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Projected total forest area declines to 2020 by nearly 200 000 km2 in both the OECD countries and the BRIICS, and then expands to 2050 to reach a greater extent than in 2010, mainly on abandoned agricultural land. In the RoW, decline in forest area is projected to continue until 2030 with a total loss of around 1 million km2 due to expansion of agriculture. After that, forest area expands, but does not regain the 2010 level.
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sdg14
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In the remainder of this introductory section, the important economic differences and similarities of the two countries are briefly outlined. Conversely, those who have been more sceptical of the impact of global economic integration on inequality have tended to look at patterns of inequality within these countries (Comia 2003, Milanovic 2004, Reddy 2003, etc.) The final section draws some conclusions and considers the prospects for poverty reduction in both countries in the context of the still unfolding global financial crisis and economic slowdown.
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This article offers a two-line strategic approach to tackle the housing crisis in Spain from a human rights perspective. First, it advocates changes to the mortgage repossession procedure based on the principles of proportionality and reasonableness of the right to private and family life. And second, it operationalises the meaning of the general prohibition of retrogressive measures on economic, social and cultural rights by looking at five policy measures adopted in recent years. These measures and their consequences show that social austerity is incompatible with states' obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to housing.
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sdg16
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As structural transformation brings workers from the lower-inequality lower-productivity agricultural hinterland to the urban manufacturing sector, aggregate inequality first increases with development before eventually falling.17 The extent to which this will prove to be case in the large converging countries remains an open question. Even when growth remains modest, countries with adequate financial and administrative capacity can reduce poverty through redistribution. Public action is also important as a tool against non-income forms of deprivation through the provision of key public goods, such as health care, education, water, sanitation, and other services.
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Following the dispositions of the Belem do Para Convention, spousal rape has been included in national legislation. Similarly, to improve the access of victims to legal support, Justice Centres for Women have been established across the country (OECD 2017a, 2017b). Despite these efforts to strengthen legal and legislative frameworks, culture and inertia discriminatory attitudes complicate the implementation of these laws: for example, 16% of women agree that domestic violence is justified under certain conditions.
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Although K. made a series of visits and phone calls to local police regarding these threats they did little to intervene. In fact, after one incident, the police assisted her in withdrawing her complaint when she returned to the police station accompanied by her husband. Shortly thereafter her husband did in fact shoot and kill their children and himself.
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This paper argues that, because Science and Technology Studies (STS) lost contact with political philosophy, its defense of public participation in policy-making involving technical claims is normatively unsatisfactory. Current penchants for political under-laboring and normative individualism are critiqued, and the connections between STS and theorists of deliberative democracy are explored. A conservative normativity is proposed, and STS positions on public participation are discussed in relation to current questions about individual and group rights in a liberal democracy. The result is avenues to normatively defend public participation, by analogy with identity politics and Habermas, while also theorizing its limits.
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As regards the age ofthe children, 28% of women in the formal sector and 32% in the informal sector have children aged under 5, and 21% of formal and 29% of informal women have children aged between 6 and 14. This is evidence for a key factor driving labour market segmentation, which is explored in Casal (2011). When the husband’s education is taken, it transpires that significantly more informal-sector women than formal-sector women married husbands with a low level of education, with significantly more formal-sector women marrying highly educated men.
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This note provides a forecast on how the fish and world trade regimes will look like five years after the implementation of SDGs in 2035. Three main trends are likely to affect the supply and demand of fish and fish products. In the trade realm, these trends point to a selective and incremental incorporation of marine live and fish conservation measures in the multilateral trading system, and regional trade agreements in particular.
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sdg14
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This is even more important in light of climate change, which may require the establishment of adjusted regional and international building standards for infrastructure and hence the close collaboration across disciplines, such as technical engineering and scientific research. Given the long-term investment nature of infrastructure projects, they require stable and multi-layer governance structures - generally involving local, regional, national and international levels - and long-term financing. Private investment appears to be of growing importance, but potential governance problems such as infrastructure monopolies need to be considered. At the same time, the need for multiple actors, multiple-layered governance structures, and multi-disciplinary approaches may represent key barriers to infrastructure development in less-developed regions. For the most part, however, these effects are found to be rather small. Global average producer prices for crops would increase by less than 0.3% in 2050, and only in South Africa, where infrastructure-related costs for agricultural products are comparatively high (GTAP, 2013), could the increase exceed 1%.
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The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has also collected data on telecommunications services for the ICT Regulatory Tracker (Chapter 5), including information on regulatory authorities, regulatory regimes, and level of competition (ITU, 2017). According to the ICT Regulatory Tracker, by 2015 the majority of the EIF countries had established an independent regulatory authority for telecommunication or ICT, eight have yet to establish one. Since 2012, the government has introduced a new international gateway license to foster competition (Schumann and Kende, 2013).
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New knowledge and tools are available to assist in reducing uncertainties for the development of policy responses. Equity should be considered with regards to who the costs and benefits of policy reform fall upon and the needs of future generations. Policy coherence is required to ensure initiatives taken by different policy sectors (e.g. agriculture, urban planning, and climate) do not have negative impacts on water quality and freshwater ecosystems, or increase the cost of water quality management.
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More than 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. The agriculture sector is by far the largest user of freshwater, accounting for nearly 70 per cent of global water withdrawals. Saving just a fraction of this would significantly alleviate water stress in other sectors, particularly in arid countries where agriculture can consume as much as 90 per cent of available water resources. It would also strengthen economic development instead of constraining growth. Agricultural water savings can come in many forms, such as increasing productivity of food crops (more crop per drop), improving water management practices and technologies, implementing sustainable agricultural practices, growing fewer water-intensive crops in water-scarce regions, reducing food loss and waste, and importing food grown from water-rich countries.
