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While Uzbekistan substantially improved the monitoring of pollution sources, the urgently needed progress was not made in developing its ambient environmental monitoring networks. The concentrations of a number of pollutants identified by the international community as being the most harmful to human health and the environment are not measured. Biodiversity and ecosystem monitoring remain underdeveloped in Uzbekistan.
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Such understanding would require a detailed, bottom-up analysis of the needs and the development of corresponding investment plans, potentially in reflection of longer term climate goals. Hence these cases provide insights, including examples of good practices, that can be scaled up to get a broader understanding of investment needs and solutions at the global level, and the role of international and Nordic climate finance therein. Bangladesh's cities are characterized by an ever-widening infrastructure deficit, and more and more people are bound to living in sub-standard conditions.
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Alternatively, various other types of mechanisms could be used. By way of example, in the case of supply-side subsidies, a set amount could be provided to help social organizations adapt existing facilities for use as childcare centres. In the case of demand-side subsidies, funding could be based on the number of children served. In addition, subsidies could be provided to people who had paid into the social security system but had later been called upon to serve as caregivers (e.g., older adults). Accordingly', assess sectoral budgets from a care perspective, including accountability as a policy follow-up mechanism.
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The exchange could be both intra- and inter-agency at the national level, as well as across national, provincial and local levels. In the context of G2G interactions targeted toward improving gender equality, activities may include the establishment of gender statistics and relevant data sources that integrate national, regional, and local governments through a seamless single point access. By automating and integrating many of the gender-related administrative tasks and data transaction across different levels of government agencies, it has a potential to bring about a more coordinated policy development as well as an effective monitoring of gender impact. Initiatives in this form of interaction attempt to make traditional on-spot based transactions less time-consuming and more convenient.
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The concepts of nationality and allegiance are central to the doctrine of diplomatic protection as well as to certain institutions of (horizontal) international criminal law such as jurisdiction over treason, passive and active personality jurisdiction, and the non-extradition of nationals. In this sense, there appears to be a clear parallel between these two fields of international law. Yet most scholars – including John Dugard – tend to place and keep diplomatic protection and international criminal law in distinct conceptual compartments, never addressing them in relation to each other. This study considers whether this prevailing strict doctrinal separation is necessary and justified – in other words, whether diplomatic protection and international criminal law are, or can, or should be bridged.
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It is important to present existing natural science knowledge and social and economic research, equally. A plan for how to handle data for the Nordic Assessment will be needed. The principles described in Box 3 in Annex 7, as well as the initial deliverables of the general data and information plan implementation, will offer guidance on this.
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After the project ended, the DSA has remained but lost much of its initial momentum. Research and innovation 3. Low-carbon economy 6. Environmental protection and resource efficiency 7. The programme has existed since Interreg IV (2007-13). In the period 2007-13, the OKS programme supported about 125 cross-border projects, which brought together around 400 partners from Denmark, Norway and Sweden (mainly universities, regions and large municipalities).
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This article describes the relationship between journalistic and educational fields via a case study of the 2011 Chilean student movement. Considering the above, this study analyzes the editorials of two of the most influential newspapers in Chile in order to describe their roles as political actors in the educational debate during the student movement. Through the implementation of mixed methods (content analysis and discourse analysis), it was found that the editorials focused on the political repercussions of the conflict, emphasizing the actions that the political system should take. The discourse of the editorials defended the privatization initiative in education by placing the blame on public education for its current state and it also framed the educational problem as a temporary situation, ignoring its systemic nature.
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Snap’s IPO with no voting rights shows there is disagreement on what good governance means. Some experts viewed the founders’ total control over Snap, and the resulting lack of accountability to shareholders, as a “banana republic approach” to corporate governance. Others believe that Snap’s IPO shifts the balance from shareholders to stakeholders. But perhaps this is the wrong discussion. In an age of disruptive technology, the sharing economy and a millennial culture, the traditional perspective needs to change. A new “corporate governance” needs to be designed around this new reality.
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Finally, it highlights possible ways to improve financial opportunities for inclusive innovation, particularly through regulatory frameworks ensuring consumer safety without hindering private firms from providing health and education services. Indeed, these alternative approaches 1) do not seek “novel” efforts to improve conditions for the poor (i.e. they are not innovation-based), and 2) do not focus on developing business opportunities to serve “poor markets”. As inclusive innovations aim to use the market as an instrument to provide key goods and services, they can leverage broader capabilities and tackle poverty in a more cost-efficient manner than other strategies.
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According to the Document of Strategic Policies for Protection of Biodiversity for the period 2016-2020 (the second NBSAP), there are approximately 7,233 plant groups, including ferns, fungi, lichens, mosses and algae, and 5,438 wildlife species, including birds, mammals, fish, insects and decapods, in Albania. Approximately 32 per cent of all European flora is found in Albania. Flower plants and microalgae represent the most diverse and the richest group of rare species.
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The project consists of three phases, with the aim of extension of the government ICT network to the lowest tier of administration and root-level citizens. Under phases I and II of this project, a high-speed Internet backbone network with high-capacity bandwidth using Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing technology has been established in all ministries, government directorates/departments, all 64 districts and 488 Upazilas (subdistricts) and 18 130 government offices, and 25 000 tabs have been distributed to government officials for enhancing use of ICT in public sector. The central secretariat is under Wi-Fi connection, 600 police offices are under VNP connectivity, and 800 videoconferencing systems and one disaster recovery centre have also been established. Phase III is aimed at expanding the existing backbone network through 20 000 km of optical fibre cable to 2 600 rural administrative units (Union) and 1 600 police offices by June 2018.
