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Its production possibilities are 1,200 tons of lint on 1,000 ha of irrigated cotton or 4,800 tons of grain on 1,500 ha of irrigated wheat. Suppose Country B is less productive, due to poorer soils, less sunshine, or inadequate access to crop nutrients. Its production possibilities are 800 tons of lint on 1,000 ha of irrigated cotton or 4,000 tons of grain on 1,500 ha of irrigated wheat.
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sdg6
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Out of the 47 prefectures in Japan, 5 have food self-sufficiency rates greater than 100 per cent (Hokkaido, 195 per cent, Akita, 174 per cent, Yamagata, 132 per cent, Aomori, 118 per cent, and Iwate 105 per cent) (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2009). Japan’s energy self-sufficiency rate is only 4 per cent (19 per cent if nuclear power generation is included) (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, 2008). Most potash and phosphate supplies are imported and dairy farming in Japan is heavily reliant on imported livestock feed.
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sdg2
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Thus, mapping the skills, competencies and expertise available domestically is important. In many instances, government agencies responsible for public procurement are today unaware of the size and structure of the domestic IT sector (UNCTAD and BMZ, forthcoming). This may call for dedicated training of enterprises - by the government or the industry association - on tender procedures and how to complete tender documents.
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sdg9
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Because of the ongoing conflict, youth displaced by violence now face huge disruptions in their education, and many will encounter barriers that will prevent them from returning to their studies. However, the resolution itself has not prevented these atrocities. The recommendations of women leaders in the region, led by Karama, underscore that international organizations involved in peace processes, such as the United Nations and the League of Arab States, must make such processes inclusive, ensuring that women are adequately represented in at least 30 percent of decision making positions.
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sdg5
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Baseload nuclear plants have de facto been replaced by both renewable energy as well as medium- and peak-load providers. In all scenarios analysed, however, the introduction of renewable energy is accompanied by an increase of the capacity of both peak- and medium-load plants in the optimal generating mix. Those phenomena are more pronounced at higher penetration levels. For instance, the introduction of a low marginal cost technology would displace baseload technology exactly on a one-to-one basis.
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sdg7
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[Extract] In the past decade we have witnessed the questioning of policies relating to cultural diversity, multiculturalism and citizenship. This has been exacerbated by the advent of 'globalized terrorism' in the wake of September 11 and has resulted in the adoption of protective measures both nationally and internationally. The discourses on fighting the war on terror have been conjoined with other issues such as border protection, ethnic crime and threats to 'Australian culture' from immigration and have added to negative public opinion relating to cultural diversity. A climate of concern over safety and security has been created. The adoption of a 'protective framework' has been accompanied by an erosion of civil liberties, freedoms and human rights which were traditionally associated with Western democracies. This has had impacts on minorities' sense of belonging in countries, such as Australia, with significant immigrant populations.
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sdg16
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Programmes to pay grain producers above-market prices (Programa Ingreso Objetivo), to give per-animal subsidies to cattle ranchers (Programa de Estimulos a la Ganaderia) and to underwrite purchases of farm equipment (Programa Activos Productivos) may have led to increased intensification and expansion of agriculture, with negative impacts on biodiversity (Guevara-Sangine, 2009). Other harmful subsidies include VAT exemption for agrochemicals and electricity subsidies (OECD, 2008). Under the latter, pricing of electricity to pump water has been used to explain why so few farmers adopt water-saving technology despite significant pressure on water resources.
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sdg15
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People will no longer support open trade and free markets if they feel that they are losing out while a small group of winners is getting richer and richer. Large and persistent losses in low-income groups following recessions underline the importance of well-targeted income-support policies. Government transfers - both in cash and in-kind - have an important role to play in guaranteeing that low-income households do not fall further back in the income distribution. It may be necessary to review whether existing tax provisions are still optimal in light of equity considerations and current revenue requirements.
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sdg10
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Farmers “leasing” their irrigation permits to the state could produce rainfed crops or leave their land idle for the season. Assuming an average irrigation diversion of 7,623 m3 per hectare, the USD337 per hectare average price reflects an incremental value of irrigation of about USD44 per 1,000 m . The Reclamation Act of 1902, which created the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for the purpose of promoting irrigation in the 17 western states, contained generous provisions that allowed farmers to repay only the capital cost of construction, with no interest charges.
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sdg6
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Brazilians often complain that investigations of corruption by public servants drag on for years or bring few legal sanctions on the perpetrators. This lack of accountability is so pervasive that a slang phrase, acabou em pizza, is often invoked when investigations are inconclusive. This article investigates the role of four Brazilian public institutions charged with keeping public servants accountable. For analysis, it breaks the accountability process into its three component stages: oversight, investigation, and sanction. Through a study of six prominent cases of corruption, it shows that the weakness of the accountability process in Brazil is due not entirely to the toothlessness of individual institutions of accountability, but also to the independence of such institutions at each of the three stages. These findings suggest that institutional arrangements influence the degree of accountability, and thereby also public trust and confidence, in Latin America's largest democracy.
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sdg16
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Young people who are proficient in the Sami language and culture enjoy a more liberated and less politicized definition of "Saminess" than did the preceding generation. Many adolescent Sami express a complex identity including Norwegian, Swedish or Finnish and Sami culture and language, some identify themselves with another ethnicity as well. Many of the younger Sami are from families where their parents' and grandparents' generations were the targets of force assimilation policies.
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sdg3
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Goal 3 also includes indicators on the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector and in national parliaments, but these do not have benchmarks or deadlines. Critical issues such as violence against women and discriminatory laws are not addressed. Unfortunately, at the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, it was revealed to be the most off track of all of the Goals, despite the fact that the knowledge and the tools are available to make pregnancy and childbirth a safe experience for women. In 2010, the Secretary-General launched the Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health, setting out key actions to improve the health of women and children worldwide.
