluding that the latter is more appropriate to the Brazilian courts. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate that if the is not adapted to the aforementioned model, the deliberative procedure of the courts will result in inefficiency of this system of precedents. The method adopted is hypothetical-deductive, through a critical analysis of the need for improvement of the creation and respect of precedents.
sdg16
Learning" and "education" are considered synonymous with formal schooling. Auxiliary organisations, such as education publishers, examination boards and teacher-training organisations are seen as extensions to arrangements set by governments. Such a framework of understanding has become increasingly inadequate.
sdg4
Young people with no education are more likely to be discouraged or working. While this pattern holds for almost all African countries, unemployment rates among the educated tend to be much higher in MICs than in LICs (Table 6.2.). In IXinisia the unemployment rate among university graduates in 2008 was 33% among men and 46% among women (Stampini and Verdier-Chouchane, 2011).
sdg8
With their USD 71 trillion in assets, institutional investors - including pension funds and insurance companies - potentially have an important role to play in financing clean energy projects. Clean energy projects can in particular provide institutional investors with investments which may combine these sought-after characteristics. Sovereign wealth funds are another type of institutional investor increasingly being approached to fund green investments (see Box 4).
sdg7
Based on Q.3 2010 figures, developing markets accounted for 3.98 billion of the world's 5.15 billion total connections - almost four out of every five mobile connections are now made in the developing world, as handset and air time prices continue to fall. As Rwandan President Paul Kagame pointed out, "in ten short years, what was once an object of luxury and privilege, the mobile phone, has become a basic necessity in Africa. When private capital faces regulatory uncertainty - where the rules of the game can change overnight - a risk premium is priced into the cost of capital.
sdg9
Implicit in this method is the acknowledgement that everyone, including the poor, is free to make bad choices, but must then face the consequences of his or her decisions. The ramifications of, and possible objections to, such an assertion have been taken up above in the context of the composition of the prescribed, as opposed to actual, food expenditures and intakes, and they apply here as well (see box 111.1). While dietary requirements are calculated on a "scientific" basis according to bodily needs, the non-food component of the poverty threshold is not calculated on such a needs basis.
sdg1
Further, monitoring and evaluation can help to ensure that resources earmarked for adaptation, or mainstreamed through other initiatives, contribute to agreed objectives in a cost-effective manner. The nature of this accountability mechanism, however, depends on countries’ approaches to adaptation, the governance systems in place, and the financing mechanisms used. Theoretical frameworks have proposed how monitoring and evaluation can achieve the twin objectives of learning and accountability.
sdg13
Much significant work on the topic of privacy and identity on social network sites (SNSs) stems from the realms of media, information and cultural studies, and sociology eschewing language-based disciplines almost entirely. To redress the balance, this article draws on discourse-centred online ethnography, an approach which blends online ethnography with discourse analysis, to explore how self-presentation on Facebook is regulated by means of privacy. To this end, I analyse a dataset of statuses, comments, links, photographs and interviews from five Greek users. The findings highlight users’ creativity and criticality in combining software affordances with linguistic signals and textual practices to manage their privacy and hence their identity.
sdg16
But unlike similar benefits in other countries, unemployment allowance is also subject to a minimum employment requirement in most cases. Eligibility conditions, i.e., behavioural requirements for those with a benefit entitlement based on their past employment, are relatively strict and include active job search, also during participation in ALMPs (Figure 9, Panel B). Meetings with the job counsellor must be attended at least once a month.
sdg8
The National Council for Women in Egypt has created good governance units that work as a network to produce a road map and strategy for a good governance development framework that incorporates gender equality as well as other good practices. The Palestinian Authority, with significant support from donor agencies, has successfully crafted a series of strategic plans that are evaluated on a two-year basis and open to public consultation with a large selection of actions in key sectors and organisations, including civil society. While suffering from budget restrictions, the Palestinian Ministry of Women’s Affairs has been able to conduct, in collaboration with partners, a series of gender audits and advance mainstreaming of gender equality initiatives in both the public and private sectors.
sdg5
A possible fossil fuel discovery in Ethiopia would alter the economic case behind the CRGE, lowering fossil fuel prices and discouraging investment in renewable energy sources. Hence in section 6 we go on to suggest that institutions, capacities, systems and incentives are given top priority in green growth strategy development. It would not be helpful to promote the CRGE’s proposed set of technologies and investment projects alone, if people and their institutions are not ready for them, and if prevailing economic signals make them unattractive and unsustainable over the long run.
sdg13
Shaping one's own life and feeling equal in society is an essential aspect of participation. Based on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Social Security Code IX and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), participation is relevant for the German health system. The cross-sectional discipline of participation research investigates conditions for self-determined and equal participation in society. Research results can reinforce and promote the participation of humans with disabilities. Participation research uses established quantitative and qualitative approaches. Moreover, participatory research is a relevant approach that demands involving persons with disabilities in decisions in the research process. In the future, it will be important to concentrate findings and to connect researchers. The participation research action alliance (Aktionsbundnis Teilhabeforschung), which was established in 2015, aims to make funding accessible as well as strengthen and profile participation research.
sdg16
During the visit the OECD team was told that literacy and numeracy problems were common among those undertaking VET courses. This means that some people may start their training despite literacy and numeracy problems, and as they are not identified for targeted support, they may not be able to complete their course. Some employers reported to the review team that certain apprentices are unable to complete the final (more sophisticated and academic) phases of their training because of their weak literacy or numeracy skills, and it is very difficult to help apprentices at such a late stage.
