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Local bodies are responsible for the removal, collection and disposal of solid waste in urban areas. Until recently, the conservancy section of the city corporations and pourashavas carried out waste management, including sanitation, cleaning and other associated functions, while the transportation of waste and other engineering functions were performed by another department. As that system weakened the chain of command, Dhaka City Corporation recently inaugurated a waste management department to perform all of the waste management functions in a combined manner under a single line of authority, but this approach has yet to be replicated in other urban areas across the country.
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However, 22 cases of malaria, with three cases of death, were reported in 2014, 14 cases were reported during the last five years (2009-2013). After a peak reached in 2007, leishmaniasis incidence decreased. Air monitoring is carried out near major transport and industrial hotspots (chapters 3 and 8). Transport accounts for 87 per cent of CO, 70 per cent of NOx, 50 per cent of SO2 and 40 per cent of VOCs in urban areas.
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The pattern of occupational growth suggests that the demand for labour is an important factor explaining the role of immigrant workers in Thailand. This is underlined by the relatively low proportions of foreign-bom workers in occupations that have become less important, such as skilled agriculture and legislative/senior official occupations. In particular, the share of low-skill occupations is high in comparison with other countries including the partner countries,8 while it has been growing for foreign-bom workers and decreasing forThai-bom workers.
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Some other countries, such as Australia, prepare the same foundation education for primary and pre-primary teachers, but a specialisation is to be selected for one of the two qualifications. Licensing can be obtained by demonstrating the abilities to practice the profession or duties in ECEC. In, for example, Finland, no renewal is required.
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Elderly households, those headed by young people, lone-parent families, fragmented families and large families are particularly at risk of being poor in many OECD member countries. Predicted trends in family structure suggest that the future will see further growth in these types of families: projected trends suggest that declining marriage rates, rising divorce rates and increased cohabitation are likely to continue while the number of births outside marriage and the preponderance of children living in step- or single-parent households appear likely to rise. Longevity will also continue to increase.
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Figure 3.9 shows how the value of the State Old Age Pension has changed over time. In 1970, the size of the State Old Age Pension for a white person was more than seven times the value of the pension for an African. This gap narrowed rapidly to a ratio of just over three in 1980, partly through a reduction in the real value of a white pension, but also through real increases in the size of the pension to Africans. The 1992 Social Assistance Act finally did away with all racially discriminatory provisions.
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The Kyoto Protocol established a Joint Implementation (Jl) regime for trade among states that had emissions caps, and a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to allow states with emissions caps to offset these by purchasing emissions reductions from non-capped states. Jl and CDM led to a large volume of Europe-dominated and project-based emissions trading, with the CDM credit supply largely captured by China, to the exclusion of least developed countries (LDCs) unable to compete with China's efficient, low-cost project pipeline. Such domestic policies may include national or subnational emissions trading programmes.
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During windy periods, there is abundancy of electric power in the Nordics, and the electricity prices are very low or in some hours even negative. The subsidized investments into renewable electricity generation partly drive the electricity market prices down, and the profitability of condensing power generation has decreased, which has led to closing down of power plants. As a result, there is increasing need for energy storage, but also need to cut the peaks in power demand.
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The chapter examines the idea of the individual as the normative subject of modernity, in a reading of Lizardi’s El periquillo sarniento (1816). It traces the novel’s invention of the Mexican individual to Rousseau’s view of the mind and education, but more radically to Christianity and monarchical absolutism. Sharman highlights Lizardi’s picaresque critique of the idle noble as a cypher for the Hispanic world’s failures of political economy. He identifies as the pivotal egalitarian gesture the shift in understanding from nobility as birth to nobility as quality. This permits the novel’s revalorisation of Indians, foreigners, slaves, and the mechanical trades. Sharman shows that, even if individual equality is trumped by the “natural” hierarchies demanded by political economy, the Hispanic Enlightenment’s “moderate” reforms are haunted by “radical” philosophy.
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See: http://www.energy.eu/http://www.nordicenergysolutions.org Orkustofnun (2010). Energy Statistics in Iceland 2009. Primary energy refers to energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process, e.g. coal, lignite, mineral oil, natural gas, uranium (nuclear energy), water (hydropower), solar radiation, wind. Final energy is a form of energy available to the user following the conversion from primary energy.
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Seawater quality improved after the Dokai Bay clean-up in 1972 and implementation of industrial wastewater regulation. Current measures include i) chemical substance monitoring (S02, N02, CO, SPM, NO*, PM2 5, dioxins, benzene and trichloroethylene) at 14 general ambient air-monitoring stations and 5 automobile exhaust gas monitoring stations, and ii) water quality monitoring at environmental reference points (27 river sites, 7 ocean sites and 1 lake site) and general measurement points (5 river sites, 11 ocean sites). National standards limit the legal amount of air pollution and wastewater discharges from industries and businesses in Kitakyushu, and the city has the power to control the implementation of these standards.
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Rapid economic growth and human development since the 1950s have come at a significant cost in terms of global environmental pressures and impacts. Over-consumption as a cultural norm, and as a conspicuous signifier of modernity and class status, is a defining characteristic in developed countries and is increasingly an aspirational signifier in middle-income and developing countries. Neither are they evenly distributed on smaller scales, including at the intra-household level. "
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Some in the planning field have perceived this environmental focus as a threat, drawing attention away from gender issues. However, sustainability as defined in the 1992 Rio Declaration includes economic viability and social equity, two components which could be used to draw attention to gender issues. In Scandinavian countries, gender considerations have been integrated into strategic level planning and sustainability programmes, which illustrates how gender issues can be an integrated part of sustainability (Greed, 2005, Folkesdotter, 1997, Horelli, 2000).
