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The Netherlands has the lowest incidence rates in terms of monetary poverty, financial strain and housing problems but slightly higher proportions of children experiencing neighbourhood problems or difficult access to basic services than other countries. Deprivation patterns in Germany and France are also mixed with their ranking vis-a-vis other countries being very dependent on the domain under consideration. Financial strain is the most prevalent problem in all countries with incidence rates ranging from 22 per cent in the Netherlands to 41 per cent in France and the UK.
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This is especially so in a world characterized by new and often more precarious forms of work, escalating violence and mounting environmental crises. Many people are deprived of a sense of security that they will be able to retain tomorrow the gains they have made today. Many are deprived of voice and opportunities to participate in the collective valuation of policies and priorities.
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Within the Indian sub-continent, there are considerable differences in the extent to which women are represented in the teaching profession. The paper explores these variations, and in particular, focuses on the states of Kerala and Rajasthan, which are at opposite ends of the spectrum on this parameter. Section 2 looks at the policy framework which impacts female teacher recruitment.
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The first category consists of 13 developed countries with old-age poverty rates lower than the OECD overall average (below 10 per cent) among older persons. These countries include The Netherlands (1.7 per cent). The Czech Republic (3.6 per cent), Canada (4.9 per cent), France (5.3 per cent), Poland (7.7 per cent), Norway (8.0 per cent) and Italy (8.9 per cent). In the majority of these countries, the poverty rate for older people is lower than or the same as the poverty rate for the whole population (figure 5.7).
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It makes a series of recommendations for policymakers in terms of both strategic considerations and policy design. Whether for business or poor households, the authors look at how compensation can deliver win-win outcomes and protect those affected while fostering a transition towards a greener, more energy efficient economy while ensuring that compensation is time-limited and subject to regular review. Given that environmental taxation is a cross-cutting issue, this chapter recommends the involvement of key government ministries and agencies in the policy process to facilitate interministerial consensus and the involvement of industry stakeholders to highlight potential benefits for business and garner industry support during the policy process. Implementing tax escalators or linking tax rates to inflation or gross domestic product (GDP) growth can help maintain the incentive effects of environmental taxes over time, while implementing such taxes over a long time horizon signals to investors that a policy is stable and predictable, and may thus encourage investment in low-carbon, energy-efficient and pollution-reducing technologies.
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Furthermore, it discusses the planning of resource use (e.g. definition of priorities and targets, distribution of responsibilities for school funding), the monitoring of funds’ use (e.g. audit systems), transparency and reporting, as well as incentives for the effective use of school funding. In addition, it analyses the distribution of funding between the different levels of the administration (e.g. central, regional and municipal) and between individual schools (e.g. through funding formulae). In addition, the chapter places special emphasis on funding incentives to improve the effectiveness of the school network while analysing the equity implications of funding approaches. Both the source of funding for school education and its distribution to individual schools are centralised - central government provides around 70% of funding and the formula operated by the Ministry of Education determines the budgets of individual schools, with only limited scope for locally determined variation.
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In Mexico, Scott and Shah (2004) advocate to downsize pump capacity while increasing irrigation efficiency, and to shift to lower-water-demand crops to address long-term groundwater overdraft. Regions with increasingly scarce water resources are encouraged to move from "more crop (and jobs) per drop" to "more cash and nature per drop" (Lopez-Gunn et al., They may be worth considering especially in situations of increasingly visible scarcity or externalities so long as they are built on sufficient information about the hydrogeology and that they support a larger regulatory framework.
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For example, in some countries, direct referrals from the criminal justice system account for a high proportion of treatment admissions. The abuse of heroin and synthetic opioids remains relatively low in the European Union. The average annual prevalence of opioid use, mainly of heroin, among the general population between 15 and 64 years of age was estimated at about 0.4 per cent. In 2013, opioids were the primary drug of abuse for 41 per cent of all those receiving drug abuse treatment in Western and Central Europe.
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This article argues that the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Jaloud v. Netherlands adopted an attribution test in order to establish jurisdiction under Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It argues that this would not be the first time that the ECtHR has adopted an attribution test in order to establish Article 1 jurisdiction. Furthermore, the article challenges the proposition that the ECtHR’s adoption of an attribution test to establish jurisdiction is methodologically unsound and not in conformity with international law. It proposes moving beyond this debate and considering the real challenges that an attribution test of Article 1 jurisdiction poses for the future.
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To achieve this, a wide range of measures were ordered by the Committee, targeted at the legal system, to improve the judicial handling of rape cases, as well as training and education to change discriminatory attitudes towards women. Ensuring adequate representation of women in the judiciary is also important. The Human Rights Committee specified in its general comment No. However, she was unable to obtain such an order since she could not afford a solicitor and legal aid was not available. The European Court of Human Rights held that this was a violation of her right to access a court for the determination of her civil rights and obligations (art.
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Between 1985 and 1996, there was a 27% increase in federal assistance to families with children, and assistance to the aged rose by 24% (UNPAC, 2010). Further to this, there was a five-fold increase in childcare places for working w'omen. South Africa’s first postapartheid government followed the Australian example in the mid-1990s, launching the Women’s Budget Initiative (Fleshman, 2002).
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As shown in Figure 3.2, Kazakhstan’s GDP per capita experienced dramatic reversals in the past decade, based on the economic recovery in early 2000s and a slowdown caused primarily by the global economic and financial crisis. Currently, the main short-term economic policy challenge is to adjust to the new reality of slower growth (as compared to the beginning of the previous decade) and possibly to lower income in the near fixture. In 2015, Kazakhstan ranked fifteenth in the world in crude oil production, at 1.65 mln barrels per day, and is one of the largest exporters of crude oil (ninth in 2013), at 1.47 mln barrels per day. The country’s proven oil reserves, at 30 bln barrels, rank the 12th highest in the w'orld. Its proven gas reserves (2.41 tin m3) are the 15th highest in the world. Hydrocarbon output was the equivalent of nearly 18% of GDP and about 60% of exports in 2015.
