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However, following the 2011 nuclear disaster in Fukushima the Chinese government promptly halted construction of new reactors and ordered a safety review of existing facilities. The results of the audit showed that the 16 operating reactors were basically sound but that some plants need better flood and earthquake protection, while others had no severe accident mitigation plans available on site. Overall, 16 areas for improvement were flagged, including dealing with radioactive leakages.
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sdg6
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These low levels also apply to the lowest income quintile, where reported unmet need stood at 0.1% compared to 4.1% in the EU (2015). For example the minimum share of costs covered is 90% for urgent interventions and intensive therapy, 80% for specialist surgery, orthodontics and other aids, and 70% for pharmaceuticals on the ‘positive list covered by the HIIS. Children and students up to the age of 26 as well as vulnerable groups are exempted from all co-payments.
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sdg3
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Raw materials for dyestuffs and paints are still being researched. Only insignificant volumes of wood are used for producing tableware, dishes and folkloric musical instruments, and there is no accounting of these volumes. Medical raw materials are mainly roots of specific plants and different herbs.
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sdg15
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Employers and graduates are often not well-informed about what VET programmes offer. Weaknesses in governance, fragmentation and lack of co-ordination add to the problem. These include the development of high quality options at the upper secondary level, and the merger of colleges techniques [technical schools] with general colleges [academic schools], stronger career guidance mechanisms, based on solid data, and smoother transition arrangements between vocational and academic programmes, as well as mechanisms to better engage employers, more co-ordination across ministries with responsibilities for VET, and the introduction of mandatory' work-based learning in post-secondary VET. First, the objectives of entrepreneurship training need to be clarified and agreed upon between all stakeholders.
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sdg4
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As they steadily cut fares, TNCs are erasing these longstanding financial disincentives for traveling by motor vehicle in Manhattan. The report suggests that if TNC growth continues at the current pace (and it finds there is no sign of it levelling off), the necessity of some type of road pricing will become more and more evident. These function are much like ride-sourcing services except that they match multiple, unrelated individuals or parties to share the same vehicle over the course of the same ride.
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sdg11
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Using three country groups makes graphs more easily interpretable, however, most affected countries can further be distinguished as those early affected and those under market pressure. The trends of these two groups however are not always homogenous over the time period observed, we therefore included in the annex the patterns for the 4 country categories. In general, a light blue background denotes a rank in the top third of the table, mid blue indicates the middle third, while dark blue the bottom third.
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sdg1
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This article explores ideas of citizenship in Latin America, arguing that this very western idea plays a key role in configuring and embedding the Occidental project in empirical reality and in academic theorizing. Drawing inspiration from ‘coloniality of power’ scholarship, it explores the way in which citizenship is conventionally configured and goes on to demonstrate the role of citizenship in the task of epistemological colonization in the case of Argentina. I discuss processes of coloniality/modernity, including the Conquest of the Desert, and assimilation initiatives during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the more recent phase of multiculturalism. I conclude by outlining a strategy for decolonial citizenship and advocate a shift in emphasis from (liberal) rights to dignity, and from (Occidental) universality to diversality.
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sdg16
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In real terms, public spending on education grew at an annual rate of 10% between 2004 and 2013. Public spending on early childhood and pre-primary education had the greatest increase during this period (average annual growth rate of 12%), followed by secondary education (9.7%), primary education (8.5%) and tertiary education (8.5%) (INEEd, 2015). The vast majority of public resources are executed by public institutions (about 68% of total expenditure) while the remainder (about 8%) are executed by private institutions (CAIFs and tax waivers associated to private provision of education services).
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sdg4
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Overall, this suggests it takes some time to successfully complete the transition from school to work. Transition rates are calculated as the ratio between flow of people moving that transitioned from Condition 1 (school) to Condition 2 between time 0 and time 1, over the total stock of people in the population in Condition 1 in time 0 (i.e. in school: only in school and in school and working). The transitions are year to year (from year t to year t+1). This analysis is limited to urban populations owing to data limitations.
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sdg8
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This exclusion can have adverse implications for the protection of women in these societies as well as impede long-term resolution of the conflicts. During the 1990s at least 10 Commonwealth countries were engaged in full-scale conflict - including Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Uganda - with peace agreements reached in most by the early years of the twenty-first century. Women played instrumental roles in many of the efforts to bring these conflicts to an end. Yet, in a large number of countries women’s substantial efforts were not recognised in formal negotiations and their perspectives and insights were not included in the final peace agreements or in post-conflict reconciliation efforts.
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sdg5
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At the same time the number of teachers also dropped, although at a lower rate (14%), as well as the number of classrooms (8%) and schools (7%) (Educational Policy Institute, 2015). By 2025 the number of children aged 15-19 is expected to be more than 20% higher in 59 out of 72 districts. There are, however, significant differences in population projections between regions and districts.
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sdg4
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The proliferation of legal and normative standards regulating women’s rights in conflict has been accompanied by concerns about their efficacy. The article examines the activities of the CEDAW Committee and the UN Security Council and considers how synergies might be advanced. The article finds that, while the Security Council has unique authority over UN system activities, sanctions and peacekeeping, the CEDAW Committee – as a human rights treaty monitoring body – possesses the more effective system of state accountability and the more robust commitment to women’s equality and rights. The article proposes measures for the optimum interaction between both institutions in order to maximise overall accountability for women’s rights in conflict.
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sdg16
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Development is today done through different projects supported by a variety of financing institutions. Revenue collected as membership fees from the participating companies goes fully towards marketing activities. Accordingly, Innovation Norway has been an important partner for Destination Rpros at the national level.
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sdg12
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All justice and government institutions should have clear mandates to implement and enforce laws in a gender-sensitive manner. Specialised legal services can also help women from all societal groups to better protect their rights. These services can include provisions for free legal aid and paralegals, information sessions on legal processes and community awareness campaigns.
