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Gerrie ter Haar, Institute of Social Studies, Religious Fundamentalism and Social Change Abdullahi Ahmed An-na'im, Emory University, Georgia, Islamic Fundamentalism and Social Change Sharifah Zaleha binti Syed Hassan, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia, Strategies to Public Participation: Women and Islamic fundamentalism in Malaysia Alice Shalvi, Seminary of Judaic Studies, Jerusalem, 'Renew Our Days as of Old' Nancy T. Ammerman, Hartford Seminary, Re-Awakening a Sleeping Giant Walter E. A. van Beek, University of Utrecht Pathways of Fundamentalization H. L. Seneviratne, University of Virginia, The Monk's New Robes Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad, Lancaster University, Being Hindu and/or Governing India? R. Scott Appleby, University of Notre Dame, Religions, Human Rights and Social Change James J. Busuttil, Institute of Social Studies, Policy Responses to Religious Fundamentalism
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Opportunities for strengthening policy instruments, including economic instruments, are identified and progress in remediating contaminated sites is examined. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. National Waste Management Plans (NWMPs), together with EU and national targets, have provided the basis for the reform agenda.
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In Serbia, monitoring of quantity and quality requires improvement, a wide range of other measures need to be introduced or are planned, including the construction of the regional water supply system of Banat — as a supplementary measure in the respective River Basin Management Plans. This will use groundwater from the Danube alluvium (area between Kovin and Dubovac). The preparations, including studies, arc expected to be completed by 2015. The aquifer is under low qualitative risk due to the good natural protection of deep groundwater from surface pollution. The process of negotiation in this context began at the end of 2010. Sharing of experience between the two countries with the aim of addressing the issue of naturally occurring arsenic is also a field in which, according to Serbia, assistance would be of help.
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This includes emissions trading through voluntary and compliance market credits for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and water and pollution trading schemes. For example, environmental pollution quotas for nitrate, phosphorus and/or salt discharges can be traded by low polluters to high polluters for whom the buying of permits is cheaper than installing anti-pollution technology. Despite initial difficulties, projects like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) where carbon credits can be generated through afforestation and sold in existing markets indicate a possible way forward on this. The World Bank BioCarbon Fund will purchase emission reductions of 600,000 tC02eq, while the Prototype Carbon Fund purchased 1.3 million tC02eq under a separate agreement in 2002. In addition to the World Bank and Moldsilva (the Republic of Moldova's Forestry Agency), 384 local councils represent the participating rural communities.
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Economic training, support and sometimes incentives that address families’ economic justifications for marrying their daughters early provide alternatives to marriage and increase the value of girls to their families of origin. One example is Berhane-Hewan in Ethiopia, which provided families with a goat as long as their daughters remained in the programme and remained unmarried until age 18 (Karei and Erulkar, 2010). Another example is the Zomba cash transfer programme in Malawi, which found that unconditional cash transfers were more effective in delaying marriage than conditional transfers (Baird et al., By educating and mobilizing parents and communities—those who decide when and whom girls will marry—to change social norms relating to expectations of girls and their marriage prospects, these programmes aim to delay marriage.
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This article examines evangelical missionary work intimately tied with humanitarian aid for North Korean refugees in the Sino-North Korean border area as an emblem of South Korean churches' North Korean mission. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, with limited access to certain field sites due to local security concerns, I shed light on refugees' religious conversion as a complex cultural project and process in which ideas of and practices for reli- gious freedom and salvation become immensely contested in the very logic of ''saving,'' in both humanitarian and biblical terms. My primary concerns in this Chinese context are two- fold: the problems of evangelical missionary works associated with universal human rights discourses and the church as an intra-ethnic contact space where refugees' religious and social lives are pre-figured. Based on fieldwork in the Yanbian area, this ethnography discusses empirical questions about religious conversion, intra-ethnic interactions, and salvation.
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Survivors with disabilities experience domestic violence both more often and differently to those who do not have a disability. The presence of impairment substantially transforms the medical, psychological, environmental, economic, legal and political factors which contribute to the occurrence of violence. Survivors of domestic violence are often highly dependent on their abuser, fear disclosing abuse and lack economic independence, and these issues may be heightened for a person who also has a disability. Domestic violence is amplified by the existence of impairment when law enforcement and medical bodies construct the survivor and their relationship with the perpetrator through an oppressive disability model. Advances in theory and international disability human rights laws may provide new and powerful avenues to critique how law and practice in Australia responds to disability domestic violence. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the first human rights c...
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The successful implementation of the new production model has led to the recovery of the salmon industry as a main activity, exporting 461 577 tonnes in 2011. Total catches have fallen 30% since 2004, particularly because of a 50% decrease of industrial catches. Small-scale catches, however, have increased 80% since 2004 and represent almost half of national capture fisheries production.
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For example, some climate funds focus on adaptation, some on mitigation, some on specific geographical regions. This means that it would be challenging to distil a common definition of climate finance effectiveness. For example, climate finance that is also ODA is required, by definition, to promote the economic development and welfare of developing countries (as well as leading to climate benefits). Thus, existing approaches and frameworks in use to assess effectiveness at the level of specific interventions are often multi-dimensional. The range of objectives of different sources and channels of climate finance can also influence assessments of climate finance effectiveness. This is because managing the results of an intervention to meet multiple goals (e.g. carbon sequestration, improved local livelihoods, increased biodiversity) may lead to different choices in allocating climate finance to specific intervention types and/or locations than managing an intervention to maximise an individual goal (e.g. carbon sequestration).
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Social security fraud and white-collar offences represent serious forms of financial crime. We compare previous estimates of social security fraud in Norway made using a comparable methodology to that which we have applied to white-collar crime. Although the estimated 9.8 billion NOK for social security fraud is enormous in a nation like Norway, we suggest that the amount for white-collar crime is even bigger. We also apply social conflict theory to discuss the issue of priorities in law enforcement between social security fraud versus white-collar crime. According to social conflict theory, the justice system is biased and designed to protect the wealthy and powerful. They will never accept the view that minor fraud prosecution represents a kind of over-criminalization targeted at the losers in society.
