text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| label
stringclasses 16
values |
|---|---|
I Are there factors beyond their control (such as accusations of witchcraft) that undermine these efforts, and what forms of provision and protection can be sustained in such situations? Are parents able to conduct or facilitate rites of passage and other rituals at appropriate times in an adolescent's life? Explaining the High Incidence of Child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa.
|
sdg5
|
Tobacco settlement money can be allocated to nonprofit organizations or government agencies. Both have advantages and disadvantages. Nonprofit organizations may have relatively (a) more efficiency/flexibility, but less accountability, (b) narrower focus, but less experience, (c) more ability to advocate, but more obligations, (d) more independence from tobacco industry influence, but less funding, and, (e) more public trust, but less visibility. The present case study of the Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi focuses on six interconnected areas: education (school and community), raising awareness, advocacy, service, enforcement, and research. In 1999 and 2000, tobacco use declined in Mississippi, even compared to neighboring states. This unique partnership's multifaceted approach to social change probably facilitated this decline.
|
sdg16
|
As a consequence, child labour was reduced by 27 per cent on average (Sparrow, 2006). The effect becomes stronger as children grow older, since the incidence of child labour is higher among adolescents, and because the size of the scholarship increases with age. However, the work by Hoddinott et al. ( The authors find that participation in the public works component of the programme contributes to a reduction in the average number of hours worked in agriculture for 6-16 year-old boys and for 11-16 year-old girls with a parallel reduction in domestic hours worked for younger boys (6-10).
|
sdg1
|
Career guidance should provide a full picture of the various pathways in the education system, covering notably the vocational education option. Guidance in vocational education and training has an important role to play in supporting individuals to identify how they can best use the skills they have developed through their course of education and training in order to build fulfilling careers. Career guidance in universities can support effective transitions to the workplace by involving employers (including through career fairs and employer workshops) to provide work-related learning opportunities, and can help to ensure that graduates' skills are well used.
|
sdg4
|
This paper provides a timely comparative analysis of recent Canadian and European Union (EU) copyright cases regarding the nature and scope of communication rights, as applied to the issue of copyright liability for hyperlinking. It links these evolving practices with the pertinent international law, in particular with the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), together known as the WIPO Internet Treaties.
|
sdg16
|
The second component is the Environmental Planning and Management Information System (SIPGA), which covers policy responses. However, further efforts are needed to fully integrate the various elements and to ensure the quality and coverage of the component parts. At the national level, the Institute for Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) is in charge of coordinating the efforts of the various actors involved in its implementation (which include other research institutes, the National Parks Authority and ANLA).
|
sdg6
|
Migration through the Mediterranean has to be considered nowadays no more as an emergency. The first urgency is always to save lives at sea, and the Italian Mare Nostrum Operation has been a good example, not followed by EU choices. At the moment border surveillance and the fight against trafficking and smuggling of migrants seem to be the priorities in EU policy and action. The EU Dublin System is now facing a huge crisis and the new models, in particular the Statement agreed with Turkey, do not convince from a legal point of view, mainly because refugees deserve a special attention, based on the non-refoulement principle. The time has come to exit the logic of emergency and formulate a lasting policy to manage migrations, implementing Lisbon Treaty and CFR principles based on solidarity and respect of human rights, as well as on true cooperation among States.
|
sdg16
|
This coordination is needed to ensure that the components of the PES programmes, for example, financing, contracting, and monitoring, are all effectively working together. Because PES programmes often involve more than one level of government, for example national, regional and local, as well as more than one authority within each level, for example ministries and departments of environment finance and planning, ensuring this coordination can be challenging. This coordination is needed to ensure that PES objectives are not compromised by contradictory policies or efforts. An example of the effects of a failure to achieve this coordinated support can be seen in a PES programme in one South-East Asian country which paid villagers to guard endangered hornbill nests.
|
sdg15
|
The Work Programme gives providers more freedom to personalise support than previous welfare-to-work schemes, allowing more innovative approaches. Furthermore, helping customers with lower job prospects results in additional payments, mitigating incentives for cream-skimming. To ensure the Work Programme is efficiently addressing its objectives, the government has commissioned an independent evaluation by the IES (Institute for Employment Studies).
|
sdg10
|
It implies not just creation of new jobs, but also the transformation of jobs, skills and firms (Martinez-Fernandez et al, 2010). To illustrate the richness of local initiatives this section discusses key policy concerns and examples across the region that better show how Asian economies are moving towards a greener future. Fostering new categories of green sector enterprises (i.e. waste reclamation, eco-tourism). Many Asian countries have developed green growth strategies or forward-looking climate-related plans.
|
sdg8
|
Unclear definition of property rights for both public and private holders has historically exacerbated problems of unplanned and unauthorised land use, including forest clearing. The recently established Rural Environmental Cadastre (CAR) system is an important step towards addressing environmental aspects of regularisation of rural holdings (Section 4). There is no federal legal requirement for strategic environmental assessment of territorial plans and other development programmes, although some states have made it mandatory and ecological-economic zoning covers more than 70% of the territory.
|
sdg15
|
(2001). Whatever Happened to American Decline? International Relations and the New United States Hegemony. New Political Economy: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 311-340.
|
sdg16
|
Last year, CFUGs in Kabhre sold just over 4 million worth of forest products, making each household a hundred rupees richer (incomparable with the 25,000 estimated potential mentioned earlier from the pine plantations alone). But last year’s figures prove to be a much lower half billion, equivalent to 31,000 per CFUG.
|
sdg15
|
The figure cannot indicate when both native and immigrant students perform poorly without a gap between them. In the case of access to national programmes and completion rate in upper secondary education, there is no distintion between first-generation immigrants and second-generation immigrants due to data limitations. Figure 1.1 indicates that completion of upper secondary education is the most challenging level.
|
sdg4
|
Positive rights which require the state to take action are often criticized because they give rise to the justiciability problem. Courts, rather than democratic legislatures, decide upon the scope and content of the rights. This article argues that this democratic objection against positive rights is misguided. Judicial review and deference admit of degrees. Hence, it is possible to arrive at a balanced account of judicial review which avoids the problems of both too much and of too little control. The conflict between the competences of the legislature and the courts can be solved by means of a balancing exercise, the details of which are spelled out here. The model of judicial review in balance is further explained using a case analysis which concerns the right to a dignified subsistence minimum. The article provides a sensitive and flexible solution to the problem of how courts should enforce social and socio-economic rights.
