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It also finds that while manufacturing firms are more likely to patent than firms in other sectors, most patenting firms are in the services and wholesale sectors. The first, by Farre-Mensa, Hegde et al (2016), focuses on the impact of IP rights on companies' ability to raise finance. The research presents causal evidence of the direct benefits of patent rights in a large sample of start-ups. It shows that patents offer gains to entrepreneurs and small inventors, especially if processed in a timely manner. In particular, patents appear to play an important role in reducing uncertainty and alleviating information asymmetries in the market for entrepreneurial capital (i.e. fundraising).
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While C02 injected for EOR may well stay below ground permanently, this is not necessarily the case, and C02 injected for EOR is not considered permanently stored in the UNFCCC national inventory reporting system. The available UNFCCC national inventory statistics do not allow us to differentiate fully between C02 that is released from on-site natural gas processing as in Sleipner and Snah-vit, and C02 from other production-related processes or from natural gas processing at a downstream processing facility. Since parts of the latter may be a mix of processes that are analogous to the capture of admixed C02 which is done at Sleipner and Snah-vit, and processes that are not, we calculate four different scaled abatement potentials based on different assumptions about which UNFCCC figures to include, and on whether to include both oil and gas production or gas production only. All are still at the testing stage and not operating at a significant scale.
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This is especially important in Asia, where rice, a water-dependent crop, often dominates cropproduction. The past reliance on a few staple crops has to give way to agricultural diversification with sustainable intensification. Among FSF, pulses are an excellent example of crops that exhibit the above four criteria. The United Nations declared 2016 as the 'International Year of Pulses' under the banner 'nutritious seeds for a sustainable future'.
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As mentioned previously, anaerobic systems are a particularly relevant technology for consideration, the resource requirements, environmental impact and robustness of the anaerobic digestion of effluents and solid residues offer distinct advantages in the Arab region. In this section we consider other factors crucial to these technologies being successfully implemented. In most developing countries, technologies are developed locally. While the public sector typically invests in long-term research capacity that later becomes the foundation of technological innovation, the private sector is increasingly involved in short-term investment in research and development.
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Thus, the specific effects of the two water stress simulations on agriculture are readily analysed by comparing each additional water stress scenario (SD, SB, SG) to the reference scenario (SO). Table 3.A 1.1 describes the scenarios implemented in the study. Based on various definitions provided by Keller et al. (
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These costs are additional to the ongoing expenditures needed for managing water resources and providing water services in Mexico. In 2012, total water sector expenses are in the order of MXN 90 billion per year. Two ultimate sources of finance support water policies and water services in Mexico: users (through water resources charges and water services charges) and tax payers (through budgetary resources earmarked for water projects and general budgetary resources). The financing mix is currently excessively supported by public budgetary resources, and is not sustainable.
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Further technological innovation, which draws on indigenous knowledge, is needed to adapt disaster-resilient infrastructure, housing and natural coastal protection to local conditions and to make the technologies more affordable for developing countries. National-level disaster risk management will thus need to be linked to regional mechanisms of cooperation, including for maintaining joint monitoring, forecasting, and early warning systems, and defining risk reduction strategies. Technology transfer should ensure that recipients have the capacity to install, operate, maintain and repair imported technologies.
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However, in the pursuit of such objectives, the LOC parties avoided the ill-conceived approach to budget deficits and inflation typical of the populist regimes of the 1980s. At the same time, the LOC economic model’s concern for poverty and inequality, recognition of market failures, and attachment of importance to strengthening of state institutions are in stark contrast with the neo-liberal emphasis on shrinking the state and the self-sustained role of markets (Panizza, 2005). In many cases deficits were turned into surpluses.
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Achieving greater equity in education is not only a social-justice imperative, it is also a way to use resources more efficiently, and to increase the supply of knowledge and skills that fuel economic growth and promote social cohesion. So combining PISA and Hanushek's work was a good way to examine the economic impact of improved education. If every student can demonstrate that he or she has basic skills, direct and major longterm benefits to the economy accrue.
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Mexico is retrogressing, becoming an unpredictable and risky jurisdiction for the adjudication of legitimate claims involving domestic and international lenders and investors. This conclusion follows from an analysis of the precedent-setting corporate workout involving a major Mexican multinational (Vitro) now winding its way through the Mexican courts. It raises serious doubts about the capacity of that country’s insolvency regime to deliver an outcome viewed as fair and consistent with prevailing norms and practices in the United States and other reputable jurisdictions. The case may well have a chilling effect on the easy access to foreign financing that Mexican corporations have enjoyed during recent years. The Vitro case has the potential to complicate even U.S.-Mexico diplomatic relations.
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While financial and technical scarcity persists, it is the facilitation ofthe polio/ environment and the fulfilment of equity principles in the delivery of contraceptive methods that present the greatest challenges in achieving contraceptive security. A regional advocacy agenda should address ideological objections to modern contraceptives and to people's contraceptive choices and ensure that contraceptive security is meant for all and not only for privileged groups and countries. Financing of commodities is being tackled through high-profile initiatives at the global level, but many challenges in building national capacity for commodity forecasting, procurement, financing, and delivery still remain.
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The combination of quantitative (technical) and qualitative (policy) information provides the user with a systematic and reproducible assessment and ranking tool to quantify trade-offs between various technologies. Table 6 shows a proposed scorecard with the elements to be evaluated for each technology. The biggest criteria for choosing a technology are commonly economic, especially for wastewater.
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Both waiting times and copayments can help contain excess demand, though the demand is generally inelastic with respect to waiting times and co-payments (elasticities of -0.1 or-0.2). This does, however, defeat the very objective of health insurance, which is to reduce out of pocket expenses when the need arises. Information problems imply that it is not always easy for the patient to know the true benefit.
