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Plusieurs dispositifs d’assistance bilaterale et multilaterale sont prevus pour remedier aux deficits d’information et aux contraintes de capacites et de ressources, qui font partie des facteurs susceptibles d’entraver l’etablissement de systemes nationaux de suivi et devaluation de l’adaptation. Les procedures et resultats des syst&mes nationaux de suivi et devaluation de l’adaptation peuvent apporter des informations utiles pour evaluer les progres realises vers 1’objectif mondial d’adaptation dans le cadre de la CCNUCC, mais il est encore difficile de dire dans quelle mesure cela pourra se faire. Prior to adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, only Non-Annex I Parties were explicitly encouraged to provide information on and evaluate adaptation strategies and measures, via guidelines on National Communications.
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This translates into donors and local policy makers identifying strategies and programmes that seek to level the playing field between men and women in FCAS and that provide direct support for the empowerment of women in key areas of statebuilding. However, it is important that those pursuing gender equality goals recognise that gender is a fundamentally political issue requiring an in-depth understanding of local political and institutional contexts and dynamics. Promoting gender equality calls for particular attention to the interests of women and girls within any social group because prevailing formal and informal institutions (or “rules of the game”) will otherwise tend to disadvantage them.
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Among the 62 countries where at least 5 per cent of the population practised open defecation in 2015,18 countries are currently on track to meet the 2030 target. In another 36 countries, the current rate of progress is too slow to reach the target. For the remaining eight countries, open defecation rates have actually increased since 2000. It can contaminate drinking water sources and limit opportunities for safe and productive reuse of water.
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There is not the space to consider all of these multiple perspectives, therefore, the focus of this chapter is on summarising the approaches and findings of what are arguably the three dominant and distinctive schools of thought on the topic. These are firstly, human capital theory and a more recent variation on this theory that argues major changes in the labour market of developed economies, notably the rising demand for higher skills and qualifications, is a response to ‘skill biased technical change’. Secondly, comparative international studies find that the acquisition of high-level intermediate skills by a large proportion of a workforce depends on a set of interlocking institutional arrangements governing not just training but also industrial relations, industry policy, education and welfare.
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Action in the energy sector to ensure sustainability is tied very closely with action on climate change. There are many co-benefits of climate change action that flow to the energy sector, which include access to clean and safe sources of energy and ensuring climate-resilient infrastructure. If the identified responses, solutions and contributions to combating climate change (NDCs) can be financed and implemented at the same time as extending access to energy to all of their populations, Commonwealth Pacific small states will achieve real independence through energy and economic security. Building local employment capacity to undertake these tasks, and reducing the need for imports, especially through local food production, will also assist in strengthening the economy and reducing fuel import bills.
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The recent growth in research on "good governance" and the quality of government institutions has been propelled by empirical findings that show that such institutions may hold the key to understanding economic growth and social welfare in developing and transition countries. We argue, however, that a key issue has not been addressed, namely, what quality of government (QoG) actually means at the conceptual level. Based on analyses of political theory, we propose a more coherent and specific definition of QoG: the impartiality of institutions that exercise government authority. We relate the idea of impartiality to a series of criticisms stemming from the fields of public administration, public choice, multiculturalism, and feminism. To place the theory of impartiality in a larger context, we then contrast its scope and meaning with that of a threefold set of competing concepts of quality of government: democracy, the rule of law, and efficiency/effectiveness.
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After a series of amendments in 2008, the Act requires that import declarations accompany certain plants and plant products, including a wide range of wood and forest products (USDA, 2012). The amendment provisions require increased due diligence by businesses that source and sell wood and wood products (Beveridge and Diamond, 2009). In September 2013, company offices were raided, based on allegations of links to illegal logging activities.
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Train services are usually scheduled and use a small number of stops for loading and unloading. In Western Europe, intermodal freight is a rapidly growing market, unlike block trains and single-wagon services. Kazakhstan alone has about 30 container terminals, all handling a small number of containers. About ten terminals are in the Almaty area alone, the biggest handling a volume of about 30 000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) per year, or about a train a day.
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The attestation process requires the teacher to submit a portfolio containing information about their participation in further training and other pedagogical activities (e.g. development of teaching methods and curricula), as well as information about the educational achievement of their pupils (e.g. winners of Olympiads and other competitions). Those candidates who want to apply for attestation for a category update before the mandatory period of five years is over must also take an examination developed by the National Testing Centre. The examination consists of 60 multiple choice questions (20 questions on Kazakhstan laws and regulations, 20 questions on the basics of psychology and pedagogy, 20 questions on subject knowledge).
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The goal would be to provide a rapid response forum, composed of senior officials close to ministers, with timely access to relevant information for managing potential crises. The technical group of member countries of AMIS would work on short-term forecasts, initially in the area of wheat, grain rice and soybeans. Web-based dissemination would ensure that the information reaches as wide an audience as possible.
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Layers of procedures and customs regulations can be big impediments to the flow of goods, and this is especially true of small firms. Time and resources spent in documentary compliance can sometimes be bigger impediments to trade than traditional barriers such as tariffs. The study also showed that the impact of customs-driven delays is more pronounced for sales to newer buyers, of time-sensitive goods, and to countries that are harder to reach.
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In Morocco spouses may make such an agreement in writing in a document separate from the marriage contract.28 In Algeria, a clause can be included in the marriage contract, or the community of assets can be established later in a separate document.29 In Egypt, Libya and Jordan, spouses may also opt for communal assets in the marriage contract. In Jordan the portion of assets registered in the names of both spouses seems to be increasing somewhat. It allows them access to markets, employment, business activities and services.
