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For example, keywords such as “ICT” and “digital” were more than 50 times more frequent in the description of core ICT activities than in other activities. Other words such as “Internet”, “broadband” and “cyberspace” w'ere more than 100 times as frequent. Similarly, words such as “scientific” and “research” were more than 10 times more frequent in “core” research activities than in other development activities.
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The research suggested ‘bundling’ HIV interventions with those issues of great importance to communities. It targets poverty, malnutrition and school enrolment. Here, the District Assembly manages a community-based system to identify the poorest households, in a complex logistical and technical environment, requiring payments to thousands of households scattered over hundreds of miles, without sophisticated information technology back-up.
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The initial decision text leaves open whether incentives to reduce deforestation would take the form of carbon credits or direct financial assistance. The Fund aims to deliver cost-effective emission reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. The BioCarbon Fund can consider purchasing carbon from a variety of land use and forestry projects, the portfolio includes Afforestation and Reforestation, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation and is exploring innovative approaches to agricultural carbon.
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Recent changes have enabled more substitution by increasing the role of nurses and midwives in health system organisation. Yet no clear plan exists on how to pursue this direction in the coming years. Furthermore, the workforce is ageing and the nurse to population ratio is declining (see Section 4).
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According to various ECLAC studies, this is mainly due to the phenomenon of educational devaluation, since full secondary education was generalized in the last decade and no longer allows rapid access to the labour market in good conditions or guarantees escape from poverty (ECLAC/OIJ, 2008, ECLAC, 2004b, ECLAC, 2000b). Young people with university diplomas are also affected proportionately more, although this is mainly due to their greater willingness to hold out for jobs of appropriate quality suited to their skills (ECLAC, 2002). Gender criteria still play a very big role in staff selection.
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Also, several illnesses other than cancer should be looked at simultaneously, which would be very data demanding. As an alternative, life expectancy can be selected as the health variable. It could be argued that life expectancy variables show little variation among OECD countries and over time (and thus do not help discriminating between policy effects). However, weak variability among countries does not seem to be borne out by the data, even if only OECD countries are considered11.
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Women Rights are part of Human Rights, which are considered important in every society. These rights are inalienable and indivisible rights held by all, and are the basic standards of equity and justice without which people cannot live with dignity. The situation of Women Rights in Pakistan is complex as a result of country’s diversity, large population, its status as a developing country and a sovereign Islamic Republic as well as Islamic democracy with a mixture of both Islamic and secular laws, which include freedom of speech, freedom of thought, freedom of information, freedom of religion, freedom of association, freedom of media and freedom of assembly. The constitution of the country (1973) carries Human Rights different and this article debates certain classes with are respected in practice. The main purpose of the study is to explore the reasons why women Rights Situation in Pakistan has not been satisfactory.
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Even if revenue is not used for environmental purposes, or only to a limited extent, environment ministries stand to benefit from environmental improvements due to the tax-incentivized changes to consumption and production patterns. Focussing on economic and social policy aspects might also help convince other ministries of the potential benefits of environmental taxation. Rivalry between ministries can thereby be reduced and potential concerns on the part of environment ministries that insufficient revenue will be used for environmental purposes can be minimized.
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Japanese firms grappling with a strong yen over a longer period and the disruption caused by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami were particularly active in building manufacturing capacity in China and the Republic of Korea, notably in parts and materials. Tencent, Inc., a Chinese Internet company, paid $64 million for a 13.8% stake in Kakao Inc., operator of the Republic of Korea’s most popular mobile messenger, Kakao Talk. That stake has turned Tencent into Kakao’s second largest shareholder.
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Fourthly, apart from delivering cash transfers, social assistance should link poor urban residents to basic services such as health care, through subsidies, vouchers or case management. Fifthly, urban contexts offer more opportunities to utilize new technologies, such as mobile phone networks and ATMs, to deliver social assistance. Finally, different targeting mechanisms have been used in urban contexts but compelling and comprehensive evidence on their impacts remains thin.
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These achievements, however, have been driven largely by sales of natural resources, leaving Kazakhstan vulnerable to volatility in global commodity prices. Nevertheless, the health care system still retains the hallmarks of a transitional economy undergoing profound restructuring. Despite some improvement, Kazakhstan’s health outcomes continue to lag behind those of the OECD countries and reveal some worrying regional inequalities.
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1. Introduction: Critically Examining UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security 2. Sex, Security and Superhero(in)es: From 1325 to 1820 and Beyond 3. No Angry Women at the United Nations: Political Dreams and the Cultural Politics of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 4. UNSCR 1325 and Women's Peace Activism in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 5. Resolution 1325 and Post-Cold War Feminist Politics 6. 'Women, Peace and Security': Addressing Accountability for Wartime Sexual Violence 7. Configurations of Post-Conflict: Impacts of Representations of Conflict and Post-Conflict upon the (Political) Translations of Gender Security within UNSCR 1325 8. Feminist Knowledge and Emerging Governmentality in UN Peacekeeping 9. Leveraging Change: Women's Organizations and the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the Balkans
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Such information is provided in the form of quantitative and qualitative data as part of a company’s reporting process. Key performance indicators comprise the quantitative data, an example of qualitative data can be found in the description of a company’s sustainability strategies and reporting policies. Examples include the portal of the Government of France (info-financiere.
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Plant-level costs are, of course, those costs that come most naturally to mind when thinking about the costs of electricity provision. The “bricks, mortar and steel” to build the plant, the fuel and the manpower to run it are easily comprehensible cost items. The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) publish a survey of the plant-level costs in OECD countries every five years in the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity (see IEA/NEA, 2010 and IEA/NEA, 2015, IEA/NEA, 2020 is currently in preparation). While concrete work reveals also a number of difficulties in assessing plant-level costs, e.g. which discount rate to use to reflect the cost of capital, at least the basic concepts are well understood. Plant-level costs of production are financial and economic realities that are straightforwardly monetised and integrated into the decision-making processes of private and public actors. In an interconnected electricity system, each plant interacts with all other plants, on both physical and economic levels.