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Boys who learn to think and act in non-discriminatory ways can educate their parents on behalf of their sisters, for instance. They may be less likely to perpetrate violence against girls, such as through bullying or sexual harassment, and may uphold egalitarian notions once married. Champions of positive norms, such as local leaders and religious figures, including influential women, can be powerful and convincing voices for change in these cases. Men and boys may be well positioned to persuade other men and boys to discard discriminatory ways of thinking.
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This is due in the main to sedimentation, pollution and over-fishing. These practices have now spread to the high seas, where, if left unchecked, are likely to result in the commercial extinction of a significant number of fish species, including many that are crucial for the sustenance of millions of people. The European Commission estimates that for stocks with sufficient data for assessment, 78.5 per cent are exploited unsustainably with 43 per cent outside of safe biological limits. A review of 48 stocks managed by regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) found that 32 (67 per cent) were overexploited or collapsed.
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It reviews the drivers behind the development of a testing scheme, the purposes associated with its implementation and different criteria that feed into the test design. While it is difficult to discern exactly which driver may have distinctly played a role in a nation’s decision to administer standardised tests, it is nonetheless important to identify the underlying currents and intersecting trends steering assessment systems (Mons, 2009). The primary drivers identified are: 1) New Public Management, 2) Standards-based assessment, 3) International competition, 4) Increasing demand for 21st Century Skills, 5) Test industry pressure. There has also been a growing emphasis on quantitatively measuring outcomes and objectives and reforms towards decentralisation and autonomy which have contributed to the need to develop new means to monitor education systems (Mons, 2009: 5).
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These young people raised three main concerns over the health status in their respective countries: the deteriorating health status among women, the lack of awareness of health risks and differential health service provision between the public and private sectors (annex 2 table A.14). In Iraq, the rate rose by around 6 per 1,000 population, while, in Syria, it surged almost fourfold. In both cases, the increases may be attributed to the continuing conflicts in the two countries. In the other Mashreq countries, the rates fell, notably, in Lebanon, where the rate dropped in 2012 to almost one ninth the rate in 1990.
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Production and consumption patterns have imposed severe stress on the earth’s natural resources and its resilience. The biodiversity and development linkages are particularly acute in developing countries, where the poorest populations rely disproportionately on ecosystems and natural resources for their livelihoods and well-being. The World Bank estimates that natural capital accounts for an estimated 36% of total wealth in developing countries (World Bank, 2016), compared with only 2% in OECD countries (World Bank, 2011).3 Ecosystem services are estimated to account for 47% of gross domestic product (GDP) of the poor in India, 75% in Indonesia and 89% in Brazil (TEEB, 2010).
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This can be seen from the middle graph of Figure 7.3, Panel A, which expresses the size of benefits in terms of a “tax rate” measure (and therefore shows negative values for benefits, see Box 7.1). In general, where benefits did become more or less targeted towards the poor since the mid-1980s, this did not change the overall trend in redistribution that would result from trends in average benefit rates alone. That said, benefits in the United Kingdom did, however, become less redistributive despite being now more tightly targeted towards the poor.
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Comparing child well-being in OECD countries: concepts and methods, Innocenti Working paper 2006-03, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence. An index of child well-being in the European Union', Social Indicators Research, vol. Child Well-being in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Springer Science. Subjective well-being in rich countries, Innocenti Working Paper, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.
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For producers, these trade connections are becoming increasingly essential for incomes and livelihoods. Of the products traded on world markets, vegetable oils - palm oil in particular - are the most important agro-food export, accounting for the largest share of agro-food export value from the region as a whole, followed by fisheries and aquaculture (WITS, 2016). One commonly used measure, the prevalence of undernourishment, reveals a general fall in rates since 1992 (FAO, 2016a).
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Both rural incomes and food supplies would improve as a result of well targeted investments. To achieve that vision, a reorientation of policies is necessary in most of the countries covered in this report. Creating an environment in which farmers have the greatest possible freedom to respond to market signals will allow farmers to become more innovative and competitive and will reduce many of the distortions associated with the current policies.
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The survey was repeated in 2015, capturing more patients and extending to primary care (results not available at time of writing. The programme, run by the Ministry of Health and applying to CCSS as well as private facilities, focuses on accrediting health care providers. Accreditation is at a basic level, however, and essentially comprises verification that the facility complies with minimum requirements around staffing levels, equipment and documentation.
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Most of the options come with uncertainties or downsides. Rules and regulations can cut greenhouse gas emissions substantially, but targets can be unrealistic and legislation too inflexible to adapt to rapidly evolving technological change. A governance structure is indispensable, yet it can also become a source of red tape and corruption.
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Several governmental and civil society organisations are actively involved in raising awareness of the relevant legislation and they provide legal advice in this regard” (CEDAW, 2012). Such a procedure could ensure women greater access to financial assets. Land may also be divided among male heirs before the father dies, as it is possible to make living bequests and donations. Women are then put under pressure not to claim their share.
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A flag state—a state in which a vessel is registered—has to ensure compliance with a series of environmental requirements for ships operating under its jurisdiction. This power of inspection has provided a growing source of revenue to Mauritian port-based companies. It covers pollution that is accidental and that happens through routine operations, such as pollution by oil, sewage, garbage and noxious liquid substances from ships.
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This lack of common definition represents a major challenge in establishing a MRV framework of climate finance because there is no agreed basis for measurement or methodology for tracking climate finance flows. Following Corfee-Morlot et al. Consistent with the terms of the Cancun Agreements, these may be either international public or private financing flows, and thus may be either concessional (public) or non-concessional flows (where the latter concerns private as well as some forms of public finance flows).