sdg4
This stimulated the establishment of new agencies: the National Water Council, the State Committee of Water System, the Public Services Regulatory Commission and the Dispute Resolution Commission. Since then, the Public Services Regulatory Commission implements the tariff policy and balances the interests and relations of the utilities and their customers, and effectively plays the role of an economic regulator. It projects to set up an independent regulatory body for the water supply and sanitation sector.
sdg6
In light of this problem, the college is pursuing targeted initiatives to improve the qualifications of unemployed teachers emphasising: empowerment, behaviours in job interviews, writing of resumes and job seeking. These include master's degree programmes in business administration and engineering fields, a bachelor's degree in geo-information and certificate programmes in fields such as real estate studies, interior design and computer studies. The Technion medical school, through its clinical department, collaborates with hospitals throughout the region and provides continuing education programmes in family medicine and dentistry.
sdg4
In this favourable context, heavy state intervention in the process of development, and World Bank and other international support for infrastructure and capital-building projects in poor countries, fostered the expectation that capitalist economies could deliver growth, poverty alleviation and international convergence, at least as rapidly as their socialist rivals. It was difficult to find evidence that equality-generating processes would eventually prevail either in the global economy or within most developing countries. The ensuing debates were, inevitably, framed by controversies surrounding both economic theory and policy in rich countries, especially the disputes between the Keynesians and the monetarists.
sdg1
Online communities blur the lines between consumers and producers, making consumers part of the co-production process.22 YouTube and Facebook are filled with user-generated-content. New business projects now involve consumers in product design, production and delivery. Open-source coding communities cooperate in creating algorithms for various businesses.
sdg9
A move in this direction by Chile would require strong political support and clear consensus. Housing, urban policy and municipal infrastructure were the responsibility of the Ministry of Infrastructure, which needed to co-ordinate with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration, responsible for public administration matters, including supervision over self-government units (municipalities/gminns), counties (powiats) and self-government regions (voivodships). In addition, housing, urban policy and municipal infrastructure, as essential elements in urban planning, simultaneously needed to be co-ordinated with national level spatial and regional policy programming housed in the Ministry of Regional Development.
sdg11
Earnings levels are also lower in terms of annual and hourly wages but, for part-timers, once other demographic and job characteristics are taken into account, the differences in hourly wages tend to disappear. On the other hand, compared with permanent workers, temporary workers face substantial wage penalties, earnings instability and slower wage growth. But the household constellation matters: low-income and poverty risks are five and ten times higher respectively if NSW is the main source of earnings rather than if NSW live with a standard worker.
sdg1
Which conditions foster accountability for health policy implementation in Spain’s 17 regional governments? We analyze five conditions: private management of health services, political salience of health policies, governments’ left ideological position, strong presence of non-statewide parties, and minority governments. We use fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to identify how necessary and/or sufficient these conditions are (alone or in combination) to foster accountability. We find that there is no single recipe to ‘cook’ accountability. Three conditions appear to be ‘quasi-necessary’ but must be combined with others to foster accountability, thus defining three routes to accountability. The implications of the findings are discussed in light of current debates on the effects of decentralization, left-right ideologies, and privatization, on accountability for public policies.
sdg16
These challenges would have to be addressed with substantial financial investments in market infrastructure. The central procurement of cereals may also crowd out private sector or state government initiatives that might be better tailored to local needs (Gulati et al., Chand, R. and P.S. Birthal (2011), “Food Grain Stock Requirement during 12th Five-Year Plan”, NCAP Working Paper, No.
sdg2
School location (urban or rural area) and the socio-economic background of students make a difference in student performance. There are also concerns about strong social selectivity in the school system, including misplacement of some students in special schools. In addition, the poor educational outcomes of the Roma minority remain a major policy challenge. Reform initiatives include the development of new mechanisms of school financing (per capita funding scheme), the definition of student learning objectives in National Education Programmes, further school autonomy with the development of School Education Programmes, the introduction of standardised national assessments, the creation of a career system for teachers and the introduction of a dual system within vocational secondary education.
sdg4
This raises two issues for urban water governance: i) re-scaling metropolitan governance may (positively or negatively) affect water governance frameworks, and ii) strategies for metropolitan governance reform may offer interesting models for application in the urban water sector. Evidence from selected OECD metropolitan areas is provided in Table 3.7. The largest functional area, often referred to as the Southeast Region, extends to the Gyeongnam province and Ulsan Metropolitan City. At 6.6 million people, it covers the four largest Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht), a large number of medium-sized cities, as well as small towns and villages.
sdg6
Enrollment in primary education in developing regions reached 90 percent in 2010, up from 82 percent in 1999.13 In 2013, net enrollment among girls in primary education reached nearly 83 percent in the region, against a world average of 88.3 percent. The ratio of female-to-male primary enrollment in the region was 96 percent in 2013, against 98.3 percent worldwide.14 Literacy rates among adults and youth are rising, and gender gaps are narrowing. In some countries, particularly those in the GCC, young women's participation in education is rapidly outpacing men's.16 Qatar and the United Arab Emirates have the highest female-to-male university enrollment ratios in the world. Even among extremely conservative families, young women's educational achievement is often encouraged and prized.
sdg5
Most of these fall under the category' of 10-24 m length vessel. Around 84% (78 stocks) were classified as not overfished, while 16 stocks were classified as overfished or subject to overfishing. The remaining stocks were classified as uncertain. The number of stocks assessed in any given year is determined based on the importance of that stock to the current or past economic conditions of the fishery.
