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Moreover, countries with a similar dispersion in household market income {e.g. Finland and Canada) can opt for distinct redistributive strategies - the redistributive impact of cash transfers in Finland is about twice as large as in Canada. Welfare systems: Beveridge versus Bismarck? These benefits can be either universal or means-tested.
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The government is addressing low digital skills in the large-scale Incode2030 strategy. Spanning the period 2016-2020, the strategy involves both existing measures from programmes such as Qualifica and Industria 4.0 and new measures. It also includes quantified targets: 20 000 enrolments in digital literacy programmes by 2020, 2% of GDP invested in R&D by 2025 and 80% of the population with basic digital skills by 2030 (Govemo de Portugal, 20 17j32)).
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Ill & IV IUCN cat. Protected areas for overseas territories may be under-reported where there is no formal process for submitting data to the WDPA (i.e. zero values may not be true zeroes). Coverage totals for small areas can change dramatically when new protected areas are designated. The numerator of this percentage is the reported area of protected areas recorded as a point located on land, the denominator is the terrestrial area.
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A significant increase in freight volumes is also projected to occur in the Indian Ocean - mainly from China to Europe through the Suez Canal. The increase in trade between Europe and Asia is also responsible for the dynamics of the Mediterranean corridor. The highest growth will occur in Asia and Africa, in line with the projections for GDP. Intra-Asian tonne-kilometres grow, in the baseline scenario, by a factor of 4.5, while in Africa this growth factor is 6.5. The transport cost performance for each origin-destination (OD) pair is defined by a logsum cost estimation. Because each commodity has a different sensitivity to price, the lower the logsum value falls, the greater the conversion of trade value into freight tonnage is.
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Less advantaged municipalities in terms of private income and municipalities with a challenging socioeconomic composition of the population get higher grants from the central government. There is an implicit tax sharing system as municipalities with rich inhabitants and consequently a high tax base receive small to no grants from the central government. In addition, this grant system takes detailed socio-economic measures into account.
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Figure B.5 shows the volume of internet traffic since 1984 when it averaged about 15 gigabytes per month. In 2014, three decades later, the volume of internet traffic had increased by nearly 3 billion-fold to reach more than 42 billion gigabytes per month. In addition to increasing bandwidth, this increase reflects a variety of other causes, including growth in the number of users, greater sophistication and variety in the possible uses of the internet.
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Only 14 LDCs have even limited oil-refining capacity, the output of which is overwhelmed by that of the other manufacturing sectors. Similarly, available national accounts and employment data typically group together energy-related utilities — electricity and gas — and water supply, with no further breakdown. In households where both women and men are engaged in wood collection, the gender distribution of time savings may also differ significantly from that of time allocation: even if women spend more time than men collecting wood, a greater share of the time savings may accrue to men. This should be achieved through both centralized and decentralized energy technologies and systems, combining the three general models of grid extension, mini-grid access and off-grid access (AGECC, 2010).
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The database is updated annually, on the occasion of International Women’s Day, and its estimates are sourced from national time-use surveys, based on nationally representative samples of between 4 000 and 20 000 people. For each of the categories only primary activities are taken into account, while simultaneous or secondary activities are excluded to improve comparability across countries. In Ethiopia, for example, men spend almost twice as long on paid work or study than women, while the opposite is true for unpaid care work.
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The rights-based approach is also used for the study Comparing Child Well-being in OECD Countries, carried out in the context of the UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 7 and 10 on Child Well-being in Rich Countries (Bradshaw et al., Many studies have used relative deprivation by defining deprivation based on the overall distribution of the indicators selected (e.g. Barnes and Wright 2012, Bradshaw et al 2006, 2007, Notten and Roelen 2011, Zelinsky 2010). Similarly, Barnes and Wright (2012) define child poverty as the lack of items essential for children to have an acceptable standard of living.
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The "Studio Thinking" rubric was arguably more focused on the visual arts habits of mind than the initial domain-general OECD rubric. And the "five creative habits of mind" rubric was commonly used by Creative Partnerships programmes. As there was indeed some alignment between those rubrics, this departure from the project protocol was fine for a development project - but it would raise issues of "fidelity of implementation" in a validation or efficacy study. In Hungary, the school network implementing the Creative Partnerships pedagogy proposed an interesting alternative: the team used both the comprehensive domain-general OECD rubric and the "five creative habits of mind" rubric, but for different purposes.
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In the Danish North Sea cod fishery, resistance from fishers toward stock recovery can partly be explained by the absence of future benefits from recovered stocks compared to short-term losses that they would face not only from the cod stock but also from other stocks that cannot be exploited fully or only at higher costs. For this reason, most countries that have introduced quota systems have at the same time set limitations on total quota holdings and rules regarding the transferability of quotas through time or between particular groups of quota holders. Furthermore, the initial allocation of quotas has proven to be an issue of concern in many cases.
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Two respondents noted that there was no agency within the Ministry of Health with responsibility to champion the introduction of personalised healthcare, and two suggested that research and development are hindered by personal data protection regulations and ethical procedures. Interestingly, one respondent commented that “consumer satisfaction with [the] existing healthcare system means that there is little demand from patients or healthcare providers for change”. Respondents also saw international networking and collaboration, particularly through the European Union, as important.
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With a few exceptions for some countries in some years, Central and Eastern European countries have experienced steady improvements in life expectancy at birth in both genders since 2005 (Figure 5.1). Life expectancy in males showed greater variation between countries than in females, although the convergence between countries over time has also been greater in males. Life expectancy trends in the remaining EU countries also showed improvements since 2005, but with some erratic changes in recent years (Figure 5.2).
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Export quotas were cancelled, the list of licensed products was shortened, and export duties were simplified (and abolished in 1996). A tariff schedule was drawn up in 1995 and simplified in 1996. Tariff rates were reduced in 1997 and again in July 1998. Although agricultural tariffs changed little, no tariffs on agricultural products exceeded 25%.
