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Being explicit about the other things that need to happen, beyond social protection programmes, in order for food security outcomes to be improved. Examples include actions in the agriculture, health, education and trade sectors. Establishing more (effective) co-ordination mechanisms both within and across individual agencies (so that social protection and food security speak to each other and perhaps to other sectors).
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sdg2
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For instance, it gave the central authorities the right to choose the location of large infrastructure projects. This led to ambiguity about the roles of the national authorities and CARs. The law allows territorial authorities to adopt "contract plans” whereby they agree to co-finance large, strategically important projects - but no definition of “large projects" is provided.
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sdg6
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It is important to maintain the quantity and quality of water in the aquifer, that is, the integrity (resilience) of the aquifer, so that it has the ability to yield water now and in the future. Risks to aquifer integrity can arise if abstraction alters the aquifer’s water quality (e.g. through saline water intrusion). Risks to aquifer integrity can also occur through subsidence, where the removal of water from the aquifer leads to its compaction. The level of risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems from abstraction depends on how much they rely on groundwater, their sensitivity to changes in the quantity and quality of groundwater and their significance as ecosystems.
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sdg6
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The Ministry of Communications and Transportation of the Federal Government in Mexico adopted the principles of the Strategy of Opening Government data. So in this poster we describe "Follow Public Works and Infrastructure", an initiative for Public Administration, based on a web application that foster transparency, accountability, collaboration, and citizen participation in the Federal Government of Mexico. The application is the result of the commitment of the Ministry of Communications and Transportation with the Open Government Partnership. The application generates better monitoring processes and accountability by allowing citizens make inquiries. Furthermore, facilitates reducing construction time and costs, which generates social benefits and better accountability.
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sdg16
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Emphasis on the increased transparency of public budget is another commendable achievement of Peruvian government, allowing tracking public spending on a variety of issues, and the relative prioritisation of different spending categories. For instance, biodiversity-related public spending features in a number of PpR categories, such as ‘0035 sustainable management of natural resources and biological diversity’, ‘0057 conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of natural resources in protected natural areas’ and ‘ 0130 competitiveness and sustainable use of forest resources and wildlife’. As an example, the National Protected Areas System (SERNANP) has an estimated annual deficit of around PEN 115 million (CARETAS, 2015), compared to its annual budget of PEN 59 million in the last 5 years (MINAM, 2016c) (Box 5).
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sdg15
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This is one of the highest rates in the OECD. Similar to other Latin American countries, income inequality in Mexico is also very high: in 2012, the average income of the top 10% in Mexico was 30.5 times greater than that of the bottom 10%. This is the largest difference in the OECD, and compares unfavourably to an OECD average of 9.6 to 1 for the highest versus lowest decile (OECD, 2015d). Poverty is more pronounced in female-headed households (USAID, 2012).
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sdg5
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Additionally, Afghanistan has problems involving corruption, security, technical skills, labour and infrastructure. Cultural barriers, which limit free movement of women in their daily lives, also affect their professional activities. I made it a priority to hire women, but many others would not work with a woman or company mostly made up of women.
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However, while many of these activities are not defined as "economically active employment" in national accounts, they are essential to the well-being of rural households (Doss, 2011). The main research question is whether there is any relation between per household number of females engaged in domestic duties and family size in the rural agricultural household. In this context, the paper examines the relationship between land ownership and the extent of domestic duties performed by females adjusted by family size in the rural agricultural household.
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sdg5
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In the case of Oportunidades, the Mexican government took important initiatives to increase the supply of schools in specific areas of the country by rehabilitating old rural schools and constructing new secondary schools (Levy and Rodriguez, 2004). Further progress towards ensuring an appropriate supply of services could require strengthening collaborations with non-govemmental organisations and community groups (see also Chapters 6 and 7 on education and health challenges, respectively). One particular source of concern in this complex environment is that many public assistance programmes overlap in terms of objectives, benefits accrued and beneficiaries.
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sdg1
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This higher prevalence of risk factors among disadvantaged groups contributes greatly to disparities in health status. Over 300 municipalities (local authorities) are responsible for the provision of basic services, such as education, health and social care, to their residents. Municipalities fund and organise (often jointly) the provision of primary care, and form 20 hospital districts to fund and provide hospital care.
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sdg3
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Microalgae are productive photosynthetic organisms on this planet that can double biomass on a daily basis. Under optimum conditions, commercial algae farms can produce 5 000-10 000 gallons (equivalent to around 19 000-38 000 litres) of oil per acre, compared to just 350 gallons (about 1 300 litres) of ethanol biofuel per acre grown with crops like maize. Replacing all US biofuel production with algae oil would need around 2 million acres (almost 8 100 km ) of desert, however, it w'ould potentially allow 40 million acres (equivalent to around 161 874 km2) of cropland to be planted with human food, and save billions of litres of irrigation water a year (Brennan and Owende, 2010, Chen et al., Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and discarded catch (by-catch, also called unused catch) are part of this problem and are all potential threats to the sustainability of fisheries (FAO, 2014).
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sdg14
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To what extent does the separation of powers affect congressional roll call voting behavior? To answer this question, I offer a strategic model of congressional decision making that asserts members of Congress pursue public policy goals when casting roll call votes. From the equilibrium predictions of a formal model, I generate testable hypotheses by computing the expected net amount of sophisticated (nonsincere) congressional behavior given changes in decision context. I test the predictions of the theoretical model with data from all civil rights roll call votes from the 83d to the 102d Congress. The results demonstrate that both the other legislative chamber and the Supreme Court profoundly constrain House members and senators when casting roll call votes. This is strong evidence of the importance of policy outcomes to members of Congress when voting on the floor.