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sdg5
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All three food banks were established with a two-sided purpose, both to reduce food waste and to make it easier for charity organisations to get access to food donations. This two-sided basis probably reflects the fact that the Nordic food banks have been established late compared to other countries in Europe (2006-2013), in a period where food waste prevention was much higher on the agenda than when most food banks were established. In Norway, there are two employees, whereas the manager has a management for hire contract on a 50% position. Allwin has only employed personell, with four persons working totally about 3 man years.
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sdg2
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In the case of new technologies, this may refer to injuries caused through accidents involving autonomous drones. Should the manufacturer pay, the software developers who designed the artificial intelligence system, or the service provider who operates the drone? It has changed the way in which information is generated and accessed to such an extent that some have argued that data is ‘the new oil’. New technologies and tools have entered our daily lives at home and in the workplace.
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sdg9
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Three new laws on the judiciary also took a decade to produce. Economic growth still depends heavily on exports of garments and footw'ear, leaving the economy vulnerable to potential declines in competitiveness and the erosion of preferential market access. Overseas development assistance is declining steadily as a share of GDP, increasing the importance of private capital.
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sdg8
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To provide a quantitative assessment of these results, using Table 4 column 7, a one-unit increase in the SIGI (as explained above, representing a country's social transformative change required to move from a situation with perfectly discriminatory social institutions to a situation of perfect parity) would induce an increase of 0.157 on average at the individual level in the ladder of life satisfaction (0-10 scale). This is quite large when comparing with the effect of life events such as getting married or becoming widowed that are known to be important determinants of life satisfaction. For instance, Lucas et al. ( We now use the SIGI's coefficients from Model 1 first to quantify the loss in subjective well-being associated with the current level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions and second to estimate the gains, in terms of increased level of life satisfaction that could be achieved with greater gender parity. Simulations are carried out using equation 2 and relying on individual-level variations in life satisfaction.
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sdg5
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The project will attempt to address some of the most challenging communication access issues, including prices, and the connection of Angolan cities and provinces across a vast land mass, where copper or fibre telecommunication networks would be prohibitively costly. The progress of the ANGOSAT-1 project is currently at 64 per cent. The project envisages the construction of a major new transit route from Frankfurt to Hong Kong, i.e. a connection between the biggest exchange point in Europe and the biggest exchange point in Asia. The transit route will pass through China, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey on its way from Hong Kong to Germany.
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sdg9
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Hence, improving food security and even economic growth will critically depend on removing the barriers faced by small farm holders and expanding their productive capacity, while paying particular attention to the needs of female farmers. This would entail both the establishment of a comprehensive national framework for sustainable use of resources, and a harnessing of the technology and innovation needed to increase the productivity, profitability, stability, resilience and climate change mitigation potential of rural production systems and forests. Water conservation, soil protection and biodiversity enhancement need to form part of an integrated approach of sustainable land and forest management,3 which must also integrate biophysical with sociocultural, institutional and behavioural variables, while recognizing the multifunctional nature of agriculture. In view of their competitive land uses, many solutions, involving difficult choices, will be reached through open and inclusive discussion and negotiation.
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sdg2
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Another priority for the use of additional public resources in education is increasing the salaries of teachers and school leaders. Finally, increasing public investment in education needs to go alongside improving the efficiency of public funds’ use, as suggested above. In Uruguay, there is a need to strengthen the links between the five-year budgeting process to strategic documents and medium-term expenditure frameworks that connect spending decisions to education priorities.
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sdg4
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The democratization that followed the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983) has been influenced by human rights organizations’ relentless work to bring about truth and justice regarding the consequences of state terrorism and to keep the memory of that period alive. These efforts frame the discursive context in which human rights violations, including torture, are interpreted in contemporary Argentina. Argentine interviewees from across the political spectrum condemn torture, but the language and frames they use and the narratives surrounding political events vary. These accounts expose the conflicted terrain of memory making and the ambivalences and contradictions that permeate the construction of a torture-rejecting culture.La democratizacion que vino despues de la ultima dictadura militar en la Argentina (1976–1983) ha sido influenciada por el trabajo incesante de las organizaciones de derechos humanos para lograr que se establezca la verdad y se haga justicia sobre las consecuencias del ...
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sdg16
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These include limited quality control, irregular geographic representation and lack of comparability. The selection of indicators is based on existing sustainability reporting initiatives, requirements and company practices. The objective is not to propose new requirements, but to encourage the use of existing approaches and methodologies in a consistent and comparable manner.
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sdg12
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There are prospects for the private sector to expand, given the growing middle class, and it is important for the private hospitals to subscribe to JKN in future, even though initial attempts to do so were not successful. On average, public spending on health and senior citizens accounts for two-thirds or more of public total social spending. Across Asia, public social spending on the working-age population and children is very low'.
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sdg1
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This article examines the political economy of illegal logging through a case study from Vietnam. The study examines the extraction and trade of a particular timber species through commodity-chain analysis and looks at national-level debates about illegal logging, corruption, and the state. Its findings suggest that central government concerns over authority and public discussions about corruption informed the criminalization of much logging. Criminalization provided the grounds for powerful wholesalers, brokers, and government officials to engage in the timber business and control the timber trade. The logging operations, in turn, fed back into the concerns of the central government and public. The article concludes that these interactions between local political economy and national politics may be a more general dynamic of illegal logging. A singular focus on law enforcement may serve neither local livelihoods nor forest protection in areas with smallholder extraction.
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sdg16
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The purpose of this chapter is to assess whether the current education system in Greece gives youth a good start in the labour market. Sections 2 to 4 focus on reducing school failure. Section 5 addresses the main challenges faced by tertiary education, and the final two sections review students’ work and young workers’ participation in on-the-job training.
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sdg4
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The nowadays universal 'slayer rule' is based on considerations of autonomy and public policy. It is the subject of the detailed and thoughtful section 45 of Restatement Third Restitution. Different answers were given in different periods, among them biblical times, to the question whether a slayer could inherit the testator he had killed. The complexity of the matter is rooted in the different perceptions regarding the limits of law, the relations between the legislator and the judiciary, the tensions between text and context, rules and standards, public and private spheres and criminal and private sanctions. The contradictory considerations behind the rule lead to conflicting proposals either to expand or to restrict its application. But the whole question is much wider. It concerns the proper scope of the principle of 'ex turpi causa' in private law and the need to regulate by rules some intriguing questions of corrective, distributive and retributive justice.
