text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| label
stringclasses 16
values |
|---|---|
There could well be much frustration and discontent - among students, parents and employers - if upper secondary and tertiary education is not reconstructed and made more relevant to Indonesia’s economic circumstances. Significant steps have been taken to widen access to and improve the quality of early childhood education, building on initiatives since 2001, and following the 2010 “Grand Design”, a blueprint for the development of early childhood care and education (ECCE). Much more rapid expansion is needed, however, if Indonesia is to realise the targets it has set in its Grand Design blueprint. The allocation of funding to early childhood development and education remains relatively low at some 1.2% of the education budget, compared with the international benchmark of 4-5%.
|
sdg4
|
Therefore, countries of the region should step up their efforts to improve the living conditions of the poor. Although the worst of the crisis is expected to have passed by the second half of 2009, meaning it would have been shorter lived and not as deep as initially predicted, there is, nonetheless, still a possibility of a slow recovery and of employment only recovering after a long contraction. Given the macroeconomic context, which is less vulnerable in this crisis, and given the progress that has been made in the area of social protection, there is a possibility that the social fallout from the crisis can be mitigated more effectively. That highlights the need for governments to take action to close the social gaps and make progress towards social cohesion.
|
sdg1
|
National announcements to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, for instance, are included (IEA, 2010a). Many regions have losses that are higher than the global average of 9%. Losses in India are reported at 23%, although anecdotal evidence has indicated that it is much higher in many regions, and power theft is estimated to be the main reason for this large number. Technical losses must be addressed in both the urban and rural settings.
|
sdg7
|
During 2011, an update of the national database took place, by converting the Palearctic habitat classification into the European University Information Systems Organization (EUNIS) habitat classification, as well as mapping some important habitats listed in annexes to the Habitat Directive. For instance, habitat maps of the Ramsar site encompassing the Lake Shkoder wetland system and of Prespa National Park have been elaborated with due consideration of the above annexes. Among protected species, the most spectacular increase has been noted for the Balkan chamois, the population of which increased by over 12 per cent, and the brown bear (10 per cent), most probably as a result of successful educational campaigns, designation of new protected areas and protective measures applied by field services.
|
sdg15
|
Usage of literary works and biographies are important in social studies education. The aim of this study is to elicit the usage situation of biographies in social studies (4 th to 7 th grades) curricula and textbooks. In this study, document analysis, one of the methods of qualitative approach, was used. As documents, social studies curricula (4 th to 7 th grades) and social studies textbooks, written by Ministry of National Education, were explored. Collected data were analyzed through content analysis. The results of the study showed that in general biographies are used in both social studies curricula and social studies textbooks. Key Words: Social studies, curriculum, textbook, biography
|
sdg16
|
Concilier evaluation continue et previsibilite des politiques est un exercice d’equilibre delicat, qui doit reposer sur des criteres devaluation clairement definis, dont le principal devrait idealement etre celui de productivite. The authors would like to thank OECD colleagues Jan Corfee-Morlot, Simon Upton, Helen Mountford, Celine Kauffmann, Andrew Prag and Shannon Wang, as well as Mark C. Lewis (Deutsche Bank) for their comments and review. And finally, the report also benefitted from comments received by delegates to the OECD’s Working Party on Climate, Investment and Development under the Environment Policy Committee as well as the Investment Committee.
|
sdg7
|
It makes entrepreneurship support systems accessible and attractive for future entrepreneurs and rectifies market and system failures in financing and premises. For universities to be effective, partnerships with entrepreneurship support actors in the region and beyond are relevant. Many of the current start-up support systems do not have local contact points in Penang, and thus rely more on arms-length connections for example through on-line facilitation.
|
sdg4
|
Companies engaged in the sector are subject to a fee of 2,000 dirhams (US$247) for an exploration permit and 7,000 dirhams (US$864) for an exploitation permit, as well as an annual tax of 6,000 dirhams (US$740) in the case of long-term concessions (up to 75 years). Supplementary levies apply on renewal of permits and concessions. Since 2004, the mining sector has benefited from total exoneration of VAT paid on purchases of diesel used by road freight transport vehicles. A “depletion allowance” (provision pour reconstitution de gisement) for the mining sector was abolished in 2008.
|
sdg6
|
The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and social networks allowed citizens to approach virtually every e-government body and any government member directly. However, to fully implement their potential and ensure timely problem-solving, further analysis of social media impact and effective promotion tools is deemed necessary. In our paper we review the particular features of social networks, which so far remain commerce-driven, and outline the means for satisfying the needs of every customer and social group. We also describe the state-of-art in social media marketing (SMM) and propose guidelines for implementing effective tools in this domain. Finally, we develop a geo social network-based mobile application as a platform for unifying information on users' needs, motives, preferences, locations, etc. The considered tools can be applied in promoting e-governance projects with widest online audience, thus shaping the citizens of the Information Age.
|
sdg16
|
Team learning, therefore, is not collaborative learning per se, but the collective learning of minds coming together. Neuroscience confirms that we learn through social interaction (Dumont, Istance and Benavides, 2010) as knowledge is socially constructed, and socio-cultural theories also highlight the importance of learning through par ticipating in communities of practice (Wenger, 1998) - reflecting what learning science informs us about effective learning of students, so a SLO encourages collaborative work and collective learning among its staff. This makes teaching more than a process experienced by professionally isolated individuals in their respective classrooms and instead enables a professional growth process in which teachers learn from and with each other by sharing of knowledge and expertise (Husband and Short, 1994, Kruse and Louis, 1997, Newmann, King and Youngs, 2000). But teamwork and collaboration can be shallow.
|
sdg4
|
The value of producer support has been growing in recent years and is now just below that in OECD countries (Figure 12). Transfers included in the PSE are composed of market price support, budgetary payments and the cost of revenue foregone by the government and other economic agents. To the extent possible, income support to agricultural producers should be provided through the social welfare system and not through introducing distortions into agricultural markets.
