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The evidence regarding declining returns on job creation is not that clear, however. On the one hand, as it has been demonstrated in diffusion theory, early technology adopters are generally those who can elicit the higher returns of a given innovation. On the other hand, while job creation in traditional industries tends to diminish, the emergence of “new economy” jobs compensates for the former effect. Clearly, the job mix will change over time but the positive net impact will remain.
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In the 2012/13 financial year, a total of USD 18.47 million was transferred to fisheries sector from the UK Government, which is a 79.6% decrease compared with the GFTs in 2005 (Panel C). Total number of registered vessels and total tonnage of the fleet also decreased respectively by 5.3% and 5.7% since 2007. ( Responsibility for fisheries in the United Kingdom lies with the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Scottish Ministers, Minister of the Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Executive Ministers. The principal powers governing the regulation of fisheries are set out in the Sea Fish (Conservation) Acts 1967 and 1992, the Sea Fisheries Act 1968, the Fishery Limits Act 1976, the Fisheries Act 1981, the Sea Fisheries (Shellfish) Act 1967 and the Fisheries Act 1966.
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As a further comparison, the secretariat of the Council for Environmental Cooperation (the organization set up as part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to facilitate coordination of environmental protection in the three countries) employs fewer than 50. Finally, energy security issues are of prime importance to political leadership and it was widely believed that national energy security would be compromised by regional energy trade diat creates import dependency on neighbouring countries. Political and policy mindset was thus working against regional energy connectivity until very recendy. This will have to change if energy connectivity is to take root in the Regjon.
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Alternative solutions, such as utilization of energy sources with lower carbon footprints, can also have implications for the water environment. Hydropower production can contribute to fragmentation of river systems, while the construction of some solar-energy infrastructure consumes significant quantities of water (United Nations Environment Programme, 2012a). Extreme weather events such as droughts and floods, have been affecting food production, with dramatic consequences for various agroecosystems.
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The importance of infrastructure and connectivity is recognized by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9, on industry, innovation and infrastructure. The chapter looks at fixed- and mobile- broadband prices, and the affordability of services in developed and developing regions. In addition to addressing supply-side barriers, it examines demand-side barriers outside the ICT ecosystem, including broader socio-economic inequalities, digital and analogue skills, and the availability of relevant local content. The steep rise in mobile-cellular subscriptions worldwide, which began early in this century, is tailing off as the global penetration rate approaches 100 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. At the same time, there has been a gradual decline in the penetration rate for fixed-telephone subscriptions, owing to the tendency for new users to prefer mobile over fixed lines.
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Depletion of non-renewable resources (including oil and minerals) and degradation of arable land add to the resource pressures. Increased efforts to better manage water resources including through water prices that reflect scarcity of supplies is urgently required. Some countries are now making foreign investments to secure food supplies from other countries where resource constraints are lower, but guidelines for such investments are critical to respect local economies.
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Thirdly, high aquaculture production volumes contribute to the policy objective ‘food security'. There is however an ongoing discussion about the ‘fishmeal trap’, which questions the ethical acceptability of using fish from capture fisheries for the production of high-value fish. Finally, aquaculture product safety and hygiene is important to ensure consumer protection.
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Time series estimates from the World Bank and IMF suggest a wide variation in the degree to which prices are transmitted from international to domestic markets. Among developing countries, the largest passthrough is observed in the countries of Latin America, which are largely open to international trade. In Sub-Saharan Africa the pass-through of rice and wheat prices to countries importing these cereals has been relatively fast, but the transmission of international maize prices has been much weaker.
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Russian Abstract: В настоящей работе в фокусе внимания находится региональная политика в отношении инвалидов, она рассматривается в контексте соответствия принципам Конвенции ООН о правах инвалидов и реальных запросов семей с инвалидами, оцененных на основе социологического опроса. С учетом бюджетной обеспеченности шести пилотных регионов и объемов затрат на социальную политику проведен анализ их сильных и слабых сторон, представлены риски и возможности совершенствования региональной политики.English Abstract: In this paper, the focus is regional policy for people with disabilities, it is considered in the context of compliance with the principles of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and real families queries with disabilities, estimated on the basis of a poll. Taking into account the budget sufficiency six pilot regions and the volume of expenses for social policy analysis of their strengths and weaknesses, presents risks and opportunities for improving regional policy.
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The hospital and emergency care sectors were reorganised, leading to efficiency gains. Primary care was also strengthened, with the aim of focusing more effort on preventive care. Population ageing and worsening rates of smoking and other key risk factors mean that more people are living with chronic disease, and demands on the health system are intensifying. Latvia must continue to undertake reforms, therefore, to optimise performance of the health care system and improve people's health. Key challenges in each of these areas are identified. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
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Countries that spend the most on cash transfers tend to concentrate more on redistribution across the life-cycle (in particular through old-age pensions). In contrast, those countries that focus more on redistribution between the rich and the poor, through extensive use of targeting, spend less. They reduced income inequality, as measured by the fall in concentration of market income before and after transfers, by about 19% in the late 2000s. Those countries that spend the most are not always those where the redistributive impact is strongest.
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An innovation that is accessible to the poorest in advanced economies may only be accessible to the emerging middle classes - rather than the poor - in emerging and developing countries. Innovations such as the Tata Nano - known as the world’s cheapest car - and Narayana Health’s healthcare services (described in Table 1.1) fall into this category, yet are often cited as examples of inclusive innovations, for two reasons. First, these products are potentially relevant to serving the needs of the poorest in advanced countries. Second - similarly to inclusive innovations aimed at the poorest - their objective is to reach groups of people with lower incomes. Hence, it is relevant to include them in an analysis aiming to identify policy lessons on inclusive innovations. It also influences the number of different markets -often limited in size and with specific local demands, posing potential challenges for delivering certain types of inclusive innovations.
