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Moreover, a 1% increase in the share of agriculture in value added is associated with an increase of 0.11% in SO2 concentration. In contrast to other pollutants, the degree of fragmentation of an urban area does not appear to affect SO2 concentration. This might be due to the fact that SO2 is mainly produced by energy generation processes rather than by road transportation. In particular, this study presents evidence that urban fragmentation is correlated with higher concentrations of NO2 and PM10, when controlling for economic factors and climate conditions. Moreover, the results suggest that densely populated urban areas are associated with higher SO2 concentrations.
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Casual and other forms of wage labour - increasingly supplied by labour contractors - are often effectively excluded from labour legislation. Many economists and ministries of finance are unwilling to promote the formalisation of such informal employment - which is often insecure and exploitative -because they fear this will undermine job creation. The result is that the worst forms of wage labour are not avenues out of poverty, but simply survival options. At best, they can help a household escape poverty, but only when combined with other economic activities in a “portfolio”.
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In addition, self-employment rates tend to be high in countries where the public sector is small, taxation levels are high, product market regulation (PMR) is tight3 and the rule of law is weakly enforced (OECD, 1999, Schuetze, 2000, Torrini, 2005). Temporary employment tends to be higher in countries with stricter employment protection legislation for regular workers (OECD, 2014, Chen et al., One explanation put forward is that the employment protection of permanent jobs has a minor impact on total employment, but leads to a stronger substitution of temporary jobs for permanent jobs (Cahuc et al.,
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Women with only compulsory schooling have a very high probability of having very low earnings at the age of 45 and even among those that work, earnings are very low. Second, while getting some education beyond secondary school seems to pay off for men, completing a non-professional university degree does not make any significant difference. There is evidence of a somewhat greater return at this margin for women both in terms of employment and in terms of annual earnings. Some of these differences in labor market outcomes are likely to stem from the fact that men and women, within these education categories, are not in the same educational fields and hence, face different labor markets.
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By contrast, the dominant company would be the only one marketing the tablet version of Losec. See Linklaters, “EU Court upholds ‘novel’ approach to abuse of dominance in pivotal pharma appeal”, online publication, 1 July 2010 (available at http://www.linklaters.com/Publications/201007013/Pages/Index.aspx). Box 9 briefly explains the EU’s approach to examining market dominance.
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At the same time, however, it can foster innovation by creating a more secure environment. Regulation may also be necessary to prevent new technologies from disappearing because consumers lose trust in them. To avoid a situation where the lack of regulations and standards leaves people and companies unprotected and exposed, regulators often have to intervene, taking a calculated risk that they may be overregulating.
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It also reproduces inequalities in people's capacity to exercise citizenship and in access to social networks and the full exercise of rights. But, most importantly, education is an end in itself and should be valued in its own right for its quality and for the enjoyment learning can bring. However, differences between countries remain sharp: the average number of years of education in the adult population ranges from 11.7 in Argentina to 5 in Guatemala.8 The information available for the Caribbean countries indicates that they tend to be in an intermediate situation relative to Latin America where average years of education are concerned. The adult population averages 8.0 years of education in Belize, 8.5 in Grenada, 9.2 and 9.3 in Trinidad andTobago, respectively, and 9.6 in Guyana, the highest value.
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The misuse of cocaine in East and South-East Asia remains limited, as evidenced by a relatively low level of seizures compared with other regions. The latest data point towards a further decline in the amount of cocaine seized within the region. In Hong Kong, China, the quantity of cocaine seized dropped by more than half, from more than 700 kg in 2012 to less than 300 kg in 2014. Similarly, reported seizures in Japan and Macao, China, declined by more than 90 per cent, down to 2 kg and 3 kg respectively in 2014.
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These events signal the need for responses by all stakeholders which address their concerns. For the most part, solutions addressing these issues are not new, but add greater clarity for appropriate policy responses. These include greater priority for productivity growth and improving resilience to shocks, implementing appropriate policies to address volatility and to mitigate its consequences. Finally, the international community needs responsible forums in which enhanced policy development and international coordination can work to address the policy challenge of securing the sustainable growth in the global food system which will be needed to feed the world in the years to come.
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The share of total consumption and fixed investment in GDP in Asia and the Pacific has been mostly unchanged since the crisis began, or even lower in open economies, such as Azerbaijan, Brunei Darussalam, Turkmenistan and Taiwan Province of China. Implementation of policies to support domestic demand can be accelerated, including through enhancing the agricultural and services sectors, strengthening small businesses, providing stronger social safety nets to reduce precautionary savings, and upgrading public infrastructure. Some analysts argue that the booming years of 2006-2007 were largely fuelled by imbalanced growth in developed economies, thus generally viewed as exceptional and unsustainable.
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Today, a number of blockchain-based services relevant to both mitigation and adaptation have advanced to prototyping and piloting phases. Start-ups and corporate projects are continuing to advance the technology and validate market models. Consortia partnerships and development activities show great potential to scale blockchain networks among immediate stakeholders and beneficiaries.
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In this paper we try to explain why some elements of the learning of social science deserve to find their place in the system of contemporary education of technicians. We show that contemporary society - as the result of social and technological processes - is markedly changing, so that social scientists speak about software modernity, the society of education, the information age, but also about the risk society. One of the problems in this society is the problem of fragmentation, which is among others manifested in the field of education and science. This paper tries to indicate what demands this situation puts on basic educational functions - ie. the functions of qualification, information, innovation, humanising, integration, and democratization - and how from this perspective the question of learning of social sciences of technicians should be considered in the current system of education.
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Such policies have also enabled the city to define projects in a much more stringent manner than the regular development process would allow. The city has, for instance, developed high-quality public spaces and amenities as it readies plots for development. Of course, many developments in the city remain private sector led, active land-use policies are only used in some cases.