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sdg5
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The main substantive findings of the book are summarised below. The book illustrates two basic but very different methods of measuring innovation in education, along with their advantages and disadvantages. It identifies the breadth of relevant data that can be incorporated within such measures, and makes visible the type of information that new data collections based on the two broad measurement approaches would yield.
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sdg4
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To date the health-care system, centred on four health funds, is widely acknowledged as providing a basket of universal services, with good quality primary and secondary care, while also accommodating demand for private health care. However, there are challenges and tensions in the system. Currently the authorities are having to rapidly expand the number of places in medical schools and nurse training because large cohorts of health-care professionals are heading for retirement. More broadly, there are concerns that the core notion of a universal basket 0/services is being eroded by co-payments and the increasing demand for the additional services and options provided by private insurance.
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sdg3
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Taken together with the increase in farm and non-farm production activities, social protection strengthens livelihoods rather than fostering dependency. Public works programmes can provide important infrastructure and community assets and, when designed and implemented properly, contribute directly to the local economy. Cash transfers increase the purchasing power of the poor, who demand goods and services largely produced in the local economy.
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sdg1
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In Sweden, the government engaged fully in the promotion of the Vision Zero road safety concept, which was introduced as early as 1972 by the Swedish Parliament. Two examples illustrate this point, as emphasised by research from the Korea Transport Institute (KOTI, 2013): the creation of an interministerial task force for safety under the prime minister and the reduction of child fatalities. Upon presidential instruction, the Task Force was set up under the Office for Government Policy Co-ordination and formulated a key document entitled “Comprehensive Safety Management Policies (100 Tasks)”, which took stock of safety management activities scattered across 13 ministries and 70 laws at that point.
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sdg11
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Drop-out also fell by 3.2 per centage points more than in schools that were not part of the programme. Drop-out rates during the programme have been much lower than the national average, over 90 per cent of BRAC school graduates move into the formal system (Nath, 2009). These disadvantages were reflected in the limited impact of school fee abolition on enrolment. On one estimate, only one in six Kenyan disabled children were attending school after the abolition of fees (Mulama, 2004).
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sdg4
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Pre-eminent government departments (e.g. interior, economics and finance) often fail to appreciate that the ministries of energy, education, health, transport, or public works have major impacts on urban areas. Expertise in this sense requires a broad-ranging institutional view on the way the public sector as a whole affects urban processes, well beyond housing and basic services, to the framing of the economy and society. This implies that, to start with, a national authority must have the capacity to take stock of all of these impacts at the urban level as well as the authority to play a coordinating function across ministries.
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sdg11
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An initial review and mapping of the SDG Indicators Global Database shows the availability of data necessary for global monitoring of the gender-specific indicators at a mere 26 per cent.' Data across time are even more limited: Only 17 per cent of the gender data needed to monitor change are currently available.2 This means that for many gender-specific indicators, country-level data are largely not available and, when they are, it is only for one point in time and so progress cannot be assessed. It argues for further gender mainstreaming throughout the framework—a point taken up with specific examples in Chapter 3, where existing evidence is used to bring to light the gender dimensions of all 17 goals. This chapter also argues for advancing data disaggregation to identify and monitor progress for groups that face multiple inequalities and deprivations—a theme that is further explored through in-depth case studies in Chapter 4.
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sdg5
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Independent panel review of the Doing Business Report. Available at: http:// pubdocs.worldbank.oig/en/237121516384849082/ doing-business-review-panel-report-June-2013 .pdf. Growth and distributive effects of public infrastructure investments in China. In: Cockbum J, Dissou Y, Duclos J-Y andTib-erti L. Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Asia. Cham: 87-116.
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sdg9
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This analysis seeks to confirm, on the basis of the largest possible number of countries and observations, whether subjective well-being in Latin America is higher than would be expected on the basis of GDP per capita. It also examines the relationship between subjective wellbeing and indicators for the position and responsibilities of men and women in different stages of the life cycle (age, civil status and number of children), controlling for household monetary income and comparing the findings with other regions of the world. One of the most influential studies was conducted by Easterlin (1973, 1974), who observed that countries with the largest increments in GDP had stable levels of subjective well-being over time. These findings were corroborated by other research.
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sdg1
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This article examines the role that local governance plays in creating an effective state and in building constructive state—society relations. Reconstruction efforts in fragile, post-conflict states have focused largely on central government, yet decentralized local authorities offer a number of positive features. Looking at the governance reconstruction experience in Iraq, the analysis explores the extent to which these positive features have characterized Iraqi sub-national government. The article draws lessons for governance reconstruction more generally, addressing decentralization choices, capacity-building, and political factors.Points for practitionersIn fragile, post-conflict states, good governance reconstruction agendas often aim too high. Targeting good enough governance solutions is more realistic. Decentralized local governance can be integral to such solutions, and offers several advantages to counter problems that central governments face: weak roots beyond the center, poor distribution of...
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sdg16
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The technical work to select suitable indicators for the new targets was done by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Millennium Development Goal Indicators. The framework will be used to report annually to the General Assembly and is expected to serve to monitor the MDGs in all official matters. It contains 21 targets and 60 indicators that have been renumbered sequentially according to the respective goals and targets.b In addition, several targets and indicators were eliminated and others reformulated.
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sdg1
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Giving priority to low- or no-regret interventions provides policymakers with the space required for responding to immediate needs without incurring the risk of maladaptation or of being faced with unintended consequences. The health sector provides a vast number of examples of low-regret actions, such as distributing mosquito nets, improving child nutrition, extending the coverage of health services, developing hygiene education campaigns, and improving water and sanitation facilities, among many others. Early warning systems constitute another example, as they grant authorities the flexibility to act pre-emptively and adjust civil security plans to the expected weather conditions, thereby reducing the number of lives at risk and/or the quantity of resources used.