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This chapter contextualizes the research problem with a state of the art of the literature on the institutional resource curse and resource nationalism. The central argument of the institutional theory of the resource curse is that a country should strengthen the public institutional system in the sense of increasing public accountability and enforcing checks and balances, so that they could prevent the political downsizes caused by external shocks of commodities prices. We contend that governments from Latin American countries that engaged in the resource nationalist turn during the past decades were actually headed in the opposite direction, which causes oil policies to hinder public accountability. This chapter proceeds with the explanation of the general aims of our research, the literature review on the resource curse thesis and a brief outlook of the methods employed.
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Under UNFCCC guidance, it was decided that the LDCF would provide support, as a first step, for the preparation and implementation of NAPAs. The GEF, with the assistance of its implementing agencies, UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank, has already supplied funds for preparing NAPAs. The rationale for establishing the LDCF lies in the low capacity and high vulnerability of LDCs, which render them in need of immediate and urgent support in starting to adapt to current and projected adverse effects of climate change.
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Enhanching Mobility in Later Life", IOS Press, 2005, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle Safety in Europe DRIVE II Project V2031 Elderly and Disabled Drivers Information Telematics EDDIT. R&D Programme Telematics System in the Area of Transport (DRIVE II), Commission of The European Communities CEC, Directorate General XIII Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation, Brussels.
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A well-implemented plan is defined as one in which a high proportion of policies for achieving an objective in the plan are implemented by the development permits. The evaluation method focuses on the strength of the linkages between policies and permits, measured through the adoption of relevant management techniques. For each permit, implementation is measured as the proportion of plan polices that are implemented by the permit (as a proportion of all relevant policies).
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These measures might also influence recreation or its indicators. They include natural and socio-economic criteria (e.g. the right to access forests for recreation or fostering cultural traditions, or management of forests with regards to non-timber products). Several case studies and nationwide surveys conducted by the Thuenen Institute and others prove that forest-based recreation is valued and appreciated by the general population. Recently a study about economic valuation of non-market goods provided by forests (e.g. the possibilities for recreation for the general public) was conducted by the Thuenen Institute (Elsasser & Weller 2013). In the study actual willingness to pay values for forest-based recreation are presented, elicited in a nationwide contingent valuation survey.
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However, the project is already fulfilling its objective. Awareness of the importance of ecosystem services has increased in Iceland, and its incorporation into national and local decisionmaking has been proposed. The literature review has been selective in seeking out studies that capture economic values of ecosystem services that are not directly reflected by market prices.
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The redistribution of tasks to nurses or the broader clinical team could be exploited, notably in emergency facilities that face increasing pressures from the demand side. A more co-ordinated and faster response from emergency department is furthermore urgently needed. There are innovative examples that can be found in Japan or in other OECD countries.
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The latter is not currently available in an analysis-ready format that could be used for this purpose. Instead, the country baselines published by ESRI (2016) have been used here. This is a suitable long-term alternative as the Flanders Marine Institute EEZ dataset now uses the ESRI boundaries as country baselines, which will ensure agreement between the two in the future.
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The WBCSD estimates that buildings are responsible for at least 40 per cent of energy use in most countries (WBCSD, 2008). Moreover, energy use is growing rapidly in many developing countries with booming construction sectors. Knowledge and technology are already available to reduce the increase in energy use through EE improvements of the building envelope, space heating and cooling systems, water heating systems, lighting, household appliances and business equipment.
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Nearly 70% of the projects focused on research to assess potential climate change impacts and adaptation options. Practical measures accounted for 23% of the projects and the rest combined research and practical measures (Figure 5.3). With regard to the natural environment, there was a focus on the Alpine region (49 projects) and activities related to flowing waters (34) and urban areas (31), yet most projects were not associated with any one particular natural environment.
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It operates 16 regional branches, which have some autonomy, as, for example, in the tendering process for health-care services. Since 2008, the list has been broadened to include highly specialised procedures, which were previously financed directly from the general government budget. Most primary care, independent of ownership status, is still covered by public health insurance.
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New Zealand's 10-year experience with self-governing schools operating in a competitive environment provides new insights into school choice initiatives now being hotly debated in the United States with limited evidence. This article examines how New Zealand's system of parental choice of schools played out in that country's three major urban areas with particular emphasis on the sorting of students by ethnic and socioeconomic status. The analysis documents that schools with large initial proportions of minorities (Maori and Pacific Island students in the New Zealand context) were at a clear disadvantage in the educational market place relative to other schools and that the effect was to generate a system in which gaps between the “successful” and the “unsuccessful” schools became wider. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
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This paper explores how theories and epistemological understandings from the disciplines of human geography and environmental ethics may be usefully deployed to further understanding of public perceptions of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). In particular, the themes of values, place and embodied experience are explored in turn. The aim of doing this is to consider how reflection on some of the ‘deeper’ issues underpinning CCS projects has the potential to shed new light on how people come to hold particular viewpoints. This paper argues that alongside the endeavour of producing very practical advice and guidelines on public engagement in CCS, there is room to reflect critically on the contexts in which people form their perceptions of CCS and perform these perceptions. Doing this has the potential to offer new insights into what exactly it is publics may find troubling - or, indeed, appealing - about CCS.
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For Jamaica, the greening of the energy sector and the food production system will build resilience to shocks from the international energy and food markets. The governments programmes to encourage investment to drive economic growth, generate employment opportunities and increase incomes need only a shift in focus to facilitate more investment in green industries using green technologies. The risk aversion of the traditional business classes is another obstacle to be overcome.
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This provides nuclear energy with enormous resilience against any changes in the global carbon regime, which may be considered a new form of geopolitical supply risk. Of course, in the absence of widespread penetration of electric cars, the substitutability of oil with nuclear power is limited. It is also difficult to displace gas - and to a lesser extent coal - in peak-load generation due to their operational flexibility.
