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Regarding the actions to be taken by the LDCs (seven actions) and the development partners (nine actions), those related to climate change are essentially focused on adaptation (see Annex 8.1). However, monitoring the recommendations about climate change is rather difficult since the actions of the IPoA on this topic do not refer to monitoring indicators, either measurable or observable. Neither is the need for additional resources to finance adaptation.
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This network comprises 116 cities with a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of development plans, and cooperating actively at the international level. Citizens have been empowered to engage with local government and exercise their rights and responsibilities by developing MIL skills through a range of adult literacy programmes, in particular considering the needs of vulnerable groups. A number of public Internet access points have been established. The Beijing Declaration on Building Learning Cities defines a learning city as one which: promotes inclusive learning from basic to higher education, revitalises learning in families and communities, facilitates learning for and in the workplace, extends the use of modern learning technologies, enhances quality and excellence in learning, and nurtures a culture of learning.
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The Contributions of Community-Based Monitoring and Traditional Knowledge to Arctic Observing Networks: Reflections on the State of the Field. Arctic, 68(5), 28-40. Temporal and spatial large-scale effects of eutrophication and oxygen deficiency on benthic fauna in Scandinavian and Baltic waters: A review.
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The LDCs view agricultural subsidies as one of the factors that make their commodities non-competitive in the global market. As developed countries provide subsidies to their farmers and traders, their goods tend to become cheaper than those produced in the LDCs. Elimination of such would thus imply that a ‘level playing field’ would be created that would enable traders and farmers from both the developed countries and the LDCs to compete. As a follow-up to the 2003 Maputo Declaration, the CAADP Ministerial Council for Science and Technology resolved in 2006 that African countries should strive to allocate at least 1 per cent of their GDP to research and development.
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The Third International Conference on Financing for Development and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) no longer list trade as a source of development finance. Instead, they emphasise the role of international trade as an engine for inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction. Aid for trade is referenced for its potential contribution to achieving these goals. In addition, developing countries received USD 80.6 billion in other official flows provided by public bodies at close to market terms. Private finance at market terms amounted to USD 137 billion and private grants reached USD 35.6 billion. Remittances stood at USD 427.7 billion (Figure 11.1).
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The inability so far to deal with these pressures in an effective, timely way is attributed in large part to what is historically a sector-by-sector management of marine activities. Much as a response to growing pressures, recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of countries and regions putting in place strategic policy frameworks for better ocean management within their EEZs. However, many obstacles stand in the way of more effective integrated ocean management, which w'ill need to be addressed in the near future.
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While all conditional transfer programmes are intended to reduce poverty, either by raising families’ consumption levels through cash transfers (short-term goal) or by building human capital (long-term goal), they differ in terms of their emphasis on one or other of these goals. This is reflected in the relative importance attached to the various programme components. To that end, various types of benefits are established depending on the specific sectoral goals, and transfers are differentiated according to the opportunity cost of different segments of the target population at the time when they gain access to the public services.
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However, this practice is very recent (in effect since 2011), and has so far been mainly focussed on fruit and vegetable products. Other per hectare subsidies are set for groups of commodities, such as grains, vegetables and melons, fruits and berries, and feed crops, and therefore are not included in the SCTs. These developments were linked to the difficulties of ginneries to attract credit for forward-contracting cotton growers. This was due to the 2007 local banking crisis, and also to the regulations introduced that limited the ways ginneries could attract finance.
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The adoption of broadband within firms leads to a multifactor productivity gain, which in turn contributes to growth of GDP. On the other hand, residential adoption drives an increase in household real income as a function of a multiplier. Beyond these direct benefits, which contribute to GDP growth, residential users receive a benefit in terms of consumer surplus, defined as the difference between what they would be willing to pay for broadband service and its price. This last parameter, while not being captured in the GDP statistics, can be significant, insofar that it represents benefits in terms of enhanced access to information, entertainment and public services.
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The government formulated the quantitative target that 95% of teachers in Denmark should be certified in all the subjects that they teach by 2020. As mid-term objectives, this certification goal should be achieved for 85% of teachers in 2016 and for 90% of teachers by 2018. To facilitate goal achievement, the Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality has made available additional funding of DKK 1 billion for teacher competency development along with evidence-based recommendations on how this funding could be spent.
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Such modelling tools can be a useful for comparing sustainable transport policies and assisting policy makers to select the most effective measures to reduce C02 emissions in the inland transport sector. Pilot exercises for the model and organization of regional and national capacity building workshops are planned, which will provide opportunities to learn about various emission measurement methods and mitigation policies as well, as to apply model. Over 90 per cent of this air pollution is attributed to vehicle emissions, with older vehicles, poor vehicle maintenance, inadequate infrastructure and low fuel quality exacerbating the situation.
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This is referred to as “Authentic Mixed-Method Assessment”, which involves analysis of all the pieces of available assessment evidence when measuring deep learning design, conditions and outcomes. This disagreement is expressed most sharply in the following two extracts, the one emphasising the importance of praise, the other emphasising the need to avoid excessive praise. The important aspect of a KIP class is to encourage students and to praise the different skills held by the students, as an important and necessary part of the group ” (network leader and practitioner).
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Also, data can be provided at country scale or at basin scale. Some indicators are from experts and national governments, while others are provided through international statistical services. Some information depends more on personal perspective and is provided through the opinions of the participants.
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There are nevertheless debates on how necessary and appropriate these strong downward adjustments in wages were as an answer to the crisis (Sommers, Woolfson and Juska, 2014[29j). In any case, from the workers’ side, the high wage flexibility' implies strong cyclicality in incomes and periods of hardship for Lithuanian employees. Employees should be informed and consulted before its adoption and for any modification.