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For instance, Figure 4.3 shows that road transport contributes to more than 80% of C02 emitted by the sector in the region while Figure 4.4 illustrates how many kilometres can be travelled for every one ton of C02 emitted by a passenger using different modes. To support policy makers in selecting the most effective measures to reduce C02 emissions in the inland transport sector, different initiatives are ongoing notably one that is implemented by the UN regional commissions as described in Box 4.1. As part of the project, a global status report on inland transport C02 emissions was prepared and the development of an inland transport (road, rail and inland waterways) emission measurement model called For Future Inland Transport Systems (ForFITS) is now complete.
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Strengthening the mechanisms for co-ordination, with clear agreements on roles and functions, could assist in this process. Implementation of the NAS will require close co-operation between the federal government and the Lander, as the latter have legislative competence in many of the key areas for climate change adaptation. The current absence of specific targets and criteria for assessing progress could impede the development of such a system. It lists some 300 projects and indicates the extent of adaptation activities in various sectors and at various levels of government.
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In long-term care institutions or other services that provide housing or treatment for older persons, it is relatively common to find deplorable living conditions or overcrowding, or treatment that may harm physical or mental health or infringe other basic human rights and fundamental freedoms with frequently irrevocable consequences (Vasquez, 2004). All residents of institutions have rights and liberties protected in international covenants and national laws, regardless of whether they suffer physical or mental disabilities. Recent research carried out by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) on the social exclusion of institutionalized older persons with physical and mental disabilities in three Southern Cone countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) shows a heterogeneous situation in terms of these services. Argentina has the highest proportion of admittances decided by someone other than the older person him or herself (12%), while Chile has the highest percentage of older persons admitted because they have nowhere to live (12%). Institutionalized older persons in Uruguay have a lower level of functional and mental capacities (45%), while in Argentina 65% of residents display no cognitive or physiological degeneration.
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Given the depressed state of the international carbon market (some USS4 per ton), this corresponded to only some US$4 million/year at the end of January 2013. There are bi-annual donor co-ordination meetings organized by the Government in the environment sector, but this is mainly about the sharing of information rather than joint planning and implementation (chapter 5). The Department of Environment maintains a register of bilateral and multilateral projects that are managed by the Department.
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Section C discusses why gender equality in employment is an essential aspect and measure of inclusive growth. It then goes on to discuss analytical frameworks for evaluating gender in labour markets, combining perspectives on the dynamics of gender stratification and intcrgroup inequality with analyses of how labour markets are structurally segmented into so-called "good” jobs and "bad” jobs.1 It highlights that in the context of the growing scarcity’ of high-quality’ work, gender is one of the ways in which economic opportunity and security are rationed. Section D presents an empirical analysis, focusing on the period since the early 1990s when systematic, gender-disaggregated data on employment by sector became available for developing countries. It aigues that women's access to industrial sector jobs relative to that of men can proxy for their relative access to "good” jobs.
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Agriculture and its activities remain split into two domains. Despite this, in this paper agriculture refers to all agricultural activities, e.g. all livestock and all land management, and hence encompass two UNFCCC reporting categories. A noteworthy top-down mechanism is the Global Stocktake (GST) mentioned in Article 14 of the PA, "which serves as a crucial review exercise to periodically assess collective progress toward the Agreement's long-term goals, enhance implementation of the Agreement and scale ambition" (Bushan and Rattani, 2017). However, the PA is largely bottom-up in its ambition to allow Parties to choose their own country-specific climate action plans and targets, as set out in the INDCs in the lead-up to COP21 and confirmed in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted after the ratification of the PA.
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Although in principle this can be taken by either the mother or the father, in practice only 7.5% of beneficiaries are male: there is a very large gender employment gap among those with children aged 0-3 in Estonia (European Commission, 2016). Increasing the length of parental leave would therefore likely reduce labour market attachment among mothers, and potentially have undesirable longer term impacts: although parental leave of up to a year has been shown to increase mothers’ labour market attachment, further extensions are likely to reduce wages among mothers in the longer term (Rossin-Slater, 2017). Therefore, it has been decided to introduce an additional month of parental leave that will be available only to the father on a non-transferable basis. More flexibility to allow parental leave to be used over a longer period has also been proposed.
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Relatively simple and inexpensive improved stoves can reduce by as much as 30 per cent the amount of fuel needed for cooking (Global Energy Assessment, forthcoming). Some of these cooking stove programmes, including their costs, are described below. Such strategies are typically part of national innovation systems, as discussed in chapter V, and provide a framework for coherent packages of policies and programmes that encompass all stages of the technology life cycle.
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The world environmental movement has gained much strength in recent decades and has led many nations to focus on environmental education. We examine the extent to which this global movement has helped change national textbooks. We also consider the effects of national development, national policy on environmentalism, and the general expansion of postnational curricular emphases on human rights, student empowerment, internationalization, and social scientific perspectives. We analyze the content of 484 secondary school social studies textbooks from 65 countries, finding increased attention to the environment that parallels both world environmental crises and the closely related rise of world environmentalism. Our analyses suggest that the increasing prevalence of environmental topics in textbooks is influenced by broad global cultural and environmental change more than by national conditions.
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One of the purposes of the Commonwealth Research Symposium on Teacher Mobility, Recruitment and Migration in 2011 was to leam from the experience of the Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol (CTRP). Although Ethiopia is not a member of the Commonwealth, this paper intends to present Ethiopia’s experience related to the themes of the symposium. The paper analyses the issues related to the CTRP to help design a new protocol for future teacher management in relation to international recruitment.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine school leaders’ preferences and practices in an environment of widespread decentralization, privatization, and school choice. In New Orleans, such reforms have been enacted citywide since Hurricane Katrina, making it an ideal site to examine what happens when policy makers lift restrictions for school leaders—and remove protections for teachers—related to teacher hiring on a large scale. Research Methods/Approach: In this exploratory study, I analyze qualitative data to examine school leaders’ preferences and practices when recruiting teachers in New Orleans. The data for the study come from 94 interviews with principals, district leaders, and charter network leaders. Findings: School leaders had different conceptions of “talent” and “fit,” and used a variety of strategies to recruit teachers. School districts and charter networks both supported and constrained school leaders’ autonomy and recruitment practices by screening applicants or setting guidelines ...