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Whereas the Copenhagen Accord text refers to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as conservation, it does not make explicit reference to sustainable management and enhancement of carbon stocks. However, how countries would receive this money is still up in the air - this could be through a carbon market, a dedicated fund, or through other mechanisms. Financing will be one of the key issues for landing a global REDD regime. Issues of MRV, safeguards and methodology need to be solved in order to guide the pilot activities that exist in the area.
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This rule defines zones based on wells expected to pump at least 28% of their water from an adjacent stream over a 40-year period (Nebraska DNR, 2004). As stream depletion increases with both time and proximity to a stream, all else being equal, the 10/50 rule is more stringent than the 28/40 rule and will cover a large area adjacent to streams where stream depletion is a concern. In Nebraska, numerical methods have been used in the Republican River Basin and the Big Blue River Basin (MODFLOW-based), and in the Platte River Basin (COHYST-based).
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Poor diffusion of ICTs thus contributes to a digital divide that can undermine policies aimed to stimulate growth, and foster resilient economies and inclusive societies. Lack of access to digital infrastructures at competitive prices is the first barrier. In particular, access to ICTs such as (mobile) broadband, including in rural and remote areas, as well as access to data which are becoming an infrastructure for data-driven innovation (DDI), are crucial. The lack of appropriate (open) standards and fears of vendor lock-in, often due to proprietary solutions, are another barrier to adoption in particular for SMEs. With the growth of digital security risks and concerns that privacy and intellectual property rights are violated and not sufficiently enforced, lack of trust in the digital economy is also a potential barrier to adoption and use of ICTs across society. The effective use of ICTs and data requires additional investments in complementary knowledge-based capital (KBC), in particular in (organisation-specific) skills and know-how, and in organisational change including new business models and processes.
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Nonetheless, for developing countries in aggregate, there is no support in these figures for the view that food import bills are becoming unsustainable. Aggregate figures may, of course, conceal difficulties experienced by particular countries. In many countries, they led to increased trade policy interventions (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010, Demeke etal., In some cases they have reawakened interest in food self-sufficiency, which, if enforced through trade policy, implies prohibitive levels of protection.
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Meanwhile, in Viet Nam, fruits and vegetables seem to adjust less quickly than computers and electrical products. This indicates that the speed of adjustment tends to vary by commodity and by country, which is presumably determined by the macroeconomic structure, extent of global value chain involvement of each sector in the economy, free trade agreements and investment linkages, among other factors. The dip in exports of electrical machinery began more recently and less pronouncedly than that of edible vegetables, though in both cases the weakness appears to be persistent. In the case of Viet Nam, the trend of declining growth in fruit and vegetable exports to China also began earlier than that of computers and electronics, which started to edge lower late in 2018, although both categories appear to be recovering in 2019. The speed of upward adjustment of exports this good to other markets is substantially slower than the downward adjustment of exports to China.
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ABSTRACT Immigration, multiculturalism and citizenship policies have deeply divided political parties in Western Europe. In Norway and the Netherlands these divisions have been exploited successfully by radical-right populist parties. Akkerman and Hagelund compare the ideas and policies of the Norwegian Fremskrittspartiet (Progress Party) and the Dutch Lijst Pim Fortuyn (List Pim Fortuyn) with regard to cultural diversity, immigration and citizenship policies. What initially puzzled them was that issues that are normally left out of the radical-right agenda—such as gender equality, liberal family laws and women's participation in the labour market—seem to have been moved centre-stage in the policies and discourses of these parties. This is a development worthy of closer scrutiny. In Norway and the Netherlands, one can observe a general shift away from multiculturalism and a growing emphasis on citizenship and social cohesion. The issue of women's rights seems to provide a key to developing a renewed under...
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This has major impacts for the provisioning of water, sanitation and hygiene services in areas affected by disasters, due to damaged water and sanitation infrastructure and water quality issues. It is also a very significant challenge to provide adequate water and sanitation services to the areas that receive people who have been displaced from disaster-struck areas. The magnitude of these displacements is extremely high in Asia and the Pacific, with respectively 4.4 million and 1.2 million people internally displaced in the People’s Republic of China and India in 2017 due to floods, and 2.5 million people in the Philippines due to typhoons the same year (IDMC, 2018). In addition to hitting the poorest, disasters can also cause the near poor — those living on between US$1.90 and US$3.10 per day — to fall into poverty, as shown in Figure 9.5 (UNESCAP, 2018). With over 50% of urban residents living in low-lying coastal zones, these cities and towns in Asia and the Pacific are particularly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. Disasters are also found to have impacts on gross domestic product (GDP), school enrolment rates, and per capita expenditure on health (UNESCAP, 2018).
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The tax, originally intended to be set at almost EUR 1 per kilogram of product, was subsequently dropped to EUR 0.75 per kilogram. At the same time, the existing excise tax on soft drinks was raised from 4.5 cents to 7.5 cents per litre. The tax affects both drinks with added sugars and drinks with artificial sweeteners.
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Thus, the post-2015 development agenda will need to consider alternative macro and meso strategies to facilitate the achievement of the goals, taking into account sustainability, a reduction in inequalities, and improved security as critical components. Available from http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi. In the monitoring and reporting process for the MDGs, there has been a division of responsibilities in terms of the ownership and leading role in coordinating global, regional and country MDG reports.
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ABSTRACTThe concept of the political settlement has risen to occupy a central place in British policy toward conflict-affected and fragile states. Yet, at around the turn of the millennium, the term was barely mentioned in official circles and the so-called ‘good governance’ approach held sway as the dominant operational mode. So, how had this transformation in policy approach come about and what was the role of research? In this article, we demonstrate that research played a central role in influencing the rhetoric of policymakers through a process we term ‘cumulative influence’. Indeed, the subject of political settlements represents an excellent case study for understanding the dynamics of research utilisation. It allows us to build on existing models and suggest useful ways forward in this important area of public policy analysis.