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sdg13
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Accordingly, talking openly about this "lost dimension" of development means expanding the notion of citizenship to include recognition of the importance to society of domestic responsibilities and caregiving. Because care responsibilities have been confined almost exclusively to the private sphere, and therefore treated as a private matter, it has been very difficult to make caregiving a real object of law (Fraser, 1997). And since women invest so much more of their time than men in care activities, they ultimately suffer more "time poverty". Accordingly, the feminist literature and gender demands have turned a spotlight on another dimension of inequality: inequality of disposable time between men and women, which undoubtedly implies inequality in terms of the ability to develop resources and capacities.
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sdg10
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Tier 3 requires 365 kWh per household per year for households to meet most electrical needs for eight hours a day. With improved energy efficient appliances, such as light emitting diode (LED) technology, this demand is expected to drop further. For example, the cost of a standard package of 36skWh per year should not be more than 5 per cent of a household’s income.
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sdg7
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A “problemshed” approach is very wise under many circumstances, but specific incentives also need to be set at the federal level for outcome-oriented governance at basin and state level. This is very much the spirit of the National Pact for Water Managementsigned in 2011 between the ANA and state governments to converge towards integrated water resources management (see Chapter 3). In many instances water policy reforms are difficult to put into practice because little data and information are available, particularly on the economic, financial and institutional implications.
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sdg6
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The Oslo Manual is the international source for the collection, reporting and use of data on innovation activities. While most previous efforts have aimed to measure innovation in the business sector, the 2018 edition of the Oslo Manual provides a general definition of innovation that is applicable to all sectors in the economy. The Oslo Manual defines an innovation as “a new or improved product or process (or combination thereof) that differs significantly from the unit's previous products or processes and that has been made available to potential users (product) or brought into use by the unit (process)” (OECD/Eurostat, 2018(9]). While the former implies innovations that change specific products, the latter implies changes to business processes.
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sdg9
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These include social and cultural norms, gender stereotypes, lack of access to decision-making and unequal access to resources. Other problems arise from a lack of access to education or training, which significantly constrain business opportunities. Further obstacles for women entrepreneurs include limited access to finance and ICT and a lack of market information — as well as burdensome regulations and administrative procedures.'"
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sdg5
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Chinese growth has been relatively volatile around this trend, reflecting stop-go cycles of state response to inflation through aggregate credit management. The Indian economy broke from its average post-Independence annual rate of around 3 per cent growth to achieve annual rates of more than 5 per cent from the early 1980s. It is only in the four-year period before the global economic crisis starting late 2008 that the Indian economy grew at rates in excess of 8.5 per cent per annum, coming close to the Chinese average. The investment rate in China (investment as a share of GDP) has fluctuated between 35 and 45 per cent over the past 25 years, compared to 20 to 26 per cent in India (very recently increasing to 35 per cent).
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sdg1
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The labour-intensive activities in the livelihood strategies of the poor include unpaid family labour, piece-rate work and own-account work in a myriad of informal small-scale trade, services and manufacturing enterprises (Whitehead, 2005, Chen and others, 2005). While these activities provide a living for a major proportion of the world’s working poor, they are rarely visible in official statistics. Long-standing inequalities in the gender distribution of resources have placed women at a disadvantage relative to men in their capability to participate in and benefit from broader processes of development.
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sdg5
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What is lacking however, is support (both political and financial) from the Government as well as donors for such locally grounded initiatives as well as inclusion in broader peacemaking activities. Although Uganda released the ‘Uganda Action Plan on UN Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 and the Goma Declaration’ in December 2008, such support is not yet apparent. Even before releasing the NAP, Uganda also had a quota system in place to ensure women’s political participation through the reservation of a seat in every district (30) for women candidates. As of July 2011, women constitute 34.9 per cent of the legislature (IPU 2011).
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sdg5
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“The Purposeful Availment Trap” represents a very careful and powerful synthesis of years of studies on the theme of personal jurisdiction. In the essay we demonstrate how the Supreme Court’s current struggles on the theme of personal jurisdiction are the result of the purposeful availment “trap” that the Supreme Court has itself created. By interpreting its own interpretations, the Supreme Court got lost in dogma and dicta that make its opinions hard to reconcile with the fundamental principles of due process as articulated in International Shoe. This essay also highly benefits from a dialogue between the civil law and common law world, that we both respectively represent.
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sdg16
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The international mobility of research staff facilitates this global reach, as both professors and graduate students are generally highly mobile in their careers and can organise long-term visiting periods in other institutions. Multinationals are very strategic in their location decisions, particularly for tapping into a knowledge-intensive region elsewhere in the world. The same is not always true for many SMEs that lack the same capacity or benefit from a global partner search as a large multinational. This positive influence is evident to a lesser degree for cross-border traders, which could signify benefits to businesses of accessing diverse knowledge inputs at the cross-border level.
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sdg9
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In addition, bride price can also be a motivation for parents, a younger bride means a higher bride price for the family. In Uganda, the Pokot tribe, the majority of whom are of Kenyan origin, have settled at Amudat/Nakapiripit. This tribe is known to marry off girls at the age of 12 years upon the receipt of 12 heads of cattle.
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sdg5
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The present chapter focuses on the evolution of Canadian citizenship under the Conservative government (2006–2015), and makes three claims. First the Conservatives systematically resiled from the citizenship policies that typify a settler society, and this was congruent with parallel changes to Canadian immigration policy. Second, citizenship law furnished an ideal platform for staging the re-branding of Canada as Warrior Nation, a pet Conservative project. Third, the role played during the Fall 2015 federal election by one particular citizenship policy (the ban on face covering while swearing the citizenship oath) reveals a lingering, and perhaps chronic, ambiguity regarding Canadian citizenship in an era where forces of globalization and nationalist retrenchment impose competing pressures on state citizenship regimes.