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Furthermore, collection rates are low, especially among smallholder farmers. Education enables both the development of new' technology and its adoption by producers (OECD, 2015). All six SEE economies are committed to compulsory primary education, and as a result literacy rates among farmers are close to 100%. However, some elderly farmers have not completed primary education.
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As an example, UK has recently reorganised their technological service system into seven so-called Catapult Centres. Two of these centres - Digital Catapult and Advanced Manufacturing Catapult - play a key role in the digitalisation of the UK production sector. It is thus important to stress that it leaves most general innovation schemes out - and therefore does not give a full overview of all policies that in reality affect the level and pace of digitalisation and automation in manufacturing.
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Several fiscal incentives are available for landowners to enter into biodiversity stewardship agreements, such as property tax exclusion and income tax deductions. Other incentives include technical advice and support on biodiversity management. Biodiversity good practice management has been implemented at a number of biodiversity stewardship pilot sites across the country.
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Moreover, the provision of subsidies relied heavily on public borrowing. Instead of being seen as a powerful engine of development, subsidies and social transfers were judged too costly, regarded as having caused unsustainable fiscal deficits and undermined efficiency. Low growth and pressure to reduce fiscal deficits severely restricted new investments in health and education. However, social spending as a proportion of the budget did not decline in most countries, as the political pressure to sustain civil service jobs and wages was considerable.
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The European Union has also been negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with Africa, Caribbean, Pacific (ACP) countries. This group is composed of seven regions: five in Africa, one in the Caribbean and one in the Pacific. Most recently, a deal w'as reached in July 2014 with 16 West African states and in October 2014 with the East African community.
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Again, both unemployment and employment in the low-productivity sector of the economy continue to affect the young and the poorest women most. The same is not true of differences in perceptions of the labour market that might derive from the different positions and experiences of people in that market. This review will concentrate on detecting subjective divides associated with subjects’ position in the labour market, whether through direct measurements (employment or job type) or indirect ones (sex, age and education, among others).
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Grant financing from developed countries, whose historical emissions give rise to the need to reduce emissions in the future, provides a means of internalizing these externalities in accordance with the “polluter pays” principle (Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development) and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities establ ished in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).2 The cost structure of renewable generation also lends itself particularly well to grant financing, as the recurrent costs are limited to equipment operation and maintenance. This can provide an important means of reconciling the tension between affordability and financial sustainability. As discussed in chapter 5, this would provide an additional $34-$54 billion of ODA per year. Substantial further resources could be generated if developed countries honoured their commitments with respect to climate finance. If donors provided 0.7 per cent of their GNI in total and allocated 0.15-0.20 per cent of this to LDCs, given their relative populations, per-capita ODA to LDCs would be 1.8-2.6 times that allocated to ODCs. This falls far short of reflecting the major differences in their development needs and domestic capacity to meet those needs.
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It comprises a prohibition on direct discharges to groundwater, and (to cover indirect discharges) a requirement to monitor groundwater bodies so as to detect changes in chemical composition, and to reverse any antropogenically induced upward pollution trend. The presumption in relation to groundwater is that it should not be polluted at all. For this reason, setting chemical quality standards are not seen as the best approach, as it would give the impression of an allowed level of pollution to which EU member states can fill up. Avery few such standards have been established at EU level for particular issues (nitrates, pesticides and biocides).
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If such easing is undertaken in an environment in which other structural barriers that hamper the returns to investment, such as energy shortages, are removed, the cheaper price of credit can spur the activities of the private sector. Reducing the cost of credit by expansionary monetary policy will not necessarily lead to increased inflation if it is ensured that credits are directed through regulatory measures to productive investments, especially to agriculture and not to speculative investments in assets. It becomes negative only beyond moderate rates of inflation, ranging from 13% to 17%.
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Of course, the electricity sector is supposed to carry an important share of the effort to reach the objective of limiting the rise in temperatures to 2°C. According the IEA’s World Energy Outlook, the electricity sector would contribute 71% of the global effort to bring the energy sector in line with the 2DS and 55% at the level of OECD countries. The figures cited by Kuik et al. (
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The loans covered approximately 65% of the average costs of a septic tank and enabled the household to spread these costs over two years. The loans acted as a catalyst for household investment although households needed to find other sources of finance to cover total investment costs, such as borrowing from friends and family. The SRF was managed by the Women’s Union, a countrywide organisation representing the rights and interests of women that has a long experience with running micro-finance schemes.
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1. Introduction: Policy Challenges to International Law, Security and Ethics in the Post-9/11 World Andy Mumford and Natasha Kuhrt Part 1: Framing the Issue 2. Terrorism, Security and International Law Nigel White 3. Al Qaeda and Networked International Insurgency Andy Mumford 4. Ethical and Legal Reasoning about War in a Time of Terror James Connelly and Don Carrick Part 2: International Law and Security 5. Law and War in the Global War on Terror Rachel Kerr and James Gow 6. Security, Discretion and International Law Aidan Hehir 7. The Human Security Agenda after 9/11: From Humanitarian Intervention to Peacebuilding Natasha Kuhrt Part 3: Self Defence 8. Principles of Pre-Emption: a Commentary on Issues and Scenarios for Self-Defence in the 21st Century James Gow 9. Who Killed the Right to Self-Defence? Thomas Jones 10. Computer Network Attacks, Self-Defence and International Law Elaine Korzak 11. Conclusion: War, Law and Ethics Aidan Hehir
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The reduction in the absolute number of the poor as the economy recovered from the Asian crisis was due mostly to a reduction in the number of rural poor. However, rural poverty remains significantly greater than urban poverty, both in absolute numbers and in percentage rates. If counted at the World Bank definition of absolute poverty at USD 1.25 at PPP/person/day, the rates are higher, but the decline remains equally impressive from 54% in 1990 to 19% in 2009.