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In fact, this report shows that professionalism depends on collaborative learning and design, and active networking. It is precisely through the idea of teachers as designers of learning that innovation at the level of practice can be seen as a normal side of the teaching profession to solve the daily challenges in a context which is in constant change. The framework incorporates a particular philosophy and precepts for action that are holistic, and works as an alternative to the fragmented and disaggregated research and policy perspectives that often prevail in addressing pedagogy.
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There is also evidence that the housing supply is adequate for commercial premises and vast, expensive housing units, while there is a shortage of affordable, smaller flats. The correlation is not as good when including smaller cities of district significance. Housing prices for existing dwellings declined after the 2007 housing boom, which was fuelled by the introduction of mortgages and led to a banking crisis (OECD, 2016e).
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It was decided to strengthen the CP model, as recommended by the Project, to revitalise CPs and improve the provision of credit to rural areas. The new model, revised by the ACC in May 2011, aims to strengthen the legal framework and structure of CPs, change the interaction between ACC and CPs towards more decentralisation in the decision-making process, but at the same time strengthen ACC control on the financial stability of CPs. Thus, CPs and local ACC branches will be able to make independent decisions on issuance of loans (up to a certain limit). The proposed changes are expected to simplify and shorten the process of loan provision, and increase the financial robustness of the system by expanding its membership to larger agricultural producers.
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The concentration of population growth in the poorest countries will make it harder for their governments to eradicate poverty and inequality, combat hunger and malnutrition, expand education enrolment and health systems, improve the provision of basic services, and implement other elements of a sustainable development agenda to ensure that no one is left behind (UN/DESA, Population Division, 2015). It showed that while African farm-level costs were comparable to those in Brazil and Thailand, this "competitiveness” was based on: (1) soil mining (the depletion of soil nutrient reserves, leading to soil degradation), and (2) extremely low returns to labour, reflecting few alternative employment opportunities for workers — hardly a model for poverty reduction (World Bank, 2009). Increasing the percentage of irrigated land in sub-Saharan Africa to the Indian levels of 1960 would cost approximately $114 billion.
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Renewable energy sources averaged about 21% of primary energy supply and 38% of electricity generation in 2009 (Figure 5.1), far above the OECD Europe average (10.5% and 23%, respectively). Hydropower has long been the major domestic source of electricity. However, hydropower generation is subject to large annual variations linked to rainfall levels, which have caused major fluctuations in overall energy supply and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
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Only in Sweden, in reading literacy, can a major change in results be observed, which might be related to the amount of time students spend on the Internet. Even if it is not possible to clearly show whether the change of test mode in PISA 2015 has influenced the results, the authors warn that there are reasons to be careful when comparisons are made of PISA results from 2015 with results from earlier PISA studies. The comparative link between the PISA studies from different years might be weaker in 2015 than earlier.
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This chapter summarizes the findings from the previous analyses and discusses the overall legitimacy of the IANA transition process according to the selected normative criteria. The results suggest that despite the IANA transition’s success in removing US government oversight, it neither consisted of nor produced an improved model of multistakeholder governance. Based on the IANA transition case, the chapter concludes that multistakeholderism risks resulting in misleading rhetoric that legitimizes power asymmetries, rather than being a performative concept leading toward the democratization of transnational policy-making. Finally, the chapter calls for a reform of multistakeholder governance toward a model of digital constitutionalism.
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La mise en oeuvre de l'enquete se fait de maniere optionnelle dans les ecoles echantillonnees du PISA (lien TALIS-PISA). Ainsi, ce cadre conceptuel TALIS 2018 se fonde sur les deux cycles precedents de 2008 et 2013 et met l'accent sur les conditions pedagogiques et institutionnelles efficaces qui favorisent l'apprentissage des eleves, qui sont au cceur de l’enquete, tout en decrivant leur variation au sein des pays et entre eux, et dans le temps. Ce document foumit une base scientifique a chaque domaine, ainsi que les principales influences de la recherche connexe en lien avec l’education a I'OCDE et au-dela. Enfin, le cadre conceptuel foumit un aper?u general des operations de l'enquete et de son processus de mise en ceuvre a travers ses differentes etapes.
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The more a country is able to reduce poverty and social deprivation, the more resilient it becomes, and the more likely it is to withstand or recover from a crisis with lower social, economic, and human loss. Emergency response is always more expensive than preparedness and risk mitigation. The framework cites four priorities: understanding disaster risk: strengthening disaster-risk governance to manage disaster risk, investing in disaster-risk-reduction for resilience, and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and “building back better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The framework relates direcdy to the UNFPA mandate.
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Advocacy groups such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have made a historic contribution to the cause of international human rights by publicizing the need to prevent mass atrocities such as war crimes, genocide, and widespread political killings and torture.1 However, a strategy that many such groups favor for achieving this goal—the prosecution of perpetrators of atrocities according to universal standards—risks causing more atrocities than it would prevent, because it pays insufacient attention to political realities.2 Recent international criminal tribunals have utterly failed to deter subsequent abuses in the former Yugoslavia and Central Africa. Because tribunals, including the International Criminal Court (ICC), have often been unable to gain the active cooperation of powerful actors in the United States and in countries where abuses occur, it is questionable whether this strategy will succeed in the long run unless it is implemented in a more pragmatic way. Trials and Errors
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As described in the assessment of the Daugava Basin, a review and development of the groundwater monitoring network in Belarus is planned. A NATO project launched in late 2009 aimed at upgrading flood monitoring and forecasting capacity in the Pripyat Basin, involving setting up automated monitoring stations on tributaries in both countries (-20 in total). A draft management plan for the Pripyat River Basin was developed in the framework of the TACIS project “Transboundary River Basin Management: Phase 2 for the Pripyat Basin”. The chemical regime of the rivers in the basin has remained "stable" for the past five years. According to the classification adopted in Belarus, some 76% of water bodies are characterized as "relatively clean", and some 21% as "moderately polluted”.