|
sdg16
|
Especially important in this regard was Decree No. Viet Nam signalled its commitment to trade liberalisation by entering into a large number of bilateral and regional trade agreements and partnerships. Increased funding was provided to the Viet Nam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (VBARD) to support the opening of commercial credit to farmers.
|
sdg2
|
It builds on the nine years of basic education (six years of primary school and three years of junior secondary school). Students entering senior secondary school can attend either a more academically oriented school or vocational school. This applies in both the Islamic and non-Islamic systems. Formal senior secondary education comprises general education (sekolah menengah atas, or SMA), vocational education (sekolah menengah kejuruan, or SMK), Islamic senior secondary schools (madrasah aliyah, or MA) and Islamic vocational education (madrasah aliyah kejuruan, or MAK). This chapter concentrates largely on the provision of academic senior secondary education, while Chapter 5 considers the vocational side. Work is under way to develop community colleges and alternative routes to further and higher education.
|
sdg4
|
Cambio climdtico y biodiversidad: Los seis mensajes centrales de los Pueblos Indigenas en Rio+20, 2012, and Aportes de los Pueblos Indigenas al borrador cero de Rio+20, 2012. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1. Paragraph 10, World Conference on Indigenous Peoples, 2014. Women (CEDAW Committee) through General Recommendation No.
|
sdg5
|
However, Figure 5 also show's dramatic differences in United States income growth rates in the 1940s, and since 1980. Evidently, there can be quite long periods of unbalanced grow'th. In the 1940s, bottom end incomes grew' much more strongly than those at the top end and American income inequality lessened dramatically - but the last thirty years have been dominated by the opposite dynamic. Real income is expressed at 2011 US Dollars. Tax units are families (see source for details).
|
sdg10
|
Part-time work is less common in the health subsector and very prevalent among education and, especially, domestic woikers. In these two groups there are marked differences between men and women in terms of number of hours w'orked. In all cases, men (especially male domestic workers) tend to woik less on a part-time basis (see figure 111.25).
|
sdg5
|
Analyses of how health system priorities should be set in resource-poor settings are routine in the health ethics and policy analysis literature. Less attention is devoted to asking why some settings are resource-poor and others not. Asking this question must be considered a central task of global health research. Comparison of the relatively meager resources devoted to improving the health of the poor with the sums routinely mobilized for other purposes serves as a basis for ethical reflection and a route into necessary questioning of power imbalances in the world economy. The 2008 financial crisis and related developments underscore the urgency of such questioning, and the value of research and advocacy collaborations (for example, between the human rights and public health research and practice communities) focused specifically on the destructive consequences of the global marketplace for health.
|
sdg16
|
In fact, a well-run system requires adequate primary, secondary and tertiary reserves (the different reserve levels refer to the different time frames at which operators need to inject or withdraw load into or from the system in order to balance electricity demand at all times). In addition, good control strategies are required. For electricity this means constant frequency and voltage controls and for natural gas constant pressure and flow-rate control. While not very glamorous, equally vital are well designed maintenance strategies, encompassing preventive, predictive and corrective interventions, including the scheduling and coordination of planned outages. While indeed the adequacy and competent management of power transport systems are essential for ensuring the security of power supplies, they should, in principle, not be an issue for policy making. Remaining interruptions would then be due to bad luck, incompetence or extreme weather events, none of which is very responsive to policy changes.
|
sdg7
|
Not all countries can assume that such favourable developments in their export revenues will last much longer. While net food exporting countries are likely to continue to benefit from a favourable external environment, a prolonged global economic slowdown could well have less favourable outcomes for exporters of energy commodities and base metals, many of which are in Africa and Central and West Asia, and where recent distributional changes have already been less favourable than those in many Latin American countries. However, most of their activities have focused on simple labour-intensive activities, and they have been unable to ignite or sustain a dynamic process of industrial deepening.
|
sdg10
|
As jobs are being destroyed in manufacturing and parts of services sectors, employment in both low- and high-skilled occupations has increased. Studies on robotization show that the risk of job loss is high for routine and manual jobs (i.e., those jobs that have a high share of repetitive tasks that can be easily replicated by a machine or software). The STI Forum and related United Nations expert group meetings have also discussed the impacts of automation technologies on labour markets and employment since early 2016.
|
sdg9
|
Different elements of society contribute to the collective endeavour through some shared sense of purpose, mutual support or simply agreed norms and rules of behaviour. This helps to limit selfish practices, conflict and instability, and generally improves the durability of economic relationships. Therefore, the capacities of local institutions that control, limit and discourage crime are important.
|
sdg10
|
Wage dispersion is to some extent induced by structural trends in demand for labour, for instance linked to the falling share of industry, which provides many intermediate jobs. Low educational attainments also contribute to trapping an increasing share of the population in low-paid jobs. Hence, raising workforce skills will be necessary to reduce inequality, as discussed in the last section of this chapter.
|
sdg10
|
However, there are differences in the degree of this association across countries, as revealed by more disaggregated evidence for the period since the early 1990s. It also shows that many emeiging market economies, especially in Latin America and Eastern Europe, received sizeable capital inflows but saw little increase in private investment. This has been the case even in countries with current-account deficits, such as Brazil, India, South Africa and Turkey, whose currencies should have depreciated in order to compensate for relatively high inflation and move towards a balanced current account (TDRs 2008 and 2011). By contrast, emerging economies in Asia, as w'ell as Chile, which successfully used systematic intervention and capital controls to prevent real exchange rate appreciation for a sustained period of time, saw private investment grow rapidly and employment and wage opportunities in their manufacturing sectors expand (TDR 2003, see also Akyiiz, 2011). Once the financial inflows dry up or reverse, the host country’s currency sharply depreciates and the currency mismatches in balance sheets tend to result in increased debt servicing difficulties and default (TDR 2008, chap.