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This difference was also reflected in employment patterns: in China until the late 1990s, the rapid export growth generated employment which constituted a net addition to domestic employment, since until its WTO accession, China had undertaken much less trade liberalisation than most other developing countries. This is why manufacturing employment grew so rapidly in China until the mid-1990s, because it was not counterbalanced by major losses of employment due to the effects of displacement of domestic industry because of import competition. This is unlike the case in India, where increases in export employment were outweighed by employment losses especially in small enterprises because of import competition.
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The 2009 Second National Report listed the key problems that the country faces in the area of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and which are fully in line with the observations and conclusions of the second EPR mission. The main goal was to identify existing information relevant for the identification and selection of the main biodiversity values and areas in BiH, in line with the EU Biodiversity Protection Standards (i.e. the Nature Directives). This initial set of data, if updated and maintained, could provide a basis for a biodiversity information system. First National Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Convention on Biological Diversity, IB AT.
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However, publicly guided international mechanisms of technological diffusion have limited precedents, since, historically, the bulk of technological knowledge has been embodied and transferred as private property through the operations of private companies. The successful experience of CGIAR is an example of how rapid worldwide diffusion of new agricultural technologies can be effected through a publicly supported global and regional network of research institutions. In the climate change area, building international public policymaking capability can draw upon the experiences already existing in international scientific networks and the example of multi-stakeholder cooperation provided by the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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The original Spanish text gave the etymology of cuidado which derives from the Latin roots cogitatus, thought, the participle of cogitare, and agitare, to agitate or trouble (Gomez de Silva, 1998 and Robert, 1979 in Flores-Castillo, 2012). In Spanish, as in several other Romance languages, therefore, the word for care is etymologically related to thinking, caring, care and curing. It is considered to be a regulatory component, expressed in terms of self-knowledge and skill in the quest for the principles of truth, which can encompass such widely diverse spheres as death, illness, suffering and political life, and, by the same token, judgement as to the value of the actions that the individual carries out (Foucault, 2005). Care of oneself is knowledge of self and the compilation of a certain number of rules of behaviour or principles which are at the same time truths and prescriptions: thus ethics and the game of truth are linked.
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The artificial division between macroeconomic policies and these other policy areas means that too little attention is paid to employment, unpaid work and social issues in the formulation of macroeconomic strategies. These alternatives emphasize that markets do not always function well, unregulated markets can result in financial crises, too little employment, an inadequate supply of public goods and services and environmental deterioration, distribution matters, and inequality affects economic stability and performance. They call for action by governments to regulate markets and to improve economic outcomes through employment and social policies.
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Austria and Iceland reported using gender diversity preference in hiring in 2010, but not in 2016, while France and Japan said they had discontinued preparatory training for civil service entrance examinations specifically targeting women candidates. France did, however, report in 2016 that it rewarded public service departments that had recruited more women and/or meet gender diversity targets. Ireland, for example, established a Judicial Appointments Commission in 2016 which states that one of its priority goals is gender balance in judicial office.
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By granting a payment extension to a client, the entrepreneur, in effect, finances the latter’s cash needs. The situation is reversed in the case of a delay granted by a supplier, w'hich finances the entrepreneur’s cash needs. It can therefore limit, at times dramatically, the funding level later requested from the banker. At the same time, asking one’s suppliers for a extension is not easy either.
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Civil wars in Somalia, Sudan, and South Sudan were largely fuelled by drought (Breisinger et al., Other conflicts have been partially attributed to drought and climate change (Gleick, 2014, Kelley et al., Conflicts arose in rural areas, often moving to urban areas then lifted into tensions with governmental authorities, due to insufficient responses. The implications range from temporary political crises to outright civil or international wars.
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With the advent of the smart grid, it will be possible to do the same thing on a much larger scale. Depending on the application, it can be acceptable to delay consumption for a shorter or longer time period. An example that is often used is the refrigerator which operates with a duty cycle to cool down (e.g. l/3rd cool down period, 2/3rd warming period).
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Similarly, interventions designed to meet multiple aims (e.g. increased forest sequestration, increased biodiversity, improved local livelihoods - which may be achieved by agro-forestry or mixed plantations) may not maximise results for an individual aim (e.g. increased sequestration by forests — which may be achieved by monoculture plantations). Cost-effectiveness (efficiency) is often identified quantitatively: that is, results compared to inputs. On the other hand, value for money can consider additional information, such as the broader development impacts of an intervention or the role the intervention is likely to play in developing or proving a new technology.
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The true advantage of a burgeoning field such as global health lies, above all, in its tremendous versatility. This unique trait permits widespread interdisciplinary and cross-curricular interaction in the study of public health, connecting perspectives in economics, public policy, human rights, geopolitics, biological sciences and anthropology, to name just a few. In Volume 3, Issue I of The Journal of Global Health, we have chosen to spotlight a topic that, in its ubiquity and simplicity, manages to span each of these various disciplines with tremendous implications for public health: food.
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Its expected further growth makes it the greatest challenge to Portugal’s energy efficiency and climate change policies. During the review period, air passenger transport experienced the fastest growth. Road transport is the dominant transport mode: cars account for about 85% of passenger travel and heavy good vehicles for 95% of freight haulage, above the respective EU averages.