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Water authorities need to work with other constituencies, including the agriculture and energy sectors, while taking the environment into account, they also need to work at different levels of government (local, basin, municipal, state and federal levels). For example, there has been long-standing co-operation between Canada and the United States through the Canada-US Boundary Waters Treaty and the Canada-US Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe operates the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, providing an important framework for international co-operation.
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Over the last six decades, the Supreme Court of India has created and re-created a right to property from very weak textual sources, despite constitutional declarations calling for social revolution, numerous amendments to reverse key judgments, and even, in 1978, the repeal of the core constitutional provisions guaranteeing a right to property. This article challenges the usual account of these developments. The primary contention is that the 1978 repeal is much less significant than it appears, due to the Court’s creative interpretation of other constitutional provisions. The Supreme Court has consistently advanced liberal models of constitutionalism and property, despite the influence of other models on the original constitutional design and later amendments. This article also examines whether the Court’s liberalism is compatible with the egalitarian values of the Constitution, and how its position will affect attempts to address social issues relating to the distribution of property in India.
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This chapter considers legal areas outside the scope of criminal law. Civil liability and civil liberties are discussed in the context of security disclosure. These are: freedom of expression/free speech, copyright, tort of negligence, defamation, illegal telecommunications interception (surveillance), privacy law, data protection and data breach notification.
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Second, well-targeted investment can be anti-inflationary if it addresses supply bottlenecks that drive up prices. To discuss the potential to address gender inequality, it is useful to divide public investment into two subcategories: physical infrastructure investment and social infrastructure investment. 2010).Targeted investments can reduce women's unpaid labour burden, freeing up time to spend in remunerative labour activities, with benefits for gender equality and intrahousehold bargaining power (Chiappori and Meghir 2014, Johnston et al. Children’s well-being and economy-wide long-run productivity growth also benefit. In economies at all levels of development, transportation improvements reduce the time women spend in marketing goods and in provisioning for households. They also enhance women’s ability to access services and labour markets.
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For example, ill health of students themselves or of other family members is an obvious reason for absence. The need to attend significant events (such as funerals) may affect some groups of students more than others. For students in remote areas, medical or other appointments in the nearest urban centre can result in an absence of several days.
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This article examines the legal relationship between terrorism and other transnational crimes. It considers how terrorist groups instrumentally commit other transnational crimes in order to support their terrorist activities, as well as when terrorist acts can qualify as other transnational crimes. The overlap and differentiation between terrorism and transnational organised crime is explored by reference to the UN Transnational Organised Crime Convention 2000 (UNTOC) and its three protocols on human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and firearms trafficking. In particular, the article examines the distinction between politically motivated terrorism and the financial or material benefit that is central to the definition under the UNTOC. Beyond the UNTOC, the article then investigates the relationship between terrorism and a cluster of more disparate transnational crimes, including drug trafficking, illicit trafficking in cultural property, illicit exploitation of natural resources and environmental crimes, and kidnapping for ransom. The article identifies gaps in existing legal regimes.
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The cost of insurance is deductible from the final fruit returns payable to suppliers. The farmers interviewed by OECD also indicated that apart from insuring structures and machinery, they have little incentive to take up other types of policies. In 2006, MAF commissioned a survey of pastoral and cropping fanners looking at their strategies to deal with adverse events (MAF, 2009e). It showed that farmers attach relatively low importance to insurance as an instrument of managing such risks.
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The PSC defines the roles of CGIAR and the private sector and strengthens these partnerships. In the case of GM organisms and intellectual property rights, the PSC advocates the introduction of biotechnology, including GM organisms that are protected with intellectual property rights (CGIAR, 1998, Forum on Environment & Development, 1999). On the other hand, the NGOC offers critical evaluations of improvements in food security in developing countries, the environmental impacts of agricultural production, the management of natural resources, farmers’ participation, and other issues.
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Expulsion of aliens is a matter of domestic law in which States enjoy a broad discretionary power (Hailbronner and Gogolin in Aliens, Max Planck encyclopaedia of public international law. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, Murphy in Am J Int Law 107:164–194, 2013). European law and institutions leave a broad margin of appreciation in that field to the Member States. In addition to the expulsion of illegal aliens, national authorities may, on the grounds of public policy and public security, revoke a legal resident’s residence permit and expel him or her, regardless of his or her level of integration within the host country. The Belgian legislature recently extended the scope of expulsion measures to all legal residents. The chapter analyses the evolution of expulsion measures highlighting the limits set by the European legal framework and questioning their underlying logic.
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Following international guidelines and standards, such as ICATUS, allows time use data to be comparable across countries and over time. Costa Rica, for example, has committed to produce time use survey every three years (See Box 2). The UK has produced household satellite accounts from 2005 to 2014 measuring the value of adult and childcare, household housing services, nutrition, clothing and laundry, transport and volunteering.
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The government wants the programme eventually to be mandatory. However, the implementation of the new programme has been delayed because the decision by the NAE to commission training from certain universities and university colleges has been appealed and will be decided in court. There are new syllabi for SFI in place since 1 January 2009.
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Oceania also reported a net loss, largely due to severe drought and forest fires in Australia. Asia, on the other hand, registered a net gain of around 2.2 million hectares annually between 2000 and 2010 following a net loss in the 1990s. This gain, mostly due to large-scale afforestation programmes in China, offsets continued high rates of net loss in many countries in Southern and South-Eastern Asia.