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For Zimbabwe, the denatured ethanol standard (D4806) was adopted to check the quality of ethanol being used for mandatory blending. The denatured ethanol standard is referenced in the Statutory Instrument 17 of 2013. Zimbabwe produces biofuels mainly for energy security, reduction of fuel import bills and environmental protection. The country is currently facing acute foreign exchange shortages and the use of biofuels assists in reducing the fuel import bill. The Tennessee law, for example, directs the adoption of ASTM International standards for engine fuels which has resulted in a remarkable improvement in the uniformity of fuels supplied in the state, with 97 % compliance on all fuels analysed. Peru also referred to the ASTM International standard D6751 in the Supreme Decree DS 021-2007-EM, Regulation for Biofuels Commercialization, because a suitable national standard did not exist.
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Under the former, South-South trade is viewed, unrealistically, as an alternative to North-South trade that would enable the South to reduce its dependence on the technology-dominated markets of the North. Under the outward-oriented development paradigm, South-South trade integration is seen as complementary to North-South trade as Southern markets, with their high growth potential, may offer attractive export opportunities (Otsubo, 1998). Economic Growth and Distribution: On the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, lid ward Elgar, 2006. In Defence of Globalisation, Oxford University Press, New York.
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Types of employment contract: indefinite duration, fixed duration, apprentice. Occupations: legislators, senior officials and managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals, clerks, service workers, shop and market sales workers, skilled agricultural and fishery workers, craft and related trades workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers, elementary occupations, armed forces. Employees in the firm for Estonia and level of wage bargaining for Germany and Luxembourg have country-specific categories.
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Further ‘no person shall subject a child to female circumcision, early marriage or other cultural rites, customs or traditional practices that are likely to negatively affect the child’s life, health, social welfare, dignity or physical or psychological development.’ Trafficking in persons is committed when a person aims to exploit by coercion, fraud, deception, abuse of power, or bribery. In Rwanda, the laws on CEFM comprehensively protects the rights of the child. Rwanda has ratified almost all international conventions relating to the promotion and protection of child rights including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its additional protocols, the Convention on the protection of children and cooperation in respect of inter country adoption, as well as the African Charter of the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC).
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Spending on pharmaceuticals per capita in Finland was EUR 377 in 2015, a lower level than in most other EU countries. To contain cost, Finland has also used price freezes and cuts. In 2009, reference pricing was introduced and reimbursement since then is based on the reference price, that is, the price of the cheapest substitutable product plus a small premium. Coverage decisions are reviewed based on the reassessment.
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The halving of the time period required for a generic product to become a reference product to three months after the expiration of the patent is also likely to boost competition. Mandating the substitution of prescribed drugs by the lowest-priced bioequivalent and substitutable products and allowing monthly price changes has been largely successful in Sweden (Moi'se and Docteur, 2007). Another policy to encourage the use of generics is to require physicians to prescribe the international non-proprietary name for an active substance, rather than the brand name.
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During the course of the 2013/14 marketing season, international prices of most crops remained under downward pressure, largely in response to positive supply situations. During the first half of 2013, the United States, European Union, New Zealand and Australia - all major players in global dairy markets - produced less milk than in 2012, further contributing to the price recovery. This expansion has been the main factor allowing markets to meet the increasing demand for fish and fish products. Despite these gains, prices for fish and fishery products have been volatile as they are influenced by inelastic supply due to catch quotas for captured fish and volatile conditions in the aquaculture sector stemming from disease outbreaks and fluctuation in feed costs.
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As recently as 2002, only around 30% of Korea children aged between 0 to 6 years old used child care or preschool facilities. Between 2002 and 2012, ECEC participation rates among the 0-to-6s grew at an average rate of 3.5 percentage points per year, with the proportion using child care or preschool more than doubling over the same period. Although growth has slow'ed slightly in the past couple of years, more than 66% of children under age 6 were enrolled in some form of child care or preschool service in 2014. In large part, it has been driven by the scale of public financial assistance for parents using centre-based child care.
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In addition 30% of these stocks are outside safe biological limits, meaning they have a high risk of depletion. Many European fisheries today depend on young (and smaller) fish, which are caught before they can reproduce. Global aquaculture production more than quadrupled between 1990 and 2011. In 2011, it accounted for about 40% of global fish production.
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The support element implied by the biofuel mandate increases with larger differences in the production costs between biofuels and fossil fuels. Hence, lower crude oil prices imply larger support. At the same time, the incentive for providing subsidies for the production and use of fertilisers declines with lower energy prices.
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Progressive harmonisation of the regulatory framework provides a more favourable context for these co-operations. Several cross-border co-operations have been initiated by European Territorial Co-operation, such as the first Interreg I programme (1990-93), which has supported the emergence of cross-border structures, the so-called “Euroregions” in the old core of Europe (Benelux, France, Germany and other central areas of the European Union). Subsequent Interreg programmes have provided support to different forms and spatial scales of cross-border co-operation arrangements, and injected funding sources to kick-start cross-border partnerships (Box 2.6).
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This report also underlines the difficulties to get accurate data (on water use and non-water costs) at the river basin level to conduct such an assessment. In this framework, the environmental costs are approximated by looking at the costs of measures w’hose primary aim is to protect the water environment (cost-based approach). Examples of ex ante assessment of economic costs associated with water use (cont.)
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Participating apprentices should be older than 16 years, they normally spend four days each week in an enterprise to acquire work experience, and one day in an MITD training centre for theoretical and technological back-up. Apprentices undergo block release (two weeks’ duration), centre-based training at the start of the apprenticeship to enable them to develop the basic initial skills required for engaging effectively in the on-the-job training. Hie conditions of apprenticeship training are governed by a contract which is signed by the employer and the apprentice (or their responsible party).