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Growing ethnic and cultural diversity within Europe has brought increased attention to the impact and inclusion of immigrant populations and has also presented societies with valuable opportunities for intercultural learning between diverse groups. Using the International Civic and Citizenship Study data from 24 European education systems, in this paper we explore whether fostering an atmosphere of inclusion in schools relates to select attitudes and behaviours typically associated with an inclusive society, particularly among immigrant students. Our study is able to tease out some of the differences related to social class among immigrant students, opening up important avenues for discussion and future research. According to our findings, first generation immigrant students from higher socio-economic status backgrounds tended to have significantly more negative attitudes toward their resident country. Findings also collectively suggest that local-level practices, such as improving immigrant student parti...
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Hence, at least in the first stages of development, inequality does not appear to be either a driving factor for, or an obstacle to, development. Kaldor (1957) presented an economic model in which GDP growth was limited by available resources and not by effective demand: capital accumulation, the flow of innovation and the growth of the population determined economic expansion. Kaldor did not imply that this should form the basis of any policy recommendation, since in his model income distribution was endogenous, but for many years a widespread interpretation of his model was that growth could be boosted by increasing the share of capital in income distribution (box 2.1).
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Sometimes referred to as iterative risk management, the process can be divided into four stages, as illustrated in figure IV.l. Each quadrant represents one of the steps of the policy cycle, which encompasses formulation of objectives and assessment of risks, assessments of the effect of policy options-related decisions on the course of action, policy implementation, and monitoring and review of outcomes. At each stage, progress can be measured in terms of the quantity and quality of outcomes along each of the four axes: policy design, policy action, policy impact and policy understanding.
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Once it reaches the urban area, the water is treated once again, and then distributed to the population. The chlorine value at different points of the drinking water network is analysed every day. Bacteriological and chemical analyses are performed every day on drinking water samples taken from three different places in the network.
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In the Page | 58 meantime> to support the long-term financial viability of rural electrification efforts, the central government is nevertheless allocating subsidies earmarked for a number of previously implemented off-grid electrification programmes, as Table 15 shows. China has achieved an electrification rate of 99.4%, with 99% in rural areas and already 100% in urban settings, thanks to the government's aggressive measures and strong political will. The Chinese government estimates that only 1.5 million people will still be without in 2020.
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Sometimes, this is explicitly referred to as “effectiveness”, e.g. in the context of the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund. Sometimes, it is not explicitly referred to as effectiveness, e.g. in the context of achieving a balance between climate finance for mitigation and adaptation in the Fast Start Finance period. Within the development community, more than 150 countries (as well as IFIs and other international organisations) agreed the Busan Partnership on Effective Development Co-operation in 2011. This declaration applies to development finance (i.e. broader than the previously-agreed Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, which just covers ODA), The Busan Partnership focuses on increased co-operation between donor and partner countries and their institutions involved in providing, channelling and using climate finance - and aligning interventions with partners’ priorities.
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The MDB methodology, by focussing on specific climate components, differs from the CRS Rio markers, which capture total project costs. The MDBs and the International Development Finance Club (IDFC) have also established common principles for climate finance tracking for mitigation (MDBs and IDFC, n.d.) The principles consist of a set of common definitions and guidelines including the list of activities. This is a publishing standard that aims to make data on aid “easier to use, access and understand” (IATI, 2016a). Data from more than 480 organisations9 - many not working on climate, but some working specifically or partially on climate issues, such as the Adaptation Fund and Agence Franqaise de Developpement - is available. In theory, the dataset allows searches via a “policy marker” (such as climate).
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As stated by Ms Rionge, resilience or "having a strong backbone that can handle challenges is the key to successful entrepreneurship". In South Africa, up until the 1990s, legislation prohibited women from working underground. This changed in 2002 when the South African Mining Charter introduced quotas urging mining companies to employ a 10 per cent female staff quota (Mining.com 2014).
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While rice will continue to play a major role in Myanmar’s agriculture and offers potential for increased production, policies should not prioritise rice at the expense of other crops and activities, including non-farm activities, which may well offer both farmers and the country a greater return. Policies encouraging rice self-sufficiency at the state or division level do not necessarily ensure an optimal and sustainable use of natural resources. Some regions are better suited to rice cultivation than others, and deficit areas can buy rice from low cost areas.
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This report responds to this request by identifying and measuring fuel tax concessions in the fisheries sector. It provides data on fuel use, tax concessions, and related information for OECD countries and partners, as well as describing some of the key challenges in measuring data of this type. The primary source of data is the country submissions, with other data sources used where the submissions are incomplete.
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However, as the penetration of variable renewables in the system grows, they will need to become normal actors in the overall energy markets. It opened the opportunity for renewable energy generators under the FIT scheme to opt for selling electricity directly into the market. This has been applied in particular for wind farms. Under the market premium model, a wind farm sells its produced output to a third party at the market price rather than selling it to the grid operator at the regulated feed-in-tariff.
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As they seek work in developed countries, female migrants are vulnerable to exploitation and run the risk of ending up on the wrong side of the law or being targeted by migrant smugglers or human traffickers (figures on these last two are very difficult to obtain). Lim (1998) posited that population ageing and the increasing integration of native-born women into the labour maiket in many developing countries were driving the employment of migrant women as domestic woikers. This issue is still the focus of research today.
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Affirmative Action Is Dead, Long Live Affirmative Action. By Faye J. Crosby. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. 352p. $30.00. Through an informative professional literature review, Faye Crosby intends to educate affirmative action critics and a skeptical public about the real-life operation of and continuing need for a largely misunderstood social policy. Her book's key question is “why does the policy of affirmative action which appears reasonable to many social scientists attract so much negative comment?” (p. 22). Despite confusion with illegal quotas and with the Supreme Court's newly minted diversity justification, Crosby is convinced that social science studies prove that properly implemented affirmative action is largely beneficial and still necessary to overcome overt or subtle in-group prejudice, discrimination, and exclusion.
