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At the beginning of the twentieth century, Europe was a major source of migration, with people moving to the Americas, Australasia, and Central Asia. Another considerable migration flow was from Southern China into Southeast Asia. Today's Europe is mostly a destination for migrants from Africa, Asia, and the Americas, as well as a locus for major internal migration flows, while migration to North America originates mostly in Latin America and Asia.
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sdg11
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Deforestation accounts for 35 per cent of carbon emissions in developing countries and 65 per cent in least developed countries. According to estimates of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), on average, 13 million hectares of forest were lost each year between 2000 and 2005- Over the same period, 5-7 million hectares were added to forest area annually, resulting in a rate of net forest loss of 7.3 million hectares per year, a slowdown from the rate of deforestation experienced between 1990 and 2000. But unless the energy challenge is addressed, as we argue in this chapter, we will experience neither the required mitigation in developing countries nor the catchup growth needed to allow the transformative change in the economies of developing countries so crucial to their climate and development success.
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Similarly, enhancing national and sub-national institutions and enabling environments can help improve the ability of countries and organisations to allocate and absorb climate finance in an effective manner. Further, designing interventions and assessing results during the monitoring and evaluating (M&E) stage can help improve the effectiveness with which climate finance is allocated. Some organisations focus on institutional and process-oriented issues such as delivery (e.g. Bird et al.,
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sdg13
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In Switzerland and the United Kingdom, reduced progressivity has cut the (already low) redistributive effect of income tax approximately in half. The redistributive effect is the difference between the Gini coefficients before and after the respective tax or benefit. “ Size" is the average ratio of the respective tax (or negative benefit) over pre-tax/benefit income.
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sdg10
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Respondents from all groups interviewed are committed to involving the private sector as an effective practice for climate finance. Donor agencies in particular are actively seeking ways to work with the private sector to mobilise investments. For example, donor agencies are partnering with private sector financing institutions to demonstrate the commercial viability of climate-smart technologies, and mobilising investments via innovative financial instruments, such as loan guarantees. In recipient countries, donors have participated in domestic pooling mechanisms to blend public with private finance, and are disbursing commercial loans, equity and finance for tax incentives.
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For the proponents of such approaches, markets fail to price natural assets and ecosystem services, which are ultimately factors of production much like capital and labour. The result is that this natural capital is overexploited relative to what is socially or economically optimal. In this context, where negative externalities render market outcomes socially inefficient, market interventions, such as taxing carbon or legislating so that forest management rights are given to local communities, are aimed at properly pricing natural assets and defining property rights.
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sdg5
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It achieved this result by diversifying the energy mix, and in particular the electricity mix, as well as by reducing the overall share of fossil fuels imported from outside the OECD area. Consistent with the mandate of the Ad hoc Expert Group on Nuclear Energy and Security of Supply “to identify a relevant quantitative approach to measuring the contribution of nuclear energy to security of supply”, the study then presents a broad range of indicators and models that quantitatively assess a country’s level of security of energy supply. It subsequently develops a specific composite indicator that allows the measurement of the level of security of energy supply as well as the contribution of nuclear energy over the past 40 years, for those OECD countries for which a consistent data set was available.
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sdg7
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According to the composition of waste in Georgia (table 5.1) the share of recyclables is nearly 20 per cent but achieving higher yield at the sorting plant would require the introduction of separate collection in the serviced area. Also, the sorting plant currently operates on one shift and increasing the throughput would require additional financing for the second and third shifts, which the municipal budget cannot provide now. The sale of recyclables is low, due to the undeveloped market and lack of incentives for recycling.
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sdg12
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Karsenti, Raby and Villeneuve (2008)32 show that, in universities that have removed ICT lessons, the lack of teaching concerning the pedagogical integration of ICT has a negative impact on uses of ICT by student teachers in their classrooms. These standards - based on the standards proposed by the governmental institution ENLACES - concern instrumental, pedagogical, ethical and legal aspects as well as questions of professional development. They constitute the basis of the “ICT Competence Framework for the Teacher Education and Profession” implemented in 2007 by the Chilean Ministry of Education and ENLACES. The competence framework aims to support the creation and the implementation of an ICT curriculum in initial teacher education. It has been integrated into initial teacher education since 2006.
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sdg4
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Electricity grids in the Pacific will need to be strongly interconnected, flexible enough to accommodate this change, and resilient enough to withstand climate impacts, as well as cope with potential demand growth from growing populations and growing electric vehicle use. Commonwealth Pacific small states are more dependent on the fossil fuels used in cars, trucks and boats than for generating electricity, and more cost-effective displacement of fossil fuel can occur through energy efficiency. However, the attention and funding of development partners is not always directed accordingly to these areas. Moreover, although this is improving, consumers generally lack awareness on how they can reduce their energy consumption or be more energy efficient. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that deploying renewables worldwide on the scale necessary to limit global temperature rise below 2 degrees would require current investment to double by 2020, and triple by 2030 to around US$900 billion annually (IRENA 2016b).
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This is because MDB information also includes climate finance provided and mobilised to some Annex I countries (e.g. “EU11”,8 Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Turkey). In addition, MDB information focuses on the climate component of a larger project (which means that the total costs of mitigation projects are often counted, whereas only incremental costs are counted for adaptation projects). Further, the MDB data do not quantify how much of the mobilised climate finance should be attributed to developed countries.
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Strong cooperation with the private sector to understand employers needs and create opportunities for young people in the form of apprenticeships and internships are crucial. These young people represent a great opportunity, but also enormous challenges to which African countries must rise. Africa’s strong economic growth of the last decade has translated into jobs but not enough of them, particularly not for young labour market entrants.