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This pattern is reinforced by time and mobility constraints arising from sociocultural gender-based norms that impose a double burden in terms of unpaid care work and productive activities. It is also reinforced by gender segregation in the labour market, which confines women largely to relatively low-income activities, and by intra-household decisionmaking dynamics that limit their control over household income and their influence on spending priorities. Such biases are especially evident in gender-disaggregated household-level data based on “male-headed” and “female-headed” households.
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The approach, however, is based on the recovery of incurred costs (all or part of them), and does not focus of w'ater charges as a method to raise revenue, The implementation of water charges would help to tackle future water challenges such as an economic crisis or fiscal consolidation efforts that generate severe restrictions on public expenditure, and climate change related impacts, i.e. maintain water infrastructure efficiency and adapt water supply system to potentially decreasing bulk water resources. In other words, it is desirable to move towards a pricing scheme that is able to consider medium- and long-term objectives for enhancing water security and resilience, placing emphasis on long-term sustainable water availability levels, rather than on consumption levels. This framework law was complemented and detailed by the Decree-Law No. The Polluter-Pays principle and the Beneficiary-Pays principle were established for the first time in the 1987 Framework Law for the Environment, but remained merely “ink in the paper”. Six years later, in 1993, an attempt to approve the necessary regulations and implementation procedures failed to a large extent because of the resistance of the agriculture sector.
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In the Rome Statute, and more generally in international criminal law, the principle of ne bis in idem is not solely concerned with the promotion of the rights of the accused or the res judicata authority of a first judgment. It seems to be also - maybe primarily - dedicated to articulating the concurrence between national and international jurisdictions. The present article discusses its different functions, asserting that they differ whether the principle intervenes in an intra- or inter-jurisdictional situation. It also links these functions to the general struggle against impunity governing international criminal law, and concludes by striving to attribute a structural, possibly qualitative role to the principle. © Oxford University Press, 2011, All rights reserved.
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Under TRI, selected farmers were required by the regional government head to grow sugar for its 2-3 year rotation, and these “required duties” were rotated within the village. This policy of forced sugar plantings was controversial because on irrigated land it was normally (not always) the case that rice was more profitable (Barichello, 2010). There was a re-regulation of imports in late 1999, with import licenses given to the Java-based sugar millers. However, these were removed at the start of 2000 and replaced by tariffs of 20-25%.
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The first national operator ‘Russian communal systems’ was formed by six large Russian companies under government control. Some private operators are now expanding operations to other countries. At the same time, some international firms, like Veolia (France) and Remondis Aqua (Germany), were also attracted to the market. Most contracts were granted directly, without any competition.
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Proximity to markets - determined in part by road and rail investments -enhances both the profitability of self-employment and opportunities for non-agricultural wage labour. One problem in assessing the correlation of access to infrastructure with household activities and income is that there are varying definitions of “access” related to differences in measuring “infrastructure,” such as roads, travel time, electricity, piped water, and so on. Some general advice has been that countries should use social policies to protect incomes in the short term and provide support for farmers who are unable to adjust, while correcting market failures and investing in public goods in order to strengthen agricultural incomes (OECD, 2012a).
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This reflects a combination of high SP with moderate levels of UI. In India and Mexico, income support is substantially less than the OECD average, with little or no benefits for the unemployed. Workers employed in firms that fail to pay social security contributions are necessarily excluded from UI as they do not meet minimum contribution requirements.
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This includes an extensive set of performance measures for each of its five goals and component strategies (Metro Vancouver, 2014a). Assessments are also made against the baseline performance report (Metro Vancouver, 2014b). Often found in instances of polycentric urban development, lightly institutionalised platforms for information sharing and consultation are relatively easy both to implement and to undo. They typically lack enforcement tools and their relationship with citizens and other levels of government tends to remain minimal.
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It shows: (1) the distribution of the number of deprivations, (2) the deprivation overlap between dimensions, (3) multidimensional deprivation ratios, (4) the profile of the multidimensionally deprived and the most vulnerable, and (5) the contribution of each country and dimension to the total adjusted multidimensional deprivation ratio. The results create an understanding about the intensity of deprivation and the overlap of certain dimensions. At a country-level these types of results can be used as a basis to further identify the most vulnerable in the society. In a cross-country context, these findings are telling about the overall level of deprivation among children in the region, and the differences between multiple deprivation levels across countries. More than half of the children under five in these countries (54% or 64.3 million) are deprived in three to five dimensions. Among children of the older age-group the breadth of deprivation is relatively lower, with 36% of children between the age 5 and 17 deprived in only one or none of the five dimensions studied.
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In the area of factor markets modelling, the segmentation and imperfect mobility between agricultural and non-agricultural labour and capital was introduced in a dynamic way. All types of CES production trees can be made by changing a simple table, allowing adjusting them depending on the application of the model. Last but not least, MAGNET is extended with a dedicated module on the EU Common Agricultural Policy and with a dedicate module on biofuel policies.
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In some cases (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Hungary, the Slovak Republic, Spain and Sweden), there is only one previous episode available for comparison. Among countries with several previous episodes available for comparison, the response of labour input in Canada, Spain and the United States was stronger this time around. A first observation is that there is a lot of cross-country heterogeneity in how real hourly wages have reacted to the recession, with wage growth rising relative to trend in about one-half of the countries while it is stable or declining in the others.
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Overall, only about 7% of the revised NBSAPs contain national targets which match the scope and level of ambition of Aichi Target 213 (CBD, 2016). This is reflected in the fact that the explicit integration of biodiversity into national budgetary processes is currently limited to a dozen countries (Burundi, Chile, Comoros, Ecuador, France, Kyrgyz Republic, Mexico, Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Tunisia, Viet Nam) (CBD, 2014). It summarises whether biodiversity priorities are explicitly mentioned and integrated into the objectives and priority actions of the NDPs, and whether these are supported by targets and indicators.