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It has a mandate to follow and evaluate mainstreaming women’s needs in national policies and supporting the production of budgets sensitive to the needs of women. In the Palestinian Authority, the situation is different due to the fact that the split between Hamas and Fatah has impeded the functioning of the Palestinian Legislative Committee since 2007. To strengthen the legislature’s role in this area, countries may increase women’s representation in legislatures, which is known to increase attention to gender issues and strengthen the mandates of parliamentary' committees to oversee the progress of women’s empowerment.
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Gravity models, which estimate traffic flows between transport zones (determined by the Korea Transport Institute and similar to administrative TL4 areas), while accounting for local characteristics, should be used to estimate traffic volumes between the areas affected by the new infrastructure, including adjacent zones that are not directly affected. To account for expected changes from other projects, the constructor should review current national or regional plans for land use, transport, and industrial complexes. Based on these plans, the constructor should estimate the basic traffic volumes that are expected to result from the plans’ projects.
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What is the relationship between religious liberty and faith-based terrorism? The wider literature on freedom and terrorism has failed to reach a conclusive verdict: some hold that restricting civil liberties is necessary to prevent acts of terrorism, others find that respecting such rights undermines support for terrorist groups, thus making terrorism less likely. This article moves the debate on liberty and terrorism forward by looking specifically at terrorism motivated by a religious imperative and a country’s level of religious liberty—something not attempted in previous studies. Using classification data mining, we test a unique dataset on religious terrorism in order to discover the characteristics that contribute to a country experiencing religiously motivated terrorism. The analysis finds that religious terrorism is indeed a product of a dearth of religious liberty. The study concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for policy-makers.
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In addition, Marco Polo sheep and mountain goats are hunted for trophy and sold for hard currency. Although no reliable statistical data according to the opinion of national experts and government officials, degradation of forests and arable land, overcollection, and poaching have all contributed to the considerable declines in these species’ populations. Commercial fishing in Lake Issyk-Kul and Lake Son-Kul is limited to 200-300 kg per year. However, most of the trade is from poaching, and, thus lies outside these official limits. Such medicinal plants are collected and sold through special trade associations.
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Funding for research and development has also increased since the mid-1990s, in particular as a result of financing directed to KazAgroInnovation since 2008. Compared to research and development, agricultural education continues to receive significantly lesser funds (although these expenditures have been steadily rising). Infrastructure expenditures varied during the analysed period, with the highest spending taking place between 2001 and 2003 when a large project to improve irrigation and drainage systems was implemented. However, towards the end of the 2000s, the funds directed for infrastructure improvement decreased substantially. Figure 2.30 illustrates the importance of each component in the total support to the agricultural sector in Kazakhstan.
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However, adoption is expected by the end of 2010. The expected outcomes are to be accomplished through implementation of the following strategic directions: (a) decrease biodiversity loss, (b) set up a conservation system and provide for sustainable use of biodiversity, and (c) reduce the pressures on biodiversity. Issues related to forests will be addressed in the forest strategies and programmes, which are in preparation in both entities. It incorporates strategic goals for FBiH, including modernization of legislation (with a focus on harmonization with the EU), institutional development and a system of economic instruments.
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They support women to access better employment opportunities and reduce social and intergenerational inequalities by making extra -familial care available and affordable for lower-income and disadvantaged households. In order to reap the 'double dividend' in terms of women's economic empowerment and child health and education, the ways in which services are delivered is fundamental. As with water, poorer and rural households are much less likely than wealthier and urban households to have access to improved sanitation.
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Diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria alone continue to account for about one third of deaths among children under five, many under-five deaths still occur in children already weakened by undernutrition, and many pregnant women continue to face serious constraints to improve their nutrient intake, especially in low-income countries (United Nations, 2015a, United Nations Childrens Fund, 2013b). These challenges are compounded by the urgency of tackling the problem of neonatal deaths. Likewise, it is important to scrutinize the limitations of the health system that have held back the effectiveness of health policy interventions in helping achieve progress towards achieving the health-related MDGs. Policies to expand access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (MDG 7, target C) have also been critical for achieving health-related goals and are under review in chapter V. The review of health policy interventions is followed by a discussion focused on the constraints of health systems and examples of measures that have enabled Governments to overcome them. Broader issues of governance and institutions that also affect health policies—and development policies in general—are discussed in chapter VI.
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It focuses on the area of tax policies, labour market and product market policies. Non-policy factors such as up skilling, globalisation and technological change are also covered, albeit more succinctly.5 Section 6 wraps up the empirical findings by classifying policy reforms on the basis of their joint effects on GDP per capita and household disposable incomes across the distribution. For each country and each year, the database covers mean disposable income by deciles (i.e. the population is sliced in ten equally sized groups ranked by income), allowing direct computation of income standards (see Box 2).
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However, given the myriad of support programmes, it may be difficult for SMEs and entrepreneurs to access integrated solutions to the challenges facing their enterprises (i.e. they have to apply to a number of different programmes to integrate all of the services/assistance they need to implement a project activity that might require employee training, R&D support, and investment, for example). The business ownership rate is below the EU average and the SME landscape is overly dominated by micro-enterprises with weak skills and capacity. Net annual growth in the stock of SMEs is slow, early-stage survival rates of new enterprises are very low relative to international standards, and the value-added, innovation and investment contributions of SMEs are below the EU average, as is their use of modern technologies. There are also significant regional disparities in the density and performance of SMEs and levels of entrepreneurial activity.
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Some member States provided considerable information on a few indicators but not on others. In a number of cases, few comments were provided to clarify or enhance the quantitative data. For example, one of the benchmarks considers success to be “Themes related to social, environmental and economic dimensions are addressed in the curricula at a minimum of four ISCED levels”.
