text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| label
stringclasses 16
values |
|---|---|
Other complementary factors—most importantly a recipient s entrepreneurial skills—are crucial for making credit more productive. Most poor people do not have the basic education or experience to understand and conduct even low-level business activities. The corresponding shares in Pakistan and Sri Lanka are about 70 and 40 per cent. There is no one single solution to global poverty. The solution must include a broad array of empowering interventions and microfinance, when targeted to the very poor and effectively run, is one powerful tool (Daley-Harris, Pollin and Montgomery, 2007, p. 1).
|
sdg1
|
In some cases, there is a need to enhance infrastructure-sharing arrangements between different education providers. When developing the network of higher education institutions, care should be taken to ensure that adequate IT infrastructure is in place for high speed, low cost connectivity. Therefore, strong collaborative links need to be developed between the colleges to improve their education, service and research capacity. Additional funding should be allocated to develop collaborative, local solutions to regional provision through partnerships with local stakeholders. Authorities could consider providing support for specific higher education extension learning centres served by several different colleges and possibly universities and the Open University, in villages with low tertiary education participation rates.
|
sdg4
|
However, some studies suggest that the assessment of beginning teachers should not be carried out by the same people who support their induction and early professional development, since (for example) in such circumstances beginning teachers are less likely to admit to areas of weakness and thus to identify their professional development needs (Hobson, 2009, Abell et al., Such a registration system often involves different registration levels and requires teachers to renew their registration after a specific number of years. In Australia (Box 5.3), New Zealand and Sweden, such registration is mandatory for all teachers. These processes can provide useful information for accountability, hiring and tenure decisions, promotion opportunities, or, in particular circumstances, responses to underperformance.
|
sdg4
|
The overall good status objective represents surface water conditions that are appropriate for all types of water uses and functions, besides healthy aquatic ecosystems. As with the TMDL in the United States, the WFD implementation requirements mean that modelling is increasingly being used by member states to characterise current environmental conditions and to predict for policy makers the potential impact of different abatement strategies (Collins and Anthony, 2008). However, monitoring of agricultural pollution of water bodies is more limited with just over a third of OECD member countries monitoring nutrient pollution and even fewer countries tracking pesticide pollution.
|
sdg6
|
Some experts (Barnes, 2007), however, warn that the necessary conditions for such economic growth lie in the parallel or complementary development programmes for the newly electrified communities. While electricity is indeed an important input to rural businesses, farms or other small rural structures, adequate local conditions such as organised rural markets and sufficient credit are necessary for such businesses to grow. Lack of such complementary development programmes in these regions may hinder their economic growth.
|
sdg7
|
It covers all sectors except transport. On 30 November 2016, the European Commission proposed an update to the EED, including a new 30% energy efficiency target for 2030. These include indicative national energy-efficiency targets, strategies to reduce energy consumption of existing buildings, the introduction of energy-efficiency requirements in public procurement, obligations for energy companies to help customers save energy, and improvements to customer metering and billing.
|
sdg7
|
Overall, the rise in emissions in the manufacturing sector increased significantly across all income groups during this period. Upper middle- and lower medium-income countries experienced the highest total growth of C02 emissions (purple bar), while the growth rate in high-income country group was fairly negligible. A composition effect does not significantly contribute to total growth (orange bar).
|
sdg9
|
Development of new competencies needs to be facilitated through new models of learning structured around principles of innovation, relevance to a specific situation and social and community engagement. Learning has to happen also on the side of stakeholders of the Ameridian communities, including policymakers, development agencies and commercial entities. Resulting emigration or immigration demands total or partial restructuring of occupations and ways of production. For example, loss of soil fertility in some areas could cause an influx of labour from these areas to others, potentially with sensitive ecosystems.
|
sdg12
|
At the very core of the ‘fragmentation’ discourse, human rights law is often depicted as the self-contained regime par excellence, benefitting from somewhat specific rules and principles, which often derogate from general international law. However controversial and debatable, this stance may be at least partially founded with reference to the issue of treaty interpretation. The rule provided under Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is often stretched and applied in a more flexible way by human rights instances charged with the interpretation and application of human rights treaties, such as the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. In the recent Nait-Liman case, nevertheless, the latter seems to have embraced a different and more restrictive attitude towards interpretation, downplaying the concerns surrounding the effet utile of the provision under Article 6 of yhe European Convention on Human Rights.
|
sdg16
|
At present, access to health care services appears to be broadly equitable across regions, although limited reporting by regions and municipalities on inequalities inhibits deeper understanding and analysis. The increasing centralisation of specialist hospital services could exacerbate small inequalities in the current geographical distribution of physicians across Denmark. Municipalities will need to ensure that elderly patients are not disadvantaged potential problems in access caused by the closure of smaller local hospitals. Incentives to recruit health professionals from local communities where needs are the highest might have better payoffs on retention in underserved areas in the longer term.
|
sdg3
|
For example, first responders may be provided with subscriptions to terrestrial trunked radio networks, which are not connected with public networks and can accommodate sudden high-volume use. Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance,2013. In a simpler form, understanding what is going on around you, how this can change and what factors may influence that change (Endsley, 1995).
|
sdg13
|
Freedom of expression is a definitional challenge because it is not easily definable. While “freedom” is the central issue, “expression” is relevant to what deserves protection. Free expression as a human right is not fully understood without its theoretical and conceptual framework. Given that freedom of expression is not absolute, free expression is balanced with its conflicting interests. Electronic media and internet law issues highlight the pervasive impact of new communication technologies on freedom of expression. This article identifies and examines various key legal issues, whether content or process related. While using an international and comparative law perspective, the entry notes American experience with freedom of expression as a possible point of reference for the world of the global twenty-first century. Keywords: censorship, defamation, first amendment, freedom of information, human rights, journalist's privilege, net neutrality, prior restraint
|
sdg16
|
Evidence from improvements and successes that have been achieved for Indigenous students clearly point to strategies that are deliberate in intent, open and flexible in approach, vigilant in monitoring progress, and sustained in effort over time. Building effective relationships relies on mutual trust and respect. Schools that have achieved sustained improvements for Indigenous students recognise the key role of Indigenous parents, leaders and other community members and have actively built relationships with these important people in their students’ lives.
