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This chapter explains how the future success of the Arab Spring in reaching a modern, democratic states, as well as security of the US, European and other Middle East and North African states will require collaborative efforts to improve their effectiveness for aligning and integrating the necessary diplomacy, defense and development capabilities. Integrating the instruments of power in the case of the recent revolutions in MENA will not be an easy goal. That, however, does not address the ends of a new policy based on critical theory and human security. For insights on the objective we can return to President Obama’s own words in his speech in Cairo in 2009. Whether the US can substantially implement the 3D’s of diplomacy, defense and development, given the current geopolitics of the Middle East, in new and creative ways to address the issues of the Arab Spring remains the test of US leadership.
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As shown in Panel B of the figure, the share of households receiving some income from social grants has increased substantially in the past eight years and even more so for black African households. Grant recipiency has risen sharply among the black population, from just below 30% in 2002 to above 50% in 2008, whereas this share has remained fairly stable for the non-black population. The impact of the social grants on limiting the extent of poverty has been substantial. According to Woolard and Leibbrandt (2010), without government grants poverty would have worsened between the end of apartheid and today, mainly because unemployment has increased and hence labour income has become less important for a large number of households.
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However, in relative terms, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty has been declining since 1990 in both the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and in the least developed countries. However, the numbers of people living in extreme poverty have been on the decline since the early 1990s. Small island developing States will also have to redouble their efforts, given the slackened pace of poverty reduction they experienced between 1999 and 2005, which was considerably slower than that experienced between 1990 and 1999.
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Increasing available resources for education, especially in remote areas, should be coupled with advancements in education quality and with graduation strategies and productive inclusion. Young people also need an array of formal and non-formal instruction adapted to their situations, including non-discriminatory programmes that accommodate special needs (e.g. young people with disabilities, pregnant adolescents) and reduce segregation. Modules should encourage young people to stay in school or to return if they have left, and to reconcile their studies with the demands of caregiving and other roles. Linkages among the various educational and training subsystems should accommodate a suitable transition between training, technical education, vocational education and university programmes (Espejo and Espindola, 2015).
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Tariff methodologies vary across the distribution system operators (DSOs). One exception is Energocom, a state-owned monopoly for electricity imports, which supplies electricity directly to free-market consumers at unregulated prices. Tariff calculations include planned operational costs and capital investments for new lines, as well as for modernisation, rehabilitation and loss reduction.
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Among the new challenges are the trend towards autonomy in academia, the excellence in research initiatives, innovation policy and internationalisation. As a result of these new research policy focus areas, the gender equality efforts in academia have become more diverse and complex in recent years. Although gender equality is a stated objective in academia in the Nordic countries, there are very few comprehensive studies of university and research policy in a gender equality perspective. The intention exists, however.
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It can allocate consumption values to the individual groups allowing cities - including those in data scarce environments - to monitor the distribution of resource flows (where and who). This same information can be used as a scenario building tool to simulate the potential impact a policy change can have on the resource flow distribution. In addition, the approach enables countries to report on a consistent set of cities for which progress can be tracked over time in a more systematic and scientific manner.
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Parenting programmes can teach notions of equality and offer tools, ideally sensitive to different contexts, for translating those principles into raising girls. Such programmes can stress positive interactions, inform parents about opportunities for dieir daughters, and may provide entry points for moving away from still widely accepted corporal punishment practices. Awareness campaigns can build momentum and encourage large cross-sections of people to start thinking in new ways, such as on birth registration, where one major barrier is parents foiling to understand its importance.
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The share is higher in most European OECD countries compared to most non-European OECD countries. This development may have slowed or even reversed the previous upward trend in adopting management practices beneficial to water quality for some regions within countries. At the same time, however, rising chemical input prices (fertilisers, pesticides) can have a counter-effect, by inducing farmers to use less of these inputs, assuming no other changes in farm costs/output prices.
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This article explores the history of claims to intellectual cultural property as they relate to claims to sovereignty in settler societies by Indigenous groups. The recent Southern African legal victory for San communities to return to their traditional settlements in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve marks an important precedent in which human rights claims constrain and direct the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) discourse. In the context of CSR, and the growth of public–private partnerships, the legal assertion of cultural property and cultural rights marks an important and substantive mode for asserting political autonomy and sovereignty in settler states.
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While the colleges in the region often see the development of the Galilee as a key part of their mission, they often have a focus on education and social sciences and are building their research and links with the business and industry from a low base. However, the Tel Hai Academic College and ORT Braude have already established themselves as quasi-unique providers of engineers and technicians of the interior of the region and increasingly also partners for the regional industries (see Box 3.6.). The college has forged strong links with the Upper Galilee Centre for Knowledge (MIGAL), a privately owned research and development centre located in an industrial park in Kiryat Shmoneh. It comprises 15 different research groups in agrosciences, ecology, therapeutics and analytical chemistry and undertakes research activities in highly advanced laboratories.
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In China alone, the number of the poor decreased from 835 million in 1981 to 173 million in 2008, which meant a sharp decrease of China’s poverty rate from 84 to 13 per cent. Progress in several other countries of the region has also been impressive. For the East Asia and Pacific region as a whole, the incidence of poverty declined from 77 to 14 per cent during the period 1981-2008.
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At regional level, too, the railways project will contribute to regional integration and create regional markets for products and sen/ices of the Eastern Africa region. Rail freight will also decrease the country's dependence on fossil fuel imports, which will increase economic stability. The railway will also reduce air pollutants, congestion, noise and accident levels compared to road transport.