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Work with government, industry and unions to establish sustainable industry networks in metropolitan Sydney amongst small and medium-sized enterprises in selective industries in building and construction, manufacturing and business services with the aim of providing opportunities for project identification, technological and product innovation and effective and low cost skills upgrading. Implement community based initiatives aimed at increasing sustainability literacy in schools, community networks and households through the extension of accredited and non-accredited short courses, and strengthening articulation and pathways through secondary, vocational and higher education. Develop new initiatives, in partnership with local government and employment service organisations such as Job Services Australia, to support disadvantaged people to gain access to learning and job opportunities in sustainability tasks and occupations and, in particular, improve opportunities for entry level jobs. Design and implement, in partnership with government and industry, a communications strategy to promote an identity of Sydney as a sustainable city, along with the values, attitudes and skills associated with a low carbon economy and the employment opportunities associated with the transition.
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Summary The tactics of war have profound impacts on tropical forest ecosystems, and modern weapons technologies have greatly increased their destructive potential. Some legal protection is afforded by customary international law, and the international community responded to the Vietnam War by adopting, inter alia, the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions and the 1976 Environmental Modification Convention, which prohibit “long-term” (or “long-lasting”), “widespread,” and “severe” environmental damage. Nevertheless, many regard these and other existing conventions as inadequate, especially as applied to internal conflicts. More recently, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature-World Conservation Union (IUCN) put forth a Draft Convention on the Prohibition of Hostile Military Activities in Internationally Protected Areas. This paper analyzes the IUCN Draft Convention-particularly issues of prior designation of protected areas, waiver of protection, and monitoring and enforcemen...
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In our mediatised and visually-driven era, international law, its institutions and practitioners feel the pull of publicity, engage with communicative platforms and negotiate the politics of representation. There is increasing attention given to the visual dimension of law and to the power of the image. In the fields of human rights and international criminal justice, in particular, film has been used as evidence, and for advocacy and outreach. There is also a growing and significant literature beginning to consider the role played by film and representation within our discipline.
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The analysis also draws on relevant insights from the Fifth National Reports. Nearly all NBSAPs refer to development (and poverty alleviation) in one way or another, but few have established priority actions that specifically link socio-economic development and biodiversity objectives, and fewer have identified indicators against which to monitor progress. On the whole, more recent NBSAPs tend to fare better with regard to mainstreaming than those that are outdated.
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It assesses governance of the AIS in ASEAN, investments in innovation, institutions for facilitating knowledge flows in the AIS, and systems for cross-country co-operation on innovation within the region. The chapter concludes with recommendations for promoting sustainable agricultural productivity growth across the region by improving the enabling environment and innovation systems in ASEAN. But there are gaps in the agricultural innovation systems of most ASEAN countries. As a result, some countries do not have the necessary domestic research capacity to respond to the challenges facing their agricultural sectors, and not all farmers are reached by extension services.
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As an example, the governments of Australia and New Zealand have jointly developed the National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS), the components of which may be incorporated into state and territory legislation, in varying degrees across jurisdictions. In Canada, inter-jurisdictional transboundary water governance mechanisms (such as the International Joint Commission, the Mackenzie River Basin Board and the Prairie Provinces Water Board) serve as collaborative forms to address issues of water quality and quantity. In a first category of countries, these functions are carried out by ministerial departments and/or public agencies, in a second category of countries, such duties rely on specific regulatory agencies in the water sector, and a third category of countries, in the middle of the continuum, significant regulatory powers are granted to specific actors at national level. In Mexico, most environmental regulatory powers are in the hands of the Federal Commission for Protection against Health Risks (Comision Federal para la Proteccion contra Riesgos Sanitarios).
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This article explores the reception of John Dewey’s philosophical pragmatism by scholars in African American religion and ethics and argues that Dewey’s usefulness in these disciplines has not yet run dry. Cornel West and Eddie S. Glaude Jr. have drawn on Dewey’s work to inform their scholarship on black religion. In response to Glaude’s account of “post-soul politics” (by which he means the contemporary political struggle for racial justice, which is frustrated by excessive deference to the civil rights and black power movements), I suggest that cultivating a virtue of improvisation can facilitate democratic progress. Drawing on Dewey and Ralph Ellison to imagine such a virtue, I argue that improvisation could help democratic moral agents respond well to contemporary crises such as the mass incarceration of black men. I conclude that resources are available in black communities for democratic Christians to use in the struggle against racial injustice.
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ATCk restricts its jurisdiction by imposing some doctrines such as minimum contact, forum non-convenience, political question, international commuty and act of state doc trine. Besides that, it also ignores the international criminal law principles such as pre sumption of innocence, expeditious trial, equity ofarms and the atendance ofthe suspect in the court. The existence of par im parem in habet Imperium principle recognized in international law causes the decision of American Courtis meaningless.
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Dans le cours de cette etude, les comparaisons sont realisees entre l’EFP et la formation academique a niveau d’education equivalent: ainsi, les resultats de la premiere option (3e option) sont compares a ceux de la deuxieme option (4e option). Selon les objectifs poursuivis, d’autres comparaisons sont possibles et pourraient dresser un tableau different par rapport a celui presente dans cette etude.
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The second round table was co-chaired by Noel Nelson Messone (Gabon) and the Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation and Head of the Federal Agency for Forestry of the Russian Federation, Ivan Valentik. The Co-Chair (Mr. Valentik) summarized the discussion on renewed commitments to the implementation of the international arrangement on forests beyond 2015, saying that the round table had provided a good opportunity to share experiences on best practices and lessons learned. In emphasizing their countries’ commitment to combating deforestation and forest degradation, some participants gave examples of how their forest-related priorities and objectives had been incorporated within broader sustainable development strategies. Meanwhile, a number of participants described ways in which forests in their countries contributed to wider policy objectives, including ecotourism, the promotion of health and well-being and the development of a green economy, and the importance of taking these wider objectives into account when formulating and implementing forest policies.
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In an urban barrio on the outskirts of a Bolivian city, the municipal government engages in a variety of techniques to regulate and manage the illegal settlers and the lands they occupy on the urban periphery. These forms of governmentality are underscored by a paternalist discourse that enjoins barrio residents to embrace urban inclusion as part of a generalized urban Bolivian family. Barrio residents desire such inclusion as a path to citizenship and the socioeconomic rights that such belonging entails, but are skeptical of paternalist rhetoric and the claims of Bolivian politicians to be 'good fathers' to their barrio children. This article examines the engagement between municipal leaders and barrio residents in the struggle to subject one urban neighborhood to state authority.