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Women are also more likely to enter the labour market through temporary jobs than men. In all OECD countries except Japan, Portugal, the Netherlands and Turkey, women leave school later than men, delaying their entry into the labour market. In continental and southern European countries and in Korea, young adults stay longer in education before entering the labour market.
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In the BLUE Map Scenario, these investment needs increase to USD 4.0 trillion. The addition of almost 50% in the BLUE Map Scenario may initially appear huge. Comparing the investment needs for the power sector, however, with India's cumulative gross domestic product (PPP based in 2008 prices) of USD 855 trillion between 2010 and 2050, the total investment needs related to power generation in the Baseline and BLUE Map scenario represent only a range of 0.3 to 0.5% of total cumulative GDP.
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In 2014, teachers’ salaries remained below those of other tertiary-educated workers in most countries. Relative salaries for pre-primary teachers are highest only in Luxembourg, where they are at least 8% higher than those of similarly educated workers (OECD, 2016: Education at a Glance 2016, Indicator D3). In this respect, statutory working hours and the child-to-staff ratio are two important system-level indicators to assess the quality of the school environment.
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Over three-quarters of total investment comes from loans based on public sources, with the main contribution being from the National Fund and the republican budget. A smaller part is provided by local budgets (through Social and Business Corporations) and own funds of KazAgro agencies (the FCC, the KAF, the ACC, the FFSA, and the KAP). The KAP is developing large-scale projects to establish livestock breeding farms, including two with up to 1 000 animals each, and a feedlot (up to 5 000 animals). The ACC credited investment projects in 2009-11, mostly related to livestock production, grain infrastructure, and food processing. Since June 2011, all ACC’s credit financing of investment projects was given to KAF.
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The physical, psychological and social impact on adolescents and young people can persist into adulthood and last a lifetime. A review of research by Barker et al. ( One such initiative, Brazil’s Programme H, resulted in positive changes in attitudes, measured through a Gender-Equitable Men scale, about topics such as prevention of HIV infection, partner violence, and sexual relationships (Pulerwitz et ah, 2006).
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In this commentary we not only applaud Meyer, Witteloostuijn and Beugelsdijk (Journal of International Business Studies 48: 535–551, 2017) for their efforts to address long-overdue issues relating to the validity and power of empirical tests used by researchers but we also further comment on three of the best practices proposed in their work. Mainly, the false sense of security developed by scholars with regard to the software advances, the statistical level of significance and ethical issues associated with scholarly research. In doing so, we are sincerely hoping to strengthen the trustworthiness of international business scholarship within social science research as well as to contribute to the development of good practices and encouragement of ethical empirical research.
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In a recent study of the European experience, it was found that “comprehensive policy integration cannot be achieved through a single multisectoral strategy” (Nordbeck and Steurer, 2015). Through an examination of how each of the countries that are members of the European Union put into practice its sustainable development agenda, the study identified at least two common problems. First, the strategies emphasized a breadth of topics and sectors rather than priorities. This allowed policymakers in each area of government (or sector) to focus on those dimensions that interested them to the detriment both of other dimensions and of overall coordination. Second, the call for a balanced approach across the three dimensions of sustainable development was often undermined by the fact that economic and social priorities prevailed over environmental concerns. The lesson in this regard is that effective strategies for policy integration require clearly defined sectoral action plans which focus on well-defined priorities.
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For me it is a continuation of an ongoing and critical dialogue between design professionals, civic leaders, developers, and foundations from around the world, in developed and developing countries alike. The desire to exchange information openly is positive in and of itself: that we will open new networks for communication that may help solve common problems is especially positive. The previous studies have given us insights into the issues we are confronting, including challenges to both developed and developing countries.
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Furthermore, considering patients’ wishes, and ensuring that their human and patient rights are respected, are of upmost importance. Mental health service user advocacy and representation is particularly important given the nature of mental illness, and the fact that individuals are often struggling with a disabling condition, restrictive circumstances, and high levels of stigma. Service user groups -and groups representing the families of service users - can also play a role in shaping the mental health system, and improving care quality.
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Cited in: Coles (forthcoming), What is known about the impact of structured demand activities on resilient food systems? Development Policy Review, 24(5): 579-599. Cited in: HLPE (2012), Social protection for food security. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012.
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In the Armenian part of the sub-basin, the river is exposed to background contamination as a result of hydrochemical processes. The increased concentrations of heavy metals (vanadium — V, Mn, Cu, Fe) already exceed the MACs for the fish in the upper part of the sub-basin. The concentrations of, for example, zinc (Zn), Fe and sulphate, decrease from upstream to the monitoring station just upstream from the border of Armenia and Azerbaijan, indicating reduced potential for transboundary impact.
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The commendable efforts by RFMOs that have undertaken independent performance reviews should be expanded and augmented through regular transparent reviews by the United Nations General Assembly to bring RFMO implementation in line with international commitments. Previous Assembly reviews of the implementation of fisheries management goals, such as on the driftnet fishing moratorium and on impact assessments for bottom fisheries, have resulted in positive reforms that would not likely have occurred without its oversight. General Assembly reviews of RFMO performance can be expected to improve its effectiveness and should generate the political will necessary to take critical action to restore fish stocks to sustainable levels.
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The main problems are organic matter concentration and microbiological levels due to untreated municipal loads. Nutrients are also a problem. However, annual average values vary from river to river and from year to year without a clear trend and without a cause-effect relationship from agriculture or urban pressures.
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However, an opportunity could be missed if ESF Funds are not made available to businesses in terms of subsidies, grants or even indirectly (through training and investments in technology), as it is businesses that will essentially create wealth and jobs from their green activities. Pomorskie, in the North, is perceived as having a more vigorous approach to the economy, while Podlaskie, in the so called Eastern Wall, is an economically challenging region. The analysis of GDP trends in Poland and in the two regions shows that both regions have a similar evolution (see Table 1). The problem exists, however, in the relatively low level of GDP per capita in Podlaskie, which represents about 70% of averages in Poland and in Pomorskie.