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However, the ability of many SIDS to attract viable large-scale processing sector businesses is often limited by location and by operating and transport costs. The potential for renewable energy use in these approaches should be linked to Strategy 2. Opportunities may lie in both domestic and export markets, as well as in accessing entirely new markets or working to improve marketing and value addition in existing markets.
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Ciguatera fish poisoning (or ciguatera) is an illness caused by eating fish that contain toxins produced by a marine microalgae called Gambierdiscus toxicus. Cholera is the only bacterial disease exclusively attributable to water pollution. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diarrhoea accounts for most of the water-related disease burden worldwide. It is mainly caused by cholera, typhoid fever, shigella, EHEC (Escherichia Coli) and Hepatitis A. (u>uiui.u)ho.int/gho/phe/u>ater_sanitation/burden_text/en/index.html).
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The National Pact for Water Management is a good and timely tool for achieving this goal (Chapter 3). Those inconsistencies result from the fact that the ANA is responsible for those criteria in the main channel of a river of the federal domain, but the states are responsible for the criteria in the tributaries of that same river if those tributaries are in the state dominion. Changing these prerogatives would require constitutional change, political negotiations and trade-offs.
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Work-based learning in vocational education and training - project plan. The Dynamics of Employment Growth: new evidence from 18 countries. Short-term labour market outlook and key challenges in G20 countries. Addressing employment, labour market and social protection challenges in G20 countries: key measures since 2010. State of the Nation Report 2013. Better Skills, Best Tourism.
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Given the resource and capacity constraints of the formal sector, there is a need for strengthening and building informal social protection system and practices. A greater coordination of the formal social protection programmes of government together with programmes run by civil society organizations is needed. There is a need for integration of social policy, social planning and social development for achieving cost effectiveness and a sustainable social protection system.
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This article compares the practice of great power federalism in terms of global/local economic policy and relations in a context of expanding regional influence and transcontinental reach. The authors contrast China's recent decentralization experience with that of the FRG and the United States with respect to management of productive ventures, regulation of the economy, trade and commerce, fiscal relations, monetary policy and labor mobility. The three great-power states manage their complex and far-reaching economies through systems of multi-level governance that exhibit elements of convergence at the same time as each is headed in a defining direction. German federalism is making room for supranational involvement, US federalism emphasizes new managerialism at all levels of government and China's post Mao de facto federalism is launching provincial and sub-provincial governments on a booming economic trajectory. China's recent performance is particularly impressive given the size of its population and ...
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The new government programme confirms the need to make better use of innovation in the context of grand societal and ecological challenges, and to improve subsequent framework conditions for investing in relevant research. An important instrument in this regard is the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund (KLIEN). The KLIEN was - among other things - designed to increase R&D in sustainable energy technologies.
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All this does, however, emphasise that there is widespread interest in the acquisition of both skills and opportunities for skilled migration, so that more permanent and, hopefully, more skilled migration (and hence superior wages as in KANI) is the preferred goal for many. Island states are all too well aware that many islanders take up and remain in unskilled employment for their whole overseas working lives (Bedford et al. Pacific island governments have invariably preferred permanent migration opportunities for migrants and their families and the more long-term flow of remittances that ensues.
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A G-NIS approach emphasizes incentives and industrial policies geared towards creating market demand throughout the innovation cycle (such as feed-in tariffs, low-interest loans and public procurement), which are not generally necessary for an NIS (Stamm and others, 2009). Because of the enhanced uncertainty associated with green technologies, policymakers might need to emphasize greater risk-sharing between the private and public sectors so as to stimulate private sector investment. In addition, the G-NIS takes account of environmental and other externalities, and incorporates technological, industrial and environmental policies within one framework.
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Most of this supports investments and a large part of it is targeted to assist smallholders. The share of support based on input use is also important in Australia, where interest concessions linked to drought, extension services and disease control measures predominate. In Mexico, support to the cost of price hedging and support to on-farm productive investments have become important in recent years. In Israel, both support to variable inputs and investments are important and are often related to the use of water in agriculture.
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Finally, the SUSENAS panel consumption data were used to estimate a food demand system to be used for simulating food insecurity' risks. To our knowledge, this is the first estimated demand system available for Indonesia. First, section 3.1 looks at Indonesia’s evolving food security status in a regional context, while section 3.2 provides more details of food production and consumption within the country for a benchmark year, 2010. Two main sources of data are used:1 the production balance sheets and the food security indicators of FAO (2013) and the SUSENAS data base.
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Benefit size has been shown to be the main driver of the redistributive effect of transfers and the tax-benefit system as a whole. Table 7 shows average benefit payments received by households headed by younger and prime-age individuals (15-54) as a percentage of the payments received by all “working-age households” (15-64). Benefit rates for the 15-54 year-olds are lower than for the 54-64 year-olds in all countries.
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While the e-learning programme is being rolled out nationwide, it has so far only been implemented in 16% of all schools and vocational institutions. Because of its staggered implementation, regional discrepancies in coverage exist, even among neighbouring regions - for example, while the capital Astana had 58% coverage in 2013, the surrounding Akmola region was last in the nation at only 6% (NCESE, 2014). By 2012-13, 50% schools were equipped with modern physics laboratories, 40% had biology laboratories, and 30% had chemistry laboratories (IAC, 2014).
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An example is the new biotech fund. The MAGNET programme encourages pre-competitive R&D in collaboration between industry and academic sector and usually gets a budget in the range of EUR 37 million. It usually receives about EUR 37 million for funding the public part in establishing new companies in privatised incubators. Technological incubators provide a framework for nascent companies to develop their new ideas and form new business ventures in order to attract private investors.