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Using Canadian data, Zhang et al. ( For example, Massari et al. ( Similarly, Joliffe (2006) adjusts the poverty rates in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of the United States using a spatial price index based on the Fair Market Rent (FMR) data: based on his estimates, the poverty rankings between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas get reversed when using the spatial index, with approximately 20 percent lower poverty headcounts in non-metro areas.
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At present, they are institutionally separated from Brasil sem Miseria, and a full integration could improve the awareness of households about the social assistance programmes for which they are eligible. Increasing this aw'areness could trigger additional strong demand for some of the assistance services offered and lead to bottlenecks in their delivery, such an integration would nonetheless enhance the transparency of social assistance policies and help identifying programmes or municipalities that should receive more resources. In fact, in many countries, the progressivity of taxation is a significant redistribution instrument, even though public expenditures typically account for three quarters of the overall redistributive impact in OECD countries (Joumard et al.,
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Indeed, the results from TALIS 2013 show that teachers' perceptions about how much society values their profession vary significantly across countries and economies. A key step is to move teachers' career pathways from what can be described as a "semi-profession" to a true profession (Table 1.1). Qualifications frameworks: Qualifications frameworks can help clarify the specific formal qualifications that a teacher (or another occupation or profession) can receive within a specific education system in relation to other professions.
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The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This chapter presents evidence on different approaches to education system evaluation at both the national and sub-national levels. It examines governance issues, different procedures used, the capacity for undertaking and using the results of education system evaluation and the reporting of results.
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This report is an initial insight into the skills challenges ahead for Asian economies but also of the originality of the approaches and the pathways they are choosing. The report was edited and prepared by Dr. Cristina Martinez-Fernandez and Dr. Kyungsoo Choi of the OECD LEED Programme. Dr. Sylvain Giguere, Head of the LEED Division, provided valuable guidance and comments.
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This chapter begins with a discussion on draft resolution relating to the crime of genocide, proposed by the delegations of Cuba, India and Panama. It presents an amendment proposed by the delegation of Chile to the draft resolution on the crime of genocide. Draft resolution on the resolution of the general assembly concerning the draft declaration of human rights and fundamental freedoms are described in the chapter. Prevention and punishment of genocide Comments of governments on the draft Convention prepared by the secretariat are provided at the end of the chapter.Keywords: genocide, secretariat draft
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Since 2009, the radical Muslim movement in northern Nigeria known as Boko Haram has become widely known in Western media for both its militant actions and its ultra-fundamentalist programme. This analysis examines Boko Haram from a historical perspective, viewing the movement as a result of social, political and generational dynamics within the larger field of northern Nigerian radical Islam. The contribution also considers some of the theological dimensions of the dispute between Boko Haram and its Muslim opponents and presents the different stages of militant activity through which this movement has gone so far. The article shows that movements such as Boko Haram are deeply rooted in northern Nigeria’s specific economic, religious and political development and are thus likely to crop up again if basic frame conditions such as social injustice, corruption and economic mismanagement do not change.
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More recent systems make use of a middleware that supports the IBB systems described above. Nowadays, such middleware is usually an integral part of any connected TV set. This allows effective interaction at different layers - physical, link, application layers, etc., Depending on the location of the desired content (within either the broadcast or the IP signal), the terminal used by a consumer switches to the respective network (see Figure 10.1).
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Optimum use of land resources and more opportunity for urban-rural linkage - Conservation of farmlands - Higher quality of life due to and natural biodiversity more recreational activities - Fewer CO2 emissions due to shorter food travel mileage - Rural economic development (urban agriculture, renewable energy, etc.) Better access to a diversity of local services and jobs - - Higher quality of life due to access to local services (shops, hospitals, etc.) They also can reduce automobile dependency through more economically viable public transport systems and by encouraging the use of walking, cycling and public transport.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of group composition in cultural values on conflict management styles in groups.Design/methodology/approach – A field study using data from 125 groups was conducted.Findings – The results show that in groups where members feel they are equal and connected (horizontal collectivism) cooperation is better, and contending and avoiding conflict management styles are used less. When people view themselves as unequal and independent (vertical individualism (VI)) the avoiding style of conflict management is more frequently used. Within‐group similarity (low variety) in VI leads to more cooperation and less avoidant conflict management strategies as well as less third party interventions. High group variety in views of being unequal, but interconnected (vertical collectivism), as well as in the views of being equal but independent (horizontal individualism), leads to more cooperative conflict resolution strategy.Practical implications – The results show t...
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This paper discusses different means of regulation, taking the example of post-crisis financial markets regulation. It is remarkable that the general discussion about reforming financial regulation centres on the substantive standards of the new rules and neglects the problem of choosing the right regulatory instruments. The paper focuses on four basic instruments of law enforcement (administrative sanctions, civil liability, corrective taxation, criminal sanctions) and takes three examples of regulatory choice in financial markets regulation. Using a number of different yardsticks for comparison, it analyses the relative strengths and weaknesses of the four instruments and employs a cost-benefit analysis.It turns out that civil liability – while limited in its scope – exhibits the best cost-benefit ratio. Criminal law, by contrast, seems very inefficient. Administrative law and corrective taxation come in second best. The return from using these instruments has to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
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Trends in frontier technologies, which are fundamentally enabled by the Internet and ICTs, are superimposed on a world with existing technological divides both between and within nations. This is vital to understanding who is lagging how far behind and to identifying measures to mitigate such divisions. Responding adequately to such challenges will require capabilities. Increasing R&D intensity remains a long-term objective worldwide. In the European Union, for example, the Europe 2020 target for R&D is 3 per cent of GDP.3' In 2014, only four European Union member countries (Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Austria) met this target (Eurostat, 2016). While it has increased significantly in some regions, R&D intensity in most developing countries is much lower than either the world average or that of developed countries in Europe and North America, which exceeds 2 per cent.