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sdg16
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Evaluation occurs at specific moments in the cycle, and uses qualitative and quantitative data to assess whether or not objectives have been met. Both can help identify areas where co-ordination can be improved, support dialogue and negotiation for better allocation of resources or competences, and facilitate negotiating contractual arrangements. Performance indicators can reinforce linkages among policy stakeholders at different levels of government and contribute to learning and capacity-building.
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sdg6
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Innovation: the Network has developed an extensive database documenting innovations by the poorest, including in agricultural practices (e.g. natural pesticides), machinery and other sectors. The aim is to foster the diffusion of knowledge to a wider group of potential users. The Network's newsletter is printed in seven Indian languages.
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sdg9
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There are various mechanisms for ensuring participation in political negotiations including: representative political parties, consultative mechanisms through which civil society can engage, and direct participation by citizens. It is particularly important to ensure women are included in these processes. Donors can help create space for inclusion and participation by encouraging governments and armed groups to open up the peace or political reform process to wider groups.
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sdg1
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The range of costs in this category is from USD 12 per hectare in Minnesota to USD213 per hectare in California, with a national average cost of USD104 per hectare (Gollehon and Quinby, 2006). Other examples include USD114 per hectare in Washington and USD178 per hectare in Arizona. Lacking information regarding how much water is purchased, it is not possible to estimate the average cost per m3 of water in this category.
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sdg6
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One additional document for imports can be associated with a 0.77 percentage point increase in the poverty rate. One additional day in the time needed for exports and imports might increase the poverty rate by 0.49 and 0.47 percentage points, respectively. The sign of trade facilitation variables in GMM regressions is the same as in the OLS regression. Improvement in trade facilitation by reducing the number of documents and times for exports and imports is also negatively associated with the poverty gap.
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sdg10
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Social development is defined broadly as “sustainable human development which enhances human capabilities for enlarging human choices” (UNDP, 2006). It contributes to economic growth by not only raising labour productivity, but also by enhancing social stability. Social security covers all measures providing benefits, whether in cash or kind, to secure “protection” from lack of work-related income caused by sickness, disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, old age, or death, lack of access to health services, insufficient family support, and poverty and social exclusion (ILO, 2010/11: 13).
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sdg1
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Previous studies find that adopting Freedom of Information (FOI) laws increase reporting of corruption, as this facilitates the right of access to governmental information. Thus, it is argued that FOI laws increase transparency and enhance government accountability. However, whether or not adopting such transparency laws improves bureaucratic efficiency remains unexplored. We provide first quantitative evidence on the impact of FOI laws on bureaucratic efficiency. Using panel data on 132 countries from 1990 to 2011, we find that adopting FOI laws, and in particular ‘stronger’ FOI laws, is associated with an improvement in bureaucratic efficiency, after controlling for self-section bias. FOI laws appear to be more effective in the long run, and if combined with a higher degree of media freedom, presence of non-governmental organization activism, and political competition. These findings are robust to controlling for endogeneity using instrumental variables, alternative samples, and estimation methods.
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sdg16
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Several OECD instruments highlight that fiscal and in-kind incentives provided to firms - such as tax exemptions, subsidies, or Special Economic Zones (SEZs) - should be periodically evaluated to ensure their relevance, effectiveness and cost-efficiency (OECD, 2015a, OECD, 2003). Such evaluations should not only consider the direct costs and effects associated with the support but also indirect effects on employment, competition and regional development, for example (Cizkowicz et al., There are currently 14 SEZs operating in Poland, whose functioning was prolonged until 2026.
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sdg4
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Altogether, in 2016, 30,273 cases of measles were reported in all 21 aimags. Globally, measles is still one of the leading causes of death for children less than 5 years of age, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine that prevents this deadly disease. In addition, studies have show'n that measles virus infection often results in pneumonia or diarrhoea, which contributes to the total number of children who die of causes related to measles.
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sdg3
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Data for Belgium refers to the Flanders region, and United Kingdom data include England and Northern Ireland only. To improve skills match in the labour market, the Estonian government has developed a skills forecasting system called OSKA. This new system uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods - interviews with experts in different sectors, surveys of employers, data on salaries, the ages of current workers in different jobs - to identify occupations where labour shortages are likely in coming years. So far, studies of five sectors of the economy have been published, with 15 more to follow in the coming years.
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sdg8
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However, its deficit has overshot targets, as the recent monetary and tax reforms weighed on immediate economic activity despite the expected medium-term benefits (ESCAR 2017b). Another reason for the wider deficit was the debt restructuring of State power distribution companies. The national budget deficit target for the 2018/19 fiscal year is 3.3 per cent of GDR lower than the estimated 3.5 per cent deficit in 2017/18, but higher than previously set targets (India, Ministry of Finance, 2018).
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sdg8
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For Japan, this means that an increase of 3 000 steps a day per person could lower the country’s annual medical bill by 5.5%, substantially reducing the incidence of diabetes, stroke and heart attacks. Toyama’s compact city strategies aim to encourage citizens to walk and thereby improve public health. Yokohama’s FutureCity strategy introduces a new type of urban structure to support local communities by improving their connectivity.
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sdg11
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Globalisation has led to a loss of jobs - especially in the manufacturing sector - and this has been amplified by the economic crisis. Many cities, especially non-capital cities in Central and Eastern Europe, but also old industrial cities in Western Europe, face the serious threat of economic stagnation or decline. Our economies in their current form are unable to provide jobs for all.