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For Asia, among non-industrialised economies, according to the Asian Development Bank (ADB 2010), in 2008 the middle-class had risen to 1.9 billion people, or 56% of the population, up from 21% in 1990. The ADB report showed that consumer spending in these non-industrialised Asian economies reached USD 4.3 trillion in annual expenditure. According to the authors, “Asia’s emerging consumers are likely to assume the traditional role of the US and European middle classes as global consumers."
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However, despite widespread recognition of women’s rights and the benefits that accrue to all of society from equitable treatment and access to resources and opportunities for women and men, inequalities persist. At the regional and national levels, there is growing recognition that as African women attain higher measures of economic and social well-being, benefits accrue to all of society, despite this growing understanding, removing inequalities for women has not kept pace. Significant gaps between men’s and women’s opportunities remain a major challenge and a severe impediment to structural economic and social transformation that is still the goal of all African countries.
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Where schools are thinking carefully about their learning design, they tend to anchor that design in a small number of approaches which are defined by the different ways they arrange time and agency. Each frame involves discrete pedagogies to achieve more specific teaching and learning goals within the sequence. The study of pedagogical combinations offers a fruitful way to understand how established pedagogical approaches can be brought together to create effective learning designs.
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Violence against women is a complex and highly prevalent phenomenon that is considered a public health problem. The affected women generally search for healthcare services in order to treat associated symptoms. This qualitative study aimed to verify the perception of doctors working at primary healthcare units of Ribeirao Preto, state of Sao Paulo, on violence against women perpetrated by intimate partners. Data were collected through interviews with 14 gynecologists and general practitioners. The use of content analysis allowed us to define the following themes: knowledge of the types and severity of violence, perception regarding who the affected woman is, medical practice in the violence situation, intervention possibilities and barriers to access the services. As the medical doctors feel unprepared to approach the subject, they handle it with gender and social class prejudices, transferring the responsibility for occasional failures to "others", such as the services, the network and the women.
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For the 2015 agricultural season, TARSiM insurance covered 14% of the total agricultural area registered in Farmer Registry System (MOFAL, direct communication). Although the new system remains relatively limited, it is growing at a rapid pace. The further expansion of the agricultural insurance programme faces challenges of increased transaction and implementation costs to cover small-scale farms and ensuring the actuarial soundness of the system in the long run in view of uncertainties related to climate change.
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At the same time civil society organizations are a product of existing structures (ibid.), The tension between civil society and gender is heightened or diminished according to a set of factors, including context. In this book, contextual features are the presence or absence of the state, the level of domestic development and the presence of international actors (Chapter 3).
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The RPC issued two decisions relating to the code of practice for users in nuclear medicine and to dosimetry levels for medical exposure. However, further efforts are still required to transpose and implement the Euratom acquis. Albania's conditioned waste store has not yet been properly licensed according to international standards, and its placement close to populated areas is a concern. The last body of about 3 tons of DDT and HCH/lindane was removed from Albania in July 2006.
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It will be important to continue efforts to set priorities that build on and are aligned to the decentralised system approach and to continue improving access and efficiency of funding in tertiary education. In part, the strategy aims to align kindergarten to Grade 12 and post-secondary education with labour market needs so that students can gain the knowledge and skills needed for an easier transition into the workforce. For instance, Prince Edward Island’s Professional Learning Report 2013 defined areas of improvement in teachers’ learning, and the Ontario government recently announced a modernisation of teacher education in the province. The impact of socio-economic status on student performance (9.4%) is lower than the OECD average (14%) (Figure 1).
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This means forest owners need to purchase allowances if they wish to develop their land while, as many forest owners see it, farmers who have been a major cause of the pollution of Lake Taupo, will be rewarded with allowances and have no obligation to reduce their discharges to the environment. The Regional Council’s allocation rules mean that farmers will not be compelled to reduce discharges below recent levels and will be compensated if they do make reductions, a decision that was upheld by the Environment Court. It is not clear, however, if farmers will be compensated, when the plan is reviewed in 2020, if nitrogen reductions beyond 20% are required to protect the lake. Farmers in those catchments might increase nitrogen use (and hence pollution) in anticipation of a future allocation of nitrogen allowances.
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In turn, increased adoption and use of ICTs in the next decade and beyond will be driven by the extent to which broadband-supported services and applications are not only made available to, but are also relevant and affordable for consumers. Numerous countries, such as Australia, Brazil, Hong Kong (China), Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States, are currently engaged in highly visible public initiatives to facilitate the future development of broadband infrastructure and services, laying out comprehensive national broadband plans, and developing and implementing digital economy initiatives. Other countries, such as the Republic of Korea, have been involved in such initiatives for well over a decade now.
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sdg9
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Professor Jansen noted that this is a principal who is not someone who gives up. Professor Jansen called for a reality check and asked: what does it mean to teach and learn in a system in which the best say that they cannot do this anymore? How can people talk in profound terms about a scholarship of teaching when we are struggling to do very basic things? There are between 27,000 and 28,000 schools in South Africa struggling with issues of legacy that have not yet been addressed.
|
sdg4
|
Together with the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Emergency Situations and Ministry of Housing and Public Utilities, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection defines the requirements for preparation of the instruction for waste management for industrial waste and, in cooperation with the Ministry of Health, defines the requirements for preparation of the municipal waste management scheme. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, in cooperation with the Ministry of Housing and Public Utilities, defines rules for collection, recycling and disposal of waste. They are also responsible for implementing measures to prevent negative impact of waste on human health and the environment.
|
sdg12
|
As of 2015, the workforce participation rate3 for women is 59 per cent, and for men it is 71.1 per cent (WGEA 2015b). According to a survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), nearly 28 per cent of women gave caring for children as a reason for not working compared to just 3 per cent of men (Jericho 2015). In 2015, women comprised more than 60 per cent of the workforce in three occupations: clerical and administration, community and personal services, and sales (WGEA 2015a).
|
sdg5
|
This article examines non-statutory executive powers, which are commonly employed in the modem state but rarely studied as a distinct concept. The article assesses three treatments of these powers available in current English public law-prerogative, common law powers which rely on analogies between the state and legal persons, and judicial review-and argues that they fail to provide a proper balance between legality and need. Royal prerogative connotes a shrinking reservoir of ancient powers, while non-statutory powers respond to unexpected futures and statute's intrinsic eventual failings. Analogies to legal persons fail to address the particularities of executive powers. Judicial review provides only a partial solution, since absence of parliamentary approval is not, in itself, ground for special treatment of executive action. The author joins calls for theoretization of public law and advances a model of executive powers that draws on a composite theory of the executive branch and its functions.