|
sdg4
|
Recent years have witnessed changes in the discourses and practices of urban policing towards 'quality-of-life offences' and the presence of unwanted groups (beggars, drug-users) in city centres. The authors argue that the change towards a more 'law-and-order' style of law enforcement, often referred to as Zero Tolerance Policing, has to be examined not solely as a means of crime prevention but also in the context of interurban competition. Thus, it constitutes a moment of the urban political economy, often referred to as urban entrepreneurialism : especially for old industrial cities, safe and clean city centres are regarded as a necessary asset for competition and image promotion. These arguments are developed by discussion of two empirical studies: Glasgow, Scotland, and Essen, in the Ruhr region in Germany.
|
sdg16
|
In order to get anywhere near the ambitious GHG emission reduction targets, there needs to be a decoupling of economic growth and, in particular, energy consumption. There is intense political and policy debate surrounding the potential of the low carbon economy, with views ranging from those that argue that the competitiveness of major industries will be destroyed, to those that argue that the low carbon economy will be the next driver of economic prosperity for the national economy. Major drivers for change include globalisation, the growing complexity of global supply chains, growth and consolidation of finance and business services in central locations, de-industrialisation and restructuring of manufacturing, growth and decentralisation of retail and community services, massive growth in information and communications technologies and associated e-business. These forces, underpinned by policies such as trade liberalisation, resulted in major structural industry change.
|
sdg7
|
Often through word of mouth, farmers share farming practices, experiences with different inputs, preparation of different crops for consumption, and so on. Women especially rely on these fami liar channels, because their time and mobility constraints often limit their exposure to new information providers. The Women of Uganda Network relies on the strength of locally developed information channels to increase the audience for its services.
|
sdg5
|
Abstract In recent years, the reinforcement of security policies alongside the expansion of information systems for law enforcement and crime prevention entailed growing restrictions to personal data protection principles and procedural rights in the European Union. This paper seeks to elucidate this trend, while matching it with an EU institutional discourse based on balancing and proportionality. Indeed, EU institutions regularly present security measures and fundamental rights as somewhat symmetric values to be easily conciliated through balancing and proportionality. Considering the raising of the protection of personal data to the status of a fundamental right by the Charter of Fundamental Rights, its effect on a possible rebalancing of the values at stake is discussed. Yet, we conclude, for the time being, the potential for just and democratic solutions provided by the ideas of balancing and proportionality does not appear to be properly used.
|
sdg16
|
The Interpretation and Application of the European Convention of Human Rights: Legal and Practical Implications, offers an analysis of important legal issues pertaining not only to the ECHR itself but also to the effect that it has on and also receives from other areas of international law
|
sdg16
|
I briefly review the process of community organization, education, and advocacy activities that ended the harmful military practices in the island-municipality of Vieques, Puerto Rico, while drawing attention to the intersection of human rights and social justice in the context of local and global implications. The Viequense experience was one of building an organization based on people's experiences and strengths, educating people to increase individual and collective efficacy and power, and advocating for policy change with an assertive cohesive action. Public health practitioners must continue supporting community-led interventions in the restoration of the island's environment and other resources vital for people's health and well-being.
|
sdg16
|
Income taxes, on the other hand, usually do not affect social-security-contribution liabilities. In the results reported here, the redistributive effect of social security contributions is therefore assessed against before-tax incomes, while the redistribution achieved by income taxes is determined relative to before-tax incomes minus social contributions. Following the definitions spelled out in Box 1, “social contribution” include only that part that is formally paid by households while employer contributions and payroll taxes are not considered.
|
sdg10
|
Even though Figures 4.2 and 4.3 take a cross-sectional perspective and consider women of different ages only in a given year, the implication is that once women in Germany work part-time they do not resume full-time employment. Indeed, they appear to be stuck in a “part-time trap”. Inactivity is widespread, particularly among older women, suggesting that once they are out of employment it is difficult to return to work. Figure 4.3 shows a correspondingly wide gender gap in working hours across all ages in the overall working-age population (right-hand panel).
|
sdg5
|
The central co-ordination body is responsible for developing the strategy and the government-wide policies, for monitoring progress, promoting the benefits, and providing guidance and support to line ministries and agencies for policy implementation. Indeed, about 30% of countries responding to the OECD Survey on National Gender Institutions, Public Policies and Leadership identified lack of funding among the top barriers for advancing gender equality reforms. The OECD countries’ experience shows that mandates derived from constitutions or enshrined in law afford national mechanisms a greater sense of political legitimacy and stability, accompanied by a sufficient resource base, than mandates originating from a governmental decree. Having both the statutory authority to propose policy and the proximity to the executive or central administrative structures increases the influence of national gender institutions. Finland’s national gender institution is an instructive example.
|
sdg5
|
In summer, the trader collects about 2 tonnes of milk per day from households and 400-500 litres of milk per day from his own farm. He delivers the milk to the local processing plant every day, his contract with the plant is for milk delivery only. To store milk, he has two cooling tanks that hold 2 000 and 800 litres respectively. All equipment and vehicles were bought at his own expense because he does not want to rely on banks or government leasing programmes. The processing plant gives loans at a zero interest rate and offers cooling tanks for free, but the interviewee prefers to have his own cooling tanks.
|
sdg2
|
To the extent the gap is attributable to observable skills differences, closing it would require a holistic approach, including through policies to tackle gender gap in the education system and labour market. In addition, more general policy levers associated with social policy (i.e. parental leave) can have positive implications for female entrepreneurship. These can include gender bias on the investors’ side, unintended effects of policies but also personal traits and preferences that cannot be accounted for with available data.
|
sdg5
|
With its much higher albedo, the sea ice reflects the light and hence limits the warming effect. By forming a "protective" layer, it also limits heat exchanges between the atmosphere and ocean. When it melts, however, those exchanges increase and the surface albedo diminishes, resulting in a local temperature increase.