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This is important in MODA as its primary focus is not on composite indices. However, the equal weighting scheme is also used when a composite index is presented within MODA.21 Evidently, other choices can be made and defended when the objectives of the analysis are different. To avoid making arbitrary decisions, the current interactive applications of MODA present the outcomes for all possible cut-off points, and thus incorporate all three methods. The union approach is used to identify all of the deprived, since any deprivation is seen as a non-fulfilment of children's rights.
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The Caribbean is the most tourism-dependent region in the world, with Antigua/Barbuda and Aruba topping the list. On the other end of the scale, the least tourism-dependent countries are Guinea Bissau and Papua New Guinea. Funded by the UK Travel Foundation with assistance from CRSTDP and EU, First Choice and TUI.
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Both Embrapa and Oepas implement R&D projects considered most relevant. The federal role in rural extension is more focused on family agriculture and led by the Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA). In the case of public organisations these systems are closely linked to federal and state ministries or secretaries.
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In the case of technological disasters, there is sometimes no precedent for a given disaster. The full impact of such disasters cannot always be fully anticipated or measured. This topic should include information on the identification and characterization of different types of events, including information on type of disaster, location, date of occurrence and duration.
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It also fuels mistrust which hinders long-term investments and restricts possibilities for gaining funding from the traditional banking sector which finances practically all working capital, infrastructure works and machinery and equipment purchase. In addition, and under agreements between the international NGO Rainforest Alliance and the government, and in programmes such as those implemented by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in conjunction with Grupo Financiero de Occidente (FIDOSA), medium-term financing mechanisms have been adopted along with technical assistance giving access to credit for the forestry sector. Nonetheless, concessions displaying a poor economic performance have slim chances of benefiting from such mechanisms. The Central National School of Agriculture (ENCA) offers specialist technical courses leading to the qualifications of Forestry Expert and Technician in Conservation and Management of the Tropical Forest.
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The data are collected by the World Health Organization (WHO) annually and show solid and linear growth over the period 2003-2013. The growth of the number of connected institutions has grown an impressive 600 per cent from an original baseline in 2003 of 792 connected institutions to 5 584 at the end of 2013. The monitoring of the adoption of eHealth strategies is proposed as another data source. An eHealth strategy can be a good indication of a government's view of the importance of eHealth and the role it will play in strengthening the health sector, including the building of connectivity. The WHO Global Observatory for eHealth reports that the number of countries with eHealth strategies is showing a steady rise. In 2009, 55 countries indicated that they had eHealth strategies and in 2013 this number had grown to 85.
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The goal is to group the water users of these 11 small central irrigation systems in a bigger water users association in order to have better understanding of the situation and then to streamline the rehabilitation of these systems. The second component is related to river basin management. The project will contribute to improving the monitoring network through the purchasing of equipment for real-time water quality monitoring, developing a GIS database and training Agency “Apele Moldovei” specialists.
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Linking existing education information systems to labour market information and making better use of assessment information are needed to raise performance, and greater attention to presently overlooked disadvantaged students is needed. National education policy makers in Lithuania sometimes lack the organisational and analytical capacity to play the convening and steering role for which they are responsible. Likewise, education institutions sometimes lack the capacity for self-management they need in a system providing wide autonomy.
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These diverse concepts were explored but not fully resolved at the 2012 Rio+20 conference. Ethiopia is one of the first countries in Africa to embrace these concepts. Ethiopia’s challenge is to improve economic growth, as part of what is required to eliminate poverty, while avoiding the environmental damage that would both undermine its productive natural resource base and contribute to global climate problems.
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They are governed by councils whose functions and duties include governing their institution and appointing its vice-chancellor or chief executive. Expenditure on educational institutions at all levels is 7.3% of GDP, above the OECD average of 6.3% (see Figure 8). Between 2005 and 2010, New Zealand has increased its spending by 0.8 percentage points, above the OECD average of 0.4 percentage points. As in most OECD countries, a large portion of expenditure on educational institutions comes from public sources (82.6%, compared to the OECD average of 83.6%).
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School autonomy in content, hiring and salaries is also associated with higher student learning outcomes on average (Hanushek et al., The decomposition results show that 11% of the explained part of the achievement gap is driven by differences in the responsibility for curriculum and resources. The first term on the right hand-side corresponds to the part of the differential in educational performance attributable to observed individual, school and teacher characteristics, that is, how much students in the bottom quartile would score differently if they had the same individual and school characteristics as students in the top quartile ESCS. The second term, the return effect, shows how much low ESCS students would hypothetically be better if they experience the same production process of schooling given their own characteristics. For instance, the provision of extra-curricular activities in schools is also a driver of socio-economic gaps in achievement. Having creative extra-curricular activities in school appeals to be an important factor in Switzerland, Turkey and the United States, for instance.
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As far back as 2000, teacher education innovators at Jamaica’s Mico Teachers’ College were exploring how teachers could use literature in the classroom to address issues of active citizenship and violence, as well as broader issues related to sustainability and social development. In a related initiative, academic staff at UWI developed a graduate course on literature and ESD, which has gone from being an elective to a course requirement in the language education programme. Another core course in teacher education, entitled Changing Cultures Changing Schools, explores school culture and change management, including an exploration of eco-schools.