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This in turn will enable a country to become innovative, productive and internationally competitive53. This requires broader thinking about drivers of economic and industrial development, with greater emphasis on knowledge, new technologies, and especially ICTs as a conduit for knowledge flow54, storage and communication and their convergence with other technologies and applications in new business models, and less on traditional factors of production, such as physical capital and labour. This in effect leads us to a richer model of development55.
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This small drop in value highlights Australia’s focus on high value export species. Over the last decade to 2006-07 aquaculture production almost doubled from 29 300 tonnes to 57 800 tonnes, whereas the wild caught seafood remained relatively stable. The dramatic rise in value of aquaculture in percentage terms indicates a longer-term trend, which suggests the aquaculture sector will provide the major impetus for medium to long-term growth in the value of Australia’s seafood production. Together they accounted for 44% of total production volume and approximately one-third of the total production value.
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France, Israel and Switzerland do relatively well (compared with countries of similar average performance) in nurturing excellence, but at the same time, they have sizeable shares of students who do not reach the baseline level of proficiency. Among girls, the difference between the top and lowest performers is narrower. In Hong Kong (China) and Singapore, two of the highest-performing countries and economies, similar shares of boys and girls perform at Level 5 or above in mathematics.
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Further efforts to move away from using the price of rice as the mechanism to achieve both goals are needed. Expenditure on some general services such as inspection and control and marketing and promotion receive relatively limited support. Decision 10-2007-QD-TTg dated 23 January 2007 on the system of economic branches in Viet Nam.
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Yet decades after the fall of the Soviet Union, significant backlashes to women’s equality and power have occurred. Dedicated funds are not regularly set aside to perform gender assessment at the design stage or to monitor and evaluate outcomes. In addition women are being slotted into gender-stereotypical and lower-paying career paths in universities and are leaving high-earning careers, such as engineering. This has the potential to increase the wage gap in the region, further deepening segmentation of an already gender-segmented labour market and decreasing women’s economic productivity, financial sustainability and autonomy.
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Whether this involves climate change and GHG emission levels or the governance of the high seas and area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), the protection of marine biodiversity or international conventions on maritime safety, the path to international agreement appears increasingly complex and painstaking. This appears to be all the more so since, as the Global Ocean Commission (GOC, 2014) recently concluded, ocean governance is plagued by a patchwork of sectorally focused agencies and institutions hampered by weak compliance and lack of enforcement. Moreover, as Chapter 9 highlights, the situation is exacerbated by a lack of legal clarity about economic activities in the oceans beyond national jurisdiction as well as the potential of increased competition between states for access to resources in the seas. These include, for example: mention of the ocean in the Paris COP21 agreement, the establishment of ocean-related Sustainable Development Goals (in particular SDG 14), and agreement of member states at the United Nations to develop a legally-binding instrument to conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity of areas beyond their national borders.
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Numerous attempts have been made to reform Thailand's restrictive abortion laws. Andrea Whittaker outlines key organizations and institutions involved in reform advocacy and reviews current strategies and prospects for change. Current advocacy networks are active and increasingly effective at lobbying for reform and present an alternate model of advocacy within a conservative political climate. She finds that the push for reform has been argued on public health grounds, but most recently the notion of reproductive rights is being used to argue for the links between the abortion issue and broader health and social issues facing women.
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The individuals, groups, and companies working outside the law are typically interested in perpetuating the conditions under which they profit, and may try to undermine initiatives aimed at changing the status quo. From a conflict perspective, a key distinction is whether a resource is lootable or not. A lootable resource has a high value and is associated with low economic barriers to enter into the sector.
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Democratic life has given rise to new electoral preferences and brought social demands to greater prominence. This means that, in a positive cycle of economic stability, governments respond to these demands for social inclusion with new, more redistributive policies. In most cases, these are reforms inspired by the idea of "prudent redistribution with growth" (Cornia, 2010) by way of fiscal, employment and progressive transfer policies.
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They are typically reflected in the qualification a person holds, but there are currently no measurement instruments available at the international level to assess and compare those skills (OECD, 2010). In surveys, employers mention a combination of some social and emotional skills, job and occupation-specific skills and cognitive skills as the most important when recruiting higher education graduates (Humburg van der Velden and Verhagen, 2013). Empirical analyses based on employer surveys show that lack of social and emotional skills can create a strong barrier to employment, especially for low-skilled jobs (Heckman and Kautz, 2013). However, studying and/or having a job can help to further develop skills.
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Avoid unnecessary complexity The more complex the measure of child poverty, the less useful it is likely to be. Measure well-being broadly Child poverty is about more than income or the lack of items on a given list. Children can be poor in love and attention, in parental time and skills, in relationships and community, in public services and environmental quality.
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Under federal legislation, all Australian based companies with energy consumption of more than 0.5 PJ per annum are required to report on energy use and energy savings under the Energy Efficiency Opportunities Program. Hence these companies have established systems and training to improve energy efficiency, resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions, but many large firms rely on in-house and specialist training organisations rather than using TAFE programmes. Smaller companies are not subject to the same requirements, so there may be a role for partnership networks made up of regional development agencies, local government agencies and TAFE Institutes to address this universal issue.
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Andriopoulou andTsakloglou (2015) used both the ECHP 1994-2001 and the EU-SILC 2005-2008 to analyse the effects of employment, income (i.e. changes in earnings) and demographic events on adults' movements in and out of poverty in all EU countries that had valid data. They found that changes in labour earnings of the household head is a consistent predictor of poverty transitions in all countries, but more so in the Mediterranean ones, employment events matter more for poverty exits than entries, and demographic events are somewhat more important in Scandinavian countries. First, it uses children, rather than adults or households, as units of analysis.