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sdg11
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Changes in the distribution of income are not only an important economic phenomenon but can also be a formidable social and political challenge, and globalisation and trade are often seen as potentially implicated. Economic research on its own cannot substitute for the political process in deciding whether and if so how, income inequality should be reduced, but it can help by disentangling the different determinants as well as shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that result in income inequality. But with the concurrent wave of globalisation, evidenced through the growing participation in global value chains (GVCs) as shown in OECD (2013 and 2015a), questions related to how these processes are linked are increasingly coming to the fore.
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sdg10
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This paper elaborates on the deliberative democracy argument for freedom of expression in terms of its relationship to different dimensions of autonomy. It engages the objection that Enlightenment theories pose a threat to cultures that reject autonomy and argues that autonomy-based democracy is not only compatible with but necessary for respect for cultural diversity. On the basis of an intersubjective epistemology, it argues that people cannot know how to live on mutually respectful terms without engaging in public deliberation and developing some degree of personal autonomy. While freedom of expression is indispensable for deliberation and autonomy, this does not mean that people have no obligations regarding how they speak to each other. The moral insights provided by deliberation depend on the participants in the process treating one another with respect. The argument is related to the Danish cartoon controversy.
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sdg16
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Many characteristics of this dimension vary from one country to another, and it is this dimension that has undergone the greatest changes in measurement owing to spectacular advances in communications markets and their fast-expanding coverage. In many cases, differences from one year to another stem from the addition or removal of various household information or communication goods. This is the case with Honduras and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where the changes stem not from the scale of deprivation but from differences in the way the dimension is estimated, and Argentina, where there is no possibility of measuring this dimension.
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sdg1
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It is unnecessary and counterproductive to sacrifice basic human rights to respond to bioterrorism. Constructive public health legislation, which must be federal, cannot be carefully drafted under panic conditions. When it is, like the “model act,” it will predictably rely on broad, arbitrary state authority exercised without public accountability. Public health should resist reverting to its nineteenth-century practices of forced examination and quarantine, which will simply encourage people to avoid physicians, hospitals, and public health practitioners they now trust and actively seek out in emergencies. Upholding human rights is essential to public trust and is ultimately our best defense against the threat of terrorism in the twenty-first century.
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sdg16
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The Ministry of Education has developed guidelines for a quality assurance system to be set up by each centre including figures regarding the scope, results and effects of the guidance provided, and a procedure for evaluating the services provided through user and employee surveys. Centres are also required to publish objectives, methods, planned activities and performance on die Internet. These programmes combine catch-up courses in foundation skills with vocational classes, counselling and career guidance, and often enable participants to obtain an upper-secondary' qualification.
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sdg8
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Similarly, other relevant legal instruments do not explicitly address biodiversity, but are directed at physical components such as land and water for human use, which are usually not associated with the functionality of biodiversity in the provision of human needs. Such actions could include government programmes for protecting ecosystems and their biodiversity, or mechanisms for granting “endangered” legal status to threatened species, ecosystems and their services, all within the framework of a consolidated and comprehensive national biodiversity policy (MoEP, 2008, 2009, 2010a). The decade-long efforts to develop the NBS were largely concerned with acknowledging these limitations and developing a new policy framework so that they could be addressed. The national parks legislation created mechanisms for the establishment of both nature reserves and national parks and for listing protected natural assets.
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sdg15
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France’s approach aims to primarily track progress on the implementation of its 230 adaptation measures, on the assumption that implementing its NAP would lead to a reduction in the country’s vulnerability to climate change (Government of France, 2015). Kenya and Philippines’ approaches focus primarily on evaluating the outcomes of their adaptation plans, with Philippines even defining immediate, intermediate and ultimate desired outcomes (Philippines, 2011, Kenya, 2012). The United Kingdom’s first statutory assessment of national progress on adaptation first monitors the degree of achievement of actions planned in its NAP (Figure 2).
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sdg13
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Three years learning with a high-performing teacher rather than a low-performing teacher, can make a 53-percentile difference between two students who started at the same achievement level. The negative impact of low-performing teachers is severe, particularly during the earlier years of schooling (Sanders and Rivers, 1996, Barber and Mourshed, 2009).
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sdg4
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The finance arrangements of ministries may hinder the adoption of more coherent policies. This refers not only to the technical knowledge and expertise, but also to the lack of staff (at central and sub-central levels) as well as obsolete infrastructure. In addition, the new technologies and innovative water processes introduced in response to cost-effectiveness objectives, water scarcity and climate change (desalination, nanotechnologies, spatial technologies, recycling of water use, etc.)
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sdg6
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Digital technologies are integrated into the city’s social, physical and environmental policies, thus enabling centralised monitoring and decision-making. As of July 2018, SCCs had already been set up in ten cities (Naya Raipur, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Pune, Nagpur, Rajkot, Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, and Bhopal) and a further 13 cities had begun the process of setting up their SCCs (Hindustan Times, 2018). This design thereby grants the subnational government more responsibility, along with the associated potential difficulties and opportunities, as well as greater flexibility regarding how financing can be secured through, for instance, PPPs, user charges, multilateral funding and other taxes. In this way, such a framework provides subnational governments with a degree of flexibility in pursuing their priorities.
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sdg11
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Moreover, a further differentiation could be made across specific areas of activity so as to provide incentives in support of a profit-investment nexus that helps to influence the direction and speed of structural change (TDR 1997, chaps. In developing countries, taxing consumption of luxury goods at a higher rate than mass consumption, besides having a progressive incidence, may also help in this regard. By the same token, an individual regressive tax may not necessarily contribute to greater inequality if the tax yield is spent in such a manner that it has a progressive effect, for example through social transfers and improved public services.
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sdg10
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Implementation costs should be estimated, along with alternatives, comparing also to the status quo: it is important to determine early in the design phase whether a blockchain application is value-adding to its intended use case. By developing a prototype, technical and functional feasibility of the concept can be tested, and the application can be demonstrated to stakeholders. If the general concept for the prototype is approved by all decision makers, initiation of the business ecosystem of relevant stakeholders can start. Not only do the consortium participants need to decide on the type of blockchain solution they want to build, but they also need to agree on adjacent issues before going further into development of the solution. Often times, the most pressing question is around legal set-up and guidelines of collaboration. For example, agreement needs to be reached on which legal form should be chosen for initial and future collaboration, who is contributing how much in investment and resources, how governance of the project should be set up, or who owns the intellectual property created during the project.