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sdg16
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Throughout the paper, more equity is to be interpreted as less inequality in income distribution and does not imply any judgement about the intrinsic value of a more equal distribution. In this paper, inequality is examined from a static perspective. While ultimately a comprehensive assessment would need covering inequality in life-cycle perspective as well as dynamic inequality, hence intra-generational mobility as well as inter-generational mobility, such analysis is beyond the scope of this study, not least reflecting major data limitations.
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sdg10
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Offering free entry to visitors, Ariel Sharon Park is an ecological masterpiece offering 360-degree views of Tel Aviv and central Israel. According to Section 32 of RA 9003, each Barangay should have a MRF for final sorting, segregation composting and recycling. Yet as at 2011, out of 349 barangays only 101 (29%) had operational MRFs. This is mainly due to lack of financial resources as well as inadequate capacities of barangays to plan and operate such facilities.
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sdg11
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’Z2 Research in the United States puts the returns on early childhood investments at 7 to 10 per cent a year. In many cases, they have led to great success. But school enrolment figures indicate that the pace of progress is in jeopardy. Since 2011, the global number of children who do not attend school has increased. Those excluded from learning opportunities often face multiple kinds of disadvantage.
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sdg4
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Rice cultivation is the most important source of agricultural emissions in Eastern and Southeast Asia (at 26 percent), while in Oceania the cultivation of organic soils is the source of 59 percent of agricultural emissions. The second main source is manure left on pastures in sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa and Western Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, rice cultivation in Southern Asia, and synthetic fertilizers in countries in developed regions. See Annex table A.2 for details.
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sdg13
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Teachers have the ability to influence each of these layers, and so designing pedagogy becomes a more complex - but potentially more rewarding - task. This is vitally important so that we can evaluate and appraise pedagogies from an authentic position, rather than trying to pretend that all pedagogies aim at the same goals. The above account also established that both discipline-centric and student-centric pedagogies are fundamental to achieving the purposes of education: the study of how expertise develops and of ‘cognitive load’ highlights that explicit teaching of knowledge and skills is a vital part of education.
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sdg4
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For example if most of the costs fall on students - as in some forms of post-secondary training in some countries - then it is reasonable to expect that student choice will dominate the mix of provision. But in Tunisia, the cost of providing VET at upper secondary level mainly falls on the government rather than employers. One very constructive way for employers to make more of a contribution to training, and at the same time obtain many benefits for themselves, might be through the provision of workplace training and experience, which they already do quite successfully in the programmes under the ATFP, but that could be replicated in the rest of the system, in particular in the licences appliquees (professional bachelors) in universities. In this context, Box 4.10 provides some interesting examples of mechanisms to influence the mix of provision, drawing from the experience of OECD countries.
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sdg4
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The defining characteristics of urban settlements (demographic size, density and socio-economic diversity) render them particularlydynamicspaces. Economics of scale in production, large markets for labour and goods, and the ease of information flows in urban environments enhance productivity and innovation. As the primary spatial interface between citizens and government, cities can stimulate vibrant political engagement. Moreover, the density and diversity of cities can encourage the emergence of progressive values and institutions that promote social cohesion.
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sdg11
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It is difficult to identify and describe all the mechanisms for transferring research results to society. Studies have identified transfer mechanisms between businesses or between universities and businesses. The models are mainly empirical and often do not reveal the fiill impact on society. Given the lack of the needed categories of beneficiaries, transfer mechanisms and end users, it is difficult to define appropriate impact indicators for measuring specific research outputs.
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sdg9
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To assess whether these goals are being achieved. The World’s Women is produced by the United Nations every five years, as called for in the Beijing Platform for Action. Analyses are based mainly on statistics from international and national statistical agencies. The report covers several broad policy areas - population and families, health, education, work, power and decision-making, violence against women, environment and poverty.
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sdg5
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To what extent has UNDP learned from past evaluation findings to strengthen gender equality results at the programme and institutional levels? The aim is to redefine systems and institutions where inequalities were created and maintained. The strategy included programmatic and institutional guidance and a results framework, both of which are essential ingredients for strong gender mainstreaming. However, it was not endorsed by the Executive Board, making it a set of voluntary guidelines that weakened its potential impact and integration.
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sdg5
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This suggests that ecosystem and species coverage of the current system is satisfactory. Even if a high percentage of species and ecosystems is represented (i.e. occurs) within PAs, this does not ensure that they are effectively conserved there. Therefore, percentage estimates of ecosystem or species cover may convey a false sense of completeness of the PA system.
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sdg15
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As one account concluded: ‘Unfortunately the French health professionals participating in the caravans spent less than a month in Senegal, while their Senegalese counterparts come to Europe to stay for their whole professional life’ (Kane 2010: 12). A state role is still much needed, but as migration becomes more important such DIY self-help associations are pointing one way forward. Over a two-year period, 20 Ghanaians, the majority of whom were doctors, returned briefly to Ghana.
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sdg10
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As a more peripheral region, this region faces some inherent limitations and despite investments in the road network, low capacity rural roads remain a challenge. A wide range of government actions at the central, regional and local levels support the non-agricultural rural economy. On the one hand, there are interventions that create an enabling environment to support businesses of all types, such as investments in transportation and digital infrastructure which facilitate access to markets and access to high-quality' services such as healthcare and education.
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sdg9
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For Korea, data are for 2002-04 for manufacturing and 2000-02 for services. While universities and government research institutes are considered a valuable source of knowledge for companies’ innovation activities, especially in more upstream research and exploration activities, they represent only a small share of collaborations on innovation. Firms in Finland report the largest share of collaboration with higher education or government institutions (15%) compared to only 2.4% in Japan (OECD, 2009a, p. 57).