sdg14
This investment has been framed within specific state programmes. It has provided the basis for other local initiatives aiming to improve the cleanliness of residential and public territories and restore the natural environment. Rural settlements form groups interlinked with each other and with urban settlements - centres of administrative rayons - through administrative, economic and sociocultural ties and transport networks.
sdg11
Rural youth often face similar problems. In addition, they are put at a special disadvantage by government programmes that target only urban youth and jobs. Adapting schooling and skills trainings in rural areas to rural needs would be an important step in supporting rural youth. Today the region counts almost 300 million people, 122 cities exceeding 100 000 inhabitants and an urbanisation rate of 40%.
sdg8
National data on GHG emissions, provided by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), are not directly comparable to data provided by the International Energy Agency (IEA), owing to different accounting and estimation methods: IEA data include positive emissions from LULUCF but exclude carbon sequestration. In Brazil, GHG emissions from LULUCF are higher than removals, resulting in positive net GHG emissions in the LULUCF sector. Brazil’s commitment to reduce GHG emissions was set in Law 12.187/2009, which establishes the National Climate Change Policy.
sdg15
This article examines the implications of widowhood practices for the enjoyment of women's fundamental rights and freedoms in Nigeria. The article discusses the effects of socio-cultural and legal structures of Nigeria for gender equality. It argues that the plural legal system in the country, which encourages the application of statutory law side by side with customary law, can potentially undermine women's fundamental rights. The article then discusses specific human rights of women, particularly the rights to dignity and non-discrimination that are threatened by widowhood practices. In conclusion, it is argued that since Nigeria has ratified international and regional human rights instruments such as the Convention on Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women (African Women's Protocol), it is obligated to take appropriate steps and measures to eradicate harmful cultural practices that may violate women's rights.
sdg16
In July 2009, the Harper government imposed a visa requirement on all Mexicans traveling to Canada. The Canadian government legitimized its decision by alluding to the rising number of requests for refugee status from Mexico. This article examines the official rhetoric used by Con­ servative politicians to rationalize this requirement and immigration and refugee law reform. I argue that the imposition of the visa intended to stop refugee claimants from Mexico also serves to criminalize them using official rhetoric and prejudicial language. That discourse im ­ plies the bilateral denial of the human rights crisis created by narco­violence and corruption.
sdg16
The information supply sub-system gives the motorists information on congestion, travel times, traffic regulations, and parking space. Finally, the operation management subsystem operates traffic control system within a prefecture, provides supervisors at the traffic control centre with the information on the traffic situation and on the condition of other subsystems, and exchanges information with the information collecting subsystems in other prefectures. Within its ITS policy, other initiatives were developed in line with the UTMS to promote further use of technology and aggregate services for motorists that they can access from a single on-board unit (OBU).
sdg11
Public enforcement regime in China has long been blamed for its under-deterrence of securities crimes. We collect data on public enforcement outcomes from the documents disclosed by listed firms, and find that the outputs of law enforcement have increased significantly since 2011, thanks to the efforts made by the China Securities Regulatory Commission's 38 regional offices. However, because of lacking reliable private enforcement regime and the limited monetary penalties, general enforcement of securities law is still regarded as weak. In addition, there exists a salient pattern of selective enforcement. Private-owned listed firms suffer from disproportionately high enforcement intensity, both in terms of the number and severity of sanctions, from the regulators, whereas state-owned, particularly central-government-controlled firms enjoy the most favorably treatment, though the gap being reduced in recent years.
sdg16
So far, though, little progress has been made both in terms of providing financing on preferable terms and in enhancing green market access opportunities for LDCs. The pillars of this approach are: sustainable production and consumption, the greening of businesses and markets, sustainable infrastructure, green tax and budget reforms, and investment in natural capital (see ESCAP 2008). Similarly, the LDCs can use the flexibilities provided in the TRIPs Agreement to facilitate the adoption of environmentally sound technologies.
sdg1
First, food demand in this part of the world had already grown rapidly for some time, and not suddenly in 2007. Second, in the cereals sector, where the price spikes were particularly pronounced, India and China are almost self-sufficient. Moreover, the imports of meat during that period remained somewhat constant with the exception of China.
sdg2
The national forest inventory (Riksskogs-taxeringen, RIS)12 presents an overall image of the status of forests in Sweden. The level of dead-wood, presence of old trees or old-growth stands, or forests influenced by drainage, are parameters that could be used to identify restoration needs on a national level. For freshwater habitats, a national strategy for the restoration of streams and rivers was published in 2007.13 For protected areas, a national monitoring scheme has been developed that could be used for identifying restoration needs. Restoration needs are also often covered by the site's management plans, but there is no national summary of these data.
sdg15
The 2000s saw continued strong production growth in South America and Southeast Asia, continuing trends from the 1990s. Similarly, other regions in Asia (excluding Western Asia) also experienced strong growth. In per capita terms, both South America and Southeast Asia also saw an acceleration in agricultural production volumes in the 2000s compared with past decadal growth rates. For Africa, while overall production growth was strong, in per capita terms growth was significantly lower than in other developing regions due to higher population growth rates than those seen in other regions.
sdg2
With broadband wireless networks and powerful new phones, consumers now have access anytime, anywhere, to increasingly sophisticated online applications and services. For example, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP5) has played a key role in ensuring international standards for LTE. For Internet access, transport protocols, voice and video compression, home networking, and myriad other aspects of information and communications technology, hundreds of ITU standards allow systems to work - locally and globally.