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Women from households not having small children are more likely to be in the labour force than those from households with smal I children (Table 6-3). The decline in the LFPRs of women due to the existence of small children in the household is the largest in the case of women aged 25-34 if the age of the youngest child is three years or below (Table 6-4).The difference in participation rates of women in that age group between those from households not having small children up to the age of three and households with such children was as high as 10.1 percentage points in 2011-2012 as against 10.5 in 2004-2005 and 5.9 in 1999-2000. It was 4.4 percentage points in 2011-2012 as against 4.7 per cent in 2004-2005 and 3.0 per cent in 1999-2000. In the case of men, the increase in LFPRs got further increased to 3.2 percentage points in 2011-2012.
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This article reviews David Strauss's recent book, The Living Constitution. The thesis of Strauss's book is that constitutional law is a kind of common law, based largely on judicial precedent and commonsense judgments about what works and what is fair. In defending this claim, Strauss argues that central constitutional prohibitions of discrimination and protections of free speech have a common-law basis and that the originalist should consequently reject them. The review disputes this contention. It examines Strauss's account of the common law and argues that it cannot support our First Amendment protections of subversive advocacy, as Strauss says it does. The review then offers an alternative account of the common law based on the “classical” common-law theory associated with Coke and Hale. The latter account does support our protections of subversive advocacy but is much less appealing to those distrustful of ambitious and large-scale judicial action.
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These limited resources are also seemingly associated with a distribution mechanism which takes account of the type of school, its size and socio-economic context. Technical and agrarian schools receive more resources to take into account greater maintenance and more specific costs. As opposed to other schools, they receive funds for teaching materials, school trips, ICT equipment, and student boarding costs (e.g. meals at dormitories).
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The list of human rights violations in article 5 of the Declaration that States are required to address in order to facilitate development include "all forms of racism and racial discrimination" but, interestingly, not sexism or sex discrimination. Development as a Human Right: Legal, Political and Economic Dimensions, 2nd ed. [ Ihe views of European States, noting that the right to development is the primary responsibility of States, but also highlighting Ihe possibility of using a child- and gender-righls focus in a new human rights engagement in development cooperation (para.
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Latin America can, in time, free itself of much of the corruption that now penetrates its public and corporate spheres. Given the breaking of impunity for politicians and executives in Brazil and elsewhere, a growing intolerance of corrupt dealings by the publics of Latin America, and a greater vigilance of civil society and the media, cleansing those thoroughly corrupt countries of the practice of corruption is much more likely than in decades past. The mostly positive examples of Uruguay, Chile, and Costa Rica provide promise. The innovations proposed in this chapter could also help.
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However, when compared to other Latin American countries participating in SERCE, a smaller share of school principals in primary education are women (52.5%, SERCE average: 62.5%). In private urban schools, only 38.8% of primary school principals are women, the lowest proportion for Latin American countries participating in the survey (Murillo, 2012, Weinstein and Munoz, 2012a, Weinstein and Munoz, 2014). In public schools, school principals are subject to the Teacher’s Statute.
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The market value of Clean Development Mechanism transactions had reached $6.5 billion in 2008, but dropped thereafter by about 60 per cent as a result of the financial crisis and uncertainty about the future climate policy regime. Looking ahead to 2012, renewable energy projects are estimated to make up 61 per cent of the total number of CDM projects, accounting for 35 per cent of certified emissions reductions (CERs), with industrial gas and methane projects accounting for just under half of the remainder of CERs. If fully implemented, CDM projects contracted during the period 2002-2008 would require $106 billion worth of low-carbon investment, primarily in “clean" energy (Kossoy and Ambrosi, 2010). In 2008, the World Bank also established the Climate Investment Funds which represent a collaborative effort among the multilateral development banks to address climate finance gaps.
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As the main sufferers from continued climatic deterioration, LDCs have a natural authority in trying to broker an agreement between the main remitters. It may not be worth jeopardising this role by insisting on a compensation agenda which is unlikely to be realised. However, even here there are severe limits.
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After the 1994 GLOF claimed 22 lives, the government of Bhutan sought to establish an early warning system to give downstream inhabitants time to evacuate. The majority of the sensors were only accessible via a nine-day trip on a pack animal. Here, the mayor first placed phone calls to municipal employees to get information about the disaster.
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This chapter illustrates some of the initiatives that ITU participated in and launched that are of relevance to this category. The most debated issues were public-private partnerships as models for implementing broadband networks, the application of lessons from Moore's law in order to promote broadband and achieve the SDGs, key factors to make rural communication projects successful and sustainable, evolving International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) systems, standards, technologies and architecture supporting mobile broadband, the ITU Geographic Information System-based transmission maps as a useful tool for identifying the missing links, and improving broadband connectivity. This new Agenda will constitute the new global shared vision, goals and targets to be achieved by 2020, in collaboration with all stakeholders across the ICT ecosystem.
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This is sometimes referred to as an ‘impure public good’38. These concepts are explored further in Box 5.1. An interesting issue is when the extraction of value from materials within the waste becomes a profitable activity in its own right, so that the question arises as to ‘who owns municipal solid waste?’
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Some of these efforts were undertaken through the National Water Commission (CONAGUA)’s Technical Council. The council is an inter-ministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating the commission’s programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies and defining common strategies across multiple ministries and agencies (SEMARNAT, SEDESOL, Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food [SAGARPA.], Treasury, Energy, CONAFOR, and IMTA).