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The use of Islamic law as the material for criminal law reformation is one of the main charac-teristics of Pancasila law state which guarantees the freedom of religion. The existing applicable law should be consistent with the Indonesian society legal ideals, the values of Islamic law must be reflected in the national law as the materialization of legal ideals. Canings is one of the punishment types prescribed in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Article 2 of RKUHP contains material legality principle approves the existing law in the community/society or adat criminal law in order to respect the di-versities/ plurality law in Indonesia. Accordingly, the regulation of criminal act and criminal sanc-tion are mandated to the development of jurisprudence and regional regulation. Keywords: Canings, criminal law reform, Islamic law
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Least developed countries in the region had a lower unemployment rate of 4.0 per cent, in upper middle-income economies, the rate was 4.8 per cent and in high income economies it was 4.6 per cent. Landlocked developing countries faired significantly worse with unemployment at 6.9 per cent. ( The North and Central Asian subregion had the highest youth unemployment rate at 14.7 per cent in 2013, however, that rate represents a steep drop from the high of22.9 percent in 1998. Over recent years, the region has continued to grow as a major tourist destination.
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Upon signing the contract, the entrepreneur may submit bills as they are issued, under the conditions specified by the agreement. The factor pays the agreed amount and ensures recovery of the debt at maturity. If this bill is payable on an agreed date, the entrepreneur will have to wait for this term to cash the funds.
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Country representatives also emphasized the need to improve cross-sector collaboration at all levels in order to achieve more effective integration between forest policies and related policies, such as agriculture, energy, climate change, biodiversity and water. In addition, a number of representatives highlighted the importance of overcoming fragmentation by securing good coordination between different forest-related processes and funding mechanisms, in this context, several countries described the benefits for sustainable forest management of action taken at the national level in the context, for example, of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD)-plus programmes, the European Union Action Plan on Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, and the Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Representatives welcomed the forest-related elements of the proposed sustainable development goals and targets, and said that 2015 provided a unique opportunity to integrate forests into the post-2015 development agenda.
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Nepal has come a long way in the last 35 years,” says Yam Malla, Nepal country representative for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). He offers a pertinent comparison: by the same measure that Thailand’s airline industry is miles ahead of Nepal’s: Nepal’s community forestry far surpasses Thailand's. Many countries have tried to replicate Nepal’s model. Ideally, the government would have their forest resource area maintained at 40 per cent.
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It also discusses possible national-and global-level benefits from identifying, collating and communicating adaptation information. Section 3 discusses what information would need to be gathered in order to obtain these benefits, and highlights how experience to date on reporting such information under the UNFCCC can be built on. Section 4 identifies options for the adaptation-related components of the global stocktake, and assesses their feasibility and resource implications.
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Many projects in Finland's priority sectors, such as water, energy, environment, ICT and innovation, forestry and fisheries, have also led to increased involvement of private sector partners in developing countries. The evaluation recommends integrating aid for trade into existing and new development policy strategies, and strengthening private sector involvement and multi-stakeholder participation in aid-for-trade planning and implementation. Recalling the findings of Aid for Trade in Action (OECD-WTO, 2013) the report highlights the need for trade to be mainstreamed into a country or region's development strategy, and for donors to align their strategies around recipient countries' existing trade priorities.
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There is a need for other types of rationing in addition to the limited rationing by means of the price mechanism. Waiting times, implicit prioritizing by service providers and governments’ explicit prioritizing are used as rationing mechanisms in the Nordic countries. Luigi Siciliani elaborates on the optimal balance between these instruments for rationing health care in his article.
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These percentages have remained virtually unchanged since 1996. Most notably, in 2013, 62 per cent of the world population lived in countries that allowed abortion for economic and social reasons, compared with 36 per cent of countries that did so, indicating the inclusion of some countries with large population size (such as India) in this category. However, abortion laws and policies continue to be much more restrictive in countries in less developed regions than in countries in more developed regions on all grounds, except to save a woman’s life (figure III.7). For example, in 2013, Governments of 82 per cent of countries in more developed regions permitted abortion for economic and social reasons and 71 per cent allowed abortion on request. In contrast, only 20 per cent of Governments in less developed regions permitted abortion for economic and social reasons and only 16 per cent allowed it on request. Overall, in 2013, only 45 out of 147 Governments in less developed regions allowed abortion on five grounds or more.
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Providing employers with a code of good practice can help them to navigate the existing legislation, which can often be complex, and reduce non-compliance. Lowering the burden of proof for plaintiffs and shifting it to employers can be a step in the right direction, but should be accompanied by measures to help complainants gather the necessary evidence to initiate the case and sustain the costs of the trial (OECD, 2008, Chapter 3). In the early 2000s, most European countries lowered the burden of proof for plaintiffs, who are now only required to provide evidence of differential treatment without having to prove that it was indeed due to discrimination.
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She suggests that East Asian countries (the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Malaysia) and Taiwan Province of China could be seen as “perhaps the best examples of countries that have been able to bring economic and social development policies into significant alignment” (ibid., In this sense, there has been a return to early development theories which implicitly assumed the existence of strong developmental states capable of carrying out the suggested coordinated investment programmes. However, times have changed and the tasks that are contemplated for developmental states today are much more complicated than those conceived in the 1950s. However, policy space cannot be of much use unless there is a government capable of using it. Wade (1990) has documented the important role that states played in “governing the market” in the first-tier East Asian newly industrializing economies as they went about achieving catch-up growth and poverty reduction. In recent years, the role of governments has also been vindicated by the experience of Latin America, where government activism has proved crucial not only in reducing external dependence and promoting aggregate growth, but also in reducing poverty directly through various innovative social policies (see, for example, Cornia, 2010).
