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In Svalbard, the electricity and heat production is mainly based on coal and diesel oil. Energy efficiency measures can be implemented directly by the sector whereas a switch to renewable energy must be driven by the energy production sector if the energy is produced centrally. In the cases where the energy is not produced centrally the tourism sector can take steps towards a reduction in fossil fuels.
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According to estimations presented in the “Columbus 2050” report of the Uiban Land Institute, the tax revenue to acre ratio and the land value to acre ratio is higher for mixed-use projects. Sources: Author's own elaboration based on various sources including Schneider, K. (2016), “Downtown Columbus comes to life with targeted investment”, www.nvtimes.com/2016/06/01 /realestate/commercial/downtown-colmnbus-comes-to-life-with-niillcnnial-tower.html? Greenpoint’s waterfront location (bounded by Newtown Creek) helped turn the neighbourhood into an industrial powerhouse and a centre for shipbuilding.
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The purpose of this article is to explore the potential contribution of Axel Honneth's critical theory of recognition to empirical and normative debates on global justice. I first present, very briefly, an overview of recent theories of global distributive justice. I argue that theorists of distributive justice do not pay enough attention to sources of self-respect and conditions for identity formation, and that they are blind toward the danger of harming people's sense of self even by well-intentioned redistributive policies. Honneth's theory suffers from complementary shortcomings, it is anti-technocratic but largely oblivious to the global nature of many contemporary justice claims. Given this situation, I seek to broaden the theory's scope by outlining transnational extensions of the recognition principles of love, rights and solidarity identified by Honneth. In conclusion, I show how utilizing a broadened conceptualization of the struggle for recognition allows us to better understand the changing lo...
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The delay in obtaining permanent positions can also affect pension accumulations with consequences for old-age security. In Luxembourg it decreased slightly (from 3.9 to 3.6), in Malta and Finland there was basically no change whereas all remaining countries experienced an increase. Out of the total number of unemployed youth, the share that has been unemployed for more than 12 months has increased sharply in the South-West Eurozone Periphery countries and Cyprus, as well as some Central and Eastern European countries (i.e. Bulgaria, Slovakia and Croatia), all these countries experienced increases in the range of 8.2 (in the case of Bulgaria) to 22.5 percentage points (in the case of Greece). In Spain this indicator increased more than 8 times since 2008 and around two out of ten young unemployed have been in this situation for more than 12 months. In Latvia, Slovenia and the Netherlands the increases have been smaller in absolute terms but considerable given the initial conditions: indeed, in these countries the share of young long-term unemployed is 2 to 3 times higher than it was in 2008. Break in time series for Estonia, Austria and France (2013), Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Latvia, Portugal and Slovakia (2011), Netherlands, Poland and Portugal (2010).
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For example, this was part of the NAPAs established by LDCs, as well as Technology Needs Assessments, biennial update reports and national communications. Many developing countries have also indicated adaptation support needs for adaptation (including finance) in their intended nationally determined contributions. As there is no single definition of what climate finance (or adaptation) comprises, it is unsurprising that different countries have established their proposals in different ways.
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The elasticity of health spending to GDP is 0.8. Price and health technology developments are an important determinant of health spending growth. De la Maisonneuve and Oliveira Martins (2013) show that for OECD countries they explain about 50% of the public health care spending variation from the 1990s to the late 2000s and 40% for the BRIICS countries.
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The only teachers who are given the option of not joining the new system are those who are ten years from retirement as of 2016. Initial Teacher Education: new requirements to enter initial teacher education, mandatory accreditation of initial teacher education programmes, and external assessment of student teachers before their graduation to inform the improvement of teacher education programmes. New Career Structure: launch of the National Induction System for beginning teachers, creation of a multistage career structure, and development of a teacher evaluation process to determine progression in the career structure.
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A number of key policy areas should receive priority. First, it is important to attract high-quality candidates to the profession and to ensure that the best school leaders work in the most disadvantaged schools. Chile needs to improve the profile of school leadership. A distinct career structure with its own salary scale could ensure adequate levels of remuneration that are significantly above those of teachers and similar to other professionals in the public sector with similar levels of responsibility.
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This paper considers the way in which recent historical work on the history of freedom of religion and freedom of conscience opens up a new interpretation of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in the headscarf cases. These decisions have been widely criticized as adopting a militantly secularist approach to the presence of Islamic religious symbols in the public sphere, an approach that seems inconsistent or even overtly discriminatory in light of the court’s recent decision in Lautsi that the compulsory display of crucifixes in the classroom did not breach Italy’s convention obligations. I argue that the headscarf cases turn less on the balance between state neutrality and religious belief, than on an understanding of certain religious symbols as a threat to public order and as harbingers of sectarian strife which undermine democracy.
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The vegetation density on planted areas is some 625 trees per ha. In the valleys of the Kopetdag Mountains, for instance, specially planted oaks can be found, which are 100 years old (and more), and there is also evidence that oriental plane, mulberry, walnut and other trees were planted. It was in 1968 that planned and systematic work aimed at creating artificial (human-made) plantations really began on a full scale. These efforts involved planting trees in mountain areas, in the desert and on irrigated land specially created within the confines of the territory owned by the State forestry authorities.
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A third approach proposed by Kenya is to create a central online data repository where all relevant data and information is stored. This process will be supported by the Data Supply and Reporting Obligation Agreements to ensure that all relevant stakeholders report their data (Republic of Kenya, 2012a). This ensures that all stakeholders are clear on their respective roles and responsibilities and that there is a good understanding of the various sources of information.
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In 2017, more than 1,000 companies were registered as subject to the packaging rales and over 350 companies were registered as subject to the WEEE rales. The fulfilment of obligations is controlled by the Administration for Inspection Affairs of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, if an inspection reveals that a company has not reported (properly) on its obligations, the levy has to be paid to the Fund. There is no possibility of retroactively signing a contract with operators to fulfil the unfulfilled obligations. There are separate coordinating bodies to supervise the operation of both rales, comprising representatives of the Environmental Protection Fund, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Administration for Inspection Affairs and operators.