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In Uruguay, Brazil and Chile, for example, employment in the care sector accounts for more than 8% of total employment (9.2%, 8.5% and 8.3%, respectively in 2010). At the other extreme, in 6 of the 14 countries analysed (Honduras, Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, El Salvador and Nicaragua) the sector represents less than 5% of total employment (see figure III. On average, 5% of all care workers are domestic workers, 1.7% work in other care-related occupations, [no queda claro por que no suma 100%] This breakdown is a major factor in defining this group of workers.
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Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits in Old and New EU Democracies, International Journal of Social Welfare, 19(4), 367-378. The Social Assistance and Minimum Income Protection (SaMip) Interim Data-Set. Counteracting Material Deprivation: The role of social assistance in Europe, Journal of European Social Policy, 22(2), 148-163.
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The lack of monitoring and/or reporting on pumping in many countries also plays a significant role, especially in agriculture. Different types of monitoring tools can lead to divergent results, as observed in the case of irrigation in Arizona (Cohen et al., At the same time, recharge measurement is very difficult given the differences in situation, soil profiles and soil covers, and connections with surface water bodies.10 In many cases, field crop activities are known to actively participate in the recharging of groundwater, even sometimes more significantly than natural ecosystems (Taylor et al.,
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These structural changes significantly impacted rural dw'ellers and economic migration increased as people sought opportunities further afield. The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), structural funds and other instruments have supported a multidimensional view of rural development. The focus of rural policy thus shifted towards a wide range of policies that are important to rural life - education policy, infrastructure, entrepreneurship, environmental protection, etc. This is a positive development, however, as this chapter will discuss, more could be done to further integrate the two policy areas.
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Cultural diversity has returned to the communication and cultural policies agenda since the adoption of the UNESCO Convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions in 2005. Nevertheless, research about its implementation reveals that the treaty has been interpreted in very different ways. This article analyses the way in which the concept of cultural diversity was applied to audiovisual policies in Spain and Argentina. The main idea to prove is that the vagueness of the Convention has allowed governments with different political orientations to support policies that promote cultural diversity from a rhetoric point of view but that do not, for instance, question their existing positioning.
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When investigated further, it was found that 82 of these 283 schools were not actually participants in the programme. The researchers therefore suggested that some schools have started their own school development programme in AfL, despite not being formally involved in the initial Directorate project. These schools thus believed they were part of the official DET programme (Vibe, 2012).
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It gives more time to fathers to spend with their children which also supports child development, while it gives mothers more scope to pursue their labour market aspirations and career opportunities, strengthen their long-term labour force attachment and pension entitlements, enhancing both their financial independence and their families’ resources. It could also have benefits for the economy and society as a whole as a better allocation of labour market resources can spur on economic growth. Both are in a similar work situation and are eligible for paid leave.
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Inputs into the social reproduction function are of three types: time, commodities and infrastructure.” They are combined to produce human capacities, which in the short term refer to the daily maintenance of the labourforce and in the longer term to investments in both quality and quantity. Even where the household receives in-kind services that it does not directly pay for, these services are paid for by others (e.g., governments or non-governmental organizations) and hence are treated as commodities in the model.
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A strategic analysis of the ongoing conflict between Nevada and Utah, over groundwater allocation at Snake Valley, is carried out in order to investigate ways on how to resolve this dispute. More specifically, the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution is employed to formally model and analyze this conflict using the decision support system called GMCR+. The conflict analysis findings indicate that the dispute is enduring because of a lack of incentive and opportunity for any party to move beyond the present circumstances. Continued negotiations are not likely to resolve this conflict. A substantial change in the preferences or options of the disputants, or new governance tools will be required to move this conflict forward. This may hold lessons for future groundwater conflicts. It is, however, increasingly likely that the parties will require a third party intervention, such as equal apportionment by the US Supreme Court.
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The target population for this indicator is the set of working-age employees below the statutory pensionable age, for example, 15 to 64. If data sources are used that do not provide information on employee age, the full set of data should be used. The scope of the numerator for this indicator is the set of employees contributing to an unemployment insurance scheme that provides entitlement to periodic cash unemployment benefits in case of unemployment.
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Community-based approaches to medicine and medical education would also benefit the region and improve students’ learning outcomes. Medical students will spend far less time in hospitals and far more time in communities. Students will leam from an early stage to work in multidisciplinary teams alongside nurses, social workers, psychologists and other allied health professionals.
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It is a condensed and updated version of the OECD Education Working Paper No. Parts of the analysis may be reproduced in individual country notes or the Final Synthesis Report of the OECD Thematic Review on Migrant Education. Often their access to high quality education is restricted by a range of factors, including residential segregation, selective mechanisms and resource inequality.
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Since then, more communities have joined, and by June 2017 the 12 indigenous territories of all ethnic groups in the Republic of Panama (Bribri, Bugle, Embera, Kuna, Naso, Ngabe, and Wounaan) had joined. During 2017 there have been exchanges of experiences with the Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of Paraguay, the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru. In 2012 this figure fell to 60 percent of the area (4.5 million hectares).
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But there are many others. For example in 2014, Park Geun-Hye is the current and first female President of South Korea while Sheikh Hasina is the current prime minister of Bangladesh and she and Ms Khaleda Zia have alternated as prime minister since 1996. Chandrika Kumaranatunga was President of Sri Lanka (1994-2005) and Jenny Shipley (1997-99) and Helen Clark (1999-2008) both served as prime minister of New Zealand. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was President of the Philippines from 2001-10 and Pratibha Patil was the first female President of India (2007-12).