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sdg9
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According to the World Development Indicators, infant mortality rates dropped from 98.7 deaths per 1 000 live births on average1 in 1970 to 17 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2011. Likewise, life expectancy at birth rose from 58.5 years in 1970 to 75.2 years in 2012, with women living on average 2 years longer than men in both 1970 and 2011. In fact, literacy rates in the MENA region for females has jumped a little more than 10 percentage points, from approximately 61% in 2000 to 72% in 20112 (Figure 1.1), with significant improvements in gross tertiary enrolment in Egypt and Lebanon and in literacy rates in Jordan, the Palestinian Authority and Qatar.
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sdg5
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As a result, in 2016, 23% of girls have been married before their 18th birthday, the eight highest number of child brides in the world (UNICEF, 2016). The participation of women in the labour force is crucial for promoting and sustaining economic growth, and the gains are largest in countries where large gender gaps persist, like Mexico. In Mexico, halving the current gender gap in labour force participation among 15- to 74-year-olds by 2040 could potentially add 0.16 percentage points to the projected average annual rate of growth in per capita gross domestic product (GDP) for the period 2013-40, boosting the projected average growth rate to 2.46% per year. By 2040, this extra growth would translate into an increase of around USD 1100 in GDP per capita, relative to the baseline scenario.
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Additionally, they attribute success to greater co-operation between municipalities within Finland. The programme consists of a variety of waste management strategies. Overall, the programme’s emphasis and strategies focus on the 3Rs initiative (reduction, reuse and recycling) with the central goal of changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country. Changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country is a central objective.
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sdg12
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Both rivers flow into the Aral Sea basin and provide some 55 per cent of the overall run-off into the basin. Currently, however, after a long journey through a number of countries, natural seepage, evaporation and heavy exploitation, only the Syr Darya River retains an inflow to the Aral Sea. After the confluence of the Kafirnigan, Vakhsh and Pjandj rivers, the flow becomes the Amu Darya River. They are fed by intakes from rivers and connected to the groundwater through seepage and leaks. They contain 20 km3 of freshwater and 26.3 km3 of salty or muddy water.
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sdg6
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This is based on multiple lines of evidence, including on observations already made in recent decades and on the projections of a range of different global climate models about future effects. So even if global warming is contained within the range of 1,5°C to 2°C, there will be very significant health and socioeconomic effects due to increasing average temperatures. In addition, and significantly for understanding and reducing risk, humanity now faces the current reality and the future prospect of more-extreme and much higher frequency "natural" hazards - extremes of cold to heat-waves, longer and more sustained drought, more intense and more frequent storm events, heavier rainfall and more flooding.
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sdg13
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This means that one in six children is extremely poor and the scourge of poverty affects more than 28.3 million children and adolescents (see figure 11.1 and table II.2). These children experience one or more severe deprivations in terms of dwellings with unsafe construction materials and overcrowding, lack of access to drinking water or sanitation facilities in the home, general and/or chronic undernutrition, lack of access to the education system (children who have never attended school) or lack of access to communication and information systems (including lack of electricity in the home). An average 72% of children in countries with the highest total child poverty levels (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia) were extremely poor (20.2 million in these six countries). Among the countries with the lowest total child poverty levels (Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Uruguay), a simple average of 19.5% of children were extremely poor (2.8 million).
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sdg1
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For instance, it is considered a major and growing issue in Western Galilee in Israel and Laguna Region in Mexico (2014 OECD questionnaire). As a result of sustained groundwater pumping, saturated thicknesses and well yields can be reduced significantly. In some cases, reductions in aquifer viability have been severe enough that there has been a gradual transition from irrigated back to dryland agriculture (e.g. parts of western Kansas in the United States). In other areas, such as north Texas, irrigation is still possible but it is clear that the current intensity (in terms of irrigated area and application rates) cannot be maintained in the future.
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It is impossible to tell the history of American antitrust law and economics during the so-called formative era (1890-1915) without a preliminary understanding of the economic rationale underlying that major phase of American constitutional law commonly called laissez faire constitutionalism, or Lochner era. The essay is a preliminary effort to locate such a rationale in the almost perfect overlap between classical political economy, especially the notion of competition as the supreme organizing principle of thriving societies, and classical liberalism, in particular the notion of liberty of contract. It is argued that the well-known Progressive interpretation of the Lochner era fails to recognize the true meaning and extent of this overlap. The protagonists of our story are economists Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill and Francis Wayland, and Supreme Court Justices James Wilson, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Rufus Peckham.
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The inaugural issue of the journal was replete with high-quality scholarship from prominent academics and practitioners in the region. However, despite positive responses, the journal did not proceed to a second issue due to lack of funding - one of the unfortunate casualties of limited financial support for ESD. With strong linkages to industrial and commercial sectors, and natural resource development, TVET is an important area of national ESD offerings. Through alignment with the business community, there should be a strong potential for mutual reinforcement between TVET institutions interested in ESD and ‘green businesses’ or social enterprises. With the recognition of the important role of TVET institutions in advancing sustainability through the workforce, special attention has been given to reorienting TVET through a number of international workshops and symposiums in recent years (see for instance UNESCO-UNEVOC 2009).
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It also enabled Governments to circumvent coordination challenges through centralized planning and system design. Since the 1973 oil crisis, it has also been widely recognized as a strategic resource. Energy security — defined by the International Energy Agency (IEA) as “the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price”' — is thus a major priority, whose absence threatens serious economic and social impacts.