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The mother's agency has some interesting and puzzling results. While higher agency is strongly associated with better health outcomes and exclusive breastfeeding, it has a negative association with the demand for dairy products and appropriate meal frequency. Maternal self-reported health status is positively related to both child health indicators, but has no association with the food inputs. Surprisingly, nutritional knowledge has mostly no effect on any of the inputs, except for a small and weakly significant association with the intake of dairy products.
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In Vietnam, the World Bank and the Governments of Finland and Denmark provided seed money for a revolving fund for household sanitation investments. However, when the revolving funds are organised with external seed financing to provide initial working capital (at subsidised rates) and the support of an established MFI, such as in the example in Vietnam, they appear to be an effective way of leveraging private finance (household investment in on-site sanitation in that case). According to Mehta (2008), experience with this market segment is limited, and has not gone beyond a few pilot projects. A credit scheme was elaborated via six domestic microfinance institutions. It was foreseen that at least two households from a given area would be allowed to contract a loan for new water investments (either a USD 3 000 loan for a shallow borehole or a USD 1 000 loan for a rainwater harvesting tank).
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Another reason for having fewer women than men in decision-making roles in Danish media companies, as Rikke Andreassen points out, is that many of those in leadership positions are recruited from the male-dominated Home Affairs section of the newsrooms. Many private and public companies including DR signed it voluntarily. The initiative meant that the companies should create a strategy for how to get more women into decision-making positions and how to establish gender-sensitive workplaces and gender inclusive recruitment structures (Andreassen 2016).
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Last but not least, Velvet private advisers are all female. Fursati offers its women customers topic-specific seminars to meet the needs of women in business. The objective is to support the development of entrepreneurship and develop investment skills while also giving women valuable opportunities to network.
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The Service used to analyse more than 50,000 samples annually. However, since 2012, the situation has been gradually improving as the National Food Agency is strengthening its presence in the country with three regional laboratories. There has been an increase in the number of analyses performed since 2012 (figure 4.4).
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Moreover, governments and river basin committees have different timing (governments may see river basin committees as instances that will slow down decision making) and different priorities (river basin committees may focus on issues which are less important for the governments and not always related to what is being discussed). According to a survey carried out across Brazilian states, the perceived degree of fragmentation is overall higher between states and municipalities than between federal and state levels. The most frequent bottlenecks to vertical co-ordination listed include the lack of staff and time, the limited awareness and public concern over water issues, silo approaches of ministries, the lack of leadership and political commitment, as well as the absence of strategic planning (Figure 2.9). Thus, solutions to droughts (in the Northeast) and water pollution (in large urban centres) require effective co-ordination of water resources, water supply and sanitation, among other sectors.
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The president of the republic appoints akims of oblasts and of the cities of Astana and Almaty, who are nominated by the prime minister. The power of the president over akims supersedes the power of the government, in the sense that their tenure continues at the president’s discretion. The president also has the power to dismiss akims.
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For low wind penetration, the capacity credit can be approximated by the capacity factor, for larger wind injections, the capacity credit decreases with increasing wind power capacity, and this decrease goes faster for small regions. The consequent variations and disturbances on the grid voltage and frequency are experienced daily by power generators and electricity end users. Each TSO publishes, in a document called “Grid Code”, the performances that each generating unit must meet to be connected to the system. Also, generating plants should be able to ride through certain transient events in the transmission system without tripping, such as a sudden step change in the voltage, a typical requirement is a voltage step of ±6%.
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As of 2016,2G mobile telephony covered 88% of people living in the LDCs and it is estimated that penetration will be at 70 subscriptions per 100 persons by end 2017. Access to mobile networks and services have opened up new opportunities for development, in such areas as farming, health, and banking, and driven the development of new businesses and business models. One of the most well-known examples is M-Pesa, launched by Safaricom in 2007 in Kenya, and which today is available in DR Congo, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Lesotho.4 LDCs have also adopted other operator-led mobile money services such as Orange Money, MTN Mobile Money and Tigo Cash and in a few countries, there are bank-led mobile wallets.
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The task of managing the infrastructure is particularly hard as the capacity of the school board as w'ell as the ability to fundraise from the local community is often lower in rural areas, while many school buildings are in very poor condition as most of them were built between the 1950s and 1970s. The hundred primary schools with the lowest performance in the country, as measured by grade repetition and dropout levels, have less than 50 students and are mostly located in rural areas outside of the capital area (PEN, 2013). There are also indications that students from small primary schools are less likely to make the transition to secondary school.
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The issues taken up in its Programme of Action5 are fundamentally related to women's human rights, including gender equality, the family, reproductive health, birth control and family planning, women's health, as well as immigration and education of women. Importantly, the Programme of Action is explicitly grounded in human rights and proclaims that "advancing gender equality and equity and the empowerment of women, and the elimination of all kinds of violence against women, and ensuring women's ability to control their own fertility, are cornerstones of population and development-related programmes." The Conference was also important for its clear statement of reproductive rights, explaining that these "rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health.
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The architects and families developed a unit configuration that provided residents with the most essential 'half' of the housing unit, the remaining components were incrementally expanded and customized by the residents. After only one year, property values increased dramatically and residents reported the desire to stay and continue to improve their homes and strengthen their community. The mixed-income residential development incorporates urban agriculture into affordable housing practices. Via Verde brings together residents of varying income levels to engage in civic management in on-site community service programmes.
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This has been acknowledged by the committees in the attention paid to women’s reproductive health, abortion, contraception, early marriage and teenage pregnancy. Thus it is recognized that control over their own reproduction is centra I to women's ability to participate on equal terms in society. Thus the Reporting Guidelines on article 6, the right to life, require States to provide information on birth rates and pregnancy and childbirth-related deaths of women, as well as measures taken to help women prevent unwanted pregnancies and to ensure they do not have to undergo life threatening clandestine abortions (ICCPR 2012).