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sdg16
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Some countries, such as Peru, have set specific targets to make progress towards natural capital accounting. One of the targets featured in the Peru Bicentenary Plan 2021 under biodiversity objectives is the increase in the share of regional governments that have conducted an evaluation and valuation of their natural resources and to increase the number of environmental variables in the national accounts. However, so far only a few countries have taken steps tow'ards natural capital accounting, and these generally focus on areas where demand for accounting is clear and linked to specific policy questions (OECD, 2012).
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sdg15
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Where the more stringent water quality requirements of designated pearl mussel populations are not met, action must be taken under the WFD to restore waters to the required condition within a prescribed timeframe. In 2009, the DoEHLG released regulations on the freshwater pearl mussel. The regulations i) set environmental quality objectives for the habitats of freshwater pearl mussel populations, ii) set out the duties of public authorities with respect to achieving the objectives, and iii) require the formulation and implementation of sub-basin management plans and related measures.
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sdg6
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While not radically different from similar economies Bulgaria, Slovenia and Turkey, this is particularly significant for the six assessed economies given that access to natural gas supplies is patchy at best, with Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro not connected to gas pipelines. This uncertainty in energy supply is detrimental to consumer welfare and, crucially, undermines national competitiveness. Reliable energy supplies are critical to the competitiveness of local industries and businesses, and an important signal for potential investors. The pipeline of investments in energy infrastructure in place aims to improve energy security further, address remaining historic weaknesses and accommodate rapid technological change.
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An effort is also made to identify difficulties in availability and quality of information, for contributing to the generation of better data for the multidimensional measurement of poverty. Therefore, the indices presented here in this section are basically exploratory in nature and are not presented as a definitive multidimensional measurement of poverty in the region. Next, different dimensions and thresholds are considered, bearing in mind the selection of those that are most relevant and feasible for measurement in the regional context.
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sdg1
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The economic slowdown in 2009 is largely due to difficulties faced in agriculture, in particular the cotton sector. In fact, agriculture has suffered from poor spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall and flooding in several regions, resulting in disappointing growth rates in the primary sector: 0.9 per cent and -0.5 per cent, respectively, in 2006 and 2007. Most dramatically, cotton production fell by 33 per cent from 649,400 tons in 2006/2007 to 434,000 tons during the 2007/2008 campaign.
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Cogeneration, which enables up to 85 per cent of the energy input to be converted into useful energy (much more than combined cycle power generation, the efficiency of which is close to 50 per cent), is still much below its potential, because the legal framework hindered self-generation (i.e. typically by the users themselves, such as solar panels in households) and the rates applied to large consumers of high voltage that were often subsidized. One third was used for domestic and rural activities in a fairly sustainable way, while the remainder was used for industrial purposes. While the overall chain of transformations and uses of wood in Brazil is poorly understood, it is clear that the overall efficiency of biomass is very low.
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Those recommendations included recognizing the Major Groups Partnership on Forests as a legitimate coordinating body for major group involvement, granting the Partnership official permanent observer status in the post-United Nations Forum on Forests process, having major group representation on the governing body of the Forum (or its successor), and reviewing how the Economic and Social Council rules govern major group accreditation and engagement. During the interactive discussion, the participants thanked the major groups for their presentations and discussion paper. Many participants stressed the critical importance of broad and inclusive stakeholder involvement in safeguarding and sustainably managing the world’s forests, noting especially the role of indigenous peoples and local communities in supporting the management and conservation of forests.
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There are also signs that the net impacts may be most unfavourable for women. Fears about short-term adverse effects of digitalization and automaton on empbyment may be exaggerated, particularly if labour and educatbn policies promote complementarity between skills available in the workforce and newtechnologies. Since the impact of technology depends on the structure of each country's economy, the impact at the national level cannot be assumed to be necessarily negative, but rather requires a balanced analysis of the net effects of technological and market forces.
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sdg9
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This article deals with the concept of modernity upon which one of the most interesting contemporary theories about modern social change is based—Peter Wagner's theory of successive modernities. Wagner understands modernity as a double imaginary signification which entails a basic tension between liberty and discipline. This conception is almost directly taken from Cornelius Castoriadis. I argue that this tension exists in two versions in Castoriadis' philosophy and that the two versions are incompatible. It is further claimed that the two versions reappear in Wagner's theory, which makes his theory of successive modernities partly inconsistent. A stance is taken for one of these versions and it is argued that the theory of successive modernities should appropriate that version as its point of departure in order to grasp the history of modernity in a consistent way.
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Two main concerns underlie recent changes in groundwater policies in some OECD countries: long-term aquifer depletion and surface water-groundwater interaction (e.g. McCarl et al., In the United States, concerns about groundwater pumping externalities are manifested in ongoing litigation over water resources and rapidly changing water management institutions (Hathaway, 2011, McKusick, 2002). Surface water-groundwater interaction has also been a major driver for changes in groundwater policy (Kuwayama and Brozovic, 2013, Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014), surface water flows are the subject of both transboundary legal challenges over river basin allocations and potential environmental impacts to instream habitat and other groundwater-dependent ecosystems (e.g. McKusick, 2002, Delaware River Basin Commission, 2008). These entitlements are the cornerstone of most regulatory approaches for groundwater management, "the central element of groundwater laws" (Mechlem, 2012), and have been found to be critical in reducing groundwater overdraft (Kemper, 2007).
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As a matter of fact, in addition to constituting a tool for climate mitigation, renewable energy technologies (RETs) can also be combined with rural electrification strategies to offer leverage for trade and investment growth, innovation, and employment creation. Fully seizing this momentum depends on government’s ability to identify policy synergies between agriculture, energy, climate mitigation and adaptation, rural development, innovation and investment policies, to name but the most important. This requires strong institutional capacity and regulatory frameworks as well as financial support, which are often lacking in many developing countries. A second is policy coordination and coherence.