|
sdg13
|
So, what looked to be an overall improvement in the population’s economic well-being actually benefited a much smaller group than the broad figures seem to suggest. In the United States in 2010, the largest group, about 41%, was made up of executives in non-financial businesses, like Apple and Walmart. Around 18% were employees - and not necessarily executives - in banks and finance houses.
|
sdg10
|
The existence of a contractual element in the begining of the responsibility of the producer in the present century suggests a necessary reference to the contractual law of XIX C. Unlike the XVIII C. in which, is extremely difficult to reach a total knowledge of common law, due scarc number of judicial issues and the almost nonexistent importance of the judicial precedent, in XIX C. is atended to a deep change due to the economic expansion. This phenomenon determined a parallel increase of the judicial issues, great part of which had like foundation the bad quality of the sold product. This period, characterized by the movement in the economic operations that the industrial development, becomes the context ad hoc for the diffusion and the consolidation of the principle of privity of contract that in the systems of written right comes to correspond at the beginning of ‘relativity contractual’.
|
sdg16
|
Once this is done, an assessment tool should be identified (alternatively, an existing assessment tool like PISA or the national education tests issued for the first time in 2010 could be adapted or the education standards used for that purpose) to be administered as part of the Hauptschule school-leaving exam, and to those entering the transition system without a school-leaving certificate. Such firm evidence about basic skills gaps will help to identify the right support measures. The Lander should also design and implement a programme to train teachers in part-time VET schools to teach such programmes, and incorporate an adolescent literacy programme or module as a key component in the transition system. The final Chamber exam is the most important component, passing this exam allows the students to obtain their formal VET qualification.
|
sdg4
|
For the past three decades, Zimbabwe has instituted strategies which were meant to improve public service delivery in the country. The problem is that not much has been done to evaluate the performance of public institutions in implementation of the reforms. The study evaluates Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture (MESAC) in implementing Public Finance Management (PFM) reforms. The following four United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) principles of good governance are under the spotlight of this study, consensus orientation, efficiency and effectiveness, responsiveness, and accountability and transparency. The main instruments for data collection were semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. The study established that reform implementation in the Ministry is constrained by resource scarcity, brain drain and low motivation levels of employees. The study recommended, among other things equating private and public sector working conditions to attract and retain competent PFM reformers in the Ministry.
|
sdg16
|
For instance, with natural resources being transferred to the private sector and considered as commodities subject to profit maximization, policy options for governments to ensure universal and equitable access, or to restrict their unsustainable exploitation, marketization and consumption became more limited. The associated privatization of economic rents further came at the cost of regular revenue deriving from public assets (b). Consequently, governments increasingly rely on income-based public policies to fund their current and capital expenditures (f and g) through borrowing (c) or, as wealth taxes and environmental taxes are inexistent or insignificant in most countries, by levying taxes on private income and consumption (d).
|
sdg10
|
With its 6 000 inhabited islands, proximity to the very open economies of Singapore and Malaysia, and a corruption-prone customs service, smuggling has been an ever-present feature of Indonesian commercial life. While accurate estimates are by definition not available, a widely adopted rule of thumb in the business community is that tariffs in excess of 15-20% will attract illegal trade (Basri and Hill, 2008). The arrangement yielded substantial profits to the BPPC at the expense of users and farmers, as its government-sanctioned market power allowed it to maximise the spread between the purchase price to clove farmers and the selling price to consumers (WTO, 1998).
|
sdg2
|
Solidarity takes the form of taxes and social security contributions that fund progressive benefits and transfers (ECLAC, 2006 and 2007a, pp. Solidarity also has an intergenerational component (ECLAC, 2011). And the principle of co-responsibility calls fora new gender contract based on the understanding that a more equitable distribution of roles and resources between men and women (both within families and in society as a whole) is essential for achieving a fair solution for the region’s care needs (ECLAC, 2010b). Intergenerational solidarity in meeting care needs allows for mutually beneficial exchanges by making it possible to share rights, responsibilities and risks.
|
sdg5
|
Defense economics is now an established part of economics. This article reviews its achievements as represented by papers published in the research journal Defense and Peace Economics. The range of topics in the journal is reviewed, especially since 2000, and major gaps in coverage are identified. A changing research agenda reflects new developments such as terrorism and international peacekeeping. Gaps remain such as the need for good quality case studies of conflict (e.g., Iraq) and of major weapons projects (e.g., F-22 Raptor). Some challenges are outlined, namely, the choices resulting from the defense economics problem, the U.K.'s nuclear weapons policy, project case studies (e.g., Eurofighter Typhoon), military outsourcing, and data problems.
|
sdg16
|
The decision whether to include an institutional infrastructure should be clearly explained in the documentation. It includes measures related to "entry strategies” (such as assisting new farmers within the context of land reforms). Transfers provided directly to individual farmers within those programmes should be in PSE. It also includes measures related to "exit strategies” and diversification strategies outside agriculture used in some developed countries, such as certain programmes in the European Union.
|
sdg2
|
The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Very few countries have succeeded in reaching advanced-country status in the last 25 years.1 The inability of many developing countries to make the leap to advanced-country status is known as the “middle-income trap”.2 This is because the economic model that enables low per capita income countries to become richer no longer applies when they need to move to the high-income level (Kharas, 2010). On the one hand, most middle-income countries face growing competition from low-wage countries in respect of low-tech standardised products.
|
sdg4
|
This is a fundamental step to then move to more systematic public reporting and to appropriately link payment to outcomes, quality and high-value care. It can consist of various data sources such as mortality statistics, specific clinical registries (such as a cancer or diabetes registry), administrative databases, electronic health records (EHRs) and surveys conducted on specific patient groups or households. Depending on the quality and comprehensiveness of the data infrastructure, such data sources can serve as a tool not only to assess volumes of care and inputs within the health care sector, but also to monitor quality in the provision of care (OECD, 2013a).
|
sdg3
|
In United States Southwest, yields decrease by 30% for crops (maize, wheat and potatoes), 20% for cattle and dairy, 15% for vegetables and 10% for fruits for the year 2021. In Northeast China, drought simulations decrease average yields of field crop (maize, wheat, rice, potatoes, cotton) by 30% and vegetables by 15% in 2030. In Northwest India, a 30% crop yield (sugar cane, wheat, rice, potatoes) decrease, and a 10% subtropical fruit yield decrease are simulated in 2030 to reflect a drought. These figures are based on yield decreases observed in the IMPACT model simulations under various climate change assumptions (Ignaciuk and Mason-D'Croz, 2014).