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The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This view of the policy landscape reflects a growing appreciation of the interdependence of policy measures and an understanding that the performance or behaviour of innovation systems requires the adoption of more holistic perspectives. They also extend to the design of new ones.
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This chapter aims to define inclusive innovations, as well as outline the challenges and opportunities in scaling innovations to meet the needs of lower-income and excluded groups. Section 2 focuses on the characteristics of inclusive innovation compared to innovation that does not specifically supply lower-income and excluded groups. Section 3 discusses factors that support scaling up inclusive innovations.
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The ability to align investment decisions with the global climate goal is ever more relevant in the context of increased ambition and the need to avoid carbon lock-in. Investment decisions taken today, in particular involving long life infrastructure, present a significant risk to lock in high carbon pathways. Such risk is increasingly identified by the investment community as it translates into long term financial risks as high carbon assets may become obsolete in the face of increasingly ambitious climate action. One approach4 to develop 2° C investing criteria took the range of 2° C scenarios as a basis to identify the relevance of different technologies and sectors for decarbonisation. The results show that the energy sector along with energy efficiency in buildings, industry and transport are of most relevance for the achievement of the 2° C limit.
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Commitments were used as proxy for disbursements for the Caribbean Dev. Bank, Global Environment Facility, IDB Invest, IFAD, DFC, and the Islamic Dev. The USAID Global Health Research and Development Strategy 2017-2022 aims to strengthen the capability of researchers, improve the evidence-base on health and development interventions, and accelerate the development use of health technologies and approaches to address critical unmet needs and emerging challenges. (
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Complex gender and race relations among Māori and Pākehā feminists permeate the shape, history and status of feminist psychologies in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Our discussion begins with some background to the issues we face in our bicultural partnerships, the history of feminist engagements with Western egalitarianism, and the achievements attributable to egalitarian feminism over the past 40 years. The body of our chapter interweaves the personal experiences of some feminist psychologists in Aotearoa/New Zealand with the theoretical changes and challenges posed by academic work and the practical, social changes and challenges led by activists. We also discuss three movements that infuse our contemporary work: from feminist activism towards the legitimacy of service delivery and knowledge production for and by women, of bicultural feminism towards parallel development and recognition of cultural differences, privileges and authority amongst academic feminists, and a resurgence of resistance to feminist-led social change by anti-feminist men’s groups.
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This article analyzes the legal concept of reviewable life sentences, considering doctrinal precedents and the concept’s applicability in comparative law, in such countries as England, Spain, China, the United States, and others. The article also includes a legal study of the most relevant cases presented to international tribunals, like the European Human Rights Court and the Austrian, Swiss, and German High Courts, where life imprisonment sentences are subject to review after partial completion. Finally, the article analyzes the prohibition of life imprisonment in Colombia that stems from a constitutional mandate as well as from international-treaty commitments, and the legal precedents established by the country’s Constitutional Court and Supreme Court.
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Caseworker attitudes toward their clients may also play an important role. Several studies from Switzerland and Germany found that caseworkers who apply tough rather than softer, more co-operative attitudes towards their clients may be more successful (Behncke et al., The authors also find a clear positive correlation between jobseeker outcomes and PES office co-operation with private placement agencies, which may be complementary to direct employer contacts.
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The test was administered at program entry and at each of the ages indicated. The programme greatly improved outcomes for both participating boys and girls, resulting in a statistically significant rate of return around 7%-10% per annum for both genders (see Heckman et al., Figure 11 shows histograms of measures of non-cognitive skills for the treatment and control groups.
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Typically, most MDWs leave their children in a 'gardorie' or unregulated, home-based day-care centre such as the one run by Tete Mona. These gardories are often run by another migrant woman, and many even provide'day and night'childcare. For instance, I visited a gardorie run by Mama Sara, a Madagascan woman, in Naba, Beirut, where around half the migrant children would be dropped off by their mothers on a Sunday evening and collected at the end of the work week on Friday evening.
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We report odds ratios in Table 12 in the Annex, indicating the change in the odds of a child being deprived in multiple domains (housing, environment, access to basic services and/or financial strain). We do not take income poverty into account for cumulative deprivation but rather consider its role in predicting simultaneous deprivation across domains of non-monetary deprivation. The first factor that significantly increases the odds of experiencing combined deprivations pertains to the family type that children are part of and particularly refers to those living in singleheaded households.
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River basin organisations should be capable of managing a portion of their allocated budget or of raising and allocating their own financial resources while providing a regulatory system for ensuring transparency and accountability. Simultaneously, their dedicated staff should receive the appropriate capacities to manage these resources. On this issue, proposals have been made in front of the Senate to modify the National Water Law in order for river basin organisations and river basin councils to receive financial resources through operation contracts (convenios operativos) (see Chapter 3 on improving economic efficiency and financial sustainability).
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Therefore, the proportion of patients re-admitted to hospital within 30 days has been used and collected by the OECD as an indicator of the lack of proper management of mental health conditions outside of hospital (OECD, 2013a). Whilst there are some limitations with regards to this data, including the small number of countries able to distinguish between “planned” and “unplanned” re-admissions to hospital, this can be a useful indicator (OECD, 2013b). Unplanned re-admissions to the same hospital for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Norway are quite high.