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For example, the Forum for Environment’s Green Award Scheme has been encouraging of leaders in the industry, more could be done for government officials and scientists. Thus incentives aimed at individuals will need to be followed up, in a step-wise manner, by sector-wide schemes that (1) shift subsidies from ‘bads’ such as fossil fuel use to ‘goods’ such as energy efficiency and renewable energy, and (2) offer payments for defined and verified environmental services through both domestic and international payment mechanisms. Such incentives can have a wide-ranging impact, and be a cost-effective and sustainable complement to implementing specific green growth projects designed top-down. Richer households spend a proportionately larger amount on fuel products, this would indicate that they benefit more than poorer households from any universal fuel subsidy on these products (Mekonnen et al.,
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The chronology of this reform in process and the content of the associated competence frameworks are presented here. The B2i reform does not consider ICT as a specific subject which needs technological training. It tries to support an integration of ICT in each field by proposing a competence framework with a new evaluation methodology.
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Qual SafHealth Care 2007,16:127-131. The 2017 survey focused on the best ways to improve patient safety across all settings of health care. Given the paucity of evidence on primary and ambulatory care, the survey informing this report also asked about occurrence, severity and impact of safety lapses as well as the best ways to improve safety in this setting.
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The rapid expansion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) are resulting in an increasingly connected world, where developing countries have the opportunity to leapfrog development stages by directly adopting new and cleaner technologies. Despite the rapid development in access to ICTs, many countries still lack skills, resources and strategies for further investments in digital infrastructure and for progressing in the transition towards digital societies. While investments in infrastructure are often driven by the private sector, public spending and development co-operation fill important gaps where the private sector lacks incentives to intervene. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development acknowledged the importance of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for development and established new international mechanisms to help strengthen developing countries’ STI capacity towards the achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such the creation of the Multi-stakeholder Forum on Science Technology and Innovation for the SDGs that convenes once a year under the auspices of the President of ECOSOC (see Resolution 70/1 of the United Nations General Assembly).
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The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global crisis, affecting millions globally and in Canada. While efforts to limit the spread of the infection and 'flatten the curve' may buffer children and youth from acute illness, these public health measures may worsen existing inequities for those living on the margins of society. In this commentary, we highlight current and potential long-term impacts of COVID-19 on children and youth centring on the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), with special attention to the accumulated toxic stress for those in difficult social circumstances. By taking responsive action, providers can promote optimal child and youth health and well-being, now and in the future, through adopting social history screening, flexible care models, a child/youth-centred approach to "essential" services, and continual advocacy for the rights of children and youth.
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Of particular interest is the Design-Build-Finance-Maintain (DBFM) public-private partnership. The project involves the erection of 200 new low-energy schools for a total outlay of 1.5 billion euros. Over the leasing period of 30 years, the venture partner maintains each school to required standards, while the school boards pay a fee, partly subsidised by AGIOn.
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This paper discusses the influence of public interest in European patent legislation on plant-related issues. It briefly explains the implications of patentability of biological material for plant breeding and describes the interests of all the stakeholders involved in the matter. It argues that a balance between stakeholders' concerns is needed in order to promote public interest in plant-related patents. For clarity, the vague concept of "public interest" is explained in light of economic theory and it is further elaborated as a guidance for legislators. To this purpose, the importance of international legal acts (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Convention on Biological Diversity and its Nagoya Protocol) as well as the European Citizens' Initiative introduced by the Lisbon Treaty is indicated.
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Increased instability and erosion of coastlines (especially in the upper Adriatic) has been documented by the National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (Insula, 2000) and is further exacerbated by subsidence from natural and anthropic factors like natural gas and water extraction. In helping to formulate adaptation strategies, the relative costs and benefits of different choices need to be known, as well as the cost of the damage expected to be caused by climate change and the extent to which an adaptation strategy can ameliorate such damage. Meanwhile, the current inlet configuration, together with the dredged navigation channels for large ships, promotes erosion and net export of sediment to the sea.
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This emphasis is also closely aligned with the avowedly transformative 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), which includes explicit targets for both structural transformation and industrialization, and places greater emphasis on the interconnectedness of the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development than did the Millennium Development Goals. This is further reinforced by global value chains (GVCs), which tend to realign patterns of trade and investment flows to divide production processes into ever-smaller segments based on existing comparative advantage, rather than fostering a dynamic evolution of comparative advantage (UNCTAD, 2015a: paras. Such a trajectory provides at best a weak foundation for future development.
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Habitats important for biodiversity are being lost to construction projects, including hydroelectricity generation infrastructure, electricity transmission lines, new roads and railways, and industrial and urban development. The upper layer of water obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, whereas below 130-150 m the water is rich in hydrogen sulphide. As a result, about 87-90 per cent of the water is anoxic, i.e. devoid of oxygen, only the upper layers and shelf waters contain oxygen.
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Women often miss out on crucial labour market mobility opportunities during the early stages of their careers as this period coincides with the arrival of children in the household. Policy can limit the loss of labour mobility opportunities by taking measures that facilitate employment and make work financially attractive even when combined with care commitments. Child and out-of-school hours supports, in-work credits and policies that promote leave-taking among fathers (Chapters 16-18) can help to reduce gender participation gaps.
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Furthermore, such a standard for emissions can avoid a large increase in electricity prices in the early stage of its introduction, which would otherwise be necessary to trigger low carbon investments. The associated argument against this approach is that, it may be less effective at reducing electricity demand than a carbon price. Although it is not clear whether this proposal would create a more stable investment framework and will be applied in the United States (see Box 3), electricity sector mechanisms may be an interesting instrument. They can address the price uncertainty associated with industrial demand of quotas in an economy-wide cap and trade mechanism.