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The exposure component is related to the size and frequency of the shocks during past years (or the past rainfall and temperature instabilities). The shock component here is the risk of an increase in the size of the recurrent shocks as a result of climate change, and is more forward looking, it is reflected by the trend in the frequency and size of past shocks (or the trends in rainfall and temperature instabilities), supposing that these trends are determined by climate change and are likely to continue in the future. These two components are measured in the same way as for rainfall and temperature.
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It seeks to avoid double counting active contributors who contribute to more than one scheme. This right to income security after retirement is guaranteed by the prior payment of premiums or contributions, i.e., before the occurrence of the insured contingency. Depending on the country, this prior payment of a premium or contributions concerns persons in employment or a sub- group. Combined with other indicators of security of employment, contribution to social security forms part of the set of criteria suggested to define formal employment.
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After converting this from minutes into hours, we divide the total monthly income, as calculated using the midpoint of the income category group, by the total monthly hours of market work to obtain the estimated hourly wage. Non-working individuals are assumed to have zero hourly wage. For example, if the wife reports 5 hours of market work a day and has a monthly income of 1,000-2,000 RMB category, we calculate her hourly wage as: 1,500/(5x22) = 13.64 RMB.
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There is a basic tension between the principle of democracy and the rule of law. This becomes obvious whenever the Swiss citizens accept an initiative that is incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. First, we discuss the traditions behind these two principles before we survey the empirical papers about the relation between direct democracy and minority rights in the US as well as in Switzerland. Then we discuss the literature on the relation between direct democracy and death penalty. There, the conflict becomes rather obvious. Solutions, which will always involve compromises between these two principles, necessitate some role of the Supreme Court, at the cost of some, but only minor limitations of direct popular rights.
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In the Netherlands, for example, the provision of support and information on pollution-control technologies by RIZA significantly reduced the transaction costs for industry (Andersen, 2001). In addition, fears about the social consequences and structural dislocation for particular regions or communities (e.g. rural communities) have impeded subsidy reform and the introduction of water trading (Ridgeway, 2006, Kraemer, Interwies and Kampa, 2002). All environmental policy interventions create winners and losers - at least from an economic perspective.
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The project was implemented over the course of 15 years using a community forestry approach both to generate income and to stabilize slopes that had become exposed as a result of environmental degradation and were consequently at risk of landslides. The assessment of the project was conducted in close consultation with communities and the results encompassed a greater diversification of livelihoods and improved watersheds, together with a decrease in the risks from landslides. This highlights the importance of management of ecosystems and livelihoods as the basis for an integrated strategy for climate change adaptation and development (Renaud, Sudmeier-Rieux and Estrella, eds.,
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When excluding China the signs of progress between 1990 and 2005 diminishes sharply, with 5 of the 10 reported importers showing a decline in their Pll figure during this period. The results show that across the ten importers fuels play an insignificant role in the PII calculation, with trends in growth between 1990 and 2005 the same across all importers, and actual Pll figures at most declining by just over 5% (for Canada) with this exclusion (see table 19). The poor within LDCs, although the very poorest and most in need of revenues from abroad, in fact receive only a miniscule share of the money spent by developed countries on imports, an un-weighted average of 14 US cents per $100 of the imports.
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Contribution to economic growth ("positive externalities"). Contribution to employment and output of broadband deployment ("countercyclical effect"). In reviewing the literature, it will become apparent that there is no single approach to assess broadband's economic contribution. Each methodology that has been utilized so far (input / output analysis, econometric modelling, measurement of consumer surplus, and microeconomics case studies) will be reviewed and the robustness of the evidence generated will be assessed.
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Moreover, enforcement is highly challenging, given the low numbers of PA personnel available to monitor such large areas. Furthermore, there seems to be a problem of coordination in terms of enforcement and compliance. A number of different laws regulate hunting (and fishing), and these should be harmonized and their application coordinated between MoEF and other institutions such as NEPA, NEG, NARW and NIMRD. In the Danube delta, for example, there are eight institutions which control illegal fishing or illegal hunting.
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The penicillin allergy label has been consistently linked with deleterious effects that span the health care spectrum, including suboptimal clinical outcomes, the emergence of bacterial resistance, and increased health care expenditures. These risks have recently motivated professional organizations and public health institutes to advocate for the implementation of penicillin allergy delabeling initiatives, however, the burden of delabeling millions of patients is too expansive for any one discipline to bear alone. This review presents the unique perspectives and roles of various stakeholder groups involved in penicillin allergy diagnosis, assessment, and delabeling, we emphasize opportunities, barriers, and promising areas of innovation. We summarize penicillin allergy methods and tools that have proven successful in delabeling efforts. A multidisciplinary approach to delabeling patients with reported penicillin allergy, bolstered by evidence-based clinical practices, is recommended to reduce the risks that associate with the penicillin allergy label.
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The analysis will utilise a range of measures reflecting basic barriers on the one hand, and assistance on the other, to women's engagementas productive economic agents in Commonwealth countries. According to the World Bank (World Bank 2018a). These restrictions encompass decisions affecting their movement, in gettingajob. For many women, these decisions cannot be made without their husband's permission.
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Waste management and recycling policies are still relatively new. It is estimated that the valorisation rate of waste in Chile was approximately 10% in 2009 (CONAMA, 2010). The main objective of the policy is to manage solid waste in an integrated manner so as to minimise health and environmental risks while ensuring a sustainable and efficient development of the waste sector (MMA, 2011). On a national and regional level, executive secretaries (Secretarfas Ejecutiuas) were created to oversee waste management throughout the life cycle of products (creation/use/disposal).