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Access to free - or at least affordable -secondary education and the prospect of further training are a necessity if individual incentives are to be aligned with the great benefits - which include reduced income inequality - that a better educated population can bring the economy. The first section outlines overall trends in income inequality between and within countries. It documents, first, how the convergence of large developing countries like China and India is altering the global income distribution, before going on to look at income inequality trends in a number of developing countries.
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The courses are usually in the evening and include general subjects, management, and theoretical and practical vocational topics. Switzerland has opened Fachhochschulen to graduates from the dual apprenticeship system through the creation of a specific vocational matriculation examination (the Berufsmaturitat), to be completed in parallel to an apprenticeship programme, and providing access to tertiary education: around 12% of all apprentice graduates obtain the Berufsmaturitat and they represent half of the students in the Fachhochschulen (Fazekas and Field, 2013a). ( Access to Fachhochschulen is also possible through recognition of prior learning.)
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Currently, about one third of the country’s population consumes drinking water that does not meet the national requirements. The monitoring data reveal the non-conformity of tap water quality to the accepted standards by its chemical and bacteriological composition (table 6.6). The goal of the authorities is to provide the entire population with good quality drinking water and to meet the municipal water demands of cities and settlements through centralized water supply systems.
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The Conservation Banking scheme in the United States, for example, requires offsets to conserve threatened species’ habitat “that contributes to the overall conservation strategy of the species, which may be located in a corridor or core area that supports essential breeding habitat” (USFWS, 2003). The use of out-of-kind compensation is complicated by the need to compare the relative conservation values of two dissimilar biodiversity sites. To address issues of comparability, programmes frequently require out-of-kind compensation to adhere to the principle of trading-up whereby compensation is limited to biodiversity that is at least as good or more valuable from a conservation perspective than that lost at the clearing site (Quetier and Lavorel, 2011). Under the Environmental Offsets scheme in Australia, for example, offsets for threatened species that contain a different habitat to that being lost at the development site (e.g. breeding habitat for foraging habitat) are only permitted when the proponent is able to demonstrate a greater conservation benefit (Flanigan, 2013).
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In this kind of situation, poverty levels were less sensitive to changes in the levels of income and inequality. Again, one possible explanation for this is that upswings in income levels are transmitted disproportionately or unequally to the poor segments of the population. In other words, income transfer policies have not been focused on the most underprivileged members of society. Three periods were studied: the first runs from 1981 to 2013, while the second and third correspond to the stages prior to and following the implementation of the Real Plan (1981-1994 and 1995-2013, respectively).
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The Summit, together with a People's Climate March in which the Secretary-General participated, demonstrated the power of civil society and business as catalysts for national action. The close of the Summit brought renewed hope, not only that a universal agreement might be possible in 2015, but also that the high-level engagement of leaders, civil society and business would help galvanize it. Among its conclusions, the IPCC again found that human influence on the climate system was clear. It stated that anthropogenic GHG emissions were the highest in history, and that recent climate change had widespread impacts on human and natural systems.91 AR5 emphasized that climate change risk would more severely impact already vulnerable and marginalized communities92 Limiting global warming to 2°C would require "substantial emission reductions over the next few decades and near zero emissions of C02 and other long-lived GHGs by the end of the century"93 In addition, AR5 indicated that effective mitigation would require international cooperation.
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A parameter v=2 corresponds to the standard Gini. Without detailed policy information, a conclusive analysis of the extent to which policy reforms reinforced or counteracted the automatic inequality mitigation built into progressive tax-benefit systems is not possible. The household income data do, however, allow investigating how the redistributive effect of different parts of the tax-benefit system has changed (whether as a result of policy changes or because of other factors, such as higher unemployment).
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A downside to these purchases is that they distort market signals and may encourage illegal imports by inflating domestic prices relative to international prices. Furthermore, storage facilities can entail high costs to build and operate, with continued rotation of stock important for reducing potential storage losses from infestation or moisture damage. Nevertheless, since China’s entry into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) China has sourced more agricultural products from abroad. In particular, net imports of vegetable oils, oilseeds, cotton, sugar and milk products have picked up (OECD-FAO, 2013).
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This type of internet access is spreading very fast. Through innovations like beam forming antenna systems, interference mitigation, multiple and aggregated carriers, power control, repeaters and scheduling schemes, etc., In August 2011, 1.535 billion38 people among the global population of 6.9 billion people were connected via IMT mobile broadband networks.
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In fact, 63% of education woikers and 57% of health woikers are employed in the public sector. The occupational structure of care work differs substantially from that of other woikeis, among whom own-account woric is more prevalent (see figure 111.21). In contrast, self-employment is practically unheard of among care woikers, with the only exception being the almost 5% of health woikers who are self-employed.
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The 21st century, however, presents a very different economic context of rising and more volatile resource prices, requiring a rethinking of political steering and business practices. Economic competitiveness and prosperity in the future will be underpinned by large investments into infrastructure and skills that enable a green and low carbon economy that services equitable opportunities for nations and people. Over the past two decades most of the growth came from the Asia-Pacific region, driven by a fast transition in a number of rapidly developing economies, most notably China.
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Gender gaps in financial inclusion are largest in South Asia and in the Middle East and North Africa region (Klapper, 2012). Enabling women to build up savings in accounts registered in their name attracts more entrepreneurs, conversely, access constraints curtail the business growth of female-owned micro-enterprises. Dupas and Robinson (2009) show that female market vendors in rural Kenya increased their daily investments by between 38 and 56% when they were provided with interest-free bank accounts.
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By the end of 2007, 20 million poor people were benefiting from the scheme.103 Mexico is a leader in moving rapidly towards universal health coverage by adopting an innovative financing mechanism. Access to health services has been expanded in Rwanda by introducing community-based health insurance. As a result, health care became more affordable in rural areas.
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Therefore, the concepts of conservation and sustainability are at the core of US trade policy. Additionally, the United States takes the position that tariffs and quantitative restrictions on trade are, for the most part, ineffective substitutes for good management. As a country with relatively low tariffs on fish and fish products, the United States supports liberalizing global trade in these products.