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This raises the issue of market integration, and the degree to which prices of key commodities in India follow or cause price movements in international markets. The evidence presented in Box 2.2 suggests that for some commodities, such as rice, Indian markets impact on global markets, but for the most part the connection between the domestic and international markets is weak or non-existent. Weak connection between markets is due to policy structures in India, such as market support prices, intervention programmes, export restrictions and tariffs which sever market linkages (Gulati et al.,
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Photovoltaic systems for direct electricity generation. For example, while photovoltaic is useful if the end-user needs electricity, thermal technologies are appropriate for heating water for residential, domestic and industrial sectors and for steam-based energy uses, such as turbines and power plants. Other considerations when making a selection are presented in a scorecard in the module on increasing knowledge of technological choices. Solar water heating technology for the residential sector is widespread in many Arab countries, with the biggest success stories in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine andTunisia.
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To change this situation, the association of private forest owners "Nasa Suma" (http://www.nasasuma.com) was established in 2006 in Celinac with the mission of improving the situation in private forest management. The Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining has provided support to the private sector in the form of subsidies to export-orientated companies in the wood processing industry' (mostly on improvement of facilities, but also for achieving required standards). The total amount of suppport provided in the period 2006-2013 was around 27.5 million KM (106 companies received subsidies in 2013).
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Circular issued by state institutions in the framework of the freies ermessen principle. Circular in administrative law is known as policy regulation/ belleidsregel. The Supreme Court as a state institution also has the authority to issue circular letters. This paper focused on the standard circular issued by the Supreme Court. This paper was legal research that was carried out with the statute approach and conceptual approach. Based on the analysis, circulars issued by the supreme court contained restrictions, namely that they should not influence the judge in examining the case.
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Various functions of the Union Parishad are executed through these standing committees, and women from reserved seats would head one-third of them. The bill also provides for the formation of the Samaj Unnayan Committee in every ward consisting of the member of the reserved seat, who shall also be its chair (The Local Government (Union Parishads) (Amendment) Act, 2001). Panchayat raj is a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of administration. It has three levels: gram (village, though it can comprise more than one village), janpad (block) and zilla (district).
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Israeli wells further inland are less prone to seawater intrusion, with a net outflow of 20-23 MCM/yr45 of groundwater from the Coastal Aquifer Basin to the sea occurring in the Israeli part of the basin. In the Sinai Peninsula, groundwater levels have also dropped below sea level in the vicinity of major population centres like Arish and Rafah. In Israel, lateral hydraulic connections to older saline groundwater exist in the hinterland. As the salt front has moved from inland areas towards the coast, salinity has increased considerably over the past 70 years (Figure 6).
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Students trained to become teachers often obtain very low scores, compared with other students, on cognitive tests such as Saber PRO (Baron and Bonilla, 2011). Third, despite recent reforms introducing some elements of performance-based compensation and promotion, and the possibility to fire low-performing teachers, there is still a high degree of teacher absenteeism (estimated at 10% on average, and reaching 40% in rural areas). Experience in India suggests that monitoring coupled with financial incentives based on teacher attendance can reduce teacher absence and raise educational outcomes (Duflo et al.,
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‘Conceptual Framework and Research Methods for the Israeli Legal Field in the OPT’ by Maayan Geva introduces Bourdieu’s sociology of the field as means for unpacking international law’s past and present in the Israeli/Palestinian locality. Focusing on key Israeli legal institutions and agents, namely the military legal system (MAG Corps) and specifically its International Law Department (ILD), the High Court of Justice, human rights, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), legal academics and the Ministry of Justice, it investigates the making of ‘law’ and ‘legality’ as a historically situated, dynamic, power-driven process in the making.
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This chapter focuses on what it would take to make innovative mobility services accessible and acceptable to, and useable by, older people and people with physical, sensory or cognitive impairments. This is due to a close correlation between age and disability, as populations age, disability becomes more prevalent. Virtually every country in the world is experiencing growth in the number of older people in their population.
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However, when comparing findings across research, a number of caveats need to be raised. First, broadband exhibits a higher contribution to economic growth in countries that have a higher adoption of the technology (this could be labelled the "critical mass" or "return to scale" theory"14). Second, broadband has a stronger productivity impact in sectors with high transaction costs, such as financial services, or high labour intensity, such as tourism and lodging. Third, in less developed regions, as postulated in economic theory, broadband enables the adoption of more efficient business processes and leads to capital-labour substitution and, therefore loss of jobs (this could be labelled the "productivity shock theory").
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This commitment is reflected in Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5), the standalone goal on gender equality, and in the gender-specific targets included across the other SDGs, such as SDG8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth (United Nations, 2015a). Persistent challenges include stagnating female labour force participation, gender wage gaps, entrenched discriminatory social norms and stereotypes, and high rates of violence against women and girls. All have detrimental effects on women’s rights and well-being and on national development outcomes. Ferrant and Kolev (2016) showed that reducing gender-based discrimination in social institutions could - depending on the chosen scenario - lead to an annual increase in the global GDP growth rate of between 0.03 and 0.6 percentage points by 2030.
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sdg5
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In contrast, public health funding accounts for more than 8% GDP in Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, France, Japan and Germany. Health spending, however, only increased by 3.0% annually, less than the OECD average of 3.4%. Between 2009 and 2013, the Latvian recovered more quickly from the financial crisis than other OECD economies, with annual GDP growth of 4.3% on average, compared to the OECD average of 1.1%. Growth in health spending during this period was, however, no different to the OECD average at 0.6% during the same period.
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sdg3
|
In the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as the liberal AIEs more generally, this defamilialization has been largely market-based. By contrast, Northern Europe has transitioned via an expansion in the public provision of care (see section 3.1.3 on social democratic AIEs). Both regimes are consistent with higher rates of female labour force participation and fertility, though with markedly different results for the distribution of social reproduction. Getting back to the question of social reproduction and growth, higher wages for women are good for growth, but highly familial, privatized structures of care mean that higher wages and market participation among women may pose a threat to human capacities production and ultimately compromise growth. Geographically, these regimes are concentrated among the countries in Northern Europe. Labour market policies promote full employment and wage equality across different groups of workers, ensuring ample tax revenue and lower reliance on the welfare state (Esping-Anderson 1996).