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These forests make up about 14 percent of the total forest area of European Russia, and the vast majority of these large forests are located in the most remote areas and often on unproductive sites. Most of these protected areas are small. The aim of these protected forest areas is to contribute to securing global biodiversity values for future generations. The extent and functionality of these protected area networks are, however, recognized as being far less than the amount needed to achieve this goal. The reduction in forests available for harvesting may, however, be significantly reduced for local timber enterprises.
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The UWI HARP is also responsible for continuous updating of the university's HIV/AIDS policy and for facilitating research on the impact and control of the epidemic in the region. Haiti is low income, for example, and Guyana is lower-middle income. Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago are all defined as upper-middle income and yet vary greatly in their ability to invest national resources in public health. Table 4.5 shows the public health expenditure as a percentage of GDP for selected Caribbean countries.
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Housing and land expropriations have become a major issue and remain highly controversial. Infrastructure and factories are being constructed to attract more investors, causing a rise in the number of displaced tenants. By 2011, there were already 700 000 formal complaints, according to National Assembly data, mostly over compensation issues, and it is expected that a large number of lease agreements will soon expire creating uncertainty for millions of tenants.
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With the well-known critique of “sociological deficit”, Honneth pointed out Horkheimer's inability to carry out the main program of critical theory, namely, to link social philosophy with an analysis of society that was also based on empirical social research. However, because he distanced himself from the paradigm of “struggle” and developed a theory more concerned with the “normative reconstruction” of the institutions of our democratic life, Honneth would end up paying less attention to the relation with social research. We argue that Horkheimer's works of the decade of 1930 could indirectly help us to solve some methodological difficulties concerning a kind of “new sociological deficit” that critical theory would be facing today.
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Unemployment among workers aged 55 to 64 is 9.9%, nearly twice the OECD average. Unlike in most OECD countries, labour market inactivity among older working age individuals has also increased strongly relative to the pre-crisis period and now stands at 37.4%. The significant share of young people not in employment, education or training (15.2%) is a major concern, as being excluded from the labour market at a young age can be extremely detrimental for workers' skills and future career prospects.
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In this respect, some LDCs will be able to take advantage of the window of opportunity opened by China’s likely delocalization of the lower end of its manufacturing industry, through a combination of integrating domestic firms into manufacturing GVCs and attracting FDI. Domestically, this strategy should be complemented by policies on clustering, export promotion and labour costs. Policymakers need to expand the financing made available to these firms through national development banks or commercial banks.
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In a quarter of LDCs, traditional biomass accounts for more than 80 per cent of total primary energy use, in half it is between 50 per cent and 80 per cent. This leaves only a quarter of LDCs in which it does not represent the majority of primary energy used. In most cases, the remainder is made up mainly of oil products, though with significant contributions in a few cases from natural gas (particularly in Bangladesh and to a lesser extent Myanmar and Yemen), coal (most notably in Lesotho and Afghanistan) and renewable energy (mainly hydroelectricity, particularly in Bhutan and Lao People’s Democratic Republic, with smaller contributions in Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia).
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The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatoiy Agency (MHRA) as an executive agency of the Department of Health (DH) to enforce the regulations relating to the safety of medicines and medical devices in the UK. The Governments of the devolved nations then work closely with the MHRA For example, The Northern Ireland Adverse Incident Centre acts as a regional centre for reporting and investigating adverse incidents involving medical devices and nonmedical equipment, while MHRA's alerts to NHS Wales are made through the Welsh Government’s Public Health Alert System. Its powers include conducting reviews and carrying out inspections and investigations, and reporting on arrangements by statutory bodies for the purpose of monitoring and improving the quality of the health and personal social services.
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The following review does not provide a detailed account and discussion of the methods adopted in each study, but it is safe to say that all of the main findings of the review are supported by at least one econometrically sound analysis supporting the causal nature of the links assessed (e.g. for wage penalties associated with obesity and smoking, wage differentials for people with different levels of alcohol consumption, employment gaps for the obese, heavy drinkers and smokers, etc.). It focused on how risk factors and chronic diseases affect employment, wages, labour productivity and early exit from the labour market. It also provides an insight into the value of production potentially lost from illness and from adverse labour market outcomes.
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SUMMARY An annual trade deficit in Australia for forest products of approximately $2 billion (Aus$), predominantly in paper, pulp products and sawn timber, makes sound argument for continued support of plantation forestry expansion. Existing government policy promoting afforestation through fiscal tax-based incentives for Managed Investment Scheme (MIS) retail forestry however, has raised many questions regarding the need for performance targets and accountability criteria in response to the collapse of several private plantation companies during the global financial crisis of 2009 and 2010 that had been responsible for managing a large sector of the national estate. This paper reports on the first stage of a social research case study for a sub-tropical rural community in north-eastern NSW, Australia that had been undergoing rapid land use-change to plantation forestry prior to the global financial crisis. Socio-political, economic and environmental concerns of stakeholders are identified through social ...
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The curve ranks technologies and industrial processes according to the net costs of avoiding a ton of C02 emissions, taking into account both the capital costs and the operating costs of low-emissions technologies. Figure II.2 suggests opportunities for negative cost (or win-win) emissions reductions where the upfront capital costs are more than offset by future energy savings. Most of these savings are achieved through improved energy efficiency.
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The Investment Committee has oversight responsibility for the Guidelines which are one part of a broader OECD investment instrument - the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. They provide non-binding principles and standards for responsible business conduct in a global context consistent with applicable laws and internationally recognised standards. The Guidelines are the only multilaterally agreed and comprehensive code of responsible business conduct that Governments have committed to promoting.