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Contingent Valuation and Choice Experiments dominate among the methods, but also deliberative or participatory valuation approaches, production function/damage function as well as Contingent Ranking, Hedonic Pricing and Travel Cost have been applied. With a larger base of valuation studies, it would be possible to calculate the intervals and standard values by more advanced methods (e.g. quantitative meta-analysis). Many studies are done of recreational benefits, but these benefits do not present the whole picture.
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sdg6
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This chapter therefore focuses on those linkages where maximum benefit can be derived in terms of water for people, for a healthy environment and for the economy. This reflects the integrated, indivisible and interlinked nature of all SDGs. Water and sanitation have a particular role to play in the 2030 Agenda, because of their centrality to each of the three dimensions that cut across all SDGs (society, economy and environment).
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It begins with an overview of the historical evolution of science, technology and innovation policy in Lithuania. It then examines the main policy actors and governance arrangements under the light of observations made in earlier chapters and outlines areas in need of dedicated policy attention. At the same time, the plans lacked sufficient commitment and financial investment for implementation.
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If we disentangle this result by type of facility we see that in Ghana a higher percentage of consultations for ill children occur in hospitals or health clinics (more than 65 per cent), deemed as high to good quality health facilities, and only 4 per cent to traditional healers. In contrast, in Cameroon a relatively high percentage of ill children receive health services from traditional practitioners. Consistent with results for monetary poverty, our simulations suggest that in the absence of the crisis, Burkina Faso would have registered a slight decrease in the demand for health services, while in Cameroon and, to a larger extent Ghana, there would have been an increase. Numbers in brackets refer to the base-year values.
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sdg1
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Engagement in education is a necessary precondition for student learning so that students can develop their skills and enjoy education. Better understanding how to improve student engagement can help support students to remain in education and do well at it. This chapter investigates the role of student engagement in education and the indicators that reflect it.
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sdg4
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The most affected areas are concentrated in the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro river valleys and in the province of La Convention and the Lares district of Calca province, which together contain 68 per cent of the country’s coca bush cultivation. The shrinking supply has affected the purity levels of the coca base and cocaine, which showed a slight decrease in prices from 2013 to 2014. In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, authorities reported that cocaine seizures amounted to about 26 tons in 2014. Seizure totals have been relatively stable since 2010, when about 25 tons of cocaine were seized.
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This poses a threat to the global economy and the welfare of millions of people. Continuing on a conventional growth route that undervalues natural capital will at some point run up against planetary boundaries which will limit growth prospects. Key pressure points include freshwater limits, ecosystem destruction, atmospheric aerosol pollution, biodiversity loss, climate change and chemical pollution (OECD, 2011). The way in which these problems manifest themselves is often unpredictable, involving a complex web of interlocking problems.
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Mobile telephony has, for the first time, made immediate interactive communications readily available to the poor in low-income countries. Access to the Internet has grown more slowly and has had a substantial impact mainly on governments and larger businesses. Its relevance to the poor is currently more limited but may grow as the Internet becomes more accessible through mobile phones. Much attention is now being paid to the deployment of broadband infrastructure, which will enhance the capacity of fixed and mobile networks alike and has the potential to make faster, cheaper Internet accessible to the poor.
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The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma programme, an internationally recognised pre‐university curriculum, is currently offered by approximately 1500 schools in 120 countries. This article will analyse various dimensions of peace education in the IB Diploma programme, with particular reference to its peace and conflict studies course. This course has been a success in qualitative terms but has not managed to draw in large numbers of students. Ian Harris’ typology of peace education will be used to demonstrate how elements of peace education have found their way into the Diploma programme in other ways as well. It is argued that the IB Diploma programme’s commitment to peace education is mostly achieved through international education, but that the four other types of peace education (human rights education, development education, environmental education and conflict resolution education) are also available. By way of conclusion this article suggests how the peace education embedded in the Diploma pr...
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Health-related quality of life scores were significantly lower for respondents with ADEs compared with other respondents. Consequently, productivity loss due to long term sickness and disability increased for people who had suffered ADEs compared to other respondents. If the patients are of working age, the worsened health caused by harm may prevent them from participating in the workforce resulting in lost productive life years. Beyond the negative impact on self-esteem and personal economic loss from reduced income, the flow on effects include higher support and care needs, increased welfare dependency and loss of taxation revenue.
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Food insecurity is more often the result of limited access to food. As explained by A. Sen (1981), “starvation is a matter of some people not having enough food to eat, and not a matter of there being not enough food to eat”. Thus, investments in food production systems need to be complemented by programmes designed to increase the incomes of the poor, as well as social protection and safety nets.
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All these regulations are more prevalent at the regional than the national level. Indeed, five of the responding countries report that such regulations operate at the regional rather than national level (Australia, Denmark, Japan, Netherlands and the United States), which points to potential sub-national specificities in requirements. Well spacing can provide guarantees against well interference and stream depletion if implemented with sufficient knowledge of the situations.
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sdg6
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The shift cannot be left to individual actors, it requires government support through a broad package of policy tools. This chapter explores the role of government in supporting the transition towards sustainable lifestyles, considers what is required for encouraging sustainable behaviour and details policy options such as choice editing, advertising, promoting sustainable products and increasing product information. While the industrialised countries have plateaued in their population growth, established at high levels of consumption, emerging economies, starting from a low consumption base, are on the rise, both in terms of numbers and in aspiration to join the ranks of consumerism being broadcast across western TV channels.