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At the same time land-use and planning have important implications for housing policy. On the one hand they have direct effects on spatial segregation, on the other, they can limit the responsiveness of housing supply to other housing programmes by increasing the amount of time and the number of bureaucratic steps needed to obtain building permits (OECD, 2011). Furthermore, when land-use and planning restrictions limit housing supply, land and housing prices will capture the value of housing subsidies, with perverse effects on wealth distribution. Moreover, multiple levels of government are responsible for executing, regulating and sometimes delivering these policies. This high degree of complexity might lead to contrasting objectives and goals, with loss of efficiency and potentially wider negative effects on the economy. This paper identifies the main challenges faced by households in accessing good-quality affordable housing and analyses the housing policies put in place by OECD countries to understand the degree to which they share social policy objectives and pursue them through the implemented policy mix.
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For instance, Koeniger etal. ( Labour market regulations can give rise to inequality due to the labour market rigidity they foster. As Rama (2003) pointed out, countries may push to adopt ILO labour standards, raise the minimum wage or expand government employment, but all this may not have any significant effect on inequality. Based on the data from 121 countries from 1945 to 1999, Calderon et al. ( Firstly, data limitations create difficulties with respect to the measurement of inequality and regulations. Secondly, most labour market institutions have only been set up over a relatively short time, so it is difficult to observe any impact they might have had on inequality at this time.
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How such institutional change can reverse the trends towards restricted funds is yet to be seen. However, this attempt towards more centralized governance is worth noting. Whether the World Bank or the FAO should take the initiative as a large donor was discussed at the time of CGIAR’s foundation by the World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors, which decided that the World Bank should take the leadership role (Baum, 1986, Shaw, 2009). At the same time, TAC was established and the FAO took the lead on technical issues.
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For Norway, results are based on a 10% sample from the population. For Sweden, the NBHW data set provides monthly data only from 2001 (and annual data before). For the Netherlands, the analysis is based on two datasets: annual data come from the IPO: monthly data come from the SSB from which a 0.5% random sample is drawn.
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Policy discussions on transatlantic security frequently focus on the topic of burden sharing, highlighting the imbalance between U.S. and European military expenditures. Alliance scholarship in the fields of international security and political economy offers plausible explanations for this imbalance, based on the perspectives of balance of threat, institutional adaptation, security communities, and collective action. We argue that the more states articulate their national security strategy in Atlanticist terms, the more likely they are to allocate resources to military operations. We find evidence for this argument by using a content analysis of 95 national security strategy documents of NATO allies, and assessing the correlation between Atlanticist language in states’ strategy documents and those states’ allocation of financial resources to military operations, as opposed to personnel, infrastructure, or equipment expenditures.
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Political scientists talk about the ‘securitisation’ of public policy: the process by which organisational or political actors use security rationales to support claims for funding particular activities or where the ‘security state’ uses the rhetoric of external (or internal) threat as a pretext for entering into new policy fields or for developing new powers.1 Such ideas should be familiar to historians of science and technology (S&T) policy because the very notion that governments should intervene to fund and direct science was largely a product of the Cold War security environment. Since 9/11 a new threat has been constructed: the threat of international terrorism. We are said to be living in ‘a new anti-terrorism era’ that has widespread implications for public policy — including S&T policy.2
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The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is a notable initiative in this regard.52 Furthermore, it is important that countries manage mineral rights in a way that ensures that a fair share of the benefits remain in the CDDCs, particularly in local mining communities. Promoting linkages with the local economy could strengthen domestic value retention. Also, opportunities to increase direct and indirect decent jobs for local workers in the mining industry should be maximized.
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Ecosystem service providers in Mexico are predominantly ejidos. Mexico has adjusted and revised its PES programme several times to address the first two of these elements. As Figure 5.8 shows, there are trade-offs involved in terms of the priorities of the PES programmes. The conservation impact of PSAH has therefore been fairly low.
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The case-vehicles selected in this study were vehicles involved in crashes where at least one person was transported to hospital by ambulance, i.e. accidents involving a serious injury. The resulting prediction of risk by travelling speed is shown in Figure 6.3. Because of the variety of mean speeds observed in the traffic, it was decide to calculate relative risk for the crash-involved vehicles as compared to mean traffic speed.
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The underlying dataset contains information on the budget of TPOs from TPO surveys and on export performance from the Exporter Dynamics Database of the World Bank in 2005 and 2010 for 27 countries of different income levels. Links between institutions can be invaluable, with the international network of one body being useful to others. Suppliers can be matched with faraway buyers with a click or two, altering the role of TIPOs in matchmaking.
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The way governments collect revenue and allocate resources can have a differential impact on women and men. As taxes affect wages and disposable income, they can influence how women and men allocate their time to formal, informal and unpaid work (Barnett and Grown, 2004). Joint filing in income-tax systems with higher tax rates on higher incomes is found, for example, to discourage womens participation in the labour market (Elson, 2006).
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Private international law doctrines are often portrayed as natural, largely immutable, boundaries on local public agency in a transnational private world. Challenging this problematic conception requires a reimagining of the field, not only as a species of public law or an instrument of governance, but as a constitutional phenomenon. This paper investigates what such a ‘constitution of the conflict of laws’ could look like. Two features are given special emphasis. First: the idea of the conflict of laws as an independent source of constitutionalist normativity, rather than as a mere passive receptacle for constraints imposed by classical, liberal, constitutional law. And second: the possibility of a local, ‘outward-looking’ form of conflicts constitutionalism to complement more familiar, inwardly focused, federalist conceptions.
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For 2007, the number of eligible households was increased to 15.8 million, from 10.8 million in 2006. For 2008, the number of eligible households was increased to 19.1 million. In addition, the monthly rice ration was increased from 10 to 15 kg for 9 out of the 10 months, although the price paid for the rice was increased from IDR 1000/kg to IDR 1 600/kg.