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A way to overcome this issue is to construct counterfactual distributions that integrate the conditional distribution of Y in a certain group given X over the distribution of X in the other group. Different approaches exist to estimate such counterfactual distributions but the simplest is to replace the distribution of population characteristics of a certain group by the distribution of X in the other group. This requires computing a reweighting factor w'hich can be estimated using a simple logit or probit model for the probability of belonging to this latter group. The inverting function is then defined as Recentered influence Function (RIF) for which the law of Iterated Expectations holds so that a full Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the RIF for the quantile of interest can be performed.
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The production is distributed to Mali (55%), Senegal (30%) and Mauritania (15%) (Wikipedia, 2016e). As part of the OMVS agenda, the dam was planned over Senegal River in 1972, but construction could not begin due to lack of funds. In 1979, the World Bank declined funding for dam construction, highlighting the unreasonable investment. After securing financial aid from Europe, construction of the dam began in 1982 (Wikipedia, 2016e). At the same time, another dam was built downstream in the Lower Senegal River’s delta to prevent backwater flows.
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Therefore, the use of IUCN assessment criteria promises considerable added value for future editions of the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. Research and monitoring staff patrol their reserves on an ad hoc basis and record observations on biodiversity, based on a methodological handbook. Their records (usually in tabular format) are compiled in the annual Nature Chronicles of each State reserve, and are also used to estimate the abundance of key species (typically as individuals per km of linear survey or per unit area). Results are reported reguarly to the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna.
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Reports from hunting districts indicate that the number of black grouse had already declined from 33 000 in 1977 to 5 000 in 1994. As a result, black grouse became a protected species in 1995. Its decline is attributed mainly to the increase in predators such as fox, badger and marten, and nest destruction by growing populations of the common raven, e.g. in coniferous lowland forests of the south-west (Merta et al., Another key factor is habitat destruction.
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The new pharmaceutical price list from July 2017 (see Section 5.2) is expected to lower both public and private costs. They identify key priorities and set out implementation plans. However, even though recent efforts have been made to include meaningful indicators to measure progress, regular monitoring and evaluation of implemented reforms is limited Also, few independent evaluations of health system performance have taken place. Life expectancy for men is more than 10 years lower than for women, the largest gender gap in the EU.
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Although the partnership is still new, several rehabilitation projects are already planned for highly degraded areas of the catchment. The UEIP will also coordinate existing projects in the catchment that are already being run by the various partners. In addition, the partnership has secured funding through South Africa’s Green Fund for research that is exploring and developing potential public and private funding mechanisms for investing in ecological infrastructure in the catchment. The University of KwaZulu-Natal will explore public funding sources, such as budget re-alignment, water pricing, biodiversity offsets and natural resource management programmes. News of the project has spread internationally, with the Secretary-General of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands labelling it a highly innovative approach at the World Parks Congress in November 2014. It is an essential proof of concept for ‘ecological infrastructure’ as a way of communicating the necessity of ecosystem management and restoration.
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Russia and European Human-Rights Law critically examines Russia's experiences as part of the European human righs protection system since its admittance in 1998. The authors combine legal and constructivist international relations theory perspectives in this study of Russia's practice and rhetoric in the Council of Europe and before the European Court of Human Rights.
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This was statistically significant both before and after adjusting for various confounding variables (age, number of miles driven annually, etc.). However, drivers of 75 and more who had taken the refresher course were at the same risk as drivers who had not. The same tendency, although weaker and non-significant, was found for single-vehicle accidents. It seems that the refresher course has a beneficial effect on safe mobility only if the driver completes the course before 75. One practice used in Switzerland is described as a representative example, there.
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A major difference between financial reporting and reporting on sustainability performance is that these last reports are much more transparent on the sustainability performance in the value chain. The most relevant topics to report on are those that reflect a company’s significant environmental impacts or substantively influence the assessments and decisions of stakeholders. Insight into the justified information needs from users is necessary to be able to provide relevant environmental data 43 The process for defining report content is therefore based on a materiality process that finds its basis in stakeholder engagement. Although guidance is given, in practice, companies still struggle on how to perform such materiality assessments and identify the most relevant indicators to report on.
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It is notable that 69% of development finance for the energy sector is climate-related, and particularly that finance for mitigation is higher than the global average (60%). There seems to be room for projects that aim to increase the resilience of the energy sector to climate impacts through adaptation, particularly for those especially vulnerable to climate change such as Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. A larger share of climate-related development finance in agriculture was committed to adaptation, but the total of 26% (including both mitigation and adaptation) is much lower than the global average (40% for climate-related development finance). For the water sector, the share of climate-related finance in the total development finance in the EECCA countries is the same as the global average (i.e. 37%). However, the level of committed finance to mitigation in the sector is much higher (i.e. 21% in EECCA vs. 3% in the world), reflecting the need to rehabilitate old, inefficient infrastructure in this sector.
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The Programme Officer of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Nandhini Iyer Krishna, highlighted the interaction between land degradation and deforestation, stressing that unsustainable agriculture practices could be a significant drivers of deforestation, in this context, she emphasized the importance sustainable livestock management and the value of agroforestry. She also noted that, while attention was often focused on rain forests, dry land forests were also important, providing a buffer against drought and desertification, a safety net against poverty, biodiversity richness and other vital ecosystem goods and services.
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System-wide issues include, for example, encouraging consistent quality across the range of providers, ensuring specialisation amongst key intermediaries, encouraging scale economies amongst intermediaries delivering more than a single element of the programme, and facilitating the exit of intermediaries providing services of insufficient standard. Here the aspiration is to make the individual institutions more market oriented and to get them acting together more effectively as a system -exchanging experience and knowledge as well as competing to improve quality and effectiveness. Where changes in the institutional arrangements have already been made these will need monitoring and assessment, for example placing the 51 PymExporta centres provided by intermediaries under the central control of the new specialised national agency ProMexico.