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One view is that it is important to have women in the 'hard' areas. Others argue that the distinction itself cannot be justified. Norwegian analysts have made the point that describing the areas in which women predominate as 'soft' devalues these important areas, like education, health and social expenditure, which in fact account for the bulk of expenditure (Karam and Lovenduski 1998:136).
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One reason might be that, as poor people are very close to the poverty threshold, annuities from reverse mortgages could just lift them out of poverty. However, Coda Moscarola et al. ( In Belgium, Denmark, Spain, and Switzerland, poverty would fall by one-third or more, though not by as much in Germany and Sweden.
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The relationship between child poverty and maternal employment is particularly strong (OECD, 2008). Research has increasingly emphasised the role of female employment on poverty levels, with high rates of female employment tending to reduce both poverty and inequality (Harkness, 2010). Employment rates of persons of working age in 2003, employment rates of mothers in 2002. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Figure 5.8, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787!9?89264044197-en.
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As the parameter a increases, the GE measures become less sensitive to inequality at the lower end of the distribution and more sensitive at the upper end. In Calderon et al. ( De facto regulations are approximated by information on categories such as minimum wages, conditions of work and benefits, trade union membership and collective bargaining, and public sector employment.
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Since the 1970s, most historians in the anglophone world have worked on time-scales of between five and fifty years. This narrow focus represented a retreat from the longer periods generally covered before the late twentieth century and served not only to cut them off from wider reading publics but also to deprive them of the influence on public policy and global governance they had once had. This article surveys the causes and the consequences of this retreat and proposes a solution for the crisis of confidence and of relevance it has created. A return to what Fernand Braudel classically termed the longue duree in the Annales in 1958 is now both imperative and feasible: imperative, in order to restore history’s place as a critical social science, feasible, due to the increased availability of large amounts of historical data and the digital tools necessary to analyze them.
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The procurement requirements of an individual company can consist of in-house developed product or process requirements or build on existing certification schemes -or a combination of both. They often belong to a broader set of corporate social sustainability commitments, which are displayed to the public in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports. In addition, one way for retailers to minimise their exposure to risks is through demanding certification from their suppliers.
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Cross-border areas have been formed and supported by Nordic Council funds. Financial and symbolic support from the Nordic Council of Ministers plays a vital role in the cross-border collaborations. This funding source has evolved since 2009, when subsidies for cross-border collaborations began to be allocated on a competitive basis (Lindqvist, 2010). The goal of creating a borderless economic space has stimulated cross-border co-operation in many parts of the continent.
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However, effective biodiversity mainstreaming is time consuming and it should be recognised that the process usually needs to be sustained over a number of years. Conservation Letters, doi: 10.111 l/conl.12180. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria.
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A problem common to many of the reviewed forecasts is that it is difficult to forecast future migration and its skills composition. The overall intention of the project is to provide insights to government, employers, individuals and providers on England's strategic skills needs, reporting information on key issues and periodically updating the results. It uses a range of horizon-scanning techniques, including scenario development, and a series of interviews with key experts to debate scenarios for 2020.
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Backward and forward linkages should also be reinforced, in particular by creating natural resource-based production clusters. These are sectoral and/or geographical concentrations of enterprises engaged in interlinked activities based on the exploitation and processing of natural resources and their supporting industries (UNECA, 2013). The data in annex table 4, show that the resource gap of fuel-exporting LDCs is positive, which means that their savings rate is higher than their investment rate.
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In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Metz B, Davidson OR, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer LA, eds). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Energy End-Use Efficiency, Chapter 6 in World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability.
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From the early 1980’s, energy consumption in households experienced high rates of growth. In fact, household energy consumption continued to increase, albeit at a slower rate. The number of vehicles in Sydney increased to almost 2.4 million in 2007, with the number of vehicles increasing at almost twice the rate of population and household growth over the past decade12. More people in outlying areas are dependent on cars for commuting, shopping and education because public transport services are poor.
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In addition, it provides an account of the main trends and concerns within the Slovak education system. The Slovak Republic is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Kosice.
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In Finland several health stations or centres have started to use a depression nurse model. A survey conducted in 2008 in all Finnish health centres indicated that 78% of all health centres had a depression or psychiatric nurse and 61% of centres had adopted a uniform practice for the screening of depression (Partanen et al., Mental health nurses are playing an increasing role in the delivery of mental health primary care services and some countries such as Australia have introduced financial incentives to support and develop this role (Happell et al.,
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These include, for example, the achievement gap between low- and high-status groups, differences in access to schooling, and the segregation of students into different types of schools and school programmes. Willms (2011) argued in the OECD's Education al a Glance (OECD, 2011), that equality and equity should be defined as separate concepts and measured with a consistent approach. Equality is therefore measured by the differences among groups in the distribution of Prosperity Outcomes, which are performance, attainment, health and well-being, and attitudes towards school and learning.
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In order to reduce such risks, global and national governance and regulatory policy frameworks are necessary, as is appropriate attention to local knowledge and practices of women and men (UnmuBig, 2014, Fairhead, Leach and Scoones, 2012). Biofuel production policies could run counter to local food security needs. But the same study also shows women's greater responsiveness to environmental, health and climate concerns, compared with men. These findings may very well apply globally and would have implications, for example, in terms of better provisioning of sustainable and accessible public transport and universal access to modern energy services. Women's voices and participation in diverse forums is of critical importance, both as an issue of justice and equality and because the active presence of women can put gender-specific concerns on the agenda and contribute to collective actions that are more effective in meeting the three dimensions of sustainability (Agarwal, 2010).
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Among several adverse implications, they can lead to a deceleration of economic growth, hamper efforts aimed at eliminating extreme poverty and hunger, and weaken bonds of solidarity at the community level. Inequalities of outcome also correlate with political capture, especially by vested interest groups. A disproportionate political influence of the rich over policymaking increases rent-seeking activities at the expense of the broader society, hence undermining the global aspiration of "leaving no one behind". The chapter presents new research on the drivers and costs of income inequality in the region.3 Owing to data constraints, the chapter primarily focuses on income inequality at the regional and country levels.