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sdg9
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Given these large changes, market-income inequality has been the main driver of inequality trends in disposable incomes.19 But redistribution policies had a substantial effect as well, especially since the mid-1990s. The difference between the Gini values for market incomes and disposable incomes is a measure of the overall redistributive (or equalising) effect of taxes and transfers (vertical distance between the dashed and the solid lines in Figure 7 and column 4 in Tables 4 and 5). On average across countries for which the necessary data are available, inequality increased both before and after taxes and transfers (Table 4).
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sdg10
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In the harsh conditions of the mountains, natural ecosystems play an important role in ensuring an environment that can support life. While biological communities do not vary greatly in the Kyrgyz lowlands, the mountains support deserts, steppes, coniferous and deciduous forests, and alpine meadows, which can all be found within a few kilometres of each other. It is only such high levels of diversity that allow an environmental balance to be maintained effectively under the extreme mountain conditions.
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sdg15
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These are typically the drivers of integrated supply chains, comprising traders and retailers as well as multinational and transnational enterprises. As patterns of global trade have changed, these have subsequently been linked to qualitative changes in the governance structures associated with GVCs. With reference to Sub-Saharan Africa, Gibbon and Ponte (2005) argue that these shifts have resulted in the region ‘trading down rather than up in GVCs. This is through increasing producer specialisation within the lower value-added nodes of a given value chain, rather than facilitating movement up towards higher value-added nodes such as processing, retailing and marketing.
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sdg14
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However, introducing an aggregator adds significant cost that is reflected in lower prices to the farmers. The aggregator has costs associated w ith identifying farmers, assembling products from diverse sources and verifying quality that can be significant. Further, unless there is a large enough quantity of output that is produced over multiple months, the marketing interval may not be long enough to justify setting up as an aggregator.
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sdg9
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Dahl (2010), for example, finds that teenage marriage leads to increased risk of poverty for young women in the fiiture. Several researchers have, however, suggested that the relationship may work in the opposite direction, with the falling rate of marriage resulting from the poor economic prospects of low-skilled men (Blau et al., Other studies have linked declining marriage rates to rising inequality (Gould and Paserman, 2003) while improving employment and earnings opportunities for women has further reduced the incentives for women to marry (Lundberg and Poliak, 2007). However there is very little evidence that marriage would lead to better outcomes if cohabiting couples were to marry.
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sdg1
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The various strengths and weaknesses identified with these different approaches are also summarised in the table, many of which also relate to how stakeholders are engaged. Overall, however, some combination of top-down and bottom-up governance approaches is likely to be more effective than single approaches (De Santo et al., Challenges in effectively engaging stakeholders remain, especially in times of, for example, budget constraints, as discussed in De Santo (2016). An example of how local communities are able to engage in the management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is provided in Box 3.4. Currently placed under the governance of the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, the French Marine Protected Areas Agency is to be integrated into the French Agency for Biodiversity as of 2017.
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sdg14
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Participation in CPD activities has long been required for doctors working in the United Kingdom, a condition of employment in the NHS and later a condition of participation in the royal collages (speciality schools) for physicians. In 2012 a system of five-yearly revalidation was introduced for physicians, and a system of revalidation is soon to be introduced for nurses. It publishes performance reviews and inspection reports on a website to provide public assurance of the quality and safety of health services. Its role is to provide independent assurance of the quality and safety of health services.
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sdg3
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Tax policy has an influence on the level of employment in an economy, as w'ell as on other choices made by participants in the labour market. For example, labour taxation determines the difference between the total labour costs faced by employers and the real consumption wages received by employees, thus affecting labour demand and labour supply decisions. This may contribute to a reduction of the labour force by diminishing incentives to either work, or to w'ork in the formal sector. Furthermore, tax policy can affect retirement decisions, the number of hours worked, decisions relating to employee training and career choice (including whether to be an employee or self-employed) (OECD, 2011).
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sdg8
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Thus nature protection in LP forests will increasingly have to rely on funding other than profit on timber sales. The Forest Act allows central budget funding of nature protection in LP forests. This included funding not only of nature protection but also of many other tasks (e.g. drawing up afforestation plans on private land, inventorying forest condition).
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sdg15
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If governments prioritized the prohibition of harmful fisheries subsidies, could the US$18 billion freed up annually be dedicated to finance a Blue Fund destined to implement other SDG 14 targets? In other words, could Target 14,6 become a means to implement the Ocean SDG? Taking advantage of resources that would be freed up through the elimination of harmful subsidies, the Blue Fund could help rescue our ocean at no cost to taxpayers, transforming subsidies that are harmful into socially and environmentally beneficial ones.
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sdg14
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The present study explores police violence during the riots in London and Gezi Park protests in Istanbul. This study puts forth that the rise of social injustice in the UK and the erosion of plural democracy in Turkey clarify the paradox of state intervention because the two states prioritized rapid repression of uprising without consolidating public trust and social justice in the society. This comparative study reveals that the liberal and non-religious elements of the capitalist ruling system in the UK contain similar fractions of state repression when compared to the authoritarian and religious elements of the capitalist ruling system in Turkey. The authors conclude that police violence endures the social control of dissident communities while it maintains the sustainability of different capitalist ruling systems in the periods of social unrest.
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sdg16
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In essence, it is proposed that blockchain technology can create a more flexible emissions certificate market by virtue of increasing transparency and the efficiency of current trading processes. In the similar context of contracting and settlement of agreements across the re/insurance value chain, first tests have shown efficiency gains of up to 30% (B3i, 2018). Seen from a technology perspective, there are multiple ways to conceptualise the model and set up a corresponding digital infrastructure.