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The rate of convergence was even higher in developing countries, where the same figure went from only 57% in 1950 to 86% in 2010. Today, in the countries considered in this chapter enrolment rates in primary and secondary education are almost identical between boys and girls (Figure 4.4), and women have largely overtaken men in their propensity to attend tertiary education. For the tertiary level, the population used is the five-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age.
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‘A Map of the Israeli Legal Field Operating in the OPT: Structuring Law, Structuring Power’ by Maayan Geva establishes an historical account of Israeli legal practice in the occupied Palestinian territories (OPT). Focusing on the military legal system (MAG Corps) and specifically its International Law Department (ILD), the High Court of Justice and human rights, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), it draws a dynamic historical map of this field of practice based on shifts in the discursive articulations of law and legality materialising alongside the changing power relations between legal agents and institutions. This account begins with the 1967 occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, and the genesis of the field, and continues by tracing pivotal decisions, processes of change and turning points leading to the field’s current form.
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Revenue from a dedicated transport tax (versement transport) levied on employers and based on payrolls has enabled the STIF to extend and maintain the public transport network and non-motorised transport facilities. The city’s success results from close co-operation between its Urban Transport Planning Authority (URBS), responsible for transport, and the urban development authority' (IPUCC), which is in charge of land-use planning. From its start in 1974, the Curitiba BRT was notable for its careful alignment with the 1965 Curitiba Master Plan, which focused the city’s growth along major corridors, through land-use and zoning regulations.
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However, in this report, the NIDS data are used to provide a nationally representative picture of contemporary South Africa. They begin by recognizing that household labour market income depends on three factors, namely, the number of “potential workers” (that is, household members of working age), the number of household members that are actually employed and the earnings of these workers. Nevertheless, joblessness has a significant effect on household wage inequality.
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Care systems must also be established or strengthened, by fostering the proper provision of public goods and services in that area. When designing and implementing these policies, special attention must be paid to the contexts and reasons that cause poverty to affect children, adolescents, young people, indigenous peoples, Afrodescendants and working-age women disproportionately.
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Capacity building has also been strengthened within the nursing workforce. Although the number of practising nurses (8.0 per 1000 population) is still slightly below the EU average, numbers have increased by a third since 2009. Looking at trends over time reveals impressive falls in amenable mortality over the past 15 years. This reflects the overall progress in providing better availability of, and access to, an increasing range of different services, medicines and medical technologies Examples of success include the remarkable improvements in survival for some treatable cancers, such as breast and testicular cancer.
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This means that education systems with greater fairness in education outcomes, as measured by the percentage of the variation in student performance explained by socioeconomic status, lend to show smaller performance differences between students from different socio-economic groups, as measured by the average change in performance scores associated with a one-unit change on the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. That is, most countries show either steep, strong socio-economic gradients or flat, weak gradients. In these cases, universal policies tend to be most effective. These types of policies include changing curricula or instructional systems and/or improving the quality of the teaching staff.
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Even in this seemingly simple case, the distinction may not be clear. If fertilizer use helps maintain and build soil fertility in the long run, it may also be considered an investment. Similarly, in public expenditures, a distinction is generally made between investment and current expenditures, but again this is not always clear-cut, not least because current expenditures are required to maintain the value of capital assets such as roads and other physical infrastructure. From a farmer's point of view, the purchase of land may represent an important investment in his or her productive capacity, from the perspective of society it simply involves a change in ownership of an asset rather than a net increase in capital stock, as occurs for instance when land improvements are undertaken.
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Most countries lack comprehensive and consistent information systems that can show investment pipelines and existing infrastructure, thus impeding decisions on future investments. For governments, a transparent information system showing infrastructure pipelines and current operational assets will be a key tool to coordinate and align climate action with other governments or the private sector. By provisioning the right digital infrastructure based on blockchain technology, deeply entrenched, but flexible monitoring, reporting and communication services can be developed in the future.
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This means that, when calculating total poverty, different distances must be captured for moderate and severe deprivation. This was done by assigning a score of 1 for severe deprivation, 2 for moderate deprivation and 3 for no deprivation (the value 0 was reserved for the situation of extreme deprivation, which is not amenable to measurement by conventional surveys). Flowever, the distances represented by these scores are metric, whereas the three situations (severe, moderate and no deprivation) relate to an ordinal system (where the actual distances cannot be established). So, even though it is possible to differentiate between groups of poor children using depth and severity indices of total poverty, they should be considered merely illustrative of the severity of poverty in these groups.
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Activities are carried out by a broad range of actors, mostly research institutes and universities but also government entities at all levels, sometimes in co-operation with private partners. Database ol Adaptation Projects (www. A majority of projects relate to natural hazard management, an area of particular importance for Austria irrespective of climate change, and many projects involve multiple sectors.
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These are formidable numbers but well within the capacity of capital markets if the risk-adjusted returns are available. Indeed in the international climate change negotiations, developed countries have committed to mobilising jointly USD 100 billion per year by 20208 - but key questions remain regarding what financial flows might count towards this commitment and how this will be delivered in practice. For example, it has become more difficult to obtain bank loans with the long maturities required by infrastructure projects as commercial banks face capital and liquidity constraints.
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Safeguarding debt sustainability requires action on several fronts: boosting public savings by enhancing domestic revenue mobilization and reducing non-priority outlays, ensuring efficient use of funds by strengthening public investment management, developing local capital markets, and tapping into all available sources of concessional financing (IMF, 2016). This requires concerted efforts to improve the regulatory and macroeconomic environment and enhance countries' capacity to negotiate and implement public-private partnerships that will allow them to effectively balance risk-sharing between the public and private partners. Donors also have an important role to play in boosting private sector investment in infrastructure by lending technical support to governments seeking to attract funds, actively engaging their private sector arms in infrastructure projects, and providing effectively-designed risk-mitigation mechanisms.