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The combination of clear and straightforward international provisions, together with longterm domestic legal frameworks that provide confidence that climate policies will be enforced, would also enhance the strength of the signal sent to the private sector and other investors that governments remain fully committed to achieving long-term transitions to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies.
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Their estimates predict significant welfare gains after full trade liberalization for high-income and middle-income countries, with real income rising by 0.49 per cent and 0.51 per cent respectively by 2025, while developing countries' real incomes decline by 0.67 per cent. Using a simplified, but structurally similar model, Taylor and von Arnim (2006) show how heavily trade liberalization simulation results depend on assumptions. Allowing a bit more realism - unemployment, for example - makes clear that Africa will not gain, on balance, from trade liberalization.
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In practice, there remains a large gap between commitments and funds that have been pledged and disbursed by developed countries. The largest target sector for these flows in 2016 was renewable energy, with a share of 43.3 per cent ($295 billion), followed by energy efficiency with a share of 36.1 per cent ($246 billion), and sustainable transport with a share of 13.5 per cent ($96 billion). Climate finance flows to non-Annex 1 Parties (developing countries) are only a fraction of these total flows, as illustrated in figure 4.1. Total climate finance flows to developing countries, including mobilized private finance, increased by 13.4 per cent between 2015 and 2016, from $61.9 billion to $71.4 billion. Several initiatives that aim to provide an overview of available funds are under way.
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Without political support, the deployment of new domestic generation capacity might be limited before 2030. Further investigations are required to clarify the realistic and economically sustainable potential. The most important integration measures are local hydropower (including large-scale pumped storage) interconnectors to the hydropower-dominated Nordic electricity system and flexible thermal-based generators.
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It does not measure physical accessibility, for example distances from forest to population centres of a given minimum size. The quantitative measure of these indicators is described by a percentage of forested land. Nearly all FOREST EUROPE signatory states provide data on this aspect of the indicator.
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Many of the services are watershed related. The perhaps most important services the Heidmork ecosystem provides are drinking water and recreational services. The area is a key water supply area for the Great Reykjavik area, harboring the Gvendarbrunnar wells that supply drinking water to more than half of the Icelandic population.
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Unless reversed, the mega trends sketched above suggest migratory pressures should be expected to increase substantially moving forward. International migration is bringing benefits to both countries of origin and destination, including remittances, knowledge sharing and mitigation of labour shortages. It also comes with important costs to migrants themselves and the societies they live in, as migrants often face much less secure job situations, discrimination, and less than full access to health, education and other social services, while vast migration inflows has been a source of political and social tensions in many recipient countries.
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The generic term in use is Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines (TCAM). As defined by WHO, “Traditional medicine” is an amorphous concept that comprises a range of long-standing and still-evolving practices based on diverse beliefs and theories. These services involve medical knowledge systems, developed over centuries within various societies before or during the development of modern medicine. “
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The effect of differences in outcomes by income is not just a consequence of differences in parental education or ability. Coefficients on adverse outcomes reversed, such that higher scores equal more favourable outcomes. Indeed, some authors have gone as far as to suggest that the entire difference in outcomes between children in lone-parent families and those brought up by two parents can be explained by the associated loss of income rather than the absence of their father per se (Walker and Zhu, 2005). However, maternal employment, while raising the income levels of lone-parent households, may have some adverse effects.
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China and India both have manufacturers focusing on developing vehicles for this niche. Demand-side measures including land-use planning and management are integral to such interventions as BRT and are included, but not specifically delineated in this discussion. Perhaps Page I the most important type of public transit system will be BRT, due to its low cost and wide applicability, along with potentially excellent performance.
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Women's labour market participation is high and, despite a highly gender segregated labour market, women have broken down many walls within "male" jobs, though men have not to a similar extent sought employment in "female" jobs. Instead, these plans include specific initiatives towards the exact opposite: increasing the recruitment of women to "male jobs" (such as jobs within the police force). The proportion of male students on the nursing education is between 0% and 2% for each year group (Gislason 2011: 240-241).
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Many teachers have a good sense of the kind of pedagogies on which 21st century learning hinges, but there is a major gap between intended and implemented practices. How can education systems create the conditions for encouraging and supporting teachers to initiate, share, and evaluate innovative pedagogies and curricula, including new technologies? What are the implications of new pedagogies for the roles of teachers and students? What are the implications of pedagogical innovation and innovative learning environments for the roles of governments and the profession/unions? What are the implications of new pedagogies and curricula for school and system evaluation? These are important issues that the 2018 International Summit on the Teaching Profession seeks to tackle in its second session.
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Despite the importance of human capital in delivering quality, competitive tourism services, less attention has been paid to identifying new ways of organising and managing human resources within the sector to support innovation, boost productivity and enhance competitiveness. The hospitality sector - accommodation and food service activities - is used as a proxy for tourism, in the absence of more detailed and comparable information on tourism related employment. Tourism is composed of many branches and also includes the activities of travel agencies and tour operators, passenger transportation and cultural, sport and recreational services.