|
sdg2
|
On average across OECD countries in 2016, around 85% of students in lower secondary education were enrolled in public institutions. Among all OECD and partner countries, only Belgium, Chile and the United Kingdom have more than 50% of students enrolled at this level in private institutions, which include a large percentage of students enrolled in government-dependent private institutions. At upper secondary level, the share of enrolment in public institutions drops to 80% on average across OECD countries, with a decrease by over 20 percentage points in Iceland, Japan and Korea, where private institutions play a more prominent role at this level.
|
sdg4
|
Interviews suggest that the problematic feature of the methodology is the coefficient used to determine the amount of money withdrawn from “donors” to the national budget. Moreover, OECD (2017, forthcoming) has noted that this mechanism does not take into account a region’s actions or particularities, and acts as a disincentive for using resources efficiently. In addition, the lack of clarity may leave room for mismanagement.
|
sdg11
|
Publicly provided goods and services - such as healthcare and long-term care - can also be particularly important for retirees. In doing so, it draws on internationally comparable data. Unfortunately, such data are often available for small groups of countries only and are not collected frequently enough to yield a clear, up-to-date picture of how sources of income other than pension benefits help sustain adequate standards of living in retirement. Nevertheless, this analysis - the first of its kind - can inform the debate on the adequacy of retirement-incomes by examining some patterns of elderly homeownership and wealth holdings and exploring the importance of a public service provision.
|
sdg1
|
AbstractWe examine an infinite-horizon model of appellate court lawmaking. The model focuses on the impact of lawmaking on the behavior of trial courts, incorporating costly review of trial court dispositions by the appellate court. A successful audit by the appellate court provides an opportunity to create precedent. Precedent changes future trial court dispositions by providing new cases from which trial courts can draw analogies. This, in turn, alters the appellate court’s scrutiny of these dispositions—its audit strategy—going forward. We use the model to explain many features of actual judicial practice by courts in a hierarchy. Throughout, we relate the findings to existing evidence and derive testable predictions.Given that (1) Defendant [Officer] Leveille did not assert authority over Plaintiff beyond requesting that she leave, (2) Plaintiff did not in any way submit to his request, and (3) Plaintiff indisputably “retrieved Mr. Byers’s belongings and walked away” immediately after the incident, th...
|
sdg16
|
In some other countries, although the poverty rate is lower, the share of ultra poor is higher. This demonstrates the importance of examining various characteristics in determining the number of the poorest. In Bangladesh, for example, it is 61.3 per cent relative to 39.7 per cent in Lao PDR and 49.4 per cent in Timor-Leste.
|
sdg1
|
Globalization involves risks and opportunities for the Arab world. Realistic knowledge of these possibilities is essential for adaptation of governance and reform of public administration to deal more effectively with the unfolding processes of globalization. To be participants rather than mere subjects, the Arab states have to recognize opportunities and limit potential negative consequences. Success requires good governance and professional public management. Public administration in the Arab world has to transform traditional methods of command and control and nepotism into a more collaborative management that relies on institutional capabilities and practicing managerial values of accountability, performance evaluation, transparency, and ethics.
|
sdg16
|
The paper concerns administrative reform in the BRICS countries as a requirement of inclusive economic growth. The relationship between economic growth and equity describes the concept of inclusive development. In this respect, justice and quality of life is becoming one of its key factors and a stimulating cause of long-term economic development. The concept of an equitable (inclusive) growth strategy is based on the premise of the unity of governability, competitiveness and public policy through citizen participation. An important association of governability, competitiveness and fairness is participatory institutions. Four of these are crucial: strategic policy institutions, institutions of decentralization, institutions of “open government”, and accountability institutions. The paper, based on analysis of the BRICS, demonstrates that these not only create an environment for development, but are also tools for citizens’ participation.
|
sdg16
|
Fifty years of development co-operation practice have yielded lessons on effective aid4, summarised in the principles of ownership, alignment, harmonisation, results and mutual accountability, which are supported and referred to as best practice across the development co-operation community. In the Busan Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (2011), climate finance was formally recognised as a core development finance issue, with the common goal to “support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries overall national development plans, and ensure that - where appropriate - these measures are financed, delivered and monitored through developing countries' systems in a transparent manner” . There are cobenefits and trade-offs in financing sustainable development and climate change goals simultaneously.
|
sdg13
|
For the headcount ratio, the odds of being deprived can be compared for children with different characteristics, with statistically significant differences highlighted. The adjusted headcount ratio can be decomposed into the shares contributed by various sub-groups of children as well as into shares contributed by different dimensions. For instance, if there are two groups of children, ni and nr.
|
sdg1
|
An inclusive PIT reform would make significant changes in the PIT rate schedule, especially by lowering the bands at which the higher income rates are levied. In 2014, single taxpayers had to start paying PIT on gross earnings equivalent to 118% of the average wage. In contrast, taxpayers in the OECD on average had to start paying PIT on gross earnings equivalent to 29% of the average wage.
|
sdg5
|
Regional collaboration among the institutions in the region takes place on a voluntary, ad hoc basis. The Penang Educational Consultative Council (PECC) under the state government provides the mechanism for a coherent vision of an education system at the regional level, but this council is only for the private higher education institutions in the state (NHERI, 2010). The Penang Skills Development Centre (PSDC) and institutions such as the Wawasan Open University serve as important “brokers” of regional collaboration among institutions as well as between the higher education institutions and the needs of students and employers. Modify curriculum to strengthen and deepen student learning through greater integration of research and engagement with industry and community within the curriculum.
|
sdg4
|
Rather, what is needed is a coherent whole-of-govemment approach, which addresses all dimensions of immigrants’ integration. Such an approach to integration builds on a strong collaboration between government departments and involvement of social partners. It first describes the project on Assessing the Economic Contribution of Labour Migration in Developing Countries as Countries of Destination, and its implementation in South Africa.
|
sdg8
|
For example, the PLU for the commune of Saint-Nazaire attaches a great importance to the protection of natural areas, the location of production zones, and risks in the estuary. As the attractiveness of the sea shore is quite important, the PLU imposes restrictive rules related on construction in the coastal zone and tries to relocate new development two or three kilometres inland. Involving 24 communes around the City of Nantes it will establish the main directions for the broader project of territorial development to the year 2030. They are also trying to encourage increased participation in the process by public-private development companies (Societes publiques d’amenagement) and private investors to manage land use and local land acquisition operations, beyond the limited number of public programs.