|
sdg10
|
The impacts of global environmental change have precipitated numerous approaches that connect the health of ecosystems, non-human organisms and humans. However, the proliferation of approaches can lead to confusion due to overlaps in terminology, ideas and foci. Recognising the need for clarity, this paper provides a guide to seven field developments in environmental public health research and practice: occupational and environmental health, political ecology of health, environmental justice, ecohealth, One Health, ecological public health, and planetary health. Field developments are defined in terms of their uniqueness from one another, are historically situated, and core texts or journals are highlighted. The paper ends by discussing some of the intersecting features across field developments, and considers opportunities created through such convergence. This field guide will be useful for those seeking to build a next generation of integrative research, policy, education and action that is equipped to respond to current health and sustainability challenges.
|
sdg16
|
Nor does it automatically lead to women's empowerment or protect them from economic dependence. To guarantee women's right to an adequate standard of living, employment policies aimed at the generation and regulation of decent work have to be accompanied by social protection and social services that provide income security and enable people to live their lives in dignity. The SPF proposes a nationally defined set of minimum guarantees, including basic income security for children, working-age adults, older people and people with disabilities, as well as basic social services for all.4 This initiative holds significant promise for women, who are over-represented among those excluded from existing social protection schemes. On the one hand, informal networks rely heavily on women's unpaid care and domestic work. On the other hand, women's own needs for support are rarely adequately acknowledged and addressed due to prevailing social norms and gender power relations. Examples abound of gender gaps in access to state-run social protection schemes and gender-biased delivery of social services.
|
sdg5
|
Herd or flock sizes remain typically small, averaging only two for cattle, four for buffalo and pigs, and 17 and 30 respectively for poultry layers and broilers. Of the almost 3 million holdings registered in 1993 as possessing livestock, less than 200 000 (6.6%) were recorded as predominantly livestock holdings. A Livestock Federation, present down to the district level, represents business interests and is responsible for monitoring production and prices and discussing sectoral issues with the government. Over the past two decades, the production of both freshwater and marine fish has steadily increased, being multiplied respectively by 14 and 4 (Figure 9.6).
|
sdg2
|
The Inner Areas National Strategy was launched in 2014 to cope with service delivery and development issues in such areas. The whole process for the local development projects is a bottom up approach that relies heavily on the active participation of local actors, while combining a top-down approach in for example the selection of areas and offering guidance. After a long process of analysis, negotiation and debate among local and national stakeholders, the Programme Framework Agreement (Accordo di Programma Quadro) is materialised as a contract among the municipal association, regional and central governments.
|
sdg11
|
Figures Tables Notes on the Contributors Introduction: The Politics of Social Change in France P.A.Hall PART ONE Capitalism, Coordination, and Economic Change: The French Political Economy since 1985 P.D.Culpepper New Patterns of Industrial Relations and Political Action since the 1980s M.Lallement The Transformation of Corporate Governance in France M.Goyer PART TWO The Long Good Bye to Bismarck? Changes in the French Welfare State B.Palier Different Nation, Same Nationhood: The Challenges of Immigrant Policy V.Guiraudon Social Generations, Life Changes and Welfare Regime Sustainability L.Chauvel PART THREE The Government of the European Union and a Changing France A.Smith The Ongoing March of Decentralization within the Post Jacobin State P.Le Gales PART FOUR The French Party System and the Crisis of Representation G.Grunberg Convergence, Fragmentation and Majority-Cycling in French Opinion R.Balme
|
sdg16
|
Other than rape and sexual abuse, it has also been found that women representatives who are efficient often attract slanderous allegations of sexual liaisons. In many states there have even been attempts to intimidate women into withdrawing from the election by insinuations of affairs with men. Violence against women representatives is, of course, generally worse when they also happen to be members of the scheduled castes or tribes. Gundiyabai Ahirwar, the dalit Sarpanch of Pipra village in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, was prevented from performing a ceremonial duty - hoisting the national flag in her village on Independence Day - because the Yadav (a backward caste) majority in the village thought that a dalit would pollute the national flag by touching it.
|
sdg5
|
Nevertheless, as a concrete response to real problems, nuclear is now being viewed more dispassionately and judged on its merits as a solution to questions of security of supply, cost stability and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. London, United Kingdom, www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english. Report prepared for DG Environment of the European Commission.
|
sdg7
|
It raisied the minimum marriage age for women, removing the husband’s ability to deny a wife permission to work outside the home, and required both spouses' consent to administer marital property. The Ethiopian case shows how reforms giving women more rights have a measurable impact on employment. Their participation in occupations that require work outside the home, full-time hours, and higher skills rose more where the reform had been enacted.
|
sdg5
|
Background This study examines President Trump's misleading language in the area of health care. According to 'The Washington Post', President Trump has made over 10 000 misleading or false statements about public policy. Methods We use content analysis to examine the 662 health-related statements made over the period from his inauguration on 20 January 2017 to 27 April 2019. Results Analysis of these statements identified seven themes, and we also found that a plurality of the statements spreads false information about the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare. Discussion President Trump's misleading statements about health care are unprecedented and potentially damaging to public health. The communications may adversely affect the public's knowledge about their health care, their understanding of the health care system and their understanding of health care procedures.
|
sdg16
|
In the early 1980s, the official urban poverty rate was about 2 per cent and the total urban poor population was 4 million. This decreased to about one million in 1989 according to official estimates, though unofficial estimates are much higher. For example, according to a 1994 survey by the Social Survey Centre of the Peoples University, there were then about 50 million impoverished urban residents (Hong Dayong, 1997). The number would be even larger if the estimate were to be based on the actual place of residence of individuals, rather than their registered permanent residence.
|
sdg1
|
This article reports progress since the original publication of the Frontlines of Medicine Project. This project is a collaborative effort of emergency medicine (including emergency medical services and clinical toxicology), public health, other government agencies involved in health care and preparedness, law enforcement, and informatics to develop nonproprietary, standardized methods for reporting emergency department patient data. These data may be used for a variety of public health or clinical care initiatives, including syndromic surveillance for chemical and biological terrorism. This article reviews the outcome of the Project meeting in April 2002. Also, the article describes a Delphi Survey process to define the data elements in a triage surveillance report and to define a set of codified values for the chief complaint data element. An initial retrospective validation of the codified chief complaint values is provided, and prospective study of the proposed Frontlines' standards is encouraged.