|
sdg6
|
We can’t go on like this. The price we get for the fish doesn’t even cover our outlays.” But taxpayers in OECD countries also pay six billion dollars a year in financial transfers to the fishing industry, and worldwide the figure could be three times that. We say “could” because it’s hard to get precise figures on subsidies. Next, we’ll examine the economic and other impacts on the fishing industry, and the political difficulties in reforming them. But first, we’ll look at why subsidies attract so much attention.
|
sdg14
|
The budget for evaluation activities also increased and was secured by law. In real terms, INEP’s annual budget more than quadrupled in a decade - growing from USD 104 million in 2000 to USD 460 million in 2011. Further pursuing these reforms is essential to ensure that all students acquire basic skills and effectively move on to upper secondary education. The greatest challenge ahead is to improve teaching practices, which is also the most promising lever of student learning. Developing a common understanding of good teaching should be the first step to formulate an ambitious policy for their professionalisation, and address concerns over their poor preparation, recruitment and support.
|
sdg4
|
The decrease of run-off is predicted for two major rivers of eastern Georgia, the Iori/Gabirri and Ala-zani/Ganyh, with potential impact on irrigated agriculture and drinking water supply. Groundwater recharge is also influenced by reduced surface water flow. The influence of reduced run-off, as well as decreased quality of both surface water and groundwater in the Kura basin, is assessed as very negative. In the western part of the country, the impact of reduced groundwater recharge is predicted to be very negative.
|
sdg6
|
Information on student learning outcomes is collected from international surveys, national monitoring sample surveys (Peridodiek Peilings Onderzoek, PPON and Jaarlijks Peilingsonderzoek van het Onderwijsniveau, JPON), the longitudinal Cohort Survey School Careers (Cohort Onderzoek Onderwijsloopbanen, COOL), the standardised test results reported by schools (e.g. results from the LVS or the Cito school leavers test) and the results from the secondary school-leaving examinations. This student performance data is complemented by a wide range of demographic, administrative and contextual data collected by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture directly from schools. System evaluation also makes use of BRON register data, based on the unique student number.
|
sdg4
|
In contrast, between 2000 and 2004, foreign investments in developing countries stagnated and those in the OECD declined following the bursting of the dotcom bubble (Figure 1). Yet, between 2004 and 2006, FDI to developing economies rose faster than the total, following the introduction of legal changes allowing majority ownership by foreign investors, liberalization of profit remittances and gradual elimination of clauses on minimum domestic content, minimum export requirements, exclusion of strategic sectors and indigenization of management (UNCTAD, 2007, table 1.8). This leads to the conclusion that FDI reduces income inequality in Iow-wage, labour-abundant countries by accelerating capital accumulation, raising the demand for unskilled workers and offering higher wages than those prevailing in the informal or domestic formal sectors.
|
sdg10
|
This implied the formation of an identity/self-definition using the language of the Flemish standards. This demonstrates how the professional competences become effective agents shaping the programme's future. Importantly, the paper argues that the transformation of the list of competences and the accompanying processes of identity formation indicate that the competences actually start to function as standards.
|
sdg4
|
Groups branded as “terrorists” around the world use violence to express their deep resentment against perceived economic, political and cultural domination. Men who engage in violence against women communicate to women that they should keep in their place below men. Women who engage in child abuse communicate that they have power over children.
|
sdg5
|
This package, while covering a much smaller range of issues than the original Doha agenda, has given renewed impetus to negotiations on the remaining Doha issues, among them Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA), agriculture and services. In addition, Ministers have instructed the TVade Negotiations Committee “to prepare within the next 12 months, a clearly defined work programme on the remaining Doha Agenda issues.” Other decisions, notably on trade facilitation could impact significantly on trade in food and agricultural products. This decision, part of the original proposal put forward by the G33 group of countries, attracted wide support from developed and developing countries. Outcome of the Bali WTO ministerial (cont.) This issue proved to be one of the most intractable with countries across the full spectrum of development struggling to define modalities which would allow the policy space sought by some countries while ensuring that the pre-existing provisions of Annex 2 of the URAA would not be diluted in a way that would render them totally ineffective, or otherwise distort trade or impinge negatively on the food security of other countries.
|
sdg2
|
In 2020, Laos successfully contained the spread of COVID-19, with very few cases and no deaths The key elements of the COVID-19 response reflect not only public health advice but also the core values of the political culture promoted by the ruling Lao People's Revolutionary Party These include unity, solidarity, struggle, respect for science, guidance by a strong center, and the extension of the state into everyday life in the form of designated roles, committees, and organizations These significantly shaped the social fabric drawn on in the COVID-19 response This success, then, can be read as a reaping of some of the benefits of this political culture More ominously, the global pandemic exacerbated Lao PDR's public debt crisis Born of years of government backing of megaprojects such as hydropower, this debt is the dark harvest of the LPRP's reign
|
sdg16
|
Paper presented at the Conference on the Practice of Social Reporting for Business, ISEA, 19 January, Commonwealth Conference Centre, London. It pushes companies to assess their business conduct by using these three pillars to frame a number of factors that affect both shareholders and stakeholders in both the short and long-term. The ESG framework is particularly useful when companies aim to establish strong governance structure to monitor and evaluate their business conduct. Capitalism as if the World Matters.
|
sdg12
|
Therefore, the authors emphasise (p. 18) that “pollution control is one of the most basic ways of increasing water supply”. In contrast, they find that, at the time of their writing (1998), most international data sets “simply assumed that once water is withdrawn it is lost to further use”. This clearly leads to an understatement of water availability.
|
sdg6
|
These indicators include, for example, the ability to register people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses and a range of screenings (BMI, alcohol consumption, blood glucose) for patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses. There is also a QOF indicator for “The percentage of patients on the register who have a comprehensive care plan documented in the records agreed between individuals, their family and/or carers as appropriate” (BMA (2014). For a full list of QoF indicators 2013/14 see BMA, 2014).