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Whether these resources originate and ‘flow’ along the same or parallel channels to development assistance, their ultimate destination will be to support climate action in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication at the country level13. To maximise effectiveness, climate and development action will need to be planned and implemented together, resourced by a mix of climate and sustainable development finance, to deliver benefits for both the planet and people. Financing for sustainable development will play a key role in helping developing countries transition to the low carbon, climate-resilient and sustainable pathways needed to achieve the SDGs.
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In Mauritius, for example, which has had a universal social pension scheme since 1958, the Basic Retirement Pension amounts to around $118 per month, equivalent to about five times the poverty line. To the extent that women rely more heavily on non-contributory benefits than men, the adequacy of these benefits is of major concern from a gender equality perspective. Combining contributory and non-contributory old-age pensions can be an effective way to advance towards national social protection floors.
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The system is to help collect and distribute information about observed irregularities in recreational landings. In 2017, Denmark initiated a national strategy for recreational angling in order to examine possibilities to further develop angling and fishing tourism, and to promote Denmark as a tourist destination for angling. While the volume of harvest stabilised over the past few years, the industry benefits from higher prices, particularly from the increase of prices on the world market for fishmeal and oil.
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This paper presents a set of data generated and analyzed by the Edu4Sec Project – Effective Education for Improving Data Security Awareness. The project commenced in 2016 and is being implemented by a multidisciplinary team based at the University of Padova. The aim is to improve secondary school students’ data security awareness and develop behaviors and strategies to reduce cyber risks arising from data security issues. Three secondary schools have been involved in a quasi-experimental research design. A training intervention was provided to 116 students engaged in experiential and interactive learning activities related to key concepts of data security. The same intervention was provided to the experimental group of 140 students, supplemented by gamification elements. The paper focuses on the pre- and post-intervention questionnaire results.
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It introduced new schemes to facilitate debt-to-equity swaps and other forms of loan restructuring. Importantly, its new bankruptcy code has provided a resolution framework that will help corporates to clean up their balance sheets and reduce their debts. The Government also announced in late 2017 a large recapitalization package, equivalent to about 1.2 per cent of GDR to strengthen the balance sheets of public sector banks.
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Foreign citizens account for only 0.4% of the population. In an effort to fight child labour, Kazakhstan enabled children of migrant workers, including seasonal migrants, to attend educational institutions with the same rights as Kazakh children in 2012 (Antonowicz, 2013). Rapid growth in the early 2000s drastically slowed down with the global financial crisis of 2008, but rebounded by the end of 2009.
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Women were a small proportion of all workers. The money was used for constructing better toilets, education costs, mobile phones and, more occasionally, second-hand cars. However, unlike other countries (where the programme was usually based in departments or ministries of labour), it was based in the Prime Minister’s Department, where a special unit was eventually formed, indicating the significance attached to the scheme.
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Locally, employers are engaged in the system particularly through the provision of workplace training. This is a real strength, and there remains a need to sustain and develop this consensus between national government, autonomous communities in the regions of Spain, employers and unions on VET policy. Graduates of upper secondary VET (with VET diplomas) were previously required to restart upper secondary academic programmes in order to spend another two years studying before obtaining the Spanish Baccalaureate - this has now been reduced to one year. This is a welcome and positive development. In Spain, at lower secondary level, the VIP (vocational initial programme) has now adopted this approach as it aims to reintegrate some young people in school through vocational programmes.
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A key feature of this revolution is the digital platform - an online intermediary that links producers, consumers and service providers, and takes advantage of its reach and network. Face-to-face purchases are replaced with a click of a keyboard button, and money transfer operators are now an interface on a mobile phone. Digital platforms are also increasingly extending their reach, expanding the services they offer.
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The prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes are determined for each cell depending on the risk factors within that cell. The population base is updated every three years to reflect population ageing according to estimates from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Assumptions of changes in the prevalence of modifiable risk factors are based on historical trends. Alternative prevention programs are tested by moving records from cells with higher prevalence of certain risk factors to cells with lower risk factor prevalence.
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It discusses the policy mix for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, including the increasing, albeit still limited, use of economic instruments. The degree of biodiversity mainstreaming into other sectors such as agriculture, fishery and forestry is also addressed. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
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This is particularly true for individuals working in less innovative sectors and/or living in less innovative regions that suffer from multiple factors of disadvantage (e.g. low skills, low income), as they are less able to move to more innovative activities. For example, between 20% and 65% of total R&D activities take place in the top 20% regions within countries, depending on the country. These regions also concentrate around 30% of tertiary-educated workers and about half of patent applications of their respective countries (Figure 4).
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As economic growth gains momentum, STI activities should increase. However, the recovery remains uneven. The crisis caused lasting damage to public finances, creating a “new deal” for STI policies, which must consider the risks and opportunities raised by the continuing globalisation of STI activities: global value chains and the international circulation of people and knowledge. Innovation should help address global, environmental and societal challenges and raise new policy challenges.
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After piloting the programme for about half a year, a first up-scaling was undertaken in June 2006 by extending it to two schools per district, and then subsequently to five schools per district. It has been suggested the GNSP and its predecessor might have been directly influenced by the transnational poverty agenda of the 2000s. However, Grebe (2015) draws attention to the "largely domestic" roots of these two policy frameworks. He traces their adoption to the identification of extreme poverty as a major impediment to the country's ambition of attaining middle-income status, particularly during the implementation period of the country's first Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP): Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS) I 2003-2005.