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This essay offers a consideration of how the affect of chronic disappointment contributes to the formation of extreme beliefs. It debates how the disappointment in question is a matter of social class and the desire for self-betterment, contesting the assumption that fundamentalism constitutes a simple rejection of modernity. The essay also attempts to theorize the ways in which chronic disappointment can lead to the establishment of what is formulated in terms of ‘pariah elitism’. In moving from a consideration of Al Aswany's The Yacoubian Building and Herzl's Alteneuland to a consideration of colonial and postcolonial situations in Southern Africa, it broaches the question of how chronic disappointment serves to challenge both the othering of extremism and extremism's otherings. Finally, the essay suggests that there is a distinction to be maintained between the idealism of extremism and a praxis of good faith.
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The situation is even more worrying for young women since nearly 40% of them are neither in employment nor in education or training (which is the second highest rate among OECD countries after Turkey). Overall, nearly 47% of Mexican women are employed or seek employment, an employment rate which is 34% lower the OECD average (OECD, 2014b). Against this background, the informal sector might naturally constitute a preferred alternative for both women and youth in Mexico.
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Numbers of those who consider themselves Tongans have recently been estimated at 70,000 in the United States and 55,000 in New Zealand. Australia may have a further 20,000. A broadly similar balance would probably be true of Samoans, but with the distinction that more Samoans are in New Zealand than in the United States, and many are also in American Samoa. It may no longer be quite so adventurous but the basic structure has remained remarkably constant.
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In particular, there is little justification for tax breaks for stock options and carried interest. Raising such taxes would increase equity and allow a growth-enhancing cut in marginal labour income tax rates. This can hamper productivity through lower competitive pressures from the entry of new firms, and can also reduce employment (Murtin et al.,
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At the same time, increased public constraints call for a mobilisation of new sources of finance and partnerships with the private sector. This working paper analyses several of these sources: public-private partnerships, tax-increment financing, development charges, value-capture taxes, loans, bonds and carbon finance. The challenge in mobilising these instruments is to design them in a green way, while building capacity to engage in real co-operative and flexible arrangements with the private sector.
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Access to safe public spaces greatly informs the perceived and real sentiment of urban safety, which is itself a key prerequisite for protection against physical and sexual harassment. These safety measures in return determine the level of accessibility and inclusivity in use of public spaces, particularly for the vulnerable urban populations (including women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities). Indicator 11.7.2 aims to measure the proportion of persons who have experienced physical or sexual harassment with various forms of disaggregation.
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Its core elements are comprehensive pricing of GHG emissions and increased support for the development and deployment of GHG-emissions-reducing technologies. The alternative regulatory approach would be more costly and unlikely to deliver the required scale of reductions in emissions. To reduce the probability of severe climate-change impacts and costs occurring, global GHG emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades.
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Local, national, and global events that dominate today's media (e.g., war in Iraq, genocide in Darfur, historical lack of confidence in national political leadership, Katrina/Rita aftermath, etc.) represent open and ever-present personal invitations to “wake up” to the complex challenges that increasingly define communities across dimensions of culture, race, ethnicity, social economic status, religious affiliation, and other parameters of multiculturalism. Related, these invitations speak to the urgent need for strong and sustained advocacy for social change and social justice. Deciding how, when, or if to respond to life's invitations is a matter of choice to which the readership is hereby also invited to examine.
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The space for doing this can be increased by introducing measures to control and regulate international capital flows as well as the operations of the domestic financial sector. Countries like Chile and Malaysia have managed to follow this course for a certain period of time with some degree of success. The right mix of these policies can be applied deliberately so as to promote investment in specific industries at specific times, and especially in sectors with the greatest potential for upgrading skills, reaping economies of scale and raising productivity growth, thereby increasing the rates of return on investment.
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This challenge is compounded by the difficulty in assigning value to the “costs” borne by local communities. The market costs are well understood and relatively straightforward, but the costs to communities are more complex. Typical concerns or “costs” cited by communities include changes to landscapes, nuisance (e.g. noise or shadow flicker), environmental impacts (e.g. wildlife and water quality) and the potential for reduced property values (Hubert and Horbaty, 2011). Many communities also feel excluded from the decision-making processes concerning the sites and technologies selected for their area (Bryden, 2010).
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The analysis summarises the context, the state ofplay, and the mechanics of the complex and evolving landscape of energy subsidies in the country. In fact, Moldova imports around 90% of its energy needs. The cost of energy imports amounted to about USD 1.3 bln, equivalent to 18.1% of GDP, or 23.9% of total imports in 2014.
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In the watershed, there were many farms at that time that were causing serious water quality issues. The farm organisations did not want to see the names of farmers appearing in media or government reports as examples of poor agricultural practices. There is no appetite for what some see as secret payments, and in 2009 all landowners receiving a grant were asked to check off a box allowing their names and projects to be used in public.
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A new body could take overall responsibility for the entire VET system at upper secondary and post-secondary levels, including the relationship with social partners. The OECD team noted a widely shared commitment across different stakeholders to work together to address policy reform and to work with industry partners, a newly established council must take advantage of this environment. An earlier Council for Human Resources established in 2000 sought to design a national training and employment strategy. According to the information available in other OECD reports and the background report provided by the local team, a significant consequence of the implementation of this strategy was the reorganisation and consolidation of VET programmes in recent years (OECD, 2010b, SPU-MoHE, 2012:37).