|
sdg11
|
List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Global Capitalism, Ethics and Governance N.Low & B.Gleeson PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ETHICAL DILEMMAS Towards Sustainability J.Spangenberg The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Beyond Monitoring E.Edmondson The International Politics of Declining Forests M.Jokela Maximising Justice for Environmental Refugees: A Transnational Institution on Behalf of the Deterritorialised A.Semmens Environmental Accountability and Transnational Corporations D.Humphreys PART II: TOWARDS A GLOBAL ETHICS An Environmentalist Grand Narrative A.Gare Human Rights and the Environment: Redefining Fundamental Principles? K.Bosselman Planetary Citizenship, Definition and Defence of an Ideal J.Thompson An Ethics of Care for the Environment in Conditions of Conflict J.Tully Environmental Ethics and the Obsolescence of Existing Political Institutions P.Laslett PART III: HUMANE GOVERNMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT Environmental Justice and Global Democracy W.Achterberg Cosmopolitan Democracy D.Archibugi An International Court of the Environment A.Postiglione Humane Governance and the Environment R.Falk Index
|
sdg16
|
In particular, it is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the total lifetime costs of nuclear power generation. Doubling the carbon price, for instance, from USD 30 per tonne of CO2 to USD 60 per tonne would increase the total average cost of coal-produced power by 30%, more than doubling its variable cost in the process. This is not an unrealistic number.
|
sdg7
|
The greater the income concentration, the larger will this area be, which increases the value of the indicator. This makes it advisable to complement the analysis with other indicators that do satisfy this property, such as the Theil, Atkinson and logarithmic variance indicators. The greater the value used, the higher the weighting given to observations in the lower part of the distribution, most frequently between 0.5 and 2.0.
|
sdg1
|
Source: OECD Fisheries Database. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.
|
sdg14
|
The condition of lichen grounds has been deteriorating for over the past two decennia due to the high level of reindeer herd grazing. This has also other negative impacts on the alpine flora and fauna including the deterrence of regrowth of mountain birch forest after autumn moth outbreaks. Other pressures on alpine habitats include tourism and off-road traffic. The disturbances by tourism in alpine areas can indudethe trampling and resultant erosion of vegetative cover (Ahokumpu etai. This is of concern as alpine ecosystems are often fragile and this can cause loss of resilience towards natural hazards: such as landslides, avalanches, erosion, and insect outbreaks. In Iceland most alpine habitats are seriously degraded.
|
sdg15
|
In all, these actors from emerging countries represent EUR 500 million invested in some 80 companies. Such funding typically ranges from EUR 2 million to EUR 100 million and targets entrepreneurs who either already have significant experience in the industry or have a partner company with an international reputation in the field. The minimum expected rate of return is about 15%.
|
sdg5
|
Regional or local authorities may also provide supplementary programmes on top of those which are nationally co-ordinated (e.g., General Assistance in US States, see Gallagher et a I., 1999). Also, benefit offices and caseworkers sometimes have considerable room for discretion (e.g., by awarding support in special circumstances). For understanding the changing role of SA in government redistribution, it would therefore be particularly important to gauge benefit-claiming behaviour and patterns.
|
sdg10
|
Since 2004, several countries have made major investments in national early warning systems. These include setting up state-of-the-art warning centres that are helping make the Asia-Pacific region a global hub of excellence in this field. Several countries are also making progress in addressing their unique warning requirements.
|
sdg13
|
A questionnaire was completed by 600 students out of which 112 were selected for a test and 60 passed a detailed interview. Graduates are awarded a nationally recognised certificate issued by FINPIN, the respective university and the Finnish Ministry of Employment and Economics (15 ECTS). Since then, BSS activities have been integrated into curricula.
|
sdg8
|
(2001). The world turned upside down: Are changes in political economy and legal practice transforming legal education and scholarship, or vice versa? International Journal of the Legal Profession: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 11-21.
|
sdg16
|
Circulatory disease deaths also account for the largest gap in death rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (22% of the gap). This is followed by endocrine, metabolic and nutritional disorders - particularly diabetes - which account for 14% of the gap (AIHW, 2014b). In 2006-10, overall death rates were twice as high. Circulatory diseases accounted for the largest gap (27% of the gap), followed by diabetes (17%) and cancers (12%).
|
sdg3
|
This chapter offers an overview of post-September 11 US security policy as it pertains to fighting terrorism by promoting democracy using nonviolence. The first section lays out how the USA has used nonviolence in its security policy documents, especially the 2002 and 2006 US National Security Strategies. The second part traces the varied linguistic uses of the term “nonviolence” and what is meant by it. The refinement of terms, it is hoped, will help to create better policy. The chapter concludes with an appeal for a critical theory of nonviolence that is inoculated against the kinds of imperial usages witnessed in the past.
|
sdg16
|
In parallel to WUGs, another type of farmers’ group called “Ten Farmers Group (TFG)” was established at village level under the DOA. While WUGs are established based on the irrigation network system, TFGs are based on the number of farmers. By 2010, TFGs had been established in 13 077 village tracts. They contribute to building awareness on water management and serve as a platform to represent farmers’ interest in all aspects of agriculture, including irrigation (ARDC, 2011). Currently, the state owns all water rights that are handled by the central government for national projects and by local governments for small projects.
|
sdg2
|
Different cultural attitudes to gender equality, women’s changing social roles, and women’s greater autonomy and access to resources have also contributed to the improvement in their educational levels in recent years in most countries in the world. As a result, the supply of highly-educated women in countries of origin has grown. Indeed, highly-educated women are increasingly the principal labour migrants rather than family dependents, though Docquier etal. (
|
sdg5
|
Elementary occupations” is the title of major group 9 in the ILO classification system of occupations. It comprises, inter alia, street vendors, shoe cleaners, domestic helpers, building caretakers, messengers, doorkeepers, garbage collectors, hand labourers, etc. However, in recent years the bargained minimum wage has risen well above the statutory minimum wage, and was 25% higher by 2012, reducing the signalling effect of wages and thus not stimulating demand for unskilled labour (Box 2.1).