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These are bearing fruit in the health sector, where maternity infrastructure will be integrated into all new health facilities at the district or rural level. It is an entry point for ensuring that public expenditure is gender-responsive and benefits women and men equally. Out of 36 countries that reported on the indicator, 12 have systems in place to track and make public allocations on gender equality (UNDP-OECD, 2014). Four additional countries have a tracking system but allocations are not made public.
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Once again, these observations offer evidence in favour of our central hypotheses, since there are significant differences between the predicted means of mothers and non-mothers in the informal sector, and the unexplained wage gap component is significantly higher in the informal segment. In general, we cannot reject the traditional hypothesis of labour market segmentation and a wage premium for formal-sector women workers. Our central finding is that women working in the informal sector are the ones who suffer a motherhood wage penalty.
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Some environmental subjects are integrated in courses on natural sciences and on health and healthy lifestyle. Manuals were developed on Biodiversity, Man and Earth, Man and Air, and on Water as Source of Life for use by pupils of levels 5 to 9 as supplementary learning materials. In 2005, a methodological guidance on Environmental Education in Primary School was developed. In 2009, a manual on Man and Nature was published for teachers of levels 5 to 9. The SCNP published several manuals on environmental topics for preschool educational institutions and schools.
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The national government could achieve greater clarification and co-ordination in investment decisions for urban mobility by more clearly delineating responsibility for urban transport, housing and land use. One option would be for the central government to consider providing funding and infrastructure and enforcing regulations, while oblast-level governments were responsible for the planning, design, operation and control of inter-regional transport systems. Cities of oblast significance could focus on intraconnectivity, traffic control, public security and maintenance of the local road network.
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The wind power sector offers a good example of China’s rapid creation of local capacities. In 2010, investments in commercial diffusion amounted to between $1 trillion and $5 trillion, substantially more than the $150 billion-$180 billion invested in market formation and the $50 billion for RD&D. RD&D and Government-driven market formation investments focused on power and fuel supply, whereas the majority of private sector diffusion investments were for end-use and efficiency. The R&D intensity of the energy supply industry was comparable with that of the textile industry, but much lower than that of manufacturing.
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However, it would be less transparent/more difficult to verify. For example, the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report included detailed region-specific discussions on vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity (see IPCC 2014, although significant uncertainties remain for some regions). Such information could be used to feed into a global stocktake at relatively low resource requirements. Expanding analysis to look at more national and region-specific information would increase the resource implications (and may reduce the political acceptability of results).
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The experience of the Canary Islands also suggests that regulated third party access to transport infrastructures, with regulated tolls, may also facilitate trades at the local level. At present, regulated third party access is only ensured for publicly-owned infrastructure. The binding nature of the restrictions came to the fore during the last drought period, 2005-06, when the government brokered the transfer of water rights across river basins, but had to issue specific enabling legislation in order to do so.
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This shows that the present value of net losses are an order of magnitude higher when taking into account the effect of deforestation on the full range of forest ecosystem services. Hence, investments in the forestry sector could potentially also be beneficial from the perspective of poverty alleviation. In that sense, this report provides further rationale for efforts to accelerate the implementation ofthe REDD+ National Strategy and Action Plan.
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Macroeconomic management in these outperforming economies and in economies with relatively free capital movements will also be complicated by the recent liquidity injections in developed economies. These liquidity injections have already intensified capital flows and domestic currency volatility in some economies of the region. In general, the potential effects of volatile short-term capital flows warrant close surveillance.
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Socio-cultural variables are also included: caste (as defined in the NSSO survey) and religion. Some explanatory variables could present simultaneity issues. First, the type and level of education can be determined simultaneously by participation in the labour force, especially at the graduate level.
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Agreements reached in Cancun, Mexico, at the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference recognised the need for deep cuts in global GHG emissions in order to limit the global average temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius (2 °C) above pre-industrial levels (UNFCCC, 2011a). A temperature increase of more than 2 °C is likely to push components of the Earth’s climate system past critical thresholds, or “tipping points” (EEA, 2010). Are current emission reduction pledges enough to stabilise climate change and limit global average temperature increase to 2 °C? If not, what will the consequences be?
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Unit labor cost represents a direct link between productivity and the cost of labour used in generating output. A rise in a country’s unit labour cost represents an increased reward for labour’s contribution to output. However, a rise in labour cost that is higher than the rise in labour productivity, especially in tradable goods producing sectors, may indicate a decrease in international competitiveness, if other costs are not adjusted in compensation. The non-agricultural sector includes industry and services.
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This required the conversion of conifer plantations to deciduous broadleaved forest. The effect has been that, afterlO to 12 years, on average there has been an increase in the annual volume of available water of the order of 800,000 litres per hectare. V. organizes the process of creating new drinking water forests together with public or private forest owners.
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Official open unemployment rates are generally low in these countries. For example, the unemployment rate was 6% in Pakistan and 4.5% in Sri Lanka in 2011. Therefore, in South Asia far more important is the persistence of low productivity and low paying jobs, which are mostly found in the agricultural and urban informal sectors.
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More often than not, system dynamics model-based public policy analysis is limited to testing parameter changes instead of designing and testing new stock-and-flow policy structures. That is problematic because improvements in behaviour require improvements in structure. This paper considers how the public policy implementation literature could improve the operational thinking skills required for designing policy structure for public sector models. A familiar model of a public health problem is used to illustrate the recommended approach. And an instructional training strategy is offered for teaching and learning to think operationally during the policy-design stage of modelling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The prohibition against torture is a well settled, absolute right in international law and human rights. As such, it presents an ideal case to understand what is at stake in human rights generally. The chapter considers the definitions of ‘torture’ contained in the UN Convention Against Torture and the Rome Statute, and then attempts to distill their essence into clear explanatory texts in Minimal English. This offers a way of thinking about the being at the heart of human rights: the human person.