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Some of the policy options proposed for this area may be equally relevant to Danish parents of less advantaged socio-economic backgrounds. This section is not concerned with the many other immigrant parents who understand the Danish education system and who, with their children, are successfully integrating into Danish life and its education system. In Denmark, parental involvement is particularly important because school only lasts for half a day and a significant responsibility for support with homework and choice of educational pathways is placed with parents.
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Around 64% of monitored lakes in pastoral landscapes are classed eutrophic or worse (Ballantinc and Davies-Colley, 2009, Land and Water Forum, 2010, Verburg et al., Similarly groundwater quality has been deteriorating, with one third of sites monitored between 1995 and 2008 showed increasing trends in nitrate levels (Daughney and Randall, 2009). Eutrophication can be defined simply as the increase in the rate of production and accumulation of organic carbon in excess of what an ecosystem is normally capable of processing. This can also reduce light penetration and lead to a loss of submerged aquatic vegetation.
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So called 'zero-rating' refers to services that make certain content or applications available at no, or no additional, cost to the customer, and data volumes used to access the specified site or application do not contribute towards the customer's data usage. A user of a service provider offering Wikipedia Zero, for example, has unlimited, no-cost access to everything in the online encyclopaedia. Facebook's Free Basics provides clients of certain mobile-network providers free access to a limited number of websites and applications. While the three largest carriers in Kenya offered at least one zero-rated service, zero-rating was only proposed by one operator in Nigeria.
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In addition, since 2011, work has been underway to develop local Integrated Resource Frameworks for health and community care, which enable local systems to quantify resource use across health and social care across populations (rather than organisations) and realign resources accordingly. The aim is to realign resources to deliver better value, and better patient-centred, care. There is clear innovation in its use of digital infrastructure to train health professionals so that they are equipped with the skills consistent with the needs of the NHS.
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In addition, the Court ordered Mexico to comply with a broad set of remedial measures, including building a national memorial, conducting renewed investigations and providing reparations of over $200,000 each to the families in the suit. According to the mandate, an isolated private killing is a domestic crime and does not give rise to State responsibility. However, where there is a pattern of killings and the State's response (with respect to either prevention or accountability) is inadequate, the responsibility of the State is engaged.
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Introduction: Risk and Philosophy Tim Lewens 1. Risk and Ethics: Three Approaches Sven Ove Hansson 2. Towards a Non-Consequentialist Approach to Acceptable Risks Carl Cranor 3. What is the Value of Preventing a Fatality? Jonathan Wolff 4. On Multi-Attribute Risk Analysis Martin Peterson 5. Great Expectations Adam Morton 6. Common Sense Precaution and Varieties of the Precautionary Principle Per Sandin 7. Acting Under Risk D.H. Mellor 8. Towards a Political Philosophy of Risk: Experts and Publics in Deliberative Democracy Martin Kusch 9. Moral Heuristics and Risk Cass Sunstein 10. Risk and Terrorism Alan Ryan 11. Risk, Harm, Interests, and Rights Stephen Perry Index
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The REC mechanism supports the renewable purchase obligation (RPO) for various obligated entities, including power distribution companies, in 27 states and 7 union territories in India (ERIA, 2015). After the REC process is completed with buy bids and sell bids on power exchanges, the trading price and volume is determined by the market. The REC market has, however, remained sluggish with low prices and many unsold certificates owing to an overall low demand for RECs caused by the lack of compliance of RPO by the obligated entities (Mediratta, 2015). In order to correct for the market imbalance, the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) should enhance the compliance of RPO.
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This is a reasonable period for consumer technology, but far shorter than that typically required for government investment programmes and products. To make realistic use of these tools, governments should therefore focus primarily on maintaining the infrastructure — ensuring, for example, that commercial telecommunications networks can cope with disruptive events and handle high usage spikes. For developing countries in particular this is generally an expensive prospect so governments should carefully consider which aspects of the technology they can afford or sustain.
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This can result from the physical impossibility to divide the available water resources or because the water temperature (for cooling water) or salinity (for agriculture) is too high. Category 1 takes precedence over all others. It includes freshwater use for safety and the prevention of irreversible damage (e.g. ensuring the stability of flood defence structures, settling and subsidence of peat bogs and moorland, nature dependent on soil conditions). Category 2 includes drinking water supply and power supply. Category 3 includes small-scale, high-quality uses, such as temporary spraying of capital-intensive crops and process water.
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While many, not all, actions to reduce emissions may be costly today, their benefits will only accrue several decades from now. If the discount rate is zero, a benefit of USD 1 billion in 2050 would justify an equivalent investment in emissions reductions today of USD 1 billion. However, if the discount rate is 5% per year, today only an investment of USD 200 million would be justifiable. It would fall to USD 43 million at an, admittedly very high, discount rate of 10%.
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In Brazil, the upward trend in feminization was similar to the trend in Uruguay, but was even sharper and was in step with GDP growth up to 2008. A closer scrutiny of these two variables reveals opposite trends, however, especially in the closing years of the period under consideration. This may point to the presence of a countercyclical trend, which would have to be verified on the basis of a longer period of observation. The average estimated working day for women corresponds to part-time work, which fits in with the high rate of underemployment recorded for the female population.
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In this paper, we want to provide new insights into why it differs. Country variation in the skills of less-educated adults: One possible reason why less-educated workers may fare better in some countries than in others is that the skills of the group vary across countries (Heisig and Solga, 2015, OECD, 2013, Park and Kyei, 2011). In particular, we would expect less-educated adults to achieve somewhat better labour market attainment in countries where they have higher levels of skills.
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The figure also recognises that a skill ecosystem must be led by market opportunities and must be founded on the individual abilities of the labour force, all within a wider policy environment. These features are well recognised in the international literature on skills development in the green economy. This separation means that employers can be constrained (at least in the short-run) by skill gaps in the labour force, while potential workers can waste time and financial resources by investing in education that is out-of-date or produces skills for which there is no employer demand.