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The class given should be part of the learning unit planned in the portfolio. The class should contain two or more activities. Issues addressed include analysis of the sequencing of activities, time management and the interaction in class. It requires the teacher to undertake the analysis of the learning progression of a single student, an account of student performance within the class, and an assessment of own strengths and weaknesses.
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The government has worked to improve the participation of children in education, but participation rates in early childhood education and care are low compared to the OECD average. Turkey has a higher-than-average proportion of underperforming students, and academic achievement is particularly low amongst disadvantaged students from low socio-economic backgrounds. System-level policies, such as the use of academic selection to select and sort students into specific pathways at an early age, hinder equity.
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Prevention of atrocities should also lessen the likelihood of internal displacement. It is recognized that prevention of violations of international humanitarian law can reduce armed conflict-induced IDPs (Ojeda, 2010: 60). But the protection of IDPs and other civilians incountry should not be at the expense of the right to seek and enjoy asylum (UN Commission on Human Rights, 1998: Principle 2.2).
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On the other hand, while overall alcohol consumption is high, binge drinking1 rates in Austria (19%) are slightly below the EU average (20%) Among adolescents in 2013-14,20% of 15-year-old girls and 27% of 15-year-old boys reported having been drunk at least twice in their life - shares similar to the EU average. While this share is still lower than in most other EU countries, it has increased substantially since 1999, when only 9% of Austrian adults were obese. Austrian adults are among the most physically active in the EU, but physical inactivity among 15-year-olds is relatively high.
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These provisions take basically two forms: special benefits for divorcees or regulations for pension sharing (or ‘pension splitting’) after divorce. On the other hand, some countries that have a pension model based on individual rather than derived pension rights, such as Finland and Sweden, and protect divorcees in a different way by making everyone eligible for a pension benefit independent of past or present family situation (Choi 2006, European Commission 20i3:Tablei4.4). However, they may not be sufficient where there is unequal distribution of unpaid care work between women and men. Foster (2010) points out that in the United Kingdom, for instance, children are on average 4-5 years old at the time of divorce so caring responsibilities are still likely to reduce mothers’earnings for some years afterwards. These gaps in earning history can thus continue to compromise women’s pensions even after sharing the pension rights and contributions accumulated over marriage (see, for example,Ginn 2006: Frericks et al.
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At one end of the spectrum, the Nordic countries have high earnings mobility and low inequality, at the other side, Chile and some other Latin American countries as well as South Africa and emerging economies have low mobility and very high inequality levels (Figure 1.13). The picture is, however, more nuanced for some European countries: Hungary, France, Germany and Austria combine both lower inequality and lower earnings mobility. At the same time, there are no countries which combine high inequality with high mobility.
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Furthermore, the lack of women in the justice system discourages the use of judicial services by women, while historically law enforcement authorities have tended to divert women from accessing justice. Fear and stigma of accessing the state justice system frequently creates barriers for w'omen to access justice. Some countries in the MENA region have taken positive steps tow'ards addressing this issue, yet more support for civil society organisations and clear steps for reducing barriers to access to justice need to be taken.
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Whether they manage to find those skills will depend on the capacity of training and education institutions to adjust. Standard-setters and regulators may play a special role here. The figure also indicates one particularity of the fourth industrial revolution: it is very much driven by the private sector, and private sector players also play an important role in changing the business ecosystem in which SMEs operate.
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Legislation approved in June 2017 paves the way for establishing a national health system with universal coverage by 2020, which will have profound effects on how care is financed and organised. Some 80% of the population reports to be in good health, though there are notable socioeconomic inequalities. Life expectancy gains are mainly due to fewer deaths from cardiovascular diseases, though they remain the leading cause of death.
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Some countries are dedicated towards one sector or theme. For example, the United States is committed to the global fight against infectious and other diseases, and many of its programmes include STI-related components. France’s focus is on agricultural and environmental research, while Japan and Korea’s main support is directed towards the ICT sector and other technologies.
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In October 2013, the European Court of Human Rights in Delfi AS v Estonia upheld a decision of the Estonian Supreme Court to impose liability on the owners of an internet news portal for defamatory comments which had been posted on their website by anonymous third parties. This note suggests that the decision is important in the context of publications with a ‘public interest’ element to them, because it appears to afford more protection to the right to reputation (deriving from the Article 8 right to privacy) and less to freedom of expression than was formerly the case. It is further argued that the Court's emphasis on the positive obligation of states to protect this right to reputation may mean that the existing English law in this area, including, potentially section 5 of the Defamation Act 2013, is inconsistent with the ECHR jurisprudence.
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The most egregious example of hyperfragmentation of water policy is the United States (see Box 2.3). In some countries (France, Spain) the intervention of ministries and public agencies is focused on strategic planning and priority-setting, as well as policy making and implementation, while in others (Canada, United States, United Kingdom), it is more oriented towards environmental regulation. Naturally, the role of central government in water policy is less important in federal countries that have either devoted most of the responsibilities to sub-national governments or totally decentralised their water policy making, as in the case of Belgium.
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Some maternity benefits are provided by a conditional cash transfer scheme - Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) - for pregnant and lactating women as a pilot in 52 districts since 2010. Cash is conditional on health checks for mothers over 19 years of age and first two births via bank transfers. Any national policy for social security, healthcare, childcare, and housing should be linked to efforts to modernise the stringent labour laws to avoid the duality problem in working conditions.
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Understanding the direct and indirect influences among the SDGs can support their attainment. The research group applied a transdisciplinary systems thinking approach to explore the relationships among all 17 SDGs and between the eight targets of SDG 6 (on water and sanitation)—in the Australian context. This allowed the group to identify relevant government administrative agencies, through which to identify priority SDGs for action and investment.