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sdg8
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To strengthen its system to inform skills policy based on current and future skill needs strong social partner organisations (e.g. Sector Skills Councils that include SMEs) are needed and partnerships between workers, employers and training institutions need to be developed, together with the public employment service’s role in co-ordinating training that meets labour market and reaches those workers and sectors that need it most. In addition, occupational standards and qualification frameworks have to be developed and used effectively. While the efforts put forth by ChileValora to develop occupational standards are very welcome, they are insufficient.
|
sdg5
|
The payment system needs to foster interaction across multiple providers. There are generally separate and distinct programmes for the prevention of polio, tuberculosis, AIDS and other infectious diseases. Often there are distinct hospitals and delivery systems to care for each infectious disease. This organisational structure makes sense for infectious diseases because the mode of transmission of each infectious disease is often very different, most patients only have one infectious disease and few patients have multiple infectious diseases.
|
sdg3
|
Learning occurs from birth, as children interact with family and caregivers, and the foundation for all later learning is established in the early years. Poverty, ill health, poor nutrition and a lack of stimulation during this crucial period can undermine educational foundations, restricting what children are able to accomplish. Early childhood programmes contribute to children’s cognitive, social and emotional development and promote their health, nutrition and hygiene.
|
sdg3
|
As fleet capacity adjustment programmes are implemented in OECD countries, the need for access arrangements should diminish over time. By the same token, as developing countries’ capacity to fish and process fish domestically is augmented, they may find it more appropriate and wealth-creating to fish, process and trade fish themselves, rather than selling access. This is clearly a trade-off that resource rich countries need to address in light of how best to use their fisheries resources.
|
sdg14
|
The exception to this is in Asia, where women's participation at this level, aside from in Sri Lanka, has been in notable deficit. In the Pacific, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Fiji Islands also have lower rates of civil society participation by women. This result in parts of Asia and the Pacific may be attributable to increasing government restrictions on civil society freedoms has been suggested elsewhere (Roth 2016), but is beyond the scope of this report to investigate. Several other Commonwealth states in Africa also achieve a 40 per cent or more representation of women at this level, including Namibia (44%), South Africa (42.1%) and Rwanda (40%).
|
sdg5
|
Le gouvernement a alors decide d’agir resolument en faveur de la croissance agricole. Differentes incitations ont ete mises en place : developpement massif du credit a des conditions preferentielles, location de machines, aides aux engrais et aux carburants et avantages fiscaux considerables. Les questions de developpement rural et social ont pris de l’importance dans les programmes publics. A la fin des annees 2000, face a l’instabilite de l’economie mondiale, le gouvernement a pris conscience qu’il etait important de veiller a la resilience du secteur agroalimentaire et de faire en sorte que les entreprises privees puissent repondre aux objectifs de developpement agricoles fixes.
|
sdg2
|
Alternatives to this, such as sharing resources instead of owning them, or simplifying our lifestyles by choosing to have less money but more free time, are therefore seen as a sacrifice. Marketing wisdom tells us that "you can't sell sacrifice"- and so policy makers fear alienating citizens with policies that tackle consumption patterns and levels. However, community level sustainability initiatives and alternative movements offer inspiration for redefining the "good life" to include well-being, community engagement, fairness, equity and sustainability. Opportunities are being missed, for example for product-sharing schemes or promoting closed loop systems that would reduce overall reliance on virgin resources, or for promoting alternatives to intensive consumption that could increase well-being, such as community food-growing schemes.
|
sdg12
|
National constitutions throughout the world contain enumerated rights and freedoms for individuals residing within the state’s territory or subject to its jurisdiction. In the twentieth century, the international community increasingly recognized that such constitutional guarantees sometimes prove inadequate or even illusory when military coups, armed conflicts, or repressive governments disrupt or deliberately ignore the rule of law, including constitutional limits on the exercise of power. Responding to this awareness, international and regional organizations created or reformed after the Second World War recognized that human rights must be considered a matter of international concern if individuals and groups are to be ensured their fundamental rights and freedoms. With the leadership of a group of states and strong advocacy from civil society groups, intergovernmental organizations began elaborating the international law of human rights.
|
sdg16
|
The second wave of entrants, starting from 1986, was composed of giant consumer electronic firms attracted by generous tax incentives, soon to be followed by leaders in the disk drive and computer segments (Rasiah, 2006). Apart from protection, the state was instrumental in providing subsidies for acquiring foreign technologies, e.g. for the national car project “Proton” and its engine and gear-box technologies from Mitsubishi. It renewed and strengthened the financial incentives to export-oriented firms and complemented these with specific stimuli for higher value-added activities,2 such as tax allow'ances on firms’ training and R&D expenditures (UNIDO, 2003).
|
sdg9
|
It also places challenges on this key institution to be mindful of gender parity considerations in the choice of leadership for portfolio committees'. Although this is still well below parity, this places South Africa among the top ten globally, where diplomacy is still very much a 'men's club'. According to Mtintso, the major change came about during Dlamini-Zuma's tenure as minister of foreign affairs from 1999 to 2009: 'She made the push for women to enter politics. The conditions of diplomats are very difficult for women, especially married women, and then it becomes a revolving door - they come in, they stay for the four years - then they go out and they don't come back - and there is no consistent approach to make sure that when you lose one you also put another one in'.
|
sdg5
|
Other key policy areas requiring heightened attention include: integrating the mining sector’s energy needs into long-term national policies, ensuring the existence of adequate energy infrastructure, reforming fossil fuel subsidies, and providing support to bridging remaining risk gaps for continued technological advancement and innovation. It is equally crucial that the need for low-emission energy transition is clearly recognised in mining companies’ business strategies that will guide their performance in the coming decades. This will ensure they remain coherent with the changing international policy landscape and the global energy transition priorities, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda.
|
sdg7
|
The use of harsh interrogation techniques on terrorism suspects is typically justified on utilitarian grounds. The present research suggests, however, that those who support such techniques are fuelled by retributive motives. An experimental study conducted with a broad national sample of US residents found that the desire for harsh interrogation is largely isomorphic with the desire to punish, and that both effects are mediated by the perceived moral status of the target, but not the perceived effectiveness of the interrogation. Results are discussed with regard to retributive justice and the national policy on interrogation and torture.