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Taken together, these developments would lead to the emergence of more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and thus could provide opportunities for developed and developing countries to achieve economic growth and sustainable development in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Increasing automation of production processes, made possible by ICTs, may cause the displacement of workers by machines and is likely to eliminate routine types of jobs and increase inequality. A global net decrease in jobs could be especially challenging for developing countries where, unlike developed economies, millions of young people are entering the job market every year. However, developing countries are still lagging behind in terms of ICT penetration, buying them time to figure out how job loss may be compensated or combatted.
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By imposing an additional constraint on the way aid money is spent, Aid for Trade has the potential to have a negative impact on developing countries. More importantly, Aid for Trade may not be addressing the fundamental concerns with the global trading system and aid system that gave rise to it, and instead has become a means for both the aid and trade communities to paper over their weaknesses without doing much for the fundamental concerns of poor countries. Our proposal is to make aid and trade liberalisation work for poor countries and tied directly to specific development objectives. In fact, perversely, the global trading system is still stacked against the poorest - the areas of trade where barriers are the highest (agriculture, textiles etc.)
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Purpose – The aim of this research paper is to discuss the crucial difference between financial offshores and fiscal offshores.Design/methodology/approach – The paper combines narrative with argument and analysis.Findings – It is shown that the decision of a few countries and territories to adopt lax financial regulation do not coincide with those that institute competitive taxation policies. From a methodological point of view, the classic intuition of Becker is intertwined with the new political economy approach, in order to review and comment on empirical tests.Originality/value – The paper suggests common guidelines for the design of international policy against money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
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Overall, installation of hydropower facilities has required the flooding of nearly 22 000 ha, or about 1.9 ha per GWh of electricity generated (in a year of average hydropower productivity), although with great variability among plants. This is in addition to noise, potential landscape disruption and disturbance of bird species. However, unlike large hydropower plants, the land occupied by wind farms can be used for other purposes and their environmental impacts are more easily reversible.
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Adolescents are able to critically address the gender roles and expectations they are exposed to and can benefit from learning new roles and expectations as they transition into adulthood. Adolescence is seen as a 'second window of opportunity' to build on earlier investments or to change behaviour and provides new opportunities for those who have not fared well in childhood. Numerous efforts are being made to transform gender norms, or rules that socially regulate gender roles and expectations, and these can work alongside policies and programmes that enable women and girls to gain the necessary knowledge and skills to improve their health, economic or social status.
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Improving access to stable and adequate sources of finance for adaptation and contributing to the building of the information systems needed to guide policymaking for climate resilience are two concrete actions where greater international cooperation is needed. Public domestic and international efforts are needed to mobilize sufficient resources and provide incentives to the private sector to invest in adaptation. This is especially important for building the resilience and adaptive capacity of the most marginalized areas and population groups.
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However, with rising demands for cheap labour (particularly domestic work) in destination countries (e.g., the Persian Gulf), continued inadequacy of rural employment opportunities and changing aspirations, women are increasingly migrating independently. Pourakhi, an organization established by women returnees in 2003, has collected over 1,700 case studies on returnee women migrant workers in Nepal. This paper delves into 307 of these, collected between July 2015 and June 2016. Following the focus group discussion, five in-depth interviews were conducted to further consolidate the data.
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Sustainable transport decisions must be scaled up and expanded so that cities do not get locked into infrastructure that pollutes, generates economic loss, limits opportunities and endangers lives. Recognizing how unsustainable transport affects urbanization, some cities are now investing heavily in mass transit and acting to limit car sales and usage. These meeting have brought together various stakeholders including national statistical offices, national and local governments, transport authorities.
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Countries have already done a lot to raise youth skills and employability. This chapter offers an overview of the whole report, and discusses how countries can continue with reforms by adopting a consistent and comprehensive strategy and engaging all stakeholders. Youth unemployment rates reached high levels at the height of the crisis and since then, have barely changed (Figure 1.1, Ranel A).
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The coffee is sold to Alter Trade Timor, a marketing social enterprise chat aims to ensure that the producers obtain a fair price for their coffee, as well as investing in training to help co-operative members improve yields, raise quality and consistency and develop more sustainable incomes. Alter Trade Timor sells the coffee onward to Tradewinds, a not-for-profit fair-trade organization that aims to export high-quality products to consumers in Australia “who in good conscience know that the coffee they drink has benefited the producers. For example, ILO initiatives have revolved around identifying and supporting the establishment of social businesses that could help reduce poverty in rural areas.
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Infrastructure investment is also a key theme in global fora such as the G20, where policy work increasingly focuses on quality infrastructure to support inclusive growth. Transportation, energy, and information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures are essential services which, when built to be resilient and consistent with a low-carbon transition, can contribute to growth and development in a sustainable way. Game-changing approaches are needed to reimagine how this transition could be accomplished, at low-cost and in an equitable way. Firstly, the technology can unlock new sources of financing and mobilise existing pledges through establishing new financing platforms.
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Nonetheless, data are available for seven of the countries analysed in this chapter at some point over the past decade (the only exception is India, where the latest available survey is from 1998). The picture that emerges is very consistent across all of the countries analysed. Men typically spend between 60% and 70% less time than women doing unpaid work. In India, they only spend half an hour on unpaid work for every five hours spent by women.
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These two high-level documents provide a lens through which to understand, but not necessarily to fully assess, the complexity of intergovernmental relations in the Gauteng city-region, for which primary research is necessary. These policies stem from the admission that despite gains in access to public services and quality of life, additional reforms are required to optimise performance. Quality and service standards have not always improved, despite massive increases in successive budgets.
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The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which was adopted by the United Nations in September 2015, recognizes the immense potential of ICTs to "accelerate human progress" and specifically refers to the need to "significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet." ( United Nations, 2015a). This chapter presents the latest ICT price data collected by ITU and analyses the price and affordability of three key ICT services (mobile-cellular, fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband), benchmarking countries and regions, and highlighting key trends over time. Fixed-broadband services recorded the largest price drop of all ICT services analysed in this chapter from 2008 to 2017, while fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants doubled worldwide (Chart 4.1).