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It is estimated that some 25 to 30 animals are illegally hunted (mainly for local subsistence use) each year. Should this trend continue into the future, the current small population might experience further decline, seriously threatening its survival. In the period 2000-2002, due to repeated dzuds, the saiga population significantly decreased by over 80 per cent to 1,020 at the end of2002, and further declined, due to poaching, to 750 in 2004.
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Despite relatively low levels of industrial disputation in 2007, the AIRC delivered some significant decisions in relation to the `genuine operational reasons' exclusion to the unfair dismissal jurisdiction, and secret ballots for protected industrial action. However, arguably the most significant decisions in 2007 came from the Supreme Court of New South Wales and the Federal Court of Australia. These decisions illustrate that the common law contract of employment provides (increasingly) robust protections to employees from workplace injustices. This article examines recent developments in relation to the implied duties of good faith and of mutual trust and confidence. It also considers the prevalence of workplace policies in modern workplace relations and the circumstances in which workplace polices might give rise to enforceable contractual obligations and common law remedies for breach.
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Half a percent of GDP in the United States amounts to just over USD90 Billion. In Japan it is 2.6 trillion Yen. But given the different disease and demographic profiles of the US and Japan respectively to Australia, these figures may be higher. Despite all the limitations and assumptions built into the presented calculations, the cost impact of safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care is substantial enough to warrant attention.
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Jones and Kierzkowski (1990), in a non-theoretical paper, allude to a similar effect. They argue that offshoring, which is also akin to technological progress, can lead to instances where workers whose jobs have relocated offshore rise as is predicted in Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008). The productivity effect occurs not so much because of the additional units of unskilled labour that can be offshored in reaction to falling offshoring costs (second order effect) but because of the costs savings associated with the part of the low-skilled tasks that had already been offshored before (first order effect). The productivity effect would then be large when the extent of offshoring is already large. The labour supply effect would be large when the share of skilled labour in total costs is large and when high-skill tasks substitute poorly for low-skill tasks in the production process.
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Testing Population Dispersal Hypotheses Pacific Settlement". London: UCL Press, 2005.31-52. Whereas the health disparities and vulnerabilities experienced by indigenous peoples in Australia can be considered as having their roots in the history of colonization, present-day perpetuation of indigenous peoples disadvantage owes much to contemporary civil society turning a blind eye to the disparities. Education, employment, income, housing, access to health services, social networks, connection to land, racism, and incarceration are issues where indigenous peoples are experience substantial disadvantage. Like most indigenous peoples in the world, indigenous Australians' perspective of health is holistic. It encompasses everything important in a person's life, including land, environment, physical body, community, relationships, and law.
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I. Justification of punishment and EU law: Introductory remarks. - II. Offenders’ rehabilitation according to national law, international legal instruments and the limits of EU criminal competences. - II.A. Offenders’ rehabilitation and fundamental rights: Domestic legal orders and international law. - II.B. The root of the notion of offenders’ rehabilitation in EU law: The role of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. - II.C. The structural limits of the Union’s criminal system and the interplay with national legal orders. - III. EU substantive criminal law: Is there room for rehabilitation goals? - III.A. EU choices regarding criminalization and their rationale. - III.B. Harmonization of criminal penalties and its impact on enforcement and execution. - IV. EU procedural criminal law. - V. National criminal law and Union citizenship rights. - VI. Conclusions. One notion in bits and pieces?
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Over-medication has been reported as an area for concern in Japan, and is an area on which the ministry is taking fee schedule-based action through adjusting prescribing fees and prescription fees when more certain drugs are prescribed simultaneously (in cases where more than three anxiolytics or sleeping drugs are prescribed, or more than four anti-depressants or anti-psychotics). Such policy, and indeed quality efforts more widely, would be very much supported by a broader arrange of relevant quality activities, for example systematic collection of data on prescribing practice and good clinical guidelines. A number of quality indicators are in fact under development by a small but impressive group of hospitals, led by National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, and such efforts should be promoted.
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Thus, for example, functional income distribution and absolute income inequality did not show the same favourable evolution over the decade. This means a broader perspective is required to find out what is happening with the concentration of wealth and the appropriation of the fruits of growth. The foregoing pages show that overcrowding is on the decline, the divides between socioeconomic groups are narrowing and income is being distributed in a more egalitarian way.
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Turkey and the Russian Federation display high shares of employees in strained jobs. While not presented here, the decomposition of job demands suggests that strong time pressure is an important work stressor. Hence, using very long hours as a proxy is a reasonable option for measuring the quality of working environment in emerging economies, where information on working conditions is often scarce and limited in scope41. Turkey, Colombia, Indonesia and India perform rather poorly when the quality of working environment is proxied by the incidence of working more than 60 hours a week (Figure 7, Panel B).
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Classrooms and schools with more disciplinary problems are less conducive to learning, since teachers have to spend more time creating an orderly environment before instruction can begin. More interruptions within the classroom disrupt students' engagement and their ability to follow the lessons. The disciplinary climate is indicated in PISA by how often student do not listen to the teacher during lessons on the language of instruction, there is noise and disorder, the teacher has to wait a long time for students to quiet down, students cannot work well, and students do not start working for a long time after the lesson begins.
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The planned extension of the training system to the unemployed and vulnerable workers through the public employment service will reduce the inequalities in access to worker training. The new auction of the Bolsa National de Empleo (BNE) is a step in that direction, however, it should be integrated with training opportunities. Efforts to further reform SENCE may increase its ability to deal with its ambitious mandate of co-ordinating worker training and activation policies and the addition of quality assurance requirements to training providers may increase the efficacy of worker training.
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During the response period, for example, these include impact assessments, humanitarian needs assessments and the coordination of resources and capacity. Each has its own information requirements. These include DRR actors, relief agencies and development practitioners who in turn may be operating at the international, regional, national and local levels.