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The latest three volumes focus on quality, monitoring and transitions from ECEC to primary school. They have been influential in the development of the TALIS Starting Strong Survey and have informed this conceptual framework. The analysis and reporting of the survey data will be embedded in the policy insights from the Starting Strong series, drawing on contextual information and concrete examples, as applicable.
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sdg4
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There is recognition that it is a fundamental right and obligation for parents to be involved in their children’s education. And parental partnership is critical in enhancing ECEC staff knowledge about their children. Furthermore, research has shown that parental engagement - especially in ensuring high-quality children’s learning at home and communicating with ECEC staff- is strongly associated with children's later academic success, high school completion, socio-emotional development and adaptation in society.
|
sdg4
|
Contemporary American society seems fraught with concern over our lack of “safety” – whether in the form of national security (USA PATRIOT Act, fighting terrorism internally and abroad, building the nation’s economic underpinnings, etc.) or individual security (identity theft, Child Internet Protection Act, criminal background checks available online, etc.). We are both fascinated and frightened by the growing global community and the global information infrastructure, and we are struggling to find our place in it: individually, socially, ethically, and legally. Safety has turned from an American assumption into the consuming American question, and this change is transforming our culture, for good and for ill.
|
sdg16
|
However, LGUs do not allocate sufficient resources, lack the capacity to forecast, procure or deliver contraceptives and/ or oppose performing this task on religious grounds (Rauhala, 2008). A large percentage of total requirements (skewed towards contraceptive pills and sterilization kits) have historically been provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), but since its phase-out in 2008, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has provided pills and injectables as a stopgap measure on a cost-share arrangement with local governments. Commercial suppliers focus on the top end of the market, while social marketing organizations, often supported by USAID to reduce the burden on LGU budgets and ensure availability of contraceptives, are interested in lower-middle and upper-low income families, leaving the low-priced segment less well served (Connell et al, 2005).
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sdg5
|
The Technion, as a globally competitive technical university draws highly qualified students from throughout Israel and other countries, but also has a number of targeted initiatives at the secondary and pre-academic level for students in the Galilee, including Arab students (see Box 2.2.). The Tel Hai Academic College, which describes its role as a "national college located in the region," has developed to a scale and a level of prestige that it now recruits substantially from the centre to the extent that 60% of its undergraduate academic students come from outside the Galilee. However, with the exception of Arab colleges, the enrolments remain largely Jewish.
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sdg4
|
Further, some documents cannot be approved without a public inquiry'. This is case for the SCoT, PLU/PLUI and SRADDET. Alternatively, a land use authority can also decide to organise more open and participatory forms of engagement to obtain some of the inhabitants and users’ opinions through such practices as citizen conferences, focus groups, opinion polls, public meetings and information leaflets. This latter path has the potential to achieve a consensus among a full set of stakeholders, but it is much harder to organise, and there is always the possibility that no mutually agreeable resolution will emerge.
|
sdg11
|
Although a number of countries, mostly in Europe, that have adopted such measures have experienced modest increases in fertility between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010 (United Nations, 2013a), the implementation and effectiveness of such measures have been difficult to ascertain. While the percentage of Governments with policies to raise fertility has increased steadily from just 9 per cent in 1976 to 27 per cent in 2013, the percentage of Governments with policies to lower fertility increased from 27 per cent in 1976 to 42 per cent in 1996, and then remained at 43 per cent in 2013. During this time, the percentage of Governments that did not have policies to influence fertility has declined steadily from 52 per cent in 1976 to 13 per cent in 2013 (table III.l). In 1976, only about one in every five Governments in more developed regions had policies to raise fertility, but by 2013 this proportion had risen steadily to more than two thirds.
|
sdg5
|
It also contributed to the emergence and rapid expansion of the middle class in Kazakhstan, with almost two thirds of the population falling into this economic category in 2013 (Figure 1.2). The rich group is not shown as the size of the group in sample surveys is very small and not representative of that group. The regions are divided into 175 administrative districts.
|
sdg3
|
Relatively little went to Africa (16.2%). Most of this (USD 4.8 billion) has been for technical support to trade ministries for building capacity in trade policy and management, and for implementing trade agreements (including addressing technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures). This is followed by support for trade facilitation (USD 2.8 billion), for active participation in regional and multilateral trade negotiations (USD 1.1 billion and USD 239.5 million, respectively), and for training and education (USD 209 million).
|
sdg9
|
Each was responsible for producing thematic contributions for use in the synthesis report. An evaluation consultant supported the process by providing research, data collection and analysis, and synthesis of the report, and a part-time consultant assisted in data analysis. These data gathering and analysis strategies are described in more detail in Annex 5.
|
sdg5
|
Public administration suffers from the problem of the logical division between facts and values if modernity is seen as the thoughts of logical positivism and instrumental rationalism. The instrumental rationality of modernity presented the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness, expertise, professionalism, accountability, and democracy and other issues in PA. On the other hand, interpretivism is based on the belief that there is no objective reality out there and reality is socially constructed. Reality is not something that exists outside the researcher as is the case under the positivist perspective. This article discusses how the two different theories, positivism and interpretivism, influence the way of thinking and practicing in the field of public administration.