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Furthermore, as highlighted in table 2, because payments do not need to be direct cash transfers, payments in the forms of infrastructure such as schools, road, irrigation systems or health clinics can be used to deliver significant benefits to the community as a whole. Benefits to the poor can also go beyond additional income or rewards. It is however difficult to rescind such forms of payments if communities fail to live up to their obligations.
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Gender gaps exist for a wide range of agricultural technologies, including machines and tools, improved plant varieties and animal breeds, fertilisers, pest control measures and management techniques. Often technologies and tools have been adapted to men’s tasks or to equipment used by men, whilst women struggle with cultivation and harvesting using handheld tools (World Bank, FAO and IFAD, 2009). Only 15% of the extension personnel were female. Several new and participatory extension approaches have been developed and tested in the past decade in an effort to move away from a top-down model to more farmer-driven services. The impact of agricultural extension services can be improved by working with the whole household, rather than with individuals (Box 2.9 Agriculture support programme, Zambia) (Farnworth, 2010a). When both women’s and men’s work is explicitly recognised, the entire farm is strengthened as a productive enterprise.
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These shares have been fairly stable over the past five years. In comparison, the IEA average in 2008 was 23% for industry, and 32% for transport and 45% for other sectors. Industry has modernised and restructured itself, and, counterbalancing the impact of rapid population growth, energy use in buildings has become more efficient. The transport sector, in turn, has seen a dramatic increase in energy use over the past decade.
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In EU member countries, MEPS programmes have so far been less ambitious than those of some other developed countries in terms of the number of standards set and performance levels demanded. However, the EuP Directive represents a new approach by setting eco-design requirements for a larger range of EuPs. In December 2008, the EU member States approved a regulation (formally adopted by the European Commission (EC) in March 2009) for the progressive phasing out of incandescent bulbs by 2012.
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Untreated wastewater from industry is a problem there. However, reconstruction of the refinery and improvements to oil extraction practices have reduced oil pollution of the Caspian Sea, but permissible limits for discharges are still exceeded. A network of collectors was constructed to transport drainage water into desert depressions.
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In accordance with domestic law, each Party shall take measures, as appropriate, with the aim of ensuring that the prior informed consent or approval and involvement of indigenous and local communities is obtained for access to genetic resources where they have the established right to grant access to such resources. These include the requirement to formulate fair and non-arbitrary rules and procedures for access, information on how to apply for PIC, the issuance of permits as evidence of PIC, the requirement to provide written decision by the competent national authority within a reasonable period of time and the like. A national competent authority must be established to implement the ABS system, where it will be possible to register ABS agreements and any other documentation that can potentially serve as evidence of PIC and MAT (Nagoya Protocol, Article 13).
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Results of the health care cost models are used to forecast future health expenditures based on the characteristics and health status of the projected future elderly population from the other two FEM model components. Per capita expenditures are also calculated for each of these four payment categories. All projected expenditures are in real terms that correspond to 1998 dollars.
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One example is the recent pilot project “Payment for Ecosystem Sendees (PES) on Flood Regulation” in Hull, whose objectives were to characterise the current state of ecosystem services delivered to uiban areas, identify potential improvements of ecosystem service delivery, and design potential payments for ecosystem services. The pilot project led to two proposed PES schemes, including a country park-scale PES that would allow mitigating flood risk in north western Hull by developing “swales, bunds, ponds, replacement of permeable road and car park surfaces and conversion of amenity grassland to semi-natural grasslands and more varied woodlands”. Another example is the Beckingham Marshes Washland Creation, which aims to create 94 hectares of floodplain grasslands in order to improve flood risk mitigation for the towns of Gainsborough and Beckingham on the River Trent.
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Spearheaded by the Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs, in close partnership with civil society organisations led primarily by women - the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding-Sierra Leone (WANEP) and the Mano River Union Peace Network (MARWOPNET) - the development of the plan also involved a broad spectrum of stakeholders including other government line ministries, parliamentarians and UN agencies. The collaboration of so many varied stakeholders and the extensive involvement of local and international partners can help provide a strong framework for awareness raising, capacity building and overall monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the NAP, but it will take time for the effects of the plan to be identified and assessed. The present conflict has lasted over 20 years, with the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) under rebel leader Joseph Kony being particularly brutal and committing acts of unspeakable violence. Women and children have been especially affected, subject to abductions, widespread rape and murder.
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One method to induce a sensation of travelling at high speed is through the use of so called “psychological traffic calming” where road features and markings are used to create a heightened awareness of the need to slow down and/or of entry into a lower speed zone. An example of an entry treatment is the now widely used installation of a “gateway” at village or town entry as shown in Figure 6.5. One example is the study of Jamson et al. ( A major criterion used in the testing was the durability of the effect, i.e. a demonstration that it would work on repeated experience rather than wearing off after the initial encounter.
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The states’ legal frameworks were adapted and harmonised to facilitate the development of water markets. Water-access entitlements were converted to a system of tradable ownership entitlements, with most of the new entitlements being separated from land ownership rights." However, differences remained between the states’ regulatory regimes and their respective definitions of water rights.
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In this special section of this issue of Science and Public Policy, authors are reflecting the fundamental challenges that the rapid progress in science and technology poses for human rights and privacy in particular. They aim to find new answers to the question how a (global) governance of science and technology could address these challenges. Copyright The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected], Oxford University Press.
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The rule of law (RoL), as a highly valued international principle and one of the founding principles of the European Union (EU), plays a significant role in its environmental governance. Overlapping interests between China’s search for effective solutions to environmental problems and the EU’s environmental governance experience provide a solid ground for bilateral cooperation in environmental area, and the RoL which is embodied in these bilateral programmes has also been diffused to China. Through looking at the top-down approach of capacity building in law enforcement and the bottom-up approach of the raising of public awareness of environmental rights and public participation promotion, China’s lesson-drawing and the EU’s RoL promotion in EU-China Environmental Governance Programme can be understood. Moreover, although studying the long-term effect of RoL promotion requires more empirical data, this paper does explain how EU norms diffuse in practice.