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For instance, the Standing Committee on Finance under the UNFCCC estimates that the global total climate finance, which includes public and private financial resources devoted to addressing climate change, ranged from USD 340-650 billion in 2014 in all countries (UNFCCC, 2016). The finance needed to achieve the mitigation and adaptation goals of the Paris Agreement, however, is much larger. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates the costs of the full implementation of climate pledges expressed in the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) by 150 countries.
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As noted in the introduction to this report, these prindples do not by themselves suffice to define institutions that "work well" for sodety. Section 5.2 looks at gender-responsive institutions at the national level. Section 5.3 examines six SDG targets that have strong gender components through the lens of institutional principles of SDG 16. Section 5.4 provides key messages in relation to institutions for gender equality and empowerment.
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At the same time, the government needs to ensure that the voices of non-traditional players are head and can influence policy choices. For all participants, the nature and status of this consultation should be made clea. Transparency is required concerning the ways contributions are weighed and incorporated in policy proposals.
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The countries that carried them out are Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Peru. These surveys cost more than questions or modules but are much more exhaustive with respect to the inclusion of details about activities and subcomponents of each type of unpaid work (care, domestic and voluntary), as well as personal activities. Sometimes, despite the fact that surveys include questions that are relevant to the analysis, the resulting indicators are not truly representative of respondents owing to sample design limitations, as occurs in some countries with Afrodescendent populations.
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Roe (2010) is cited as the reference for the third indicator. By 2020, the existing biodiversity-related laws, regulations and strategies, including those associated with incentives, are reviewed and gaps are addressed. By 2020, biodiversity values and ecosystem services are communicated and integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and plans. Consider the values of biodiversity into sectoral strategies and programmes.
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Can unofficial, academically based, third-party approaches contribute to the prevention and resolution of international and intercommunal conflicts? The article focuses on one such approach, interactive problem solving, which the author has applied primarily in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. After describing the central tool of the approach, the problem-solving workshop, the article goes on to address the role of interactive problem solving and related approaches to the larger process of conflict resolution. In this context, it discusses the relationship of the microprocess of problem-solving workshops to the macroprocess of international conflict resolution, the relationship between official and unofficial diplomacy, the relationship between practice and scholarship in conflict resolution, the role of the university in the process, and the possibilities for institutionalizing this model of conflict resolution.
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For comparable issues, also the import and export data are form the FAO ResourceSTAT. Simple tariff averages can lead to misleading conclusions (Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga, 2009). Indeed, while African countries face the lowest levels of tariffs in their export markets, notably thanks to preferences, these preferences largely cover products which African countries do not export. We employ an index compiled by Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga (2009) and used in Hoekman and Nicita (2011) for the agricultural sector.
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The preferred method for the core-network is on-premise at each participant’s site, creating the most trust in the decentralisation of the network. Once more participants join, the new parties can decide to delegate their hosti ng to a cloud solution or another third party. The governance of the network is spread over the network itself by approving new participants and by the option to delegate hosting using the PoA mechanism. A token can represent any kind of asset or right to a future good or service and can be traded by the participants. This creates a micro-economy, giving different tokens different purposes and values and therefore generating a market within that platform. The set-up can either be as: - Security token Partial ownership of an infrastructure project or asset is represented through a security token and can be exchanged between market participants - Utility token Access to goods and services provided by the infrastructure project.
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In the Pacific subregion, such data were available only for Australia and New Zealand. In the Pacific subregion, data were available for three economies only (Australia, Guam and New Zealand). In the Pacific subregion, most countries and areas, with the exception of the Cook Islands and Niue, had data for most years during this same period. In the Pacific subregion, data were available for 16 of the 21 countries and territories.
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The neoliberalization of urban governance has profoundly problematized issues of ‘local’ and ‘urban’ democracy on both sides of the Atlantic. This paper explores the changing modalities of urban democracy under neoliberalism through a case study of Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati. A historically maligned inner-city neighbourhood, Over-the-Rhine is the locus for a concerted neoliberalizing gentrification drive and site of a coordinated resistance to market-oriented redevelopment. Three key processes of neoliberal restructuring are analyzed to highlight the centrality of contestations over local democracy for local economic development. Governance restructuring and the implementation of key spatial imaginaries are argued to produce a neoliberal articulation of urban democracy that discursively legitimizes development from above via an understanding of the neighbourhood as a physical environment, usurping pre-existing grassroots organizations conceptualizing Over-the-Rhine as a social structure.
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The next section describes the distributional and fiscal impacts of these types of stocks, as well as their effect on the private sector and international spillovers. Public stocks can be acquired or sold to provide price incentives to farmers, stabilise prices in domestic markets, mitigate the effects of sudden price rises, or offer stable prices to consumers. Governments can also decide to build or distribute stocks in order to set up or replenish a strategic stockpile aimed at securing an adequate suppty of food, distribute food to vulnerable household and people suffering from chronic food insecurity', respond to urgent food needs arising from emergency situations, or reduce the impacts of a fall in production.
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Comparison of the indicator over time requires adjustments to be made for inflation, while comparison between countries requires adjustments for purchasing power parity. The goals, targets and indicators were conceived as a minimum level of living standards for the world's inhabitants. In this way, the international community showed its central concern with overcoming critical deficiencies in different dimensions of development.
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Other unmet traveller needs include poor levels of infrastructure, the high cost of rental transport and the limited availability of readily consumable information relating to travel within Timor-Leste. While this still represents a small share of overall GDP, it ranks closely behind coffee as the third largest sector. The country’s geographical neighbour, the Northern Territory in Australia, reports an annual visitor economic value added of close to $1.5 billion, and neighbouring Indonesia reports a total economic value added of $9.1 billion annually. Timor-Leste has pristine reefs, unspoiled hillsides and a compelling national story. Peeling away even a tiny fraction of the 4 million holidaymakers who visit nearby Bali each year could make a big difference in the country’s fortunes.