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It is important to note that the framework is circular, with achievement influenced by well-being, participation and engagement and, in turn, influencing them. At the same time, we see a natural progression, considering student well-being through educational participation, through engagement in learning, and through enhanced achievement. Each component frames the conditions and opportunities for the component that follows, providing the structure and the sequence of the report, with chapters on well-being, participation, engagement and achievement (Figure 2.1).
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What does the Rule of law contribute in the frame of global governance? While addressing metamorphoses of law and the multiple legalities in the global context, this paper shows that the rule of law can consistently be extended externally being cherished internally. It takes seriously the concurrence of different legalities in their diverse ‘formats’, and the challenge of the “global administrative law” theoretical and empirical model. At the meta-level of the relations among legalities, the Rule of law has an essential role to play: it affects interactions and interdependence, and can cause content-dependent assessments to develop, without supporting self-closure or monistic dogmas. This originates from the normative implications of the rule of law ideal (between couples like accountability and responsibility, the right and good, justice and power) but appears to open a forward looking research agenda on global governance.
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Cotton is cultivated in South Kazakhstan and rice in Kzylorda, both of which depend on irrigation systems based on the Syrdarya River. Almaty oblast has mixed farming with both irrigated agriculture in the south and rain-fed agriculture in the eastern foothills. For example, wheat yields vary strongly within the northern grain region, in the parts of North Kazakhstan and Kostanay adjacent to the Russian border, with more reliable rainfall and better soils, wheat yields are two to three times greater than in the southern part of Kostanay oblast or in Akmola oblast. From 1993 to 1998, there was a pronounced downward trend in both crop and livestock output. The only years when positive growth occurred were the good grain harvest years of 1992 and 1999.
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Efforts to align financial flows with climate objectives remain incremental and fail to deliver the radical transformation needed. This report looks at how blockchain technology can be applied to support sustainable infrastructure investment that is aligned with climate change objectives. It focuses on three key points: the financing of infrastructure initiatives, the creation of visibility and alignment of climate action, and the provisioning of awareness and access for institutions and consumers.
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Clear leadership from central authorities to provide a national, consistent approach towards measuring quality in mental health was a key enabling factor. In England, patient level mental health data are collected in primary, community and secondary care settings, including process and outcomes measures for the service user. These include, for example, data on hospital admissions for mental illness, patient experiences with community mental health services, access to psychological therapies and recovery rates, and waiting times. By contrast, a national strategic approach to measuring quality in mental health care is still lacking in Japan and Korea (OECD, 2012b, 2015f).
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The MFIs would usually be well established in the community, which gives them an edge in terms of assessing a borrowers’ ability to repay and enables them to rely on peer pressure and community cohesion to obtain repayment. It can help address the affordability constraint at household level, as it enables them to spread investments over a longer period of time and reduces the impact of the initial cash outlay. From the experience to date, there appears to be a remarkable potential to develop, although this is likely to require support from governments and international financial institutions, in the form of financial support and capacity-building.
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Furthermore, Stiglitz et al. ( Examples are health, education, personal activities, political voice and governance, social connections and relationships, environment and economic and physical insecurity. Other studies also show that wellbeing is not just a function of income at a point in time, but adapts to changes in income. If GDP growth slows, life satisfaction can decrease (Di Telia et al.,
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The second largest group, however, believes that “jobs are only given to people who have connections”, reflecting frustration with a system that is perceived as unfair, because connections depend largely on personal background and access to privileged circles that most youth do not have and cannot obtain. At the same time, the practice of distributing jobs on the basis of connections is a clear indication of the scarcity of good jobs. In a robust labour market, employers compete for workers and have to cast a wide and open net to attract the workforce they need.
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Other modalities should also be used: community radio, mobile vans, and information points or boards at the entrances to health or education facilities, among others. Alternatives such as scheduled appointments could be offered to improve participation by poor households and self-selection into registering for available programmes. They rely more on income earned from employment rather than self-production, so they are more vulnerable to unemployment and underemployment, low and erratic incomes in the informal economy, and rising prices.
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Similarly, in France and Luxembourg, asset testing includes the value of the home converted into a revenue stream (e.g. akin to the concept of imputed rent). Finally, the total value of the home is included as part of the means test in some countries, including Denmark, Israel (in principle, cannot be a homeowner) and Portugal. The rationale for including assets in the means test is that it better reflects the distribution of economic welfare among individuals, leading to a fairer allocation of public support.
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In the 1990s, developing countries on balance made that switch, with their average nominal rate of assistance (NRA), which measures the degree to which domestic farm gate prices are above adjusted border prices, becoming positive (Figure 1.8).12 On average, they thereby joined high income OECD countries in providing protection to their agricultural sectors. Note that this measure only takes account of relative prices, and ignores subsidies to farmers or other aspects of agricultural spending. The horizontal axis of Figure 1.9 shows agriculture’s share of total employment, while the vertical axis measures the NRA.
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All these emerging areas are important, but the take-up and adaptation of technologies and practices is a key issue that has not been sufficiently emphasised. In a landmark report on skills for sustainability41, a key finding was that, “in order to be effective, implementation of climate change strategies requires a broad skill set and mechanisms to diffuse knowledge about sustainability technologies and practices across the economy. Up-front investment in R&D is necessary although not sufficient. More emphasis needs to be given at all levels of the economy, not only in research laboratories”.
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The case studies below provide examples of different approaches to biodiversity financing in different countries and regions, in particular in the context of the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAP) process. Examples of collaboration among National Focal Points (NFPs) on financial needs assessments, financial resource mobilisation and utilisation are also presented. Furthermore, some context is included to provide information on specific approaches, initiatives or funding opportunities which can support the coherent implementation of multiple Biodiversity-related Conventions. As in most developing countries and despite significant efforts, current sources of financing are inadequate for biodiversity conservation in Uganda.