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Rapists are also motivated by character traits common to many criminals. One study on women raped or sexually assaulted during 2002 found that 67 per cent of the women identified the perpetrator as a non-stranger.25 Another study found that 8 out of 10 victims know the people who raped them.26 Most victims do not incur physical injuries from sexual assaults. Many of the unwanted and forced acts that take place during a sexual assault do not result in visible nongenital injuries. When humans are threatened, they respond, initially at least, instinctively and rcflexively.
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It is collected by water agencies within each hydrographic basin. The charge builds on a characterisation of water resources as regards availability: Category 1 and Category 2 resources are those situated respectively inside and outside Water Apportionment Areas (ZREs in French, for Zones de Repartition des Eaux), which are zones characterised by a chronic w'ater deficit. The spatial distinction between Category 1 and Category 2 resources reflects the higher opportunity cost in ZREs where there is a serious imbalance between water demand and water availability.
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Having been conceived, tested and refined in Dhaka, the IRRC approach was found to be robustly suited to the realities of low and middle-income cities. Under this project, ESCAP and Waste Concern, in partnership with national and local governments, community groups and technical teams, promoted the IRRC model in 17 cities, ultimately establishing facilities and pursuing associated activities in seven of them (Figure 4). The centre is a small-scale facility that can receive different types of waste, including organic and inorganic waste, and then transform it all into resources, such as compost, biogas and other fuels and clean recyclable material.
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The mobile habitat is no longer a marker of nomad identity. On the other hand, a fixed dwelling made of durable materials (e.g., "banco" or adobe homes of unfired bricks made from a mixture of sand and straw) is not necessarily synonymous with sedentarism. It combines several types of dwellings used alternatively over the year.
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Efforts in this area have already been started by Norway, and 17 ACT teams are now in place in Norway, two of which are Flexible Assertive Community Treatment (F-ACTs) teams. Indeed, an evaluation report on the impact of the implementation of ACT teams in Norway is expected in 2014, and should provide a valuable insight into strengths and weaknesses of this important service. This amounts to around 138 involuntary admitted persons per 100 000 adult inhabitants, and about 198 involuntary admissions per 100 000 adult inhabitants.
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European policies put more emphasis on water quality and ecosystems, the reduction of encroachments on rivers and the environment, and inclusive water governance. The Dutch tradition of engineered responses to risk is generally at odds with this policy direction. The Netherlands has displayed a relatively low level of ambition vis-a-vis the WFD, claiming that most of its waters are artificial systems and that restoration could only be limited.
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Salmon remains the second largest import category, valued at USD 1.6 billion in 2007. The major fresh and frozen commodities were salmon (327.4 million pounds valued at USD 467.1 million), surimi (310.6 million pounds valued at USD 289.9 million), and lobsters (60.7 million pounds valued at USD 390.9 million). The United States recognizes that, without sustainable fisheries, there can be no long-term, commercially viable trade in seafood. Therefore, the concepts of conservation and sustainability are at the core of US trade policy. Additionally, the United States takes the position that tariffs and quantitative restrictions on trade are, for the most part, ineffective substitutes for good management.
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This means that gains from co-operation have to be seen by all participants as being larger than any losses that result from giving up independent action. Second in importance is the ability of potential partners to trust that their counter-parties can be trusted to follow through on commitments and fully implement the partnership. Typically these agreements are difficult to enforce if a participant shirks their responsibility, so a lack of trust can make an agreement improbable even if the potential benefits are significant.
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Each and every person working in the preschool should promote respect for the intrinsic value of each person as well as respect for the environment. This means that kindergartens (barnehager) in Norway should base their activities on ethical values rooted in Christianity1 and humanism - which are assumed to be widely held by the Norwegian population. The Christian and humanist values upon which the plan is based include empathy, forgiveness, a belief in human worth, equality, common responsibility, honesty and fairness. Kindergartens in Norway should also promote human dignity, equality, intellectual freedom, tolerance, health, sustainable development and respect for the environment. The Te Whariki curriculum of New Zealand emphasises the critical role of socially and culturally mediated learning and of reciprocal and responsive relationships for children with people, places and things.
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Statutory health insurance and health providers use the ONDAM as a target for spending and savings objectives. The monitoring of objectives has steadily improved as recommended by the OECD (2011a), and effective spending growth has been close to the ONDAM since 2009 (Box 2, Figure 6, Panel A). Overall, the fiscal framework appears sound (OECD, 2015a).
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This article examines the mass media’s role in shaping education policy debates in light of pluralist theory and Bourdieu’s social fields theory. We content analyzed the coverage of New Jersey education policy debates during 1985, when the governor moved to consolidate his power in the education field. We used quantitative framing and conflict analysis and found that the media presented educational policy debates in ways that advantaged political and economic elites and portrayed the governor as being above the political fray. On the whole, our findings conform more to Bourdieu’s social fields theory than to pluralist theory.
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This chapter will try to demonstrate that there is a tendency towards convergence between the approach taken by the European Court of Human Rights in matters of jurisdiction and responsibility and general international law. The analysis will show that in its decisions in Jaloud and Chiragov, the Court is moving towards a judicial integration in the sense of a reasoned difference between responsibility in human rights and general international law. Although in future judgments the ECtHR will have to offer even more consistent legal reasoning to maintain this trend, it is evident that the ECHR is not a self-contained regime but contributes to greater judicial integration.
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Ever since reunification, Germany’s role in, and contribution to, EU and international security has been a source of debate both within and outside Germany. The spate of international conflicts in the 1990s, especially within European borders, sparked off a lively debate on whether a reunited, and therefore stronger, Germany should shoulder more of the burden in international conflict resolution. Traditionally, the main obstacle to a more militarily oriented German foreign and security policy has been deep-seated anti-militarist sentiments combined with pacifist inclinations within Germany. While the country has eventually responded with deeper engagement in these matters, it has done so inconsistently.