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Glossary of Keywords and Definitions Introduction: The Social Psychology of Communication: Towards an 'Inter-Field' Approach D.Hook & B. Franks PART I: INTRODUCING THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION The Developmental Impact of Communicative Interaction J.Hardman Dialogue, Critical Consciousness and Praxis C.Vaughan Non-verbal Communication and Culture A.de-Graft Aikins Social Influence: Modes and Modalities G.Sammut & M.Bauer Pragmatic Theory and Social Relations B.Franks & H.Green Communicative Action and the Dialogical Imagination S.Jovchelovitch PART II: SPECIAL TOPICS IN COMMUNICATIONIdentity and Resistance in Communication C.Howarth Rumours and Gossip as Genres of Communication B.Franks & S.Attia Empty and Full Speech D.Hook Argument and Rhetoric V. Glaveanu with M.Bauer Evolution and Communication B.Franks & J.Dhesi PART III: APPLIED AREAS AND PRACTICE Religion as Communicative Action E.Arens Media Health Campaigns: From Information to Social Change C.Campbell & K.Scott Social Psychology of Political Communication M.C.Nisbet & L.Feldman Science Communication J.Gregory
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Contributions for health are generally fixed at 7.65% of gross income (shared between employees and employers). There is no competition between funds. Patients can also see non-contracted physicians but are reimbursed only for 80% of what insurance would usually pay for contracted care. Payments for non-contracted care account for a large share of out-of-pocket spending.
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Health sector policies are included in the goal of “equity and social justice”. Since the AN, the three governments that have succeeded have honoured the agreed policy guidelines. Even though they have shifted their emphasis over certain issues, successive governments have maintained the main goal set out in the AN of providing universal access to free, continuous, timely, quality health care to the priority population in poor areas and to the vulnerable population. First, the Integral Health Insurance (Seguro Integral de Salud, SIS) was created in 2001 to fund health services for Peruvians who, due to poverty, did not have health insurance.
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Some aspects of this system were inherited from the pre-democratic era, however, the post-Apartheid state has been very active in reforming and adding to this system. There has been a rapid expansion in spending on social assistance over the last between 2000/01 and 2006/07. While spending on most budget items (e.g. education and health) have remained fairly constant in real terms, consolidated expenditure on welfare and social assistance has increased from R30.1 billion (3.2 per cent of GDP) in 2000/01 to R101.4 billion (4.4 per cent of GDP) in 2008/09 (National Treasury, 1998 and 2009).14 This is show'n in Figure 3.3 below'.
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This is likely to be met by imports, mainly from the US and Canada, followed by the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus, largely in the form of wood pellets and, to a lesser extent, wood chips. Belgium, Hungary, the Netherlands and the UK have introduced specific sustainable forest management criteria for forest biomass as well as land criteria for agricultural biomass. Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK have also adopted GHG-saving criteria for biomass used in electricity/ heating.
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Higher market participation among women induced by higherwages does lowerthe time available for human capacities production. But gender egalitarian relations of reproduction, buoyed by strong public support for care and the availability of effective care commodities not only protect against time squeeze, they actually induce an increase in the production of human capacities (quantity and/or quality) in the context of higher incomes. From a citizen-worker-carer perspective, this is the win-win scenario.
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For example, in the United States, a federal brownfield tax incentive was introduced in 1997 which entailed fully tax deductible environmental clean-up costs, including petroleum cleanup. This programme was sunsetted in 2011. Meanwhile, examples from cities abound - for instance, New Yoik City offers grants to property owners and developers to clean up and redevelop brownfields.
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Practices illustrate how OECD countries and non-OECD economies have designed and implemented effective, efficient and inclusive water governance systems. They are meant to be replicable and support bench learning across different stakeholders within cities, regions, basins and countries. Learning from evolving water governance practices is about gaining insights from real examples, looking at what works (or has worked) and seeing how' others have dealt w'ith challenges.
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Food insecurity and malnutrition within a country tends to occur in geographical clusters, and the forces that lead to food insecurity can vary by type of geography. Consequently, a place-based or territorial approach to food insecurity can potentially improve current food security and nutrition (FSN) policies in all types of countries. This reflects two important realities. The first is that it is in rural areas where food is mainly produced, and to the extent that shortages in supply contribute to food insecurity, they must be addressed through improvements in agricultural productivity.
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Countries with a large share of their populations who are adolescents or young people have an opportunity to reap a substantial demographic bonus for their nations’ economies, development, resilience and productivity. This requires investing in adolescents’ and young peoples human capital and expanding the range of choices and opportunities available to them. But many adolescents, especially girls, are denied the investments and opportunities that would enable them to realize their full potential. For example, 26 per cent of the world’s adolescent girls and 17 per cent of boys between the ages of 11 and 15 are not in school.
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In Bangladesh, for example, by 2050, production of rice might drop by 8 per cent — and wheat by 32 per cent. Small Island states could suffer extended periods of droughts, interspersed with heavy rainfall, which could degrade the land and reduce soil fertility, though in high-latitude islands the effects could be beneficial. However, given the present context, it should be determined whether this is being achieved at the cost of food security. Of particular interest is bio-fuel production in the Asia Pacific region.
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These children and young people can become subject to physical and sexual abuse, psychological problems, addiction and other harmful consequences. Women are acutely affected by particular consequences of drug abuse, such as sexually transmitted diseases and the consequences of domestic violence, in addition to being more likely to be affected by drug-facilitated crime. Drug abuse and poverty are often linked in multiple ways.
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It is worth noting that during the “Arab Spring” of 2011 and other anti-government protests in Africa, joblessness was a key issue in bringing youths onto the streets. Similarly, a World Bank (2011) report notes that half of the young people who join a dissident movement cite unemployment as the main reason for doing so. For developing countries, employment elasticities should be around 0.7, and for some African countries even higher, given the rapid rise in labour force growth (Martins, 2013: Khan, 2007).
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In this review, we identified the stream and river types that are disposed to hazardous floods, we identified contemporary ecological restoration practices, and evaluated their ability to mitigate hazardous floods downstream of restored areas. We also discussed whether current restoration practices would work under the flow changes anticipated in the future. Initially, we also wanted to study how restoration affected hydrology, but concluded that poor access to relevant data made this impossible.
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As education attainment is easily observable for employers, it acts as a powerful signalling device for youth trying to enter the labour market. The OECD Skills Outlook 2013 has also shown the importance of cognitive skills (literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments) on labour market outcomes (OECD, 2013b). As shown in Figure A, having attained at least an upper secondary education reduces the probability of having low literacy skills. However, individuals with a similar level of education may not have the same skills, as skill formation depends on the quality of the education system in addition to other factors.