|
sdg4
|
For example.an increase in women in higher grades of an occupation might coincide with a lowering of status, thus decreasing both the redistributive and recognition measures of substantive equality and possibly negating the gains in the participative dimension. Alternatively, more women might be employed in higher grades without changing male-dominated working hours, so that childcare is simply delegated to other low-paid women. In this way, the participative and even redistributive measures might be improved but no transformational gains will be made.
|
sdg5
|
Defining what constitutes a “green job” definitively has proven difficult. A wide range of definitions have been proposed that range from being very narrow and specific, such as the Eurostat definition of eco-industries (i.e. industries producing environmental goods and services) to more broader industry classifications that also encompass industries that are dependent on environmental resources and environmental quality, such as those developed by the United Nations and the ILO. This disparity in definitions also produces a disparity in job numbers.
|
sdg7
|
Though now under some challenge, the policy orthodoxy in Australian Aboriginal affairs since the 1970s has been progressive in its social justice orientation, postcolonial in its amelioration of the colonial legacy, and culturalist in its privileging of ethnicity. In this paper I argue that its attempt to recover the past in the face of increasing postethnicity is becoming counter-productive, by stultifying cultural adaptation and compromising individuals’ capacity to engage with modernity. The notions of interculturality and postethnicity point to coexisting ancestral cultures, an imagined, symbolic national Aboriginality, and deep intersection with settler-Australia and the world, and so cultural ‘changing-sameness’ and simultaneous ‘bothness’. The paper argues that a dialectic of public policy and Aboriginal identity politics resists this lived reality, with negative effects. It proposes that a way forward is to engage more fully with the lived reality.
|
sdg16
|
One of the main attractions is non-linear broadcasting, i.e. to watch missed programmes (‘catch-up TV’). The HbbTV specification is based on existing standards and web technologies including OIPF (Open IPTV Forum), CEA, DVB and W3C. The standard provides the features and functionality required to deliver feature rich broadcast and internet services. Utilizing standard internet technology, it enables rapid application development. It defines minimum requirements simplifying the implementation in devices and leaving room for differentiation - this limits the investment required by CE manufacturers to build compliant devices.
|
sdg9
|
Moreover, given that workers eligible for the subsidised regime (i.e. the poor) are also eligible for an array of social programmes (e.g. Familias en Accion), the potential loss in other benefits further dissuades workers from accepting formal jobs. Overall, Camacho et al. ( In 2012, more than half of the population was covered by the subsidised regime, up from about one third in the mid-1990s. It should be noted, however, that means-tested social benefits remain low by OECD standards.
|
sdg1
|
Power infrastructure quality and manufacturing productivity in Africa: A firm level analysis. Economic Theory and Under-developed Regions. An Approach to the Asian Drama: Methodological and Theoretical. Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report. Global Commission on the Economy and Climate. The Sustainable Infrastructure Imperative: Financingfor Better Growth and Development -The 2016 New Climate Economy Report.
|
sdg9
|
Support for this perspective is provided by such treaties and declarations as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Habitat Agenda, and Agenda 21, the action plan adopted at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, among others, documents the extensive body of rights related to housing and the disproportionate vulnerability of children to violations of these rights. In recent years, practical programming aimed at fulfilling rights has been focused on the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), all of which have relevant implications for children in urban poverty. Micronutrient deficiencies can lead to anaemia, birth defects and other disorders. This is only a small percentage of those who live in slums worldwide, the target does not address the continuing growth in the number of new slums and slum dwellers. Article 24 refers to every child’s right to the “enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health.”
|
sdg3
|
Therefore, the activities of MSMEs have been identified to negatively impact the environment and could erode their long term economic development. Though progress has been made, there is still a need for more sensitisation and support mechanisms to ensure compliance and commitment to environmental standards. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) together with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) as lead executing agency implemented the Promotion of Green Economic Development (ProGED) project.
|
sdg11
|
It might be safe to assume that spending on non-contributory benefits is between one and two per cent of GDP. In terms of targeting accuracy, the MB manages to transfer the majority of funds to the poorest households. In 2008, more than 50 per cent of the MB transfers were received by the bottom twenty per cent of the welfare distribution.25 As such, the MB compares favourably with other targeted programmes in the region.
|
sdg1
|
This level is about 28 percentage points lower than the average of the 30 LDCs that joined the organisation in its early years, but 18 percentage points higher than the five recently acceded LDCs. With regard to non-agricultural products, the decision provides two options: acceding LDCs shall bind 95 per cent of their NAMA lines at an overall average rate of 35 per cent, or they can undertake more comprehensive binding coverage. In the latter case, the acceding country shall be afforded proportionately higher overall average rates, to be agreed with WTO members. The text also specifies that ‘in such cases the acceding LDC shall be entitled to transition periods of up to 10 years for up to 10 per cent of their tariff lines’. However, the accession process itself could be strengthened in a way that it becomes a collective effort of the global community to assist the acceding countries in integrating the world economy in order to enhance trade and sustainable development in the countries.24 This would go beyond the action outlined in the IPoA about facilitating WTO accession for LDCs as well as supporting the goal of substantially increasing LDC trade.
|
sdg10
|
The article concludes that further studies are required, and that assistance mechanisms are required for women who do not receive financial assistance from their migrant husbands. The article also finds that migrants' sexual and reproductive behaviour is characterized by limited access to information about risks and also requires thorough study. Scholars have consistently shown that gender influences who will go to a new location and who will stay behind (Massey, 1986, Curran, 1995, Pittin, 1984, Monsutti, 2007, Cohen and others, 2008, Resurreccion and Ha Thi Van Khanh, 2007, Ni Laoire, 2001).
|
sdg5
|
While gaps still persist across certain policy sectors, the trend is to increase the availability of data disaggregated by gender to enable a sound assessment of the impacts of policies and laws on men and women (Figure 4.11). There is significant progress globally in terms of the development of gender indicators and the collection and dissemination of gender statistics. Among EU countries, several national mechanisms (for example, in Finland, France, Ireland, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden) report close co-operation with national statistical offices and the regular gathering and publication of statistical profiles of women and men (Tavares da Silva, 2010). Sweden’s Ordinance of Official Statistics stipulates that all official statistics concerning individuals or groups must be presented disaggregated by sex (Horsburgh, 2011).