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Training in water use management can be invaluable for water demand management. Green economy implementation provides an opportunity to refocus development priorities on water. During the interview process, a water expert remarked, ‘in future we cannot live without the green economy, hence we must think green in everything we do -starting from water management’. It is recognised that the national water infrastructure is archaic and needs upgrading. The infusion of appropriate technologies including information and communications technologies into the water sector is highly recommended.
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In studying the learning young people do during hunting, she found it possible "to rethink education from within a different social context than the institutionalized and state-based one, namely the social context of hunting. The activity of hunting and/or land-based practices organizes individuals relative to hunting as a culturally specific way of living and of being in the world. To view hunting as a way of being in the world brings out more profound perspectives than viewing hunting as in informal or traditional technique."
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Figure 1.6 provides a summary of examples of such policies that can be considered as part of the reform plan. The EaP countries have already accumulated a wealth of experience reforming their energy subsidies that can help them move further along this challenging, but unavoidable path. The macroeconomic situation as well as existing policy frameworks (energy pricing policy, taxation policy, climate-related policies) will directly impact the pace and amplitude of the reform.
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With the victory over the Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan, it is time to give some thought to possible future challenges to international law and institutions posed by the "war on terrorism." Since any effort at "futurism" necessarily involves an analysis of present trends, this paper attempts to identify the most salient trends in international terrorism and their impact on efforts to combat terrorism. Next it turns to two kinds of responses that have been employed in combating terrorism: the so-called antiterrorism conventions, at both the global and the regional levels, and the use of coercive measures, i.e., economic sanctions and the use of armed force. As to these measures, there is an effort to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses, especially in light of current trends, and to set forth some tentative proposals for improvement.
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The Magneton track provides for dual cooperation between academic groups and industrial company. The aim is to transfer technologies resulting from academic research. Grants are up to USD 800 000. A kibbutz (plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. Today, farming has been partly surpassed by industrial plants and high-tech enterprises.
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At each step, a specific part of the RG methodology is applied alongside its technical component. For a description of the steps to be carried out by the technical analysts, please refer to the publications ECE (2015) and de Strasser and others (2016). While the technical experts analyse the natural resources, the governance assessment defines the institutional framework. This is done by mapping the key actors at different scales, their relations with one another, and any existing conflicts between sectoral policy objectives.
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In this context, a GPI value of less than 1 shows that the indicator for boys is higher than the indicator for girls, and vice versa for a GPI value of more than 1. A GPI value of between 0.97 and 1.03 is generally considered to reflect gender parity. It should be noted that the period covered in terms of growth differs from country to country depending upon the data available. Between 2000 and 2013, the number of outbound internationally mobile students from Asia and the Pacific enrolled in tertiary educational institutions outside of their home country increased from 644 thousand 1.7 million students in 2013, an increase of 1.0 million students.
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In Panama, on the other hand, this is conditional, since a pregnant woman can be dismissed, but only for just cause and with prior judicial authorization. There are also many regulations on the right to pre-natal and post-natal rest, for example, in Chile (six and 12 weeks respectively), the Dominican Republic (six weeks in both cases) and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (six and 20 weeks), among others. This objective is achieved in Brazil through public institutions.
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High food and fuel prices are likely to persist. The recent crises may affect human development in different ways: by halting or even reversing the poverty trends, worsening food security, reducing the utilization of education and health services and by depleting the productive assets of the poor (World Bank 2008). Reduction in the use of education and health services and the depletion of assets by the poor will have long-lasting effects.
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This is where the market failures signalled above have to be overcome, and public policies are required. From that perspective, the water industry landscape in Korea is contrasted. On the one hand, the knowledge base and technology frontier are well advanced, compared to most OECD countries. Korea is a leading country when it comes to ICT. It has also been able to develop and export water-related goods. The domestic market is limited by the size of the country and population.
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The aim and effect of transnational terrorism today - stemming from both Islamic revivalism and ethno-nationalist resurgence - are to fragment social consensus by forcing people into opposing camps, with no room for innocents. Governments and peoples wrestle with why this is happening and what to do. At issue here: Can social science, specifically psychology, be helpful? A partial answer focuses on recent contributions from behavioral and brain studies into how 'devoted actors', committed to non-negotiable 'sacred values' and the groups those values are embedded in, resort to extreme violence and resist rational-actor approaches to conflict resolution when opposing values are involved. Alternatives approaches emphasize reckoning with sacred values rather than disregarding them, and social counter-engagement instead of reliance on socially disembodied counter-narratives.
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Social time preference reflecting wider benefits and society’s desire to protect the interests of future generations. Some mixture of these concepts. Both the borrowing rate (or dividend or composite rate) and the opportunity cost rate are likely to be higher for investments perceived to have uncertain outcomes. In analytical terms, it can be convenient to distinguish the concept of time preference from that of risk.
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Overall, at national level, the authorities estimate that reaching the level of treatment which meets discharge standards will require levels of investment of some MXN114 billion (USD 9.5 billion). In addition, the municipalities of Chihuahua and Juarez have been active in recycling water for green areas’ irrigation and industrial use. This map is for illustrative purposes and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory covered by this map.
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It is evident that national, regional and education institution strategies have a huge impact on the development of the above mentioned areas. First of all there is a strong awareness of the present challenges, there is also great potential on each of the seven islands and the islands are filled with resourceful people. We also know that the number of new entrepreneurs can be influenced by regional and national initiatives and that entrepreneurs are very immobile "people"28 - this is good news when trying to find a way to retain young people on the islands. There is evidence to support that a focus on entrepreneurship in the education system has a great effect on young people's entrepreneurial competences.