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Some concerns were raised that they were a disruptive force with regard to the WTO-led multilateral trading system, compared with the inclusive and consensual nature ofthe latter regime, these regional negotiations excluded the majority ofthe world's countries and people yet could affect them in various ways. The Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), adopted at Bali in 2013, is the biggest multilateral trade deal of the past 20 years (discussed later). The WTO-led Aid for Trade (AfT) initiative shows trade multilateralism can be responsive to the concerns ofthe most capacity-constrained members and can help address their development needs. The TFA's implementation is also directly linked to parties' capacity, with technical assistance available to help in this regard. More importantly, in today's turbulent times, the WTO still provides the best rules-based governance framework for world trade and safeguards the development interests of the world's smallest and poorest countries. Commonwealth members could lead the way by reaffirming their commitment to a free, fair and inclusive multilateral trading system that supports the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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The article constitutes a review o f selected articles published in 2015 by leading Polish scientific journals dealing with international security („Bellona”, „Bezpieczenstwo Narodowe” [„National Security”], „Rocznik Strategiczny” [„Strategic Yearbook”] and „Stosunki Miedzynarodowe” [„International Relations”]). It aims to highlight main directions o f research conducted in the previous year by the Polish strategic studies community. The author presents the most important and interesting arguments in main debates undertaken on the pages o f reviewed publications adding his own analytical commentary.
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Some responsibilities need to be further clarified and clearly delineated between agencies. Effective biodiversity work requires strong coordination between agencies within the entity' based on regular meetings of the inter-agency committee on biodiversity, as well as on cooperation between entities. Biodiversity' is not integrated into the policies and activities of other sectors either. There is a lack of guidance on MEA implementation and of capacity' among staff, as well as a low level of understanding of international processes.
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While this process may be predicated on the idea that increases in autonomy and financial transfers will benefit the absorbed areas as well as the original city, in reality there are no guarantees that the social and physical infrastructure will be adequate for what may now be a greatly expanded and more complex area. Another concern is that, given that population density is given little regard, this results in cities paying less attention to developing dense and well-connected urban environment, by instead favouring ad-hoc development which can quickly add to their population figures. This will make the provision of public services, such as wastewater treatment, solid waste collection and mass public transport extremely costly and inefficient. In this way, the classification system may also have an impact in limiting longer-term economic investments that may suit the particular characteristics of a given city.
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It is important to focus on the cultural aspects of traditional natural resource management in order to understand the manner in which culture influences use and management of natural resources by men and women. Johnson (1974:86) observed: “Analyses of the shared cognitive aspects of human ecological systems must increasingly take into account behaviour which connects a people’s idea to the external environment in which they attempt to survive.” Such knowledge and practices are preserved and transmitted to the subsequent generations either orally (folk songs/folk tales) or through shared experiences (rituals and religious ceremonies). Nietschmann (1992: 3) reported that “where there are indigenous peoples with a homeland there are still biologically-rich environments”.
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Employment growth in Hong Kong, China is starting to slow, with a lag in response to weaker economic growth and corporate profits. According to the last labour force surveys for the fourth quarter of 2011, the unemployment rate in Mongolia was estimated at 9%, down from 13% in last quarter of 2010. This is the result of considerable and sustained investments in education, advanced infrastructure, such as highspeed communications and broadband technology, and institutions that reward innovation and facilitate economic transactions.
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The institutional capacity and staff of the federal Ministry of the Environment (MMA) have grown remarkably over the last ten years. The MMA has gradually come out from its long-standing isolation from sectoral policy making and has increasingly engaged in constructive dialogue with other line ministries. This has led to recent progress in integrating environmental issues into the economic and social agendas.
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Although more a framework for action than a specific strategy, the Millennium Declaration has replaced the Washington Consensus as the lead for global action. While eradication of poverty is a noble aim of promoting social justice—and should be kept for that reason alone—reduction is a more realistic ambition. Each of the eight Goals derived from the Declaration reflects this more pragmatic approach. Even so, implementing these goals is a momentous task.
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Yet, the policies, rules and institutions established to govern these processes are mostly national, while global mechanisms are strongly compartmentalized. Without reform, tensions will grow between decision-making processes at the national level and those at the global level. The question is how to reform the institutions responsible for global governance so as to make them better equipped to address these challenges coherently while allowing nations and their people to have the necessary space to determine their own destinies.
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Cote d'Ivoire was estimated to have exported 28 000 tonnes of maize over the same period, including 22 000 tonnes to Mali. Consequently, it is difficult to evaluate the growing interdependence between policies, flows and production, biasing interpretation of the real capacity of supply to meet food demand. This information is an essential contribution in food security and nutrition policies and provides the basis for calculating food energy supply. Consumption of maize H and sorghum is overestimated and H of rice underestimated.
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Large and still-growing populations of young people are already challenging many less-developed and low-income countries, where government capacities and resources are strained. Without appropriate investments today in youth—girls, boys, young adolescents and young adults—to prepare them for the future, these challenges of meeting the needs of a growing population will become increasingly daunting with time in many lower income countries. Most people alive today have yet to reach age 30.
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Various targets emphasize the need for renewed efforts to protect the rights of workers, including migrants (8.8), the economic security of young migrants is indirectly addressed in targets 10.7 (planned and well-man-aged migration policies) and lO.c (migrant remittance costs). Equality in access to economic resources is highlighted in targets 1.4,5.4,5.S, S.a, 10.2,10.3 and 10.4. These targets are intended to guide policy efforts and programmatic interventions that will help Governments and the international community meet this Goal. Importantly, the Goal 8 targets overlap with targets for other Goals in the 2030 Agenda, most notably those relating to poverty (Goal 1), education (Goal 4), gender equality (Goal 5), infrastructure, industrialization and innovation (Goal 9), and reducing inequality (Goal 10).