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Societies will have to adjust to increasing proportions of older persons in their population. In this regard, in developed countries, concerns about rising costs of health care (partially related to ageing) and viability of pension systems are already at the centre of policy debates. In many developing countries, population ageing is occurring in an accelerated fashion and life expectancy has risen considerably.
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Work strengthens its link with human development if it goes beyond individual benefits to contribute to shared social objectives, such as poverty reduction, sharing prosperity, social cohesion, culture and civilization. The approach became popular in Latin America in the 1990s when the region was facing an economic crisis and high unemployment rates. People looking for alternative sources of income began to cluster into groups, co-operatives and associations to establish economic ventures that would benefit the community (Nobrega 2013).
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While it is not a question of undertaking a convergence analysis, this study starts off with a dynamic autoregression model in order to shed light on its implications in an econometric panel model and then, starting from there, other lagged variables are incorporated in order to provide an explanation within the framework of the model to be used in this study. In the first, the macro variables include lagged GDP growth, investment as a percentage of GDP and the expansion of human capital as measured by the mean level of educational attainment of the economically active population (EAP). Labour-market variables include the growth of the labour supply (in hours) and the average wage.
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Moreover, they stipulate the need for the requisite parental consent, both of which contravene the right to equality under the Constitution. Also the provisions of Ss. This is discriminatory and contravenes the anti-discrimination provisions of the Constitution. She also raised the ground that the provisions of S. 17 of the Marriage Act allow a child of 15 years of age to get married, if her father, mother, guardian or court consents, yet all human beings are equal so to let another person decide on behalf of another contravenes the right to equality and dignity of a person and is discriminatory.
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Many other countries in the region, however, lag behind on this issue. According to target 8.5 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, countries are expected to “achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value” by 2030. They receive 100 per cent of their salaries if they have over three years of service.
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Dependence on external donor resources to drive implementation was also noted as a major hurdle. Involvement of all national stakeholders from the conceptualisation stage provided national ownership, direct linkages to development and a focus on livelihoods and poverty eradication through targeted and practical sector-based, on-the-ground interventions. The study highlighted that - given the limits to national capacity - the green economy-enabling institutional framework should be concentrated in a single sector linked to other building blocks and sectors, and mainstreamed throughout the economy. It was also deemed necessary to determine sectoral indicators of greenness for monitoring, evaluating and reporting purposes, to create a feedback loop for policy adjustments.
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Published projections of the potential impact of the PPACA were for the year 2016 (Ebiner, C. et al., It does not inform about how quickly the new equilibrium would be reached, although some researchers have made a deduction about the dynamics. The model is not intended to generate long-term projections of health expenditures and therefore is not comprehensive of the set of drivers of public health spending growth. The model also does not include the impact of broader macroeconomic effects such as firm births and deaths, changes in firm size, and changes in worker’s employment statuses, either due to business cycles effects or to policy reforms.
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This is mainly due to the exhaustion of temporary UB and the assumed ineligibility for social assistance and housing benefits, which will be analysed separately below. Similar drops can be observed in other countries when unemployment enters a third (e.g. Netherlands, Switzerland) or fourth year (e.g. Sweden, Iceland). The average net replacement rate averaged over the first two years of an unemployment spell is displayed for 2007 and 2009. While the generosity of UB remained fairly steady between 2007 and 2009 in most countries, it increased significantly in some of them, especially in the United States.
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Distributive Effects of Cash Versus In-Kind Family Transfers for Young Children”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. How Time-flexible Work Policies Can Reduce Stress, Improve Health, and Save Money”, Stress and Health, Vol. Eine Bilanz der Regierung Merkel 2005-2009, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp.
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The Arctic regions of the United States (Alaska) and Canada (Northern Canada) have the highest levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on earth. The toxic health-threatening substances are transported over long distances by rivers, oceans and air currents from warmer parts of the world to the colder polar regions. They also accumulate in the fatty tissue of seals and whales which traditionally play a key role in Arctic indigenous peoples' diet and can be passed directly to infants through maternal breast milk, causing disruption of the hormone and immune systems and affecting postnatal growth. Disease patterns among American Indians and Alaska Natives are strongly associated with the adverse consequences of poverty, limited access to health services, and cultural dislocation. Inadequate education, high rates of unemployment, discrimination, and cultural differences all contribute to unhealthy lifestyles and disparities in access to health care for many indigenous peoples.
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This article argues that specific characteristics of the domestic legal institutions of Islamic law states shape these states' choices of peaceful resolution methods in territorial disputes. After providing original data on the characteristics of Islamic legal structures, I systematically compare pertinent rules of international dispute resolution methods and Islamic law. I demonstrate empirically that not all Islamic law states view international settlement venues in the same way. Secular legal features, such as constitutional mentions of education, supreme court, or peaceful settlement of disputes have the power to attract these states to the most formal international venues—arbitration and adjudication. On the other hand, Islamic law states whose legal system is infused with Islamic religious precepts are attracted to less-formalized venues.
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Minimum wages are non-binding in Viet Nam, yet the proportion of workers whose wage level is close to the minimum wage varies across firms and groups of workers. Minimum wage to mean wage ratios were lowest for workers in the state sector and highest for youth and low-educated workers. Higher minimum wage to mean wage ratios are associated with high levels of non-compliance, but only in the non-state sector.