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Since the enlargement of the European Union to 25 countries in 2004 and then to 27 countries in 2007, this problem of ‘the meaning of the median’ has become more pressing. A relative income poverty line based on 50% of median incomes will inevitably struggle to reflect this new diversity. Figure 3 illustrates the problem. This shows, for example, that the 10 richest countries have poverty lines that are higher than the median incomes of the 10 poorest countries.
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The U.S. had a comparative advantage in capital and engineering expertise, but suffered from floods. Canada had a comparative advantage in endowments of water but was limited by absolute capital shortages. Both nations secured what they needed most at a lower cost than either nation could have financed on its own. When total benefits from an agreement exceed total costs, this is a signal that there is a potential for all parties in a transboundary basin to share in the benefits.
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The views of the panel are considered important and are valued as a source of information and knowledge on the concerns and views of business. The panel model provides a way of engaging business, perhaps at the state or even municipal level. The process could be divided into an initial phase to gather the view of SMEs and entrepreneurs on the issues relating to policy and, second, once the policymakers have researched and analysed the policy issues and options to consult on the proposed changes.
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For example, fast-growing cities in Viet Nam, as elsewhere, lack public transport to accommodate travel from suburb to suburb as opposed to a purely radial system designed to move people only between a given suburb and the core of the city. In addition, silo approaches, in which the transport sector lacks co-ordination with other sectors such as construction, land use and housing development, often create a spatial mismatch between the demand and supply of public transport, resulting in inefficient public transport networks and perpetuating inequality'. Housing will be built in areas where land is cheaper, meaning most frequently that low-income residents will be located in outlying and peripheral areas where public transport is either non-existent or is so expensive that ridership is limited and investment is accordingly difficult to mobilise. Indeed, nearby municipalities may come into conflict with one another if they perceive that a neighbour is lacking in commitment to transport integration or is unwilling to invest in a way that is equitable to all partners.
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By IUCN category, these include IUCN lb (1), IUCN II (1), IUCN IV (10), and IUCN V (1), plus 21 sites where the IUCN category is not known. The only nationwide analysis of protected areas is presented in the draft fourth national report to the CBD. However even this rather comprehensive and full report provides controversial information on the number, area and status of protected areas. Based on the new laws on nature protection, each protected area needs to be designated by an individual law, which provides details of boundaries, conservation and use regime, functions, management, control and liability (for example the Law on the Una National Park, September 2009).
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For example, in Azerbaijan, where GDP growth has been spectacular (16.4% annual average growth between 2000 and 2008), the service has not significantly improved over the decade. In Georgia, despite an important average annual GDP growth (6.9%), continuity of service dramatically decreased (from 18 hours/day in average in 2000 to 11 hours/day in 2008). In Ukraine, which had similar GDP growth to Georgia over the decade, the share of the urban population with access to piped water decreased from 94% in 2004 to 80% in 2007.
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The guidelines aim to facilitate public investment in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, by formulating biodiversity specific requirements that need to be taken into account by public agencies when applying for funding (BIOFIN, 2015). In addition, the Ministry of Economy and Finance developed a set of Standards for Public Investment Projects in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to further elaborate the process of public investment in biodiversity (MEF, 2015b, BIOFIN, 2015). It is expected that an increased focus of public expenditure on PIP Verde will contribute to developing an environmental know-how within MEF and, subsequently, foster biodiversity-friendly public investment. The first PIP Verde to meet the guidelines was approved in San Martin, with a budget of PEN 46.5 million.
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Developing a primary care nurse role or care co-ordinator role can not only help manage the increasing demands for health care, but it is also an essential step to help reduce dependency on the hospital sector and increase care co-ordination and integration. The introduction of new roles for nurses or other allied health professionals will require an enabling legislative and regulatory framew ork, and often needs to overcome opposition from medical professionals. Care managers carry primary responsibility for ensuring the coordination of care for elderly individuals with complex needs, and are a first point of contact for such patients and their families.
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It is probably better, therefore, to consider information at the sub-regional level. This is because the most food insecurity is usually found in specific provinces or states, and within these, in particular sub-regions or villages. Not all countries, however, collect sufficient or relevant data to be able to track food insecurity at the local level.
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sdg2
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Previous CCXG work (e.g. Ellis, Caruso and Ockenden, 2013) has highlighted that this is because (i) aggregation and attribution of financial flows to developing countries requires information on outflows from various multilateral climate funds and development banks, and (ii) reporting requirements do not require all the relevant information. Aggregation will also be difficult for information from other Parties providing support, some of whom may have their own tracking and reporting practices. Like for mitigation, external sources of information and analysis, beyond those provided by Parties under the enhanced transparency framework of the Paris Agreement, could inform the global stocktake.
|
sdg13
|
As for career development, the SPC does little to further the creation of a specific framework, and personal relations seem still to facilitate career advancement. Government of Mexico (2003), Ley del Servicio Profesional de Carrera en la Administration Publica (Federal Law on the Professional Career Service in the Federal Public Administration), wvw.diputados.gob.mx/LevesBiblio/doc/260.doc. Standard on Equal Employment Opportunities and Non-discrimination is identified as standard NMX-R-025-SCFI-2015. Source: OECD (2012), "Human Resources Management: Countiy Profiles: Mexico”, Public Employment and Management Woricing Party, and UNDP (2012), "Gender Equality in Public Administration: Mexico Case Study”, United Nations Development Programme.