|
sdg16
|
Moreover, public investment in these areas is a precondition for private investment in agriculture and stimulates the latter (Zepeda, 2001). The “soft” (institutional) infrastructure and public policies also contribute to fostering or hindering the growth of the sector’s productivity. In some cases reforms in pricing policy or the marketing system may have changed the incentive structure and helped boost productivity growth. In African LDCs and Haiti, and in Asian LDCs, it corresponds to just 15 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively, of the level of ODCs (chart 2.11).
|
sdg2
|
Source: Portuguese Environment Agency. The CECAC recently launched an innovative emissions monitoring and forecasting website (www.cumprirquioto.pt). Monitoring indicates that the implementation of some measures has outperformed expectations, for example in the case of the promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources and the reduction of electricity consumption by about 1000 GWh by 2010 (Table 5.6). The vehicle scrapping incentive programme has also been more successful than anticipated.
|
sdg7
|
It is particularly crucial for national governments to empower local governments by providing adequate financial resources, legal and fiscal autonomy and by supporting local skill development, given their important role in the NUP processes. With clearer information on common implementation gaps, and the policy instruments that are available to address them, policy makers could better predict these gaps and undertake capacity building activities. As Table 7.1 illustrates, many of the SDGs have an evident urban dimension and cannot be achieved without being addressed in urban areas, making NUPs an important implementation and monitoring instrument. As an overarching process, the national urban policy will be able to anchor and influence many dimensions of sustainable development, such as air pollution control and regulation" (United Nations, 2016a).
|
sdg11
|
The agreement provides a framework that combines cost containment with measures to support innovation (European Commission, 2016). It is participating in the new BeNeLuxA (with the Netherlands. Luxembourg and Austria) collaboration on joint HTA, horizon scanning, information exchange and pricing/reimbursement negotiation for new medicines.
|
sdg3
|
Syed Nazakat is a special correspondent for the news magazine, The Week, in Delhi. He has reported on politics, defence, security, terrorism and human rights issues in 17 countries. Nazakat has won numerous national journalism awards for his investigative stories on India’s secret torture chambers, India’s rendition programme in Nepal, arms trafficking in Bangladesh and an insider report on the Al-Qaeda rehabilitation camp in Saudi Arabia.
|
sdg16
|
Of these, (Table 1.18) professors comprise 11.4%, associate professors 24%, senior lecturers, constituting the bulk with 729 or 52.8%, and lecturers numbering 163 or only 11.8% of total academic staff. Lecturers with PhDs are promoted after three years and the effect of this service regulation has served to increase the number of Senior Lecturers. However, non-academic staff (Table 1.20) increased from 3 921 to 7 317 over the same period giving in 2009 a proportion of 20.7% academic staff to a surprising 79.3% of non-academic staff in 2009.
|
sdg4
|
We examine the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) launched in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province. Using corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis, we explore the dominant discourses that emerge in a genre chain produced by the Government of Ontario, including the initial 2008 PRS, annual reports and the 2014–2019 recontextualised PRS. Six key discourses surfaced: social exclusion, social inclusion, economic benefit or social investment, expert knowledge, community engagement and requisites for the PRS’ success – typically involving investments from the federal government and a favourable economic climate. No discourse of human rights, or of the rights to food, housing and an adequate standard of living is present in the PRS texts, absolving the government from its responsibility to ensure these rights. Without the accountability mechanisms attached to a rights-based approach, the PRS has little chance of ‘breaking the cycle’ of poverty, and will not likely ‘realise its potential’ to do so.
|
sdg16
|
This chapter examines the Supreme Court’s “precedent about precedent”—its doctrine regarding whether and when the Court may overturn its own prior constitutional decisions. Due largely to the influence of Justice Louis Brandeis in the early twentieth century, the role of stare decisis in the Court’s constitutional cases transformed from that of a vague common-law maxim to the status of contested doctrine. Using graphical “opinion maps” to trace the evolution of the Court’s case law on stare decisis, the author illustrates the division of stare decisis doctrine into two competing traditions: a “weak” tradition that allows overruling based on the supposedly faulty reasoning of a prior decision, and a “strong” tradition that demands some independent, non-merits-based justification for overruling. The author demonstrates that individual Justices frequently have aligned themselves with both traditions across different cases, and suggests that the force of the Court’s “precedent about precedent” is more rhetorical than constraining.
|
sdg16
|
A majority of the population speaks Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic), which has led to its status as the official "Greenlandic" language. Hunting and fishing have always been an important aspect of the Greenland Inuit culture, and most Greenlanders still hunt at least part-time to supplement their diet. Greenlandic social anthropologist Aviaja Egede Lynge has stated: "We have always been taught that we were one of the best colonies in the world. And why should we have a reason to ask questions about 250 years of colonial presence?"111 Today, Greenland has achieved greater self-determination with the home rule, however, Greenlanders still feel ruled by Denmark. Despite the fact that the members of the home rule government are native Greenlanders, most leading positions are still in the hands of the Danish population who have strong influences on decision-making processes.
|
sdg3
|
The Work Capability Assessment (WCA) was introduced in October 2008 to assess the condition of people on Employment and Support Allowance, which provides financial support for those unable to work because of illness or disability. Reassessing existing claimants according to new criteria is exceptional in an OECD context (OECD, 2010b). The WCA has been very controversial. The British Medical Association called for scrapping the scheme.
|
sdg10
|
The largest cost components of the bill are the sewage and wastewater levies. This includes a water pollution levy and is the approximate average for the category "residents” or “households”. The OECD survey referred to above suggests that the Netherlands compares well with countries that recover costs from revenues through w'ater bills (e.g. Belgium-Wallonia and Flanders, England and Wales, France, Sweden, Switzerland). This figure initially increased from 109 litres in 1970 to a peak of 149 litres in 1990, but subsequently declined (CBS, 2013).
|
sdg6
|
It produces publications, posters and videos related to occupational and environmental safety of chemicals. It also organises training and educational events. The Information Centre on Safety of Chemical Products (CISPROQUIM), also supported by industry, has telephone contact lines to provide information in case of chemical emergencies.