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sdg7
|
The Advisory Councils may, in particular, submit recommendations on matters relating to the management of fisheries and the socio-economic and conservation aspects of fisheries and aquaculture to the Commission and to the Member States concerned, inform the Commission and the Member States concerned of problems relating to the management and socio-economic aspects of fisheries and aquaculture, propose solutions to overcome those problems and contribute, in close cooperation with scientists to the collection, supply and analysis of data necessary for the development of conservation measures. In addition, within the framework of the new regionalized CFP, Member States shall consult the Advisory Councils when formulating joint recommendations for achieving the objectives of the Union conservation measures that they recommend. In addition to the above mentioned seven existing Advisory Councils, the new CFP foresees the creation of four new Advisory Councils for the Black Sea, Aquaculture, Markets and Outermost regions. The value of such communication was demonstrated in the 1992 collapse of the Atlantic cod stocks in Canada.
|
sdg14
|
Master service agreements, contract terms, modifications, extensions, appendices, etc. As an example, the building information modelling (BIM) guideline in Germany is to be implemented until the year 2020, aiming to collect relevant information of a building’s lifecycle in order to ensure transparent communication of all stakeholders (Bundesministerium, 2017). The visualisation of the versioning without a central counterpart creates an eco-system without any vendor locking.
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sdg9
|
In the case of Al and machine learning, algorithms may be less important than access to data used to develop, train and execute those algorithms. Digital assets are also scalable at very low costs, which has led to highly productive and profitable industry leaders and increased market concentration. Growing productivity gaps between firms suggest that technology diffusion has decelerated within industries, which could also affect cross-border diffusion of technologies. How these relations will play out is uncertain, but enormously consequential in an increasingly digital age, and thus calls for a better understanding of digital technology diffusion and transfer.
|
sdg9
|
The Task Force on Commodity Futures Markets, established by the International Organization of Security Commissions to look into these matters, reviewed the available research and came to the conclusion that they “do not support the proposition that the activity of speculators has systematically driven commodity market cash or futures prices up or down on a sustained basis”. In its October 2008 World Economic Outlook, the IMF concluded that there was no evidence of a long term systemic effect due to speculation on commodity prices, although it suggested that short term expectations can be influenced by sentiment and investor behaviour, which can amplify short-term price fluctuations, as in other asset markets. On the other hand, Tang and Xiong (2010) conclude that as a result of the bundling of commodities in index funds correlations among commodities have gone up and that shocks from oil and financial factors now spill-over more strongly to non-energy commodities.
|
sdg2
|
Another utility, Miyahuna, was created by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation to take over the management of the water system in Amman after LEMA’s contract expired in 2006. Miyahuna is an independent limited liability company that is run along commercial principles but wholly owned by the Water Authority of Jordan. In response, the government increased public sector wages and instituted social protection measures, such as lifeline electricity tariffs that subsidise low-income users’ consumption, to counteract the impact of increased energy prices.
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sdg7
|
Both funds follow an active management investment strategy. The targeted investment amount is between USS15-35 million and seeks to realize strong risk-adjusted returns, particularly through investments in mature technologies. The investment horizon is between 3 and 5 years. Mubadala is involved in all aspects of the clean energy value chain.
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sdg7
|
As such, the NLP algorithms rely on the source of information rather than the most appropriate terms and concepts. While several manual checks were performed to examine the activities identified by the keywords, the algorithms used in this paper could be improved by examining official STI documents, identifying core keywords distinctively from the CRS. Methods to identify STI-related activities in the CRS, by type of STI. Financing R&D and the application of new technologies in society or for enhanced production is often beyond the role of most development agencies.
|
sdg9
|
The strategies outlined in the three main planning documents are closely related. It identifies the main objectives for London: a city that meets the challenges of economic and population growth, an internationally competitive and successful city, a city of diverse, strong, secure and accessible neighbourhoods, a city that delights the senses, a city that becomes a world leader in improving the environment, a city where it is easy, safe and convenient for everyone to access jobs, opportunities and facilities. Examples of these policies are: housing densities, which are linked directly to public transport accessibility levels, maximum car parking limits that are also linked to public transport accessibility, minimum cycle parking standards for all different types of land use, requirements for electric charging provision in new developments, construction and servicing management plans.
|
sdg11
|
The institutionalization of the role of ministerial advisers in most parliamentary democracies has transformed what was once a pas de deux between ministers and senior civil servants into a menage a trois. This article assesses the impact of ministerial advisers on the contest of policy ideas. It makes a theoretical case for paying closer attention to this issue than has thus far been the case, and assesses civil servants’ perceptions of advisers’ influence on contestability. The core conclusion, which is at variance with much of the scholarship on ministerial advisers, is that advisers pose a greater threat to policy contestability than to civil service impartiality.
|
sdg16
|
Policy reforms enacted in the early and mid 1990s reduced income gaps at the bottom to below their 1978 value. By contrast, no equalising effects of policies can be discerned for the upper part of the distribution. For the period as a whole, tax policy changes appear to have slightly exacerbated trends towards widening income gaps at the top.
|
sdg10
|
Generally, the policies discussed above are to the benefit of single-parent families just as they are for two-parent families. Parental leave, if well-paid, and family benefits were found to reduce poverty more strongly among single parents than among two-parent families.78 Paid parental leave and childcare may help single parents to negotiate their work-family conflicts but may also improve their economic outcomes through a life-course perspective: If paid leave and childcare ensure that women remain economically active and independent when becoming mothers (including in partnerships), they will have more and better opportunities for employment if they become single parents later in their lives. Bradshaw and Finch 2002,Gornick and Jantti 2012.
|
sdg5
|
According to the coefficient of this variable, a 10 per cent increase in penetration will result in an increase of 0.09 percentage points in regional GDP of Chile's regions. The initial regional GDP variable was included to control for the starting point of development. The coefficient sign is consistent with the conditional convergence theory. According to the model, human capital measured as the percentage of people with tertiary education is extremely important, once again corroborating the results obtained for Latin America. The population size variable controls for the density effect.
|
sdg9
|
In Helsinki, there is a large potential for electrification to deliver benefits due to the small fleet increases that would be necessary, along with the relative infrequency with which range becomes a mobility constraint. Cost savings become less significant with smaller fleets due to the necessity of recovering the additional investment costs. This is generally found to yield significant reductions in mobility costs, on the order of 50% for shared taxi and taxi-bus costs per kilometre.