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sdg5
|
The use of financial instruments is a relatively new concept for biodiversity offsets but is regularly applied in other comparable environmental policy problems. In the mining sector, for example, financial security is generally required to provide a guaranteed level of funding for site rehabilitation at the conclusion of a firm’s operations, even if the company collapses (Burgin, 2008). An important consideration when using financial mechanisms to manage delivery risk is that they create time lags between when a regulator becomes aware that an offset has failed and the time of the biodiversity loss at the development site. Where issues of species persistence are present, using financial risk mitigation may need to be tempered as the time lags involved can increase the risk of unintended, irreversible biodiversity outcomes (e.g. species extinction) (Evans et al.,
|
sdg15
|
Collective violence (war, terrorism, violent political conflicts, genocide, repression, organized criminal activity, disappearances, torture, and a range of other abuses of human rights) killed at least 200 million persons directly or indirectly, and injured many more, during the 20th century (Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, & Lozano, 2002). Recent advances in the science of behaviour can help to explain why humans turn so quickly to collective violent actions in response to threat or opportunity, and why such actions are in a real sense “natural.” However, in the contemporary world the potential costs of relying on these nearly automatic responses are unacceptably high. This paper explores the roots of this violence from the perspective of the natural science of behaviour. Strategies for modifying collective violence should take into consideration motivational factors such as verbal processes and cultural perceptions, shifting motivating antecedents, etc. Rules, models, and structural conditions are also rel...
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sdg16
|
To travel undetected by state authorities and criminal predators, Central Americans pass as Mexican during their journey to the United States. This ‘passing’ underscores the ambiguities of social roles, such as nationality. Over time, these performances partially reconstruct imagined communities, blurring the boundaries between foreigners and citizens. However, international-relations scholarship tends to overlook how uncoordinated everyday practice complicates borders in a globalized world. By tracing the co-constitutive relationship between migration policing, national performances, and transnational routes, this article reveals the makeshift nature of the identities that underscore distinctions between citizens and foreigners. I argue for the continued inclusion of ethnography as a method for exploring the dynamic relationship between territory, state, and nation. Migrants complicate borders, but also suffer the very real, material consequences of both state and nonstate violence. My analysis of clandestine transnationalism therefore chronicles challenges to, and reconfigurations of, sovereignty.
|
sdg16
|
Strategic planning and a long-term vision are required to build the foundation for a flexible, scalable and adaptable electricity system. Emerging economies and developing countries have the opportunity to build up a modern electricity system that meets future requirements, but the pathway for these countries will be different from the one followed in the past. This is due to evolving technical, financial, political, social and environmental conditions that are yielding new opportunities and challenges to simply achieving access to reliable and affordable electricity.
|
sdg7
|
Such a plan should consider both the threat of flooding from inland, upstream areas that flow into Hai Phong, as well as coastal flooding caused by sea-level rise, erosion typhoons or storm surges. Wider co-ordination with surrounding provinces would be critical for such a plan to be effective. Cat Ba Archipelago Biosphere Reserve plays an important role in carbon sequestration and helps to reduce GHG from building up in the atmosphere.
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sdg11
|
In some market segments the price differential between high quality and low quality products14 does not seem sufficient to justify small traders’ investment in becoming familiar with standards and certification and making use of national public-sector laboratory testing and certification services. The varying quality of many agricultural commodities often restricts commercial exchanges to strictly immediate contacts, because of the lack of trust as to the quality shipped and pushes intermediaries to inspect and re-pack consignments at each transfer stage. Furthermore, the perceived risk of low-quality agro-food products exacerbates the shortage of formal credit in the sector. An effective standards system would support the trade orientation of agricultural production by providing technical reference and supporting claims for value addition.
|
sdg2
|
The Nature of Learning: Using Research to Inspire Practice, OECD Publishing. The concept of “formative assessment” emerged with recognition of the importance offeedback and application of navigational metaphors about staying on course through corrective steering. There is substantial evidence, reviewed here, on how feedback improves learning but most studies suffer from weak conceptualisation and neglect of longer-term impacts.
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sdg4
|
What counts is not so much the distinction between domestic and foreign sources but the absence of efficient market signals and the degree of politicisation. Distributional conflicts in the coal industry of the United Kingdom are as detrimental to the security of energy supply as Middle East turmoil. Energy security begins at home.
|
sdg7
|
For example, although the share for cataract surgeiy performed as ambulatory cases (79%) is slightly below the EU average, ambulatory tonsillectomy care (7%) is among the lowest in Europe. In particular, the setting of classifications and standards for accurate description of hospital services were, until recently, consistently met with opposition from medical doctors. Consequently, implementation of proposed reforms, including the introduction of case-based (DRG) payments, lags behind.
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sdg3
|
In one, they simply drop all observations with an unemployment spell spanning two consecutive interviews and, in the other, lagged receipt refers to whether the respondent was unemployed two years ago (rather than one year ago). It turns out that the basic model and the second variant provide similar estimates of the coefficient on lagged unemployment (Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor 2000: Table 3) but the first variant, in which cases with spells overlapping interviews are dropped, leads to rather lower estimates of the coefficient on lagged unemployment (but it remains statistically significantly different from zero). Stewart (2007) also compares estimates of state dependence from a basic DREP model and one from which continuing spells are excluded and finds an even larger decline in the effects of lagged unemployment than Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor: the estimated APE falls from 13 to 3.5 (Stewart 2007: 522).
|
sdg1
|
Table 3 illustrates the size of the underreporting bias, by displaying the rates of hazardous drinkers before and after correction in 10 OECD countries. These estimates corroborate Canadian findings showing that the proportion of adults drinking above 40 grams of pure alcohol daily increases from 5% to 20% after correction in men and from 1% to 6% in women (Shield and Rehm, 2012). This permits to limit smearing data with other sources of bias.
|
sdg3
|
Hulme and McKay, 2008). Secondly, contrary to the assumptions implicitly underlying monetary poverty counts, children are not sovereign consumers who can decide to spend their resources to cover their needs at subsistence level, consumption decisions are (most commonly) not made by children (White et al, 2003). This implies that even in households (just) above the poverty line children may actually be poor because the consumption decisions are not reflecting their specific needs (see also Gordon et al 2003, Minujin et al 2006, Minuji'n and Nandy 2012, White et al 2003, Waddington 2004, for similar arguments concerning children and monetary poverty).