sdg9
For example, women tend to spend income differently to men, and it is also now almost conventional wisdom that children do better when their mothers control a larger share of household resources, even if much of this evidence comes from development economics (Lundberg and Poliak, 1996). Supporting women’s paid work, bargaining models would say, would provide them more discretion over where and how family resources are spent. Given that young women’s levels of educational attainment now match or outpace men’s in most OECD countries and that increasingly, men and women partner with someone with a similar socioeconomic status, losses may be substantial if women stay at home.
sdg5
For residential buildings, these norms are 48-96 kWh/m2/year or 38-44 kWh/m /year if heat recovery ventilation is used. The norm in both cases depends on the number of floors. Energy efficient practice over the period 2007-2014 has resulted in 9 per cent of the national housing stock, or 1.6 million m , having been built to the thermal energy standard of less than 90 kWh/nr.
sdg11
Coastal cities and human settlements often increase pressure on the environment. Indeed, pollution in oceans is often caused by pollution from cities. At the same time, achieving SDG 14 also reinforces sustainable urban planning and resilient settlements, given that urban development often occurs along coasts due to economic advantages and opportunities presented by coastal areas. The inter-linkages between SDG 11 on one hand and SDG 14 on the other are clear through the need to conserve our biodiversity.
sdg11
Similar to the pattern observed for the children in the first age group, the children in Sikasso (and Koulikoro - in this case) experience monetary poverty relatively more often than multidimensional deprivation. Capturing the regional differences, Sikasso, Mopti and Segou have the highest levels of combined deprivation and monetary poverty. Koulikoro and Tombouctou still have a large proportion of vulnerable children.
sdg1
The scientific community, AIDS activists, and the Libyan government would do well to recognize that the political and diplomatic import of the case of the Benghazi Six involves a great deal more than the lives of five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian physician. At stake are some of the most profound political issues of our time: terrorism, nuclear proliferation, the freedom of movement of health-care workers and scientists, and the Biological Weapons Convention. Although human rights advocates rightly decry the physical torture these individuals have been subjected to, and their death sentences, it is critical to recognize that the unfortunate Benghazi Six—Bulgarian nurses Snezhana Dimitrova, Nasya Nenova, Valentina Siropulo, Valya Chervenyashka, and Kristiyana Valtcheva, and Palestinian physician Ahmed Ashraf Al Hadjudi—are pawns in a far larger game.
sdg16
Public consultations are not a stand-alone exercise, but an integral part of evidence-based policy making, cost-benefit analysis or data analysis. To do so, additional investment is needed to develop inclusive policy making tools, to ensure that men and women in different life circumstances can participate. People face socio-economic, cultural and geographical barriers or barriers of another external nature.
sdg5
However, as there is no national policy on the sustainable use of natural resources, this programme does not integrate other biological resources use, e.g. forest products, hunting, medicinal plants. There are few exceptions from the moratorium, namely fishing for a scientific purposes and reproduction and amateur fishing. Also in 2008 the Law on Banning of Catch, Transportation, Purchase, Trade and Export of Highly Precious and Endemic Fish Species that are inhabited in the Lakes Issyk Kul and Son Kul was adopted.
sdg15
Using natural resources and taxes to develop infrastructure for private car use takes funding away from other projects such as the development of social infrastructure, neighbourhood parks and alternatives to fossil fuels. The 'E's are an easily communicable theoretical framework which can guide the governments approach to “catalyse” change in attitudes and behaviours of people and communities. Behavioural change takes time, governments must be aware of this, and dedicate sufficient resources and sustained effort while following the four E's to Enable, Encourage, Engage and Exemplify.
sdg12
ABSTRACT E-governance is premised on the notion that information technology can be used to reconfigure relations among various government departments as well as between governments and other stakeholders such as the private sector and civil society. This study uses social construction of technology (SCOT) and institutional theory as the lenses through which to deconstruct the process involved in using information technology to enhance transparency and accountability of an urban local government in India. It highlights how diverse stakeholders, by tapping into existing notions of good governance, articulated the project as resolving the need for timely, accurate, and structured information for decision-making. This problem definition led to the recognition that fundamental to transforming how the urban local government works was a reform in its financial management systems.
sdg16
The Environmental Services Project funded by the World Bank foresees the establishment of a database and maps on forest ecosystems and development of the national forestry' inventory', which is expected to be completed in 2018. Along the coastline of the country', there are many ecosystems of significance in the Mediterranean region such as lagoons, wetlands, sand dunes, river deltas, and hydrophilic and hygrophilic forests. The project has four components and will end in December 2019. Within component 2: Planning and Provision of IPARD-like Grants to Improve Land Management, a new national forestry inventory, registration of forests and pastures and quality control for registration were initiated in 2016 and are expected to be finalized in 2018. Once this project output is finalized, it will give a much clearer overview of the state of forests in Albania. Most of Albanian territory is rough mountain relief of an average altitude of 700 m, 60 per cent (244,000 ha) of pasture is composed of alpine and subalpine pastures and meadows.
sdg15
Design work on the strategy commenced in October 2011 and five pilot networks representing 55 schools (feura) were established. The strategy went live in October 2012 with 57 networks established involving 373 schools (feura) (approximately 15% of New Zealand schools [feura]), with an average of 6 to 7 schools per network. There is a particular focus on priority groups traditionally under-served by the system - Maori, Pasifika, those from lower socioeconomic groups, and those with special education needs - along with their families (whanau), teachers, school and community leaders. As some of the distinctive features, Learning and Change Networks put an explicit and prominent focus on an applied theory of making professional learning communities and networks work so as to achieve outcomes that individual schools and teachers cannot readily do by themselves and on a sophisticated set of leadership and management arrangements that puts the onus on action and change on the networks and their members, while embedding these in regional and national structures of support.