|
sdg11
|
As a first step, in 2014, the Ministry of Environment and Water prepared a framework document entitled "National climate change risk and vulnerability assessment for the sectors of the Bulgarian economy". Another important element to be integrated into a national adaptation strategy is insurance. The purpose of the document is to analyze the role and importance of the insurance business for the prevention of risks that occur as a result of climate change and support the development of adaptation measures.
|
sdg13
|
As one female respondent said, “We can do things ourselves, we are not dependent on men. In the past, saying the names of our husband and mother-in-law was social taboo, but such restriction does not exist anymore.” However, programmes in Nepal by Helvetas and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) showed how infrastructure programmes can reduce women’s unpaid care work and challenge existing discriminatory gender norms. This was done through women’s representation (considered a fourth “R” in the 3Rs framework by the ILO [2018]) in the programme design phase and/or decision-making processes (see Box 5).
|
sdg5
|
Planning is about making such choices, no guidebook can short circuit the need for planning. Often, the direct role of government has decreased— in favour of the private sector and civil society— and “Governance” has frequently replaced "government. In the past, master planners saw the plan as their central accomplishment.
|
sdg11
|
Finally, gender inequality cripples economic growth by reducing women’s contribution in the economic, social and political spheres (Bandiera and Natraj, 2013). A gender analysis needs to take account of both gender perspectives and how policies can affect men and women differently. In 1985, at the Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi, participants agreed to develop or reorganise their national information systems to compile and disseminate statistics on women and men in order to better address gender issues.
|
sdg5
|
The initiative focuses on producing new analysis and policy recommendations to address unpaid care work combined with inclusive dialogues at the regional and global levels. The SIGI comprises country profiles (information on laws, policies and action plans promoting gender equality and women's empowerment), a database (with indicators on levels of discrimination in legal framework, social norms and practices) and a cross-country ranking. These dimensions look at the gaps that legislation, prevalence and attitudes and practices create between women and men in terms of rights and opportunities.
|
sdg5
|
Cloud-based services are required to cope with much larger data storage needs at the point of creation. The prime examples of such "big data" are the huge datasets from satellites that monitor the environment, but video and data from mobile phones also require a software solution that can easily be adapted to an increasing volume of data or users. The big-data approach will change the understanding of natural and human processes, such as the growth and distribution of species or the spatial planning of fisheries and aquaculture.
|
sdg14
|
These initiatives help to integrate women-owned businesses in international markets and value chains. This chapter showcases successful examples, and demonstrates the linkages among barriers and solutions. Government action also often includes legislative actions to improve women’s access to finance and land.
|
sdg5
|
This requires programmes that target behavioural and equipment specification modifications. Interruptible service riders, time-of-use rates and energy efficiency education are some of the tools that may be considered. There is a real need to educate the population about the individual’s role in sustainable development, renewable energy and energy efficiency.
|
sdg7
|
In that case, the minimum price is specified in the contract. Svenska Kraftnat activated the reserves during 30 days during winter 2009/2010, and during 8 days during winter 2010/2011. This is a straightforward, quick and effective means to bring in new capacity when supply adequacy forecasts show a lack of capacity a few years in advance and if old plants have to be closed. This mechanism has been used to build a CCGT power plant in France in Brittany.
|
sdg7
|
(2001). A cosmopolitan discipline? Some implications of 'globalisation' for legal education. International Journal of the Legal Profession: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 23-36.
|
sdg16
|
Since compound fertilisers are used widely in crop production, establishing private fertiliser compounding plants should be encouraged (ARDC, 2011). Prior to 1993, fertiliser prices were heavily subsidised. When subsidies were removed, domestic market prices rose to international levels and the government allowed the private sector to import and distribute fertilisers, providing import tax exemptions. Despite these measures and a lack of competition in the fertiliser market, most enterprises find it difficult to be profitable in fertiliser production (ARDC, 2011).
|
sdg2
|
Research into the deliberative dimensions of democracy has been remarkably productive over the last decade or so, spawning new insights into how deliberation functions within the many political venues that constitute contemporary democracies. Normative theories of deliberative democracy have justified and sometimes inspired a wide range of new institutional developments, from citizen juries, stakeholder meetings, deliberative polling, and deliberative forums to the Freedom of Information legislation that enhances public deliberation (Chambers, 2003, Gastil and Levine, 2005, Parkinson, 2006). The key claim of deliberative theories of democracy is simple and compelling: deliberative approaches to collective decisions under conditions of conflict produce better decisions than those resulting from alternative means of conducting politics: coercion, traditional deference, or markets. The decisions resulting from deliberation are likely to be more legitimate, more reasonable, more informed, more effective, and more politically viable (Cohen, 1996, Habermas, 1996, Gutmann and Thompson, 1996, Bohman, 1998).
|
sdg16
|
The process was launched in 2011 and will be phased in over 14 years. It will involve significant changes to existing administrative and management systems. Various aspects of the NHI are being tested in ten districts. To attain a high degree of risk pooling and equity the plan envisages the creation of a single NHI fund (in 2014/2015) with contributions being based on ability to pay (with no opt-out) and health benefits determined by medical needs.
|
sdg3
|
However, the umbrella organisation for the business community, the Private Sector Organization of Jamaica, participates actively in national consultations and other fora on sustainable development and matters of relevance to the transformation to a green economy. The most recent example is the national consultation organised by the Government of Jamaica to prepare for Rio+20, in which attention was focused on the green economy, especially with respect to energy and agriculture. The priority assigned to the energy sector implicitly includes the bauxite and alumina industry, which is the largest consumer of energy, and the transport sector, particularly ground transport, which consumes about 20 per cent15 of the national energy supply.