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Some importing countries have neglected investments that improve agricultural productivity, which has increased their import dependence. While the current pattern of agricultural trade may reflect some of these failings, this does not negate the insight that the balancing role of trade makes a fundamental contribution to global food security and to food security in developing countries in particular. There are many reasons why current food importers might expect to experience a steadily deteriorating comparative advantage in food production. Net food importing countries have, in general, more rapidly growing populations and more rapidly growing food demand per capita than net exporters.
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Complete reporting should be encouraged, and include accompanying information if reports are not in terms of total finance disbursed or committed, so that this information can be calculated. Not all countries manage to separate finance used for capacity building and technology transfer with other purposes, in some cases all three are aggregated, and in others some capacity building projects will be listed in finance received. In its BUR Argentina indicates that all types of support overlap for some projects.
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These programmes have also broken ground in terms of programme administration and female empowerment by developing innovative distribution channels, such as ATM cards for low-income mothers without bank accounts. The result has been substantial declines in poverty and extreme poverty and reduced inequality.106 Chile. In response to findings that state subsidies were not reaching the extreme poor, Chile Solidario was launched in 2002 to reach the extreme poor with a combination of aid and skill development.
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Expansion of the SGBP may also be needed to improve coverage of products and services for the treatment of priority health conditions, and remove financial barriers to seeking necessary care. However, any SGBP revision should only provide coverage of interventions shown to be cost-effective. Many OECD countries use Health Technology Assessment (HTA) to inform priority-setting decisions for their benefit packages - for the selection and coverage of medicines and development of standard treatment guidelines most commonly, and increasingly, for non-drug technologies, programmes and services as well.
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In the discrete time case, spells of receipt may be defined in terms of groups of consecutive intervals in receipt, but the accuracy of measurement of spells depends on how short the interval is. If observation of receipt is only annual or at one point within a year, short spells of receipt may be missed altogether. If a ‘benefit year’ is defined (for data-related reasons) as receipt at any time within a given year, as commonly done (see Annex 4.B), there is an asymmetric treatment of receipt relative to non-receipt. Only one week of receipt is needed to generate yi, = 1 for a benefit year, whereas non-receipt requires a full 52 weeks of non-receipt.
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Brudner argues that liberal constitutionalism, or the rule of Law, requires the adoption of a written constitution, regulating the respective powers of court and legislature. In his analysis, the common law constitution is associated with a libertarian paradigm that gives way, in part, to an egalitarian one embodied in a sovereign constitutional text. I argue, to the contrary, that the preservation of the rule of Law, including the protection of liberal rights, does not require a codified constitution, but demands only the consistent application of the correct legal principles to particular cases. Statutes must always be interpreted consistently with such principles: their meaning and validity are alike dependent on their compatibility with fundamental constitutional rights. Demands that cannot be acknowledged as legitimate requirements by an independent moral agent cannot qualify as law.
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In the early 1990s, the share going to labour across all OECD countries was about two-thirds, or 66.1%, by the late 2000s, it had fallen to 61.7%. But the biggest factor looks to be technology, accounting for perhaps 80% of the shift, according to OECD estimates (although others argue that financial globalisation is the main factor). This represents the increased use of robots and automation as well as the growing sophistication of information processing. The implications are clear: Income that once went to workers now goes to the owners of capital who financed the machines or software that - to a greater or lesser extent - have replaced those workers.
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An incident of great significance in the history of Japanese mental health care was the knife attack of the then US Ambassador to Japan Edwin Reischauer by an individual with schizophrenia in 1964. This attack led to significant public alarm, and contributed to further stigma towards mental illness, fuelled by a mass media campaign, on top of high existing levels of stigma directed towards mental disorders. This incident also contributed to the 1965 revision of the Mental Hygiene Law discussed previously. In 1993, the Mental Health Law was amended again, with a particular focus on care in the community, including the authorisation of the building of group homes in the community for individuals with mental disorders (Tatara and Okamoto, 2009). The Community Health Care Law introduced in 1994 and further supported the establishment of a community-based mental health system.
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Policymakers need information not only on global and regional climate trends, but also on their expected effect on local weather and local communities. The uncertainty of climate trends and the need to incorporate the new information that is becoming available demand that policymaking be responsive and relevant to the needs of people through short-term actions which are coherent with longer-term sustainable development objectives and actions. Incorporating uncertainty within policy action day by day through iterative and adaptive policy processes helps to reduce the risks of lock-in solutions and path dependency.
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The democratization efforts of the 1990s in West Africa appeared to have put paid to military political adventurism which had been the plague of that region since independence in the 1960s. But since the year 2000 there has been a resurgence of military intervention in the politics of some West African states and this calls for concern as well as pre-emptive measures. This study sets out to identify the pre-disposing factors and make suggestions for the sustainment of democracy. In the process it was established that bad governance, corruption, poverty, insecurity, nonavailability of the dividends of democracy in tangible quantity, inordinate ambition of some military officers, and the half-hearted response of ECOWAS to anti-democratic tendencies are prevalent pre-disposing factors. We have suggested that good governance, inclusive democracy, transparency and accountability should be strictly adhered to under the close watch of ECOWAS. Key words : Coups, Governance, Democratization, Junta, Democracy, Competition, Election
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There are, however, many other potential impacts of accidents that are borne by the society as a whole and for which the internalisation is less straightforward and more complex. This is the case for the economic consequences on health and on the business property of a third party or on the environment. The entity liable for the accident is held responsible for the victims’ compensation, which ensures a certain internalisation of accident costs.
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This brief paper considers recent debates about the public policy relevance of geography. Previous writings on the topic have highlighted problems in the discipline itself as well as criticizing the lack of policy relevance of much geographical research rather than offer up much in the way of remedy or prescription. This paper argues that an experimental approach to geographical research design could help make the discipline more policy relevant.