sdg4
In Sub-Saharan Africa, they can be particularly useful to assist countries with limited project preparation capacities to develop projects that can only attract repayable finance if they are combined with innovative approaches to financing, such as blending grants and loans or using guarantees to reduce the risk perception. Grant finance channelled through these facilities has usually been focused on the first step of project preparation, without necessarily providing support for upstream institutional reforms or downstream implementation activities. These facilities are also seen by some as a channel for helping IFIs prepare projects, which should be one of their core activities and therefore amounts to an implicit subsidy for those IFIs.
sdg6
The table is not comprehensive and is intended to be illustrative. The type of data needed for these vary, with some requiring a simple binary response (e.g. has a national assessment of subsidies harmful to biodiversity been undertaken - yes/no), others requiring some kind of qualitative response (e.g. how has biodiversity been integrated into other national strategies - such as high, medium or low), and others requiring quantitative data. Roe (2010), OECD this document.
sdg15
The local elasticity of demand for essential services, such as energy and transportation will determine the extent to which green growth policies drive up the cost of these services and, ultimately, price some consumers out of the market. Human capital can also shape the type and sustainability of green policies. While agglomeration policies are valuable in encouraging economic growth, policies cannot depend on agglomeration alone.
sdg6
As long as adequate framework conditions are provided, in particular low financing costs and stable electricity prices, nuclear energy is well-placed to contribute to the security of energy supply and the smooth working of electricity systems with adequate capacity margins in OECD countries. From this discussion can be drawn a number of broad policy conclusions. As far as the temporal dimension is concerned, one can distinguish periods reaching from a few seconds (for technical failures), a few days (for policy responses to supply interruption), to several years (the time to implement new policies) up to 100 years (the lifetime of certain energy structures). The list of security of supply risks presented above quite naturally reflects this distinction between a short-run and a long-run aspect of the security of energy supply.
sdg7
In Niue women traditionally catch fish in near-shore ecosystems and are responsible for harvesting marine products. Traditional taboos have restricted them from participating in every sector of fishing activity, especially fishing from boats, women, especially if menstruating, have been believed to bring bad luck if they touch fishing gear or cross over fishing lines. These taboos are slowly disappearing, and women in Niue increasingly fish from small boats with their husbands or friends (Tuara 2000).
sdg14
Such aspects include the increased flows of refugees and migrants, the region has the largest global number of IDPs, at 17.3 million. Urban slums are not a significant feature in the Arab and North Africa region as a whole, but certain countries in North Africa have very high levels of informal settlement. The complex nature of the evolving risk landscape is most articulated in coastal areas, which are particularly susceptible to flooding, as well as seismic and climate risks.
sdg11
This is partly because public funding is low in Latvia, accounting for 3.2% of GDP, much lower than the OECD average of 6.5% in 2013. Among OECD countries, only Mexico spends as little as Latvia, and Chile, Turkey and Korea spend less than 4% of GDP on health through public financing. Real GDP growth in Latvia averaged about 9% in 2002-07, then contracted sharply by 3.6%, 14.3% and 3.6% between 2008 and 2010, finally picking up again at around 3% annual growth until the recent slowdown. Prior to the global financial crisis, between 2005 and 2009, health spending in Latvia increased by 3% per year, slower than the OECD average of 3.4% annual growth.
sdg3
Specially, younger people living in urban areas create larger discrepancy in age at marriage by postponing marriage towards higher ages. Getting married as an early age often results in childbearing at an early age and high fertility as women who marry early will have, on average, longer exposure to the possibility of becoming pregnant. Very few children are born outside marriage in Viet Nam.
sdg5
Delaying the age of first childbirth can increase the chances of young women staying in education and securing decent work. Sexual and reproductive health education can also provide information on how to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, leading to better outcomes for youth. Reducing harmful substance use (target 3.5) increases the likelihood that youth will stay in education and secure and retain decent work. Achieving gender equality is a prerequisite for realizing all the Goals, including positive educational and employment outcomes.
sdg8
How often does a book reviewed in the British Yearbook of International Law also get covered in dailies across the world and glossies such as Vanity Fair? How often does one read a book on international legal concepts overnight, and subsequently buy it as a Christmas present for dozens of friends and relatives? How often do books on international legal concepts inspire BBC radio shows, a documentary and a theatre production? Philippe Sands’ East West Street: On the Origins of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity is an exceptional book, even by Sands’ own standards. Some of his previous books on international law, in particular Lawless World (2006) and Torture Team (2008),...
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On an international scale, public administration is undergoing considerable restructuring as principles of private enterprise are becoming the orthodoxy. At the same time, economic instability (or crisis) is gripping both national and global financial markets, suggesting a flaw in the system or even that capitalism has reached it limits. Crises in capitalism are frequently met with shifts in the rhetoric of management. In this article we mobilize an emerging research program (Relational Administration) to argue that contemporary discourses of school leadership in Australia have a hybrid—part normative part rational—management rhetoric as a result of the unique economic conditions compared with many developed nations. With particular attention to the role of accountability in constituting and sustaining this hybrid rhetoric, we craft an argument for greater attention to sociogeographic location and temporality when thinking of, with, and through leadership.