|
sdg16
|
It has traditionally been considered a second chance option for the three poorest quintiles of the population. In 2013 there were some 1.9 million applicants for 1.5 million places in vocational education and training (VET) institutions, reflecting growing demand (Interview with TVET Director, MOEC). The new vision is to build on that demand by increased investment and expansion of vocational schools widely across the whole of Indonesia.
|
sdg4
|
What is the relationship between public administration scholarship and the study of developing countries? This article answers this question by presenting the intellectual history of administrative studies of the global South and by examining recent empirical studies of developing country administration. The results suggest that administrative research on the developing world published in leading international publications has become a small-scale, disparate, descriptive, qualitative, and noncomparative subfield dominated by researchers from the global North. This empirical finding provides a platform to end a false North–South administrative dichotomy and advance a vision for public administration as a global social science.
|
sdg16
|
Through analysis of the Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development (OECD)’s recommendations to reform Nordic public and economic policy, this article seeks to assess the OECD’s influence on Nordic politics. OECD recommendations are placed at the juncture of internationally acknowledged ideas and national traditions – thus being potentially useful for national policy-makers trying to deal with this tension. During the post-war period the Nordic countries found an original combination of international ideas and national traditions, involving a combination of economic efficiency and social equality. The OECD acknowledges this tradition in various ways but seeks to reform Nordic public policy according to a different, and in many ways opposing logic. OECD recommendations for Nordic countries typically include lower income taxes, lower levels of social security benefits, individual level wage setting, more relaxed employment protection legislation, an increase of the labour supply and a balanced b...
|
sdg16
|
Then, international remittances stagnate in 2009-10 and rebound in 2010-11 following the pre-crisis trend (around 6 per cent). Crisis scenario in Cameroon: forecast of the Ministry of Economy and Planning (MINEPAT/DGEPIP/DAPE 2009). Cadrage macroeconomique dynamique du Compte d’operations financieres ».
|
sdg1
|
Such interventions require more specific nutrition goals and actions to unleash their full potential in combating child malnutrition (Ruel et al., Using a unique dataset from Ghana, we model the underlying determinants in several input demand functions, to understand what drives demand for input in the child health production function. We also estimate the conditional demand for nutritional status, in a similar framework. By estimating the framework as one complete model - albeit in two stages - we are able to quantify the underlying mechanisms determining inputs, and the likely pathways contributing to nutritional status. Other studies usually depend on national level household data, such as Demographic and Health Surveys, which limits the possibility of studying such a particular group in detail.
|
sdg2
|
That right begins in early childhood, which is one reason why the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call on governments to "ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education." Investment in quality early childhood care and education produces a double benefit: It is both fair and efficient. This kind of holistic approach also takes child protection into account and focuses on the quality of care provided to infants and young children. A long-term study in Jamaica found a 42 per cent increase in average adult earnings associated with early childhood stimulation.
|
sdg4
|
Edited by Francis G. Castles, a leading authority in the field, and bringing together an outstanding group of British, German and American scholars, it examines trends in non-social or ‘core’ spending on public administration, defence, public order, education, economic affairs and debt financing and in the regulatory ordering of the economic sphere. The book not only opens up new areas of comparative public policy research, but also demonstrates clearly that there have been real reductions in the reach of state in some areas, although patterns of causation are more complex and varied than generally presumed by the retrenchment literature.
|
sdg16
|
This article clarifies the origins of the field of transitional justice and its preliminary conceptual boundaries. I argue that the field began to emerge in the late 1980s, as a consequence of new practical conditions that human rights activists faced in countries such as Argentina, where authoritarian regimes had been replaced by more democratic ones. The turn away from “naming and shaming” and toward accountability for past abuse among human rights activists was taken up at the international level, where the focus on political change as “transition to democracy” helped to legitimate those claims to justice that prioritized legal-institutional reforms and responses—such as punishing leaders, vetting abusive security forces, and replacing state secrecy with truth and transparency—over other claims to justice that were oriented toward social justice and redistribution. I end by discussing the many ways in which these initial conceptual boundaries have since been tested and expanded.
|
sdg16
|
The PISA student population is defined using stringent criteria to ensure a high level of coverage and full comparability of the assessment across countries (OECD, 2009b). The quality of the indicator is thus high. Despite the fact that reading literacy measures a relatively narrow set of competencies, there is strong evidence that reading literacy is strongly correlated with other cognitive and non-cognitive measures tested by PISA (e.g. mathematics, sciences, IT skills, etc. - Finally, while this indicator covers only youth, cognitive skills at age 15 are strongly correlated with later educational outcomes and labour market performance (Juhn et a!.,
|
sdg4
|
The results are presented in Figure 8 by the bars showing that the multidimensional deprivation incidence in the selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa is 67%. In other words, two thirds of all children in this region experience two to five deprivations, which in absolute numbers is 247 million children. The prevalence of multidimensional deprivation ranges from 30% in Gabon to 90% in Ethiopia.
|
sdg1
|
A number of factors, however, can complicate sharing lessons both within and between organisations. These include lack of formal co-ordination and advanced planning, uncertainty on how to organise information in a useful format, and difficulties in making context-specific findings relevant to other interventions (e.g. see previous discussion on RCTs). For instance, an independent review of the CIFs highlighted that the incorporation of information sharing and lesson learning in interventions varied significantly by fund (ICF, 2013).
|
sdg13
|
They also had similar challenges, particularly around logistics and transportation, as well as coordination of efforts on the ground. However, in terms of learning from their experiences, while both countries conducted workshops to review the lessons learnt, only Vanuatu produced a detailed report with practical recommendations forthe government to pursue. This is further evidence of Vanuatu's strong commitment to disaster risk reduction and management compared with Dominica.