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sdg13
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The strong desire to remain at home is outweighed by the need to alleviate poverty and overcome vulnerability. Emigration destinations of those in PICs are largely connected to past and present political affiliation of the countries. For example, there are more Niuean in New Zealand (about 20,000) than Niue (1,500). Similarly, about 6,000 Tokelauan are in New Zealand and nearly 8,000 Cook Islanders are living outside the country.
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sdg1
|
Research suggests that women are more likely to purchase a variety of financial products from the same provider and are less likely to switch between providers (IFC 2011a). For financial institutions, this trend reduces acquisition costs of a new customer base and offsets the somewhat higher costs associated with the risk of providing services to under-banked or unbanked women entrepreneurs. The portfolio of loans to women-run businesses tends to be lower than the share of these businesses in their target markets.
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sdg5
|
Nemet's analysis does not invalidate the policy prescription based on deployment-led cost reductions which is included in IEA ETP projections to 2050. The projections are also based on analyses of the cost reduction potentials to be mobilised in future learning phases, and milestones towards competitiveness in progressively broader electricity markets (see IEA Technology Roadmaps, in particular IEA, 2010c). Resource exhaustion - when good sites get more scarce or remote, or if the proportion of variable sources in electric generation pushes up integration costs - can slow deployment and progress along the learning curve, but would not modify its slope.
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sdg7
|
When a disaster occurs, based on the functions and tasks of the branches and units, the Committee is responsible for co-ordination, creating favourable conditions for the effective collaboration of all agencies in the response activities. Members of the committee are heads of Hai Phong departments, agencies and government units. Every year, they are asked to prepare local plans for natural disaster prevention and submit them to the committee so it can prepare a master plan for the whole city.
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sdg11
|
If consumers and the growing middle class go online to purchase goods from abroad in a number of countries, the overall net effect may be of a slow loss of purchasing power abroad. In this sense, the development of Ali Baba in China and Flipkart in India represent significant steps in enabling domestic firms to sell to domestic consumers. Today, Internet and ICTs are enabling and underpinning an explosion in research, scientific collaboration and innovation.
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sdg9
|
While economic prospects at the global level have improved over the past two years, several large developing countries have seen per capita income decline. Further declines or weak per capita income growth are anticipated in 2019 in Central, Southern and West Africa, Western Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean—homes to nearly a quarter of the global population living in extreme poverty. While unemployment rates are at historical lows in several developed economies, many individuals, notably those with low incomes, have seen little or no growth in disposable income for the last decade.
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sdg9
|
The example of the Yunnan Province demonstrated that rural end-users limited their monthly electricity consumption to a level that makes it completely unattractive to the electricity company to invest further in infrastructure and maintenance. According to the Chinese "one county one supplier" policy, the supplier is to provide the full range of services at a given price. Market access by other investors is difficult if not impossible. This, along with rigid rules on production, supply and marketing of electricity, prevents innovation, competition and reform.
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sdg7
|
This is a positive development. Yet such rights - and particularly women’s rights - are unlikely to be rigorously enforced by law enforcement agencies, as the institutions and personnel that are meant to safeguard human rights are in reality very difficult to change, especially in traditional societies where women have not previously enjoyed social and political equality (Chapter 3). They become aware of their political rights and the responsibilities they can and should shoulder in post-conflict settings (Chapter 3). Post-war constitutions and laws should thus provide for formal gender equality and the legal underpinning for assuring women’s right and duty to participate in the political life of society. Modest and sometimes symbolic steps taken to increase women’s access and participation should translate into more significant and visible decision-making roles.
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sdg5
|
Although they are generally open to and compulsory for formal employees only - in part because employers contribute to them as well - the system, much like defined-contribution pensions, could be opened to informal workers on a voluntary basis, at least. Conversely, unemployment insurance pools risk across workers and firms, and therefore has a redistributive role. The objective of unemployment benefits - whether in the form of UISAs or traditional unemployment insurance - is more akin to consumption smoothing than poverty reduction.
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sdg10
|
There, through integration of locally generated community based information, co-production of urban planning strategies and social engagement in public sector interventions, the programme achieved a dramatic decrease in crime. By improving access to public spaces, enhancing lighting and visibility, setting up social and business centres along walkways, pedestrian traffic, community surveillance and social cohesion increased. Playtime in Africa creates places for children to convene in a safe outdoor environment to play, learn and create. The initiative combines best practices from around the world and integrates them into local conditions to develop a strategy for child-focused places.
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sdg11
|
The output value of fertilisers is derived using the following fob prices as reference prices: Urea (HS 31102.10) for nitrogen, DAP (HS 3105.30) for phosphorus, and MOP (HS 3104.20) for potassium (Figure A.3). Bilateral tariff data obtained from the 2007 MacMap database for Urea, DAP and MOP, serve as reference bilateral tariffs for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. The production technology for the three fertiliser sectors is derived from IFA (2013b). The rest of the chemicals sector is then calculated residually.
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sdg2
|
While regional and country-level frameworks can contribute to directing donor funds into the areas which need them most, it is also important for governments and multilateral groups to support networking and collaboration between different groups in order to avoid duplication, and foster complementarity and synergy between activities. However, there have been a number of promising collaborations on ESD between ministries and mass media outlets. In an innovative approach from Samoa, the Climate Change Quiz Competition involved colleges across the country, and was televised live over a period of several nights. This competition engaged students and teachers, and helped to raise public awareness of environmental issues and information. In Guyana, under the Mangrove Management Programme, the MoE developed teaching materials as well as a complementary DVD of a programme entitled Holding Back the Sea. On their own, these resources might be unremarkable, but what is special is that the programme is aired regularly on Guyana’s Learning Channel.