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sdg15
|
Asymptomatic cases (n = 1997), Minor depression without mood disturbances (n = 696), Minor depression with mood disturbances (n = 176), Major depression (n = 49). This was the case for 10% of all depressions at baseline in the study by Broadhead et al. ( For example, higher self-esteem and emotional stability are strongly associated with better work functioning.
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sdg3
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The duty to cooperate, therefore, is a central feature of the Convention. Both the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (the Part XI Agreement) and the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (the Fish Stocks Agreement), reflect the ability of the international community to cooperate towards further developing UNCLOS and addressing gaps and newly emerging issues. Of note in this regard is the ongoing process established by the General Assembly through its resolution 69/292 on the development of an international legally binding instrument under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.
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sdg14
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Indeed, the CRGE itself does not seem to have been subject to an assessment, it seems to be assumed that the CRGE is good for the environment as a whole. In addition, there are inadequate guidelines for, and practice of, strategic environmental assessment (SEA), which is the more appropriate mechanism for assessing both negative impacts and social and environmental potentials of new policies. We do not know what the government spends on environmental investment or protection: the budget is not coded for environmental expenditure. Neither do we know about changing environmental values and the costs associated with environmental risks - public expenditure review processes do not ask specific questions about environmental costs, benefits or risks. Consequently, the pros and cons of green growth projects cannot be highlighted. It is not surprising that government procurement - the purchasing of buildings, equipment, supplies and services - also pays no attention to sustainability issues, indeed, it is currently not allowable to include environmental conditions in ‘requests for proposals’.
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sdg13
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In 2002, it sold Red Electrica de Espana (REE) the electricity distributor in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and it sold its holdings in the Dominican Republic’s energy distributors to that country’s government. The purchase of Union Fenosa by Gas Natural, decided on shortly before the recent financial crisis, required it to sell assets in the region to comply with competition regulations, and it also had to reduce the level of its debt. As a result, a new round of sales was launched, including EPSA in Colombia, for US$ 1.1 billion (2009), the combined-cycle power plants belonging to Gas Natural in Mexico, for US$ 1,465 million (2010), and the distribution companies in Guatemala for US$ 345 million (2011).
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sdg7
|
The accountability gap for conduct of International Organisations (IOs) conflicting with their members’ human rights treaty obligations undermines the acceptance of IOs as a forum of international ...
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sdg16
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The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition tells us that unobserved components are important but do not account for the bulk of wage differences. Nevertheless, the decomposition does not reveal whether what is at issue is classic discrimination by employers or unobserved heterogeneity in productivity associated with the performance of mothers. First, we select one mother from the sample without replacement. Second, we select all non-mothers who share the same characteristics as the mother selected in the first step.
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sdg5
|
Women and girls must have equal access to financial services, infrastructure, the full range of health services including sexual, reproduction and health rights, water and sanitation, the equal right to own land and other assets, a safe environment in which to leam and apply their knowledge and skills, and an end to discrimination so they can receive equal pay for equal work, and have an equal voice in decision making. ( First, it outlines women’s employment trends in the MENA region, including in the public sector. Next, it assesses the legal framework for labour force participation, including its conformity to international standards. The chapter also examines policy measures used in MENA and OECD countries for improving female participation in the labour market.
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sdg5
|
To fully address all needs and challenges for children in urban settings, urban planning must simultaneously address the different scales of possible spatial intervention. However, it actually covets good design for all. In this sense, applying universal design helps create buildings, tools, spaces and learning or communication systems that are useful and usable for everyone. Universal design accommodates diverse literacy skills, and promotes designs that are safe and easy to use.
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sdg11
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The longer version may be downloaded at www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2009doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00006E9E/$FILE/JT03274406.PDF. Policy reform (as opposed to incremental change) in the environmental arena almost always requires the use of economic instruments, albeit often in conjunction with other instruments. This may be due to the central place in environmental economics of the concept of the “externality”, with the advice that this should be “internalised” into the price, and the most obvious and often the most efficient way to this is through an economic instrument.
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sdg6
|
Abstract The practice of human rights elicits a range of theoretical positions and problems in relation to advocacy across Southeast Asia. This raises questions about the universal nature of human rights, the problem of cultural imperialism and the dynamic of the local and the global. These questions become heightened when connected to queer or LGBT issues. This paper focuses on the intersections of queer scholarship, activism and human rights in relation to LGBT asylum seekers from Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia in order to explore the potentialities, possibilities and difficult challenges queer activists and scholars face in translating human rights principles, values and actions across and between modes of activist communication. A special purpose of the paper is to explore how the discipline of cultural studies and its attention to everyday lives, identity, self-reflexivity and socio-cultural context offers a scholarship that is specifically attuned to the problematics and complexity of human right...
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sdg16
|
The risk remains that citizens forego effective care that can have long-term adverse health outcomes. A further aspect of co-payments that will require careful monitoring are the potential incentives they create for patients seeking care in parts of the health care system where their costs can be minimised. For example, higher primary care co-payments may increase incentives to seek care in the emergency department. However, these incentives may not always align with delivering care in the most appropriate place. This would entail that the co-payments become distortionary and act as barrier to efficient care provision. The strongest evidence can be found in the rate of hospital admissions.
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sdg3
|
The multidimensionality of well-being can be positive in that it is more comprehensive than single measures, but it may be negative if it results in approaches that become fragmented into multiple but unconnected components, rather than the holistic approach intended. It has been conceptualised and informs the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 (Borgonovi and Pal, 2016). Five dimensions of students’ well-being are captured, and these align closely with definitions in other studies and w'ith the coverage in this report. Measuring Well-being, http://dx.doi.ora/10.1787/9789264121164-en.