|
sdg16
|
The unemployment figures given for Peru are for the city of Lima. In most of the countries, it refers to industrial workers in the formal sector only. The regional aggregate is the simple average of the different rates of variation. These percentages represent 165 million poor, including 69 million living in extreme poverty (see figure 1.1).
|
sdg1
|
In Morelos, for example, specific programmes are in place for taxi drivers and microenterprises related to tourism, a growing sector in this state. In Queretaro a programme called credito a la palavra (i.e. trust loan) has been set up to cater for the self-employed through microloans up to MXN 10 000 and repayment within six months. Interest rates are competitive compared to those offered by private microfinance institutions and rates of default in the range of 5-6%, which is very low for microcredit programmes. This is the result of close monitoring on the use of the loan and repayment terms, with visits to the enterprises and repayment deadlines that can be even on a weekly basis in some cases.
|
sdg8
|
The EU-SILC is the main source of information on living standards in the EU, collecting nationally representative and cross-country comparable statistics on income and social inclusion.6 Since income poverty and material deprivation estimates produced by Eurostat are derived from the EU-SILC, this paper uses published indicators for descriptive statistics wherever possible, while all multivariate analyses rely on the micro-data from the user database.7 The 2008 wave is used as the pre-crisis baseline in this study because the EU economy only slipped into recession in 2009. However, the income reference year in the EU-SILC is the calendar year before the interview (for all EU-SILC countries except the UK and Ireland). Thus, child poverty rates estimated using the 2008 wave of the survey refer to 2007 incomes, while the material deprivation indicator refers to 2008. Therefore, when it comes to the last year for which the survey data are available, i.e. 2012, the material deprivation indicator is more up to date.
|
sdg1
|
A Global Environment Facility project in India found that more communication was needed among private sector players (steel re-rolling mills, domestic equipment manufacturers, trade and industry associations and others) for uptake of industrial energy-efficiency technologies (Verbeken 2009). Agreements were established with local institutions hosting the project training courses, which could then offer the courses beyond the project’s lifespan. The networks helped participating South African firms identify more than 5 million rand in energy-efficiency investments, with a payback of less than a year (Spalding-Fecher 2003).
|
sdg7
|
Intentional releases happen primarily for safety reasons if needed to vent pressure, or during start-up or wind-down of production. Most intentionally released methane is burnt on release (flaring) and converted to C02, usually because the production site is too far away from a major demand centre to make transporting and selling the gas unattractive. Large but poorly quantified amounts of methane also escape through leakage from downstream distribution networks, as well as from refineries and various methane-consuming industries.
|
sdg7
|
The exceptions are France, where 92% of pre-primary teachers are women, the Netherlands (87%), Norway (91%) and Spain (93%) (see Table 1.1). Source: OECD (2017a), OECD Online education database, OECD, Paris, wvvw.oecd.org/education/database.hmi. However, the duration of teacher training for pre-primary education varies more than for any other level of education.
|
sdg4
|
In Fiji, for instance, estimates show that the cost of domestic violence was equivalent to about 7 per cent of GDP in 20027 Australia estimates that violence against women and children incurred a financial cost of AS 13.6 billion in 2008/09. Impunity in the violation of women's and girls' human rights is, however, evident in the absence or limited amount of legislative protection against, for example, sexual harassment, domestic violence and/or rape in some countries in the region, including Afghanistan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Thailand,Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. As indicated in the figure, country-level data/ spanning the period 2005-2013, indicate relatively higher rates of marriage or union before the age of 18 years among women and girls in South and South-West Asia as compared with other subregions. In Bangladesh, for example, 65 per cent of women/ girls were married before they reached 18 years of age, with approximately one third being married before reaching 15 years of age.
|
sdg5
|
Fostering positive attitudes can result in significant improvements in performance at little cost (Dweck, 2006). The value of greater student engagement, perseverance, motivation and self-confidence cannot be overstated. Both of these strategies require some changes in students’ beliefs and self-beliefs.
|
sdg4
|
Whereas the exact count of individual streams remains unknown, in the absence of government process mapping, the Huduma Kenya programme, which is in its nascent stages, has selected some 45 streams to be delivered in its service centres. Viewed through the prism of diffusion theory, the first 26 public agencies and departments that have started offering their services within the service centres qualify as early adopters of the innovation. These agencies and departments are those that have been easy to reach with information from the Huduma Kenya Secretariat on the operational merits and economic and efficiency benefits of relocating their services to the Huduma Centres.
|
sdg9
|
Eco-labelling and green certification should be clearly defined and consumers should be educated. This will ease the identification of products and increase demand for green products. Institutional capacity is also essential. Public authorities and managers of labour market institutions should be well informed of the definitions, objectives and vision, as well as being formally trained (possibly through ESF Funds) to ensure the effectiveness of policy implementation and better support business development.
|
sdg9
|
This variation decreases comparability, hinders aggregation, and will in turn influence assessments of effectiveness. The choice of a baseline is particularly difficult for adaptation interventions. This is because uncertainty surrounding the future effects of climate change can result in the baseline “shifting” over time, which further complicates assessing impacts (see Lamhauge et al.,
|
sdg13
|
Recent world events have created international security concerns and a demand for counter-terrorist measures. Information fuels counter-terrorism. "Data mining" has been touted as a means for acquiring needed information. This article describes data mining, explores its social, political and personal risks, then assesses its impact on the Charter -protected right to privacy. The author proposes a framework for the constitutionally appropriate regulation of data mining. Data mining is portrayed as a potentially valuable counter-terrorism tool which must be governed responsibly, if its costs are not to exceed its benefits.