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While official rhetoric of multiculturalism claims to value cultural diversity, everyday multiculturalism focuses on how people of diverse cultural backgrounds live together in their everyday lives. Research on everyday multiculturalism has documented ways through which people negotiate senses, sensibilities, emotionality, and relationality across intercultural contact zones. While recognizing the importance of human intentionality and community in conditioning coexistence, this article also points to the constitutive power of practice-based learning that emerges through the coming together of human and nonhuman beings. Drawing on a qualitative study of the learning experiences of six Chinese immigrants in community gardens on a university campus in Canada, this article shows three ways of learning that foster knowing, connecting, and hybrid knowledge production across cultures: (a) learning through communities of conviviality, (b) learning mediated through nonhuman things such as land, waste, and free-fl...
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This article asks, “What is the way forward for single-country scholarship?” It also discusses why and how single-country scholars should adopt a more comparative approach in their research. To do this, the article presents cross-sectional and longitudinal data that illustrate the relative isolation of the single-country canon, especially nondomestic single-country studies, within the wider discipline of political science. To suggest how this be redressed, the article then discusses how single-country scholarship might build bridges to the comparative approach and the benefits this might generate. The article argues that careful and innovative use of the case study research design provides the ideal means to do this.
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Using digital technology it provides information about market opportunities, tracks goods, enhances transparency and connects buyers and sellers. The platform also issues regional quality certifications and protects farmers against prices falling too low by offering storage facilities that enable them to sell their goods at more favourable prices in the future. The platform, which received a USD 4.4 million DfID grant, is implemented by the Eastern Africa Grain Council in partnership with various industry stakeholders (grain traders and buyers, policy and research bodies, trade and information agencies). Engagement with the private sector has proved critical to the success of the project {OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 70).
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Disagreements frequently arise over the dominant role played by realism in the study of international relations. Even though some scholars characterize the discipline by its rich theoretical diversity, others see realist concerns overshadowing all alternative theories. John Vasquez's The Power of Power Politics (1983) demonstrated how the realist paradigm had informed more than 90 percent of the data-based articles published from the end of World War II to 1970. In this Forum, we reevaluate the centrality of realism in international relations scholarship. Reviewing 515 data-based articles published from 1970 to 2000, we find that the proportion of articles informed by realism has been declining over the past three decades. From 1995 to 2000, liberalism surpassed realism as the leading guide to inquiry. This new theoretical pluralism calls into question the power of power politics thesis as a fitting description of contemporary research in international relations.
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Climate change is a key driver for developing an ecosystem based fishery management system as it exerts a pervasive influence over the whole fished system. Management approaches and policies should be expected to differ in detail due to regional differences. Still they will have an overarching functional similarity as a result of responding to climate drivers of change.
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This is in contrast to countries such as Germany, where returning foreign-born students and native students of mixed heritage were respectively 16 and 12 percentage points less likely than native students to do so. First-generation immigrant students are foreign-born students of two foreign-born parents. Second-generation immigrant students are Swedish-bom students of two foreign-bom parents.
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The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. This paper aims to inspire and guide RFMO secretariats and member countries in how to focus their effort and investment to step up the contribution of RFMOs to the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
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The health system is based on a Social Health Insurance (SHI) scheme with universal coverage, a generous benefit package, and a strong regulatory role for the Ministry of Health. In 2014, Czech adults smoked more than the EU average. Moreover, adults consumed 11.9 litres of alcohol per capita in 2014, nearly 2 litres more than the EU average.
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Political corruption is a massive barrier to economic development and good governance. International institutions have become leaders in the effort to combat the problem. A growing number of such institutions have crafted official anticorruption rules, procedures and policies designed to deter the abuse of power within their membership and within institutional practice. Despite these regulatory developments, little is known about the role these institutions play in influencing corruption or whether the growing set of governance rules now in place have any effect.
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Longitudinal cohort analyses based on the INDEPTH network of demographic and health surveillance sites (www.indepth-network.org) show an association between socio-economic status and under-five mortality (Mwageni and others, 2011), but this association does not hold when other factors are taken into consideration (Debpuur and others, 2011). The country data are from the most recent DHS surveys conducted in 2005-2013 and are weighted by the 2005 population size of each ofthe 50 countries in a multivariate regression. Figure 9 presents the measured effect of household wealth on child mortality (ages 0-4 years or 0-59 months) for the three regions included in the analysis. The net relative risk of dying before reaching the fifth birthday for a child born in Africa from the richest household is 89 per cent that for a child from the poorest household in the region. In contrast, the net relative risk of dying of a child born in Asia from the richest household is only 52 per cent that for a child from the poorest household.
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In this chapter, a brief overview of the Croatian antiterrorism legal framework – relevant substantive and procedural criminal law provisions, as well as the assessment of its compliance with ratified antiterrorist international treaties – is presented. Special attention is given to considerations concerning the implementation of article 5 of the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism. The Republic of Croatia has ratified this Convention and is bound by its provisions after 1 May 2008. In this respect, the author is of the opinion that the drafting of a criminal offence of public provocation to commit terrorism-related criminal offences in domestic substantive criminal law should not be treated as a purely technical issue but as a major challenge in searching for appropriate balance in efficient suppression of terrorism while preserving human rights.
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Most informal enterprises are small, with fewer than nine employees (IFC, 2013a). Companies in the informal sector face substantial obstacles, both financial - e.g. gaining access to external resources (IFC, 2013b) - and infrastructural -e.g. Nevertheless, the significant uptake of mobile phones (59% over 2006-11) among informal enterprises has a positive correlation with their sales (Paunov and Rollo, 2014).
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Moreover, addressing the structural inequalities that perpetuate social exclusion and vulnerability requires integrated and coherent policies which are consistent over time. Policymakers increasingly recognize this challenge and the need to focus on immediate and near-future decisions that have longer-term impacts, while maintaining the flexibility needed to adjust to changing conditions and information. A recent report on the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet, for example, found that sea levels will possibly have risen by as much as three feet by the end of the century, with severe implications for the world’s coastal cities (Gillis, 2016). This new estimate of the speed of sea-level rise yields roughly twice the increase expected under the plausible worst-case scenario produced by IPCC in 2013 (Church and others, 2013). Rapid improvements in climate technologies is facilitating new assessments, better environment statistics and more information, although important gaps do remain (see chaps.