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A delicate balance has to be maintained and this is where voluntary initiatives such as the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GTSC) certification scheme play a critical role: there is no confrontation since the industry has voluntarily agreed to follow norms which will not only meet but frequently exceed the requirements of the law. The recommendations are based on a list of 12 principles for sustainable tourism development. Typically the Sustainable Tourism Criteria established by the j Global Sustainable Tourism Council extend to measurable indicators I and an appraisal and certification scheme which is rapaidly gaining j acceptance by the accommodation sector. Laws pertaining to land use, access, waster disposal, I pollution control, minimum wages and the like exist in almost all | countries: occasionally, these are relaxed for the tourism indistury in some developing countries in an effort to attract foreign tourists and i investments in the industry.
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Agriculture products, with low income elasticities, and non-agricultural products, which have higher income elasticities, are also impacted differently. This applies primarily to manufactured goods in WCA. In contrast, the decrease in export opportunities leads to increasing supply on domestic markets and a lowering of domestic prices for exportable goods.
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sdg1
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In Bandung City, 44% of total revenue in 2016 is expected to come in the form of transfers from the national government. A common problem w'ith such automatic transfers is the way they are calculated. The General Allocation Fund is partly allocated based on the registered population in the local governments and does not take into account unregistered population, which is high in the City of Bandung.
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sdg11
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Such plankton species produce toxins that are ingested by shellfish, among other species, especially filter-feeders such as oysters and mussels. In addition to affecting the marine life that ingests them, the toxins poison humans who eat infected shellfish. The forms of poisoning include paralytic shellfish poisoning.
|
sdg14
|
The reverse is not necessarily true: programmes that do not account for existing gender discrimination will continue to perpetuate it. The debate is no longer about adding in special policies and programmes for women or having separate women’s ministries or agencies, but rather, ensuring that all policies and programmes are aimed at achieving equal outcomes for men and women. Realizing gender equality and women’s empowerment is not an inadvertent outcome, but a key design feature.
|
sdg5
|
La pauvrete en zone urbaine a augmente. Ces tendances ont empeche le marche du travail de jouer son role positif en termes de reduction de la pauvrete. Les prestations d'aide sociale (essentiellement F allocation pour enfant a charge et les pensions d'invalidity et de vieillesse) n'ont qu’une incidence marginale sur les inegalites et la pauvrete.
|
sdg10
|
However, it is apparent that shifting wealth has changed the distributional challenges facing the global economy today. The next section looks beyond Gini coefficients and other scalar inequality measures to understand how the distributional challenges to social cohesion differ across each part of the entire income distribution. Box 4.1 discusses in some detail how inequality changes are related to differences in the growth of living standards between different parts of the distribution.
|
sdg10
|
Mezzanine debt financing is thus riskier than traditional debt-financing but also more rewarding, it is associated with a higher yield. As such, it is more flexible than equity financing. This type of financing can be particularly useful for midsized enterprises that cannot access high yield markets due to high minimum size requirements. However, issues of uncertainties around collaterals and problems identifying exit strategies still apply to mezzanine financing used for EE projects.
|
sdg7
|
Among executives knowledgeable about blockchain technology, 18% already participate in a consortium, 45% are likely to join one, and 14% are considering forming one. Industry consortia are focusing on developing solutions to their business issues with the help of blockchain technology, whereas technology consortia are focusing on developing use case agnostic blockchain technologies, and are mostly formed by blockchain technology providers. These technology providers drive innovation for consensus algorithms, transaction efficiency, and interoperability across different blockchain platforms.
|
sdg9
|
In addition, both male and female victims often do not want to relive the traumatic experience and/or feel fear, shame, embarrassment and an unwillingness to become involved in the police and judicial systems. These stations/units are staffed primarily by female officers in order to provide an environment where women may feel more comfortable in reporting crimes. They often combine a number of specialised police officers with health and social workers, along with legal specialists, to form a team that can comprehensively respond to cases of gender-based violence, including domestic violence and sexual assault.
|
sdg5
|
In conjunction with the Global Education and Skills Forum 2016 which, from its inception in 2013, brings together leaders from the public, private and social sectors seeking solutions for achieving education, equity and employment for all, the Broadband Commission convened its spring meeting to discuss, among other issues, how to innovate in education through technology. During the two-day event commissioners had the chance to attend on-site sessions of the Broadband Commission's three current working groups on the Saturday, as well as the full-day meeting of the Commission on the Sunday. The full meeting of the Commission also revisited the issue of new broadband targets to help achieve SDGs.
|
sdg9
|
As mentioned above, the Vienna Programme of Action also explicitly stressed the importance of eradicating "any conflicts which may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism." Stereotypes and cultural norms which dictate prescriptive roles for women in society also have a negative impact on women's enjoyment of their human rights. For instance, girls' lack of access to education has sometimes been justified on the presumption that, as mothers and wives, they will not enter the workforce and thus do not require education. She also points to women's lack of influence in decision-making processes which define the culture of any given community (A/67/287).
|
sdg5
|
Based on the number of passengers and vessels the average capacity of the cruise ships to Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Svalbard must be larger and thereby obtaining economics of scale compared to the Greenlandic cruises. Therefore, if we correct the estimated carbon emissions for number of passengers per cruise ship the total emission is just above 544,000 tonnes. A cruise calling ports on both Iceland and the Faroe Islands would therefore count double as they are registered as tourists in both countries.
|
sdg7
|
While the rhetoric of public engagement is increasingly commonplace within industry, there has been little research that examines how lay knowledge is conceptualized and whether it is really used within companies. Using the chemicals sector as an example, this paper explores how companies conceive of publics and "public knowledge," and how this relates to modes of engagement/communication with them. Drawing on qualitative empirical research in four companies, we demonstrate that the public for industry are primarily conceived as "consumers" and "neighbours," having concerns that should be allayed rather than as groups with knowledge meriting engagement. We conclude by highlighting the dissonance between current advocacy of engagement and the discourses and practices prevalent within industry, and highlight the need for more realistic strategies for industry/public engagement.