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sdg16
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According to the Romanian monitoring results in 2009, the Prut River is of class I (high) on 12% of its length (115 km between Stanca —Costcsti Reservoir and confluence with Bascu tributary), and class II (good) on 88%. Among the provisions is a regulation on the maintenance and operation of the Hydrotechnical Knot Stanca-Costesti on the Prut River. A Joint Subcommission for Operation of the Hy-drotcchnic Knot “Stanca-Costesti” currently acts on the basis of the Regulation from 1985,151 and the 2010 bilateral agreement on transboundary watcis.
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sdg6
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It is also noticeable that while for both Jamaica and St Luda the dramatic fall in treatment costs caused the share of GDP lost to be reduced, in the case of Trinidad and Tobago the opposite happened. The downward effect of the fall in treatment costs was more than compensated for by the upward impact of the significant increase in the number of infected individuals. The results of the study are summarised in Table 4.4, which shows HIV/AIDS negatively impacting on key macroeconomic variables.
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sdg3
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This paper argues the need to think the concept of global justice beyond the traditional paradigms of philosophy. If we want a global justice that includes the single individual, then it is necessary to rethink the traditional perspective that dominates the discussion about International Law. We need a critical reflection on modernity and globalization. This review will allow propose a new Enlightenment able to link the global order with cosmopolitanism and moral universalism. The challenge is to build a fair globalization with each and everyone of the individuals. These individuals are members of the new global citizenship.
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sdg16
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The effective integration of land and water management issues is hampered by the fact that, although the Province of Venice has the administrative responsibility for residential and industrial development on much of the coast, it does not control “upstream” land use, which also affects water quality in the Lagoon and in coastal waters, and it does not control the main urban areas of the Lagoon (the responsibility of the municipalities). In theory, all plans are required to refer to the Watershed Plan, but compliance with and interpretation of these plans is often weak. Sewage in the historic centre is untreated, and flows directly into the Lagoon, which receives an organic and pathogen loading equivalent to a city of more than 400 000 persons during the tourist season.
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sdg6
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It begins with an overview of the historical evolution of science, technology and innovation policy in Malaysia. It next examines the main policy actors, governance arrangements and national plans. The chapter then reviews current policies under the light of the observations made in earlier chapters and concludes with a summary note on the strengths and weaknesses of the country's STI governance and policy mix.
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sdg9
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Still, globally in 2012, 6.6 million children died before reaching their fifth birthday. Out of all child deaths worldwide, 50 per cent occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and an additional 32 per cent occurred in South Asia. Most of these child deaths were caused by preventable diseases, such as acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea, measles and malaria (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2013).
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sdg3
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The EU Commission's Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package, published in 2008, sets the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% in the period 1990-2020 and increasing the share of renewable energy to 20% of total energy consumption by 2020 (EC, 2010). The share of renewable energy in total energy use in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2008 and their 2020 targets are shown in Table 2.1. The percentage (%) share of renewable energy in final energy use in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2008 and targets for 2020.
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sdg7
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Also the top PIT rate applies to very high income levels only. In 2014 in Chile, the top PIT rate of 40% had to be paid on gross earnings exceeding 12.7 times the average wage. After abolishing the top PIT bracket, this threshold in Chile will be lowered to 10.5 times the average wage, which remains very high.
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sdg5
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Therefore, daily supply is adjusted with the factor LSSPR to account for the loss of the largest supplier, route, or plant. If extreme events are taken into account, total storage capacity should be corrected for the storage capacity of the largest supplier if this is storage. This availability can be corrected further for the energy dependency of gas in order to show the relative importance of gas as primary fuel. The energy dependency is based on the complement of the share in primary energy, instead of the share itself, because of the positive formulation of the indicator (short-run availability increases when a country is not fully dependent on gas). Therefore, in order to calculate the short-run availability of oil the required critical stocks of oil that would need to be kept to cover a benchmark period of time are considered. The benchmark period could be based on the length of the period IEA members are required to maintain stock: 90 days of average consumption.
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sdg7
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In the Western Cape province of South Africa, receiving areas for biodiversity offsets have been defined based on regional or local conservation priorities as determined through a process of biodiversity mapping and threat assessment (Brownlie and Botha, 2009, Treweek et al., Elsewhere, strategic environment assessments and Development by Design approaches have sought to identify conservation priorities within a landscape in advance of development impacts occurring so that offsets may be designed and located in recognition of the cumulative impacts of planned development activities on biodiversity, these issues are discussed further in Chapter 2. If a biobank has greater reach in terms of the possible developments it can service, it may make the project more economically viable and may allow it to be placed in regions where landscape-level biodiversity outcomes are more optimal (Wissel and Watzold, 2010).
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sdg15
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This paper investigates the legitimacy tactics used in the annual reports of UK listed companies in the aftermath of major corporate scandals.,We carried out a content analysis of annual reports of 19 companies that have been involved in corporate scandals with a view to understand how firms communicate negative scandals affecting them.,The findings reveal that firms use a wide range of legitimisation strategies in the manner that contribute to shape disclosure communications concerning negative incidents. For instance, some firms may offset the negativity linked to an incident by rendering such explanations amidst positive information.,Contrary to earlier studies conducted on accounting scandals, the authors incorporated extensive corporate scandals such as human rights violations, controversies concerning child labour, environmental scandals, corruption, financial embezzlement and tax evasion.