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The first was that too few vehicles were deployed and the second was that the trial area was too large. Together, this meant that wait times were unacceptably long and the service never gained commercial traction (HSL, 2016). The dispatching algorithm and the app itself were seen as innovative and valuable and the IT-company behind both is still involved in other ride-service initiatives.
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South Asian LDCs may offer location advantages at least comparable to those offered by the CMLV countries, while others, such as India, may have comparable location advantages to the ASEAN four (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand). Another configuration could be a closer regional integration in which South Asian countries try to develop forward and backward linkages across the region within (and across) existing industries. It might be noted further that the establishment of regional supply chains within a well-established industry may make it easier to develop additional supply chains in other industries because it would likely involve lower initial costs to establish service links than would be the case for new industries while producing opportunities for static and dynamic economies of scale (in transport and logistics) for other industries (once these links are established).
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More sustainable alternatives should be available and easily accessible, as well as suitable infrastructure to make it easier to practice sustainable behaviour. Even well-intended people cannot live sustainably if there are no sustainable products and alternatives available. These could include peer pressure, putting more taxes on unsustainable options and funding more sustainable practices. For example by providing input to policy design, in expressing what is meaningful to them and what they care about in real life and in society, in understanding the advantages and disadvantages of certain behavioural patterns.
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As a result, women are highly under-represented in most security system institutions. In order to achieve equitable representation of men and women, measures need to be implemented to increase the recruitment, retention and advancement of women and other under-represented groups. Full participation also entails consulting with men and women on security and justice issues and involving both men and women in effective civil society oversight.
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sdg5
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Subsistence agriculture forms the backbone of the household economy, more than half the employed population depends on agriculture as the source of livelihoods. Agriculture is the main occupation of 63 percent of men and 66 percent of women. However, it is mostly a subsistence activity. According to the 2015 census, fewer than 3 percent of households focus mainly on sales of agricultural goods, suggesting that the commercial agricultural sector is extremely small.
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Adherence to the "rule of law" entails a strong commitment to consistency - a belief that throughout a jurisdiction and across time judges should treat like cases alike. For over a century, the U.S. judiciary's pursuit of this aim has relied principally upon print law reports. With unsettling rapidity, digital technology has dislodged that system, in practical fact, if not yet in the way lawyers and judges talk and think about case law. This article explores gains one might hope for from a "judicial consistency" system liberated from the constraints of print, likely affects on concepts of precedent, as well as challenges and forces of resistance standing in the way of change.
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This firm was purchased for over USS 2 billion in 2006 by a consortium of Canadian investment funds led by Brookfield Asset Management (BAM). In addition, 20% of its capital is applied in more cyclical activities, such as residential real estate or privately owned firms. Actis is a private capital enterprise that invests in emerging- market infrastructure projects or in those that capture the growing purchasing power of the new middle classes. It has US$ 4.6 billion in its portfolio, invested in 65 firms. Only 9% of its assets are in energy, and 5% in Latin America. The monies it manages mainly come from pension funds, investment funds, and sovereign wealth funds.
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Several of the objectives emphasize the importance of urban proximate environments for outdoor recreation opportunities. In 2012 the Swedish Environmental Agency proposed 22 indicators to monitor the national societal shift towards the decided objectives (Brolinson and Palm 2012). Hence, during 2013 the Swedish Environmental Agency will develop indicators to monitor outdoor recreation in the environmental objectives which are to be harmonized with the objectives in the Swedish outdoor recreation policy (see below). This included methods for environmental monitoring of green area quality in urban - and urban proximate areas, particularly with regard to their impact on biodiversity and human perception (experience).
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This trend also holds in the United States, where the gender gap in employment is particularly high among 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education. For this age group, the employment rate is 67% for men and 40% for women, a difference of 27 percentage points, compared to the average difference of 20 percentage points across OECD countries. The gender gap in employment in the United States shrinks to 13 percentage points for adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education and to 9 percentage points for adults with tertiary education.
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These conventional plants run less frequently and produce less energy, which changes their economics and therefore tend to favour less capital-intensive technologies, such as open-cycle gas turbines, instead of combined-cycle gas turbines. These situations of minimum residual load do not necessarily occur during periods of low demand and they have implications for all markets, including the day-ahead market, intra-day or balancing and ancillary services markets. Little consideration has been given to these situations of low load, as it is usually sufficient to shut down plants during a few days or at night time when they are not needed.
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To encourage the use of natural gas, its consumption has been exempt from taxation. Partial or total exemptions also apply to other fuels, including those used for electricity generation, for powering boats (including fishing boats), in agriculture, in facilities participating in negotiated energy-saving agreements (Section 4.1) and in the EU ETS, as well as biofuels (Section 5.2). A lower value added tax (VAT) rate applies, among others, to heating oil and household consumption of natural gas and electricity.
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The declining trend in total public-private partnership investment could suggest a lack of capacity and supportive policies to develop best practices in this regard and foster an enabling environment for private sector involvement. This can be particularly challenging for investment projects that include or focus on the last mile. The accompanying risks must be taken into account in the contract specifications.
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Disputes over water are often related more to the social, economic and institutional context than they are to the technical factors governing the availability of water resources. In many countries, enforcement of legislation is weak and judicial systems are inadequate. This is detrimental to sustainable water use and service provision in many ways. It reduces economic growth, undermines performance and effectiveness, discourages investments in the water sector and frustrates stakeholder participation in the decision-making process. In most OECD countries, decision-making power over water has been delegated to lower levels of government. Bottom-up, demand-driven approaches that combine the experience, knowledge and understanding of various local actors need an overall framework for managing mutual dependencies and creating synergy.