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The emergence of a ‘new world economy’ makes it imperative for corporate entities to adjust their corporate values, practices and internal processes. This paper explored the interrelatedness of selected corporate governance practices and human resource management outcomes. The paper relied on established corporate management theories as a platform for empirical consideration of selected issues relative to four established players in Nigeria’s downstream petroleum sector. A descriptive method was adopted and data was collected via a survey of 112 respondents. Contextual arguments were captured to achieve a robust appreciation of issues affecting individual participation and operations of corporate entities. The study found that there is a significant relationship between corporate governance practices and human resource management outcomes. Requisite conclusions and recommendations were provided in the light of empirical and theoretical findings.
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This was an important consideration, given that rising food prices in 2008, coupled with declining wages in 2009, led to an overall deterioration in real wages, with the share of undernourished in the world increasing for the first time since 1969 (when data collection began). In Brazil, in the Egyptian textile sector and in South Africa, unemployment increased. In Uganda and the Egyptian tourism sector wages declined.
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The following section reviews the theoretical and real impact of standardised testing on teaching. This behaviour is manifested in a teacher increasingly teaching test-taking skills (such as tips for multiple choice tests or focusing on essay w'riting) or by using test items or similar items in their instmction (Popham, 1999). Popham differentiates between teaching to the test - which he refers to as “item-teaching” - and instruction which aims to focus on the subject matter that will be covered in the test, “curriculum-teaching” (Popham, 1999).
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It systematically counts the number of valuation studies for each relevant ecosystem service and concludes that the number of studies is limited in all the Nordic countries. In their case study encompassing valuation of the effects of pesticide-free buffer zones along field margins, the authors found that respondents were willing to accept an increase in the price of bread of DKK 0,57 (4 per cent) if the survival of partridge chickens increased by 10 percent points. Based on their findings, the authors of the report conclude that economic valuation studies of the effects of pesticide use can be performed based on current knowledge and existing methods. The beneficiaries of the restoration measures were the residents of Helsinki, with foreseen benefits including both use and non-use values.
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The assessments of the individual transboundary surfitce and groundwaters in this subregion can be found in the Chapters 5 and 6 of Section IV (drainage basins of the Black Sea and of the Mediterranean Sea). The assessment of transboundary waters in SEE also contains assessment of a number of selected Ramsar Sites. Besides the assessed Ramsar Sites, there arc important transboundary wetland areas elsewhere in SEE, e.g., the delta of Maritsa/Evros/Meri^ River (a part of it is also a Ramsar Site), as well as important human-made wetlands, such as reservoir lakes and fish farming ponds along the Drava, Mura and smaller rivers in SEE.
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AbstractThis article assesses the relationship between multiculturalism and neoliberalism, focusing on the Australian context. It analyses recent reforms concerning immigrant integration and cultural diversity, and argues that since the mid-1990s Australian multiculturalism has embodied three central components of state restructuring: heightened demands for sociocultural discipline and conformity, fiscal conservatism and the retrenchment of safety nets, and the promotion of economic competitiveness, flexibility and efficiency in global markets. In retracing the trajectory of Australian policy this analysis contributes to emerging literatures on multiculturalism, and the shifting nature of citizenship and government rationalities in the present neoliberal context. In addition to illuminating recent changes in Australia, its findings display significant import for countries facing similar dynamics.
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One example of the capability of the system to work on efficiency improvement is the school consolidation process. This process was led in a decentralised fashion by individual municipalities. Municipalities have sought to consolidate their school systems to both increase student achievement by improving the learning environment and to reduce expenditures in the Folkeskole by achieving economies of scale through larger school sizes. The national system reduces financial differences across municipalities.
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During the fourth call (published in 2012), a total of 241 project applications were received, for almost EUR 8 million, with private-sector participation of an additional EUR 4 million. Overall, the requested amount was around 12 times higher than the total programme budget. Croatia has been involved in EUREKA as a full member as of 23 June 2000. In February 2009 MSES transferred operative implementation of EUREKA programme to BICRO.
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However, the survey method does provide information about issues (especially perceptions) that could not be obtained through other methods. In addition, the TALIS Video Study will provide important perspectives on the validity of self-report data because it will collect both survey and video data. Because the database does not allow identification of classrooms, it is not possible to link teachers with their class students. Student outcomes can, therefore, be associated only with the school-aggregated indicator of teachers. That review argued for better national and international information on teachers. These were attracting, developing, and retaining effective teachers, school policies and effectiveness, and quality teachers and teaching.
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The European Commission, Germany and Norway have committed about €110m to the GEEREF over the period 2007-2011. The EIB Group is the fund manager. This scheme has been effective in mobilizing capital for new asset classes in developing countries, especially in those regions where perceived risks are a high hurdle to private capital mobilization.
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This report examined the safety in primary and ambulatory care from an economic perspective - in terms of the (a) costs of unsafe care from a financial, economic and burden of illness perspective, and (b) potential strategies to improve safety across the sector in a resource-constrained environment. Given the unique nature of this setting - in contrast to hospital and long-term care - a broad and longitudinal definition of safety is adopted. Patient harm can result from a single incident, but can also develop over time through delayed diagnosis or treatment. The report was informed by a literature scan and a survey of 26 experts in patient safety from a total of 29 countries.
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The difference between the peak of the load duration curve and the residual load duration curve represents the generation capacity that, on average, is not required due to the presence of variable wind energy. The difference between the black and the blue curves shows the minimal generation capacity, over all samples, which is not needed. In the last edition of the World Energy Outlook (IEA, 2011c), the IEA assumes that the annual peak demand is normally distributed around the mean. The capacity credit is then calculated based on the difference between the peak demand and the point one standard deviation above the residual peak demand.