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Diplomacy forms the basis of interaction for countries throughout the globe, while propelling cordial international relations in a wide array of socio-cultural and political. This research outlines an innovative conceptual structure for examining the maturity and feasibility of e-diplomacy. The proposed e-diplomacy maturity framework is a derivative of literary analysis on e-government maturity model, ICT growth of stage theories, coupled with theoretical information and practical features of diplomacy. The e-diplomacy maturity model constitutes variables like the degree of complexity and level of interactivity. Integration of the two variables results in varying phases of the framework. Challenges implicated in the e-diplomacy maturity framework include: sensitivity hence discretionary nature of diplomatic elements, setbacks in organizational structure, and communication impediments on the part of diplomats, as well as, politico-economic concerns and socio-cultural tendencies of various parties.
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For this reason, this chapter does not focus on this summaiy indicator. The new methodology relies more intensively on a direct reading and interpretation of legislation, collective bargaining agreements, and case law under the responsibility of the OECD Secretariat. Moreover, collective agreements and case law have been more systematically included, and a greater effort has been made to ensure that the same scoring criteria are applied to all countries (see Box 2.1 for details). The implementation of the new data-collection and harmonisation procedures led to a number of revisions in historical data for the detailed components.
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Many victims who choose not to come forward do so in fear of shame, stigma, retaliation against themselves and their families, loss of privacy and/or possible prosecution, for instance where adultery or same-sex relations are criminalized. It leads to the creation, condoning or compounding of social exclusion for those who are (or are perceived to be) victims and survivors of sexual violence. The victims met by the Commission had rarely had access to medical care in exile, due to lack of information, fear of stigmatization or because the free services provided to refugees were not adapted, especially to male victims of sexual violence. These later often felt ashamed to seek and obtain the medical care that is generally provided to women.
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Although the Caribbean does not seem to have progressed in reducing inequality as Latin America has, nor have inequality levels increased there, despite the greater impact of the financial crisis. By way of example, per capita consumption in Jamaica fell by 9% between 2007 and 2009, but the decline was similar across all income strata, so inequality did not change. This can be measured for the earnings of wage workers, as that information is included in System of National Accounts (SNA) data.1 This analysis shows that, taking the latest year with information available (around 2009), the total wage share ranges from 24% in Peru to 56.7% in Costa Rica (see table 11.1).2 The evolution of this share up to 2009 indicates a decline in most of the countries, the exceptions being the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Chile, Costa Rica and Paraguay. Costa Rica is a case apart, as it is the one country evidencing a steady upward trend in the wage share.
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In firm where there are no unions, groups will still be allowed to exist. Level of collective negotiation: Collective negotiation remains at the firm level. Extension of the benefits of collective agreement: Currently, employers can unilaterally extend the benefits to non-union workers and workers’ pay 75% of union members’ fee. The reform proposes that the union and the employer should agree whether the benefits are extended, and to benefit non-union members will have to pay the full union member fee. Coverage of collective negotiations: Workers on apprenticeship and temporary contracts, which are currently excluded from negotiations, will be allowed to negotiate with some restrictions.
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Consolidated 2017 figures in Bogota suggest that that while 19 private car occupants were killed in traffic crashes, 133 (seven times more) VRUs were killed in crashes involving a private car. On the other hand, in a year when 59 cyclists were killed, only three pedestrians were killed in collisions with pedal cycles. This illustrates the significant impact of one road user group on others, relatively modest in the case of pedal cycles, yet overwhelming in the case of private cars. Taxis are clearly separated in the collision statistics, which is something other governments could learn from.
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With such universal recognition of the role of education, there are however, some challenges related to putting various learning processes in place. Such challenges, that are not exclusive attributes of the educational domain, relate to the changing role of knowledge in society in general and most importantly, to aspirations to move towards more sustainable economies (Box 13:1). Development of successful educational responses requires transformation of the educational system itself making it more attuned to societal challenges, developing skills for often very different learning strategies and continuously engaging with critical SCP stakeholders. When education is not directly concerned with development of easily defined skills (e.g. creativity, ability to deal with rapid change or engage with others required for SCP systems), manifestations of learning impacts - both in terms of time and space - are difficult to capture.
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This can be challenging given the current pace of technological transformation, especially for institutions in developing countries. Certification helps to raise efficiency levels of firms and cut foreign market entry costs by reducing uncertainty in transactions. Hence, when support institutions offer services on how to get quality certificates, they are likely to help them obtain such certificates but also encourage firms to export.
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On average, for every 1 % of additional pre-crisis health expenditure growth there was a 0.9% drop in health expenditure after the crisis. This recession was in many ways deeper, has lasted longer and has experienced weaker recovery than previous recessions such as those experienced in the 1970s and 1980s (OECD 2012). Patterns of health care expenditure have also been remarkably different during the psot-2008 recession.
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sdg3
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This section looks at the earnings gap across the distribution to ascertain whether wage differentials exist and are similar at different parts of the distribution and then make the link with wage inequality. The following analysis investigates whether an increase in non-standard work implies an increase in workers in the lowest earnings segments, thereby making earnings more unequal. Figure 4.12, Panel A confirms that non-standard workers (excluding the self-employed) are more likely to be found in the lower part of the earnings distribution, particularly in the lowest three deciles.16 More than half of employees in the lowest decile of earnings are non-standard workers, and this figure reaches more than two-thirds in Germany and Canada.
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sdg1
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This article examines the Egale Human Rights Trust’s Just Society Report and, in particular, its call for the federal government to offer an intersectional apology to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, two-spirit, intersex people for historical injustices. I am interested in the work that suturing intersectionality to an apology for historical wrongs does. The article argues that, as it is deployed in this report, under the terms of diversity and inclusion, intersectionality is a symbolic declaration that sustains, rather than disrupts, the racial and settler colonial project that is Canada. Compatible with a politics of liberal inclusion, this call for an intersectional apology pre-empts a politics of accountability and anti-subordination long called for by the scholarship of Sherene Razack.