|
sdg1
|
Powerful social forces block the transition from authoritarianism to democracy. Economic, political and social stability has not yet been achieved. The corporatist political and social structures have not been transformed to allow the vast majority to enjoy the basic necessities that ensure a life of dignity. Institutional structures of government, such as an independent judiciary, must be developed and stabilized. The rule of law and the guarantees of due process have to be consolidated and become an accepted, basic requirement of social interaction. Creating a specific kind of deliberative democracy based on the epistemic value of democratic decision making and discussion is the only way forward. This justificatory theory is more likely to allow for equal participation and rational discourse among all segments of the population. Objective information on important societal issues is a necessary prerequisite for such participation. This requires an independent press that adequately performs its democratic...
|
sdg16
|
Employment opportunities for women have increased in non-traditional agriculture (e.g. cut flower production) and in clothing and textile industries, as well as in electronics-oriented Export Processing Zones and services sectors. Many of these jobs are concentrated in export-oriented industries where electronic components are assembled, textiles processed, or garments and shoes produced (Nair et al., Paid employment can increase women’s autonomy and their economic and social status.
|
sdg1
|
Most of them also implement an extensive project at a high academic level, with personal instruction from members of the academic staff. In addition to the scholarship, the participating students also gain experience in the development of software systems or a product, learning the theoretical aspects of the system alongside the practical tools, and obtaining an understanding and level of knowledge that cannot be obtained from in class work. The programme creates a reservoir of capable students who are eligible for employment at the high-tech companies that exist in or relocating to the Galilee.
|
sdg4
|
The high burden of household expenditure on education and the cost of housing places in the Seoul region severe constraints on household budgets, which are important factors in deciding whether or not to have a child and at the same time heightens the risk of poverty (3.3). Korean society has undergone profound changes during the past decades. Most noteworthy is the increase in educational attainment across generations.
|
sdg1
|
Students were asked about how motivated they felt to perform well in school, their relationships with peers and teachers, their home life and how they spend their time outside of school. The results, mostly based on self-reports, complemented the standard PISA proficiency data by providing insight into teenage students’ hopes, aspirations and thoughts about their own lives. In fact, across almost the whole OECD, girls report significantly lower life satisfaction than boys.
|
sdg5
|
One way of minimising the reporting burden would be to report adaptation communications as part of existing reporting tools (e.g. NCs), and to maximise the overlap between what is included in these reports and information needed for efficient national adaptation planning and implementation. At a national level, these benefits could include communicating priorities in adaptation-related needs and actions, evaluating progress towards any national goals, and identifying where support for adaptation is needed. While international reporting of such information would require some resources, this is likely to be small compared to those needed to identify and collate the relevant information for national purposes. International reporting of a country’s adaptation response may also bring further benefits such as attracting international support for proposed adaptation actions or plans.
|
sdg13
|
Thus, as an essential first step in capacity-building, it identifies the need to establish a more robust evidence base on the relationship between environmental change and migration. Third, it suggests changes to the legal and normative framework that, once in place, will provide the scaffolding for future policymaking, even if that policymaking need not take place in every country straight away. The challenges relating to establishing such a database would be significant, including the need to standardize definitions and develop internationally comparable indicators.
|
sdg13
|
In addition, there is an evident lack of infrastructure and institutional support (centres, institutes, agencies and public administration bodies) for adequate protection and sustainable management of biological diversity. Institutions lack cooperation and networking. A framework for the implementation of environmental conventions is not functional. Since 1954 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, there have been 153 areas that belong to one of the protection levels, including protected landscapes, monuments of nature or protected habitats (e.g. forest seed components). However, the classification and registration of these areas are still not in line with the new legislation.
|
sdg15
|
This disruption is suffered by all populations, but the poor and particularly women, are most vulnerable to their negative effects. The marginal lands they tend to cultivate are likely to be worse hit by desertification and soil erosion. Collecting water and wood takes more time and requires walking longer distances, often in adverse or unsafe conditions.
|
sdg2
|
Therefore, Botswana is expected to record a fiscal deficit in FY 2015/16 for the first time in four years. Annual average inflation ended the year in 2015 much lower than in 2014, reflecting lower fuel prices and the government’s commitment to prudent monetary policy. Although rural-urban migration and natural population increase have played a role in urban population increase, the positive trend is mainly due to the reclassification of some villages to urban settlements.
|
sdg11
|
Mexico’s 1971 Agrarian Law granted women the same land rights as men, and consequently they were granted a voice and vote in domestic decision-making bodies. Available from www.fao.org/ gender/landrights/report/en/ (accessed 23 July 2013). In Zambia, the draft national land administration and management policy seeks to implement at least 30 per cent landownership for women.
|
sdg5
|
In addition, IRENA estimates that about 80% of Ukraine’s renewable energy potential is in biomass where most biomass operations could be undertaken by agricultural companies. A commission establishes the level of green tariffs. The feed-in tariffs are paid both to new and existing renewable energy plants. The tariff system was revised in July 2015, reducing the level of tariff for solar (which had been among the highest in the world), establishing a fairer system of quarterly euro-indexation and restructuring the local component requirements (moving to a bonus, rather than a mandatory requirement which had been acting as a barrier to investment).3 The revised tariffs are listed in Table 3.3.
|
sdg7
|
Finally, at the top of the pyramid, regional and continental trading of cereal crops (mainly wheat and rice) is controlled by major traders, who are often close to those in power. Food security relies on the sound functioning of this "food sector", above all for the most destitute urban dwellers but also for rural people in times of crisis. This has underpinned the emergence of a coherent system.
|
sdg2
|
In 2015, the situation is most acute in Northern Africa and Western Asia, where the proportion of young people that is employed is only half of that of the entire working-age population. In 1991, close to half of the workers in the developing regions were living with their families on less than $1.25 per person per day. This rate has dropped to 11 per cent in 2015, corresponding to a two-thirds decline in the number of extremely poor workers, from 900 million in 1991 to 300 million in 2015. However, progress across regions has been uneven.
|
sdg1
|
Annual revenues from water right fees increased from EUR 5 million in 2003 to nearly EUR 17 million in 2007, but decreased to about EUR 10 million in 2009 and in 2010 as the number of new users fell. Abstraction for public water supply has required a water right, but not the payment of a water right fee. However, current reform of the system envisages the introduction of a water right fee for public water supply.