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sdg13
|
These data reveal the relationship between unpaid work and women's lesser engagement in the labour market and their tendency to have more informal and precarious jobs. Hence, it is crucial to consider time distribution in the formulation of policies which, when combined with other sectoral policies, incentivize the redistribution of domestic and care work and promote labour practices that offer alternatives for the organization of time spent on market activities (Marco, 2012). Moreover, the analysis of time spent on care helps to evaluate the importance of reinforcing maternity and paternity leave and the relevance of implementing leave for the care of older persons and household members with some form of disability or chronic illness.
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sdg5
|
This could be because certain care job characteristics, in particular the w orking hours, allow workers to strike a balance between paid work and meeting the care needs of their families. This percentage is somewhat higher (71.3%) for domestic woikers —especially female domestic workers— and low'er (61.8%) for other care workers (see figure III. Furthermore, although the proportion of woikers living in households with children has declined across the board owing to changing fertility rates and population ageing throughout the region, the decreases have been more marked in the rest of the employed population than among care workers and less substantial among female domestic w orkers than among other w oikers in the care sector.
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sdg5
|
Better defining the different types of rural regions in Morelos should help in developing appropriate policy responses to each of their most distinct challenges. Development programmes and institutional support are channelled to promote agricultural production and, where appropriate, support producers. However, an integrated perspective on the complex process of more broadly defined development of rural areas is missing.
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sdg11
|
On the provider side, the process of augmenting local autonomy would need to be undertaken in incremental steps, and will depend on robust performance management. It could start with transformation of selected hospitals into prospectively-funded organisations, where managers are given some autonomy for day-to-day decisions (say mainly financial management) under agreed performance targets monitored by the payer (REPSS, for instance). This system could evolve later towards a model of corporatised organisations with greater autonomy but where hospitals keep their public status, similar to the Foundation Trusts created in the United Kingdom, or public hospitals operating as state-owned enterprises in other health systems.
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sdg3
|
Policies to promote equity in education by ensuring a basic minimum standard of education for all and by limiting the influence of personal and social circumstances on educational potential should thus also be beneficial for earnings equality. Building on unconditional quantile regressions, Fournier and Koske (2012) use a methodology close to the one proposed by Firpo etal. ( The United States is used as reference country so that each country’s 90/10 percentile ratio is compared with the 90/10 percentile ratio of the United States. For each explanatory variable, the composition effect is constructed from a comparison of the variable’s mean in the two countries.
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sdg10
|
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and pollution associated with power generation are high. Despite recent increases in energy prices, they remain below cost-reflective levels, with high levels of public subsidy (particularly for residential tariffs), which lowers the incentive to invest in energy efficiency. The differentiated gas price structure has resulted in a level of cross-subsidy, placing a heavy burden on the Ukrainian state budget.
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sdg7
|
For instance, low rates and lax enforcement (e.g. illegal abstractions, underreporting of consumption) prevent abstraction charges from being effective instruments for water policies, while low pollution charges do not significantly change the behaviour of polluters. Water markets are a step in the right direction, but they tend to be poorly designed and can lead to over-abstraction. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes are in place and the Pact recently adopted by the new Mexican administration explicitly requests that they be strengthened (commitment 66).
|
sdg6
|
This paper studies fundamentalism, from the perspective of the tension between communicability and incommunicability, perceived in the religious dynamics in general. After a brief historical background on the subject, it focuses on the religious side of fundamentalism. Next, fundamentalism is approached in the context of its specific contradiction: the incommunicability of dogmatism, based on literalism, the incapacity for dialogue and extremist political actions, including terrorism, in permanent tension with the communicational need for visibility and recognition. Therefore, there is a specific communicational condition within the incommunicability of the processes of dogmatization and dialogical closure inscribed in fundamentalist phenomena. We call this a communicative propensity to promote incommunicability. Finally, religious fundamentalism is postulated as a proselytizing of legitimation, tensioning the poles between dogma and bond, by adopting, contradictorily, the radicalization of both, and testing the limits of tolerance in modernity
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sdg16
|
It should also be accepted by the authorising entity that is not yet defined for the Nordic Assessment. Acceptance of a report signifies that the material has not been subjected to section-by-section or line-by-line discussion and agreement, but nevertheless presents a comprehensive and balanced view of the subject matter. The summary for policy makers should be approved by the Steering Committee.
|
sdg15
|
The deserts of central, Zaunguzskij and south-eastern Karakum, as well as other deserted lands, occupy more than 80 per cent of the country. Almost 20 per cent of the country’s territory is covered by mountains: the Kopetdag Mountains and, to the north, the separated mountain ridges of Small and Grand Balkhany. The Koytendag Mountains are located to the east, as well as the highest peaks of the country, up to 3,140 m above sea level.
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sdg15
|
Gas booster and flare equipment must have been in use for at least 12 months in 2 different commercial landfill gas projects and have been shown to comply with the South African requirements for safety and environmental performance. Alongside opening the clean energy infrastructure market so as to increase competition, governments often want to develop the SOE’s ability to compete in that market. Resolving this challenge often involves a mix of partially opening the market and keeping a share of it for the SOE.