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sdg5
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Missed diagnostic opportunities and English general practice: a study to determine their incidence, confounding and contributing factors and potential impact on patients through retrospective review of electronic medical records. Literacy and health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Cost-Effectiveness of a Computerized Provider Order Entry System (COPE) in Improving Medication Safety Ambulatory Care ,Value Health.
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sdg3
|
Increasing the minimum wage may also have a small effect on reducing poverty among the working poor although, as the earlier review noted, wage increases are by themselves usually insufficient for poverty avoidance. This form of support is likely to become increasingly important if events unfold as in the “Golden Age?” While labour supply is likely to be the focus of policy under the Golden Age?”,
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sdg1
|
They also provide a means for the participating education systems to measure their progress towards better student outcomes. While academic success is important, progress on student well-being, participation and engagement in learning both benefits students directly and supports improvements in student achievement. This is evidenced by the range of new initiatives and programmes being put in place across participating jurisdictions and the focus on Indigenous students within each ministry.
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sdg4
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Analysis of this ‘big data’ can, give immediate indications of population movements, for example, or other behaviour that can be useful before and after disaster events. Cell phones can also be valuable for general disaster management — receiving text messages and warnings of incoming disasters, and also transmitting crowd-sourced imagery of damage and impact. But taking full advantage of these is difficult for governments. A specific application might only have a lifespan of five to ten years.
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sdg13
|
However, it may reflect a higher proportion of jobless households at the bottom end of the distribution, which are not directly affected by cuts in minimum wages. In fact, lower minimum wages may raise the job prospects of low-skill individuals, improving at the margin the income of these households. In contrast, cuts in minimum wages may have more detrimental income effects on workers whose earnings are closer to the median wage.
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sdg10
|
This may require a component of community education, as some MoEs have indicated that there is often parental pressure for schools to maintain a strong focus on preparing students for exams. However, the success of a number of initiatives focused on introducing sustainable livelihoods in the curriculum, as well as attitudinal surveys, such as one which UNESCO has carried out on HIV/AIDS education, suggest that a focus on life skills may be a good entry point for bridging school-based and community-based ESD. Under this programme, the Education Development Centre (EDC) has assigned interested CSOs to particular schools to work with students on a selected ESD-related project.
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sdg13
|
The following introduction reviews the gaps in extant International Relations theory regarding foreign intervention in ethnic and ethnonational conflicts, proposing ways in which Rationalist and Constructivist approaches to International Relations could contribute to our understanding of such phenomena. The introduction then provides an overview of the special issue's five articles, which draw upon evidence from Africa, the Balkans, Northern Ireland, and the Basque Country to highlight the benefits and drawbacks of third-party intervention in ethnic and ethnonational conflicts. In doing so, they highlight many of the most salient issues affecting the practice of intervention and peacebuilding today.
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sdg16
|
It has broad appeal to female audiences and is suitable for adaptation for countries facing similar trends. Associated with SDG 16, governance systems for sport also need to be fully accountable in addressing issues of gender-based violence and harmful practices, in order to command the confidence of all girls and women involved in sport. The scale of the gender equity issues associated with sport calls for strong enactment of a range of policy options. These options include recourse to wider systems of regulation and involve gender-sensitive systems of funding distribution and re-distribution, and various approaches to data and information gathering and dissemination that build awareness and ensure accountability.
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sdg5
|
The large parks are complemented by: 1 strict nature reserve (I), 58 small nature reserves (IV), and 1185 natural monuments. The management of two protected areas has been contracted out to third parties. The Secovlje Salina Landscape Park, at the southern end of the coast, is managed by a private company (Box 2.3), while the DOPPS was granted a licence to manage the nearby Skocjanski Zatok Nature Reserve.
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sdg6
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The service can be booked by telephone, fax, post and email. This service is not free of charge (EUR 20/hour for older people), but half of the cost can be deducted from annual income tax. Persons who are accompanying older people are also required to show them how to travel safely, to guide them in the city and to explain the basics of public transport and networks.
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sdg11
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Introduced in 2003, it is a compensation programme whereby developers causing biodiversity loss in forested areas are charged an in-lieu fee which is paid into the Mexican Forest Fund, managed by the National Forestry Commission. The fees are then used by the commission to carry out the compensatory restoration activities. This chapter reviews the design and implementation features of the Compensation for Land-Use Change in Forested Areas Program. It discusses the key reforms to the programme over its ten years of implementation, the lessons learned and concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities that exist for the future of the programme.
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sdg15
|
Landslides and landslips are also great threats in the region. The local farmers led the process themselves with support from CIAT-CIRAD2 at first, which was then continued by CIPRES. Researchers and farmers work together to develop stronger and better food plants that are better suited and resistant to droughts, pests and diseases, with good plant size, greater yield, better quality of final product in term of taste, nutritional qualities and forage for animals. The work has been done with local varieties of maize, beans, sorghum and millet that were gathered and introduced into different agroecological conditions at different elevations.
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sdg2
|
The level of education is captured by two dummy variables, the first one being equal to unity for all individuals who have at least finished upper-secondary education, and hence also takes value one for those who have a tertiary degree. The second one being equal to unity for all individual who have finished tertiary education. Hence, the coefficient on the first dummy gives the impact of an upper-secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education relative lower-secondary education or less and the coefficient on the second dummy gives the impact of tertiary education relative to upper-secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. Since this technique is still fairly new, the more established approach by Koenker and Bassett (1978) is also used by Fournier and Koske (2012).
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sdg10
|
In this article, we consider the conduct of post-apartheid health care in a policy context directed toward entrenching democracy, ensuring treatment-adherent patients, and creating a healthy populace actively responsible for their own health. We ask how tuberculosis treatment, antiretroviral therapy, and maternal services are delivered within South Africa's health system, an institutional site of colonial and apartheid injustice, and democratic reform. Using Foucauldian and post-Foucauldian notions of governmentality, we explore provider ways of doing to, for, and with patients in three health subdistricts. Although restorative provider engagements are expected in policy, older authoritarian and paternalistic norms persist in practice. These challenge and reshape, even 'undo' democratic assertions of citizenship, while producing compliant, self-responsible patients. Alongside the need to address pervasive structural barriers to health care, a restorative approach requires community participation, provider accountability, and a health system that does with providers as much as providers who do with patients.