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Globalisation in the harvesting sector is, to a large extent, driven by the need of fleets to secure access to fish. The more secure and the long term access is, the more willing an investor will be to invest in fishing opportunities abroad. Fishing companies may globalise their activities as harvesting opportunities arise and could also be an outcome diminished opportunities in domestic waters.
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With rising producer prices, the HPP has also had to rise in order to enable BULOG to purchase enough rice for its obligations. The programme provided interest-free credit for selected rural business units so that they could assist in stabilising the price of rice at an acceptable level during the harvest season by purchasing rice on the basis of the HPP. In 2007, the programme was extended to include corn and soybeans, with the target prices determined by the provincial government. During the life of this programme, the government provided finance to 1184 LUEPs in 27 provinces.
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Population pressures, continued construction activities and climate change will likely contribute to the continuation of this trend unless policy action is taken. Moreover, the connectivity of water bodies has been lost and their isolation has been increased. The situation is even more serious due to the fragmentation impact of roads and built-up areas. Highways and buildings are absolute barriers to amphibian movements.
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In addition, the Emergency Medical Service Act obliges the Ministry of Health and Seivices every year. These research centres were established as part of the Clinical Research Support Project. The research centres are responsible for developing practice guidelines, which are made available on the website of the Korean Guideline Clearinghouse. Assessment is based on a broad range of indicators covering outcome, structure and process. The Korea Institute for Healthcare Accreditation (KOIHA) also conducts audits to ensure that agreed minimum standards are applied in hospital as part of the accreditation programme.
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Implementation of the trading-up principle necessitates the classification of biodiversity according to a measure of its conservation significance. In the biodiversity offset pilots in England, biodiversity is classified according to its conservation distinctiveness and offsets must contain habitat in the same or higher distinctiveness band as the loss site. The Wetland Mitigation Policy in Alberta, Canada allows for both trading-up and trading-down through a system of replacement ratios that “seek to provide an incentive to avoid the loss of high value wetlands” (Alberta Government, 2013). The system requires categorisation of the development site’s wetland into one of four value bands, it then offers a discount to the size of the required compensation if it is of greater value than the development site and increases the size of the required compensation if it is of lesser value (Table 4.3).
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The organisation acquires land or property on behalf of its members (or other public bodies) in order to support local housing policy, economic development, leisure and tourism, establish utilities, reduce/eliminate health hazards, enable urban renewal, and save or enhance heritage site and natural areas. Apart from this long list of actors involved in spatial policy and land use governance there are also commissions to regulate commercial development projects and agricultural land use change, a regional public finance agency to collect taxes, the areas under industrial (SEVESO EU directive) or environmental risks (flooding) are managed by the State and the airport is managed an independent authority. Formal rules require consultation with “associated persons”—this is a list established by law which includes other local authorities, and various Consular Chambers that represent specific groups (e.g. agriculture, commerce and industry, trade).
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This paper examines four models of debriefing practices applied by the team of authors in settings working with conflict resolution and peacemaking practitioners. It examines the effectiveness of these methods in particular, and of the practice of debriefing as a reflective tool in the context of peacemaking practice. All research was conducted as part of an Applied Practice and Theory team, under the supervision of Dr. Susan Allen, at George Mason University's School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution.
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This process has contributed to the growth of mega-urban regions (Jones and Douglass 2008) with their great demand for water and other natural resources. These changes have intensified the demand for water and many have also been highly polluting of water. All these developments affect water systems through diversion of water, bringing new uses of water, creating ecological changes and allowing for more rapid extraction of other natural resources such as timber. They can also displace very large numbers of inhabitants and, in some cases, settlements that have long histories as cultural heartlands.
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Objective: This paper describes the processes involved in policy development and implementation with examples of how this can be influenced by the outcomes of research.Method: The author draws on his experience in the development and implementation of Australia's National Mental Health Policy and on the literature describing public policy analysis.Results: A five-step process of problem identification, policy development, political decision, policy implementation and evaluation is described. This process identifies how issues are considered, adopted and implemented by governments.Conclusion: An understanding of this process can inform mechanisms by which scientific research can impact on the issues considered and the decisions made in each step of policy analysis and development.
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The first part of the analysis is to estimate how many children (persons) are (multidimensionally) poor and/or deprived under the definitions used. Knowing how many people (children) are multidimensionally poor and deprived is very important. However, multidimensional poverty research goes beyond mere adding up of individuals.
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Strong public institutions and mechanisms to ensure accountability for fulfilling gender equality and mainstreaming commitments. Tools for evidence-based and inclusive policy making that account for potentially different effects on women and men. Effective monitoring mechanisms and reliable gender-disaggregated evidence for making informed policy decisions. For example, Mexico’s National Women’s Institute developed an institutional mechanism called “National System for Equality between Women and Men”, which co-ordinates the gender-related work of 42 federal agencies.
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This time the initiative should come from LDC governments themselves. They should collectively propose a common standard for foreign investment to which they are willing to adhere. The proposal should include arrangements for independent adjudication to settle disputes and enforcement procedures for decisions.
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In countries with strong familial kinship structures, it is possible that the presence of women is as a proxy for their husbands or male relatives. If this is the case, an increase in representation would not contribute to the transformative or redistributive dimensions of substantive equality. There is also a risk, particularly in relation to greater representation, that women might be essen-tialized and assumed to be in a position to speak for or represent all women.
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sdg5
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Viet Nam's investment policy includes incentives for investment in environmentally friendly areas such as renewable energy, afforestation and recycling. Malaysia has instated a major drive to encourage investment in green industrial development, including green technologies (renewable energy, energy efficiency etc.) While the current Cambodian Investment Law and supporting decrees provide incentives for qualified investment projects, projects that promote environmentally friendly technologies are not included in the list. A recent study shows that renewable energy technologies such as solar could provide power at close to the same price as fossil fuels in Cambodia, and could be cost competitive with additional support, such as through feed-in-tariffs.