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sdg7
|
How labour market information could contribute to the design of various employment services is likewise a challenge given the wide-ranging services involved: job matching, vocational guidance, information dissemination, organising job fairs, subsidies for unemployed workers, wage subsidies, and on-the-job training. Flexibility in the management of labour market policies and programmes is central to optimising their contribution to competitiveness, inclusion and prosperity at the local level. Flexibility can take the form of the involvement of local offices in the design of programmes, freedom to choose how to spend budgets, the possibility to negotiate performance targets and choose target groups for programmes, and the opportunity to collaborate with other actors (see Box 3.2).
|
sdg8
|
Over the last decade, international investment law has become an increasingly relevant discipline. To some extent, the law’s rise to prominence merely follows factual developments, namely the increased importance of foreign direct investment. Yet another factor would seem to be equally important: International law has accepted an increasingly broad notion of ‘investment’, and thereby included a heterogeneous range of economic transactions into the area of investment law and within the potential jurisdiction of investment tribunals. The study under review, a doctoral dissertation submitted by Jan-Frederik Belling, analyses this latter factor, and in so doing, helps us appreciate the surprising rise to prominence of a niche area of law whose future, a generation ago, seemed at best uncertain.
|
sdg16
|
Figure 5 displays the share of bonus payments in earnings for employees in finance and in the rest of the economy. On average, bonuses account for 14% of earnings in finance and 8% in other sectors (statistically different at the 0.1% level). In a few countries (the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Greece), their share in finance exceeds 20%.
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sdg10
|
Long-term projections of continuing growth in London’s economy and population (various scenarios are examined in the London Plan) are an essential input to the EDS. All proposals in the EDS must be consistent with the spatial strategy set out in the London Plan. The TfL is the statutory authority responsible for ensuring the deliveiy of the MTS. The MTS takes into account the emerging policies in the London Plan and the EDS and is supported by a detailed evidence base, including the “Travel in London” report, strategic transport models and recommendations from the Outer London Commission.
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sdg11
|
Source: OECD (2014), Mental Health and Work: Netherlands, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ 9789264223 301-en. Potentially this is a gap which should be filled to ensure a smooth transition from lower to upper-secondary education or to give youth who are already NEET a second chance in the education system. For example in Denmark, municipal youth guidance centres provide both counselling for young people up to the age of 25 in their critical transition from lower to upper-secondary' education, and follow-up up on those who drop out of upper-secondary education (Box 3.12).
|
sdg8
|
Foreign investment, for example, has contributed to the development of fertiliser production in Brazil, FDI has also been very important in the sugar and ethanol sectors, driving their technological development. Interest rates are high in international terms, largely due to high risk premiums on lending. Opinion surveys show that local businesses feel there is limited availability of financial services and venture capital opportunities and they consider loans difficult to obtain.
|
sdg2
|
Previous conferences gave guidance to inputs to Micronesia's GEF Project and Program priorities, and most recently to the ‘Ridge to Reef country project and a Small Grants programme focusing on access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources. With thanks to Alissa Takesy, Department of Resources and Development, for providing information and review of this case study. A key lesson learnt is that in order for biodiversity policy to have impact on the ground and therefore also at the sub-national and local levels, synergies and overlaps need to be identified and addressed at the national level. In particular through the creation of the Ministry of Environment (MINAM), the Agency for Protected Areas and the Agency for Environmental Assessment and Enforcement (OEFA), a strong political capacity for environmental policy has been developed.
|
sdg15
|
Lastly, Blockchain is generating cost-efficiencies through self-managed networks, enabling secure and error-free peer-to-peer connectivity for vast numbers of loT devices. Industry analysts estimate, for example, that by 2020, 50 per cent of all new operating assets will be self-sustaining (IDC, 2017). Cloud computing infrastructure is a key enabler for loT, Al, BDA and Blockchain solutions, but in many developing economies, infrastructure deficiencies hamper the uptake of such solutions. The lack of supporting infrastructure, such as Internet exchange points (IXPs), reliable and inexpensive electricity supply and robust fibre-optic backbones, affects the deployment of national data centres.
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sdg9
|
The program has used case studies in combination with a national/regional postal and follow-up Internet inquiry to provide information on participation in outdoor recreational activities as well as associated motivations, constraints, economic and social factors [Fredman etai 2008]. The postal survey included a national sample of 4,700 and regional oversampling in three regions [two urban proximate and one coastal] of 2,300. The aims of the report was to describe nature tourism from both tourism provider and consumer points of view, to propose a definition of nature tourism, to examine present tourism statistics and other sources of knowledge from a Swedish nature tourism perspective, and to present suggestions on how nature tourism in Sweden can be better measured and quantified.
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sdg15
|
Publicity, advocacy, education and even legislation can also be used to bring about ideological, cultural and behavioural changes so as to reduce high levels of retail and domestic food waste in the developed world. Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/oct/26/palm-oil-initiative-carbon-emissions (accessed 14 March 2011). The dairy and beef sector of the United Kingdom accounted for over 24 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtC0,e) of CH4 and N,0 emissions in 2005, compared with 2 MtCO,e from the poultry sector (Radov and others, 2007).
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sdg2
|
Further complicating is the fact that there is also overlap in health effects between PM2.5 and N02. It is not clear to what extent health effects are different when people are exposed to a combination or cocktail of different pollutants. In real life, exposure to such a cocktail is the most likely situation. Important to note is that there is no doubt that PM2.5 has significant negative impacts on health and should be kept as a representative tracer of such effects.
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sdg11
|
The reserve needed to ensure the stability of the electrical system depends on the size of the largest or two largest units. Also, the system must meet electricity demand and provide sufficient reserve capacity when the largest unit is disconnected from the grid during planned or unplanned outages. A generally accepted rule is that the capacity of the largest generating unit should be limited to 10% of the minimal power demand in the system.
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sdg7
|
Available at www.world-nuclear.org/ uploadedFiles/REPORT_OptimizCapacity.pdf. The present chapter broadens and deepens the treatment of system effects. Section 4.1 provides an overview of system effects or externalities in the power sector with the help of the comprehensive system cost matrix. It will also characterise more specifically the system effects at the grid-level, such as additional investments in the grid transport infrastructure, short-term balancing and long-term backup capacity.
|
sdg7
|
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