|
sdg16
|
Following inspection of fishing practices, existing methods for exploiting hake have been modifed, while the distribution of individual quotas per vessel has been maintained in light of previous catches reported. Furthermore, as mentioned in the section on structural adjustment, plans to adjust the way certain stocks are fished have been adopted. Given the smaller size of the fleet associated with this fisheiy, it was felt that vessels should not be decommissioned but that reductions should be made in other areas to ensure the viability of fishing operations.
|
sdg14
|
This also applies to migration to neighbouring areas. In all GMS countries, migration to urban areas continues unchecked. The significant differences in per capita income, GNI per capita (see Table 1), the dependence of economies on various resources and the high degree of inequality pose various threats to natural systems such as forests. An increasing trend towards industrialization has been driven largely by trade, driven in turn by the extraction of natural resources (ADB, 2012).
|
sdg15
|
In contrast, in Argentina and Ireland, where vocational programmes are not offered at all at this level, as well as in Brazil, Canada and India, more than 90% of upper secondary students are enrolled in general programmes (Table B1.3). These include apprenticeship programmes that involve concurrent school-based and work-based training, as well as programmes that involve alternating periods of attendance at educational institutions and participation in work-based training (see Definitions section at the end of this indicator). On average across the OECD, 11% of students in upper secondary education are enrolled in this type of programme, although they are offered in and data are available for only 21 OECD countries. In Hungary and Latvia, all vocational programmes are combined school- and work-based programmes.
|
sdg4
|
AbstractThe term ‘respect for diversity’ has gained prominence in many policy and curricular developments aimed at promoting reconciliation and pluralism. To explore the understandings of ‘respect for diversity’ held by children in a society that has both emerged from conflict and is increasingly multicultural, 15 group interviews were conducted with 7–11-year-old children in Northern Ireland. The behavioural aspects of respect for diversity articulated by the children were identified as: attention, offering time, equality of treatment, and acts of solidarity. Affective motivations for these actions were empathy and the pursuit of friendship, cognitive motivations were: a moral norm of inclusion, curiosity, internalised human rights principles, and egalitarianism (a belief that all persons are equal in fundamental worth or value). Findings are discussed in relation to theories of children’s prejudice development and moral development, and implications for the teaching and promotion of respect for diversit...
|
sdg16
|
Development that rides on the back of depletion of forest resources is unsustainable and measures must be taken to use, manage and protect forests in a sustainable manner. It was found in India and Nepal that empowering women in local decisionmaking with respect to the conservation of forests and fisheries leads to better resource efficiency and conservation. Pathways to the sustainable management of forest resources could benefit from the knowledge and capacities that women have honed through their interactions with forests.
|
sdg5
|
After a decade of policies that deal directly with water resources management, much still needs to be done in developing the institutional capacity to monitor and enforce these policies, and ensure consistency in other policies that indirectly impinge on water resources management. Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI): Provisional indices and profiles for Trinidad and Tobago’. State of the Environment Report 2001 & 2002.
|
sdg6
|
When Cyclone Pam struck Vanuatu in 2015, for example, it affected about 80 per cent of schools. Some were damaged and others were turned into evacuation centres.173The problem exists throughout the Pacific region, where many schools in small island states are unavoidably located near coastal areas. Throughout the region, climate change and weather-related emergencies have hindered efforts to provide children with good-quality learning opportunities. Less than 2 per cent of the funds raised by humanitarian appeals went to education.176 This figure suggests that education is considered a low priority in humanitarian contexts, a viewpoint that is curiously out of step with the aspirations of parents and children affected by crises.176 For them, a return to school can help restore a sense of security, normalcy and, above all, hope for a better future.
|
sdg4
|
For example, one of the most remarkable peace-making initiatives by women in the Pacific has been the work of the Kup Women for Peace (KWP) in PNG (Dinnen, 2003). For example, the traditional forms of social protection such as reciprocity such as duties during ceremonies are also formal. There exist clear linkages between formal and informal social arrangements.
|
sdg1
|
Recent scholarship in cultural studies and philosophy has exposed the whiteness that works through familiar conceptions of politics and democracy. Contemporary notions of the common, as they have been articulated in (post-)Marxist and radical-democratic idioms, need to be confronted by the same interrogations. Considering the epistemological standpoint from which theorizations of the common and radical democracy are articulated, I argue that they fail to adequately confront the colonial problematics toward which they gesture. In response, I propose a notion of the common grounded in an ethical and epistemological responsibility to the oppressed and excluded, and analytically centered on the ontologies of race that articulate capitalist modernity. A passageway into this decolonial common can be found in the context of pedagogy, since teaching opens up terrains of confrontation and dialogue that are the condition of solidarity.
|
sdg16
|
Aggregate calculations: FAO Statistics Division (ESS). Cereals include wheat, rice paddy, barley, maize, popcorn, rye, oats, millets, sorghum, buckwheat, quinoa, fonio, triticale, canary seed, mixed grain and cereals nes. Aggregate calculations: Weighted average using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed.
|
sdg1
|
To take into account the key role of working opportunities for women (men) in both origin and destination countries, female (male) unemployment rates are added. Labour is one of the main reasons of migration (Grieco and Boyd, 1998). Hence, working opportunities in the destination country are an important factor of migration.
|
sdg5
|
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