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This decentralisation hindered patient mobility between regions because of complicated bureaucratic procedures and resulted in many cases of abuse and corruption due to an underdeveloped system of control (European Commission, 2010). The National Health Fund (NFZ) was created in 2003 through the merger of the Sickness Funds. Hungary, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom tend to share similar characteristics (OECD, 2010a).
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Monitoring and evaluation is an integral component of such programmes. Enrolment in one of the schools surveyed rose by 26 per cent in one month following the introduction of free school meals. Often these two methods are used side-by-side on the same project, but they can also be used separately. In principle, take-home rations can have a larger impact on households' expenditures and therefore potentially work better in terms of targeting (Bundy et al.,
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Countries that are encouraging renewable energy penetration in their grid are also innovating in storage and grid management. Moreover, as the penetration of intermittent renewable energy in the supply mix rises, innovation in storage and grid management increases. However, other findings indicate that this is conditioned by other factors.
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Only 17 per cent of reported rape cases reached the court and just 4 per cent ended in a conviction for rape. The report notes that these statistics are typical of rape case attrition rates in many other countries. In response, the Government of South Africa has invested in a network of one-stop shops which have significantly increased conviction rates.
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Warming has been the most intense and trends in the winter months. Greater increase in winter than in summer. Temperature increase in Finland is expected to be about 1.5 times higher than the global average temperature rise. Increase in annual precipitation of 10% to 25% in the period 2070-99, as compared to 1971 -2000.
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Spanning a vast, multicontinental area - from Asia to Africa, and including the Middle East and Australia - the Indian Ocean Region represents a diverse and historical network of cultures, economies, and environments. It has been described as the "heart of the Third World" and, in precolonial times, "a crucible for a first global economy." Today, it is a crucible for global survival.In this collection, Timothy Doyle and Melissa Risely bring together an international group of environmentalists, political scientists, and international relations scholars largely from the region to address key issues vital to determining the human and environmental security of the region. Addressing topics that include agri-food production systems, the geopolitics of water resources along the Mekong River basin, oil production, transportation, waste disposal, and climate change, the contributors highlight the importance of regional collaboration and offer policy and management strategies for cooperative, multinational problem solving.
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Focusing solely on direct mobilization may lead to overestimating the role of project-level climate finance and, in worst case, neglecting the importance of finance directed to capacity building, budgetary support (e.g. feed-in tariff scheme for renewables) and overall work to strengthen enabling environment (OECD, 2015). While to date only few studies have assessed the mobilizing effects of public policies and support for policy development, and these mainly direct and project-based mobilization, preliminary findings from WRI23 highlight the importance of overall policy frameworks and stability as key enablers of climate compatible investments. According to GCF (2015) a key challenge for mobilization is the missing link between climate projects and "initiatives that strengthen underlying policy, regulatory, or enabling environment".
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Grynberg and Rochester conclude that This raises the key policy question of whether the current negotiations at the WTO on enhanced fisheries subsidies disciplines constitutes a 'second best' approach to fisheries management.' Countries with preferential access that do not have an adequate domestic fleet represent a captive market for these companies. A greater challenge relates to large developing countries— especially China—targeting fisheries in SVEs and other developing country EEZs and in the high seas.
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While the MDGs started from ground zero, creating a baseline for global hunger and poverty targets, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) will hit the ground running, propelled by over a decade of lessons learned. Given this experience, the coming years offer unprecedented potential for human development. Nutrition has captured global attention and has remained a featured agenda item for most development partners. A number of international initiatives, multi-stakeholder processes and commitments add fuel to the fire, ANNA LARTEY is Director of the Nutrition Division in the Economic and Social Development Department at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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Water use efficiency in agriculture is also being improved through replacing earthen irrigation channels with concrete linings to reduce losses and upgrading flood irrigation systems (e.g. levelling of fields, neutron probes for soil moisture measurement, and scheduling of irrigation to plant needs). Groundwater use for irrigation above recharge rates in some regions is also undermining the economic viability of farming in affected areas. However, information on the trends in pollution from irrigated land is patchy. This has been associated with both human alterations of the hydrological characteristics of watersheds and land-use policies that have encouraged urbanisation in areas at risk to flooding events, and also increasingly the trend toward greater climatic variability leading to higher financial costs both through loss of production and damage to farm infrastructure, and also costs for the wider economy in terms of damage to property and in some cases loss of life.
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Rapid and well-informed interventions need more local co-ordination and better knowledge of needs, placing Local Education Services in a good position to play a key role in the management of education infrastructure. In the context of the new legal framework that does not allow private-subsidised schools to charge co-payments or to obtain profits from the school operation, there is a need to provide access to the financing mechanism suggested above in similar terms for both public and private providers. Incorporating private schools in the infrastructure cadastre established by the Ministry of Education appears to be a first logical step. Addressing this will require affecting not only teachers with fixed-term contracts but also those with open-ended employment contracts, including through the use of early retirement schemes, which are already in place.
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Chapter 4 will discuss the changing policy attitudes facing nuclear energy once it is discussed in a security of supply perspective. The reason is that the issue depends on subjective value-judgements, which may vary across market actors, citizens and countries. Markets thus cannot develop the verifiable parameters over which private buyers and sellers could negotiate satisfactory outcomes at sufficiently low cost. This informational complexity -even though it is due to very different reasons - is something energy supply security has in common with certain types of environmental externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions, the other great example of a market failure in the energy field.
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Such spending is comprehensively recorded in Nordic countries, but in some other (often federal) countries it may not be fully captured by the OECD social expenditure data. Traditionally, ECEC in West Germany began with kindergarten from the age of 3 upwards (OECD, 2015f, and Box 3.3). With the expansion of ECEC, child care enrolment rates among the under 3s climbed from low levels in 2006 (13.6% vs. the 28.1% OECD average) to make up considerable ground on the OECD by 2013 - 29.3% versus 32.9%. The latest data for the first quarter of 2015 show a further rise, to 32.5%, in German enrolment rates (Destatis, 2015a).