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The Virgin Land programme of the 1950s and 1960s brought close to 25 million hectares into cultivation in the oblasts of Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, and Akmola. The southeast Almaty oblast and East Kazakhstan have mixed farming. According to the last Soviet census in 1989, the population was roughly two-fifths Kazakhs, two-fifths Russians with other ethnic groups composing the remaining one-fifth.
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A challenge therefore appears to be not so much to quickly move recipients off benefits, but rather to ensure that they remain self-sufficient after having left. A series of articles based on fortnightly administrative data from the Australian Longitudinal Data Set (LDS) illustrate again the high frequency of repeated spells and emphasize the importance of considering transfers across different income-support programmes. For the 1995 inflow sample of recipients of means-tested single parent benefits, Gregory & Klug (2003) show that spell lengths tend to be short with 45% of all spells lasting shorter than one year.
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The Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA) sets forth an explicit federal cause of action for torture and extrajudicial killings committed under color of foreign law, anywhere in the world, on behalf of any individual, including U.S. citizens. The TVPA constitutes a modern expression of congressional support for the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction over certain egregious human rights violations. The TVPA authorizes an individual who has been subjected to torture to sue for damages and authorizes a suit for extrajudicial execution by either the legal representative of the person killed or by "any person who may be a claimant in an action for wrongful death". The legislative history of the TVPA suggests that courts look to the law of the forum state to determine who is the "legal representative" of the estate of the deceased. Keywords: extraterritorial jurisdiction, human rights violations, Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA)
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While Poland has a national scheme to certify the origin of its own forest seeds, it is not a member of the OECD Scheme for the Certification of Forest Reproductive Material. Almost half of forest habitat protection is through laws designating national parks and nature reserves, most of the other half involves forests that the LP has designated as having a nature protective function. However, most “protective forests” are in mountainous areas and were designated for protection of soil or water, habitat protection accounts for about 4% of their area. Implementation of Natura 2000 implies a massive expansion of management effort in the protected forest area, yet as of September 2014, management plans for about 15% of the network area had been approved.
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Finally, Domingues gives pride of place to concreteness. It forces its way into political modernity, which tried to neutralize it. Initially featuring the nation and the people—particularly Michelet and Herder—as already concrete features of political modernity, concreteness is further discussed with reference to neopatrimonialism, social policy (with two strands: social citizenship, sectorialized policies and social liberalism) and a corresponding complexification of bureaucracy and the state by and large. Domingues stresses the re-personification of politics, once again against the backdrop of Schmitt’s ideas. Marshall plays an important role in the chapter, but many others are mobilized. The second part of the chapter grapples with methodological issues regarding developmental trends and mechanisms, in dialogue with Marx, Bhaskar and ‘path dependency’ arguments.
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First, transfers from the State Treasury to the State Health Secretary have often occurred very slowly. Likewise there is limited reporting of how funds are spent, which leaves open the possibility that funds intended for health will in fact be used for other purposes. There have been several high profile allegations of corruption and misuse of state resources. There are, however, broad rules regarding how states can use their health funds, which is important given the variations in administrative and managerial capacity across states.
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Valid statistical data is still missing, as well as an infrastructure that provides e-waste disposal solutions. The sub-region is currently facing two major problems related to e-waste: most of the e-waste is disposed in landfills, and the current recycling and recovery activities lead to signiflcate resource losses, both cause health and environmental damage. Given the fact that the gaps between the Union and its neighbours to the East, the Southern Caucasus, and the Mediterranean sub-region are worryingly large, the EU established the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in 2003/2004 to align interests in tackling common problems, e-waste being one of them (European Commssion, 2007).
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The two specific measures focused on packaging have been the Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations introduced in 1997 and the Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations introduced in 2003. These placed an obligation on companies above a certain size to recover a certain proportion of their packaging, and established a system of tradable Packaging Recovery Notes through which this obligation could be discharged (see Salmons, 2002 for details). However, unless the policy is blown off course by the downturn in recyclate markets due to the recession, it seems likely that the EU packaging waste targets for 2008 will have been met.
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Change in poverty is measured as the change in the logarithm of the odds ratio of being poor (log(h/(1 -h)), and export growth is the log difference in per capita real exports between 1990 and 2007. The fitted regression line has a highly significant coefficient of -0.48 with an R2 of 0.61 which is double the R2 for the overall sample obtained in the section entitled Exports and poverty. Therefore, it will not be surprising to find that the distinction between the successful countries and those lagging behind made above on the basis of poverty trends is also mirrored in relation to export performance of the two groups. To detect causality one needs to investigate the channels through which export growth is linked to changes in poverty by detailed case studies in each individual country.
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Human dignity functions largely as a rhetorical trope in contemporary human rights jurisprudence. In 1999 the Supreme Court of Canada began a jurisprudential experiment in which the concept of dignity was elevated to the status of a legal rule in interpreting the equality rights provision of the charter. Equality rights challenges to laws and programmes were to be judged largely on the basis of the feelings of affront experienced by claimants. This dignity test proved to be highly subjective and hence judicially unmanageable. While the politics of human dignity are effective precisely because rights claims are emotionally charged, a human dignity test based on feelings of affront has operated poorly in the Canadian constitutional context. Canada serves as a cautionary tale in the maturation and institutionalisation of the human rights movement.