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A landscape ecological perspective means that different natural environments must be found in the landscape at any given time. Different strategies in for example Norway (PEFC) and Sweden (FSC) may be explained by differences in public policy and government support, advocacy-group and market pressure, and industry structure (Gulbrandsen 2005a). Outdoor recreation" and "Forests and mountains" are represented as two of thirteen main categories.
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The opinion expressed by UWV would be key element in determining the fairness of the termination. Overall, however, it is still unclear whether the reform would effectively reduce dismissal costs for permanent contracts. Protection for employees on fixed-term contracts would also be considerably increased.
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While 25-50% of groundwater is used for drinking purposes, less than 25% is used for irrigation, industry, thermal spa and livestock. Wastewater is collected and treated in the largest settlement (Dim-itrovgrad), while in rural areas septic tanks are mainly used. Communal waste disposal and agriculture activities may locally put groundwater quality at a risk. There is a need for establishing systematic quantity and quality monitoring.
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It is also clear that transaction costs do not constitute a once-and-for-all barrier to exchange and the existence of markets. Technological advances, for instance, could make the collection and transmission of information easier and may thus contribute to the creation of new markets. A case in point is the market for sulphur emissions, which has been working well under the “Acid Rain Program” in the United States since 1993.
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Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Future Elderly. Health Affairs 24 Suppl 2, W5-R67-W5-R76. A reform in 1996, however, expanded the types of services available to patients and extended coverage to all veterans on a priority-based enrolment system. The VA operates a large integrated health care system that serves over 5 million patients annually.
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The partnership came about because of two important factors. The first was a common interest in strengthening tourism by co-ordinating the historic and cultural offer of the city with the nature-based and agricultural tourism of the hinterland. The second factor was the role of the Liibeck Bay Regionen Aktiv programme in establishing a way for the individual rural municipalities to form a common association that had shared values and that could act as an agent when discussing options for partnering with the city. By aggregating the individual municipalities into a single unit, the two populations were more equal in size and the negotiations could take place with the rural municipalities having already agreed on a single strategy.
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It must include women and girls, not only as the recipients of health and social protection services, but also as advocates, as health workers, as active members, representatives and leaders of communities. Building resilience and protecting communities from the negative effects of a disaster must therefore be connected to a robust development agenda that takes into account individual, social, economic and cultural vulnerabilities. Given that high maternal and child mortality are concentrated in countries with conflict and natural disasters, establishing robust connections between resilience-enhancement programmes and development targets will be essential to both achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and mitigating the effects of disasters.
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More interaction and closer co-operation will be needed to link national strategies and policies to regional and local strengths and development effort. Open co-operation platforms involving local actors, national and international networks can be mobilised to leverage the dynamism and strength of innovation ecosystems in the regions. These PPPs should be more open, flexible, allow for a wider set of stakeholders to co-operate and could also extend to broader innovation agendas, not only research but also complementary resource development (e.g. training and human capital formation) and downstream stages of innovation (e.g. commercialisation). They should be based on enhanced governance and a clear definition of common goals agreed through a joint research or innovation agenda (for the medium to long term), based on road-mapping and joint stakeholder engagement. Hence, a better mix of top-down and bottom-up approaches is key to launching a new' revitalised model of PPPs. Finland currently lacks programme-based national-level mechanisms to support industry-science collaboration to address urgent industry' needs for innovation and productivity growth.
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Shifts in investment patterns will gather pace, Governments will implement their national climate plans as contributions to the objective of the Paris Agreement, and non-State actors will continue to drive tangible change across all sectors of society. The Paris Agreement is also the first climate treaty to include gender-specific references. Global emissions need to peak as soon as possible, followed by rapid reductions thereafter, if we are to have a decent chance at staying below the 2 degrees Celsius temperature rise threshold of the Paris Agreement.
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It can be used to cover one consultation and one follow-up visit for: counselling, family planning, pregnancy testing, antenatal care, treatment of sexually transmitted infections, or any combination of services. The programme also trained clinic staff in counselling for adolescents, issues of adolescent sexuality, and identifying and addressing sexual abuse (Muewissen, 2006). Through a network of 5,000 peer counsellors, Gera^ao Biz provides non-judgmental, confidential information and services to Mozambique’s youth.
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Selected relevant national and local policies are: economic policies (which impact the economic impact (e.g. job creation) that urbanisation can bring), land, public sen/ice, safety and security, housing, certain infrastructure, climate, natural resources/environment, mobility and social policies. Increasing coherence at the policy level can improve administrative effectiveness and resource flows at the metropolitan level. Empowering local authorities by building capacity, rebalancing fiscal systems and giving legal and political mandate. Empowering communities, grassroots organisations, social and traditional leaders and civil society at large by providing them with tools for monitoring and evaluating policies and increasing participatory mechanisms in budgeting and/or policymaking processes.
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Accordingly, countries have been grouped as high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income and low-income (table E). To maintain compatibility with similar classifications used elsewhere, the threshold levels of GNI per capita are those established by the World Bank. Countries with less than $995 GNI per capita are classified as low-income countries, those with between $996 and $3,895 as lower-middle-income countries, those with between $3,896 and $12,055 as upper-middle-income countries, and those with incomes of more than $12,056 as high-in-come countries. The basic criteria for inclusion require that certain thresholds be met with regard to per capita GNI, a human assets index and an economic vulnerability index.3 As of March 2018, there were 47 LDCs (table F). Unless otherwise indicated, multi-year averages of growth rates are expressed as compound annual percentage rates of change. The convention followed is to omit the base year in a multi-year growth rate.
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sdg9
|
At present, approximately 80% of agricultural products are exported in the form of raw materials, with only 20% in processed form. At the end of 2014, the target is to have 50% of agricultural exports in processed form. Improvement in the quality of agricultural products (fresh and processed) is measured through the increased number of agricultural products that receive certification for quality guarantee (SNI, Organic, Good Agricultural Practices, Good Handling Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices). At the end of 2014, all products of organic agriculture, fermented cocoa, and processed rubber (bokar) must be certified and a mandatory certification policy will be in place (MoA, 2010). As the primary source of rural income, returns from agriculture have a significant bearing on rural poverty.