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I do not know how to write and read, so how can I speak to them? Now that I am the president of my organisation, I can talk to these people. When people are treated as lesser they can come to internalise a sense of lack of worth that profoundly affects their sense of what they can do and what they are due by society.
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In the case of Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu, aid accounts for more than 10 per cent of GDP in all cases. Aid flows to Fiji and PNG, the bigger and more resource-rich of the countries, account for less than 5 per cent of GDP. Engagement with civil society and the private sector is essential, as is building trust and confidence.
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This is supported by the recent polls of values in EU27 countries that demonstrate that the most important notions associated with happiness are health (73%], love (44%}, work (37%}, peace (35%] and money (32%] (European Commission 2008]. Also some anecdotal evidence is available from a study of workers who have been given short-time contracts during the economic crisis: some workers would now prefer to keep their short-time hours and reduced pay rather than return to their normal working conditions - up to 30% of staff in some companies (Pignal and Schafer 2009]. These examples demonstrate that well-being and quality of life do not directly depend on the high resource consumption.
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In 2007/08 season 764 000 tonnes were harvested across the CCAMLR region. In 1990 the Commission endorsed the objectives for harvesting the krill resource (Constable 2000). The yield is determined by a series of rules, based on the objectives above, that are applied to the preexploitation biomass of krill (Bo) and derive a proportion for harvesting (termed y).
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Recognising that this could not continue indefinitely, attention has turned to the management of water demand by measures such as water pricing mechanisms, reduction of water losses, water reuse and recycling, increasing the efficiency of domestic, agricultural and industrial water uses, and water saving campaigns supported by public education. Reducing water demand can bring additional benefits in decreased pollution discharges and lower energy consumption. At the household level, this is largely a matter of combining water-efficient installations with raising awareness, industrial users have reduced water use by recycling, reuse, changing production processes, using more efficient technologies and reducing leakage.
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In Korea, the Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology (WISET) provides grants to support engineering research projects led by female graduate students, in order to support their research and leadership capabilities. An example is the Programme to Support Research Activities of Female Researchers in Japan. The programme's goals are to increase the number of women in research, improve their research skills, and support their appointment to leading positions. Plans designed by research institutions may include measures such as providing researchers (regardless of gender) with assistants during specific “life events” (e.g. childbirth, childcare, care of elderly relatives) so that they can balance research with personal responsibilities, establishing flexible employment arrangements, including flexitime, job sharing and part-time work, providing childcare services, and encouraging female students to pursue an academic career. These include skills in the fields of finance, marketing and human resources management, as well as capacities to identify new opportunities.
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In the United Kingdom,1 a strong recovery has taken hold, with GDP having grown faster than both the EU and OECD averages between 2012 and 2015 (Figure 1.1). While the economy grew by 1.8% in 2016, down from 2.2% in the year before, the referendum vote on membership in the European Union (“Brexit”) in June 2016 has not had as strong a negative short-term impact on growth as many forecasters predicted, due in part to supportive monetary policy which mitigated the effect of increased uncertainty on consumer spending and business investment. Since 2012, the proportion of working-age Britons (age 15 to 64) who are employed has grown, and this percentage reached a record 73.3% in the first quarter of 2016, w'ell above the OECD average of 66.8%. Consequently, the unemployment rate fell to 5.0% in 2015, its lowest level since 2005 (Figure 1.2), and the Bank of England projects that the unemployment rate will remain at 5% until early 2019. At 30.7%, the share of unemployed who stay unemployed for a year or more (the longterm unemployment rate) is now below crisis levels, below the OECD average of 33.8%, and well below the EU average of 50%.
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It is also possible for a master's degree holder to take one year of pedagogical studies in the faculty of educatioi gain a formal teacher qualification. Teacher candidates are not only expected to become experts in pedagogical content knowledge, but they required to write a research-based dissertation as the final requirement for the master's degree. Upper-grade teachers major in an academic subject area of their choice, primary-grade teachers major in educational sciences.
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Some studies have shown that male migration contributes to shrinking of the gender gap (Abdulloev and others, 2014) while others indicated that women in households with migrants are less likely to be in paid employment 0ustino and Shemyakina, 2012). Women from Uzbekistan, however, are less likely to have specific plans, when they do have them, the women are less likely to come back to Uzbekistan. Among all migrants from Central Asia, going back and forth between the Russian Federation and their country of origin is a popular and desired way of life. This phenomenon stems from highly developed transnational practices - the sending of remittances and developing familial, intimate and other ties diat die migrants maintain in both countries.
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For example, the gradual shift in the United States towards smaller vehicles, which began after the 1974 oil shock, went into reverse as cars got more fuel efficient. Disentangling these effects is complex because lower oil prices contributed to this result, but the rebound effect appears to be a factor. Somewhat different implications arise when the energy is being consumed by a business: it means more output per unit of energy' consumed, whereas for households it may mean increased final consumption of heat or electricity, and hence an increase in welfare.
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Beyond school, better work-life balances would allow more women to enrol in on-the-job training and professional courses. Women could better pursue their individual and professional aspirations. Improved job satisfaction exerts a protective role on physical health and shields against mental disorder (Barnay, 2014).
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Their functions include making recommendations on: plans and training programmes, teaching methods, programme evaluation and teacher training, among others. These councils are chaired by the director, and include as appropriate the assistant directors, heads of class or subject, ATPs, presidents of the students' council, and representatives of the parents' association, the school cooperative and the school garden plot (where this exists). In general terms, these councils' attributions are limited.