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sdg16
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Metropolitan spatial plans typically aim to provide a medium- to long-term vision for development, which is, however, not always aligned with the timeframe of other plans at municipal or national levels. There is also a risk that such medium- to long-term plans may be considered too long to imply anything meaningful or realistically feasible for short-term political mandates. However, it eventually turned into gated communities (called fraccionamientos), whose development and public sendee provision mainly take place outside the control of public authorities and contribute to increasing socio-economic inequalities within the metropolitan region.
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sdg11
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They can be complemented by some relevant sub-sector and disease level performance information (OECD, 2010b). This section puts Finnish health outcomes into international perspective before relating them to inputs, such as health care spending or the number of health practitioners, to derive efficiency indicators. The difference in life expectancy between genders is one of the highest in the EU15 and within the OECD it is higher only in eastern European countries. While life expectancy for women is among the top 10 in the OECD, it is below the EU15 average and all other Nordic countries for men.
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sdg3
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Continued efforts are needed to improve the coverage and, in particular, the effectiveness of the global protected area network. These are the findings of the Red List Index, compiled by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and its partners. The index measures trends in the overall extinction risk of sets of species. The most recent update—for birds, presenting findings up to 2012— shows that declines are continuing at the same, or even an accelerating, pace.
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sdg15
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In many cases, the under-use of highly skilled workers is a reflection of the general under-use of labour. In Ireland and Japan, for example, around one in four adults with Level 3 proficiency is outside the labour force, while in the United Slates, fewer than one in five adults al this proficiency level does not participate in the labour market. Two out of three Korean adults who score at or below level 1 are employed, while in the Slovak Republic, only two in five adults with this level of proficiency are employed. These patterns may be affected by the extent of jobs available for those with very low skills, they may also reflect weak financial rewards for working, especially if interactions between the tax and benefit systems mean that low-skilled adults face high marginal effective tax rates.
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sdg4
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A reduction in C02 intensity would involve less fossil fuel consumption, and therefore less depletion and less need to develop very water intensive non-conventional resources. Therefore, one of their co-benefits would be to limit the energy and water bottlenecks. On the other hand, as outlined above, increased reliance on bioenergy may aggravate the competition for scarce land.
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sdg6
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This development is featured as a national demonstration project for the circular economy and “scientific development” under the principles of “reduce, reuse and recycle” that applies to both residential and industry development. Industry agglomerations in Caofeidian development zone will be developed in 5 industry zones for: (1) modern logistics, (2) iron and steel, (3) petrochemicals, (4) equipment manufacturing, and (5) high and new technologies (Caofeidian Forum, 2009). Not all businesses can be part of the new type of industrialisation, chiefly very inefficient enterprises might need to be closed, as was the case for 26 inefficient cement factories that were destroyed at the outskirts of Tangshan prior to the Olympic Games in order to reduce pollution.
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sdg8
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This section describes the wide variety of alternatives that are applied in the countries studied, in terms of the beneficiaries and benefits of unemployment insurance (section B.2), the access conditions (section B.3), the financing of the system (section B.4) and its organizational models (section B.5). This is followed by a brief discussion on unemployment assistance (section B.6), particularly as regards Australia and New Zealand. The section concludes with some comments on the challenges facing the design of unemployment insurance (section B.7) and a brief summary (section B.8).
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sdg8
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Another type is bioretention structures, which are typically pits backfilled with soil, mulch and vegetation used to retain runoff for infiltration through the filter bed components, with reliance on biological and biochemical reactions within the soil matrix and around the root zones of the plants. A review of on-farm wetlands in the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland (Newman etal., Agricultural wetlands, however, require careful planning and maintenance in order to perform their optimum design function over a prolonged period of time.
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sdg6
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Third, the fund—unlike the usual fiscal incentives, many of which are giveaways to investors—would enable the government to keep an equity stake in the projects it finances. Nevertheless, the question still remains, how will the fund go about choosing which investments to finance? The answer to this question is particularly significant in the present context, because it offers insights relevant to the broader question of how a government should go about choosing its investments.
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sdg7
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All of the ASEAN-5 countries are currently operating FIT systems with fixed tariffs. Although Thailand first introduced a feed-in premium through the Adder programme in 2007, the country replaced it with a new feed-in tariff scheme in 2015 (Watson Farley & Williams, 2015). As Thailand differentiates electricity prices between off-peak and peak hours, the fixed FIT will reduce the price risk and potentially increase revenues for renewable energy (RE) power plants that generate during off-peak hours.
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sdg7
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The problem lies in the trade-off between time and income, since to raise a poor household’s income above MO, its time has to be reduced to less than TO. Conversely, if a household slightly above the monetary poverty line tries to increase its free time to a value equal to or greater than TO, its income will fall below MO. Therefore, a poverty threshold that incorporates time and money must have a minimum monetary level (MO), a minimum time value (TO) and a trade-off between the two.
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sdg1
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The Government Debt-GDP ratio declined in Egypt and Lebanon (see table 26), and public sector employment also declined, especially in Egypt. While it is difficult to offer reliable statistics, widely accepted estimates put the overall ESCWA unemployment rate in 2008 at 13 per cent, while youth unemployment stands at between 25 and 30 per cent. These figures are approximately twice as high as the international average. In conflict areas such as Iraq and Palestine, unemployment rates in 2004 were 27 and 29 per cent respectively.34 Worse still, in 2005 youth unemployment rates in Jordan and Egypt were 3.6 and 5.9 times higher than adult unemployment rates, respectively.
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sdg8
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This Chapter examines the landscape for business and human rights cases in U.S. courts under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) both before and after the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. It concludes that such cases today face a series of challenges, including personal jurisdiction, the question of corporate liability, the standard for aiding and abetting liability, and satisfying Kiobel’s “touch and concern” test.