|
sdg5
|
It includes all investments from fuel production to power generation, electricity T&D and electric end-use equipment. The cumulative requirement for new capacity is larger than the installed capacity of 641 GW in 2050, since some technologies may require, depending on their technical lifetimes, a reinvestment between 2010 and 2050. The BLUE Map scenario results in new capacity additions on the generation side of 826 GW. The capital requirements for power generation, T&D and efficient electric end-use equipment are USD 3.6 trillion, almost 80% higher than in the Baseline scenario. On the generation side, the additional investment is needed to fund higher capacities for nuclear, CCS and solar power. Further capital is needed for the expansion of the grid to connect solar plants in remote areas with demand centres, and for more efficient electric equipment in the end-use sectors.
|
sdg7
|
From a child perspective, this assumption is often justified on the basis that assuming that children obtain an equal share of available household resources charts a middle road between the deprivation they may be subject to if parents consume a disproportionate share and the extra protection they might receive if parents make sacrifices to ensure children do not go without (Corak, 2005[86i). However, differences in parenting behaviour across households may lead to children living in poverty in non-poor households and vice-versa. If, for instance, intra-household allocation patterns are determined by bargaining between different parties, we would expect the income pooling restriction not to hold.
|
sdg1
|
In a relatively short timespan, aquaculture has developed into a considerable industry for the production of food, reaching more than 1.1 million tonnes in 2010, with Atlantic salmon as the most important species. The sector is still relatively young and has the potential for further growth and development (Asche and Bjprndal 2011). The important production Nordic areas in terms of volume are the Norwegian coast, Danish inland waters and the coast of the Faroe Islands. Aquaculture is now also developing in nutrient poor (oligotrophic) freshwater basins, in the Baltic Sea and in land based recirculation systems (RAS) in several Nordic regions.
|
sdg14
|
The Declaration has been accompanied by a series of events, including a promotion campaign for responsible behaviour, an international conference on policy issues and specific actions such as cleaning of neighbourhoods by corporate volunteers. Many business organisations and associations have recently developed specific initiatives aimed at increasing public and business awareness of environmental matters. Among the most active in this area is the International Chamber of Commerce-Ukraine, which has recently put in place a Green Commission, proposing a number of concrete measures to the government to encourage development of environmentally-friendly energy resources and technologies (Box 4.6).
|
sdg7
|
The option of borrowing also potentially re-introduces adverse work incentives among unemployed individuals with negative account balances. In order to ensure that individuals with negative balances do not withdraw from the labour market or move into informal work, pension contributions could be used as collateral (Stiglitz and Yun, 2005).38 This option has not been implemented anywhere yet. This approach is likely to involve more redistribution than the UA-plus-borrowing alternative but less than in a pure system of UI.
|
sdg10
|
The government has noted the lack of available technological solutions for the transport sector and considers that opportunities for cleaner transport are limited. Electricity is supplied by the government-owned Tonga Power Ltd (TPL), which is regulated by the Tonga Electricity Commission. The rural areas in Tongatapu have grid electricity supplied by TPL and the outer islands have solar power or mini-grids that are operated on a community-based management model. The average residential electricity tariff in 2013 was US$0.52 (Figure 9.5). Tonga has used solar energy since the late 1980s although biomass remains the primary renewable energy source. There is no potential for hydro energy and assessments indicate that geothermal energy is uneconomical.
|
sdg7
|
It closes with a series of targeted recommendations. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The make-up of public sector decision-making bodies should be representative of society at large if public needs are to be legitimately articulated and addressed.
|
sdg5
|
The more sophisticated forms of this interaction take place in the transaction and exchange between the government and businesses regarding the licenses, taxation and policies issued for various sectors. It has a potential for creating new and innovative products and services for women and invigorating business sectors related to women’s livelihood, as the improved practice of procurement may lead to cost reduction and increased efficiency. Women entrepreneurs may also benefit from e-procurement and e-commerce practices that allow access to targeted information on government policies and procurement opportunities.
|
sdg5
|
International projects, such as “Sample” and the “ESS-Net on Small Area Estimation” have consolidated methodologies in this area, produced flexible software routines and facilitated dialogue among statistical offices16. Two caveats, however, apply. First, there is no model that is good in general: each application of small area estimation must be adapted to its expected use and users. Second, these models are best implemented at the national level.
|
sdg1
|
As of 2012 some hospital services are subject to a straightforward 80% discount, thus strongly discouraging provision beyond the spending caps. In principle, this negotiation process adds a useful market-based element to the health-care system. However, this is somewhat compromised by the limited number of “market players” on both sides, especially since Clalit’s vertical integration means it does not really participate in this process.
|
sdg3
|
It will have 13 stations—six underground and seven elevated — and is scheduled to be finished in July 2018.25 A 42.1-km Jabodebek Light Rail Transit (LRT) system from Cibubur to Cawang, East Bekasi to Cawang, and Cawang to Dukuh Atas is under construction, with the first 5.8-km section scheduled to open in time for the 2018 Asian Games.26 In 2016, the share of public transport in Jakarta was 26 per cent. The Greater Jakarta Transport Authority plans to increase the public transportation share to 40 per cent by 2019,50 per cent by 2024 and 60 per cent by 2029. Thailand has 566 km of bicycle lanes across the country, and NMT policies are to be included in the master plans of all major cities.
|
sdg11
|
Le volume total vendu a ce prix pendant la saison des semis et celle des recoltes est lui aussi fixe a l’avance. Les prets qui en relevent sont accordes par les etablissements de credit de KazAgro, moyennant des taux d’interet fixes plus ou moins eleves en fonction de la duree et de l’objet du credit et de l’origine des fonds (ils different selon que le pret est finance par le budget, sur les fonds propres des agences de KazAgro ou par des fonds eux-memes empruntes sur le marche). En 2011, les prets a court terme accordes pour les semis et les recoltes ont ete assortis de taux allant de 4 % a 12 % par an, contre 12.3 % sur le marche.