|
sdg3
|
Improving child welfare is the top priority, and the calls to action provide a comprehensive roadmap that aims to eliminate the gaps in outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians. There is variation across provinces and territories but in Alberta for example, 9% of children are Indigenous, while 69% of children in care are Indigenous. Improving housing, closing gaps in education quality and increasing completion rates, as well as addressing health and social service provisions needs of indigenous people is essential to addressing some of the material deprivation issues of indigenous children and communities.
|
sdg1
|
At the moment, the damage it causes to the environment is not really reflected in the price paid for water. The government supports the use of charges levied on abstractors to address unsustainable abstraction,10 and the Agency is piloting reverse auctions as a mechanism to claw back abstraction rights. It is also removing real and perceived barriers to trading, and will identify catchments with potential for increased trading to test a reformed abstraction regime.
|
sdg6
|
Some LDCs have recognized their ccTLD as an essential resource and understand the important link between domain names and domestic web hosting. This needs to be appreciated by other LDCs. There are various resources for LDCs to master the skills for managing their ccTLD and free open source software is available for ccTLD operations.
|
sdg9
|
Each nation has distinctive R&D characteristics, which are a reflection of the heterogeneity of structures and the concentration of R&D by region, institution, sector and even project (UIS, 2010). The heterogeneity of the R&D landscape is reflected in the supporting institutional frameworks and directly influences the coastal and marine research landscape. They suggest that not only is R&D in many developing countries highly constrained by funding, but also, that resource allocation procedures are sensitive to personal or political affiliations or entitlements. This is often not balanced out by considerations of efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, utility, or excellence.
|
sdg14
|
In recent years, significant improvements in the assessment methodologies have been made in an effort mostly co-ordinated by the UNEP/ SETAC initiative (de Haes, 2002, UNEP, 2003, Jolliet et al., The EU Joint Research Centre has also made an important input in the determination of effective practice in impact assessment, which has resulted in the adoption of 14 default impact categories for the EU footprinting initiative (Product Environmental Footprint (PEF)/ Organisational Environmental Footprint (OEF), European Commission, 2013a, European Commission, 2013b).
|
sdg12
|
As a component of this work, the OECD, UNESCO and ISOC have partnered to study the relationship between the Internet, development and cultivation of local content. This report demonstrates the significant relationship between the social objective of fostering the development of local content on the one hand, and the quantity and quality of available Internet infrastructure in a country on the other hand. Furthermore, it shows how prices and capacity influence both access and use of the available contents, and how ICT availability and dissemination can increase accountability, participation, and harness development. The extension of Internet access and thus local content to all parts of the population requires mutually reinforcing policy areas, such as investment, technology, education, and competition to create enabling environments for key inter-related sectors.
|
sdg9
|
The adaptive cycle is nested in time and space. The adaptive cycle can contribute to the analysis and assessment of complex social ecological systems, innovation, adaptation, and transformation which is an on-going requirement of resilient systems (Gunderson and Holling 2002, Folke 2006}. The chapter may be structured using a classification of biogeographical regions and/or land uses.
|
sdg15
|
The victory by the Sri Lankan government over the LTTE in 2009 apparently ended over 25 years of civil war. However, the ramifications of the government's counter-insurgency go far beyond Sri Lanka's domestic politics. The military campaign against the LTTE poses a significant challenge to many of the liberal norms that inform contemporary models of international peace-building—the so-called ‘liberal peace’. This article suggests that Sri Lanka's attempts to justify a shift from peaceful conflict resolution to counter-insurgency relied on three main factors: the flawed nature of the peace process, which highlighted wider concerns about the mechanisms and principles of international peace processes, the increased influence of ‘Rising Powers’, particularly China, in global governance mechanisms, and their impact on international norms related to conflict management, and the use by the government of a discourse of counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency to limit international censure. The article concludes ...
|
sdg16
|
Beyond the QOF, the country' collects several patient experience measures with general practice. About 2.4 million patients registered with a GP practice are surveyed twice a year around access, making appointments, quality of care, satisfaction with opening hours and experience with out-of-hours National Health Service (NHS) services. England has other rich data sources on the quality of mental health care, prevention measures, or around the use of hospital care by GPs, all of which are published at the GP practice level (OECD, 2016a). Denmark and Israel also took steps to better measure quality and outcomes in primary care, although recent events in Denmark illustrate that unexpected obstacles can derail progress in this area (see Case Study 1).
|
sdg3
|
Shortages of skilled workers have been one of the drivers of rising unit labour costs in 2013 (Eesti Pank, 2014b). The number of vacant jobs for highly skilled workers and for skilled non-manual workers has risen well above pre-crisis levels whereas it has fallen for unskilled and manual jobs (Figure 2.1). The number of vacancies is relatively large in the ICT industry, a sector in which Estonia has developed a strong comparative advantage. Nonetheless, in international comparison, unskilled workers have relatively low unemployment rates (Table 2.2).
|
sdg4
|
In Poland, a number of government-funded programmes are focused on strengthening the capacity of business-support institutions to provide innovation and R&D-related services to SMEs. These partners focus on building links between R&D institutes, SMEs, and people who can be encouraged to start businesses to commercialise their knowledge, and systems that connect incubators, technology transfer offices, and technology parks. Further detail on specific programme measures is provided in Box 3.6 at the end of this chapter. Financial assistance is offered to cover the costs of consultancy services to develop a development strategy for the innovation centre, consultancy and promotion resulting from the centre’s strategy (e.g. databases, coaching, matching partners, estimating costs of the implementation of a given project for production by client entrepreneurs, the assessment of the market value of the R&D results), implementing expansion or modernisation of existing technical infrastructure, and promotional activities resulting from the centre’s strategy.
|
sdg8
|
Some Thoughts on Toilets, Transgenders, and the LGBT Community", Social Science Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. From State to Market: A Survey of Emperical Studies on Privatization, Journal of Economic Literature, 39(2), 321-389. Anthropogenic Emissions of Methane in the United States, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 11 (5), 20018-20022. Effect of Endocrine Disruptor Pesticides: A Review, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), 2265-2303.