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In-kind benefits and consumption taxes, however, are excluded, as the underlying income surveys do not provide this information. The bottom inequality in a country is obtained as the ratio between (overall) average income and average income of one bottom decile (e.g. the second). An increase in this ratio signals a widening gap between average and poor households, i.e. higher inequality at the bottom. The top inequality is measured as the ratio between average income in one top decile (e.g. the eighth) and overall average income, and therefore informs about the gap between rich and average households.
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They are thus of a different nature than technical externalities, which are usually implied when the term externality is used. This is due to the fact that pecuniary externalities operate through the price mechanism, which at least in principle implies reciprocity. For instance, the entry of a new, lower-cost power producer into the market will reduce electricity prices and profits for incumbent producers.
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These resources provide food security, medicines, materials for shelter, a place for settlement, goods for building economic wealth and collateral (ESCAP 2012). Goods from the land and animals are also used as currency instead of money in parts of the Pacific. Access to land is the key for social protection.
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sdg1
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The value of forecasting models does not lie in their ability to “predict” the future - a task that no medium-to-Iong term model could realistically accomplish. Indeed if models based on current trends accurately predicted the future, it could signal a lack of innovation or policy development. As a recent report from the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs states, “Effective forecasts change the future, which means that they prove - and have to prove - wrong” (Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, 2010). Figure 1 presents public expenditure growth forecasts from models in five countries if no policy action is taken.
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sdg3
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The paper investigates the connections between philosophy and communication, exploring the philosopher Alain Badiou’s point of view. First of all, an analysis of these connections in Antiquity is developed, understanding philosophy in its beginnings as a discursive regime change, dialectic overcoming rhetoric and poetry. Then, taking Badiou as theoretical reference, contemporary context is considered. This context is comprehended as being paradoxically close to the greek one, both dealing with an interruption of poetic discourse.
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sdg16
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Additional measures, such as reduced parking rates, preferential access and financing subsidies, are being studied. The efficiency of the electric system is also expected to be improved, as the vehicles will absorb excess night electricity generation while charging. In the post-2020 phase the development of a vehicle-to-grid system is foreseen, which will also allow vehicles to send electricity to the grid at peak times.
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sdg7
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Still, one limitation in producing gender statistics persists. Sex is often used as only one of the breakdown variables for the data presented. As explained in chapter I and shown in chapter II, gender statistics and a meaningful gender analysis commonly require disaggregation by sex and other characteristics at the same time. For example, gender segregation in the labour market is partially determined by the gender gap in education, therefore data on occupations should be further disaggregated by the level of educational attainment.
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sdg5
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The payment and fees depend on the timber value of excluded stands. Higher rates apply to protective forests, providing an incentive to restrict their deforestation. Moreover, exclusions for housing on less than 0.05 hectare (0.02 hectare for multiple dwelling buildings) are exempt from payment and fees.
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sdg15
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This is the relationship between the SCoT and the PLU/ PLUI (intercommunal and communal), and between the previous SDRIF/SAR/PADDUC/SRADDET and the SCoT (regional and intercommunal). Further, the SCoT must be compatible with landscape protection and improvement directives set out in the national Mountain and Coastal laws. Compatibility requirements are less demanding than are conformity requirements in the sense that conforming requires complete consistency, while compatibility allows significant differences, as long as the general intent of the superior plan is preserved.
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sdg11
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The pension formula was also made less generous with a reduction of the average accrual rate. Subsequent changes were approved in 2011 and 2012, including an increase in the statutory retirement ages from 65 to 67 for a full pension, a cut in monthly pensions greater than i,000 euros by 5-15 per cent (depending on income) and a reduction of bonuses previously paid to public sector employees (US-SSA 2011, 2012b, 2012C, OECD 2013). Italy accelerated the transition from defined benefit to NDC pensions.
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sdg5
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It is not only a strong indicator of the health and well-being of children, but also of the entire population. The ICPD Programme of Action set a target in 1994 to reduce the under-five mortality rate below 45 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2015. While considerable progress has been made in reducing child mortality since 1990, some recent data from the World Health Organization have suggested that, of the eight MDGs, goal 4 (reducing child mortality) and goal 5 (improving maternal health) are the two furthest from being achieved by 2015 (World Health Organization, 2012b, United Nations, 2012b).
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sdg3
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Thus if one considers only new or modern nuclear units, it seems reasonable not to consider additional investment costs for load following capabilities, since they can be considered sunk costs, regardless of the choice of operating mode. Similar reasoning can be applied to fuel elements: the additional requirements for fuel design are already priced into the fuel cost, regardless of the operational mode of the reactor. According to AREVA, EDF and the French regulatory authority, there is today no clear evidence that load following will accelerate the ageing of NPPs, and only a very small number of pieces of equipment could be adversely affected (Pouret and Nuttall, 2007). If load variations are performed within design specifications (in terms of extent and frequency of load modulations) the operational lifetime of the power plant should not be affected.
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sdg7
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So innovators must strike a different, more delicate, balance - accepting the degree of risk required to break through to new solutions while safeguarding the hopes and well-being of children. And so a principled approach to innovation starts with, and is guided by, questions throughout the process - from identifying problems to developing and scaling up solutions to evaluating their impact.