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Each of these three dimensions works interdependent^ with the others and influences the overall impact of a capacity development intervention. Capacities need to be strengthened at the individual level, the organizational level and at the level of the enabling environment." Female farmers and the use of ICTs for agriculture In Uganda: experiences from WOUGNET.
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Results for other reference countries are available from the authors upon request. While the rates of return are assumed to be homogenous within each sub group, they are allowed to differ between the two sub groups. However, in case they differ, the results depend on the reference group, reflecting the path dependence of this decomposition.
sdg10
The different impacts of HIV/AIDS for women and men call for gender-specific health strategies. But African women are now facing a new form of health hazard in the modem formal workplace. Entering the formal work world, especially at a managerial level, has subjected African women to the same levels of stress, bad diets and lack of exercise as men, leading to a rise in the kind of diseases that were commonly associated with men.
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In the case of the Kyrgyzstan and of Tajikistan this was partly done from scratch as they were left with only branches of Soviet companies. The newly created railways have responded to the transition period by reducing costs, reforming pricing policies and creating marketing departments. To illustrate this, Figure 35 and Figure 36 present key indicators illustrating the performance of Central Asian railways compared to selected countries in the world.
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However, instead of bringing together far-flung networks and integrated (if virtual) urban expanses, ICTs instead splinter physical space into highly unequal, fragmented environments. The new feature is the juxtaposition of high-income enclaves with slums. Medellin, Colombia is segregated between the affluent South and the poor North, whereas in Mogadishu the polarization works the other way round.62 Inequality is more visible under a spatial than any other (e.g. income) perspective and the contrast of the “citadel" with the “ghetto"63 can generate mistrust, alienation, tension or unrest. Today, videos carry the voices of local stakeholders to planning offices and federal agencies, giving them a reach, which would not have possible without the use of technology.
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Extensive data from productivity enhancement studies in Africa and Asia demonstrate the enormous potential to enhance green water-use efficiency as well as increase the availability of green water (Wani Pathak and Tam, 2002, Wani, Pathak and Jangawad, 2003, Wani, Joshi and Raju, 2008, Wani, Sreedevi and Marimuthu, 2009b, Wani, and Rockstrom, 2011c, Rockstrom, Hatibu and Oweis, 2007, Barron and Keys, 2011). Of the 1 338 million poor people worldwide, most live in the developing countries of Asia and Africa in dryland/rain-fed areas (Rockstrom, etal., The reliance on rainfed agriculture varies regionally. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than 95 percent of the farmed land is rain fed, with almost 90 percent in Latin America, 60 percent in South Asia, 65 percent in East Asia, and 75 percent in the Near East and North Africa (FAOSTAT, 2010). A large proportion of the global expansion of cropland areas since 1900 has occurred in rain-fed regions.
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For example, initiatives related exclusively to food security or poverty reduction are excluded. Further, some initiatives have been excluded due to limited information availability. Due to the focus on developing countries, especially SSA, initiatives from these regions have been prioritized. Some also provide concrete recommendations and advice to farmers, e.g. on practices and tools, establishes pilot projects on the ground, or distributes materials, seeds, or other goods to farmers. Less prevalent are those initiatives that finance research, provide insurance, or finance projects on the ground with farmers (Bager et al., The majority of the initiatives include both adaptation and mitigation elements (26 initiatives) although many of them focus more on one of them, for example adaptation, but identifies potential mitigation co-benefits.
sdg13
Government subsidies in the fisheries sector can also have severe negative social and economic impacts for the most vulnerable countries and communities. The adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015 brings hope of addressing this unfair situation, specifically thanks to Target 14.6, whereby the international community has committed to prohibit fisheries subsidies that contribute to overfishing and to IUU fishing. Considerable resources would be saved if harmful fisheries subsidies were prohibited and spent to secure the implementation of other SDG14 targets for the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean, for example through a Blue Fund that would be established to that effect. Inaction on fish subsidies at the latest Ministerial Conference of the WTO held in December 2015 - three months after the adoption of the SDGs - is not an encouraging sign, but the upcoming High-Level United Nations Conference on Oceans and Seas in June 2017 may provide a new opportunity.
sdg14
Although a limited number of these collapses may have been caused or exacerbated by natural phenomena (for example, climate variability), human activities and overfishing - essentially non-sustainable management - are the primary culprits (Pauly et al., It is important to understand that fish constitute not only biomass in the ocean but a potential economic input into society. Together, these two elements imply that fisheries are an economic activity by which fishers can catch fish resources in perpetuity if they are managed sustainably.
sdg14
Les prefectures et les municipalites offrent maintenant certains services pour l’emploi, tels que des cours preparatoires pour les meres seules et des centres de ressources pour les jeunes demandeurs d’emploi. Cependant, l’obligation de cotisation est desormais etendue a des contrats de duree relativement courte qui furent exempts auparavant, afin d’elargir la couverture sociale des travailleurs non reguliers. La plupart des periodes d’indemnisation sont courtes.
sdg8
Economic growth in 2014 was 3.3% (compare to an average 1.7% in OECD countries). A combination of intensive investments in infrastructure and human skills and of the rapid and pervasive application of information and communication technology (ICT) on productive sectors has been extraordinarily effective in growing the economy at impressive rates. Since the modernisation of the Korean economy, the shares of urbanisation and industrialisation have been closely correlated (Figure 1.1).