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sdg16
|
The unabsorbed demand may be balanced by imports from non-affected producing regions. But even a significant shock in a smaller (price taker) market may result in relative entry of competing regions products that have acquired a cost advantage. When extreme weather events hit regions that are significant exporters of agriculture commodities, international food prices can soar on spot and future markets.
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sdg6
|
Do countries identify clear funding sources and adopt a multi-year budget approach? Is the role for the private sector, international donors or agencies specified, and to what extent? Do the plans address specific constraints, such as in the areas of skills, resources, capacity, legislation, environmental impacts and financing sources? Is a detailed pipeline of projects provided, and life-cycle analysis of project preparation?
|
sdg9
|
By this measure, Japan averaged 28.1 children per primary school class in 2008, compared to the OECD average of 21.6. For middle school, Japan had 31.2, compared to the OECD average of 23.9. As one expert wrote, “One has to think of education in Japan as an enormously elaborated, very expensive testing system, with some educational spin-offs, rather than as the other way around” (Dore, 1982). The government does not conduct surveys on high school students’ participation in out-of-school education.
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sdg4
|
This also helps tackle the immense investment needs in the sector. Savings from reduced energy-related social subsidies after eneigy-efficiency investments are implemented creates a revenue stream, which is consolidated through the newly established Energy Efficiency Fund. Parliament recently adopted the Law on the Energy Efficiency Fund (2017).
|
sdg7
|
The presumption of innocence, which places the burden of proof in criminal proceedings on the prosecution, is to be found in most declarations of human rights and constitutional bills of rights. But it is under attack, and the purpose of the lecture was to examine the justifications for confining the presumption, for eroding it through exceptions, for evading it, and for side-stepping it. How strong are the various arguments of public policy and crime control that are often said to support these threats to the presumption of innocence?
|
sdg16
|
Why have some democracies made considerable progress in elucidating and prosecuting human rights violations committed by preceding dictatorships, while others still have amnesty laws that prevent —or at least hinder— the approval of such policies? We aim to demonstrate that, during democratization periods, the more legal the previous dictatorial repression, and the more direct judicial involvement in it, the more resistance there will be to apply policies of transitional justice. We will compare the Spanish case with those of Chile and Argentina. The establishment of democracy following a right-wing dictatorship responsible for the systematic violation of human rights forced all three countries to consider how best to confront this violent past. Once democracy has been consolidated, additional explanatory factors will account for the presence or absence of judicial accountability.
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sdg16
|
However, while the programmes in place could achieve their objectives in the short term, it is likely that in the long term they do not contribute to structural transformation as this type of support encourages agricultural activities regardless of whether they are economically viable or not. Furthermore, for the majority of programmes in these countries an “exit mechanism” does not exist in which farmers can “graduate” from the programme, which may create a condition where farmers benefit from the resources allocated by the government even if they do not meet the requirements anymore (i.e. do not need it). This can lead to situations where farmers lack incentives to diversify their income or to increase their productivity (OECD, 2010).
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sdg2
|
This is not true of those applicable to the sphere of occupational safety and health, however, or of the commitment to offer minimum guarantees in the different branches of social security. Nonetheless constitutional guarantees, as a fundamental framework, generally recognize and provide for protection of the rights analysed. Yet there are situations in which a right is protected by the Constitution, but the relevant convention has not been ratified. Lastly, labour codes usually address each of the risks indicated with specific rules, although the contents vary from one country to another.
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sdg8
|
In this article, the author explores the challenges for sexual citizenship campaigns as same-sex marriage emerges as a touchstone for progressive politics in Australia and beyond. Analysing popular media and public debate, she argues that there is much to be learned from recent critiques of liberal and colonial feminisms. Jasbir Puar argues that the ‘woman question’ is currently being supplemented or supplanted by the ‘gay question’ as a marker of a nation’s modernity, democracy and ‘civilization’. In the context of widespread support for marriage equality, an urgent challenge is how to respond to an emerging ‘homonationalism’ in public culture which positions the West on ‘the right side of history’ in contrast to homophobic Islam, and a liberal version of gay rights which obscures ongoing discrimination and injustice.
|
sdg16
|
Pressure on aquifers will increase as farms try to offset missing precipitation with increased pumping, and aquifer recharge rates will decrease. There will be major consequences for the livestock sector if forages are depleted and cattle herds have to be reduced. Competition for scarce irrigation water for crops will require new water allocation schemes if the water supply is not to be exhausted. In addition, increased variability in rainfall will lead to increased variability in incomes, which will make access to credit and insurance even more important if farms are to be viable over a longer time period.
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sdg6
|
Child Poverty in Vietnam - Providing Insights Using a Country-Specific and Multidimensional Model”, Social Indicators Research,98 (1), 129 - 145. False Positives or Hidden Dimensions - What Can Monetary and Multidimensional Measurement Tell Us about Child Poverty T,International Journal of Social Welfare, DOI: 10.1111/j. Poverty: an Ordinal Approach to Measurement”,Econometrica, 44 (2), 219-231. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. First Things First: Meeting Basic Human Needs in Developing Countries,Oxford University Press, New York.
|
sdg1
|
The dominant discourse in accommodating the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia during Suharto’s regime was one of assimilation, which forcefully aimed to absorb this minority into the national body. However, continuous official discrimination towards the Chinese placed them in a paradoxical position that made them an easy target of racial and class hostility. The May 1998 anti-Chinese riots proved the failure of the assmilationist policy. The process of democratization has given rise to a proliferation of identity politics in postSuharto Indonesia. The policy of multiculturalism has been endorsed by Indonesia’s current power holders as a preferred approach to rebuilding the nation, consistent with the national motto: ‘Unity in Diversity’. This paper critically considers the politics of multiculturalism and its efficacy in managing cultural diversity and differences. It deploys the concept of hybridity to describe as well as analyze the complex identity politics of the ethnic Chinese in contemporary Indonesia.
|
sdg16
|
Municipalities can choose the level of control among several different methods. They have the authority to either formulate a plan local d'urbanisme (or PLU, a local uiban plan that includes detailed land-use regulations and sets the zones where construction is permitted) or a carte communale (the municipality map demarcating areas where construction is permitted), depending on the context of the municipality. Construction in green fields is only possible when allowed by the PLU or by the carte communale, and municipalities must otherwise comply with the national principle of limiting construction.