|
sdg2
|
With the rising role of science and technology in actual production processes, the importance of education and skills is likely only to increase. Education also enhances a persons capability to pursue ent repreneu rsh ip. Unlike physical capital, human capital cannot be redistributed by taking from one and giving to another. The only way to ensure the attainment of an equitable distribution of human capital is to allow more people to attain that capital through education and training.
|
sdg1
|
Examples of inefficient energy use in Brazil include the reduced role of cogeneration, the high proportion of incandescent bulbs (basically the same as designed by Edison 120 year ago) in use, and the widespread use of sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Inadequate rules which send wrong signals to the market also hinder EE improvements. For instance, the present rates structure leads to such a high average price of electricity during peak hours - quite above its supply cost - that many consumers are supplementing their energy consumption during peak hours with local diesel power generation.
|
sdg7
|
The higher the Gini coefficient, the more unequal the income distribution becomes, while the higher the ratio of the two U5MRs, the more unequal the health outcomes are. If Peru, an outlier, is removed from the sample, it becomes-0.166. In this case, however, the correlation is negative: the lower the share the higher the U5MR.
|
sdg3
|
Most recent data for these indicators cover children across the entirety of the child life course (0-17), with high-policy relevance - these results are directly influenced by social protection and child welfare policies - and household survey data are weighted to make children the unit of analysis. Data for both indicators are from around 2014, and as with 'end poverty' are highly policy relevant (including through health and school-based interventions for physical activity / obesity), but neither indicator reflects experiences in later adolescence (overage 15). Data for malnutrition in the form of stunting or wasting, is replaced with malnutrition in the form of obesity, given the focus on high-income countries and prevalence of overweight and obesity cases in comparison to other forms of malnutrition.
|
sdg4
|
The Tuareg of Mali have lost their cattle, crops and shops owing to looting and revenge attacks (Poulsen, 2016). This situation has also put pressure on the Peul and Tuareg communities in Burkina Faso. Indeed, poverty in indigenous communities is directly linked to the decision of families to take girls out of school to prepare them for work. Since girls carry out important household tasks, which include assisting their mothers in performing chores and taking care of their young siblings, they are often kept at home.
|
sdg4
|
The stages in the accreditation of an educational institution in Israel include: i) the stage of authorisation to advertise, register students and commence study (granted on the basis of preliminary examinations of the institution and the programmes of study that it proposes to offer). At this stage the institution is not yet accredited as an institution of higher education and is not authorised to award academic degrees to graduates, ii) the stage of a permit, i.e. the approval to open and maintain a higher education institution. At this stage, the institution is not yet accredited as an institution of higher education and is not authorised to award academic degrees to graduates and iii) the stage of accreditation and authorisation, during which the Council of Higher Education accredits the institution as an institution of higher education and authorises it to award an academic degree.
|
sdg4
|
During the past decade or so, organization studies has witnessed a small but growing interest in the human body, in health, and in the management of life beyond organizational boundaries. In light of this development, this paper investigates how the New Public Health seeks to construct and manage people as healthy bodies beyond the boundaries of formal work organizations. The paper does so through a discourse analysis of a UK health campaign on healthy eating. Drawing on Foucault’s notion of governmentality, the paper discusses the power, limitations and subversion of this campaign by problematizing the neo‐liberal managerialism that it actualizes. Finally, it discusses what implications this has for the New Public Health and for organization studies.
|
sdg16
|
Depending on the scope of a disaster, the response is co-ordinated by the smallest unit possible, whether the municipality, the district administration, the Land or the federal government. The federal government is responsible for response to major catastrophes through State Crisis and Catastrophe Management (SKKM). This body, established in 2004 and overseen by the Ministry of the Interior, brings together all ministries, the LUnder and emergency organisations, whose emergency units previously worked independently of each other. The SKKM co-ordinates response to major natural and other hazards that affect a large part of the Austrian territory, last relatively long or are particularly complex and require co-ordination among Lander.
|
sdg13
|
This represents a large share of all methane emissions. As a powerful greenhouse gas, methane emissions must be significantly reduced. Coal mining-related activities (extraction, crushing, distribution, etc.) As with coal, the geological formation of oil can also create large methane deposits that are released during drilling and extraction.
|
sdg7
|
Lastly, it is worth noting that in six countries more progress has been made towards meeting the first MDG target in low-education households than in others. The base year is 1997 ? The concept of female head of household is useful since it makes it possible to identify households where the absence of the male partner forces women to bear the entire burden of maintaining the household, which is particularly complex when there are small children.
|
sdg1
|
Teachers need support to actively participate in this transformation and demand high standards from all students, while taking into account the increasing diversity in their classrooms. In most countries, teachers undergo pre-service training, followed by a selection process, with subsequent in-service training provided mostly through courses and workshops. New evidence shows that the proportion of certified teachers and most forms of professional development have a weak impact on student performance. Thus, many reforms aim to improve the quality of teacher training, make selection procedures more demanding, develop new forms of professional development and raise curricular standards.
|
sdg4
|
Substantial increases in land productivity were achieved through strict enforcement of the adoption of high-yield crop varieties, subsidised fertiliser and pesticide programmes, and collection and distribution systems run by the government. In order to rebuild agriculture, the Saemaul Undong was first initiated from 1971 to 1973, under the strong leadership of the central government. At the beginning, 6 000 rural villages participated, increasing to 34 665 villages in 1973.
|
sdg11
|
These models are all PPPs involving an academic-industrial consortium pursuing collaborative research, typically over seven to ten years. The level of subsidy is typically high in order to encourage fundamental research, involving PhD education that strengthens the role of the collaboration in human capital formation. Evidence from international evaluations about these programmes are strongly positive, but also point to the importance of a balanced governance power between the academic and industrial stakeholders to guarantee successful outcomes.
|
sdg9
|
When detailed information from comprehensive scientific monitoring is available, management plans are based on quantitative objectives and scientific advice stemming from the simulation of potential effects of alternative management scenarios (Box 12). In addition to these management plans, riparian countries and supranational entities such as the European Union also establish their own management plans, which should be compliant with the Agreement for the establishment of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM Agreement) and in line with existing regional decisions. When available, simulations of the potential effect of alternative management scenarios are presented as they provide insights on the response of fisheries to the decisions taken.