|
sdg12
|
However, the prevalence of underweight children aged 0-6 months increased from 6.9 per cent in 2005 to 8.4 per cent in 2010. In 2014, low birth weight was more common in rural areas (particularly the western region, at 6.6 per cent) than in urban areas (3.8 per cent in Ulaanbaatar). A first list of banned and limited use toxic and hazardous chemicals was approved by the Government in 1997.
|
sdg3
|
Scientists are seeing greater and faster change, with more rapid declines in ocean health than had been previously anticipated. Today we live in an age of a changing climate, and no part of the ocean is unaffected by human influence. Some areas, particularly those near large population centres, are strongly affected by multiple pressures.
|
sdg14
|
Inactivity is somew'hat less widespread among women aged 40 and over in the second group’s Eastern European countries (Lithuania, Poland and Slovenia) than in the Southern European ones (Portugal, Spain and Greece). Unemployment is nevertheless high in those countries and seems frequently to result in early retirement. Figure 4.2 shows high rates of inactivity only among younger w'omen, while most of those aged 40 and over work full-time. As a consequence, the gender gap in w'orking hours is narrow in all age brackets in the active population (Figure 4.3, left-hand panel). As for the population of working age, the gender gap in working hours is significantly narrower among older age groups, as many women have swdtched from inactivity to full-time work (Figure 4.3, right-hand panel).
|
sdg5
|
A recent study by the RIO+ Centre and the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network which looks at the complex relationship between gender and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) emphasizes the need for both gender-smartness and people-smartness in achieving CSA's aims of food security, higher farmer incomes, and low-carbon agricultural practices (Perch 2015). Nevertheless, food security, as the World Health Organization (WHO) points out, is "a complex sustainable development issue, linked to health through malnutrition, but also to sustainable economic development, environment and trade" (WHO 2016a). Greater gender equality is essential to achieve global food security (Carliez 2015, FAO and ADB 2013, Sachs 2013). Food sovereignty is "more fluid and nuanced than the concept of food security" (Sachs 2013).
|
sdg2
|
In April 2010, Kyrgyzstan experienced another "revolution," the latest of the postcommunist "color revolutions." The authoritarian regime fell and transitional leaders began a new democratic transition. The 2010 events illustrate the importance of agency and strategic learning in causing authoritarian collapse and initiating democratization. Prodemocratic activists and party leaders, who had learned from both the successes and failures of the 2005 "Tulip Revolution," mobilized popular discontent to topple President Bakiev's regime. They ushered in a democratic constitution and widespread liberalization and held Kyrgyzstan's freest-ever elections. However, political violence, especially politically motivated ethnic conflict, corruption, and calls for superpresidentialism threaten democratic deepening.
|
sdg16
|
Forest law did not allow concessions on forests and forestland. Currently, users of forests (public forest management enterprises) pay a fee for use, in accordance with the provisions of the legal regulations at the cantonal level. Private forest owners face numerous problems in managing their forests.
|
sdg15
|
This chapter outlines this complex financial landscape and the potential for countries to take action to tap the potential synergies among growing new sources of environment finance and traditional sources of development finance. Transitioning to loiv-carbon, climate-resilient and sustainable development pathways requires a holistic approach to finance and investment, shifting public and private finance from “brown" to "green” investments, scaling-up "green” finance, and integrating environmental considerations into all relevant investments and government activities. The impact of these changes may fall indiscriminately across countries, population groups and generations, affecting in particular the poorest, the most vulnerable and those who have limited control over, and responsibility for, possible solutions.
|
sdg13
|
In other words, the presence of increasing returns to scale, along with forward and backward linkages, allow firms to purchase intermediate inputs at lower costs. Several firms specialise in producing complementary products, reducing overall production costs. This refers to the idea that an industry gains from having a constant market for skills. If there are market shocks, firms can adjust to changes in demand if they have access to a deep and broad labour market that allows them to expand or contract their demand for labour.
|
sdg2
|
Yet, market developments indicate that blockchain technology is gradually moving towards more business-related use cases. Prominent examples of big enterprises experimenting and developing blockchain applications include Microsoft, Goldman Sachs, and Maersk. Companies are also increasingly joining consortia in order to explore the potential of DLT.
|
sdg9
|
The Thai government and international partners have provided assistance to train and share knowledge with local governments, but their capacity could be further developed, including results-based monitoring and evaluation systems. The BMA has developed key performance indicators (KPIs), but no such mechanism exists at the level of the BMR. Similarly, data is not consistently produced at the scale of the BMR.
|
sdg11
|
By contrast, the interaction term with middle-income countries is not significant, meaning that for this income group, the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income is not statistically different than the average impact. However, the size of the coefficients indicates that the negative effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions is more detrimental for low-income countries than for high-income countries. Similarly, in the quintile regressions, irrespective of the set of controls included, the SIGI coefficients are significant in all specifications and decreases with income: the richer the country, the lower the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income.
|
sdg5
|
Two dimensions are considered: rights [deprivations) and well-being (income). Rights are measured through six indicators: the education gap, access to health care, access to social security, quality of living spaces, basic services at home and access to food. Premised on the indivisibility of social rights, a person is deemed to be deprived in this dimension if he or she registers at least one of the six social deprivations. The two dimensions are aggregated through cross-tabulation (CONEVAL, 2010). From a rights perspective, the poor are not persons who are deprived or needy but rather citizens and rights-holders (chapter II, which discusses the multidimensional measurement of child poverty, expands on this perspective). From the perspective of capabilities, poverty measurement based solely on resources is inadequate, since it does not provide information on the things that people can do or actually do with these abilities.
|
sdg1
|
To encourage N runoff reductions by farmers, the government set up a cap to current loads and a buy-back 20% of the quotas. Farmers received allocations and were encouraged to reduce their nitrogen emissions to gain from selling water discharge allowances. Reducing soil erosion brings longterm soil-productivity gains and additional benefits, mainly improving water quality by reducing agricultural nonpoint pollution in drinking water (including fertiliser runoff, leaching, and nutrient contamination). Other conservation programmes that were initiated alongside the CRP included Swampbuster, Sodbuster, and Conservation Compliance.
|
sdg6
|
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