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sdg9
|
Nonetheless, poverty should still be seen as having two important dimensions, captured by the relative and absolute lines respectively, both of which matter. This can lead to significant differences in the measurement phase for measures other than headcount poverty, such as the poverty gap. Simplicity of calculation and the common use of such poverty lines in a number of countries ensure the international legitimacy of such a line.
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sdg1
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With national data from 18 OECD countries between 1980 and 2007, Thevenon (2013,2015) analyses how aggregate levels of female labour force participation respond to policies that support the work-life balance. The analysis takes in variables on paid leave (public spending and duration), child care serv ices for children under the age of 3 (public spending and enrolment rates), public expenditure on other family benefits, and financial incentives to work (such as tax incentives that encourage both partners in couple families to go out to work). The results reveal, in particular, that expansions in child care service provisions significantly boost women’s labour market participation and exert a greater positive influence on female employment than variations in the weeks of paid leave. Child care provision for the under 3s doubled, on average, betw’eenthe mid-1990s and the late 2000s, producing an estimated 2.5 percentage point increase in the employment rates of 25-to-54 year-old women - a quarter of the total increase between 1995 and 2008.
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sdg5
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The new legislation, Compulsory Education for 12 years (4+4+4) (see below), can improve student transitions between educational levels, but if not managed well, it can lead to more segregation among schools and further inequities. Currently, students are academically selected at age 13.5 and sorted into upper secondary schools based on results in a national examination. If the different pathways vary in quality, this can widen achievement gaps and hinder equity.
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sdg4
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Comparative Criminology: Problems and Prospects Cultural Relativism and Comparative Criminology Sources of Comparative Crime data Issues in Comparative Crime Statistics Crime and Social Control in Saudi Arabia Crime and Social Control in Israel Crime and Social Control in China Crime and Social Control in West Africa Crime and Social Control in South East Asia Crime and Social Control in South Africa Crime and Social Control in the Baltic Republics Transnational Organised Crime Drug Trafficking Crime Against the Environment Human Smuggling and Immigration Corporate Crime White Collar Crime Corruption Human Rights and Crime Control Comparing Police Cultures Understanding Global Trends in Policing: Research Agenda and Methodology The transnational police technocracy in the post 9-11 era Conclusion The Future of Transnational and Comparative Criminology
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sdg16
|
Hence, operations in the energy sector may affect the water availability for agriculture and therefore crop yields. Secondly, when the resource becomes scarcer and less accessible it may be overcome by using more of other resources (substitution). For instance, with depletion of conventional oil reserves, oil and gas resources require more water to be processed, which may put pressure on water resources.
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sdg6
|
For global or other shared assets, such as water resources from a transboundary watershed or a stable climate, taking action that delivers benefits fairly to multiple countries is more challenging. Towards Green Growth: Monitoring Progress: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. Some low-income countries with considerable endowments of natural resources (particularly mineral resources or even fossil fuels) have economies with growth rates amongst the lowest in the world - a phenomenon known as “the resource curse” (Gylfason, 2004, Collier, 2007). This paradox stems from several factors: the impact of currency appreciation (resulting from the large monetary transactions related to these assets) on the competitiveness of other sectors of the economy, the high volatility of these commodity prices, and social conflict and corruption associated with their exploitation (Collier, 2007).
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sdg6
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Solanes, N. and Gonzales-Vellarreal, F. (1999). The Dublin Principles for Water as Reflected in a Comparative Assessment of Institutional and Legal Arrangements for Integrated Water Resources Management. Global Water Partnership and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Comfortably, Safely, and Without Shame: Defining Menstrual Hygiene Management as a Public Health Issue, American Journal of Public Health, 105(7), 1302-1311.
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sdg6
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To this end, we used so called aligning parameters. For manufacturing industries, for instance, we used revenue as a means to compare the extent of our subset to the activity of each industry on the national level. To limit the amount of work, and to focus on the methodological development, accounts were only compiled for one year, 2010.
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sdg6
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The ISO also updated the Committee on its technical specification about requirements and guidelines for the quantification and communication of greenhouse gas footprints. China, the European Union. Mexico, New Zealand, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei and the United States - shared experiences on their domestic efforts to promote legally harvested timber and combat illegal logging.
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sdg13
|
Even among the group of countries that started at much lower levels some remain at a serious disadvantage while others have built up momentum and have been able to race ahead. Affluent communities and urban areas have pulled ahead of rural ones. There remain persistent disparities between women and men, and between a number of social and ethnic groups.
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sdg3
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This transfer will lead to a substantial increase in water scarcity in terms of the amount of water available for irrigation compared to water demand for irrigation, as the projected decline in irrigation water use for China and some countries in the Middle East and North Africa shows. Water quality impairments can lead to increased competition among water users for the shrinking supplies of unpolluted water. Pollutants can include both human-induced pollution such as salinisation, microbiological contamination, eutrophication and excess nutrients, acidification, metal pollutants, toxic wastes, saltwater contamination, thermal pollution, and increases in total suspended solids, as well as natural pollutants such as arsenic and fluoride. Poor water quality increasingly constrains agricultural and economic development in densely populated regions that experience water scarcity and are plagued by poor wastewater treatment, particularly in densely populated Asia.
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sdg6
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Abstract This study presents evidence about relations between national culture and social institutions. We operationalize culture with data on cultural dimensions for some 50 nations adopted from cross-cultural psychology and generate testable hypotheses about three basic social norms of governance: the rule of law, corruption, and democratic accountability. These norms correlate systematically and strongly with national scores on cultural dimensions and also differ across cultural regions of the world. Using a linguistic variable on pronoun drop as an instrument for cultural emphases on autonomy versus embeddedness points to a significant influence of culture on governance. Using cultural profiles of a previous generation as an instrument indicates relative stability of cultural orientations and of their correlates. The results suggest a framework for understanding the relations between fundamental institutions. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (4) (2007) 659–688.