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Simple measures include ensuring that design codes consider pedestrian and cyclist safety and convenience as well as destination accessibility. Other initiatives include the establishment of public bike sharing schemes, which originated largely in Europe and the Americas, and are becoming more popular in the region. There has been particularly strong growth in China, a large-scale system in Huangzhou has 66 000 bicycles and 2 435 stations.
sdg11
Pilot research on community conflict resolution, conducted in a local government area in southern Sydney in late 2006, revealed paradoxical findings: the simultaneous presence of both high levels of cross-cultural mixing and appreciation of the area's culturally diverse population, and the prevalence of prejudice against Arab and Muslim residents and visitors to the area. Many respondents, who supported cultural diversity, saw Arab and Muslim Australians as an exception and even a threat to harmonious community relations. Particularly striking was the anxiety and anger caused by their apparent large numbers, seen to be taking over certain public recreational spaces. This paper explores the contradictions in these findings in light of other contemporary Australian research and identifies complex and difficult issues to be addressed by research and by local government. In particular, the paper discusses the need to address the interconnections between both everyday multiculturalisms and everyday racisms, to...
sdg16
The opportunity cost approach is used to estimate the value of the benefit (Frick et al., Using information from those households living in the private (non-subsidised) rental market, a rental value for all property of tenants in the social rental sector is estimated. It is based on a hedonic regression estimation of the logarithm of rent actually paid by main tenants on the private housing market (so excluding social housing and any other reduced rent payments), correcting for selection bias when appropriate.
sdg10
While the dimensions are the same as for children in the third age group the indicators on education and child labour differ. Whereas children of 15 years and older are not obliged to go to school, the education dimension focuses also on schooling outcomes, rather than just access. The school enrolment indicator is combined with primary school attainment, meaning that children who are not going to school, but have completed primary school are not deprived. In addition, there is an indicator measuring quality, identifying a child as deprived if he/she cannot read and write in any language.
sdg1
Both these impacts should have a clear effect on the present model, but will not be explored here. If one imagines that, at the beginning of the development process, all workers are unskilled and earn an unskilled wage (which is most likely to be the reservation wage) and that at the end of it, all become skilled workers and earn a skilled wage, then over the process, when an increasing number of workers must move from the unskilled to the skilled sector through education, income inequality must first rise and then fall. Thus, if one accepts the characterization of the essence of a full development process as embodied in the model, then the Kuznets hypothesis is clearly right. The key point here is full development.
sdg1
Moreover, based on the platform, the China Unicom Xingkong Big Data research team published over 50 technical papers (El/Chinese key journals) and applied for 34 patents. This project is relevant to advancing SDGs 8, 9, 10, 11,12 and 13, and has been developed in partnership with the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications and Beijing Polygon Prism Info. With the development of informatization in China, big data, loT and artificial intelligence are applied in many fields.
sdg9
The connections between the new governance in education and new procedures of social exclusion and inclusion in Finland are examined. The main focus is on the emergence of a specific discursive formation constituted by an intersection of the myths of competition, corporate managerialism, an educational clientele and social democracy with images of rational choice makers and invisible clients (pupils) and individual-centred learning professionals (teachers) in a mass institution. The research material is extensive, including national statistical data, education policy texts, interviews with educational actors at the national, municipal and school levels and a survey of pupils. The conclusion of the paper outlines a new system of reason as a historical shift of responsibilities in the national education system.
sdg16
Self-employment is more important in Greece, the Czech and Slovak Republics and Turkey. Temporary employment is largest in relative size in Poland, Portugal, Korea and Spain. Youth and workers with a lower level of education are over-represented in NSW - close to half of temporary workers are under 30 years of age, and the incidence of temporary employment is 30% higher for those with lower level of education than for those with medium education. Non-standard workers are also more likely to be found in small firms.
sdg1
The experience of the current RTI Strategy as well as international experience indicates that a duration of ten years is too long, at least if no mid-term review is foreseen. Programmes tackling societal challenges require new forms of governance and funding. With a larger focus on mission-oriented funding to address societal challenges in the upcoming Horizon Europe, it will become important to prioritise societal challenges in Austria that are well-aligned w'ith Horizon Europe. This will help create synergies between national and EU funding on these challenges, and help to make better use of resources from the EU. This process could well be a cornerstone of the new RTI Strategy.
sdg9
The key sectors identified for this integrated approach is energy, transport and telecoms. And a major way in which transport will be transformed is through investing in a country-wide railway network project, which will ultimately cover 5000km. The Ethiopian Railway Corporation has the responsibility of realizing a railway network, and is adopting a green economy approach -optimising multifaceted economic, social, and environment benefits.
sdg13
Cities and countries reporting on this indicator are encouraged to promote better design and use of streets as public spaces. The fact that the indicator measures the share of the built-up area allocated to open space makes it sensitive to the definition of what constitutes a city and its built-up area. The indicator does not include measurement on safety, and it partially covers the notion of inclusivity by reference to access should be available "for all? Definitions on what constitutes public space, public use and the notion of open were agreed upon by experts through consultative meetings.35 Disaggregation of information by sex, age and persons with disabilities remains a key challenge which requires conducting comprehensive surveys in cities on public spaces.
sdg11
Even so, the most recent health expenditure data shows an increase in out-of-pocket payments as a percentage of total health expenditure in the majority of European countries. However, this statement needs qualifying, as in several countries the provision of services is determined at the local or provider level, subject to resource constraints. As budgets are tightened, in these countries, it is possible that there have been changes in coverage, but in a manner difficult to quantify. Section 2 of this paper defines what is considered as “health coverage” in the sections that follow.