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sdg16
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Sex trafficking (ST), a contemporary form of female slavery, is a human rights issue of critical concern to social work. The global response to ST has been substantial, and 166 countries have adopted anti-ST legislation. Despite considerable efforts to combat ST, the magnitude is increasing. To date, the majority of anti-ST efforts have focused on criminalization policies that target traffickers or purchasers of sexual services, who are predominantly male, prevention programming and services for predominantly female victims have received less support. Therapeutic services to assist pornography addicts and purchasers of sexual services are also necessary. In this article, authors examine current anti-ST policies, programs, and services, both domestically and globally, and present an innovative paradigm that addresses social inequities and emphasizes prevention programming. They conclude with a discussion of the paradigm's implications for social work policies, practices, and services.
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sdg16
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At the regional level, commercial banks serve as the key financial intermediary, the main destination for savings and the principal source of financing for the private sector. Nonetheless, commercial bank penetration rates are very low in rural areas. Notwithstanding recent developments, Latin America and the Caribbean as a whole is still lagging behind other developing regions. This suggests that the financial services offered are mainly used as a transactional means of receiving and withdrawing money.
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sdg9
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C02 intensity (tC02eq/TJ) estimate of final heating energy (non-bioenergy) was based on Eurostat data. In total, bioenergy for heating would contribute 13 Mt C02eq as abatement potential (Table 17). The solution is not analysed for the Baltic States where it is already beyond the benchmark case. In Poland, bioenergy for heating would decrease GHG emissions by 9 Mt C02eq and in Ukraine by 4 Mt C02eq.
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sdg7
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This paper explores the dominant approach to education of ethnic minorities in Denmark. Using the concept of hegemony and the political‐science distinction between monocultural and multicultural positions as approaches towards a situation of increasing linguistic, ethnic and cultural diversity, the paper shows how a monocultural approach has become hegemonic in policy initiatives and legal documents. This hegemony is achieved by understanding ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversions from established norms in terms of deprivation. In this way, educational institutions and ‘majority society’ as such are protected from criticism and structural changes towards multiculturalism and the recognition of the linguistic and cultural rights of minority groups. Alternative and competing positions exist in the research literature in the field, but this literature has been excluded from the level of policy and public administration.
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sdg16
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What is needed is a higher-level vision and plan, such as a technology roadmap, to which these activities and solutions can be aligned. Understanding the threshold and having clear common guidance on the assessment of risks and harms for data is being explored by UN Global Pulse. Active participation of data advocates is critical. Revise current regulatory frameworks or develop new ones to address development and humanitarian challenges. Create a template for legal agreements between the Data Users and MNOs on how data should be accessed and handled, transferred or used. Improved coordination among countries to enable learning from best practices and to create cohesive strategies for working with multinational operators.
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sdg9
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The concept of critical mass as applied to women’s political representation, and the UN targets that have flowed from it, have played an important role in supporting countries in the adoption of gender quotas in various spheres of the public and private sectors. According to data provided by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU, 2015), the global average of women in national parliaments has nearly doubled in the past 20 years from 11.3% in 1995 to 22.1% in 2015 (a rise of 10.8 points). However, recent socio-political studies (Childs and Krook, 2008), as well as IPU data (IPU, 2015) confirm that the achievement of a critical mass is no longer seen as the sole target of efforts to bring about gender-equal participation in positions of leadership.
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sdg5
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This is because the most severe reductions in food production and increases in food prices occur in Africa and India, which account for a large share of the world's poor. The second most important factor leading to increased poverty is health impacts, followed by the impacts of higher temperatures on labour productivity. The shocks impinge on physical capital, when assets are destroyed - for example, through the death of livestock - or when farmers are forced to sell productive capital, such as cattle, to absorb the income shock. They also reduce farmers' capacity to invest, with negative consequences for future food security. Scenarios in which no additional efforts are made to mitigate emissions lead to pathways between RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5.
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sdg13
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However, the type of offshoring appears to matter. A higher degree of low-skilled task offshoring is associated with lower wage inequality. This happens because offshoring low skilled tasks leads to a productivity boost to remaining low-skilled workers and therefore an increase in their wage thereby reducing the gap between high and low skilled wages. Similarly, offshoring high-skilled tasks also leads to a productivity boost to this type of labour and therefore higher high-skilled wages with a consequent increase in the gap between high and low skilled wages.
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sdg10
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Liberal international relations theory proposes that peace fosters democracy. This research note tests this and a related hypothesis, that defeat in war makes an authoritarian state's transition to democracy more likely. It uses Weibull event history models to analyze both the transition to and survival of democracy for states from 1960 to 1992, using the MID, COW, and Pearson/Baumann intervention data sets to measure international conflict. Important control variables such as economic prosperity are also included. It finds that lower levels of participation in international conflict do not facilitate democratic transition or survival, with the limited exception that participation in an international war blocks democratic transition. Also, in most models examined defeat in war does not make democratic transition more likely. The implications for liberalism are mixed: peace in general does not cause democracy, but spreading democracy is likely to spread peace.
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sdg16
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As many of these plantations are located in the coastal zone due to weather conditions, the pesticides reach the Black Sea immediately. A monitoring of these substances does not exist, and available data is very limited. Hazardous substances contained in the leachates significantly affect groundwater resources. The present situation is contrary to a sustainable environmental policy is based on the precautionary principle, especially with regard to long-term groundwater pollution.
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sdg6
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Developing a management plan tends to be costly and time-consuming. The lack of implementation highlights the need to develop management objectives and approaches that suit the specific protected area, so as to ensure that each plan is applicable in practice (Kinouchi, 2014). Management plans should include financial analysis and be periodically reviewed, and adjusted where they prove ineffective. There is also a need for better-trained protected area managers and for promotion of co-operation and exchange of experience and best practices among them.
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sdg15
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Participation in education is an explicit objective of school feeding programmes, though the impact also extends to nutritional status and, as a consequence, to health and cognitive capacities. Additionally, programmes that combine the objective of promoting access to services with interventions on the supply side also have a relevant impact, as in the case of education, by providing an incentive to attend school and contributing to create a better learning environment. Such interventions can result in positive spill-overs for children, such as in the case of pensions, since grandparents often live in extended households and the money they receive is invested in children, especially their education.