|
sdg16
|
For example, Thailand’s 2nd National Communication outlines the models used to develop higher resolution climate impact projections (MNRE, 2011). Some national climate/adaptation action plans also include indicators used to assess climate impacts or vulnerability. For example, the 2nd Brazilian National Communication to the UNFCCC summarises information on expected changes under different climate scenarios in the extent of low-risk areas for growing particular crops.
|
sdg13
|
In addition to adjusting the targets for public transport, Vietnamese policy makers have two key considerations: how to design effective public transport systems and what options they have available to pay for them. However, there are significant obstacles to urban transport system integration in any comprehensive form. They range from rushed implementation that has produced conflict and confusion, to inadequate technology for secure collection of fares and recognition of tickets, to disparities in equipment and infrastructure maintenance between municipalities (Hidalgo and Carrigan, 2010).
|
sdg11
|
The “trial run”, however, does not include carbon sink credits. Therefore, at present in Japan, the only system under which forest carbon sinks can be used for credits is the J-VER system. It is becoming more widespread in the United States and Europe. However, emissions trading is intended to enable the fulfilment of emissions reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol or other local or national systems. The credits used under carbon offsetting are called verified emission reduction (VER).
|
sdg15
|
The European Energy Efficiency Fund is a public-private partnership dedicated to provide funding for energy efficiency measures and renewable energy sources for member states of the European Union. The UK Green Investment Bank was created in 2012 to generate private funds for the financing of private sector in vestments in energy efficiency and environmental preservation more generally. A joint International Finance Corporation (IFC) and GEF initiative, CEEF provide guarantees of up to 50% of the loss from loan defaults to energy efficiency investments in Eastern Europe. (
|
sdg7
|
Prices for corn, wheat and rice more than doubled between 2006 and 2008. While prices declined in late 2008, food prices have since rebounded, attaining new record highs in February 2011 (figure III.3). Despite conflicting evidence, it would appear that recent price rises have also been accompanied by higher volatility, which increases uncertainty, thereby hindering investment in human and physical capital, technology and innovation (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009a) (figure III.4).
|
sdg2
|
Gender identity is the internal sense of being a woman or man, or some other category (transgender). Gender equality is not a women’s issue but should concern and fully engage men as well as women. Equality between women and men is seen both as a human rights issue and as a precondition for, and indicator of, sustainable people-centred development.” Key phases of this process are summarized below.
|
sdg5
|
Such planning processes need to take into account different cities’ particular emission and risk contexts. According to the New Climate Economy Report, a shift to more compact urban growth, connected infrastructure, and coordinated governance has the potential to “reduce urban infrastructure capital requirements by more than US $3 trillion over the next 15 years”.
|
sdg11
|
This baseline scenario assessed whether the countries would be “on track” or “off track” to achieve the targets, taking into account non-linearities in the effectiveness of social spending in achieving those targets. All 27 country-level studies found that, while substantial human development progress would be made with the current public expenditure scenario, only two countries (Chile and Cuba) would fully meet, by 2015, a set of targets for primary school completion, reduction of child and maternal mortality rates, and expanded coverage of drinking water and basic sanitation. The public spending needed to meet the targets in the countries studied was estimated at about 7 per cent of GDP and, in some cases, the estimate was even higher.
|
sdg2
|
How does the transnational legal process, based on international human rights law, affect domestic constitutional law? This chapter analyses how domestic constitutional regimes interact with the Inter-American Human Rights System. It argues that structural transformations in international law together with broader legal interaction have allowed new players to behave as constitutional actors articulating political claims in the language of fundamental rights. This process inaugurates possibilities of reshaping constitutional law, allowing civil society actors to bypass domestic institutional obstacles to human rights enforcement. The parallel development of the Inter-American Human Rights System as an independent regime with a plurality of domestic answers to its normative growth leads to a unique path of development, adding an interesting set of models of transversal human rights governance to the broader field of ‘global governance’.
|
sdg16
|
Information from relevant outside processes (e.g. SDGs and the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction) could also inform the stocktake, as appropriate. As highlighted above, there is a good match between information needed to gain national-level benefits and information that countries are already requested to report to the UNFCCC via National Communications or other types of documents (e.g. adaptation communications or NAPs) as in Article 7.11 of the Paris Agreement. However, some of these information needs, such as the results from individual adaptation actions or broad adaptation strategies, may be difficult to assess and quantify.
|
sdg13
|
Special regulation measures for local stock components are taken in accordance with scientific advice. Since 2000, the large longliners have been restricted to fish outside the 4-nautical mile line. To achieve a reduction in landings of coastal cod additional technical regulations in coastal areas were introduced in May 2004 and continued with small modifications in 2005 and 2006. A box closed for all fishing gears except hand-line and fishing rod is defined in an area where spawning concentrations of coastal cod is usually observed and where the catches of coastal cod have been high.
|
sdg14
|
All violence is also about power. People decide to engage in violence when they feel they have the right - and the power - to meet their own needs at the expense of the needs of others. Some people have an “internalized superiority” that leads them to believe they are entitled to more power and rights than others.
|
sdg5
|
Similarly, cash transfers are considered to be progressive when they account for a larger share of the low income groups’ income. This definition implies that flat cash transfers (e.g. a minimum pension for all) are considered to be progressive. And cash transfer programmes which benefit the rich most in absolute terms (e.g. subsidies for tertiary studies) are still considered as progressive as long as the share of these transfers in household income is lower for high-income than for low income groups.
|
sdg10
|
Two important points emerge from this census-based work. First, starting in 1970 through to 2001 inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient was very high by international standards, illustrating just how high the levels of inequality are that underlie the average figures presented in Table 1.1. Whiteford & van Seventer (2000) show that national Gini coefficients for the period 1975 to 1996 remained close to 0.68.