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Abstract We investigate the effects of governors’ hometown favoritism on the corporate investments of Chinese listed firms. Exploiting the exogenous distribution of governors’ tenure in a difference-in-differences research design, we find that firms in an incumbent governor's hometown make higher investments by 10.26%. This favoritism effect is more pronounced when any of the following are true about a governor's hometown: has a culture background of high collectivism, has strong clan culture, uses a minor local dialect, or if the governor has strong clan ties. Additional analyses rule out the social ties generated through living or working experiences as an alternative explanation. Neither political connections nor self-interest incentives explain the effects of hometown favoritism. Furthermore, the increased investments are overall detrimental for investment efficiency.Our study contributes to the literature by applying the social identity theory in corporate research and provides novel evidence on how politicians’ social identity affects corporate investment.
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In these cases, the role of w'omen’s movements, other civil society organisations and activists is critical. For example, in Egypt and Tunisia, civil society has prevailed in preserving as many gender equality achievements as possible. In fact, Tunisia has adopted a constitution that is very advanced in terms of gender equality, although further efforts are necessary to ensure its effective implementation.
sdg5
The coverage of sectors is not exactly the same for all countries, and the sample size varies considerably across countries. It is obtained from regressions of log wage on age, gender, highest level of education, years of experience in the firm and their square, employees in the firm, geographical location of the firm, type of financial control, level of wage bargaining, type of employment contract, number of overtime hours paid and occupation. See the text for the technical details.
sdg10
Inquiries into freedom of expression and the rights of the press frequently highlight examples where ordinary individuals have taken it upon themselves to leak information to a journalist with the aim of exposing corruption, maleficence, or injustice. Hollywood films have contributed to a certain mythology surrounding whistle-blowing. All the President’s Men’s (1976) depiction of the covert informant “Deep Throat” in the Watergate scandal is an especially well-known example, others include The China Syndrome (1979), Norma Rae (1979), Silkwood (1983), The Insider (1999), The Constant Gardener (2005), The Informant (2009), and The Whistleblower (2010). In real life, whistle-blowers usually wish to remain anonymous, relying on the journalists to uphold the principle of “protecting their sources” to safeguard them from reprisals. The journalist-whistle-blower relationship can be challenging to negotiate at the best of times, and the whistle-blowing site WikiLeaks has transformed it in profound ways.
sdg16
The river flows between steep hills and has many rapids. It discharges into the Varangcrfjord in the Barents Sea, and is known to be good for recreational fishing, in particular of salmon. According to long-term monitoring and the Russian water quality classification, the Upper Tuloma Reservoir and the rivers Notta and Lutto can be described as slightly polluted.
sdg6
Social standards for the feedstock and biofuel production will impact the competitivness even more, since the legal framework to ensure working standards is often less stringent in developing countries. The US Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 for instance, provides a total volume of more than USD 1 billion for biofuel and bioenergy related projects, including specific provisions to develop second-generation biofuel production. It includes tax credits of USD 0.27/liter for cellulosic biofuel, loan guarantees for biofuel plants and funding for the establishment of lignocellulosic biomass crops.
sdg12
Norway has proposed to cut its emissions by at least 40% compared with 1990 levels by 2030. Emissions reduction targets are supposed to be developed into emissions budgets from 2021 to 2030 (UNFCCC, 2015c). According to the European Commission, the accumulated surplus of unsold carbon in the system in 2014 exceeded 2.1 billion tonnes, which is more than a year's supply, causing prices to collapse to levels that do not deter coal-burning.
sdg15
The EPA seeks to shape a shared cultural space by utilising Cultural Routes to foster awareness-raising about heritage, education, networking, quality and sustainable cross-border tourism and other related activities. The agreement strengthens the democratic dimension of cultural exchange and tourism through the involvement of grassroots networks and associations, local and regional authorities, universities and professional organisations. It contributes to the preservation of a diverse heritage through theme-based and alternative tourist itineraries and cultural projects.
sdg8
Our approach towards measuring and analysing IG has thus three main features, multi-dimensionality, focus on distributions and policy linkages. Our approach towards IG focuses on a sub-set of these dimensions, income, health and jobs. By its very nature, inclusiveness requires a focus on individuals and households, rather than on the economic system as a whole.
sdg8
At the national level, there is currently no dedicated mechanism for funding anything beyond the bare minimum costs of running the Department of Nature Protection and the State inspectors who deal with nature protection. It has a head office (Director, Technical Secretary) and six branch units in county seats, and includes within its structure two inspection roles - environmental protection (18 inspectors) and nature protection (10 inspectors). In respect of Protected Areas, the Council issues opinions on: (1) the identification, proclamation, management, measures, and activities for protection of environmentally important areas, ecological network, and the system of ecological corridors, and (2) the acceptability of proposals for the proclamation of Protected Areas.
sdg15
While most universities have improved their performance over the last decade, stronger focus is needed to improve the quality of induction process, the first year experience and appropriate support mechanisms for first-generation students to help them complete their studies and acquire relevant skills for employment and entrepreneurship. Both TAFE institutes and universities in Victoria had limited information on graduate performance. Graduate Careers Australia’s Australian Graduate Survey does not provide an adequate vision of graduate employment.
sdg4
Estimations of equations 2-5 confirm the indirect links between the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income. Table 5 shows a strong negative and significant relationship between the SIGI and both total factor productivity, labour force and human capital, whatever the specification used (Annexes E, F and G present the full regression results). The SIGI coefficients remain significantly negative while introducing additional control variables, controlling for potential endogeneity and performing robustness checks.
sdg5
Early identification and detection mechanisms may need to be improved, and treatment strategies and products developed. The aquaculture of extractive species (using nutrients and carbon directly from the environment) such as bivalves and macroalgae may merit further focus for their positive ecosystem characteristics and potential food security benefits (Ferreira et al., Most importantly for feed-based aquaculture is its dependence on capture fisheries for fish meal and oil and growing competition for terrestrial raw material. Feeding materials and formulation strategies will be particularly important in maintaining and expanding output while containing costs and energy inputs and improving resilience to climate change.