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sdg4
|
Attention to the inter-linkages between tourism and other related policy sectors such as land use planning, infrastructure and services, environmental management, public health, education and transport has not typically been a high priority. However, there are significant long-term benefits to be gained from taking a broader inter-linked policy perspective where a range of public agencies can participate in policy discussions so that the needs of the tourism industry are incorporated into each stage in the PPRR approach. The organisation seeks to provide leadership and counsel on an individual and collective basis to over 80 government tourism agencies, 50 international airlines and a large variety of travel and tourism industry, media organisations and education and training stakeholders (PATA, 2013).
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sdg8
|
Within the health system there are two different models for assessing the construct “functioning/disability”: the “activities of daily living (ADL)” approach (or Katz/Barthel model), and the “Functioning” (ICF) approach developed by WHO. The ICF was developed to provide a more comprehensive framework, based on the view of a health condition or disease as the interaction of body function and structures, activities and participation, which are in turn impacted on by social and environmental factors. The importance of participation as an outcome is also highlighted (WHO, 2001).
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sdg3
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Preschool and pre-primary teachers do not have sufficient knowledge and skills to detect and understand individual needs and to individualise education content and methods even after receiving diagnoses and recommendations from specialists. In Lithuania the health care system plays an important role in ECEC, by providing a first point of contact for children with special needs, and in rural areas carrying out the monitoring of ECEC facilities and providing information on ECEC to expecting parents. Focusing on opportunities to improve points of contact - now more limited than they could be - can improve children’s well-being.
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sdg4
|
In the United States, 7% of students can be considered resilient, in the sense that they come from the 25% of the most socio-economically disadvantaged students but nevertheless perform much belter than would be predicted based on their socio-economic background (7% is also the average in the OECD) (Figure 2.7). However, in Korea, Hong Kong-China and Shanghai-China, the share of disadvantaged students who excel at school despite their disadvantaged background is about twice as high. Using economic modelling to relate cognitive skills - as measured by PISA and other international instruments - to economic growth shows (with some caveats) that even smal I improvements in the skills of a nation's labour force can have large impacts on that country's future well-being. Bringing the United States up to the average performance of Finland, the best-performing education system among OECD countries, could result in gains in the order of USD 103 trillion.
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sdg4
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In the Caribbean, countries have begun playing an increasing role as secondary distribution points for cocaine shipments to Europe.26 Impunity, corruption and weak institutions undermine drug control efforts and the rule of law in the region, despite attempts to reform law enforcement and judicial systems. Drug trafficking activities are often carried out under the protection of local gangs (maras) operating in border areas, especially in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. There are indications that links have been established between drug cartels and criminal organizations operating in the region. Drug trafficking has become a major security threat and is contributing to an increase in drug abuse in the sub-region.
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sdg3
|
One of the components of this project was the promotion of environmental management systems (EMS), especially market-based ones, in both government and the private sector. Greening’ was defined as ‘adoption of measures to conserve the natural environment’ (Planning Institute of Jamaica [PIOJ] 2001, chapter 18, 18.1, USAID 2005). In addition, CWIP sought to encourage consumers to purchase energy-efficient products (NEPA 1999, 23).
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sdg12
|
They not only create the overall policy framework, they also set specific targets for production, consumption, employment, etc., While the overall direction of policy is set out in five-year strategic plans, adjustments are made in response to significant crisis events: the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis and the sharp rise in food and oil prices a decade later being obvious examples. Co-ordinating policy development, implementation and monitoring among a large number of central government agencies, regional and local governments, business/private sector, farmers, community and other related parties, is a significant challenge for officials. There is a strong inter-relationship between these objectives.
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sdg2
|
Secondary teachers on the other hand may have contracts ranging from 20 to 48 hours, which exceptionally may reach up to 60 hours per week. A teacher can also complement his or her teaching position with other functions in the public sector as long as he or she does not exceed 60 hours per week. Secondary teachers who additionally teach in a non-public school may exceed this maximum of teaching hours per week. Also, in a given school year, if the teacher is not able to have enough hours to complete a single teaching unit (20 hours or 40 hours), he or she can work a few hours in a supporting function (e.g. support teacher, pedagogical counsellor teacher, bibliographic counsellor teacher).
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sdg4
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Most migrants living and working legally in Cyprus have private insurance coverage. The benefits package is comprehensive, the only explicitly excluded services are some dental services such as orthodontics for those over 18 years old and fixed prosthetics. When services are either not available in the public sector or there are long waiting lists, the Ministry of Health subsidises care provided to beneficiaries either in the private sector or abroad in rare circumstances, eligibility for these subsidies is based on an individual’s financial and medical needs. Proposals over whether to include a service in the benefits package are made by the relevant department in the Ministry of Health and the final decision is taken by the Minister of Health, in some cases the approval of the Minister of Finance or even the approval of the Council of Ministers is required.
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sdg3
|
However, we will first introduce our products to domestic and regional markets before going global. We aim to be among the SMEs that help foster intra-Africa trade and contribute to ending waste of cashew nuts in the Gambia in the near future. For Africa's agricultural production to increase, governments need to invest heavily in infrastructure, with access to local markets and seaports given priority. As a result, we spend high amounts on transport and on costs related to strict border measures. Inadequate infrastructure also causes delays in our shipments, with the quality of products deteriorating.
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sdg9
|
Legitimacy is widely regarded as a founding principle of ‘good’ and effective governance, yet despite intense academic debate and policy discourse, the concept remains conceptually confusing and poorly articulated in practice. To bridge this gap, this research performed an interpretive thematic analysis of academic scholarship across public administration, public policy, law, political science, and geography. Four core themes were identified in relation to representative deliberation, procedural and distributive equity and justice, and socio-political acceptability, with numerous sub-themes therein. In an attempt to clarify conceptual confusion, this paper grounds these theoretical debates in the context of flood risk governance where numerous legitimacy dilemmas exist. A number of questions are presented as conceptual ‘signposts’ to encourage reflexive governance in the future. Thus, more broadly, we assert the importance of bringing legitimacy to the forefront of contemporary flood risk governance discourse and practice, moving beyond the realm of academic reflection.