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sdg8
|
Direction de la demographie (2000), "Analyse des rEsultats du recensement gEnEral de la population et de I'habitation de 1996”, Volume 1, Ouagadougou. I. (1997), "A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environnment". The Non-farm Sector and Rural Development: review of issues and evidence, IFPRI.
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sdg2
|
The Ministry of Education has responsibility for all educational institutions in The Bahamas. These levels are fairly distinct in Department of Education schools in New Providence, with slight variations in Family Island schools, where some all-age schools remain’ (The Bahamas Ministry of Education, 2012). The pupil-teacher ratio for primary is 15:1 and for secondary 13:1 (2008).
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sdg4
|
Other recent applications of quantile regressions that use a similar dummy variable structure to capture an individual’s education level include Budria and Pereira (2005), Budria and Moro-Egido (2008) and Prieto-Rodriguez et al. ( The results are robust to the addition of a dummy variable for having a post-secondary non-tertiary degree and a dummy variable for having a PhD degree (for those countries for which this information is available). Adding these variables to the baseline specification hardly alters the results obtained for the baseline variables.
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sdg10
|
Article 3 may inspire MENA countries to adapt their national legislation. Such determination may be necessary' in a particular case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child’s place of residence. See Table 2.1 for the list of countries that officially ratified this convention.
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sdg5
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In the discipline of public administration, popular culture remains under-examined in scholarship and under-utilized in pedagogy. However, the field would benefit from greater integration of popula...
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sdg16
|
We develop training for this on a local level, but trainings are not sufficient if you do not have a mechanism that ensures that the commitment of the policy makers is respected. So quotas for youth and women need to be constitutionally present in the parliament. One needs to make sure that young girls are living in good and safe areas if they are employed or going to school. There are only two MENA countries that systematically publish draft laws online (Jordan and Morocco).
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sdg5
|
The majority of water intakes, larger canals and water mains, and reservoirs are under MoWE management and supervision. For example, MoWE operates 33,400 km of internal canals which are part of the irrigation network, including the Karakum Canal, which has a length of over 1,300km, incorporates 115 hydrotechnical facilities and features three reservoirs with a total capacity of 2.4 km3. It is also responsible for overall control of remedial actions and the protection of ecosystems, prevention of deterioration of surface and groundwater resources, monitoring of environmental media and ecological appraisal of projects.
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sdg6
|
▪ Abstract This review evaluates the emerging legal and political science scholarship created in the wake of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, the case that ended the 2000 Florida election controversy between supporters of George W. Bush and those of Al Gore. The article surveys scholars' answers to four central questions: (a) Were the Supreme Court's majority or concurring opinions legally sound? (b) Was the Supreme Court's result justified, even if the legal reasoning contained in the opinions was unsound? (c) What effects, if any, will the case and the social science research it has spurred have on the development of voting rights law? (d) What does the Court's resolution of Bush v. Gore tell us about the Supreme Court as an institution?
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sdg16
|
Agriculture also produces about 90 per cent of the volume of exports, featuring various coconut products and also fish. By value the main exports are car components, which are assembled from imported parts. Exports have declined in volume and value, with overseas aid and remittances becoming more significant as mainstays of the economy. Samoa has a large trade deficit. The manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products.
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sdg10
|
Also, the vast majority of programmes target women in male-headed households as direct beneficiaries.14 As a result, it is often claimed that such programmes have an empowering effect on women based on the assumption that, as the main recipients of the transfers, women gain greater control over financial resources. Nevertheless, available evidence on empowerment outcomes is far from conclusive (de la O Campos, 2015). This is, in part, because outcomes are shaped not only by women's roles within the household and society, but also by existing gender inequalities in knowledge, skills, influence and ownership and control of resources. Similar results were seen in Ethiopia, where female- and male-headed households who were beneficiaries of the PSNP had markedly different spending patterns following the transfers.
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sdg1
|
This paper analyses the role of international mobility and mutual recognition to regional community building in the ASEAN region by reviewing policy documents and international student mobility statistics. ASEAN policy directives have evolved from regional economic cooperation to ASEAN Community building despite the limited mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) on professional services, and low and unbalanced intra- ASEAN student mobility. However the non-ratification of the 2011 UNESCO Asia and Pacific Recognition Convention, and the slow implementation of various regional frameworks supporting the establishment of an ASEAN Higher Education Area have limited the potential contribution of mobility and mutual recognition to the ASEAN Community building project. Recommendations to enhance its contribution includes expanding and implementing ASEAN MRAs to all professional disciplines, the development and institutionalisation of an ASEAN quality assurance system, promoting a balanced intra-ASEAN mobility, and ratification and implementation of the 2011 UNESCO Asia and Pacific Recognition Convention (Tokyo Convention).
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sdg16
|
Programmes like the AusParenting in Schools Transition to Primary School Parent Program in Australia and Flying Start in Wales (United Kingdom), which offer comprehensive support to parents, have had positive results. As reported above, evaluations of the Australian study indicate that participating parents expressed less worry and concern about transitions than parents who were less exposed to informative activities. Similarly, a qualitative study of Flying Start reported that participating parents perceived that their children were more ready for school (Welsh Government, 2013b).
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sdg4
|
For rural areas, post-partum insusceptibility reduction is slightly higher (0.7 months). On the contrary, there is an increase in insusceptibility for urban areas from 5.6 to 7.5 months between 1997 and 2002. Overall, the median duration of post-partum insusceptibility in rural areas is higher than in urban areas. The observed decline in the duration of post-partum insusceptibility tends to increase in the marital fertility rate, which might have been offset by other inhibiting factors, such as an increase in contraceptive use.