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sdg9
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Just prior to the global recession, the top 0.1% accounted for some 8% of total pre-tax incomes in the United States, some 4-5% in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland, and close to 3% in Australia, New Zealand, and France (Chapter 9). They include a more global market for talent and a growing use of performance-related pay which particularly benefitted top executives and finance professionals, as well as changes in pay norms. Behavioural responses to reductions in marginal tax rates played a significant part in these developments.
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sdg10
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The estimated total budget for Nepal is US$ 60 million. I ask this question in an interview with four USAID professionals at the busy canteen in their Kathmandu office. “ No,” says economic specialist Anita Mahat-Rana, but USAID addresses biodiversity conservation in its other portfolios. Tahalia Barrett, deputy director of the Social Environmental Economic Growth Development office, follows up: "To the extent that this is a priority for the government we try to comply, and we are just not clear on whether this, as you mentioned, is a priority for the government.”
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sdg15
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This basket, valued also at local prices, was calculated as 2,315 yuan, through use of this local poverty line, the conclusion was reached that 59.6 per cent of the households were in poverty. The spread was enormous: for every 1 household that was classified as being poor using the official poverty line, there were nearly 18 households that would have been deemed poor using a poverty line based on local perceptions of basic needs valued at local prices. For the reference year of research, the incidence rate, based on the local list, turned out to be 40.2 percent.
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sdg1
|
For example, Financing Energy Efficiency (Taylor et al., However there is little treatment of how the risks perceived to be associated with energy efficiency projects affect investment decisions, nor why current mechanisms fail to address risk perception in project selection. We hope this report contributes to unravelling the riddle of unrealised EE potential by raising the question: does only money matter, or are there other factors affecting apparent shortfall in EE investments?
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sdg7
|
High prison rates can, for example, result in long-term economic problems if they lead to income inequality and more concentrated poverty, particularly if prison rates are highest for vulnerable groups, such as the young, the poor, the poorly educated or minorities. However, prison rates in the region vary substantially, for example, they are 17 times higher in Georgia (544 per 100,000) than in India (31 per 100,000). However, the rates of response to this survey have been as low as 25 per cent in Asia and the Pacific, and the crime rates reported can vary substantially. For example, the rate of robbery in India is typically 60 times lower than that reported by the Russian Federation.
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sdg1
|
In parallel, consecutive dry days (CDD) are projected to increase by between 15-21 days, exacerbating the hydrological stress.21 Coupled with a projected increase in cooling demand and associated electricity demand (as a result of reduced precipitation), a potential reduction in hydroelectric power plants is envisaged. The shortening of the winter season is expected to reduce hydro potential even further. Despite the potential of hydroelectricity to alleviate energy security in the country, there are unintended ecological and agricultural consequences of utilizing these resources. Additionally, there are 30.8 MW of installed capacity, with the potential to double this figure to reach 60.3 MW, including river and non-river sources.
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sdg7
|
This period covers the rise of the second wave of feminism in New Zealand in the 1970s and 1980s, the transformation of women's political activism from outside to inside the political process and institutions, the decline of feminist activism during the height of neo-liberalism in the 1990s, and finally the emergence of women in political leadership roles in the 2000 to 2008 period.
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sdg5
|
This has translated into a narrowing of the divide between countries with different levels of structural heterogeneity as regards the fear of unemployment. To this end, a regression covering the whole Latinobarometro sample from 1996 to 2006 was carried out. The analysis made it possible to establish that people with less education.
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sdg1
|
Moreover, the university’s transformation plan as the first APEX university is entitled “Transforming Higher Education for a Sustainable Tomorrow” reflecting the leadership commitment to sustainability. One of the key targets has been to establish a strong functional and institutional link between universities and communities locally, regionally and internationally. The university has also engaged in disseminating knowledge to the local community via training seminars and conferences. For instance, River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC) and the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia jointly organised trainings in compliance with national guidelines.
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sdg4
|
Weak absorptive capacities of individuals and firms performing non-innovative activities and/or located in lagging areas frequently hinder such diffusion. Regions within OECD countries are classified on two territorial levels reflecting the administrative organisation of countries. The OECD large (TL2) regions represent the first administrative tier of subnational government, for example, the Ontario Province in Canada.
|
sdg9
|
However, young people who leave school at the minimum leaving age without a qualification are likely to spend a long time out of work during their working life. In fact, in most countries over half of low-qualified unemployed 25-34 year-olds are in long-term unemployment (OECD, 2009). Basic skills of VET graduates were evaluated as “strong” by only 38% of employers, 58% of employers assessed basic skills as “medium” and the remaining 4.3% of employers assessed graduates proficiency in basic skills as “weak”.
|
sdg4
|
This is known as infill development. However, while infill development is allowed in Chilean cities, private-sector developers, which account for 80% of urban investment, tend to find greater returns on investment in undeveloped land outside urban cores. One important tool is to increase the flexibility of zoning, in part through conditional planning.
|
sdg11
|
With the increasing use of video recording in social research methodological questions about multimodal transcription are more timely than ever before. How do researchers transcribe gesture, for instance, or gaze, and how can they show to readers of their transcripts how such modes operate in social interaction alongside speech? Should researchers bother transcribing these modes of communication at all? How do they define a ‘good’ transcript? In this paper we begin to develop a social semiotic framework to account for transcripts as artefacts, treating them as empirical material through which transcription as a social, meaning making practice can be reconstructed. We look at some multimodal transcripts produced in conversation analysis, discourse analysis, social semiotics and micro‐ethnography, drawing attention to the meaning‐making principles applied by the transcribers. We argue that there are significant representational differences between multimodal transcripts, reflecting differences in the profes...
|
sdg16
|
For further analysis of mainstreaming of development finance into climate action at the global level, see OECD (2015b.) This contrasts w ith the average of all recipient countries around the world where a significantly larger share of climate finance is delivered bilaterally (51.0%) than multilaterally (37.5%). Nevertheless, most ODA-recipient EECCA countries are either low'er middle-income countries (USD 1 046-4 125 GNI per capita) or upper middle income countries (USD 4 126-12 745 GNI per capita). In such countries, loans from multilateral sources tend to play a greater role in financing climate and broader development activities than in least developed countries that often rely more on grants. The practice of loans from public sources also aims to avoid market distortion and crowding out of private-sector financing.