sdg14
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. As labour market participation rates are generally high already, and unemployment is low (see Chapter 1), policies will have to focus on further building up the skills of the labour force. To ensure that future generations of workers are equipped with the knowledge and skills they require to succeed, all young people - including those from less privileged backgrounds - must receive the support they need to complete a quality education. In the 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Japanese 15-year-olds outperformed their peers in all other OECD countries in mathematics and science and were sixth-placed in reading (Figure 4.1).
sdg4
As gains are achieved, other deprivations may become more critical, and new groups may bear the burden of being left behind. Many people appear to be doing well according to measures such as minimum schooling and income, but the quality of education and of work conditions are low for many millions of people. Likewise, people are living longer and healthier lives, but many face deficits in political freedom and in opportunities for political participation.
sdg1
It should adequately reflect what it is intended to measure, and ideally there should be wide support for the indicators chosen so they will not be changed regularly. It is critical that the chosen indicators be consistent over time and across places, as the usefulness of indicators is related directly to the ability to track trends over time and compare the well-being of regions. Any differences in data protocol in the Arctic will complicate the task of making comparisons across the region.
sdg1
Earnings for tertiary-educated graduates are higher than those with lower levels of qualification. However, earnings for tertiary-educated men are higher, on average, than those for tertiary-educated women. On average across EU22 countries, tertiary-educated women earn 26% less than their male counterparts.
sdg4
Recent years have witnessed increased academic interest in the relations between poverty, environment and place. Studies of poverty in disadvantaged urban neighbourhoods have pointed to the contribution of despoiled local environments to social exclusion. Work in urban political ecology has highlighted the socioenvironmental hybridity of injustices in the city, bringing a political dimension to debates on urban sustainability, while research on environmental justice has directed critical attention towards the local and everyday (urban) contexts of socio-ecological forms of injustice. This paper explores the everyday spaces and mundane forms of (in)justice through a case study of community gardening in cities. Drawing on materials derived from a recent study of 18 community gardening projects in disadvantaged urban neighbourhoods in the UK, this paper highlights how these projects are using ordinary forms of environmentalism to produce new socioecological spaces of justice within the city.
sdg16
No exit? Have we arrived at an impasse in the health sciences? Has the regime of ‘evidence’, coupled with corporate models of accountability and ‘best-practices’, led to an inexorable decline in innovation, scholarship, and actual health care? Would it be fair to speak of a ‘methodological fundamentalism’ from which there is no escape? In this article, we make an argument about intellectual integrity and good faith. We take this risk knowing full well that we do so in a hostile political climate in the health sciences, positioning ourselves against those who quietly but assiduously control the very terms by which the public faithfully understands ‘integrity’ and ‘truth’. In doing so, we offer an honest critique of these definitions and of the systemic power that is reproduced and guarded by the gatekeepers of ‘Good Science’.
sdg16
However, major differences are observed from one country to another. The multiple facets of poverty among children and adolescents (deprivation in the areas of nutrition, housing, access to drinking water and sanitation, education, information and household income) cause permanent adverse effects that mark them throughout the rest of their lives. To a large extent, these effects also lead to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and, in some cases, serve to deepen inequality.
sdg1
In particular, the regional specialized metrological centres in New Delhi and Tokyo, working in the framework of the WMO, are training national forecasters. At their joint session in 2015, TC and PTC members recommended the further scaling up of such training. The project uses a ‘cascading forecasting process’ to provide guidance from global and regional weather models to participating countries such as Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. In this way, national forecasters do not need to invest in expensive computing power.
sdg13
International, regional and subregional organizations can also contribute by coordinating efforts on developing methodologies, collecting data and providing technical assistance to improve migration data, including those required to monitor migrationrelevant Sustainable Development Goal indicators and the implementation of the global compact on migration. As an increasing number of people live in cities, well-managed urbanization can help cities to reap the benefits of agglomeration while minimizing environmental degradation and other adverse impacts of urban growth. Urban planning is critical for the sustainable development of an urban infrastructure for providing access for all, especially the urban poor, to essential services, including safe water and sanitation, health care, education and adequate housing.
sdg11
As for pensions, which are mostly non-contributory and welfare-based, their impact is mostly concentrated in lower-income strata (see figure 11.12). They therefore tend to be quite regressive, except in countries where formal employment and social security coverage are widespread, as in the cases of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (see appendix, table II. The exception is unemployment insurance, which compensates for sudden drops in households’ incomes and acts as a protective mechanism against the vulnerability in well-being terms caused by job loss. Unfortunately, they do not have mass coverage and generally protect only formal wage-earners.
sdg10
The waiver, which will last initially for 15 years from the date of adoption, releases WTO members from their legal obligation to provide non-discriminatory treatment to all trading partners (General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Article II) when granting trade preferences to LDCs. It effectively operates as a new LDC-specific enabling clause’ for trade in services. As such, the waiver is meant to promote LDCs’ service trade in sectors and modes of supply that are of particular export interest to them. More favourable treatment with respect to other measures, such as those relating to national treatment, domestic regulations defined in Article VI:4 and other obligations under the GATS, requires prior approval by the WTO Council on Trade in Services (WTO 2013).
sdg10
The existence of the cheese plant makes the dairy industry in the immediate region viable because it is the sole market for raw milk. However, while fresh milk cannot be exported, it is possible to transform the milk into a stable and higher value product and ship it out to distant customers. Cheese is an ideal transformation since it results in a high value product that is easily transported and has a long shelf life. Most importantly, Mennonite Cheese is clearly a local brand that reflects the local population.