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Others are diagnosed too late to prevent the dramatic impact of the disease on the eyes, kidneys, nerves and circulation. In Tonga, for example, traditional low-fat sources of protein, such as fish, cost between 15 per cent and 50 per cent more than either lamb flaps or imported chicken parts. The local taro plant costs more than imported starches such as bread and rice. Thus, "not only are the health consequences of these imported foods detrimental, but the availability of these cheap imports is also constraining the development of domestic markets". In the Pacific, diabetes is present in 44 per cent of the Torres Strait Islanders of Australia, 28 per cent of the residents of the Kingdom of Tonga and 22 per cent of the residents of Nauru.
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There are some projects promoting low-carbon holidays that specifically promote sustainability. There are also projects and services promoting the ethical aspects of sustainability with regards to travel and accommodation in the destination country. Projects found for this study tend to offer “local luxury” and agrarian experiences.
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It then analyses the potential of financial inclusion as a development tool, along with the mechanisms through which the capacities of small-scale rural producers can be enhanced to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. The chapter concludes with a summary of the main findings and an analysis of the best practices identified from them. The remaining chapters summarize the key findings of case studies on the institutional architecture available to foster financial inclusion in Costa Rica (Vasquez Rivera and others, 2017), El Salvador (Argumedo, 2017), Honduras (Valenzuela and Cruz, 2017), the Dominican Republic (Reyes Luna, 2017) and Mexico (Campos, 2017). This is why the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2015) stresses the urgent need to provide small-scale rural producers with the means to overcome the barriers that restrict their access to productive resources, specialized inputs, knowledge, financing and markets (IFAD, 2016a).
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In addition, different ways of regulating production and organizing labour must be found in order to provide equitable working conditions for women and men and make productive activities compatible with their rights and duties as caregivers (ECLAC, 2007, pp. The drive to create effective conditions of equal opportunities for women did not initially focus enough on the sexual division of labour within the home. The failure to recognize the social responsibility of care resulted in unequal gender relationships in terms of the social identity of caregivers, which is why use of the term dates back to the conceptualization of the status of women (Daly and Lewis, 2000). The point is to ensure not just that care is more readily available —which in itself is essential— but also that the responsibility, the duty, the task and the necessary resources for the purpose are universal, and that people are recognized as holders of this right, which must be satisfied, among other options, with support from the social security systems of each State and from employers (Pautassi, 2007).
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Finally, in all scenarios with an 80% share of renewables, open cycle gas turbines are no longer part of the optimal portfolios as the large pump storage capacity can supply all the fast flexibility needed by the system. However, with increasing penetration of wind and solar plants, the curtailment of variable power plants becomes significant. For instance, with a 35% and 50% share of renewables, the curtailment of electricity generation from wind and PV power plants is negligible and amounts to maximal 0.4% of the possible annual electricity generation.
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Since the early 2000s, states and international organisations have intensified their efforts against terrorism, in particular to combat the financing of terrorism. The use of so-called smart sanctions has been a core element of this large-scale strategy. One question that had seldom been raised until very recently was that relating to the application of such sanctions to entities that are supposedly involved in an armed conflict against a State. The aim of this chapter is to address this question from a general international law perspective. The EU practice and case law is used as a starting point in order to assess whether the application of restrictive measures conflicts with the rights and privileges conferred by international humanitarian law (IHL) to the parties to an armed conflict, and in particular to the non-State party to that conflict.
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Thereafter, new targets or re-organisation takes place (including consideration of the creation of new programmes). The programme has to be updated when the new administration begins. Generally, policy instruments are designed with the intent of diverting waste from landfills and creating more jobs in processing plants through commercial activities related to the recycling and reuse of materials and the or caloric waste treatment).
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To reduce the time required for the survey, respondents are assessed in only one or two of the three domains, not in all of them. Respondents with very low literacy skills take an alternative assessment of basic reading skills. The survey is given in the official language or languages of each participating country, sometimes also including a widely-spoken minority or regional language. Sample sizes depend on the number of cognitive domains assessed, the number of languages used, and decisions by countries about whether to increase the sample sizes to allow more precise estimates for individual geographic regions or population subgroups.
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sdg4
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The intersection approach is at the opposite side of spectrum, identifying people as deprived only if they are deprived in all specified dimensions or indicators. The intermediate method, as the name suggests, is a middle way, classifying one as deprived if the number of deprivations a person experiences is equal or above a pre-determined cut-off point. They use the union approach since they selected the variables as to measure any circumstance that is ‘highly likely to have serious adverse consequences for the health, wellbeing and development of children'. They identify children as living in absolute poverty if they suffer from two or more severe deprivations of basic human need (Gordon et al.,
|
sdg1
|
This indicator provides information regarding how efficiently people are being transported and is a common metric for measuring the efficiency for mobility systems. Some research also indicates that the efficiency of shared mobility services at optimising the movement of users while minimising that of vehicles is greater than previous point-to-point, on-demand mobility services (i.e. taxis). The capacity utilisation rate of UberX vehicles, for example, has been found to be an average of 38% greater than traditional point-to-point services in two large North American cities (Cramer and Kreuger, 2016). Preliminary indications also suggest that capacity utilisation in shared mobility networks is markedly higher in dense urban areas, indicating that higher density (of supply and demand) is correlated with higher efficiency.
|
sdg11
|
The seasonal rainfall pattern has changed, with gradually increasing winter precipitation but decreasing summer rain. In summer, the frequency of gentle and continuous rainfall covering large areas has decreased, and heavy and pouring rainfall covering small areas often occurs. Dryness has increased by 3-10 per cent in the deserts and by 10-15 per cent in the forest steppe and high mountain zones, due to a sharp increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall during the warm season.
|
sdg15
|
If the marriage contract is legally void, she shall continue to hold the Yemeni nationality (Article 10).7 This provision, however, does not apply to a man marrying a foreign woman. The loss of nationality or obtainment of a certificate of abandonment can, in certain cases, render the Yemeni woman stateless. Other MENA countries could withdraw their reservations to the CEDAW Convention and reform their nationality laws to establish genuine equality between men and women in this field (Table 7.5). Although, as the examples in this chapter have shown, a number of Arab countries have already legally established full equality between a mother and a father in their ability to transfer their nationality to their children, or between men and women to their spouse, many others have not and may consider amending the current legislation to address these gaps.