|
sdg12
|
What is missing is a system-wide long term public-private partnership to improve access and success in education. The University of the Free State is a broad-based university which recently under the leadership of Vice Chancellor Jonathan Jansen has embarked on a road of institutional transformation “to become a world-class, engaged university of excellence and innovation”, and “an equitable, diverse, non-racial, nonsexist, multicultural, multilingual university where everyone will experience a sense of belonging and achievement”. The Central University of Technology has under the leadership of Thandwa Mthembu undergone a thorough institutional transformation which has involved extending its career-focused education and training mandate into applied R&D. It aims to become an “engaged university that focuses on producing quality social and technological innovations in socio-economic developments, primarily in the Central region of South Africa” (see Box 2.1.).
|
sdg4
|
For instance, according to Eurobarometer data, half of Latvian workers who report carrying out undeclared work state that a reason for doing so is that both parties benefit from such an arrangement (European Commission, 2014b). Since opportunities for employers and employees to collude do exist, balanced and credible legal consequences for both employers and workers should become part of the strategy to make misreporting and evasion less attractive and less socially acceptable. Financial and legal consequences can also be tailored to the type of misreporting (for instance, fines should not apply to employees working unpaid overtime).
|
sdg8
|
William Frantz Public School (WFPS) in New Orleans, Louisiana, played a significant role in the story of desegregation in public K-12 education in the United States. This story began in 1960 when first-grader, Ruby Bridges, surrounded by federal marshals, climbed the steps to enroll as the school’s first Black student. Yet many subsequent stories unfolded within WFPS and offer an opportunity to open the discourse regarding systemic questions facing present-day United States public education - racial integration, accountability, and increasing support for charter schools. In this article, these stories are told first in the context of WFPS and then are connected to parallels found in other schools in New Orleans as well as other urban areas in the United States.
|
sdg16
|
This article contributes to recent debates about public sociology by considering the potential harmful consequences of seeking legitimacy for committed scholarship within academic institutions. After discussing public scholarship's place within the corporate university, we reflect on how institutionalizing “scholarship with commitment” might create routine practices and standardized expectations that could discourage organic interactions with various publics. Feminism's role in the academy exemplifies the consequences of institutionalizing committed scholarship. Drawing on insights from feminist and symbolic interactionist traditions and writing from a Canadian perspective, we discuss promising strategies for resisting the stagnation and/or habitualization of public and committed scholarship.
|
sdg16
|
As the global community is defining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the post-2015 era, it takes stock and draws lessons from policy experiences around the world to chart a forward-looking agenda for action. This Report draws on experiences, evidence and analysis from diverse national and regional contexts to answer this question. It reviews women's gains in obtaining equality before the law, access to education and other social services, in increasing their visibility as political actors, in participation in paid work and its benefits, and in increased public recognition of the scale and severity of the violence they experience. But it also asks why progress in ensuring women's practical enjoyment of a range of economic and social rights has been so slow and uneven across countries and between social groups.
|
sdg5
|
Much of Chinas health care success took place between 1950 and 1980, when the government established a three-level system of village clinics, township health centres and county hospitals in rural areas and health centres and district hospitals in urban areas. Since the 1980s, however, the health sector has been driven by a fee-for-service model. As a result, while Chinas overall health status has continued to improve, disparities have grown between the eastern and western provinces and between rural and urban areas. In many parts of the country quality health care has become unaffordable for the poor.
|
sdg1
|
The computational models we build can help us deepen our understanding infrastructure systems. This requires experts to make a series of reasonable assumptions to fill unanticipated 'specificity gaps'. Using such models or even the best Al algorithms should therefore always be tempered with human understanding and knowledge.
|
sdg9
|
However, seizing these low-hanging fruit opportunities has exacerbated the urban-rural divide with respect to access to electricity. In all developing regions, electrification rates are significantly lower in rural areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, while 58.3 per cent of people living in cities have access to electricity, only 8 per cent of those living in rural areas have similar access (table 1). One of the most commonly cited successful electrification programmes is that of China, which has reached a rate of more than 98 per cent in less than two decades (1985-2000).
|
sdg7
|
They peaked in 2009, when almost exactly one in two migrants was a woman, but then steadily declined to stand at 46% in 2015 (Figure 21.1, estimates based on provisional and partial data). Women are part of all of these migration categories, but are more likely to be overrepresented in family migration. Women’s migration to the OECD consequently reached its highest point in 2009, when the employment inflow was relatively low.
|
sdg5
|
First, they are responsible for conducting peer interviews with the teachers being evaluated. Second, they form part of the respective Municipal Evaluation Commission. Peer evaluators receive protocols for conducting the interviews. The CPEIP determines the criteria to select peer evaluators as well as the number of peer evaluators needed each year. Each peer evaluator conducts interviews with about 12 teachers on average per year. Assessment Centres function according to detailed terms of reference established by the Docentemas team.
|
sdg4
|
Each of the articles included in this special issue of the Journal of Language and Sexuality asks us to imagine queer im/migration, asylum and sexual citizenship in multiple dimensions and to probe the discursive operations that establish the parameters of sexual subjectivity. This review article argues that these processes are illustrative of “sexual adjudication:” the discursive coordinates, legal logics and linguistic sensibilities that produce the category of the sexual migrant, the sexual refugee and the sexual asylum seeker. The discussions featured here engage questions of how sexual epistemics work in both sending and receiving countries, as well as the role of borders in constituting narratives of sexual subjectivity. In addition to analyzing the theoretical overlaps and reciprocal conversations between the articles included in the special issue, this essay provides a historical, comparative context by situating these discussions within larger theoretical and terminological questions regarding queer im/migration, asylum and subjectivity.
|
sdg16
|
The scientific community recommends that more research is needed on the postrelease effects of transgenic crops. There is also a need for more targeted post-release monitoring and better methodologies for monitoring (ICSU, FAO, 2004). The roles and provisions of these bodies are described below. This provision goes beyond the general scope of the Convention in that it requires also that risks to human health are taken into account. Invasive alien species are considered as species introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats where they have the ability to establish themselves, invade, replace natives and take over the new environment.