|
sdg6
|
Two of the most remarkable human rights cases decided by the European Court of Justice (ECJ or Court) in the past year concern the right to collective action. Both Laval and Viking involved conflicts between trade union action, forming part of the right to freedom of association, a right protected in the Charter of Fundamental Rights, and the exercise of two of the fundamental freedoms set out in the EC Treaty, namely the right to provide services and the right to establishment. Although the Court adopted the same general reasoning in both cases in order to deal with the conflict at issue, each case had individual features worthy of note and will be presented separately (Sections 2 and 3). Section 4 provides reflections that are common to both decisions and their significance for the protection of fundamental rights in the European Union.
|
sdg16
|
About 75% of the population purchase supplementary insurance offered by the health funds, and about 40% hold policies offered by insurance companies (a sizeable minority hold both types of policy). In broad terms the system receives favourable reviews by experts. For instance, the OECD’s review of the quality of Israeli health care (OECD, 2012) praised several aspects of the system and a biennial survey (run by the Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute) reveals consistently high levels of satisfaction with health services, with only narrow gaps between members of each fund (Brammli-Greenburg et al., Indeed, the resources devoted to health care in Israel are now relatively low compared with most OECD countries.
|
sdg3
|
It is critical to reducing the national import bill and enhancing the international competitiveness of the economy’s export industries. This is probably a common problem shared by small developing countries that are dependent on imported petroleum. Indeed, it is arguable that even those that are endowed with petroleum would be wise to diversify their sources of energy, because their endowments of this non-renewable resource are limited and they have to share the responsibility of reducing the discharge of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Supplying organically grown food to the tourist industry will be yet another way of greening that industry.
|
sdg12
|
Regional and global programmes only attracted 1.5% of total trade-related OOF commitments in 2015. Other low income countries saw their support double to USD 2.0 billion. The share of commitments to the low income countries as a whole reached 35.8% of total aid-for-trade flows in 2015, compared to 28.9% in 2014.
|
sdg9
|
The integration of variable renewable energies requires new and appropriate regulatory and operational frameworks to properly move towards more efficient and reliable low-carbon electricity systems. While their name implies a focus on the long run availability of power generating capacity, their true role could be much larger. Capacity markets could actually play a key role in integrating different flexibility services - including short-term demand curtailment, storage, access to interconnections, and, of course, capacity itself - in a single framework, where decisions are made at the margin according to the variable costs of different options over different time frames.
|
sdg7
|
Country offices should prepare gender plans that identify gaps and needs in technical support, capacity-building, joint action and advocacy, and collective monitoring that facilitate stronger gender programming. This process should be supported, monitored and reported upon annually by the respective regional bureaux to the GSIC. However, to ensure more even attention to all countries and because country offices are expected to prepare gender plans, it is suggested that regional bureaux take specific measures to support the preparation of these multi-year, country-specific gender plans and monitor and report on their formulation and implementation to the GSIC. This process will provide an opportunity for offices to assess their needs and gaps at the country level and to articulate expectations for support from the regional service centres in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment.
|
sdg5
|
This article interrogates a number of assumptions underpinning the recent focus on employability and social mobility within legal education and the legal profession – in particular the capacity of legal work experience to support these policy objectives. It draws on research evidence to argue that a narrow focus upon the individual acquisition of skills and attributes fails to capture the fuller complexity of legal employability as a negotiated, situated process. It shows how the structuring properties of the field reduce the capacity of employability initiatives to disrupt the patterns of social and cultural reproduction that frame access to the legal profession. In this context, the potential of curriculum intervention to enhance employability is inhibited by the structural constraints upon the possible selves that law students are able to imagine. It suggests that students’ opportunities are not only shaped by their past, but are also constrained by their possible futures.
|
sdg16
|
The OECD work published in OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Korea - Raising Standards (2012b) recommended that policy makers seek out desirable models of what uniquely Korean approaches to primary health care services should look like and support them. This section builds on the broad approach outlined in the earlier report by providing some potential paths to scale up primary care in Korea. Given Korean interest in the US health system, it is surprising that there has been limited interest in moving towards a model of integrated care, where an organisation receives a capitated payment from the National Health Insurance to manage all of the care of the patients. This type of reform provides incentives for big hospitals to restructure their service delivery model to include stronger primary care. This would require comparatively simple changes to payment methods, or at least experimentation to allow some big hospitals to receive a capitated payment.
|
sdg3
|
Good work is recognized by co-workers, peers and others and provides a sense of accomplishment, self-respect and social identity. People have historically defined and named themselves by their occupation: Miller in English or Hurudza (master farmer) in Shona. Healthier workers have longer and more productive working lives and can explore more options at home and abroad. Better educated and trained workers can do more diverse work —and to a higher standard—and be more creative and innovative. Workers who can participate more fully in their communities will be able to negotiate at work for better conditions and higher labour standards, which in turn will make industries more efficient and competitive. Volunteers benefit from their work, either because they value altruism or through the personal enrichment they gain from community involvement.
|
sdg8
|
On average, 37 percent of the food produced by participating farmers was purchased by the programme. In some countries, the tendency has been to avoid targeting the same households with social protection and agricultural input subsidy programmes on the grounds of equity, in others, the focus has been on potential synergies among the different programmes. Whether or not the objective is to allow programme overlap, an important challenge in implementing multiple programmes is the identification of target households (see also Box 23). It is targeted at populations living in extreme poverty and implemented by means of the construction of cisterns, collective water supply systems and small dams.
|
sdg2
|
Indeed, Tunisia’s employers have frequently complained about their very limited capacity to help shaping the content programmes (Chelbi and Ficatier, 2010). While sporadically employers work with the ministries in charge of VET, there are no systematic consultation mechanisms. For example, some sectoral branches are quite active in the skills system (electricity and electronics, tourism, construction, agriculture and fishery) but elsew'here engagement is w'eak (UTICA, 2012).
|
sdg4
|
Many of them pursue innovative approaches, thus driving technological progress. The forthcoming Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport (BER) will be a core infrastructural element, highly relevant far beyond the capital region. Innovative design means BER meets Brandenburg’s Energy Strategy aiming at a climate-friendly, economically advantageous, reliable and socially acceptable energy supply.