|
sdg10
|
The aim is to enable and sensitise judges and other stakeholders to make informed and human rights compliant decisions when they are dealing with cases of child, early and forced marriages. Section 5.1 focuses on the issues of child and forced marriages in Cambodia, i.e. its symptoms, causes and legal and other responses by state organs to address these issues. Section 5.2 focuses on the issues of child and forced marriages in India, i.e. its symptoms, causes and legal and other responses by state organs to address these issues. Section 5.4 focuses on the issues of child and forced marriages in Thailand, i.e. its symptoms, causes and legal and other responses by state organs to address these issues.
|
sdg5
|
Furthermore, wind power is commonly regarded as a key technology in addressing some of the greatest environmental and resource concerns of today, namely anthropogenic climate change and other negative consequences from air pollution, and energy security. Among other factors, a strong growth in today's markets and prospects of exploiting vast and as yet untapped resources, contribute to the anticipation that wind power will play a significant role in shifting energy markets away from fossil-based power generation towards renewables in coming decades (GWEC, 2011, Wiser et al., Wind power likewise features prominently in the current body of global climate change mitigation scenarios produced by energy-economy models (IEA, 2010a, 2013, Krey and Clarke, 2011). These environmental and resource pressures can be quantified and assessed by methods of life cycle assessment (LCA).
|
sdg7
|
The present article analyzes the particularities of the human rights within the health system, that specializes in vision health from a jurisdiction perspective putting emphasis in the context of the Ecuadorian law order, with a focus on concrete results in the medical practice in order to demonstrate the interconnection that exists in all human rights. This is a vital job that corresponds to the education system in order to guarantee and develop the same analysis on human rights and the educational system connection. The following scientific methods were used fundamentally, the analysis-synthesis, systemic method, the causal method, observation, and content analysis.
|
sdg16
|
Drawing on a long-term ethnographic investigation of the economic and social restructuring in the rural Midwestern United States, I demonstrate the value of an intersectional analysis to explore the social regulation of community in a rural context. This intersectional analysis bridges scholarship on (1) the political economy of immigration, (2) racial formation, and (3) materialist feminism in order to provide a powerful framework through which I explore the community-based processes and practices that shape the possibilities for the incorporation of residents of color into a historically white community. Through this intersectional lens, I highlight the unspoken rules of behavior and assessment of deservingness required for community membership and acceptance in the context of broader social and economic change in one rural town in Iowa.
|
sdg16
|
The primary goal of this article is to analyze Belgium’s universal jurisdiction law concerning humanitarian law violations and its relationship to global governance norms. When discussing the notion of universal jurisdiction, there are relatively few empirical situations that scholars can draw on to illuminate the debate. In general, there is a very theoretical orientation to the universal human rights debate. Belgium’s 1993 universal jurisdiction law (expanded in 1999) brings a greater degree of empirical clarity to this debate. This law allowed Belgium to hear cases concerning violations of humanitarian law, including genocide and other crimes against humanity, which happened anywhere, without any connection to Belgium. In essence, this was an attempt at the protection of human rights on a universal basis and may be the way forward in the prevention of mass atrocities.
|
sdg16
|
Table II.3 also shows that only seven sub-Saharan African countries had poverty rates below 25 per cent in 2005,5 up from two (Cote d’Ivoire and Gabon) in 1981. In general, countries with extremely high poverty levels also trail behind in respect of a number of demographic and social indicators such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, and childrens school enrolment and completion rates. Although these declines are encouraging, they still leave a large proportion of the total population living in extreme poverty, and all 19 countries face major challenges in meeting the 2015 Millennium Development Goal target.
|
sdg1
|
This was motivated by the goal to reduce urban air pollution. But the measure was, at least partly, also designed to protect domestic vehicle producers from competitive pressures associated with the import of second-hand cars. Imported secondhand cars with an age of less than five years have to undergo a technical inspection before they can be officially registered.11 Some rejuvenation of the passenger car fleet has also been due to the introduction of locally produced small cars by foreign companies since the mid-1990s.
|
sdg6
|
In order to answer this question, a methodology developed at (OECD, 2010a) was applied to New Zealand micro-data. In fact, approximately 83% of farms in the sample received off-farm income. Other principal sources of income risk that are not explicitly analysed here are variations in output and output-price co-variations.
|
sdg2
|
Not just those who are financially poor, but those facing a number of distinct disadvantages, such as gender, race and ethnicity, that taken together deprive them of the chance to lead healthy, productive lives. It is critical to know more about the lives of today's Florence Owens Thompsons since women and girls are widely recognized as one of the most disregarded and disenfranchised groups in many developing countries. In most cases, the main breadwinner in Ugandan households was the man, so the data made it look like barely any women were participating in the workforce.
|
sdg1
|
They tended to report more often that teamwork improves their own efficiency, that they prefer working as part of a team to working alone, and that they think teams make better decisions than individuals. Schools that succeed in building on those attitudes by designing collaborative learning environments might be able to engage disadvantaged students in new ways. For a start, parents need to play their part.
|
sdg4
|
Availability of results of national assessments in Denmark: who has access to the results? Individual students, their parents and their teachers have access to information about individual student assessment result. Individual student assessment results are not shared with other teachers, except in specific cases such as join teaching. School principals have information about the average assessment results of their school in each assessment, the average results of each class and school data adjusted for socio-economic factors. Municipalities have information about the average mark of the schools in the municipality and the average results for each school as well as data for each school adjusted for socio-economic factors. At the national level, the national average test result for all schools together is published and available to the public.
|
sdg4
|
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