|
sdg2
|
Conditionality can also create opportunities for corruption, as individuals responsible for certifying that conditions have been met could demand bribes for doing so. Furthermore, some poor families may find it difficult to meet conditions owing to the lack of easily accessible health services or schools and may suffer serious consumption losses if excluded from conditional cash transfer programmes. Conditional cash transfers generally target only households with school-age children, which means that all impoverished households without school-age children will be excluded.
|
sdg1
|
The index will draw on publicly available data regarding physical scarcity and water quality and overlay important factors including the regulatory regime and social and reputational issues that have not previously been incorporated into water risk measurement. The index measures four areas including: access to improved drinking water and sanitation, the availability of renewable water and the reliance on external supplies, the relationship between available water and supply demands, and the water dependency of each country’s economy. To date many modelling studies have simulated the impact of mitigation strategies on annual pollutant loss as opposed to pressures during seasonal ecological windows (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). Further development of these models to improve the targeting of policies, however, needs to pinpoint specific ecological windows of opportunity (e.g. salmon spawning season) as opposed to annual loadings and their abatement (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 115A, HELCOM, Helsinki, Finland.
|
sdg6
|
This article examines the Supreme Court of Canada’s cost-benefit analysis of freedom of conscience and religion guaranteed by s. 2(a) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in Alberta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony . The article finds that while the Supreme Court’s reasoning was ultimately flawed, its use of cost-benefit analysis may be a positive development in the freedom of religion framework. The article also looks at the Court’s treatment of the freedom of conscience guarantee in relation to freedom of religion. The article suggests that this treatment may foreshadow a more uniform approach to the broader freedom of conscience and religion than was provided for in previous decisions.
|
sdg16
|
In these areas, eligibility for hukou is dictated by a points-based system that favours long-time residents and those with high levels of education and skills. Further reforms should focus on disconnecting the eligibility for urban public services from hukou status. This may be achieved by introducing residency permits that allow the holder to access public services, while retaining a system that protects the land entitlements of migrants.
|
sdg2
|
Other countries may not be able to learn much from these projects when using a public-private partnership (PPP) approach and commercial financing for implementing cross-border gas pipeline projects. It is also implementing LNG regasification and storage facilities that will have a capacity of 11 MTPA by 2018. The terminal provides open access and facilities to store and re-export.
|
sdg7
|
The Compensation Funds provide medical care and income benefits to workers who are injured while at work or who develop occupational diseases. The Compensation Funds also pay survivor benefits to the families of workers that are fatally injured while on the job. The Road Accident Fund provides compensation for the loss of earnings, loss of support and compensation for general damages, medical and funeral costs to victims of road accidents caused by the negligent or wrongful driving of another motor vehicle.
|
sdg10
|
This article examines three critical perspectives in green political theory arguing that environmental governance is emerging as an increasingly scientised and technocratic domain. These are contrasted with work under the banner of 'civic expertise' proposing increased citizen deliberation and participation in the scientific realm to reverse the technocratic features of environmental management. Eco-feminism links the rise of technocratic science to an overall critique of modernity, rationality and patriarchy. Eco-modernism aims at re-configuring scientific rationality in terms of reflexive modernisation, and a stronger participatory dimension of civil society. In the postmodern green critique, the ascendancy of regulatory science marks the influence of biopower or green governmentality. Civic expertise is advanced as a middle ground between these contested appraisals of science in modern societies. This is underpinned by a post-positivist account of scientific knowledge and promotes a reform of the scien...
|
sdg16
|
However, in order for educational access to translate into improved social and economic outcomes across generations, attention to household support structures is important, as well as attention to the discrimination and social exclusion creating the socioeconomic traps in which some families are caught. Good health is an important precondition for the development of other capabilities that can enable socioeconomic mobility, such as education and labour productivity. Poor health can limit individual socioeconomic prospects and, ultimately, perpetuate—or even contribute to—increases in income and non-income inequality.
|
sdg10
|
This is particularly true in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay, where retirement benefits are received by 20%-30% of households. The exceptions include Brazil, where retirement benefits are somewhat regressive in absolute terms despite the high level of coverage, and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Panama and Paraguay, where the benefits are somewhat progressive but coverage is low. From this perspective, consideration of the coverage of these transfers by primary per capita income decile shows that they are progressive, that is, the coverage is greater among the poorest groups. This seems to contradict the widespread notion that social security systems are regressive. It must be borne in mind, however, that many of them are based on past employment, and also that their extent and amount are subject to a type of occupational stratification which at one time gave rise to a regressive primary-income structure.
|
sdg10
|
Current essay analyses from a social and historical psychology perspective the interest and participat ion of university students at the State University of Londr ina, Londrina PR Brazil, in projects which lead to t he construction of citizenship. Discourse analysis, employing social re presentation category, provides narratives with esse ntial theoretical questions for the understanding of the subject, sti mulates the debate and constructs strategies to con science-raise university students to social commitment. Criticism on the man ner capitalism system and neo-liberal ideology prod uce individualism in current society is inserted. The production of mean ing, as a result of the interpretation of discourse , analyzes the institution's responsibility in the process of maintaining social exclusion. In fact, the latter is the result of in tolerance in the context of diversity and of indifference on issues affect mill ions of Brazilians.
|
sdg16
|
The UNDP in its calculations of its gender equality indices even goes so far as to assume that due to biological advantages women will live on average five years longer than men, and the Global Gender Gap report uses a ratio of 1.06 as its benchmark for equality. This makes sense if gender equality is seen as a situation where men and women achieve equal development outcomes insofar as there are no sound biological reasons for them not to do so (for more information see Anand and Sen, 1993, Eskes and Haanen, 2007, and Austad, 2006). Women in this region have made especially great progress in life expectancy, leading to one of those instances where gender inequality now even reflects a disadvantage for men, although male life expectancy has not fallen in this region.
|
sdg5
|
This paper investigates the effect of governance on remittances with specific focus on accounting for heterogeneity in the relationship. Using nonparametric kernel methods that are robust to arbitrary forms of non-linearity, heterogeneity and model specification, and six governance measures from the World Governance Indicators (WGI), the relationship is analysed for 109 countries for the period 1996--2014. The findings show that all six measures: voice and accountability, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption are significantly related with remittances. Moreover, the relationship is highly nonlinear and heterogeneous across countries or regions, and time. In addition, specific aspects of governance quality matter differently for remittances across each regional groupings. Hence, there is the need for country-specific rather than a one-size fits all governance reform agenda.