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sdg16
|
Tax-payers also demand accountability for results. There is a need therefore to build a strong evidence base across all sectors - including those relevant to biodiversity - in a variety of contexts to provide guidance for policy-makers (OECD, 2006). The general lack of impact evaluation studies in the field of environment, and more specifically biodiversity, implies that these fields are not keeping up with best practice.
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sdg15
|
In contrast, the gender gap in Central and Southern Asia as well as in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia is much smaller, owing to the significantly higher suicide rates among women in those two regions. Worldwide, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for both men and women between the ages of 15 and 29.
|
sdg3
|
This article examines some aspects of child protection practice in various Australian states. It does so from a parent's perspective through the framework of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990). Australia was a signatory to both the Declaration and Convention at their point of inception. Of particular interest are articles 5 and 12 of the Universal Declaration and articles 5 and 9(3) of the Convention. The tentative conclusion is that the states cited in this article are from time to time in breach of these articles. The potential Australian Charter of Rights offers a way forward as a guide to development of legislation and service systems that will ensure the rights of children and parents while maintaining child wellbeing as a top priority.
|
sdg16
|
This chapter considers: the use of indicator frameworks to monitor key information on school systems, the use of tools to monitor student outcomes (in particular, specific national assessments designed for this purpose, longitudinal research and surveys, as well as international assessments), the use of qualitative reviews of particular aspects of the education system (including ad hoc reviews, as well as evaluative information generated via external education system reviews), and the evaluation of specific programmes and policies. The overarching policy objective is to ensure that education system evaluation contributes to the improvement of student outcomes through improved education policies. There is a complex range of features associated with education system evaluation.
|
sdg4
|
In the CGIAR system, a high degree of centralization in terms of funding means that each donor country provides general-purpose funds to the CGIAR system and enables it to allocate the funds to the Centers based on priorities set by the CGIAR system. The degree of centralization has been decreasing, however. Because there was no written charter, there were no clear definitions of the roles and responsibilities of the various actors until it was acknowledged that fundamental components of governance need to be made explicit and a charter was approved in 2004.
|
sdg2
|
Although national statistics institutes often offer training on how to use of the data, agencies often prefer to use their own data, although it may not be of comparable quality. However, in many countries there is a disconnect between central agencies and the wider system, resulting in data gaps and redundancies. Once national statistics strategies have been developed and data collection systems established, development co-operation providers can play an important role in ensuring their sustainability (Paris21, 2007).
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sdg13
|
In this sense, the policy promotes static efficiency but not dynamic efficiency. The institutional environment in New Zealand agriculture is simpler than in most OECD countries in that there is little support for agriculture that distort production decisions. Also formal property rights were not a problem, as New Zealand’s environmental legislation gives local councils the authority to control discharges to water, from diffuse sources pollution as well as point sources.
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sdg6
|
The project aims to promote ICT education from the grass roots and provide an enabling environment for use of ICTs in rural primary schools and for rural dwellers. Through the project, the Universal Access and Service Fund has created employment for ICT graduates in Botswana and promoted the growth of various small-to-medium-sized ICT enterprises that are providing computer equipment to the schools. The system supplies the "smart water supply" service, the "smart parking" service, the "intelligent streetlight" service and so on. The total investment is CNY 150 million. In 2017, the income of the loT intelligent platform was CNY 380 million.
|
sdg9
|
The innovation centre model predominated in this second wave. This is the technopole/technopolis approach: a city-wide strategy incorporating a number of technology transfer policies and inward investment support. It takes the form of one or more large research park sites, often coupled with other urban regeneration projects, with a strong image improvement and service sector orientation.
|
sdg9
|
In 2001, following a severe drought, the quota was reduced by 23% (to 563 million m3) compared with the 2000 level. The quota has changed little since then, but it is expected to decrease to 487 and 350 million m3 by 2015 and 2050, respectively (from the current 500 million m3). Quota reductions since 1999 have been compensated by income support payments. During the last decade, water use declined from 7 megalitres (ML)17 per hectare per year to about 5 ML/ha/year.
|
sdg6
|
The overall variance inflation factor (VIF) lies at 2.9 on average across all Gini regressions, and for none of the regressors does the tolerance level (1-R2) fall below 0.1. Table A.I. displays bivariate correlations for all independent variables used in the regressions. Observations are only available for 1995, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2011.
|
sdg10
|
It elaborated further on SDG 11 to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Unplanned urbanization is causing cities to choke with congested traffic and air pollution, basic services like water and sanitation are not reaching citizens, particularly the poor, joblessness, crime, conflict and social strife are major problems, including in so-called developed countries, and natural disasters are becoming more destructive as people concentrate in dense areas. The relevance of cities in economic terms is absolutely remarkable, considering they occupy only between 3-4% of the world's available landmass.
|
sdg11
|
This process often involves multiple iterations, aimed at identifying opportunities for success, which might be described as “thinking out of the box”. Innovative pricing and financing strategies, as well as modified business processes, have also proved critical. Tables 1.4 and 1.5 illustrate these issues. They show that while cost reduction was generally the main criterion, other factors (including ensuring product quality and the application’s usefulness) were critical too.