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sdg5
|
The problem is that U. prolifera is presently an unwanted and uncontrolled growing nuisance species of limited commercial value. The solution may be to create a competition for nutrients by intentionally cultivating species, which not only carry on the biomitigation, but also have a commercial value, where U. prolifera starts to enter the coastal environment in order to control its proliferation. This time, the IMTA concept has to be interpreted as an integrated land pond/coastal aquaculture system in a supra Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) effort, beyond provincial borders, to address issues at the Yellow Sea scale. We understand that this “out of the box” approach to ICZM will, initially, raise eyebrows as the idea of growing more seaweeds (but of commercial value) to contain the proliferation of other seaweeds, presently considered nuisances, is not the most intuitive approach for a lot of people or decision makers!
|
sdg14
|
Does the option help to alleviate poverty, and address distributional and equity issues, and ensure food security? The second prioritisation analysed the options in more detail to decide when and where they would be implemented. A wide range of criteria was chosen and evaluated through a literature review and a stakeholder workshop.
|
sdg13
|
Unweighted average of EU member countries that are also members of the OECD, excluding Luxembourg. Although, there is some portability of financial support, it is unlikely to provide sufficient means to study abroad without additional private resources. For example, students studying abroad for a limited period, primarily through the ERASMUS programme, can continue to receive scholarships (merit-based, Zois, and means-tested, national scholarship) under the same conditions as the students remaining in Slovenia (for further details on the scholarships, see Box 3.4 of OECD, 2009b). If students go abroad to study in programmes that are not available in Slovenia or they can prove that studying abroad will substantially enhance their expertise and employability, they also can claim the national scholarships for the entire duration of studies.
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sdg4
|
In most countries, a sizable minority of people affirms that education is more important for a boy than for a girl (Panel D). The share has decreased in a number of countries (most notably Peru and Morocco), while it has increased in others (e.g. India and South Africa). While international comparisons may suffer from subjectivity in the interpretation of survey questions, the anti-egalitarian views captured by WVS display strong negative correlations with female employment rates and with the gender pay gap across OECD countries (Fortin, 2005).
|
sdg5
|
Municipalities and many states use protected areas primarily as land management instruments. These include indigenous lands (referred to as latu sensu protected areas) and quilombola lands (Box 5.2), as well as the so-called Areas of Permanent Preservation (APPs) and Legal Reserves (RLs) that landholders are required to preserve under the 2012 Forest Code (Law for the Protection of Native Vegetation). However, many private lands have not respected these quotas (Chapter 4).
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sdg15
|
The author discusses the commentaries and criticisms presented in the «Brescia’s Seminar» organized on FERRAJOLI’S last work, Principia iuris. FERRAJOLI’S answer is threefold: 1) Questions on meta-theory of law and democracy. The topics here discussed are connected to: the axiomatic method, his conception of legal theory, legal dogmatics, sociology of law and political philosophy, and FERRAJOLI’S understanding of constitutionalism in terms of legal positivism. 2) Questions on legal theory. Here, FERRAJOLI includes problems connected to his conception of legal gaps and legal contradictions, as well as the relationship between law and logic, specifically the topic of implicit norms. 3) Questions on theory of democracy: the foundations of human rights, constitutional democracy, the relationship between constitutional democracy, political power and sovereignty, the constitutive character of the employment contract and the techniques to fulfill legal gaps, separation of powers and garantism, war and international relations, and «methodological optimism».
|
sdg16
|
A shift from driving a car to unprotected modes of transport can - and probably will - be the effect of these measures which might be detrimental for older persons, as using these modes tends to be far more dangerous for them than driving a car (Hakamies-Blomqvist et al. Practice in European countries on the licensing of older drivers varies greatly. Some countries require renewal of the driving license at a certain age, whereas others do not. Those countries that do often require some sort of medical examination (Table 7.3).
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sdg11
|
In addition, by putting less weight on the upper part of the earnings distribution, the Gini index of the logarithm of earnings may yield a country ranking that differs from that of the Gini index. The logarithm of the 90/10 percentile ratio does not have these two weaknesses and is therefore preferred in this article. The main limitation of this measure is that it only builds on the estimated effect of explanatory variables at the 10th and 90th percentiles, and leaves aside effects on the middle class.
|
sdg10
|
Previous estimates by the Chicago Department of Water Management suggest that the installation of new metres and replacement of aging water mains and pumping stations could result in up to 2 000 construction jobs (Schrock and Sundquist, 2009). To support this work, there would be demand for civil engineers, although whether this would result in sectoral growth or simply represent new project opportunities for existing firms is unclear. Reducing the share of solid waste that goes to landfill by increasing the recycling of municipal waste, constiuction and demolition (C&D) materials and composting could help reduce GHG emissions generated by waste.
|
sdg7
|
AbstractUniversity libraries have a range of exhibit spaces used to promote their own collections that they also make available to different communities. The American Library Association Library Bill of Rights provides guidelines regarding exhibits and exhibit spaces to assist libraries in upholding free speech and rights. The author provides a review of library exhibit policies in the context of the Library Bill of Rights and examines whether these policies support the principles of intellectual freedom and freedom of expression. The policies reveal limits on academic freedom that question the concept of library neutrality.[This article is based on a paper presented as part of the “Connecting the Past to the Present: Promoting Cultural Understanding through Collections and Exhibitions” session at the ARLIS/NA + VRA joint conference held in Seattle, Washington, in March 2016.]
|
sdg16
|
The price of primary EUAs was €5.55 ($7.56) per tonne of C02 (tCO,) on 17 June 2014. One hundred and fifty-five new CDM projects (none in forestry) were registered in the period January 2013 to June 2014, bringing the total number of registered CDM projects to 7,516. Only four new Joint Implementation (Jl) projects were registered between June 2013 and May 2014 in the Jl planning stage, none of them in forestry.