|
sdg16
|
However, the proportion of people who are undernourished declined from about 20 per cent in 1990-1992 to 15 per cent in 2008-2010. Progress has been uneven across regions and the 2007-2008 food and financial crisis posed additional challenges. Under current conditions, the target of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015 will not be met in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Individuals may take in enough calories for daily subsistence, but still suffer from “hidden hunger” with low levels of micronutrients owing to the lack of diversification of diets.
|
sdg2
|
Information and transaction costs include obstacles that firms have to overcome in order to search for trading partners, acquiring information about tastes, regulations and technical requirements, and enforcing contracts. World Bank-ESCAP database on International trade costs. Each time series is standardized to 100 at the beginning of the sample period.
|
sdg9
|
Oversight by the national government to ensure consistency in the implementation of environmental requirements could be improved by establishing a regular forum for dialogue between the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (MESP) and municipalities, possibly with active involvement of the associations of municipalities and towns of Slovenia. Such a forum should aim to better monitor and benchmark the environmental performance of local authorities, with a view to identifying and disseminating good practice. It should also facilitate better feedback from the local level for policy purposes.
|
sdg6
|
As an example some further investigation is needed for the classification of some measures under the EAGGF that were phased out in 2007. Knowledge transfer up because better coverage of national expenditures. Reclassification and better coverage, of some items, especially in the category knowledge transfer at member state level, leads to some shifts between categories of the GSSE and overall it declines by -4%, while the TSE is hardly affected.
|
sdg2
|
This huge increase alone speaks of amazing achievements in terms of ICT access and bridging the digital divide. This interpretation, however, would be very narrow as the factors leading to ICT access are bound to interact with the environments in which they operate. In this case, a critical analysis of mobile subscriptions by level of development should trigger alarm bells as the sharp increase in ICT access is inordinately skewed towards developing countries as illustrated in figure 9.2.
|
sdg12
|
A statement was made by the observer for the European Union. A statement was also made by the representative of FAO. Statements were also made by the observer for the International Union of Forest Research Organizations, as well as the representatives of the farmers and small forest landowners major group and the non-governmental organizations major group. The Forum considered agenda item 8 at its 5th to 9th meetings, on 7, 13 and 14 May 2015.
|
sdg15
|
Recorded exports of maize in 2003 represented only 0.01% of production. It has been part of food trade in the region since the early 20th century. The first flows towards the south of the country, then Nigeria, went hand-in-hand with the organisation of assembly markets (Pobe, Dogbo and Ouegbo) (Igue, 2008). Besides Nigeria, surplus maize was also exported to Ghana beginning in the 1920s.
|
sdg2
|
Although alcohol abuse has a major impact on the mortality pattern of northern regions in general, it has had a particularly significant impact on indigenous peoples, with levels of alcohol use atypically high among women. For instance, in the Berezovo region of the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, in 1996-1999, out of 362 deaths among indigenous peoples excluding infants, one third were associated with alcohol, while the rate of alcohol-related deaths was 15 per cent in non-indigenous population. Alcohol-related deaths in women were five times higher among the indigenous peoples than among Russian northerners.565 In the Chukchi autonomous district, alcohol caused 42 per cent of indigenous women's deaths, white alcohol caused 19 per cent of deaths of non-indigenous women.566 Even when it does not end in human losses, alcohol consumption leads to economic losses which directly or indirectly decrease life quality. The rate of death resulting from external causes among indigenous northerners is more than twice the Russian average.
|
sdg3
|
This case study documents the story of Zimbabwean entrepreneur Strive Masiyiwa in his quest to obtain a mobile telecommunications license. First the Post and Telecommunications Corporation of Zimbabwe (PTC) and then the Ministry of Information, Post and Telecommunications of the government of President Robert Mugabe place obstacle after obstacle in his path, but Masiyiwa challenges their decisions and actions in the High Court and the Supreme Court. Throughout this five year process (1993-1998), he remains determined to obtain the license through ethical means. A number of individuals and organizations are impressed by his values and come to his help and this assistance, along with the independence of the Judiciary, is instrumental in his firm being given the license in July 1998. The case represents an in-depth study of a successful example of resistance to political corruption.
|
sdg16
|
These usually include multiple criteria, each of which requires an understanding of the context of the proposed action. For example, the Cancun Adaptation Framework (established in 2010 at COP 16) invites all Parties to plan, prioritise and implement adaptation actions (UNFCCC, 2010). Parties agreed at COP 17 in Durban that adaptation planning is a “continuous, progressive and iterative process” (UNFCCC, 2011).
|
sdg13
|
For example, the National Mekong Committees coordinate Mekong River Commission’s programmes at the national level and provide links between the Commission’s secretariat and the national ministries and line agencies. The Convention on the Protection of the Rhine (1999) requests Parties to report to the ICPR on measures they have taken on the basis of ICPR decisions and on problems arising in implementation of these measures. If a Party cannot implement the Commission’s decisions, in full or in part, it shall report this. The Commission organizes consultations and may decide that measures will be taken to assist the implementation of the decisions.
|
sdg6
|
Overall, it is also characterised by high fragmentation and low co-ordination as well as slow' planning and delivery' performances relative to a dynamic economic and social context. The elements included in this section combine considerations on the causes of inefficiencies and drivers for possible change and describe initiatives that the government has recently undertaken or is currently considering to address the challenges. These two acts also regulate the process for applying for and issuing construction permits (Box 9.8 below').
|
sdg11
|
On the one hand, the radical liberal way of thinking, which was in favour of refraining public authority to free civil society market forces from the “state inefficiency”, and on the other hand the radical promoters of participatory democracy as the only vehicle of “true” emancipation of the citizens (Abers and Keck, 2013). By the end of the 1990s, almost 40 000 participatory councils or committees had been created throughout the country as the “ethos” of Brazil at the dawn of the newly established democracy. In fact, to a large extent, some of the tensions and difficulties in the negotiation of successive Brazilian water laws (Figure 2.1) are still present.