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sdg2
|
However, recent analysis suggests that farmers may not always view product price risk as a threat, but rather as an opportunity. Human risks, related to accidents and health, represent another permanent top source of risk. Recently, uncertainty about local laws and regulations has moved up in farmers’ ranking.
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sdg2
|
The risk of a limited integration is that there is little guarantee that evaluation and assessment procedures in the Catholic and Independent sectors are sufficiently aligned with student learning objectives and educational targets at the national and systemic levels. Evaluation and assessment practices in Australia benefit from outstanding expertise in areas such as standardised test development, common reporting frameworks, national comparable data on student outcomes and externally-based student assessment and relies significantly on the investigation generated by a large and active educational research community. An example is the development of teacher capacity to assess against the whole range of curriculum goals to ensure consistency of A-E ratings across schools (see Chapter 3).
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sdg4
|
The technical capacities of service offers for e-government and e-participation have considerably progressed over the last years. Yet, the principles of good governance are still not well implemented, especially when it comes to policy development. Governments struggle to effectively apply innovative technologies in regards to providing open collaboration in policy formulation or to monitor and evaluate policy implementation. Through a recent initiative of the European Commission (EC), several research projects have been launched to address these challenges. This paper first investigates existing deficiencies in open government towards transparent policy development. Subsequently, an approach of a project funded by the EC is introduced to develop better ICT support for open collaboration in policy modeling. The approach combines existing e-participation tools, collaborative scenario generation and formal policy modeling to evaluate and explore policies via agent-based modeling (OCOPOMO - www.ocopomo.eu).
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sdg16
|
Comments and inputs were also received from the European Commission. Key contributions were made by Guy Lejeune and Shadin Viratham of the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. Additional comments were received from Simone Baldassarri of the Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, and Maria Fatima Ribeiro Vilas Boas of the Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers.
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sdg5
|
Because of the importance of forests worldwide, the most important aspects and statistics required to describe them are organized under a separate topic, Topic 1.2.3: Forests. As forests constitute particular ecosystem and land cover categories, their characteristics are also included within the other topics of this subcomponent. Presenting forests as a separate topic depends on their significance in a given country or area.
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sdg6
|
Finally, water boundaries cut across places in terms of cities (i.e. when concerning more municipalities in a metropolitan area) or hinterland (i.e. the surrounding environment, rural areas and watersheds, which sustain the major bulk of water demand from cities and where the actual sources of water are often located). Particular emphasis is put on the most prominent governance mechanisms that can foster effectiveness, efficiency and inclusiveness of urban water governance building on the OECD Principles on Water Governance (OECD, 2015c). They relate to vertical and horizontal coordination across policies, dedicated metropolitan arrangements and rural-urban partnerships (co-ordination across places), and stakeholder engagement (co-ordination across people).
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sdg6
|
The targets are designed to be integrated and indivisible and to balance the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The 2030 Agenda further seeks to realize the human rights of all, and to achieve gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls. Unlike the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an ambitious agenda that is indivisible and supposed to be implemented universally by all countries in a collaborative partnership. The theme of each HLPF, and a subset of goals to be reviewed, is agreed in advance.
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sdg11
|
Populations of school-age children have shrunk in many OECD countries, while in others, enrolments in urban schools have swelled alongside internal migration to cities. Both situations have raised concerns about the quality and cost of small schools, particularly in rural areas. Rather than identifying an "optimal size", empirical studies indicate that the effect of school size varies across student groups and levels of education. In general, secondary school students tend to benefit more from larger schools than primary school pupils, and low-income and minority students appear to perform belter in smaller schools (Howley and Howley, 2004). Some studies also find evidence of diminishing returns to scale, suggesting that student performance improves up to a certain school size (which tends to be smaller in primary education than in secondary education) and declines thereafter. Many countries offset the higher cost of maintaining small schools by providing them with additional funding or promoting consolidation programmes to reduce the fiscal burden of a fragmented school network.
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sdg4
|
Another clear tendency is that in the main destination countries, most female migrant household workers are mothers. During the second half of the decade a number of countries launched systematic efforts to enhance social programmes, especially those aimed at fighting poverty. This was a first turning point in social spending patterns. However, the pick-up in social spending (to a certain degree, in counterpoint to economic trends) has been primarily due to policies that were implemented over time to deal with external shocks: (i) rising food and fuel prices in 2008 and spiralling export commodity prices starting in 2003, (ii) the global financial crisis, the worst of which ran from late 2008 to the end of 2009, and (iii) more recently, international uncertainty and slower economic growth worldwide.
|
sdg1
|
In Indonesia, after the elections in 1999 that ended another phase in the transition from military rule, the new government extended unemployment benefits to both formal and informal sector workers. This was in response to the very high levels of unemployment triggered by the Asian financial crisis, which affected mostly informal sector workers. In 2012, the Philippines Parliament passed a law allowing contraception and promoting family planning to help manage the problem of very large families, especially among the poor.
|
sdg1
|
Design and construction of new green buildings calls for medium-to-high skilled labour and can enhance the metro-region’s green architecture and construction services sector. Green roofs and permeable services can expand landscaping and road working job opportunities and increase the city’s attractiveness in part by reducing vulnerabilities to potential climate change impacts. These activities would go far in reinforcing the Chicago Tri-State metro-region’s reputation as a global leader in green buildings.
|
sdg7
|
For example, 60% and 51% of bilateral aid that targeted gender equality went to the education and health sectors respectively in 2009-10 (OECD DAC, 2013). Meanwhile, donor investment in women’s economic empowerment has remained unchanged since 2007. Therefore, sufficient funds should be provided by developing and developed countries alike to promote inclusive rural development that values women’s empowerment and gender equality.