|
sdg15
|
Men are three times more likely than women to own a business with employees. Women rarely own large businesses and their average earnings from self-employment are up to 60% lower than for men. Cultural norms, stereotypes and lack of role models make women less interested in an entrepreneurial career and less confident in their capacities as entrepreneurs. Other obstacles such as time shortages and the composition of their professional networks lead women to start relatively small businesses, with low levels of initial capital and bank financing. These obstacles establish a competitive disadvantage for companies owned by women, which translates in levels of labour productivity that are 5 to 30% lower than those of companies owned by men. This paper also presents examples of policy initiatives in the domains of credit, training and awareness raising that can unlock the double dividend of women’s entrepreneurship: higher empowerment of women and more productive businesses.
|
sdg5
|
Theory and experience shows that individual quotas often lead to resource conservation as they eliminate the race to fish, improve safety, reduce gear conflicts and loss, lead to greater economic stability, and improve the quality of the fish landed. Having the quotas transferable further lowers operating costs, improves resources rents and the investment climate, reduces fleet capacity, and increases profitability. But there might be social objectives that call for limitation on the transferability of quotas.
|
sdg14
|
A biome is a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a geographic region. The MMA is developing methodology to assess the ecological status of indigenous lands, as well as their management, demarcation and land regularisation, to verify their contribution to the national protected area targets (MMA, 2015a). The contribution of APPs and RLs will be known only after the full registration of these lands in the Rural Environmental Cadastre (Chapter 4). In May 2015, ICMBio was responsible for the management of 320 protected areas (all federal protected areas except private natural heritage reserves). Ecological corridors are areas of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated by human activities or structures such as roads development or logging.
|
sdg15
|
In most OECD countries, hospital performance is measured either as absolute targets or observed changes overtime. Estonia and the Netherlands also use P4P in primary care but did not provide additional information. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom also use P4P for outpatient specialist cate but did not provide additional information. The categoiy "other" refers to hospital management in Luxembourg and the efficient use of medication in France.
|
sdg3
|
Knowing that their wages will be imposed on non-members through statutory extension, unions are less likely to moderate their claims and employers are more likely to agree to them. The experience with the Jobs Strategy shed relatively little light on the effect of changing such arrangements, since in most countries such institutional arrangements change little over time. The labour market outcomes of countries that had already weakened or abandoned such procedures before the Jobs Strategy, such as New Zealand and Australia, were positive, however, and the concern with legal extensions was retained in the revised Jobs Strategy. Some though not all empirical studies have found that high labour taxes are associated with higher unemployment rates (Belot and Van Ours, 2004, Nickell, 1997), and Elmeskov et al. (
|
sdg8
|
In this article, I consider the extent to which the changing dynamics of state regulation may help to explain some of the systemic and structural obstacles confronting equality rights claimants. First, we have witnessed a significant restructuring of the post-war social welfare state, partially supplanted by neo-liberal policies over the past two decades, Neo-liberal government policies challenge the more egalitarian redistributive ethos of an earlier era and are less conducive to the promotion of substantive equality. Secondly, there continues to be considerable institutional resistance to the implementation of human rights norms, due to factors both external (i.e., socio-economic forces, globalization) and internal to societal institutions. These obstacles reveal that formal law reform is not a panacea for remedying social problems and inequities. The intersection between law and social transformation is much more complex than an instrumentalist vision of law would suggest. What should we do in the face of these obstacles?
|
sdg16
|
They can improve well-being, social inclusion and economic progress, as long as the government introduces the necessary reforms. Capacity building should take into account and promote the link between education and the jobs market (Chapter 3) and lead to better social inclusion in participatory democratic societies. Education should promote a person’s integral development for his or her productive and social inclusion, developing both cognitive skills and soft skills.
|
sdg4
|
This article advocates a nonviolent approach to social justice education. First, social justice education literature is reviewed, and two contrasting and influential approaches—critical theory and poststructural theory—are the focus of critical analysis. A nonviolent approach is proposed as an alternative. Second, the notion of social justice is reexamined to reveal its tie with the notion of the individual, and the concept of nonviolence in its emphasis on relationality is discussed. Three facets of nonviolence are further elaborated: relational dynamics, inner peace, and nonviolent means. Third, these facets are translated into important aspects of a pedagogy of nonviolence: Integrating the inner and the outer work, shifting the struggles of opposites to the interdependence of differences, using and improvising nonviolent teaching strategies. To enrich theoretical understandings and inspire practical insights, this article also interweaves international wisdom traditions (including African ubuntu, Buddi...
|
sdg16
|
In particular, this chapter analyses the opportunities for coastal regions to develop “blue" economies, which promote sustainable economic development and job creation in a marine environment. International examples are provided to demonstrate how the concept of the blue economy is incorporated ivithin local development strategies. These examples highlight global trends in the marine economy along with strategies for promoting blue growth.
|
sdg14
|
The paper explores the development of consultative duties in Canadian constitutional law by the Supreme Court of Canada. While a duty of consultation is most familiar in aboriginal law matters, the Court has recognized similar duties in the areas of judicial compensation and of freedom of association and collective bargaining. In each area, the boundary between substantiive and procedural rights has been at issue, as has the degree to which principles of procedural justice in administrative law are applicable. The paper compares and contrasts these and other themes in the different areas in which the Court has found consultation to be an appropriate resolution to a constitutional dilemma.
|
sdg16
|
The bureau has launched an ambitious project of data gathering in EE consumption of buildings.27 It is too soon to measure the impacts that the BEE training programme is likely to have on the Indian EE sector, however, it is a notable step in the right direction and should be underlined as such. In (i) devising additional EE lending schemes, (ii) making efforts to market the new and existing schemes, (iii) empanelling certified, reputable energy auditors, (iv) developing standardised energy audit templates, and (v) developing in-house skills, and/or identifying a pool of external experts to assist on technical matters in the appraisal process. Their small size and proportionate equity levels mean that they face challenges similar to those encountered by customers investing in individual end-use projects.