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sdg16
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Labour resource utilisation is measured as total employment as a share of total population, based on national labour force and household surveys. Labour productivity is measured as GDP per person employed, including estimated informal employment. Brazil, India, Indonesia and China (age group 15 years and over).
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sdg8
|
History is the foundation of Machiavelli’s political thought. Dismissing the celebratory traditions of humanist historiography and never fully sharing humanism’s idealization of antiquity, Machiavelli sought in history the causes of political failure. He acknowledged the fragmentary and fleeting character of historical knowledge and exposed fashionable philosophies of history (cyclical recurrence, unchanging human passions, celestial influences, laws of nature, fortune) as seductive fictions purveying false consolations for history’s adversities and afflictions. Machiavelli proposed instead a critical history focused on how social conflicts shape power and its abuses. His analysis of ancient Roman and more recent Florentine conflicts turns on a crucial distinction between conflicts contained within institutional frameworks and public law and those fought with instruments of private power (political patronage, wealth, and factions) that undermine public authority. Useful history, Machiavelli insists, must ...
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sdg16
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This is evident from relative grades of boys and girls which were rather stable for the cohorts studied. The average boy ranked about 43 in the GPA percentile distribution while the average girl ranked about 54 or 55. From Figure 5, which shows the fraction of boys in the five quintile groups as well as among those that do not complete compulsory school, it is very clear that boys are over represented in the lower quintiles, while girls are strongly over represented in the top quin-tiles.
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sdg5
|
Rule of law is the supreme manifestation of human civilization and culture and is a new ‘lingua franca’ of global moral thought. It is an eternal value of constitutionalism and inherent attribute of democracy and good governance. The term ‘Rule of law’ is derived from the French phrase ‘la principe de legalite’ which means the ‘principal of legality’. It refers to ‘a government based on principles of law and not of men’. In other words, the concept of ‘la Principe de legalite’ is opposed to arbitrary powers
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sdg16
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The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Since 2015, this large influx of new arrivals with multiple disadvantages has put a well-developed integration system under great pressure and highlighted a number of challenges for education policy given current institutional frameworks.
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sdg4
|
The Act empowers the NTEF to administer and implement the NGIS. The NTEF elaborates rules for the selection, assessment and approval of projects that would reduce emissions and would be reimbursed by the NGIS. The NTEF is authorized to operate widi the proceeds of the sale of AAUs, as a result of which the NGIS was established.
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sdg13
|
This section presents a list of treaties that occur in this book titled Collective Responsibility and Accountability under International Law. The book is concerned with a concept of collective responsibility and its treatment under international law, which involves the liability of individuals for the acts of others. It also examines the fluctuant relationship between collective responsibility and international law, and seeks to establish its current standing within the regime. The examination of collective responsibility in the sphere of international criminal law focuses on specific liability models, whereby an individual may be held criminally responsible for the acts of others.Keywords: collective responsibility, international criminal law, international law
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sdg16
|
Using the global discourse of human rights as a basis, the purpose of this article is to analyse how education for citizenship and human rights has been implemented in Spain in recent years. In addition, discourse analysis and the theory of social movements have been used to study the mobilisation that arose against this instruction, showing how the neoconservative Catholic sectors of Spanish society encouraged Catholics to engage in conscientious objection and civil disobedience in order to gradually achieve the removal of Education for Citizenship and Human Rights from Spanish curricula.
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sdg16
|
This paper explores the intersections of gender equality politics with liberal and neoliberal reform projects in universities. Ongoing struggles over governance of higher education provide the context to assess the challenges and opportunities gender equality advocates find in both academic capitalism and globalizing liberal modernity. Focusing on how diversity management and gender mainstreaming enter higher education systems, we use the claims raised about accountability and excellence in universities to highlight how seeking gender equality reforms neither simply co-opts feminist concerns to neoliberal projects, as Cassandra warns, nor supports an idealized form of global humanism, as Pollyanna hopes.
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sdg16
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Homes in the United Kingdom tend to be less energy efficient than in Germany, the Netherlands and Nordic countries. This results partly from the high proportion of houses relative to flats -houses account for 86% of the fuel poverty gap - and the age of the housing stock -properties built before 1945 represent over a third of the housing stock and account for two thirds of the fuel poverty gap (Hills, 2012). In addition, energy efficiency standards appeared as late as 1995 in UK building regulations, compared to the late 1950s or early 1960s in Scandinavian countries (Laustsen, 2008).
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sdg10
|
The main question is whether trade rules and non-trade rules should be combined in the WTO in a different way than they are at present. The search for an answer would benefit tremendously from an analysis of the horizontal relationship among existing WTO agreements from the trade and environment perspective. The latter link involves competition and investment issues, and the WTO rules are still in the making in these areas.
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sdg7
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Most OECD countries now use a curriculum in early childhood services, especially as children grow older, that is to say, that some structuring and orientation of children’s experience towards educational aims is generally accepted. Currently, there is little pedagogical direction for younger children, although many neurological developments take place prior to age of three or four (OECD, 2006). Curricula are influenced by many factors, including society’s values, content standards, research findings, community expectations, and culture and language.
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sdg4
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