|
sdg9
|
Nonetheless, there remains a crucial gap. To address this gap, the National Computer Board has implemented the Cyber Caravan project in line with WSIS Action Lines and geared towards the achievement of the SDGs. The project aims at building an all-inclusive information society to improve digital literacy and to provide democratized access. It is relevant to SDGs 1, 4, 5, 9 and 10.
|
sdg9
|
While it has undergone some of the bleaching processes that separate refined from raw sugar in more technologically advanced sugar industries, it still contains a relatively high level of impurities, mainly molasses, in comparison with internationally traded raw sugar. As a result most firms in the food and beverage sectors cannot use plantation white sugar as an input. Their needs are met partly by imports of refined sugar, and partly by imports of raw sugar that are then refined domestically (Fane and Warr, 2008).
|
sdg2
|
It is therefore essential to increase fact-based knowledge and training of relevant decision makers, in order to realise the technology’s potential. First, the principles of blockchain technology and its relevance for enabling sustainable infrastructure are briefly discussed. Second, the case for the use of blockchain technology in sustainable infrastructure is made, including a selection of blockchain technology’s possible applications that may effectively facilitate climate mitigation and adaption measures. Third, a series of original case studies is introduced, drawing on the most important impactful opportunities to address the previously identified obstacles to sustainable infrastructure investment.
|
sdg9
|
Section 1 (b) - Non-racialism and non-sexism, and to Section 9. Commissioners nominated by the public, interviewed by Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court, representatives of the Human Rights Commission. Commission on Gender Equality, Public Protector. The report aimed at explaining the lack of women's representation at senior levels within the IEC. The study found several organisational practices that hindered women's involvement at higher levels of management.
|
sdg5
|
It includes an international questionnaire on migrant policies, reviews previous OECD work and academic literature regarding migrant education, and explores statistical data from PISA and other sources. Reviews are being conducted in Austria, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Each participating country has prepared a Country Background Report based on common OECD guidelines. The results of both the analytical work and country policy reviews will feed into the final report of the Review of Migrant Education.
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sdg4
|
Especially important in areas prone to disasters are improvements in transport and logistics infrastructure and decentralized food storage facilities. Measures can include realigning roads away from unstable slopes, protecting and raising riverbanks in flood-prone areas, stockpiling food in strategic locations for quick deployment, and ensuring the availability of a range of transport options for emergency food distribution. Measures are needed to enable people to have access to health-promoting foods and to nutrition education that recognizes food pattern and preferences. People have a right to make informed choices about the food that is available to them.
|
sdg2
|
With the implementation of the new laws on student assessment (Chapter 1), the College for Examinations will also oversee the quality of end-of-primary tests administered by schools. The responsibilities of schools and school boards include regular formative and summative assessment of students, performance evaluations of individual teachers, and school-internal quality care. In addition to the three traditional actors (the Ministry, the Inspectorate and the schools) a range of intermediate organisations have an increasing influence on evaluation and assessment in the country. The Primary and Secondary Education Councils play a key role in the collection and dissemination of data on the performance of individual schools, thereby strengthening both horizontal and vertical accountability.
|
sdg4
|
The other is sudden network congestion as governments, emergency responders, and citizens all start using their handsets.38 To reduce the probability of service outages, countries should frequently stress test their networks and where necessary take steps to ‘harden’ the weaker components. Based on information from around 90 countries, the mean rate of packet loss globally is 1.68 per cent and the mean latency globally is 107.31 milliseconds. In the Asia-Pacific region performance on these indicators varies greatly.
|
sdg13
|
In particular, experience from both OECD and non-OECD countries shows that voluntary PHI schemes rarely provide adequate coverage for the poor and those most prone to serious illness, and often have high administrative costs (OECD, 2004, Kumar et al., Note that the few countries with a mandatory private health insurance set-up (such as the Netherlands and Switzerland) are highly regulated, with risk equalisation measures in place and limited scope to differentiate plans between individuals on the basis of their health risks. Various policy options have been discussed, with different stakeholders contributing to an intense debate around the design and establishment of National Health Insurance.
|
sdg3
|
Moreover, the plan does not only cover the Canadian military, it also targets Canadian NGOs and recommends they adopt codes of conduct in their work to address issues of sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian crises. One of the central tenets of 1325 is the inclusion of women at all decision-making levels including parliament and the judiciary. In many post-conflict countries, high numbers of women are reported in political positions.
|
sdg5
|
A somewhat lower pace of expansion has been observed over the last decade. This is also the conclusion of the OECD/FAO Agricultural Outlook to 2020 (OECD/FAO, 2011). A converging GDP per capita and a growing population will both increase the demand for food, especially animal products. Moreover, policies that stimulate the use of biofuels also increase the demand for agricultural production and land area (Chapter 4). Given the limited supply of land, this means that in the short run deforestation will continue, although at slower rates than in past decades. Hydropower plants, biofuel plantations, solar and wind “farms”, for example, require significant quantities of land, and sometimes even require relocation of existing activities and local communities (Bazilian et al.,
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sdg6
|
There are exceptions to this rule, for example KCATA's use of the agency's unionised bus drivers for the Bridj pilot described in the previous section. They are also an important motivator for early action as they provide a tangible reason to act. But going forward, it is not clear that cost savings are either a sufficient motivation or even a major motivation for seeking better synergies between ride services and public transport - at least where there is a desire to improve mobility and access outcomes for as broad a group as possible. Under this framing of the question, the potential for ride services and other innovative mobility options to draw away riders from specific routes does not necessarily imply that overall ridership would drop. In fact, if core services are improved and the convenience of using public transport as part of a trip chain increases, then overall ridership may even increase. In the broader picture, adding a more convenient mobility choice into the mix may improve overall access and mobility outcomes even as it reduces the need to own a car.