|
sdg9
|
In most cases, widows’ pensions aim at status maintenance, and benefits are calculated as a percentage of the deceased partner’s benefit or earnings. In general, widow’s benefits are lower than retirement pensions, at around 50 to 80 per cent of the deceased’s benefit (Choi 2006:16). In contrast, some countries (e.g., Ireland, Lithuania and the United Kingdom)offer only a flat-rate benefit to survivors, while others (e.g., Denmark and Sweden) have a non-familial approach to old age protection, paying no benefits to survivors but providing everyone with access to a universal basic pension (Saraceno and Keck 2011:392).
|
sdg5
|
The aim of the programme would also be to study and analyse issues related both to credit and financial institution support since access to formal finance is a crucial concern. They proposed the establishment of a GFCM Working Group on SSF in order to facilitate the implementation of the SSF Guidelines as well as to promote, without compromising environmental sustainability, the improvement of socio economic conditions within SSF, particularly through the promotion of livelihood diversification as appropriate, and the endorsement of the principle of decent work, as defined by the Work in Fishing Convention (Cl88) of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The need was also highlighted to promote the development of a forum for SSF associations of northern and southern Mediterranean riparian countries, particularly through specific projects financed by CPCs or by other international, governmental or non-governmental entities.
|
sdg14
|
Nonetheless, it is implausible that remittances have no disincentive effects, although there is remarkably little direct evidence of this. In the case of Tonga, Sturton has argued that ‘The Tongan economy displays all the characteristic markings of the “Dutch disease” where a dominant export activity attracts a disproportionate command over resources, pushes up domestic production costs, and reduces international competitiveness. In the Tongan case the “booming” sector has become development assistance and migrants’ remittances’ (1992: 3).
|
sdg10
|
In the health sectors, basic needs are probably less well satisfied, required activities are not undertaken or are undertaken by less skilled people, especially in more remote areas, and there is a loss of morale among those who have remained, as working conditions deteriorate. Waiting lists and times lengthen and examinations are more cursory, or complicated by new cultural differences. Organisations lose a sense of corporate memory and continuity. Training is constant, and often costly. Because of the necessity for appropriate skilled training, it is more difficult to make substitutions for absent skills in the health workforce (or transfer them from elsewhere in the public service).
|
sdg10
|
Case Study 8: Appliance Energy Efficiency MarketTransformation Process in Turkey. Examples from Finland and the Case Study 11: IS050001 Energy Management Systems. Case Study 13: Assigning Responsibility for Managing Increasing Variability of Supply. Case Study 15: Distributed Renewables: Croatia’s High Share of Traditional Renewable Energy.
|
sdg7
|
In fact, teachers in many education systems reported that they need to develop further their ability to handle multicultural classrooms. Just as countries invest in developing language programmes and initiatives aimed at supporting socio-economically disadvantaged students, so they should invest in widening the availability of programmes designed to help teachers teach in diverse classrooms and upgrade the quality of existing training modules. The examples highlighted do not constitute an exhaustive list of policies and practices towards these ends, however they are exemplary in that they represent a wide selection of approaches taken to tackle the problem and illustrate commonalities and differences in approaches.
|
sdg4
|
Indeed, the Tri-State metro-region’s contribution to aggregate growth over the period was far smaller than the contribution of metro-regions like Houston and Dallas, which are a fraction of its size. This is a loss not only for the Chicago Tri-State metro-region but, given the region’s size, for the US economy as a whole, since it means that this large, developed region could be making a more significant contribution to national growth. The rise in unemployment recorded in the metro-region in 2009-10 was substantially larger than the average for OECD metro-regions.
|
sdg7
|
Between the two waves, incomes barely changed for workers with less than a secondary education (and less than 20 years of experience), while income growth for those with higher education levels at each level of experience stagnated. Particularly among tertiary educated workers, wages fell considerably. Whether or not this truly reflects a deterioration of the quality of jobs at higher skill levels, it does suggest a slight reduction in income inequality between skill levels. In both waves, income increases with education and with experience.
|
sdg8
|
Indeed, before the GR, the United States (2.2% of GDP) spent less than half the EU average (around 5%) on cash transfers for working-age individuals (Immervoll and Richardson, 2011, Table Al). Although discretionary and automatic policy changes did significantly improve support for jobless and low-earning individuals in the United States, the redistributive capacity of tax-transfer systems in the EU as a whole will remain much bigger despite recent policy developments. Based on the available evidence, we do not interpret the recent narrowing of gaps between income support systems in the US and some European countries as the beginning of a longer-term convergence towards more similar redistribution levels. Instead, we see it as a symptom of redistribution systems being in flux in all countries affected by the consequences of the 2007/8 financial crisis and the resulting deep labour-market downturn.
|
sdg10
|
Estonians have always had a close relationship with their forests, and long traditions of forestry (Karoles and Valgepea 2012). It focuses on indicators used in national documents and on data that is collected by different agencies that could possibly be formulated and used to cover the need for information of social indicators. The indicator 6.10 Accessibility for recreation and intensity of use shows the area of forest and other wooded land where public has a right of access for recreational purposes and indication of intensity of use. The information concerning state forests and protected areas is gathered systematically but there is in Estonian conditions a lack of information concerning private forests.
|
sdg15
|
Since then BICRO became the National EUREKA Office for Croatia, responsible body for the whole implementation including financial management and contracting. Eurostars aims to stimulate these SMEs to lead international collaborative research and innovation projects by easing access to support and funding. It is fine-tuned to focus on the needs of SMEs, and specifically targets the development of new products, processes and services and the access to transnational and international markets.
|
sdg9
|
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Goal 17. Yet, the literature is not undivided on these issues. For instance, subsequent to 2002, the importance of TFP, as opposed to factor accumulation, in growth for developing Asian economies has become more prominent, according to Donghyun Park and Jungsoo Park, "Drivers of developing Asia's growth: past and future", Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series 235, for a critical survey, see Jesus Felipe, “Total factor productivity growth in East Asia: a critical survey”, Journal of Development Studies, vol. This situation may explain the negative or low contribution of input factors to output growth and the larger contribution of total factor productivity to output growth, as noted in Robert C. Feenstra, Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer, “The next generation of the Penn world table", American Economic Review, vol.