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sdg16
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Organisations are asked to register and provide information on who they are and what they represent before submitting a contribution. Responses are submitted electronically via the website and subsequently uploaded to the consultation webpage. This method allows significant numbers of responses to be submitted and managed.
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sdg13
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The cash delivery is provided in locations that are easy to reach, so that no recipient has to travel for more than 5 km to the cash payment point. From a sample of 3,805, a total of 1,230 randomly selected young women received the benefit, while the remaining constituted the control group. The results show that the programme led to large increases in school enrolment, especially among those not present at school at the baseline (17.2 per cent among the control group, 61.4 per cent among the treatment group). In the control group 27.7 per cent of initial dropouts got married during the preceding year, compared with only 16.4 per cent in the treatment group, a reduction in the marriage rate of more than 40 per cent among baseline dropouts.
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sdg1
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Although developing countries initially appeared to be shielded from the sudden stop in private capital flows that characterised the financial crisis from October 2008, they were later affected as the financial crisis spread to the real economy. In developed countries, household incomes are also stretched and consideration will need to be given for people on low income or with special needs who face increases in the cost of their utility bills and other costs in general. According to OECD (2009a), the allocation of public funds to WSS can be justified for a number of reasons, including to promote the consumption of merit goods (whose value consumers may not fully realise, such as household sanitation and hygiene) or to compensate for market failures, by rewarding WSS providers for supplying public goods (public health) and external benefits (such as avoidance of groundwater pollution).
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sdg6
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Depending on the penetration level and the scenario considered, wind and solar technologies allows for a 30-60% reduction of C02 emissions in the short term. This reduction on carbon emissions, however, is not always confirmed in the long term. Introducing renewables into an electricity system whose baseload technology emits C02, such as coal, will definitively reduce the C02 emissions from the electricity sector in both the short and the long term. However, this will not hold when the baseload technology displaced by renewables does not emit C02, as is the case for nuclear energy. In this case instead, the electricity produced by fossil-fuelled technologies tends to increase, and C02 emissions will be generally higher than in the reference scenario without renewables. In other words, nuclear energy is more efficient than variable renewable energy in limiting C02 emissions as it will not induce a shift towards carbon-intensive peak-load technologies.
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sdg7
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The great majority (80%) of these are located in two oblasts - Almaty and South Kazakhstan - the regions with the fastest rates of student population growth (NCESE, 2014). A symptom of infrastructure shortages carried over from Soviet times, multi-shift teaching results in a full use of the existing facilities throughout the day. After-school use of facilities is also quite common for a wide range of extra-curricular and related activities. School auditoria are used by art and drama circles, gyms and sport fields by athletic teams associated with the school, and classrooms are often used for the delivery of evening classes to adults (if permitted by the local executive authorities) (IAC, 2014).
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sdg4
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Electricity consumers in Luxembourg now have the choice of opting for Nova Naturstroum (electricity produced from renewable energy sources) at a price slightly higher than “normal” electric power. An online buyer’s guide for ecologically-friendly products has been created by the Environment Ministry and the Mouvement Ecologique. The two forestry certification schemes (FSC and PEFC) are now being applied in Luxembourg, as a way of certifying timber origin and sustainable forest management: around 20% of the country’s forest land (most of it publicly owned) is now certified.
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sdg6
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Therefore a side-effectofthe increased flexibility of the labour market has been a weakening of the traditional, family-based safety net (NBG, 2012) that protected many vulnerable groups in the absence of a broad public social support. As support to the unemployed (unemployment insurance benefit and means-tested unemployment assistance) lasts only two years, and there is no means-tested minimum income yet, many families have been left with no income. The sharp rise in long-term unemployment and people living in jobless households is thus of great social concern (Figure 2.13).
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sdg10
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However, reaping such benefits would require elaborate structural reform, which would take time to implement. Thus, positive budgetary effects might only materialise with a considerable lag. Similarly to health care, public education is a big-ticket spending item in government budgets (Figure 7). Higher spending on education that is quality enhancing tends to increase potential growth, but effects on income inequality appeal" to vary across countries and with the level of education. Analysis based on imputed values of education services used by households suggests that spending on compulsory education improves static income equity, while spending on tertiary education often produces the opposite outcome.11 Moreover, there can be a significant impact on the life-time income distribution.
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sdg10
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This article reviews women’s reproductive rights – in particular access to abortion services – in light of recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. It highlights the Court’s reluctance to engage in a substantial examination of national laws by granting instead a broad margin of appreciation to individual Member States of the Council of Europe. Recent case law has articulated the right of abortion within certain rights expressly acknowledged by the European Convention on Human Rights, including – albeit not limited to – the right to privacy. Despite this, to date the European Court of Human Rights has yet not acknowledged abortion as a self-standing human right.
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sdg16
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For example, Hjarnkoll utilises mental health ambassadors to talk to the media and other audiences (including workplace conferences, seminars or meetings) about their experiences of living productive lives despite their mental health conditions. The programme provides support on how to reach out to media and employers. In addition, to address the lack of understanding that exists among employers regarding the employment of people with mental health issues, the initiative gives practical advice on the support and management of individuals with mental health problems in the workplace.
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sdg3
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Among the constitutional sources of the law of the commonly binding law, the legislature has also included acts of local law. They fall within the scope of the executive regulations for categories of sub-statutory acts and can only be issued on the basis of and within the limits of the statutory mandate, but without explicit “executive” character in relation to statutory regulations, as is the case with implementing regulations. The specificity of local acts is expressed in the fact that they are acts of lawmaking of a universally binding nature, but they are issued by public administration bodies rather than by legislative bodies. Their establishment is an expression of the so-called decentralization of lawmaking. The legislator authorizes local government bodies to act as local authorities, as well as the voivodeship and local government bodies of the non-self-government.
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sdg16
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