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It should be noted that the CNRH, in which this ministry is represented, has a Technical Chamber on Science and Technology (Figure 2.4) where research priorities are discussed and established. However, the national level is still very strong and holds broad powers to pass legislation applicable nationwide, including exclusive powers on waters and energy. It also holds fiscal powers to provide resources to the lower levels through specific and targeted programmes. The basin unit creates links of “causality” and “factual solidarity” as water users’ behaviours in the basin propagate downstream and affect other uses.
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Legal limitations on water pricing which impede prices from reflecting scarcity and environmental considerations should be eliminated. Methods will have to be developed to determine valuations for the environmental impact of water abstractions. It is important to improve transparency in water charging, so as to provide information of the different costs involved in the calculation of tariffs, including environmental and scarcity costs.
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Developing countries will benefit more from open innovation by bridging the digital divide, which can help facilitate collaborative research, information-sharing and global partnerships. R&D or technology must therefore be accompanied by the tapping into knowledge of other institutions such as universities, research centres and firms including competitors. This open approach to innovation must be supported by science, technology and innovation policies.
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This difference is found to be widest for upper middle-income and high income countries. ( Women are more likely to be employed in positions that reflect traditional gender roles - in what have been labelled the "5Cs jobs": caring, cashiering, cleaning, catering and clerical work. As reflected in figure 4, in 2013, low and middle-income countries have a concentration of contributing family workers, with the percentage being higher among females. However, in contrast to contributing family workers, a greater proportion ofemployed malesareown account workers compared with females, except for those in low income countries.
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This is notably the case when the income tax schedule is convex or when capital market imperfections make the cost of refinancing after a negative shock both higher and convex (Froot et al., Risk mitigation relates to costly activities that reduce the impact of risks for the farm. One usually makes a distinction between self-insurance, which consists in reducing the loss of a given risk when it occurs, and self-protection, which consists in reducing the probability of the risk (Ehrlich and Becker, 1976).
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However, for purposes of this paper, the individual/sector/national/international typology has been chosen as an effective organizational tool, that can be of particular use to policy makers looking to identify and analyze the multiplicity and variety of benefits. The complex interrelationships between effects at different levels of the economy have been explored to some degree in this paper, but would merit a more in-depth treatment in the future. Although they have ramifications at a wider level, it is useful for policymakers to consider these issues in terms of their impact on the livelihood of individual citizens. This report discusses three individual-level benefits: health and wellbeing, poverty alleviation (energy affordability and access), and increased disposable income.
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While there is no agreed definition of innovative financing for development, existing initiatives can be broadly classified as those aiming to raise new funds for development ("innovative sourcing") and those which optimise the use of traditional funding sources (“innovative spending"). Innovative financing for development initiatives have so far mobilised only part of the shortfall they aim to eliminate. However, their potential is still to be exploited.
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The bias towards Western medicine and intervention can be offensive or inappropriate for practitioners of traditional medicine. Finding health staff that speak and understand indigenous languages is difficult, and poor communication between providers and clients at all levels compromises access to quality care. Thus, because state health systems neither incorporate the indigenous concept of health nor work in harmony with traditional health systems, indigenous communities are marginalized, and health disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous populations persist. Yet, there are few efforts that address HIV/AIDS among indigenous peoples. Traditional treatments for HIV are widespread in indigenous communities, however, and, if recognized and supported, they are promising practices for combating the illness among all populations.
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The lack of funds has also complicated the introduction of cleaner vehicle technologies. While the entity would ideally have substituted a higher percentage of buses run on compressed natural gas (CNG), only 72 of the fleet of 1 360 buses have this kind of engine. Expansion towards the suburban areas in the State of Mexico has become increasingly necessary, and transport services need to provide a denser network, with alternative itineraries for corridors that are close to or above capacity.
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In this study, we investigate the role of public governance in mediating the effect of culture on terrorist financing (TF). Although culture has a significant impact on terrorism financing, the government can use the control of corruption (COC)and the rule of law (ROL) as useful tools in mitigating or eliminating this impact. We examine whether the COC and ROL can mediate the effect of culture on terrorist financing across 78 countries. We use Basel Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Index as a proxy for the risk terrorist financing, Hofstede?s cultural dimensions for culture measuring and COC and ROL as indicators for public governance. The results reveal a complete mediation for COC and ROL to the impact of culture on terrorism financing.
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The bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. The vertical dashed lines indicate the 25th, the median and the 75th percentiles of the underlying distribution of inequality. These comprise the combination of technical skills, business management skills and personal skills required for starting up and operating in business and self-employment. They include, for example, opportunity recognition, team building, negotiation, strategy development, communication, decision making, risk management, financial planning, marketing and the ability to motivate and mentor.
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For example, abstraction charge rates are higher for domestic users while volumes abstracted for drinking w'ater supply are much lower than volumes abstracted for irrigation purposes. The pressure exerted on the resource can also be assessed through the difference between the volumes of water that are abstracted and the volumes that are returned to the environment. For example, it is estimated that around 90% of the volume used for cooling thermal and nuclear power plants is returned to the w'atercourse, w'hile irrigation returns a small portion of its abstracted volume to the environment. The latter explains why rates for cooling purposes are quite low compared to other uses, but does not explain why rates for irrigation are low'er than rates applied to drinking water supply, know'ing that almost all volumes used by households are returned to the environment after treatment.