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sdg16
|
The pressure for competitiveness implies intensified use of natural resources and practices associated with high production, financial and market risks. The pressure for sustainability implies constraints on the ways resources can be exploited and an increasing internalisation of the resource use costs into farming costs. The key challenge for the farm risk management system in New Zealand is to develop strategies that would reconcile these competing pressures.
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sdg2
|
The term “critical” when used with reference to poststructuralist and postmodernist scholarship is neo-Marxist and influenced by Derrida (1970) and Foucault (1970). Critical scholarship is “restless” (Pennycook 2004) as it questions assumptions made in the parent discipline. Criticality is a process of engaging with power and social inequality both within and outside applied linguistics. Nonetheless, critical applied linguistics (CAL) is not opposed to power but to its effects. CAL is skeptical of concepts such as the native speaker, language, identity, and agency. Keywords: citizenship, civil rights, colonial CAL, context, diaspora, ethnicity, ethnocentrism, identity, multilingualism, polylingualism
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sdg16
|
But while large shares of total tax revenues can be spent on transfers, such a correspondence needs not (and usually does not) hold in every period as taxes finance non-benefit expenditures as well. Likewise, current benefit expenditure can be financed through non-tax sources, notably borrowing. To the extent that the existence of taxes and benefits causes changes in market prices and household behaviour, redistribution policies have an influence on pre-tax benefit market incomes (and economic welfare) which is not captured by looking at the amounts of taxes and benefits alone. There is a voluminous literature on the consequences of tax or benefit reforms that alter incentives to earn and declare taxable income (e.g., Giertz et al., These indirect (or “second-round") effects of redistribution policies are at the heart of debates concerning their cost-effectiveness.
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sdg10
|
For example, the World Wide Fund for nature has played a major role in pushing for reform of fisheries subsidies and in framing the WTO debate subsidies disciplines (see the series of publications on the issue in WWF 1998, 2001,2004). However, because of its diversity, its position in relation to the fisheries is equally mixed. In most cases the tourism industry does not seem to have a clear-cut interest in the fisheries industry and how it is organised or managed.
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sdg14
|
Any reform will produce some losers. It is important to clarify the negative short-term economic and social effects and how (if at all) they will be mitigated. Time and effort invested up front will help ensure successful implementation. Some formulas allocate rights to fishing firms for an indefinite period. Others allocate fixed individual rights for a set period and adjust the volume according to annual stock variability, either re-issuing rights as they expire or buying back surplus rights and issuing additional rights. When it comes to “sequential” fisheries (i.e. fisheries that target the same stock at different times, different places and different growth stages), institutional arrangements to maximise the overall use of the resource (e.g. in French crab fisheries) combining several management tools (in particular access regulation and technical measures) can be useful.
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sdg14
|
This chapter examines how Lithuania might address gaps in participation, and put in place a comprehensive system of quality monitoring. Policy achievements over the last decade are many, and include the continued emphasis on expanding access and ongoing efforts to ensure integration of ECEC into the education system. A second priority for attention should be continued attention to quality in provision and its assurance.
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sdg4
|
Co-ordinated place-based policies can help workers find suitable jobs, while also contributing to shaping the demand, thereby stimulating job creation and productivity. This requires flexible policy management frameworks, information, and integrated partnerships which leverage the efforts of employment, training, and economic development stakeholders. This chapter outlines the key recommendations emerging from the review of local job creation policies in Northern Ireland.
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sdg4
|
Regional actors are well placed to identify local strengths and weaknesses and can bring together key players such as industry, research institutes and educational facilities to provide appropriate responses. The State of New South Wales has been a leader in this field (see BVET, 2009). In 2005, the NSW Board of Vocational Education and Training (BVET) commissioned research on the skills required for sustainable business development, which informed the release of the first edition of Skills for Sustainability in 2007.
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sdg7
|
Social (recreational] services represent by far the most important value, with a share of 50% of the reported total marketed services value. Looking at the reported data - and the difficulties in this respect - one should be cautious regarding the validity of the given value of the marketed services at a countiy-level -and even more at a European-level. Looking forward, the implementation of NATURA 2000 as well as the development in climate mitigation policies suggest that we will see increasing use of market based instruments to support the provision of these ecosystem services.
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sdg15
|
These programmes aim to foster the recovery and long-term conservation of priority species, that is, those endemic to Mexico, rare, threatened,12 with high ecological value or of strategic importance as keystone species, or with a high level of social, cultural, scientific or economic interest. Between 2007 and 2012, 27 PACEs were published and implemented. The species covered include jaguar, several eagle species, vaquita, scarlet macaw, Mexican grey wolf, grey whale, manatee and Baird’s tapir.
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sdg15
|
Yet they are increasingly well educated, and often better educated than men. The next section finds that inequality also prevails in unpaid work in the home, where women still do the lion's share of housework and parenting. Section 5 considers widespread dissatisfaction with the struggle to balance work and family life, while the final section examines how a more equal gender distribution of paid work might impact on the German labour force and German economic performance.
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sdg5
|
In 2008, food prices increased by 11 per cent, while annual CPI was 17 per cent. In the Kyrgyz Republic, household consumption reportedly declined by 15 per cent in 2009 (Slay, 2011). Migrant households are highly vulnerable to external shocks affecting the flow of remittances. In Tajikistan, 24 per cent of households had at least one migrant in 2007.
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sdg1
|
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