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sdg5
|
There is a default risk that the IPP can become insolvent, being unable to supply power to the off-taker and repay its debt to the lender. Mining companies and lenders are, therefore, more likely to partner with an experienced IPP that has strong ties to the investment community and is able to bring the project to financial closure. When looking across the array of current projects (Table 2.1), several of them, and particularly large-scale costly projects, involve well-established renewable energy developers (PWC, 2017). As an example, Valhalla, a Chilean renewable energy start-up has faced difficulties in securing USD 500 million financing required for its innovative Espejo de Tarapaca project in northern Chile.
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sdg7
|
It is mandatory for the Annex I parties to account for the emissions and removal from afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, forest management and use of harvested wood products (HWPs) in the second Kyoto commitment period (2013-2020). Cropland and grazing land management, revegetation, wetland drainage and re-wetting are the voluntary LULUCF activities. The net removal of GHGs by LULUCF activities in an Annex I party is rewarded by granting the party with the right to issue removal units (RMUs). For the first commitment period (2008-2012), each party is assigned with a cap for RMUs.
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sdg15
|
First, it allows the specifics of each industry to be taken into consideration. In particular, it permits precise and realistic projections based on expert knowledge and empirical evidence. Second, this approach allows considerable flexibility in the construction of the scenarios. Assumptions about the paths of the separate sectors lead to a rich set of possible scenarios for the ocean-based industries.
|
sdg14
|
The share of women employers is thus negligible. Public works are those activities sponsored by the Government or local bodies such as construction of roads, dams, bunds, digging of ponds, etc. While considerable proportions of women and men in rural areas are in self-employment, wage workers constitute the largest share in urban areas (Table 7-2).
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sdg5
|
The push to apply corporate governance arrangements from the private sector into the public sector is a manifestation of the ongoing search for ways to improve accountability and performance. This small interview study reports on the experience of senior Commonwealth public servants and board directors trying to work within the corporate governance frameworks set out in the Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act (1997) and the Financial Management and Accountability Act (1997). It suggests that lines of accountability can be blurred, formal authority can be subverted, and safeguards to protect the public interest, against harms such as political patronage, may be weak or absent. Many agencies do not have appropriate procedures for assessing their own governance arrangements. There is considerable resistance to the notion that a central authority should be established with the dedicated purpose of overseeing governance arrangements and practices in the Commonwealth.
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sdg16
|
The three relevant Tier 1 indicators relate to the targets on access to clean water (6.1) and sanitation (6.2), as well as the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management (6.b). The Tier 1 indicators for SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2 go beyond the indicators of basic level of access to water and sanitation that were used to monitor MDG Target 7c, indicators now include dimensions of accessibility, availability, quality (water) and safety (sanitation) (IAEG-SDGs, 2016b). As such, data are not currently available for these enhanced indicators. The ambition of the SDG targets is also much higher than the related MDG targets, which will make it more challenging for the Commonwealth Pacific small states to achieve them. The countries that achieved the related MDG targets on water and sanitation need to build on those foundations, those that recorded mixed progress need to scale up efforts, while those countries that failed to achieve the MDG targets need to undertake serious reform. The IAEG-SDGs proposed six indicators to monitor this goal, of which four were Tier 1 indicators related to the targets on access to energy (7.1), renewable energy (7.2) and energy efficiency (7.3) (see Appendix 2.1).
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sdg15
|
Immigrant women are more likely to go into occupations where other immigrant women work, regardless of their nationality, than into jobs beside co-ethnic men (Wright and Ellis, 2000). This gender-based convergence is also strongly related to value systems, as ethnic female entrepreneurs perceive and approach business ownership differently than ethnic male entrepreneurs (Baycan-Levent et al., For example, the study of Baycan-Levent et al. (
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sdg5
|
The Netherlands does not have any specific legislation pertaining to human biological materials and data collection by biobanks. Instead, these issues are governed by a patchwork of laws, codes of practices, and other ethical instruments, where special emphasis is given to the right to privacy and self-determination. While draft legislation for biobanking was scheduled to enter into force in 2007, as of mid-2015 such legislation was still under consideration, with the intent that it would focus particularly on individual self-determination, the interests of research, the use of bodily materials collected by biobanks for criminal law purposes, and dilemmas around results that are clinically relevant for biobank participants. Under the current framework, the amount of privacy protection afforded to data is linked to its level of identifiability. International sharing of personal data to non-EU/European Economic Area countries is allowed if these countries provide adequate protection.
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sdg16
|
Policy analysis is driven by a dominant normative stance that conflates the notion of social welfare with some notion of collective good or, even more restrictively, strictly utilitarian notions of aggregate benefit. In this paper, we suggest how this perspective leads to a strongly aggregative analysis that masks concerns of actors in their unique contexts. We examine the policies of the South Coast Air Quality Management District in Los Angeles, California, USA and argue that they have strongly furthered the status quo at the expense of communities. We illustrate alternative models for analysis in the hope that this type of dialectic might lead to a more inclusive model of rationality. We also hope to take the conversation deeper into notions of justice and not farther away from them, as some attempts to broaden the discussion by appealing to notions of democratization, civic governance, or modernization naively do.
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sdg16
|
INTRODUCTION The American response to 9/11 has been much criticized around the world but not always carefully understood in the context of the United States’ unique legal and political culture. The American approach, especially in the three years after 9/11, was dominated by an aggressive assertion of executive power and by conduct that was supported by dubious claims of legality. The most infamous conduct was directed at non–American citizens outside the United States. It included detentions without trial at Guantanamo Bay and elsewhere, torture and abuse at Abu Ghraib and elsewhere, and increased use of extraordinary renditions to countries with poor human rights records. Some of the extralegal activity, such as the Presidential designation and military detention of Yaser Hamdi and Jose Padilla as enemy combatants and the illegal domestic spying of the National Security Agency (NSA), was directed at American citizens.