|
sdg14
|
As the TOSSD framework is to be agreed by mid-2017, inputs from the international community can contribute to ensuring that TOSSD is defined in a way that, if desired, is helpful to tracking progress on climate finance commitments. The main changes relating to reporting of climate finance are that: this reporting is to cover support “mobilised” as well as provided, it is now mandatory for all “developed” countries (not just Annex II countries) to report on support, and that “other” countries providing support are also encouraged to report on this information. The Paris Agreement also indicates that developed countries are to biennially communicate indicative information, as available, on climate finance “to be provided” (Box 2). The estimation of projected financial support for a specific area can be challenging, particularly for countries with annual budget cycles.
|
sdg13
|
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is the most ratified international human rights treaty. Yet problems continue about ensuring that children’s rights are recognised and supported...
|
sdg16
|
Policies supporting biofuels, which are mainly used in transportation, were thus blamed for spikes in food prices in 2007 and 2008 (OECD, 2015). Growing food crops for conversion into a biofuel (e.g. ethanol) in a refinery (for subsequent combustion in a power plant) will have different land-use impacts from growing woody crops for direct combustion. In addition, the efficiency of bioelectricity processes vary: while woody crops yield more biomass per unit area than a food crop like corn or soybean, biofuel-related processes like ethanol combustion usually convert a higher percentage of biomass energy content into electricity (Fthenakis and Kim, 2009).
|
sdg7
|
This article draws on T H Marshall's celebrated classification of civil, political and social rights to examine the use of the courts by individuals seeking to establish rights to particular forms or models of welfare service provision. It argues that tensions between the collective and individual aspects of social rights, the relationship of social rights to inequality, and the difficulty of quantifying (and therefore enforcing) legitimate expectations, all make the use of litigation to establish social rights intensely problematic. Drawing on the recent UK Supreme Court case of R (on the Application of McDonald) v Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, it goes on to suggest that it is unhelpful to think of social rights in terms of human rights: instead, we would do better to adopt Marshall's emphasis on the citizenship basis of social rights and on the social and political context within which they necessarily exist.
|
sdg16
|
This chapter describes temporal and regional variation in pollution law enforcement in China. It shows that over time there has been an absolute growth in the frequency and stringency of sanctions. However, most importantly, we find that enforcement does not match pollution or industrial growth. And as such, the increasingly stringent national policies and extra investment have not sufficiently lifted enforcement to meet China’s environmental challenges. Moreover, central level influences have not yet been able to overcome the immense regional enforcement disparities. Instead we see a split is occurring, with stronger enforcement the richer coastal and municipal level provinces and weak enforcement in less developed regions. Potentially, this can create an institutionalized system of domestic environmental injustice where the rich can benefit from a better environment while outsourcing pollution to the poor.
|
sdg16
|
This study investigated the effects of ethnic minority adolescents' ethnic self-identification (host country, dual, or heritage country) on friendship choices among ethnic majority and minority peers. Hypotheses were derived from similarity-attraction and social identity theory and tested using longitudinal social network data from 1,004 middle school students (five schools) in Germany. Results showed that ethnic minority adolescents' ethnic self-identification affected friendship selection beyond ethnic homophily. While host country and dual identification was beneficial with respect to friendships with both ethnic majority and minority peers, heritage country identification was detrimental to relations with both of them.
|
sdg16
|
If he abandons his religion once the marriage has already been consummated and then comes back to Islam during the wife’s retreat, the dissolution is void and the marriage is reinstated, b) the marriage is not dissolved when the wife abandons her religion. According to Article 16.1 of the CEDAW, states shall ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, “The same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution” as well as “The same personal rights as husband and wife, including the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation” and “The same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property, whether free of charge or for a valuable consideration.” In many countries, the woman’s role as a wife is usually seen as an obedient women, whose basic freedoms can be, to some extent, controlled by her husband (for example in Bahrain,7 Djibouti and Yemen).
|
sdg5
|
As county-level governments’ information systems improve, a better design of the dibao policy will become increasingly feasible. Simulations by Golan et al. ( Nevertheless, this depends on the quality of targeting for additional beneficiaries, highlighting the importance of administrative systems that allow payments to be channelled to those most in need.
|
sdg2
|
This framework describes teacher professionalism through teachers' knowledge base, autonomy and peer networks. In order to measure how well education systems support teachers' professionalism in each of these domains, TALIS calculates the average number of best practices, as reported by teachers (Box 2.1). Each of the domains of teacher professionalism is scaled from 0 to 5, with 5 representing a theoretical maximum where all practices within the domain are observed.
|
sdg4
|
In this book the author argues that judicial activism directed to the protection of human rights and dignity and the right to due process is an essential element of the democratic rule of law in a constitutional democracy as opposed to being ‘judicial overreach’. Put differently, protecting human rights, especially of the vulnerable and marginalized, through judicial decision-making in a constitutional democracy is here held not to equate to judges ‘making law’ (as opposed to interpreting law). Rather it represents courts interpreting and explaining what the constitution mandates the statutory and common law in a democratic society is or must be if it is not so already.
|
sdg16
|
It is presently unclear how land use planning is going to evolve with all the changes implied by the wave of recent legislative changes (e.g. ALUR, MAPTAM and NOTRe). Intercommunal power is increasingly emphasised and the new regions (13 instead of 22) should have more influence on planning. But, with the tradition of the commune’s monopoly in term of land use, regions are uncertain about their areas of competence. While the intent has been to make the process of planning more co-ordinated and to establish clearer responsibilities at each level, in some cases the effect has been to destabilise existing relationships that were formed under the old rules and now have to be readjusted to reflect the new rules. This can occur in the middle of multi-year agreements and can affect outcomes. In an assessment of the French system, Reimer et al.
|
sdg11
|
In other words, expected average O&M costs fell by 50% from 2010 to 2015, and again by 20% from 2015 to 2020. Finally, looking at the LCOE at a 10% discount rate, the LCOE for large solar PV decreased from USD 1031 per MWh to USD 667 per MWh and then to USD 175 per MWh, i.e. it decreased by one-third from 2010 to 2015, then by three-quarters to 2020. Therefore, the anticipated costs of large solar PV have “plunged” by more than 80% from 2005 (see NEA/IEA, 2005) to 2015 (see NEA/IEA, 2015).