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sdg1
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Eco-, phyto- and bioremediation are concepts that use ecosystem restoration to reinstate a diverse system of plant communities in a particular ecosystem so that its buffering or remediation capacities are enhanced. Other concepts, tools and approaches partly related to NBS include ecological restoration, ecological engineering, forest landscape restoration, green or natural infrastructure, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate adaptation ecosystem services (Cohen-Shacham et al., N BS also support the concepts of green growth or green economy, which promote sustainable natural resource use and harness natural processes to underpin economies. The Natural Capital Protocol3 is being increasingly recognized by a wide range of stakeholders, including business, and supports the use of N BS by highlighting the flow of benefits that can be derived from using nature.
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sdg15
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In reality, the proponents of these views have not only sought to undermine women's rights, but have simultaneously adopted policies that erode the conditions that enable families and their members to thrive. It is through families that people share resources such as housing and income, look after those who are sick and frail, and reproduce, nurture and care for the next generation. Families can be places of love and affection, and pivotal for each member's sense of identity and belonging. Over their lifetimes, around one in three women can expect to experience physical or sexual abuse at the hands of an intimate partner.
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sdg5
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It discusses the need to develop skills in order to meet current and foreseen shortages in emerging areas, as well as these institutions’ modes and mechanisms of engagement to promote regional development. The chapter also explores the preconditions necessary for the successful promotion of local engagement in relation to these institutions. It concludes with recommendations for national and sub-national agencies as well as higher education institutions themselves.
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sdg4
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These platforms have also highlighted a digital divide not only between countries but also within them. Finally yet importantly, there is increasing awareness that automated analyses of big data do not necessarily lead to unbiased outcomes, given that the algorithms used for the analysis may have in-built biases. Those institutions will have to embrace new technologies and may have to offer services that address distortions brought by these new technologies.
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sdg9
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Strengthening the capacity to adapt to climate-related hazards reduces losses caused by disasters. Reducing climate change can constrain the options for energy access. Full protection of natural reserves excludes public access for recreation. This work is captured in the analytical brief Water and Sanitation Interlinkages Across the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which highlights the target-level relationships that are important to consider when developing implementation plans for SDG 6 (figure 2).
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sdg6
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The uneven and combined development (U&CD) approach in International Relations (IR) claims to offer a solution to the question of “the international” with a single, coherent theory capable of uniting both sociological and geopolitical factors in the explanation of social change. The approach thus claims to provide what IR theorists have long been searching for: a social theory of the international. While acknowledging the importance of this research programme to the field of IR scholarship, this article argues that the U&CD approach takes for granted what needs to be theorised, failing to provide the theoretical solution to the “domestic analogy” problem it so powerfully identifies.
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sdg16
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The complementary jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court vis-a' -vis national jurisdictions imposes a duty on state parties to exercise criminal jurisdiction over those responsible for international crimes. States are required to amend their penal laws to bring them into line with the Rome Statute and to pass enabling legislation. This article assesses how the laws of Botswana allow for the prosecution of international crimes. It examines the challenges facing the Botswana courts in relation to the exercise of universal jurisdiction and the criminalization of international crimes, as well as issues of immunity. It will further seek to ascertain whether the laws and policies reflect Botswana’s commitment to international criminal justice. By way of conclusion, the article highlights obstacles to the implementation of the Rome Statute and the prosecution of international crimes in Botswana.
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sdg16
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A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012. Manchester: Brooks World Poverty Institute. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 67: 547-569. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Cited in: HLPE (2012), Social protection for food security. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012.
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sdg2
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Non-refoulement is a principle of international law that precludes states from returning a person to a place where he or she might be tortured or face persecution. The principle, codified in Article 33 of the 1951 Refugee Convention, is subject to a number of exceptions. This article examines the status of non-refoulement in international law in respect to three key areas: refugee law, human rights law and international customary law. The findings suggest that while a prohibition on refoulement is part of international human rights law and international customary law, the evidence that non-refoulement has acquired the status of a jus cogens norm is less than convincing.
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sdg16
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It is cleared using operations research techniques and mathematical optimization, such as linear programming, operated by a market manager. A smart market can assist market operation when trades would otherwise have significant transaction costs or externalities. Resources need to be allocated to their best uses or activities in terms of people’s needs or wellbeing over time. The most productive use of allocated resources is required over time.
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sdg9
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The acceptability of liquid waste releases should be considered from both a health and an environmental point of view. Thresholds of chemical releases are defined by local regulations, generally on an annual (average) or daily (peak) basis. Radiological liquid wastes of an NPP are tritium, boron, iodine and other beta and gamma emitters. The daily limit for iodine release is set to 0.1 Bq/1, and 0.7 Bq/1 is the maximum for all other isotopes.
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sdg7
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In addition, the programme provided so-called soft components, including a mobilization campaign supporting girls' enrolment into school, literacy training for adults, and capacity building among local partners. The $12.9 million grant was financed by the Millennium Challenge Corporation and implemented by a consortium of NGOs (Plan International, Catholic Relief Services, Tin Tua, and the Forum for African Women Educationalists) under the supervision of USAID. In 2009, continuation of the project under the name BRIGHT II was approved for an additional 3 years covering almost 29,000 young students in 2011.14 Apart from the maintenance of on-going services, it includes the construction of additional classrooms for grades 4 to 6. The school feeding element will be continued with daily meals during all nine months of the school year for an estimated 13,000 children.
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sdg1
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Background New Zealand's disciplinary regimen has particular significance because victims of personal injury are almost entirely barred from suing for common law damages in civil proceedings. Contents This article examines the New Zealand legal system, and considers how it attempts to maintain the accountability of medical professionals, while preventing the rising tide of litigation seen in other jurisdictions. Generally, New Zealanders do not have recourse to traditional malpractice litigation. One aim of tort litigation is to hold the responsible individuals accountable for their actions. In the absence of malpractice litigation, New Zealand's approach to maintain accountability by health professionals includes a code of consumers' rights, competence assurance legislation, and a disciplinary tribunal. This disciplinary body offers a valuable international comparator because it applies across the health professions. Case studies from select health professions (occupational therapy, osteopathy and physio...