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sdg16
|
The economical benefit resulting from the reduction of variable cost can be estimated at EUR 72 million if nuclear production were replaced by coal, and EUR 245 million if replaced by gas.20 This corresponds to a yearly benefit of EUR 0.07 and EUR 0.25/MWh, respectively. However, this last consideration applies only to a situation in which nuclear energy is often at margins and is therefore peculiar to countries with a large share of nuclear power. Table 3.6 summarises the results for the 2007-2009 period.
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sdg7
|
It is often critical to rely on intermediaries who could help to identify those persons, including victims, or organizations that may be good sources of information. Intermediaries can also play a critical role in reaching out to victims and making the first contact with them to assess their disposition to being interviewed. Investigation teams should be proactive in reaching out to different types of sources and intermediaries, making sure the selection of sources and intermediaries is conducive to gathering information on women's human rights and gender issues. It is important to remember, when identifying sources, not to rely too heavily on entities or service providers that target only one segment of the population.
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sdg5
|
This reinforces the need for their economic diversification and transformation. For instance, the global push towards renewable energy and energy efficiency creates new opportunities in the mining sector in CDDCs with large reserves of the strategic materials embodied in clean technologies, such as solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, light-emitting diodes (LED) and electric vehicle batteries. One example is the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which accounted for 58 per cent of the global supply of cobalt, a key commodity used in the production of electric vehicle batteries.
|
sdg13
|
In this essay, we examine recent developments in battles over race- and gender-based affirmative action across a 10-year period from the California Civil Rights Initiative (1996) to the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative (2006). While affirmative action policies have historically been contested within a paradigm of redistribution, our analysis of the Michigan case suggests a new strategic emphasis on disputing the legitimacy of the state's recognition of social difference. Drawing on the work of critical race and critical rhetoric scholars, as well as social theory on citizenship in the post-soul moment, we argue that a neoliberal understanding of difference and neoliberalism's appropriations of multiculturalism have allowed the anti-affirmative action movement in Michigan to avoid racist appeals completely by invoking the neoliberal myth of free, entrepreneurial individuals against a meddling, inefficient, authoritarian state. Further, we find that these shifts have permitted assaults on the positive consi...
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sdg16
|
This article explores the idea that law has become newly constitutive in a postmodern transnational system in which modernity's classic polarities have become obscured, the discipline of late capitalism has become widely if partially internalized outside of institutional domains, liberalism's foot soldiers (rights, citizenship, nation statism, 'free' markets) have gained new forward momentum despite a period of supposed ideological hybridity described by that overheated but ill-theorized concept 'globalization', and, finally, most arguments for socialist/egalitarian revolution or system transformation must now be seen as anachronisms. The article locates these processes as essential features of a particular disciplinary regime in which the grandeur of liberal legality is used to create loyalty to the wider project of liberalism within the consolidation of late capitalism. These regimes are called 'empires of law', and the theoretical framework within which empires of law are rendered intelligible as actua...
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sdg16
|
For example, an increasing number of countries has implemented an integrated curriculum in their ECEC programmes from age 1 to entry to compulsory education, which highlights that ECEC services for children under the age of 3 have expanded in most countries in response to a growing demand for better learning outcomes, as well as growing female labour force participation (OECD, 2011b). These two averages mask wide variations across countries, but a similar pattern emerges when the two series are analysed together. In countries where mothers’ labour market participation is the highest, such as Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia and Switzerland (above 70% employment among women aged 15 to 64 w ith their youngest child under the age of 3), high proportions of children are enrolled in formal childcare (ISCED 0 and other registered services).
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sdg4
|
In other words, there are no major differences in average income between households headed by men and women, at least compared to the wide income disparity among households headed by a person of the same sex. Here it can be shown that inequality in households headed by men is clearly greater than in families headed by women, except in a few countries where the differences are negligible. In keeping with this, male-headed households contribute most to total inequality.
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sdg1
|
Regulatory restrictions, notably in the number of competitors, further limit competition. Lifting entry barriers and reducing government influence over PT Telkom Indonesia could encourage new entrants and greater innovation. The Ministry of Tourism dedicated 30% of its 2016 budget to digital promotion with an objective of reaching 50% (Tempo, 2017).
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sdg8
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The federal and state universities are also active in applied research in the agrarian sciences, especially those linked to the agricultural sciences. The collaboration of Embrapa w ith other developed countries benefited from a pioneer mechanism, the LABEX (Virtual Laboratories Program), which is being implemented by a growing number of OECD countries. This mechanism could also facilitate participation in global or regional agricultural research networks.
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sdg2
|
Such preferential treatment of men and maleness finds its expression in “sexist” behaviour and patriarchal systems and structures of power. Sexism can be seen in the exclusion of women from leadership roles in business, governmental, cultural and religious institutions. It is also the attitude that allows women’s bodies to be physically abused, raped or used as tools of advertisement. Women in every culture experience sexism, although in vastly different ways and to different degrees.
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sdg5
|
This instrument establishes land-use planning and zoning principles to promote development that simultaneously protects and conserves the environment. By July 2012, SEMARNAT had supported the development of 85 ELUPs at different geographic scales, of which 43 were decreed in the last six years. Further efforts are needed to ensure that the regions with the highest development potential for tourism, industry, agriculture, aquaculture and fisheries are covered by ELUPs.
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sdg15
|
But, again, the effect of the minimum wage on employment is not reflected in this wage inequality analysis, since the unemployed are not included in the sample. Enforcement seems to decrease wage inequality among the working population, but its effects on income inequality are not clear, because the impact of contracts on demand for labour is not captured by the model. The coverage of the three main types of social insurance is included in the equation, but their impacts seem to differ.
|
sdg10
|
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