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Self-appraisal may take the form of a self-reflection journal or the compilation of a longer-term leadership portfolio. When compiling a portfolio, school leaders typically collect evidence to demonstrate progress towards pre-defined objectives. Evidence may include, among others, parent newsletters, staff meeting notes, photographs of classroom activities and records of dropout rates (Pashiardis and Brauckman, 2008).
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sdg4
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China's development assistance to Africa has attracted varied criticisms from academics, Western governments and international donor organisations. The main criticisms have been directed at the lack of good governance conditions on its development assistance to African governments and its dealings with countries under sanction or isolation from the international community, owing to poor governance, human rights abuses and/or corruption. Using the case of Zimbabwe in the current period, the impact of China's development assistance on its prospects for sustainable development is assessed. Since 2000 Zimbabwe has experienced a crisis of governance leading to socio-economic and political decline. This crisis has arguably been exacerbated by China's varied assistance to the Robert Mugabe regime, as well as China's protection of the regime in the United Nations Security Council. It is argued that without encouraging good governance, and managing this relationship for the benefit of Zimbabwe, Harare will not see...
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sdg16
|
These measures are believed to have helped reduce threats to the conservation of vaquitas and to have begun decreasing the total level of fishing in the area, with conservation benefits for other marine species.16 Table 5.3 gives a breakdown of the subsidies in the PACE for the vaquita. Green certification has been established for products including coffee, 10% of all coffee producers in Mexico are in the certified coffee market, a higher percentage than in other countries. Taxes on timber and other natural resource extraction, for example, can help provide correct price signals, induce more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and mobilise revenue. The initiative planned to target 17 natural reserves in six regions, including the northern deserts, tropical Caribbean beaches and eastern jungles.
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sdg15
|
A recent study on 32 Mexican cities (World Bank, 2016c) measured the ease of Doing Business based on four criteria: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, registering property and enforcing contracts,51 showed substantial differences across cities, with at least one of them performing better than high-income OECD members. The conclusion for Kazakhstan is that an assessment of subnational differences in the business climate would provide a clearer understanding of the differences across regions and cities to incentivise business and investment, and place government in a better position to design and implement policy. The fifth wave of the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), provides insight into the variations of the perception of firms on the business environment across the country. For instance, insufficient education in the workforce is more often reported as the main obstacle to doing business in medium-size cities than in Almaty City or Astana (Table 1.8 above).
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sdg11
|
Nonetheless, the relevant coordination mechanisms are only explicitly provided for in Honduras, through the executing agency of the Presidential Commissioner for Financial Inclusion, and in Mexico, through the National Council for Financial Inclusion, which is the only such mechanism actually operating. In this respect, the clear definition responsibilities and goals of the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion in Honduras is noteworthy. In Mexico, a second round of the National Survey of Financial Inclusion has already been implemented, which reports on the progress achieved between 2011 and 2015 and, in principle, should represent a key input for the adjustments needed to implement the National Financial Inclusion Policy. This is complicated by the risks and opportunities arising from the use of technological platforms to offer innovative financial services through new distribution channels.
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sdg9
|
Nonetheless, where information is available, I have drawn upon traditional knowledge from more mainstream sectors of society. People have adapted to climate change in the past. The emergence of agriculture and many fundamental attributes of human societies were driven by the episodes of climate change in the Holocene. However, none of these periods of climate change were as rapid as those as we are now experiencing and it is doubtful if they have much to teach us about the problems that we face today. The numerous reports that have been disseminated by advocacy organizations are largely anecdotal and present opinions rather than verifiable facts and analysis.
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sdg2
|
The Paris Agreement does not specify whether this aspect of the global stocktake will address the three components individually or collectively. Further, the diversity of these responses means that “translating” different countries’ progress in adaptation into a single unit would be difficult. Indeed, a review of principles for indicator development, selection, and use in climate change adaptation monitoring and evaluation highlighted that “There are no universal metrics or indicators for adaptation” (Climate-Eval, 2015).
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sdg13
|
It covers topics such as general company information (products/services, certification, etc.), The IT Industry Barometer can help to monitor and evaluate the sector as well as provide statistical information for research and economic planning purposes. The IT Industry Barometer has already been applied by software associations in some developing and transition economies, such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. As the agency responsible for ICT sector measurement within the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, UNCTAD intends to explore this possibility with relevant stakeholders in the coming year. In order to facilitate new start-up firms in this industry as well as the upgrading and growth of software SMEs, Governments can seek to ensure a competitive general business environment, promote upgrading through quality certification, improve access to finance and establish software or technology parks.
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sdg9
|
The delay between development and construction can last up to five years for large-scale utility renewable projects (Kalamova, Kaminker and Johnstone, 2011). For small-scale projects, transaction costs related to approval processes can be high both in relative and in absolute terms. For example, in 2008, the average waiting time needed to develop small scale PV projects in EU countries could reach 50 weeks, 50% of which was often due to waiting for the permit (IEA, 201 la).
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sdg7
|
At present, the dam releases water for hydropower generation during the winter months. The weighted average tariff in 2006 w'as USD 0.006/kWh, which w'as increased to USD 0.015/kWh by 2008. According to Barki Tojik, these tariff levels are unable to cover the operational cost of the power-generating sources (USD 0.030/kWh). In 2010, the government increased the tariff to a weighted average of USD 0.024/kWh.
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sdg6
|
We describe an art museum installation that employed tangible interface, peripheral interface, and ambient display modalities to engage with news content regarding politically charged topics. News content was sourced via Google News, and used as driver for both a kinetic sculpture and a screen-faced tangible interaction console. Tangible tokens represented several keywords such as "human rights" and "torture," in the context of a 2006 project engaging the U.S. "War on Terror." We describe our implementation and experiences from two gallery deployments, and reflect on the piece's engagement with sensitive material after a decade's passage.