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sdg13
|
Similarly, only a small proportion of ODA specifically addresses women’s needs and interests. Yet considerable data gaps persist. Of Agenda 2030’s 53 gender-related SDG indicators, only 32 can draw on available data, which limits understanding of key areas such as unpaid care work or women’s access to productive resources.
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sdg5
|
This study examines whether subject-specific teacher certification and academic degrees are related to teacher quality. The research design exploits contemporaneous, within-student comparisons made possible by a unique feature of the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88). Specifically, NELS:88 contains subject-specific outcomes for eighth-grade students in two subjects as well as data on their teachers for those subjects. The analysis of these data indicates that assignment to a subject-certified teacher is associated with higher test scores. However, these gains appear to be concentrated in social studies and mathematics. Furthermore, the authors also find that subject-certified teachers are not more effective at promoting the intellectual engagement of their students but are more likely to have negative opinions of a given student's performance.
|
sdg16
|
Adhering Governments have committed to promote them among multinational enterprises operating in or from their territories. The instrument’s distinctive implementation mechanisms include the operations of national contact points (NCP), which are government offices charged with promoting the Guidelines and handling enquiries in the national context. Adhering countries comprise all OECD countries, and 10 non-OECD countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Latvia, Lithuania, Morocco, Peru, Romania and Tunisia).
|
sdg12
|
Only half of wheat exports are delivered as grain, the rest as wheat flour. Being a landlocked country, Kazakhstan exports wheat to its closest neighbours (Figure 3.2). Kazakhstan is the main supplier of wheat to Central Asia and provides almost all wheat imported by Uzbekistan, TVirkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and nearly 50% of Afghanistan’s imports.
|
sdg2
|
This mainly reflects the severity and length of the crisis in these countries. Among the family types considered in Panel B, individuals in a couple relationship are the least likely to live in a no earner-household not in receipt of unemployment benefits. This reflects the role of dual-earner couples in stabilising household income when unemployment rises during a recession. Indeed, the sustained growth of women’s labour-force participation over recent decades and its rising resilience during economic downturns has reinforced many families’ abilities to cushion earnings losses (OECD, 20011b).
|
sdg10
|
While the HS can capture most renewables, the ubiquitous nature of some goods and their component parts means that the dual use problem will remain over and above what could be sorted out by introducing greater specificity in the HS tariff codes. As for GHG-efficient goods or goods produced in a GHG-efficient way, there are simply no HS codes to match. Moreover, climate or energy efficiency include fast evolving technologies, hence the identification of such goods in a closed list is a moving target. The inclusion of goods derived from GHG-efficient process and production methods (PPMs) is especially problematic as it may dramatically increase the scope for protectionist measures.
|
sdg7
|
We are not aware of any statistics on the length of different standards of forest trails or paths. The latest survey was carried out in 2011 (Vralstad etai. Odden (2008) has presented and discussed the development of Norwegian Friluftsliv in his PhD-work, based on all the SSB-surveys from 1970 to 2004. But no specific social indicators are identified in the forest monitoring system that can document conditions or change.
|
sdg15
|
Spending increases have been almost entirely consumed by increases in the number and salary of CCSS employees, without clear evidence of benefit to patients. Costa Rica should consider expenditure ceilings and spending reviews in the short term to control spending. In the longer term, better use of performance data and innovative payments systems will be needed, as well as a shift away from employment-linked contributions as the main source of health system revenue. Prospects for improvement are bleak -informal employment is increasing in Costa Rica, contrary to many Latin American economies, and now' accounts for almost half of all employment (Figure 1.5).
|
sdg3
|
Interest rates, while still too high in some places, are dropping on average 2.3 percent a year. The microfinance industry has placed a lot of emphasis on improving efficiency in order to bring down these costs, so that poor clients are not paying unnecessarily high rates. New technology also offers to help reduce costs, so we expect rates to continue dropping as institutions become increasingly efficient at delivering services to poor people.
|
sdg13
|
Toxic substances include toxic pesticides (e.g., pesticides that have teratogenic, carcinogenic, tumorigenic and/or mutagenic effects), and toxic industrial chemicals (e.g., lead, arsenic, mercury and nickel, among others). Toxic substance-related diseases and health problems include, but are not limited to, chronic illnesses of the respiratory system (such as pneumonia, upper and lower respiratory diseases, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), cancer, infertility, and congenital anomalies or malformations. Exposure to toxic substances is usually the result of poor environmental management in the chemical industry, energy production, mining, agriculture and waste management, and stakeholders’ lack of information.
|
sdg6
|
The State of the Worlds Children: Children with Disabilities. Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: The Integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Each product of such a birth is considered a live birth. These calculations are, strictly speaking, not rates (that is, the number of deaths divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time) but a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births.
|
sdg3
|
Homicide rates in the region have diverged markedly in recent years, with sharp increases in certain countries —such as Honduras, El Salvador, Peru and Mexico— and decreases in others, such as Nicaragua, Jamaica and Colombia (see figure 11). The available statistics show that a very high percentage of women aged 15-49 suffer or have suffered at some time physical violence at the hands of an intimate partner, ranging from 33% in Colombia to 14% in Haiti. The most common forms of punishment used by both parents with their children include verbal reprimands, but physical punishments, including smacking, are used against a high percentage of children, showing that physical violence towards children is an everyday reality in the region. Conversely, with lower levels of violence, citizens become more inclined to use the city in constructive and sustainable ways.