|
sdg6
|
For Kyoto Protocol Parties, GHG inventory reporting was linked to compliance, making review processes focused on recommendations for data to be consistent, transparent, complete, accurate and comparable, and sensitive to improving the quality of national inventory preparation systems. Parties may consider the implications of review as they craft reporting guidelines, as this might influence the type of information guidelines will request or require. Parties cannot report information they have not been able to track.
|
sdg13
|
The no campaign argued that private participation in the water sector was necessary to drive efficiency and provide much-needed investment. By restricting the return on capital, the referendum limits opportunities for water utilities (public and private) to raise capital for investment in capital markets. The plans of a number of privately operated utilities to upgrade parts of Italy’s water network have been shelved. Some public utilities may be able to resort - in the short term - to taxation to repay loans, but this option is not available to private operators, including utilities jointly operated by the public and private sector.
|
sdg6
|
The paper aimed at examining whether good governance, measured by Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido-Lobotan index, has an effect on the firm performance in India. Top 35 companies based on market capitalisation are chosen as sample for the measurement of firm performance. The hypotheses that there is a positive relationship between good governance and the level of firm profitability and good governance has a negative relationship with the variation of firm profitability are tested on dataset composed of some of the largest Indian companies. Simplified structural equation modelling was used for the analysis. All the six governance factors namely, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, voice and accountability, rule of law and control of corruption are significantly fitting in the measurement model to measure good governance, however, there is no significant impact of good governance on the performance of firms.
|
sdg16
|
Today, an estimated 215 million women of reproductive age in developing countries would use family planning if they had access to it. Hundreds of thousands of women are still dying annually from pregnancy-related causes, many that are preventable. In other countries, cultural forces and gender inequality interfere with a women’s ability to exercise her reproductive rights, even when family planning services and supplies are readily available.
|
sdg5
|
The findings of the IPCC served as the scientific basis for the Secretary-General's climate leadership throughout 2015 and provided added urgency to the negotiations under the UNFCCC on the Paris Agreement. As defined by both COP 19 and COP 2o, INDCs were to reflect Parties' planned climate actions, in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, and were to be submitted well in advance of COP 21 and in the first quarter of 2015 by those Parties able to do so. In early 2015, the Secretary-General prioritized engaging leaders on early submission of INDCs, meaning that by the time the COP 21 opened, 188 countries had submitted their INDCs.
|
sdg13
|
In 1990, the Ministry of Education launched the Bilingual Intercultural Education Projectfor 114 rural primary schools with three majority indigenous languages: Quechua, Aymara and Guarani. The project developed into a national policy including more than ten ethno-linguistic groups. The key strategies of the project were linguistic standardization to develop written forms of the indigenous languages involved, training of national human resources for the administration of the programs in the framework of the project, participation of parents, and coordination of efforts among the State, NGOs, and indigenous organizations.
|
sdg4
|
What is less clear is the best way to manage those interactions, the precise channels through which large infrastructure projects can help generate sustained development, whether the benefits derived match the costs incurred and, perhaps most difficult, whether those benefits and costs are shared in ways that generate inclusive outcomes. Nor is it surprising to find that many successful infrastructure programmes were as much the product of political ambition - "bold endeavours” as Felix Rohatyn (2009) put it - as careful public accounting and cold statistical calculation. Indeed, Albert Hirschman, in his seminal study titled The Strategy of Economic Development published exactly 60 years ago, was right in describing laigc-scalc infrastructure planning as “a matter of faith in the development potential of a country or region” (1985: 84).
|
sdg9
|
Sound, professional and timely evaluation procedures need to be established for the selection of projects presented in the framework of support programmes. This requires lean delivery processes that avoid unnecessary red tape, as well as the availability of panels that include experts able to assess the scientific or technological relevance of projects but also their business viability. Panels should include foreign experts.
|
sdg9
|
Quality of mental health care services needs to include not just the quality of specialist services, but also quality of primary care services, and quality of services supplied by other sectors, for example housing or employment services. However, there is often an inability to avoid choosing indicators for quality benchmarking that reflect the data source that is available rather than optimal measures of quality of care, which has perpetuated reliance on inpatient orientated indicators, rather than reflecting the shift in the care delivery patterns. It is crucial that once optimal quality measures have been agreed upon, there is a commitment to work towards collecting these data. The establishment of registers and regular assessment of people with SMI in primary care can help to reduce the burden of physical illness and improve the quality of care (Holt et al.,
|
sdg3
|
Demand Side Energy Efficiency Plan (PPEC) consists of a tender mechanism, by which eligible promoters submit measures to improve electricity efficiency. These measures are selected through technical and economical evaluation criteria. Evaluation of the benefits from PPEC in 2008 were much higher than the correspondent costs, with a ratio of 8:1 in the residential segment, 9:1 in the services segment and 7:1 in the industrial segment.
|
sdg7
|
In addition, removing other tax reliefs - such as reduced taxation of capital gains from the sale of a principal or secondary residence, stock options and carried interest - would increase equity and allow a growth-enhancing cut in marginal labour income tax rates. It would also reduce tax avoidance instruments for top-income earners. Examples include facilitating the accumulation of human capital, making educational potential less dependent on personal and social circumstances, reducing labour market dualism or promoting the integration of immigrants and fostering female labour market participation. Concerning taxation, reducing tax expenditures, for instance for investing in housing, contributes to equity objectives while also allowing a growth-friendly cut in marginal tax rates. For instance, administrative extensions of collective wage agreements may reduce wage earnings dispersion among workers, but if they set labour costs at too-high levels for some employers they may harm competition and productivity and possibly reduce employment.
|
sdg10
|
It is designed to target those living in extreme poverty or just above this threshold. The programme conditions recipiency on actions from beneficiaries in terms of investment in education and medical check-ups for children and pregnant women. It was launched in 1997 with coverage limited to rural areas before extending to urban areas since 2001.
|
sdg1
|
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