|
sdg11
|
The new' act has replaced around 25 separate permits for such matters as construction, demolition, spatial planning, listed buildings and the environment by a single one-stop-shop permit covering all activities. This has reduced administrative costs for members of the public and for companies. There is now one permit, one procedure and one set of submittal requirements, followed by one “legal remedies procedure” and enforcement by one authority1.
|
sdg11
|
Different seasons and rainfall patterns and variability in production, which will increase as climate change continues, imply variable market conditions across countries. Where production variability is not highly correlated among most countries in the region, integration through regional trade offers the prospect of cancelling the effects of small country size on production volatility (Koester 1986). Studies have calculated the amount of stocks needed for each country within a defined region so as to stabilise cereal consumption in times of fluctuations in cereal production and import prices (Dorosh et al., These studies have compared those stock levels to the levels required by the same countries when co-operating regionally.
|
sdg2
|
Women, however, are generally excluded from the management of these resources (Dey de Pryck, 2013). Their access and freedom to engage in fishing are subject to sanctions from male leadership in the communities. A study of the seafood industry lists some of these traditional barriers: women may be barred from certain jobs, such as going to sea on board fishing vessels: be denied ownership rights and independent access to finance and entrepreneurship: and tasked with domestic responsibilities as if these were their natural duties, which could mean up to four hours of extra work per day for women compared with men (Montfort, 2015).
|
sdg14
|
Such issues will be discussed in more detail in Section 4. The correlation is positive and strong. The strength of this relationship is stronger in the upper part of the wage distribution (the 90th/50th percentile ratio) than in the lower part of the distribution (the 50u7l0Ih percentile ratio).8 This finding is consistent with similar evidence provided in Corak (2013) and in Jerrim and Macmillan (2014).
|
sdg10
|
However, the share of out-of-pocket payment for pharmaceuticals is high, accounting for 18% of current health expenditure, compared with the OECD average of 7%. This suggests access to pharmaceuticals can be challenging in the country, particularly among low-income groups. Data on pharmaceutical consumption and sales are limited in Latvia but the only available data for international comparisons show that sales of antibacterials for systemic use measured in defined daily dose (DDD) are about 35% lower than the OECD average.
|
sdg3
|
Il existe une raison supplementaire pour mettre en place un systeme solide de vulgarisation agricole. En effet, en raison de la transition, plusieurs secteurs de production agricole essentiels sont actuellement domines soit par les menages soit par les exploitants individuels recents. En regie generale, ces producteurs manquent d’experience technique et commerciale , des services de vulgarisation cibles les aideraient aussi a s’integrer dans les marches agricoles.
|
sdg2
|
However, in rural areas characterized by dispersed populations or hostile terrain, trade-offs often exist between the achievement of economies of scale and scope in the provision of a differentiated service that supports transformational energy access on the one hand, and providing only for basic needs as the most profitable option on the other. Similarly, there may be tensions between the roll-out of stand-alone solutions and grid extension in areas where the latter could be a viable longer-term option. This further underlines the need for a system-wide approach to electricity system design and transition.
|
sdg7
|
Discounting future impacts refers to the arbitrage between the present and the future. It can conceptually be derived on the basis of a preference for present consumption over future consumption because of uncertainty and limited lifespans. The choice of discount rate is crucial when considering impacts far out in the future.
|
sdg7
|
There has been only limited uptake of agri-environment payments that could support more environment-friendly farming practices. Given the environmental and economic significance of biodiversity, establishing an inter-ministerial commission for biodiversity along the lines of the one for climate change could support a more focussed and coherent approach for promoting its conservation and sustainable use. It ranks first in biodiversity in reptiles with 804 known species, second in mammals with 535 species, fourth in amphibians with 361 species and fourth in flora with 26 000 species.
|
sdg15
|
Some argue, pointing to the success of East Asia, that government should select or target particular activities or firms. Others point to government failures, and argue that government interventions are meant to improve markets without favouring specific activities (Lall and Teubal, 1998), such as by setting standards and letting the private sector make the decision on how best to meet those standards. Yet, while standards are an important tool, they are unlikely, as discussed above, to be sufficient to spur innovation of green technologies to the extent necessary.
|
sdg7
|
Any proposals for legislative amendment would likely be encompassed within broader reforms to the resource management system in 2013. Under the Local Government Act 2002, local governments are responsible for a range of functions that may be affected by climate change. Regional Coundls are at various Regional policy statements, water plans, water consents.
|
sdg13
|
This situation is highly disempowering and only a fraction of women come forward to report sexual abuse and domestic violence, especially if it happens within the family. The framework identifies the most critical entry points for eliminating gender-based discrimination at various stages of life, provides instruments for policy-makers to address the underlying structural inequities and helps identify laws that need to be enacted or strengthened. In Dhaka, Bangladesh, two incidents in 2013 - in May the collapse of a factory building and a fire in another one month later, which left more than 1,100 people dead and over 2,500 injured - showed that the right to decent working conditions is violated with impunity. Protection of the right to health (including sexual and reproductive health care) is almost non-existent.
|
sdg1
|
Constraints to an individual’s ability to access food can include economic growth that is inadequate or insufficiently broad-based (leading to a lack of job opportunities or lack of incentives to become a productive participant in the economy), negative impacts of national economic policies, inadequate training and/or job skills, lack of credit or other means to exchange assets or income streams, food losses associated with ineffective and inefficient harvesting, storage, processing and handling, and political decisions favouring one group over another. This new concept includes securing access by vulnerable people to available supplies, calling attention to the balance between the demand and supply sides of the food security equation. Cassava, potato, yam and sweet potato, as well as starchy fruit (plantain) are among the major food crops in Africa.
|
sdg2
|
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