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sdg16
|
1. Introduction 2. The Constitution: Its Theory and Interpretation 3. The Monarchy 4. Cabinet Government 5. The House of Commons 6. The House of Lords 7. The Civil Service 8. Ministerial Responsibility 9. Government and the Judiciary 10. Administrative Law 11. Civil Liberties 12. The Electoral System 13. The Demise of Local Government 14. The Police 15. The United Kingdom as a Territorial State 16. Britain, Commonwealth and the End of Empire 17. Britain and Europe 18. Conclusion
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sdg16
|
This also contributes to self-selection of female workers in the low-paid public sector rather than the better paid part of the informal sector (Chapter 1). Federal Law stipulates that parents should not pay more than 20% of the cost of childcare (this is 10% for parents with at least three children, and care is free for handicapped children), and sets rules on compensation towards parental fees (20% for the first child, 50% for the second and 70% for the third). Many regions aim to provide free childcare to low-income families. However, the system is under some pressure as regions which are responsible for its financing are struggling to meet the cost, including for parental fee support.
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sdg1
|
This study is primarily aimed at testing the theory of good governance in the group of eight developing Islamic countries. Using a panel data regression model, we examined the data to determine the relationship between political economy and economic development of eight countries, for the period 2005 to 2014. The results show a significant positive correlation between the rule of law, corruption control with economic growth and stock market turnover rate proxy. The examination through an artificial neural network resulted in a higher determination coefficient and less average standard error. This, in turn, reveals that the fitting power and efficiency of this method is higher than the panel data regression model. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of good governance theory calls for more inquiry.
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sdg16
|
Nevertheless, the Government has made w aste management one of its priorities. Since Azerbaijan acceded to the Basel Convention23 in 2001, the legislative framework was widened from a single act to several legislative norms. Actions needed to improve the waste management situation were included in the Comprehensive Action Plan for Improving the Environmental Situation (CAPIES) in Azerbaijan for 2006-2010.
|
sdg12
|
This means that the line between DRR and CCA, if indeed such a line ever existed, is no longer possible to discern. Climate change is by no means the only source of disaster risk. As the foregoing parts of this GAR have emphasized, risks arise from a range of other natural, environmental, biological and technological hazards and drivers.
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sdg13
|
For instance, Amazon has offered the Fulfilment by Amazon service to producers that want to sell their products online. Using this service, Thailand's Lanna Clothes Design has increased its online business by 70% after just 10 months, the number of employees has increased from 5 to 20, most of them women from rural Chiang Mai or the neighbouring province. This experience has also had positive externalities in the local community: based on her own e-commerce success, the owner plans to help local designers grow their businesses, at the same time, twice a year her company donates clothing and food to a nearby orphanage with 600 children {OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Private sector case story 88). The programme strengthened e-commerce know-how, reviewed the current state of cyber legislation, and discussed ways to achieve regional integration and the harmonization of regional e-commerce legislation.
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sdg9
|
Aquaculture production was 350 000 tonnes with a value over NTS 40 billion (348 000 tonnes and NTS37.5 billion in 2012.) Export value expanded by 74% during 2009 and 2012, but decreased by 10% in 2013. At the same year, value of import was USD 1 182 million. Over the last ten years, import has increased by 137% since 2003.
|
sdg14
|
Empirical evidence point towards career guidance services - in school and outside - having a formative influence on young people’s understanding of themselves and the world of work, and can often improve educational, social and economic outcomes. As young people stay in education and training longer and as the labour market becomes more complex, the case for career guidance grows. But what makes for effective provision?
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sdg4
|
In general, the frequency of spring floods may increase. Groundwater levels may increase in wintertime and decline in summer time, and groundwater quality in small groundwater bodies may be negatively affected. However, in some cases — thanks to the activities of, for example, river basin commissions — climate change has been taken into consideration.
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sdg6
|
Domestic value-added in manufacturing exports is also low in those countries. This process would also lift the productivity of the agriculture sector where the vast majority of the poor live and work. In the countries with special needs, production linkages within and across services are still rather weak, compared to those in other developing economies, partly reflecting the slow labour productivity growth of their services sector.
|
sdg1
|
Thirty years after the Europe of bits and pieces of the Maastricht Treaty, the EU legal system has evolved beyond fragmentation to accommodate institutionally structured forms of differentiation. This paper explores several types of new differentiation regimes and argues that they can coexist together without necessarily challenging the unity of the EU legal system. It analyses how the legal system has progressively been adapting to new integration pathways by internalising differentiation and reabsorbing the fragmentation of the Maastricht’s construction. Through the analysis of the Court’s jurisprudence and two case-studies in the areas of economic governance and defence it shows how different strands of differentiation can be blended together in ‘coherent’ differentiated regimes. The paper also considers future differentiation pathways after Brexit and emerging concerns as regards legitimacy and democratic accountability of a differentiated Union.
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sdg16
|
The main contributing gas is CO2, followed by CH4 and N2O. The CO2 emission trend reflects fuel consumption and therefore show's a decrease in the period 1990-2000. However, with the reviving economy, CO2 emissions grew constantly until 2006. From that point, there was a period of stabilization until 2009 when there w'as a slight drop in emissions, mainly related to the economic crisis and the consequent decline in transportation.
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sdg13
|
Populations of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) are abundant and stable in the Helgeland area, but substantial amounts of bycatch are causing some concern (Bjorge etai, 2013). Harbor seals are classified as least concern (LC, Kalas etai, 2010) and are regulated through the harvesting quota. The population of otters (Enhydra lutris) along the coast of mid and north Norway has been decreasing overthe last 25 years. They are now classified as vulnerable (VU) on the Norwegian red list (Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre at http://www.biodiversity.no/).