|
sdg7
|
This is in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) obligations on habitats (Aichi Target 13). In Croatia, autochthonous breeds have developed over hundreds of years of use and practice, 26 breeds are at risk because of the increased mechanization of agriculture. These breeds generally have low productivity and therefore there is little interest in maintaining them on farms.
|
sdg15
|
This article contributes to the empirical literature on the political economy of tax policy through the use of a panel data set on statutory rate changes and new tax adoptions by state governments during the postwar period. A principal finding is that there is little evidence in support of recent models of political policy cycles that emphasize the use of short-run fiscal policy instruments (such as a tax cut) as an election draws near to enhance reelection prospects. The timing of tax increases is clearly linked with election cycles, however, with the largest share of rate increases and new adoptions occurring during the first year of a governor's term in office. Also examined is the political consequence of state tax policy actions. Evidence is presented showing that voters tend to blame governors more than the legislature for rate increases on broad-based taxes, especially for increases enacted in an election year.
|
sdg16
|
In this written commentary for the special issue of Education Policy Analysis Archives focused on “Redesigning Assessment and Accountability,” we call for teacher preparation to embrace a multiple measures philosophy by providing teacher candidates with rich opportunities to engage with data from a variety of sources, beyond teacher test scores and principal evaluations. We apply and extend Bae’s (2018) argument to teacher preparation policies, urging teacher educators to develop programs that promote continuous improvement. We argue that teacher education can and should prepare candidates to engage in multiple measure systems, critically evaluate data and sense make to construct meaning, reflect on and improve their practice to meet the needs of all students, and ultimately advocate for next-generation accountability systems that authentically foreground and prioritize continuous improvement.
|
sdg16
|
Abstract An examination of six urban Canadian school districts' policies and co-curricular programs for safe and inclusive schools shows contrasting implicit patterns of citizenship education. Peacekeeping-oriented districts relied heavily on standardized control and exclusion to achieve school safety and allocated few resources to affirming diversity. Peacemaking-oriented districts supplemented peacekeeping with some regularized opportunities for students to learn to manage conflict and diversity. Peacebuilding-oriented districts provided relatively comprehensive and inclusive programs of conflict management and anti-bias education, embracing conflict and diversity as natural learning opportunities. Clearly such system-level policy reflects prevailing understandings of problems that need fixing, not necessarily actual practice. The paper argues that the implicit, daily patterns of human relations and conflict management in school districts are powerful socializers, as well as powerful constraints on the ...
|
sdg16
|
The six Sydney based partners in this project are well placed to engage other industry, community and government partners in order to strengthen metropolitan wide partnerships. The project partners, as well as governments, industries and communities, are seeking to articulate a vision for Sydney as an innovative, skilled and sustainable economy. Sydney’s competitiveness will benefit if the six partners actively engage with local government, enterprises and state agencies in each metropolitan regional catchment to build regional leadership and initiatives to support the growth of green industries, sustainability practices and green skills. In particular, the City of Cities, which emphasises the importance of strengthening employment centres close to where people live, reinforces the importance of investing in infrastructure and skills in high growth regions.
|
sdg7
|
For example, the tax for foreign tourists, non-residents of Ecuador over 12 years is of USD $100, while tourists and foreign nationals residing in Ecuador, over 12 years have to pay USD $6. The total revenues coming from this tax are reinvested among several entities: 10% goes to INGALA (Galapagos Immigration), 5 % to the Ecuadorian Navy, 10% to the Consejo Provincial de Galapagos, 25% to the Galapagos Municipalities, 5 % to the Galapagos Marine Reserve, 5 % to Inspection and Quarantine Services and the last 40% to the Galapagos National Park. ( Parque Nacional Galapagos Ecuador, 2013).
|
sdg14
|
International and non-governmental organizations and governments should consider adopting more refined indicators of unmet need, such as the “proportion of demand satisfied,” which shows the share of total demand for contraceptives that is being fulfilled. Taken together, contraceptive use and unmet need only define the total level of demand for family planning. Measuring “demand satisfied” serves as a proxy for whether a persons stated desires regarding contraception are being fulfilled and is a more sensitive measure of the extent to which individuals, communities, and health systems support people’s right to use family planning.
|
sdg5
|
They commit themselves to increasing students’ school and personal success through an improvement project. In turn, education authorities commit themselves to providing the necessary resources. The last report on Retention in post primary schools shows that the average Leaving Certificate retention rate in DEIS schools increased from 68.2% to 73.2% for students who entered post primary level from 2001 to 2004.
|
sdg4
|
Human resource capacity is one of the key factors influencing what regional institutions can actually do. The European Commission—die heart of the European Union (EU) administration— employs over 23,000 people in total, the two Directorates for Environment and Climate have staffs of 454 and 137, respectively, the European Environment Agency, which deals mainly with monitoring and information brokerage, employs around 200, and a number of environmental research centres are also part of the EU administration, adding further expertise and capacity. While a comparison of the secretariat capacity of die EU and die Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is perhaps unfair, given diat they have different mandates, it is notable that ASEAN’s secretariat employs just over 300 people and the department dealing with environmental issues has fewer than 10 staff members.
|
sdg7
|
A dozen LDCs exceed the world average152 for population coverage of 3G mobile broadband networks. Twenty-six LDCs have commercially launched 4G/LTE networks and two exceed the world average for mobile LTE population coverage (Lesotho and Rwanda). A growing number of LDCs have flexible mobile Internet plans catering to hourly, daily, weekend and weekly use, enhancing affordability for those who do not use the Internet each day.
|
sdg9
|
Child labour is also considered to be any work that endangers the physical, mental or moral well-being of the child, either by the nature of the work or as a result of the conditions under which it is carried out. It is referred to as dangerous work. Unquestionably, the worst forms of child labour are those defined internationally as slavery, human trafficking, debt bondage and other forms of forced labour, as well as the forced recruitment of children for use in armed conflicts, prostitution, pornography and other illegal activities.
|
sdg8
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.