|
sdg1
|
Disaster risk reduction and resilience must be systematically embedded into agricultural development plans and investments - particularly in countries facing recurrent disasters and where agriculture is a critical source of livelihoods, food security and nutrition if no one is to be left behind. Strategies for achieving resilient agriculture include: boosting agricultural productivity with stress-tolerant varieties, adjusting planting dates, expanding water harvesting, storage, and conservation, and insurance and social protection schemes for farmers. Many ofthe same measures that will make communities and households more resilient to disasters can also act as stepping stones out of poverty.
|
sdg11
|
Abstract The mass media, which include both “traditional” and “new” media channels, offer opportunities for clinicians and researchers to complement their primary work with public education and stigma reduction. Doing so effectively requires an understanding of how those media operate and what they value. National and international media-based education and public policy programs provide insights into the potential of this approach to reduce stigma and improve public health.
|
sdg16
|
Inflation, especially if unanticipated, has often unwanted distributional effects, as it reduces real income of fixed income earners and shifts wealth away from creditors to debtors. Very high and accelerating inflation rates may be caused by excessive financing of public debts through seignorage and can be sign of unsustainable public finances. Total debt consists of external debt (debt held by non-residents) and internal debt (held by residents). For countries where external debt is a major concern, the indicator can alternatively or additionally be defined as total external debt (private and public) divided by GNI.
|
sdg15
|
This article examines the conceptual interconnectedness of the federal mandatory immigration detention regime and mandatory minimum sentencing in Western Australia, two procedural and political responses to populist concerns regarding ‘waves of boat people’ and ‘waves of crime’. Through a comparative analysis, the ‘mandatory’ character of these ostensibly separate and distinct practices is shown to limit judicial discretion and oversight of government action. Mandatory practices privilege goals of deterrence, incapacitation and retribution and depict these as promoting the best interests of national safety and security. These practices are also markedly similar in the sense that they are at odds with the principle of due process, unfairly tipping the balance away from individual freedoms and towards the interests of the state, offending aspirational notions of judicial function, the rule of law and natural justice.
|
sdg16
|
Indeed in the United States and in Europe, the average probability for male founded companies to receive any funding is equal to 65%. However, in the United States the gender gap is slightly less pronounced: female founded companies are 62% likely to get funding while in Europe they are less than 60%. Both male and female founded companies in Asia have a lower probability to get funding (around 56%) and the difference between both types is not significant. In Europe this figure is similar, but the gap is not significant in Asia.
|
sdg5
|
There, a water supply company pays for the maintenance of environmental services, and an intermediary institution has been established to facilitate the payments made per hectare of area protected. In Lombok, a similar payment is financed through a nominal fee charged to water users, and an intermediary stakeholder institution mediates the payments that support agro-forestry and forest protection. Cambodia presents an excellent example with itsSeima Biodiversity Conservation Area project. Launched in 2002, this biodiversity conservation project pays local people for conserving bird-nests to address increasing threats to endangered species.
|
sdg15
|
Introduction: The Capability Approach: Transforming Unjust Structures S. Deneulin et al. Part I: The Capability Approach: Theoretical Discussion.- Capabilities and Rights P. Ricoeur.- 'Necessary Thickening': Ricoeur's Ethic of Justice as a Complement to Sen's Capability Approach S. Deneulin.- Structural Injustice and Democratic Practice: The Trajectory in Sen's Writings S. Alkire.- 'Capable' Individuals and Just Institutions: Sen and Rawls N. Sagovsky.- Justice for Women: Martha Nussbaum and Catholic Social Teaching L.S. Cahill.- Part II: Transforming Unjust Structures: Five Case Studies.- Narrative Capability: Telling Stories in the Search for Justice T.G. Phelps.- Promoting Capability for Work: The Role of Local Actors J.-M. Bonvin, N. Farvaque.- Enhancing Students' Capabilities?: UK Higher Education and the 'Widening Participation' Agenda M. Watts, D. Bridges.- Enter the Poor: American Welfare Reform, Solidarity and the Capability of Human Flourishing V. Rougeau.- 'Patent Injustice': Applying Sen's Capability Approach to Biotechnologies J. Clague.
|
sdg16
|
As noted in chapter 4, information on grid connections can help identify taxpayers and businesses for tax collection purposes, while the availability of electricity for productive use could reinforce the incentives for microenterprises to join the formal sector. Wider access to electricity can also help unlock the development potential of ICTs, which play a growing role in financial inclusion through “mobile money" systems like Kenya’s M-PESA and in disseminating market information and knowledge of productive technologies. The economic viability of investments in electricity generation, transmission and distribution is highly dependent on an adequate level of demand.
|
sdg7
|
With the reform, the bus network has been fully reorganised into a trunk-feeder system, and buses are now classified into five types, which are serial-numbered and colour-coded to make it easier for users to recognise them. Traffic accidents have been halved during the last decade and citizens’ satisfaction has improved by 32% since the city government introduced an evaluation and incentive scheme (Seoul, 2016d). First, the city seeks to improve citizens’ accessibility to public transport. The Seoul Urban Railway Comprehensive Enhancement Strategy proposes to build two additional subway lines to connect the districts that are currently outside the catchment area.
|
sdg11
|
The most effective schools improve teaching practices by encouraging their teachers to discuss their professional learning plans with each other so that they can support each other’s growth (Cole, 2012). Professional learning is most effective at sustaining improvement to teachers’ competence w'hen it is collaborative and embedded in their work, including activities such as classroom observations, group discussions, and collective preparation of instructional material, coaching and mentoring (Schleicher, 2011). However, it was reported to the OECD Review Team during interviews that the pedagogical circles tend to be formal and are mainly used to transmit information.
|
sdg4
|
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