|
sdg6
|
Nigeria has been a steadfast ally of the US even throughout the country’s 29 years of military rule and certainly following its transition to democraticy. Despite Nigeria’s size, regional importance, and political standing, some Nigerian presidents, diplomats, politicians, journalists, and citizens view the relations with the US as uneven and condescending. They had trusted that the election of Barack Obama, whose father is Kenyan, would usher in a new era of improved and balanced Nigeria–US relations. This did not come to fruition. Instead, the language of advising Nigeria about the rule of law, good governance, anti-corruption, and cooperation in America’s fight against terrorism remained. This chapter examines Nigerians’ perceptions of the Obama administration during the administrations of Umaru Yar’Adu, Goodluck Jonathan, and Muhammad Buhari to determine if these perceptions remained consistent or were there changes with each administration.
|
sdg16
|
The government is also in the process of revamping the institutional framework for investment promotion, notably through the creation in 2017 of a new investment and trade promotion agency (PAHil) to complement the activities of the existing one (PAIilZ). It may, hence, be a timely moment for the government to undertake a review of its investment promotion structures and incentives now in place to ensure that the reform builds on the available international best practices and achieves its intended effect. Ongoing efforts to strengthen analysis and planning of tax audits should continue.
|
sdg4
|
With progressive redistribution systems in place, greater inequality automatically leads to more redistribution, even if no policy action is taken. For instance, when unemployment goes up, measured redistribution is likely to increase because more people claim unemployment benefits. Similarly, a progressive income tax redistributes more when taxable incomes become more dispersed (and very little if everybody earns about the same). In the context of rising market-income inequality, tax-benefit systems have indeed become more redistributive over the past 20-25 years.
|
sdg10
|
An example is the recent report by United Kingdom’s Royal College of General Practitioners, which outlines the model of general practice and roles of GPs and other primary care staff envisaged for 2022 (Royal College of General Practitioners, 2013). It will be important for such a national vision for primary care in Sweden to be shared by SALAR, county councils, municipalities and leaders in primary care. It requires action to ensure that the policy environment, regulation and governance structures, reimbursement and inventive systems, and information infrastructure are conducive to change, and there are effective dissemination routes for the spread of good practice. Integrated, community-based care also requires investment in primary care.
|
sdg3
|
Unemployment rates in Denmark in 2011 were below the OECD average. Teachers are trusted professionals with fewer teaching hours than the OECD average and good salary conditions, but they receive less feedback and fewer professional development opportunities than the OECD average. At primary and lower secondary levels, teachers follow a pre-service teacher training programme of four years including a teaching practicum, at upper secondary level, it is a six-year training programme, also including a teaching practicum.
|
sdg4
|
This makes the reduction of inequality a difficult, complex task. Ensuring that improvements in one area are not hindered by growing inequality in others is, therefore, important. This calls for an integrated policy approach and a specific policy focus on disadvantaged groups. It purports to be a set of cohesive, coherent and complementary policies (social, monetary and fiscal, developmental, trade and industrial, and other) to attack inequality in its various dimensions, since standalone policies are unlikely to have much effect.
|
sdg10
|
Figure 12, shows betweenness centrality calculated using Eq. ( Note that we can choose centrality betweenness based on hop count or propagation delay, but we chose centrality betweenness based on hop count because we used the routing algorithm based on hop count. Figure 12 gives betweenness centrality of each nodes, and shows that node 5 has the highest betweenness centrality than other node in NSFNET and node 9 has the second highest. In addition, these nodes are considered appropriate as reference nodes since they are connected with four nodes.
|
sdg7
|
Covers the prevention, control and reduction of water-related diseases in Europe. Requires member states to establish national/local targets for drinking water quality, discharge quality, water supply performance and wastewater treatment to reduce water-related disease outbreaks. Provided the basis for bilateral and multilateral conventions e.g. 1994 Convention on the Co-operation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River.
|
sdg6
|
These included a study to measure the effects of the phaseout, as well a study “identifying the country's most polluting vehicles.” In 1999, the US-Asia Environmental Partnership (US-AEP) “jointly sponsored a workshop in Hanoi with the Ministry of Transport and the World Bank to discuss phasing out leaded fuel and learn from the experiences of other East Asian countries that had already phased out leaded gasoline.” The workshop helped to resolve concerns about leaded gasoline, and led to the creation of a new partnership of government, industry, and academic experts. The transition was accomplished in July 2001.
|
sdg12
|
Individuals who are still deprived may be the most difficult to reach—geographically, politically, socially and economically. It is time to push to eradicate the remaining deprivations not only in access to health care, education and livelihoods, but also in other dimensions of well-being, such as security, freedom of participation in political life and access to advanced, high-quality services. Some barriers may require technical solutions—greater fiscal resources and development assistance, gains in technology and improved data resources for monitoring and evaluation (see chapter 3). These barriers can be addressed, albeit not easily, through changes in national policies (see chapter 4) and in international systems (see chapter 5).
|
sdg1
|
The share of Ghanaian-born workers with less than primary education decreased far more than the commensurate share of foreign-bom workers, while the share of Ghanaian-bom workers with secondaiy education increased much faster. In fact, the share of the foreign-bom employed with secondary education was stagnant, and this share increased by more than 10 percentage points for the Ghanaian-bom employed. However, there was a sharper rise in the share of the foreign-bom employed with tertiary education, which increased by 4.5 percentage points (1.2 percentage points for the Ghanaian-bom employed).
|
sdg8
|
Conscientious efforts should be made to live in harmony with nature, allowing for a new approach to modernization characterized by such co-existence. Green lifestyles, including energy-conserving, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly consumption should be widely accepted. For the sake of our environment it will promote green, circular, low-carbon development: preserving our geographical space, restructuring our industrial structure, and modifying the ways of production and changing people’s behavior.
|
sdg15
|
Some countries have also reduced the role of treating doctors in order to objectify the process. Countries have struggled more w'ith influencing the quality of sickness certificates which are still in the hands of an individual’s treating doctor. Sweden has introduced illness-specific guidelines for the certification process w'hich are binding for treating doctors, and the United Kingdom has replaced the previous sick note with a new fit note to increase the treating doctor’s attention to work-related matters (Box 3.8).
|
sdg8
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.