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sdg11
|
Recharging also requires a non-contact recharging facility to be installed at the station (such a recharging system is running in other Korean cities such as Jeju, Suwon and Pohang). The introduction of compressed natural gas buses is another example of low-pollution transport policy in Sejong. The central government provided a subsidy to Sejong to help the city adopt CNG buses. Sejong’s bus network includes 72 routes, served by 130 buses, among which 24 are BRT types.
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sdg11
|
The initiative makes use of various communication channels. It developed and disseminated digital packages in simplified Arabic (and sometimes French) such as CDs, websites and audiotapes. The WRCATI also runs telephone hotlines in some countries, where operators who speak the national language have been trained in answering legal questions and offering advice.
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sdg5
|
At the same time new jurisdiction or wider jurisdiction is given to other bodies, thereby increasing their involvement in the licensing process. It should be pointed out that municipalities are currently responsible for licensing establishments that process fisheries and aquaculture products. The General Directorate for Fisheries and Aquaculture is no longer responsible for licensing industrial activity. This breakdown is much the same as in previous years. Facilities for preparing and conserving fresh and frozen fish are still most numerous, followed by those for producing dried and salted products.
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sdg14
|
The Directive requires Member States to create systems that allow final stakeholders and distributors to return e-waste free of charge. To guarantee environmentally sound treatment of the separately collected e-waste, the E-waste Directive lays down treatment requirements for specific materials and components of e-waste, and for the treatment and storage sites. This legal framework uses the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility, which requires producers to organise and/or finance the collection, treatment, and recycling of their products at end-of-life.
|
sdg12
|
In particular, they should interact with and/or facilitate water stewardship efforts by agro-food sector companies. The rest of this section will look at these three aspects (additional programmes, adapting policies, co-ordination with other actors) successively, encompassing different types of approaches based on the existing literature and illustration from existing programmes. The level of action can vary by region, state or province, to a county or district, or even farms most at risk or most responsible for water risks, and could expand if successful in the hotspot area if funding allows.
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sdg6
|
T able 24 overleaf provides an overview of the five indices. Generally, the characteristics and quality of the habitats in the open land will predominantly be determined by agricultural activities including structural changes, crop use and intensification. Also, infrastructural developments such as road network developments, establishment of power lines, wind farms etc. In more pristine open landscapes, such as open upland landscapes in northern Scandinavia, agricultural activities do not play a significant role (though extensive grazing with reindeer may locally result in notable impacts on the habitats).
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sdg15
|
They may suffer abuse and difficulties when travelling on public transport. Transport operators may refuse concessionary fares (a problem also experienced by students). P.. J. Hine 120141 Poverty end sustainable transport: Hour transport affects poor people v/ith policy implications for poverty reduction.
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sdg11
|
Hope that, through the efforts of those working to protect the park, we can maintain an example of a working green economy providing both stability and conservation. The impact of wildlife crime cannot be overstated. The illegal exploitation of natural resources has led to the critical endangering of thousands of species around the world through poaching and the destruction of delicate and vital ecosystems. Comprising over 7,800 square kilometres of forests, savannahs, swamps and glaciated peaks, the park poses significant challenges to those tasked with its protection.
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sdg15
|
Intelligence studies has grown tremendously as an academic discipline in recent years. At key international conferences in the field, such as the Intelligence Studies Section of the International Studies Association (ISA) annual convention, there is not only a broad range of topics under discussion, but attendance by a good mix of academics and practitioners. In many ways, this reflects the broadening and deepening of security actors in the post-Cold War world. But this depth and breadth poses interesting challenges for the discipline: Should it be an interdisciplinary field of study or a more defined and prescribed discipline? Perhaps more importantly, is intelligence studies an adjunct to the intelligence sector or a critical commentator on it? This article seeks to address these questions, arguing for a broad, interdisciplinary approach that combines critical education about intelligence with equipping prospective policymakers with professional skills.
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sdg16
|
It is fair to say that it is a growing market in Norway where different actors offer AfL packages, and from a research point of view, not all of these packages are seen as high quality tools. The policy programme could be seen as a sign of distrust of the teaching profession, as well as of Teacher Education, since it both suggested which material should be read, and offered examples of how to practice AfL in classrooms. This, according to the researchers, suggested that teachers were not able to develop assessment practices for themselves, and therefore needed recipes to know how to do it.
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sdg4
|
The issue of low noise vehicles (i.e.: electric/hybrid cars) needs to be investigated further, not least as the use of electric scooters or electric vehicles for mobility impaired persons increases. It has to be decided how to adapt infrastructure so that these vehicles can be used under conditions of appropriate safety, both for the users, if they have to share space with cars, and for pedestrians and/or bicyclists, when they have to share the space with them. The international databases that contain crash data of several European countries do usually not include data on fatalities per means of transport per age-group.
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sdg11
|
There are a large number of migrants from Fiji living in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States (Mohanty, 2006a). The emigration rate is high in PICs, especially in Samoa, Tonga and Fiji. Table 4 shows that in 2005 the emigration rates for these countries were 35 per cent, 34 per cent and 15 per cent respectively.
|
sdg1
|
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