|
sdg9
|
Weakening links between economic growth, employment and social progress have pushed a larger share of the population out of the labour market or towards low-skilled and low-wage jobs in the service sector. Social polarisation and segregation are increasing. The recent economic crisis has further amplified the effects of market processes and the gradual retreat of the welfare state in most European countries.
|
sdg11
|
Younger women in the study area were aware of their right to register for independent communal land rights, but were discouraged from doing so by cultural and socioeconomic barriers. However, the study noted that both the community land board and the local traditional authority in this particular location were actively encouraging women to apply for land rights. Supportive organizations could encourage women to exercise the option of registering individual land rights, even if this constitutes a break with tradition. Dianne Hubbard, Legal Assistance Centre, Namibia.
|
sdg5
|
On average, they have slashed poverty for households by 50% from the initial position (by 13 percentage points) and by 40% for individuals (considering only primary income), which in practice means a fall of 10 percentage points (see table II.3). Benefits derived from social-security or health-care systems may be distributed throughout the working life (health care) or when it has ended (retirement pensions). The funding of solidarity-based systems —which are not necessarily progressive— depends on the role of general revenue and the redistributive policies applied to pension funds.
|
sdg10
|
Yet, implementation remains a challenge, as it crucially hinges upon the collaboration between individual institutions (Fazekas and Field, 2013). However, the different learning routes - including vocational programmes -are structured in such a way that young people have the possibi lily to go up a step within the track they have chosen, and reach the equivalent of tertiary level education (ISCED 5 level). Possibilities for upstream transfers also exist between vocational and university education (OECD, 2008a).
|
sdg4
|
This report presents Michigan local government leaders’ assessments of police-community relations, concern over the potential for civil unrest, and the use of a range of law enforcement policies, practices, and equipment in their jurisdiction. The findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Fall 2015 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).
|
sdg16
|
It would be a "new UN panel with independent researchers to tackle the risks from chemicals in the same way that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is doing for climate change" (ECHA 2009) or the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is doing for biodiversity loss. The IPCC has addressed chemicals in its assessment reports, the connections between climate effects and chemicals could be made more explicit in the work of both climate and chemicals-related institutions. In the same vein, the IPBES could be used to address chemicals issues (and it has already done so, see, e.g., the report on pollinators) (IPBES 2016): for instance, the future global assessment report on marine biodiversity provides opportunities to address questions related to chemicals.
|
sdg12
|
Laurens Bouwer also shows that in the next 40 years, increases in population and GDP by far prevail over climate change as causes of increased risk of flood disasters (Bouwer, 2011). The main uncertainty in this map is that it has no return period and no inundation depth in it. The theoretical return period is the inverse of the probability that the event will be exceeded in any one year.
|
sdg6
|
There seems to be little shared understanding regarding what constitutes adequate, good and excellent performance in different subject areas. Teachers do not benefit from national guidelines to translate the competency aims expressed in FEPs into concrete lesson plans, objectives and assessment activities. Teachers in their classroom assessments tend to use their own personal reference points, based on their experience and school-based expectations. Their reference points are generally a mixture of norm-referenced (in relation to other students), content-referenced (in relation to what I taught) and self-referenced (in relation to growth of the student) and are quite different across different teachers and schools.
|
sdg4
|
Scenarios unambiguously predict that tropical areas are at higher risk of climate hazards. According to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN) (Chen and others, 2015),10 for example, countries at the highest risk of climate change are concentrated in Africa and South and South-East Asia, where the capacity to prevent (or even cope with) most negative impacts is poor (figure 1.1). While some high-income countries (Italy, Japan and the United States of America) exhibit relatively high risk levels owing to their high exposure to climate hazards, they possess greater capacity (resources) to manage those risks.
|
sdg13
|
Reactive power control is also available to enable voltage control of the plant output, even at no load in some cases. The graph below shows that traditional variability of consumption in France can typically increase by 6.5 to 7.5 GW in one hour between 6:00 and 7:00 for a typical winter day, during which generation has to be ramped up accordingly. Other generation plants such as hydro and gas turbines can technically provide high ramp rates and can be made available to follow load.
|
sdg7
|
Abused women also suffer from depression, anxiety and even post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, there is evidence that violence against women has a direct economic impact. According to one study conducted about 10 years ago, the cost of intimate partner violence in the United States alone was estimated to exceed US$ 5.8 billion per year, of which US$ 4.1 billion were for direct medical and health care services and US$ 1.7 billion for productivity losses due to absenteeism (Campbell, 2002). Globally, it is estimated that up to 60 per cent of women experience physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime (UN-Women, 2012).
|
sdg5
|
By contrast, the inequality is expected to rise in capital-rich countries, as the demand for and remuneration of capital (which is unequally distributed) will increase, while the demand for and remuneration of labour will fall. As predicted by HO-SS, the trade liberalization of the 19,h century raised domestic inequality in the rich New World and reduced it in the poor Old World. Likewise, Bourguignon and Morisson (1989) found that in 35 small developing countries trade liberalization reduced the income of the richest 20 per cent of the population and raised that of the bottom 60 per cent. Similar conclusions are arrived at by Wood (1984) in the case of the East Asian exporters of labour-intensive manufactured goods during the 1960s and the 1970s.
|
sdg10
|
Improving labour market prospects and outcomes for women is an essential aspect of moving towards gender equality, providing the basis for increasing women's full and effective participation in economic life as well as in decision-making in domestic, political and public life. While improvements in labour force outcomes and the protections afforded to women therein will support the overall objectives of Goal 5, it is important to highlight the benefits to working women from concurrent gains in specific targets for Goal 5. Here, the adoption of stronger safeguards against exploitation will better protect young women and encourage increased labour market participation.
|
sdg8
|
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