|
sdg9
|
There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue". The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Evidence shows a positive relationship between being out of the labour force and having back problems (Odds Ratio (OR): 3.59 with 95% confidence interval [2.98-4.33]) and arthritis (OR: 3.06 [2.98-4.33]) in Australia (Schofield et al.,
|
sdg3
|
Differing from other attempts to assess vulnerability to climate change, our assessment only considers the expected impact of climate change on physical variables.2 These variables are of course likely to have socio-economic consequences, but they are not socio-economic variables. The rationale behind such an index is two-fold. Second, this physical index does not involve an assessment of the expected impact of climate change on variables such as health and agriculture, which unavoidably is highly uncertain and debatable. The physical index can simply be seen as an intermediary step to assess the link between climate change and these economic variables.
|
sdg13
|
The level of delivery risk mitigation offered by replacement ratios is contingent upon the correlation between the biodiversity outcomes at offset sites. In reality, biodiversity outcomes are often closely correlated, so it is difficult to eliminate delivery risk using replacement ratios. Creating offsets using different ecological restoration techniques or dispersing offset sites across space may contribute relatively more to delivery risk mitigation (Moilanen et al., The party liable for the delivery risk purchases insurance, or a similar product, against the possibility that the offset site fails to deliver the required biodiversity outcomes.
|
sdg15
|
Nonetheless, export data by commodity and partner country yield some notable findings. As can be gleaned from Figure 1.12, exports of certain goods to China from Thailand and Viet Nam exhibit somewhat comparable trends over the year through April-May 2019. Commodity nomenclatures are not necessarily the same across countries.
|
sdg11
|
Increasing the benefits of voluntary schemes would be an incentive for informal workers to participate in social insurance schemes. The middle class in Viet Nam is a heterogeneous group characterised by significant variation in income and instability. Income mobility within the middle class is high with both winners and losers.
|
sdg10
|
While there may not necessarily be a right or wrong way to allocate these various responsibilities, effectively mainstreaming biodiversity across different policies and programmes requires strong collaboration across these. An exercise undertaken by India illustrates the number of different ministries that are, to some degree, involved in the implementation of the NBAP across each of the National Biodiversity Targets (NBTs) (Table 2.2) (MoEFCC, 2014a). Additionally, India’s Addendum to the NBAP (2014) specifies indicators for the 12 NBTs and delineates the government agency responsible for monitoring each indicator. The agencies were identified on the basis of their mandate, expertise and geographical coverage and include national-, state- and local-level bodies.
|
sdg15
|
Org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheecs/20l6/08/01/l6/l 1/Debt-Relief-Under-the-Heavily-Indebted-Poor-Countries-Initiative. Over the past two decades, the growth of world gross product (WGP) on the basis of the exchange-rate-based approach has been below that based on PPP weights. This is because developing countries, in the aggregate, have seen significantly higher economic growth than the rest of the world in the 1990s and 2000s and the share in WGP of these countries is larger under PPP measurements than under market exchange rates.
|
sdg9
|
This paper examines how local action to reduce poverty and broader transformational change in the mountainous regions of Nepal has been informed by children's perspectives. In 2000, research was carried out with children to evaluate a local organisation's community development programme. The author revisited researchers, managers and former child club members in 2008 in order to explore how children's participation in rights-based evaluation had translated into outcomes. With conflict and a changing understanding of rights within Nepal forming the backdrop, political and structural dimensions had to be considered to understand the changing lives of boys and girls. Children's perspectives in turn need to inform rights‐based policies and programmes to improve wellbeing and address social injustice. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
sdg16
|
The Pole Metropolitain Nantes Saint-Nazaire also has its own budget which consists of contributions from intercommunalites which is calculated by taking into account the weight of population in the cluster and its tax wealth. However, its situation is not due to exceptional circumstances. What separates the metropole from similar areas is its level of development, and not the particular character of the local mi leu.
|
sdg11
|
Existing evidence shows that female students are less likely than males to study disciplines with higher labour market returns (e.g. STEM subjects), as discussed above (OECD, 2014b, 2015a). Special efforts should be made to get girls more interested in mathematics and science and boys more interested in reading. Gender bias in curricula should be removed (e.g. by phasing out gender stereotypes from textbooks, promoting female role models, and using learning materials that appeal to girls). Awareness should be raised on the likely consequences of choosing different fields of study for careers and earnings (OECD, 2012).
|
sdg5
|
In 2011, it remained above the OECD average for 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or tertiary education, but below the OECD average for those without upper secondary education. The share of 15-29 year-olds without upper secondary education and neither employed nor in education or training (36.5%) is more than double the OECD average (15.8%). Improving youth outcomes requires policies to address skills needs and support transitions into the labour market, such as creating stronger links to the labour market for youth.
|
sdg4
|
The government’s investment in the system is considerable, in terms of both infrastructure development and various types of subsidies to promote the purchase of electric vehicles and renewable electricity generation. The challenge is to further mobilise the private sector, electric utilities and R&D institutions. The Electric Mobility Plan and C02-based vehicle taxes, while commendable, are examples of this underlying thinking.
|
sdg7
|
In other contexts, school principals carry responsibility for appraising their deputy school leaders (e.g. various states and territories in Australia, including Victoria, various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile [Performance Appraisal], and Israel [ISCED level 1 and partially ISCED level 2]). On the one hand, evaluators from local education authorities often bring in-depth knowledge of the particular circumstances of a certain school and a school leader’s work, something particularly important considering the role of context for successful school leadership. Thanks to evaluators’ insights into local contexts, scope for the local implementation of appraisal also constitutes an opportunity to create trust, commitment and ownership. As the professional organisation for school principals in New Zealand pointed out the quality of school leader appraisal in New Zealand differs greatly depending on the capacity of the responsible school board of trustees.
|
sdg4
|
It is highly unlikely that SDG target 9.c will be achieved within the bmeframe of 2020. In pracbce, it is virtually impossible to experience the Internet effecbvely via a 2G connecbon. Only 76% of the world's populabon lives within access of a 3G signal, and only 43% of people have access to a 4G connecbon. Thus, the majority of the connected world remains under-connected, most of them in developing countries.