|
sdg7
|
It is important to include private R&D in analyses because the growth rate in public agricultural R&D investments has slowed and there has been an increase in the rate of private R&D (Pardey et al., To calculate future expenditures for public agricultural R&D, the “Government budget appropriations or outlays for RDin agriculture was used.10 For the estimation of private expenditures, the “Gross domestic expenditure on R-D by sector of performance and socio-economic objective in NABS200T’ was used. Private agricultural R&D expenditure is defined as R&D expenditures by private NPOs and business enterprises.11 To estimate private expenditures on agricultural R&D in the United States, data from Research Investments and Market Structure in the Food Processing, Agricultural Input, and Biofuel Industries Worldwide (Fuglie et al.,
|
sdg2
|
Females and males do not differ significantly in this regard. There are disturbing data on the migrants' limited awareness about sexual and reproductive health, which might lead to the spread of sexually transmitted infections and having unwanted/unexpected pregnancies. Bearing in mind the strong transnational ties that exist, it can be hypothesized that this factor can take a toll on the countries of origin. As in other settings, it is highly gendered, being tightly connected with ideals of masculinity in the subregion, which is reflected in the dominance of men among migrants. However, the gender order of Kyrgyzstan, which is characterized by much better positions of women, is conducive to more gender-balanced migration, with women making up almost half of the migrants and many of them being under the age of 30.
|
sdg5
|
This shows the danger of too rigid adherence to traditional knowledge but in this case had the curious result that the tradition was pre-adapted to present-day climate changes. The solution to the mystery is found in the history of our calendar system: Pope Gregory VIII arranged a calendar reform in 1582, whereby the differences of the Julian calendar could be corrected to the sun year to a large extent. The day of the “Cold Sophie” (15 May) was the date in the old calendar and corresponds to today’s 22 May. Therefore the effects of the “Ice Saints” were traditionally felt in the period 19-22 May. (Today’s warmer climate means that the new saint’s days earlier in May correctly predict the period of cold spells). Sensitive transplants should only be put in the garden beds after this date. (
|
sdg2
|
This unpaid work commitment can also discourage women from having children. This perception stems not only from norms and social expectations around childrearing, but also from legal institutions and policies that treat men and women differently, such as maternity and paternity leave schemes in most (including OECD) countries. At the same time, stereotypes and expectations that men will heavily engage in the labour market - rather than provide family care - take away valuable time that fathers may want to spend with their family.
|
sdg5
|
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jenisalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Clearly, therefore, sharing practices in such families are an important parameter to factor into evaluations of family policy and gender equality in Germany and elsewhere. Couple families where the man is the main earner are common in Germany, as in much of the OECD.
|
sdg5
|
It is calculated on the basis of the number of persons who, during the specified short reference period, were simultaneously: a) without work, b) currently available for work, but c) not actively seeking work, as a percentage of the youth labour force. In standard labour accounting the discouraged are not considered part of the labour force. Often discouraged youth are poor and disconnected from labour markets.
|
sdg8
|
L/V/l I.111 Doc. The consequences of this are far-reaching. While the concept and legal protection of the 'family' may vary from country to country, the application of human rights norms and standards described in earlier sections should be ensured by all branches of the State (i.e., executive, legislative, and judicial). This means, for exam pie, that when adopting laws, designing policies or deciding on a judicial case, authorities should recognize the diversity of families within the country concerned and ensure that all families and family members enjoy their rights without discrimination of any kind, with due respect of the principles of the best interests of the child and the right to live a life free of violence.
|
sdg5
|
In the biobanking pilot in France, the security of tenure at the Coussouls de Crau site was secured in an innovative way involving two distinct stages. They then contracted out the land management activities to improve site biodiversity to the non-profit Provence Ecosystem Study Conservatory and the public Chamber of Agriculture for a 30-year period. In Madagascar, the Rio Tinto QMM offsets project converted six offset sites into protected areas, including three on-site offsets that were selected as avoidance zones from application of the mitigation hierarchy. Protection against subsequent land-use change was then delivered through amendments to land title where they financed the legal conversion of the offset sites into protected areas under Malagasy law (ICCM and IUCN, 2012, Temple et al., Specifically, the A65 Pau-Langon motorway is subject to countervailing measures longer than 60 years.
|
sdg15
|
China's energy consumption and carbon emissions will continue to rise. These aspects are shown as the baseline scenario in figure 1.8. Under this "innovative, inclusive and sustainable growth” scenario, China is pursuing holistic structural reform, which helps the country to sustain relatively high rates of economic growth even as the labour force shrinks and capital accumulation slows, while it realizes shared and green development.
|
sdg8
|
In this article an autoethnographic approach is used to explore the author’s work with families living in poverty who are involved in the child protection and family court systems. The psychological and social impacts of poverty and structural inequalities on families are highlighted through case studies, as is the influence of wider policy and political contexts on social work practice with children and families. The capability approach developed by Amartya Sen is outlined and its relevance to social work practice discussed. The article concludes that the capability approach, particularly when complemented by the work of Nancy Fraser, offers possibilities for the development of critical social work practice with families living in poverty within a human rights and social justice framework.
|
sdg16
|
In the Slovak Republic, Italy, the Russian Federation and Poland, less than 20% of low-skilled adults reported participation in any form of adult education. The gap in participation rates between adults with low and high literacy proficiency is on average 44 percentage points (30% compared to 74% respectively). In the case of formal education, this difference is 12 percentage points (6% compared to 18%). In relative terms, however, the difference in rates is even greater in the case of formal education, where highly proficient adults are three times more likely to participate than adults with low proficiency.
|
sdg4
|
Besides, the definition has been applied to Colombia, where 54 FUAs have been identified (Sanchez-Serra, 2016). The new typology classifies TL3 regions into metropolitan if more than 50% of the regional population live in a FUA of at least 250 thousand inhabitants (and as Large metro TL3 region (MR-L), if more than 50% of its population lives in a FUA of at least 1.5 million inhabitants or Metro TL3 region (MR-M)), and non-metropolitan otherwise. Non-metropolitan TL3 regions (NMR) are further classified according to their level of access to FUAs of different sizes into: With access to a metro TL3 region (NMR-M), With access to a small/medium city TL3 region (NMR-S), and Remote TL3 region (NMR-R).
|
sdg11
|
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