|
sdg11
|
In the area of constitutional law in Greece, where at least since 1975 there has been a well functioning democracy, the ideal of ‘modernisation’ must mean adherence to the substantive principles of legality and the rule of law as political ideals. Even though the Simitis government showed some concern for improvement in these areas, the constitutional amendment of 2001 did not attempt to tackle longstanding problems such as civil service corruption, irregularities in public procurement, the independence of the judiciary and the like. The amendment was motivated, it seems, by a more majoritarian ‘communitarian’ legal philosophy seeking to strengthen political majorities.
|
sdg16
|
The political, social, and cultural development of what has become known as ‘post-feminism’ has redefined female citizenship within a network of contradictory discursive technologies that, Angela McRobbie has argued, encourage young women to relinquish a traditional feminist critique in order to count as ‘sophisticated’, knowing citizens. Concurrent with this phenomenon is an unprecedented growth in female-centred drama that Amanda Lotz argues, has become a key industrial product of the post-network era. In this paper, I argue that the heroines of female-centred dramas in the post-feminist era – from Ally McBeal to more recent series – stage the silencing of feminist discourses in their positioning as knowing, ‘sophisticated’ citizens. In turn, this creates a crisis in feminist media scholarship, which has traditionally investigated the TV heroine for her particular feminisms. For the discourses that have shaped the discipline of feminist media criticism – philosophies of feminine identity – are foreclose...
|
sdg16
|
This article explores the origins of local governance in postcolonial contexts. Focusing on migrant communities in the Indonesian island of Java and the networks of elite political and economic relations that emerged under colonial rule, I develop a theory of social exclusion and competition that specifies the conditions under which trading minorities will forge cooperative relations with local political elites in the absence of well-functioning property rights institutions. These informal relationships under colonial rule affect contemporary economic governance. To clarify the importance of social exclusion rather than other factors that may differentiate colonial districts with large Chinese populations, I exploit variation in the settlement patterns of Chinese and Arab trading minorities in Java, which played comparable roles in the island’s colonial economy but faced different degrees of social exclusion. These findings contribute to recent work on colonialism and development, ethnicity and informal i...
|
sdg16
|
Last but not least, warm thanks go to Jenny Gell for formatting assistance and to the IEA Publications Unit for their support, in particular Cheryl Haines for editing, Robert Youngblood for coordinating, and Angela Gosmann for design. However Page | 5 energy efficiency programmes are often evaluated only on the basis of the energy savings they deliver. As a result, the full value of energy efficiency improvements in both national and global economies may be significantly underestimated.
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sdg7
|
Migration and remittances ought to be considered more than merely as a ‘source of mobilisation of finance’ but as an instrument of development. These are also avenues for knowledge transfer and generation of new and innovative ideas. Sobhan (2010), for example, has argued for ‘collective action’ to empower communities of migrants so that these are transformed from vulnerable individuals to a more empowered corporate entity.
|
sdg10
|
We observe a profound gap between the two types of poverty in several regions, notably in the cities of Yaounde and Douala, where the caloric poverty rate among children is respectively 18.86% and 24.57%, while the corresponding levels of monetary poverty are just 5.4% and 6.3%. Cameroon’s two most northerly regions (the North and Far North regions) are far and away the regions which experience the greatest levels of caloric poverty. Nearly 3 in 5 children living in these two regions are in a state of caloric poverty. The total of the first group is equal to 62% of the second.
|
sdg1
|
Such concern is addressed by the use of the Market Basket Measure (MBM), which sets many low-income thresholds reflecting the estimated cost of a specific set of goods and services that represent a basic standard of living in a specific area. This indicator is available for 49 different communities across Canada and is more sensitive to differences in the cost of living. Moreover, when MBM thresholds are applied to infer national low-income rates, these are low'er that the estimates obtained from applying a "floating” relative income approach. In 2015, 12.2% (4.2 millions) of people w'ere categorised in low-income when the MBM is applied, against 14.2% (4.6 millions) w'ith the conventional relative poverty measure.
|
sdg1
|
This may require a fundamental adjustment in how the role of energy efficiency policy is viewed generally. The view of energy efficiency needs to evolve so that it not seen as a policy approach solely driven by energy ministries to manage society's energy usage, but also as a complementary policy approach to achieving policy goals of other ministries, requiring collaboration across government departments. It will be necessary to communicate the broader rationale for energy efficiency policy sufficiently to encourage this view.
|
sdg7
|
Property tax is concentrated in the largest cities, such as Almaty, Shymkent and Astana, and, as typical in emerging economies, property tax is more important in metropolitan areas than in secondary cities. Kazakhstan may also adopt a system where akimats in urban areas can charge a land tax - where land has a higher market value - and rural akimats a property tax. Alternatively, like Brazil and South Africa, Kazakhstan could explore moving to a capital value system where tax is levied on both land and improvements and away from rental systems and site-value systems (McCluskey and Franzsen, 2013).
|
sdg11
|
Importantly, bike sharing allows the BRT to attract passengers from a wider radius, making affordable mobility available to more residents. With bike docks at every station, the system also allows passengers who would ordinarily only travel one or two stops on the BRT to instead take a bike, saving the user money and alleviating BRT crowding. Reflecting the lack of alternative transport options, vehicles registered in Lahore increased sharply from 95 vehicles per 1,000 people in 2001 to 238 vehicles in 2008, resulting in an estimated 8 million motorized trips on a usual weekday.
|
sdg11
|
In order to improve the nutritional status of children in Central Asia, social cash transfers may not be sufficient. They relieve immediate cash constraints in very poor households, but they do not address some of the underlying problems such as unbalanced diet patterns, insufficient intake of micronutrients or access to agricultural inputs. Other measures, such as targeted food programmes, complement the cash transfer schemes. The targeting performance of existing social cash transfers needs to be improved.
|
sdg1
|
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