|
sdg9
|
The purpose of this project is to establish a closer cooperation between different Governmental agencies in the work against illegal, unregistered and unreported fishing. These ministries, in addition to the Higher Prosecuting Authority, are represented in the projects steering committee. The project is a network of professional analysts from the Directorate of Fisheries, Norwegian Coast Guard, Police, the Taxation Department, the Custom department and the Norwegian Coastal Administration.
|
sdg14
|
The Czech Republic cancelled plans to temporarily increase duration and replacement rates for some unemployed because of pressure on public finances. Poland continued with a reform to improve the effectiveness of activation by increasing benefit levels in the first three months of receipt (a change in early 2009 reduced duration from 18 to 12 months). Since mid-2009, income support specifically targeted at workers receiving training was introduced or extended in several countries (Australia, Japan, Turkey and the United States).
|
sdg8
|
The incidence of NSW is 40% among younger workers (versus 30% for prime-age), and it is over 50% in Australia, the Netherlands, southern Europe and Poland. This mostly involves younger workers on temporary contracts. On average in the OECD, 43% of temporary workers are aged 15 to 29, and this share is over 60% in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, suggesting that these jobs are often entry ports for young workers (figures not shown). The incidence of non-standard employment is highest among workers with a lower level of education (around 44%) and lowest among the higher educated (Figure 4.4).
|
sdg1
|
Only a few studies have estimated the overall benefits from WSS investments at the level of a given country on the economy as a whole (using economic indicators such as percentage of GDP). Taking a comprehensive view of benefits is important as certain economic sectors can benefit from combined actions at different steps of the WSS value chain. For example, the agricultural or the tourism sectors can benefit from investment in both up-stream and down-stream activities of the value chain. In a first phase, the ESI carried out comprehensive assessment of the impact of poor sanitation on the economies of five South East Asian countries (see Box 5.1).
|
sdg6
|
Cities have started to work towards adopting appropriate regulatory frameworks to accompany the development of these services. The aim is to allow these services to deliver efficiency gains along with consumer and other benefits while mitigating their potential negative impact (Deighton-Smith, 2018). Considering such options can serve an accessibility agenda.
|
sdg11
|
This is not the case for Rwanda and Zambia. While Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Nepal and Tanzania do not set nationality requirements for employees, in Madagascar, Mali, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda and Zambia, these types of requirements are in place. Similarly, since the adoption of 2010 legislation regulating telecommunications in Guinea Bissau, there are no restrictions on market access or national treatment for foreign suppliers (WTO, 2012).
|
sdg9
|
The rapid recovery of world prices compared to other linking variables exacerbates the fall in factor prices and revenues and delays economic recovery in economies presenting high external trade deficit. In contrast, economies that have recorded a trade surplus in recent years benefit from the increasing world prices through faster recovery. The magnitude of the fall in real production prices depends not only on the fall in export prices, but also on initial export intensities. Ghana experiences the largest decline in producer prices because of these reasons.
|
sdg1
|
During the crisis of 2009, the region's countries built up experience with labour-market policy instruments that limit the impact of labour demand on employment. As stated previously, promoting the labour-market integration of young people is a key challenge. Productive development policies would boost productive job creation, especially through the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, and would help reduce the wide productivity gaps that prevail in the region. To achieve this, governments would have to promote the development of innovation processes and the take-up of new technologies, especially in relation to information and communication technologies (ICTs).
|
sdg8
|
Likewise, insurance companies’ direct allocations to infrastructure projects remain in the billions of dollars, compared with total industry assets of around USD 19.3 trillion. That said, institutional investor interest in the clean energy sector is starting to develop, and they are slowly starting to be attracted to climate change and resource efficiency-related financial products, which can help finance projects with a positive environmental impact while remaining appealing from a financial return perspective. Some of the world’s leading pension funds and insurance companies have already made significant investments and future commitments to clean energy projects. There are multiple barriers to infrastructure investing.
|
sdg7
|
Many health care systems share the Swedish goal of empowering patients to exercise informed choice, and there is evidence that geographical monopolies can stifle innovation and that competition in primary care drives quality. An empirical analysis of the relationship between the quality of GP practices in England and the degree of competition they face shows that practices located close to other practices provide a higher quality of care than practices that lack competitors (Pike, 2010). Moreover, recent research shows that patients are more likely to choose practices which earned more quality points under the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) pay-for-performance scheme, a necessary condition for greater competition to improve quality is that patients’ choice of practice is influenced by practice quality (Santos et al., The competition and privatisation reforms can be designed to promote care continuity and co-ordination, including through appropriate payment mechanisms, and these principles should be embedded in the regulation of how these policies are implemented in practice. Strategies for progress towards these goals are discussed below.
|
sdg3
|
Government spending on health care and utilisation rates are very low. Because of the low coverage of public health care programmes, health care expenditure is mostly privately financed, with out-of-pocket payments accounting for the bulk of it. In 2009, the government introduced the requirement to spend 5 and 10% of central and local government budgets, respectively, on health care (excluding wages and salaries).
|
sdg3
|
The SDGs not only include a greater number of development goals than the MDGs, but are also global in focus, including advanced economies for the first time. This paper draws attention to the main challenges the 2030 Agenda presents for rich countries, by highlighting a set of critical child specific indicators, evaluating countries' progress towards meeting the Goals, and highlighting gaps in existing data. The paper will inform UNICEFs Report Card 14, Building the Future: Children and the Sustainable Development Goals in Rich Countries. Zlata Bruckauf and Emilia Toczydlowska are consultants in Social and Economic Policy at the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. Yekaterina Chzhen is a Social and Economic Policy Specialist at the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti.
|
sdg4
|
The first-digit categories identify the purpose of health care, or the various potential needs of a consumer of health care. The list reflects the aggregates used by most countries to develop a comparative spending profile. Memorandum items are included, to be measured when relevant at national level, such as where countries have an interest in tracking continued prevention and public health categories according to SHA 1.0.
|
sdg3
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.