sdg6
While Penang and George Town lack the agglomeration assets of Singapore, they could tap into the growing stream of cultural tourists in Singapore by providing ready-made packages in authentic South East Asian environment. It defined the creative industries as: i) arts and culture, ii) design and iii) media. The Singapore Government wanted to reposition Singapore as a vibrant and exciting creative hub, utilising the formula that fuse arts, business and technology.
sdg4
To develop marketable skills an employee needs to invest in education and training in a way that matches his or her personal abilities and employment opportunities. It recognises that it is the employer’s profits that give rise to employment opportunities and that it is the employee’s skills that define productive workers. Thus profits and skills reinforce each other at the core of Figure 13.
sdg7
I have found (this syndrome)to be as substantial a bottleneck to development in Africa as inadequate infrastructure or bad governance and it has added an extra weight to the work of those who want to enable individuals and communities to better their circumstances. This Policy Guidance Note considers the causal relationship between empowerment and pro-poor growth. It identifies eight domains of empowerment within three spheres: the economic (markets, decent employment and productive assets), the political (political representation and collective action), and the social (human capabilities, critical awareness and inclusion) and describes what donors can do to support and strengthen empowerment in those domains. Suggestions for how donors should workfor optimal effect include key messages for development co-operation.
sdg1
It is therefore critical for policy makers to help adults improve the skills and educational qualifications they need in the job market. This includes helping them find jobs, for example through career guidance and mentoring, and also motivating employers to invest in their workforce, and especially in the disadvantaged population. Adults with a higher level of education have a higher chance of being employed and earning higher wages.
sdg4
According to Amazon executive Brittan Lad, The last mile on average makes up nearly 30% of transport costs. And it is very hard to bring down.' Drone transport may allow for last mile transport without the need for expensive investments in roads or rails. Balloons and satellites may facilitate internet connections in areas not served by fibre optic cables.
sdg9
In Jordan, 52% of the female workforce is employed in the public sector (OECD, 2012a, Hendy, 2012). This situation mirrors similar trends in OECD countries. Yet, despite this progress in central government representation, women remain under-represented (the OECD average is 50%, see Figure 6.3). Indeed, the differences in salaries and benefits are affected both by vertical and horizontal segregation, as well as the incidence of part-time employment.
sdg5
This has been particularly the case in coastal areas where off-farm work opportunities have been plentiful (Hoken, 2012). Nevertheless, the intensity of land transfer in China remains below that in advanced countries. There are significant differences across provinces, with a 2009-10 survey finding that while only 33% of households in Jiangxi province held a land certificate, 97% did in Gansu province (Ma et al., The government commenced a pilot programme in 2008 to provide certification of farmland contract rights to households, with 100 counties taking part by 2013.
sdg2
In 1994, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) initiated a program to address communication gaps between community residents, researchers and health care providers in the context of disproportionate environmental exposures. Over 13 years, together with the Environmental Protection Agency and National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, NIEHS funded 54 environmental justice projects. Here we examine the methods used and outcomes produced based on data gathered from summaries submitted for annual grantees' meetings. Data highlight how projects fulfilled program objectives of improving community awareness and capacity and the positive public health and public policy outcomes achieved. Our findings underscore the importance of community participation in developing effective, culturally sensitive interventions and emphasize the importance of systematic program planning and evaluation.
sdg16
The creation of a system for the exchange of information between law enforcement and special State bodies is important for increasing the effectiveness of combating crime, preventing crime and analysing trends in areas of interest, ensuring transparency and control over the country's law enforcement system. This project is relevant to SDG 16. The Lebanese Government initiated the process of transforming Lebanon into a digital nation.
sdg9
Patronatos have their own legal entity, granted by the town council, and therefore have regulatory prerogatives on the use of water, reforestation and sanitation. In each town, a community fund is created to manage users’ financial contributions and to ensure the costs of operation and maintenance are covered. To date, more than 800 patronatos have been created in over 100 municipalities in the state of Chiapas.
sdg6
Businesses in local towns will come to benefit in the longer term through providing various goods and services to rail users. Finally, the project is expected to enhance access to social services, including health care, potable water, education and administration by increasing the mobility of the people and resources required to run these services. If the first phase of the CRGE was characterised by producing an impressive document and basic commitment in a short time, the next phase will surely have to be about experimenting, learning, and continuous improvement systems.
sdg13
Finally, the extent to which Turkey’s agricultural policy is oriented to the support of long-term agricultural productivity is evaluated based on OECD support indicators. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Agricultural Reform Implementation Project (ARIP) was developed and supported by the World Bank as a pre-condition for the macro-economic stabilisation assistance given to Turkey from the IMF.
sdg2
In the past decade, one-third of the OECD metropolitan areas in Europe, Japan and the United States have continued increasing their built-up areas, at a pace even faster than population growth. The urban sprawl index measures the percentage change overtime in the built-up area "available” per person living in a metropolitan area. Values of the index higher than 1 mean that the growth of built-up area was faster than the growth of population (or in other words the built-up area per person has increased).
sdg15
First, it is difficult to define - identify - what EE investments comprise. If a bank decides to invest in a Light Emitting Diode (LED) manufacturer, it is quite straightforward to consider the entire investment as an EE investment. On the other hand, should a bank decide to invest in road construction using some EE technologies, it becomes less evident to determine the portion of investment incumbent to EE.
sdg7
The African Union's African Internet Exchange System (AXIS) project has funded deployment of IXPs throughout the region in collaboration with the Internet Society. These and other institutions stand ready to provide assistance whether financial, technical or both for LDCs to establish IXPs. Both APNIC and AFRNIC have been instrumental in helping LDCs obtain root name servers.
sdg9