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sdg15
|
Low taxing power of local governments leads to a high dependence on transfers from central government. Lower accountability of sub-national government potentially jeopardises the sustainability of education expenditure in Korea. Moreover, regional disparities weaken the sub-national tax base and lead to increase in transfers for lagging regions.
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sdg4
|
Many scientists say that emissions must peak within the decade, given that climate change and its adverse effects are driven by the cumulative build-up of greenhouse gases that remain in the atmosphere for many years, and, in the case of C02, for centuries. The challenge now is to scale up ambition and to immediately accelerate the transformation towards low-emission, climate-resilient sustainable development that supports the health and well-being of all people and of our planet. As the Secretary-General has often stated, we cannot achieve the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals without reducing the risks of climate change. To make lasting progress in eliminating poverty, reducing hunger and achieving all the other SDGs, we must radically decarbonize our economies to protect the Earth's climate and ecosystems that are essential to our survival.
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sdg13
|
Today, the richest 10 per cent of the population in the OECD area earn 9.5 times the income of the poorest 10 per cent, in the 1980s this ratio stood at 7:1 and has been rising continuously ever since. However, the rise in overall income inequality is not (only) about surging top income shares: often, incomes at the bottom grew much slower during the prosperous years and fell during downturns, putting relative (and in some countries, absolute) income poverty on the radar of policy concerns. This paper explores whether such developments may have an impact on economic performance. Drawing on harmonised data covering the OECD countries over the past 30 years, the econometric analysis suggests that income inequality has a negative and statistically significant impact on subsequent growth.
|
sdg10
|
They are safe spaces for discussion of highly personal forms of violence and the unique perspectives of women that are often not discussed in mixed-sex forums (Chapter 2). Because of alarming trends in gender inequalities in education and training, which affect girls and women in a post-conflict society, the problem of unequal access to education needs to be urgently addressed (Chapters 3 and 5).
|
sdg5
|
The most significant trend is the declining share of total employment that is based on hunting and fishing. This is important in many ways, not least because hunting is an activity that is considered an inseparable part of Greenlandic culture (Caulfield 1997, Lynge 1992, Petersen 2003) and an activity closely connected to the male gender role in the traditional Greenlandic household. In the old Greenland society the hunter was the "bread winner" in the families.
|
sdg5
|
Target 2.2 commits to end all forms of malnutrition. When children under 2 years of age are stunted, the impact lasts a lifetime, with inhibited educational outcomes and loss to future productivity and income. Insufficient nutrition, even for shorter periods, can cause slower cognitive, motor and language development among children.
|
sdg1
|
Hygiene interventions act by reducing contamination of hands, food, and water, and seem to be highly effective: a systematic review of the effect of hand washing with soap has shown that this simple measure is associated with a reduction of 43% in diarrheal disease (Curtis and Cairncross, 2003). However, the effectiveness of such interventions particularly depends on sustained behaviour change (van der Knapp, 2006, Waddington, 2009). Prioritising should therefore be based on local conditions and evidence from implementation rather than from pooled data (WHO, 2008).
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sdg6
|
Strategic innovation investment will be taken forward centrally, including support for nationally significant research, demonstration and testing centres. Many low carbon infrastructure projects will cross local enterprise partnership boundaries, for example, grid infrastructure, ports infrastructure (for renewable energy manufacture and deployment) and Carbon Capture and Storage. Where this is the case, particularly where there are large infrastructure issues, these will be best taken forward nationally.
|
sdg7
|
An additional day in the time taken to export and import is associated with 0.22 and 0.25 percentage point increases in the Gini index, respectively. This chapter attempts to examine the effect of trade facilitation on poverty, GDP, exports and income inequality in low- and middle-income countries. Trade facilitation is measured by the number of documents and the number of days needed for exports and imports. The findings show that improvement in trade facilitation is positively correlated with exports and per capita GDP, and negatively correlated with poverty and inequality.
|
sdg10
|
I distinguish between two ways of understanding the effect of a decision as a precedent in the common law, which I refer to as the individual rule approach and the holistic approach. I consider the different versions of the common law that they would be expected to give rise to, which approach is more closely reflected in the practices of the common law, and why the holistic approach is preferable as a method for finding and developing the law in adjudication. I explain why under the holistic approach the common law contains principles as well as rules, and I consider the two approaches in the light of the requirement of the rule of law, and I show how the holistic approach explains a version of the policy/principle distinction.
|
sdg16
|
One of the contributing factors to poverty for working-age women in some countries is the increasing proportion of non-partnered women with children (UNDESA, 2015). Hie international poverty line for extreme poverty is US$1.90 a day 2011 PPP and the ‘median’ poverty line is US$3.10 a day 2011 PPP. Over 25% of children living in rural areas live in extreme poverty, compared to just over 9% of children in urban areas (UNICEF/World Bank, 2016). Poverty is by no means limited to developing countries.
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sdg6
|
Some Member States have already created platforms to share best practices and information between all LNG stakeholders. It is found that harmonization of the latter is difficult to achieve due to the fact that each Member State has transposed their own interpretation and implementation of the directive in their legislation. For non-Seveso LNG establishments and activities, EU-wide harmonization of the risk assessment approach seems feasible.
|
sdg7
|
International migration has moved to the top of the international security agenda, due in part to concerns that migration flows provide conduits for the spread of international terrorism. Although such concerns are not entirely unfounded, they must be placed within the broader context of the range of impacts—both positive and negative—that international migration flows have on states' core national security interests. Migration flows affect at least three dimensions of national security: state capacity and autonomy, the balance of power, and the nature of violent conflict. Overall, migration management presents a far greater security challenge to weak and failing states than to advanced postindustrial states. States that are able to formulate and implement migration policies that harness the power of international migration will be more secure, rather than less secure, in the new globalized security environment.
|
sdg16
|
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