sdg3
As technologies develop and become cheaper, they might be able to substitute for workers of all skill levels, and since the supply of smart robots and 3D printers can potentially become unlimited, this would lead to an equalization of labour endowments across the globe. At the same time, robots do not generate additional demand. As a result, trade flows driven by differences in labour endowments could potentially run dry with considerable consequences for current trade patterns. On the path to this extreme outcome, it is likely that trade patterns will evolve with the skills and adoption of additive manufacturing and robots in production across sectors.
sdg9
Western Australia, for example, has implemented a mandatory review of all deaths that occur in public hospitals and private health facilities that provide services for public patients. Queensland conducts an annual “Bedside Audit", where clinicians collect information on certain elements of care to gauge whether expected standards have been met. At a national level, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons makes it a requirement to participate in the Australian and New Zealand Audit of Surgical Mortality as part of the college's Continuing Professional Development programme. The ACSQHC also conducts audits to assess compliance with standards. Most data is focused on volumes of care and resources within the system. Clinical data is also gathered almost exclusively by specific registries (organised by disease, targeting specific group of population, or hospital based).
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This applies to applications (e.g. streamlining data collection and availability with user journeys) as well as the organisational set-up (e.g. agreement between application owners and node operators) (Glaser, 2017). Through this, financial flows could be made visible and can thus be better aligned, as stipulated in Article 2.1.C, and Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015). For example, under Article 6 of the Agreement, parties are authorised to negotiate the transfer of some portion of a signatory nation’s NDCs to another signatory' nation (deemed to be Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes, ITMOs) (CLI, 2018a). In this respect, blockchain can encourage agreement on methodologies to track investment flows, and to ensure robust carbon accounting standards. Today, this advanced degree of corporate collaboration is already in full swing. Within several industries alliances and consortia have been formed, consisting of leading private corporations, public and private research institutions, and technology start-ups.
sdg9
Objective:  this article is intended to expose the present situation of sexual violence in Colombia from the perspective of a gender-based public health approach. Methods:  identifying, compiling and t he documentary analysis of a set of studies carried out in Colombia 1993–2006 and other sources concerning sexual violence and public health in this country. The studies were selected through reviewing electronic databases and library catalogues. Results:  this article displays some concepts about sexual violence and women’s rights, it characterises the problem amongst Colombian children and women. It discusses current public policy in Colombia regarding this issue and targets some critical areas for future action. Conclusions:  the above is aimed at encouraging ref lection, investigation, analysis and inter– disciplinary, effective and sensitive action regarding related gender matters. Although this issue is of the utmost importance, it has lagged behind in the midst of the complex panorama of public health in Colombia.
sdg16
In Korea, a working visit visa programme for ethnic Koreans from other Asian countries, primarily China, has drawn a large number of women into domestic work, especially childcare. In 2014, there were more than 120 000 women with such visas, working primarily as cleaners or domestic workers. This disadvantage appears to be driven chiefly by the gender differences in labour market behaviour, although there are wide variations from country to country. Country rates vary considerably, with only 28.1% of migrant women in Turkey in work and as many as 78.5% in Iceland. In countries such as New Zealand, Canada, Australia and the United States, rates among migrant women are all equal to or higher than the OECD average (Figure 21.4). Population in Korea aged from 15 to 59 years old.
sdg5
Land degradation can have numerous impacts on local communities. These include the direct impacts of loss of income and employment, resulting in deterioration of the material standards of living, and diversion of time from education and social opportunities to production activities to increase labour input and compensate for deterioration in land productivity. There are also indirect impacts in terms of undermining the rural economic and social base, and health impacts from risks of exposure to degraded land, as well as changes to the way of life of local communities engaged in semi-nomadic pastoralism.
sdg15
Internationally accessible academic literature in management has been dominated very largely by contributions originating from the USA. Although this state of imbalance has attracted some discussion, little systematic research exists on scholarly activity in a large majority of countries that have limited presence in international academic outlets. To this end, we investigated the academic literature produced in Turkey over the last three decades, as an example of a country located at the periphery of management scholarship and where the management discipline developed under strong US influence. Based on a content analysis of articles published in local and international academic journals, cluster-analytic results indicated that the predominant form of scholarly output comprised a practice-oriented, nonempirical, de-contextualized literature, which served to transport American theories and practices to domestic audiences. The limitedly adopted scientific model manifested marginally greater interest in the...
sdg16
It will also provide insights into the manner in which events and other disruptions impact street traffic. These principles cover a much broader set of data than released by Uber through its Movement platform and, for instance, while it may be analogous to some of the data that taxis may have to provide in New York City, it represents a broad expansion of data requests in relation to ride services. This, NACTO states, is necessary in order to enable cities to better carry out data-driven planning and policy decisions, and to help them redesign streets to meet modern needs.
sdg11
They are considered to be universal in that they are necessary conditions for success at each stage of development. The selection of the foundation factors was based on theory and a large body of research that provides evidence of the effects of each factor on student outcomes. A "potent" factor is one that has a strong correlation with an outcome or set of outcomes. For example, the quality of classroom instruction is arguably the most important driver of student outcomes during the schooling period (Anderson, 2004, Rosenshine, 2010, Kyriakides, Christoforou and Charalambous, 2013, Creemers and Kyriakides, 2006).
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The Mosaic Enterprise Challenge of The Prince’s Trust in the United Kingdom is an annual inter-school competition where students aged 11-16 years, with mentor support, learn about establishing and running a business through a business simulation game. The winning team is then supported in developing and launching their business idea (Prince’s Trust, 2016). These courses allow reaching more disadvantaged groups that are less likely to attend higher education institutions.
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