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sdg16
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Android for Developing will be further strengthened by adding a business incubation component and involving experts evaluating the socioeconomic dimension of the solutions developed. Both extensions are seen as crucial for the successful implementation of local solutions that can enhance the lives of people. The approach will involve the close participatory integration of end users (community health workers) in the design and implementation phases. Grameen Foundation has established AppLabs in Indonesia and Uganda, while infoDev - a World Bank programme - has partnered with Nokia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Finland to establish a network of mLabs in Armenia, Kenya, Pakistan, South Africa and Viet Nam. In addition to offering state-of-the-art equipment, they provide training and workshops as well as opportunities for developers, entrepreneurs, investors, experts and policymakers to interact. Mobile apps development is also supported by a recent initiative called Android for Developing (box V.4).
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sdg9
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The System of National Accounts (SNA) recommends using GVA at basic prices for this purpose. The difference between total industry GVA and total GDP is taxes less subsidies on products, which varies across countries. This adjustment is made at the aggregate (total economy) level because, while time series of taxes less subsidies on products may be available by product, they are not generally available by industry. Furthermore, it should be noted that this study took the year 2010 and Revision 3 of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) as baselines in order to maximise the completeness, consistency and comparability of available data. The other industries accounted for shares of 5% or less (Figure 1.2). While the share of industrial capture fisheries is small (1%), it should be noted that inclusion of estimates of the value added generated by artisanal capture fisheries (mainly in Africa and Asia) would add further tens of billions of USD to the capture fisheries total (see Chapter 6 for detailed estimates).
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sdg14
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The Ministry of Health is also currently responsible for nearly all aspects of the current public health care system. Under the new national health system, the Health Insurance Organisation will take on a key administrative role. The success of this shift in responsibility will be dependent on clear, distinct lines of accountability. Mortality rates for common causes of death, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, are below the EU average.
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sdg3
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For persons with disabilities, information should be provided in accessible formats. If such vulnerable groups are not adequately informed and supported, the system as a whole must be judged to have failed. Rapid onset disasters such as near-field tsunamis and flash floods only allow between 15 minutes and a couple of hours from detection to impact, so the warning system should be able to respond to imminent danger. Other hazards, such as cyclones and seasonal floods, may be detected days or even weeks in advance - allowing people to protect assets and livelihoods (Figure III-2).
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sdg13
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Huge projects are implemented by OGERO Telecom based on its strategic planning. In order to enhance the telecom sector, the company decided to start with enhancing the core (transport network), therefore connecting the different central offices and migration from time-divi-sion multiplexing to IP multimedia subsystems. It also upgraded submarine cables to enhance international connectivity. In parallel, OGERO is implementing fibre access to the users (fibre-to-the-curb, fibre-to-the-home, fibre-to-the-office and fibre-to-the-wireless for wireless local loop areas, and fibre-to-the-wireless Wi-Fi hotspots). It is also establishing its data centre and cloud. A new billing and customer relationships management system has been implemented to enhance customers' satisfaction.
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sdg9
|
Authors’ elaboration based on Maddison (2007, 2010), UN DESA (2008) and PovcalNet for 2000-30. At the dawn of the 19th century most countries had similar average living standards, even though the gap between the rich and the poor within each country was pronounced. Industrialisation and economic take-off in Europe and North America in the early 19th century triggered a surge in average living standards in the industrialised world, which steadily accentuated global inequality to the middle of the 20th century.
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sdg10
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Most importantly, there is a signticant scarcity of data, particularly for developing countries. While the European Union and the United States follow India and China in the rankings, they have much smaller proportions of STEM graduates. Latin America accounted for just 5.2 per cent of graduates, and Africa for less than 1 per cent. Despite substantially increasing both the quantity and quality of its STEM research output, sub-Saharan Africa still accounts for less than 1 per cent of the world’s research output in this area (Blom et al.,
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sdg9
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Effective screening programmes for these cancers can aid detection at an earty stage and potentially reduce mortality. Specialist nursing positions in diabetes and cardiac care for chronic patient groups have also been introduced. In 2003, a list of activities for which primary care facilities are paid a small fee was introduced, which complements the primarily capitation-based reimbursement system.
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sdg3
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This missing analysis would not be an issue if the existing research results on OECD countries applied equally to non-OECD countries, but they may be different due to a different context. Moreover, the economic and policy context in which these immigrants integrate into the labour market is different. As an example, the share of informal employment3 tends to be more elevated in lower than in higher income countries. Both of these factors likely contribute to impacts of immigration that differ between developed and developing countries.
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sdg8
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National data on water consumption in irrigation are available from a Survey conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. These are methodologically not comparable with the data on water abstractions reproduced in Figures 4.1 and 4.2. However, in flood irrigation use of land-levelling techniques are increasingly being used. They therefore conducted a survey of water experts to generate a consensus view. Their survey includes information on the evolution of water reserves and water demand in recent years, as well as projections of water supply and demand. The results indicated that the river basins subject to most stress are Cuencas del Sur, Segura, Baleares, followed by Ebro, Jucar, Cataluna, Guadalquivir and Tajo.
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sdg6
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In India, household connection rates are four times higher in villages serviced by energy cooperatives than in villages served by the State electricity board (ILO, 2013). Energy cooperatives operate, for example, in Bangladesh, Cambodia, South Sudan and Uganda. Bangladesh's programme, inspired by the United States model (box 4.3), is considered one of the most successful in the developing world. Subsidies and grants play a significant role in setting up such cooperatives. However, most LDCs have limited capacity for electricity regulation, reflecting both a lack of staff with the requisite skills and experience and financial constraints. Since high development costs and low profit margins deterred investor-owned utilities from expansion into rural areas, as in LDCs today, most rural electrification occurred through consumer-owned, not-for-profit electric cooperatives.
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sdg7
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