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For example, one-off cash payments and baby grants may affect the timing of couples w'ho plan to children, but do not necessarily affect the overall number of children in families (OECD, 2011, Thevenon and Gauthier, 2011). The finding is consistent with evaluations of the 2007 parental leave reform w'hich indicate that the fertility of German women in their mid-30s who have high levels of educational attainment has increased since the reform (Bujard and Passet, 2013, Stichnoth, 2014). In that regard, Hank and Kreyenfeld (2002) show' that the low fertility rates in Germany can be explained by the limited availability of child care in Germany - a factor in the mutually exclusive choice of working full-time or having children (and working part-time).
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Moreover, they find that people with more than one type of poverty have socio-economic features that are distinct from people who are not poor, or are poor in only one measure. They conclude that using a combination of poverty measures is more secure, in terms of finding the "real poor", than the use of single measures. Nolan and Whelan (2011), when analysing the European Union's poverty reduction measure (The EU 2020 Poverty Target) suggest that combining relative income poverty and material deprivation and focusing on the group where they overlap is worth consideration because such a measure can serve as a way of distinguishing a sub-set of the population deserving priority in framing antipoverty policy. Also Roche's study on multidimensional child poverty in Bangladesh shows that results based on wealth measures are considerably different to those obtained with multidimensional poverty measures.
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For example, in the Mediterranean, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) is promoting the concept of allocated zones for aquaculture (AZAs) (Sanchez-Jerez et al., Some initiatives in wider marine spatial planning processes integrate the spatial concerns of fisheries and aquaculture with those of other users of the marine space (Meaden et al., In addition, a sound legal and regulatory planning and development framework should be in place.
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The main difficulty with this criticism lies in how to operationalize the multidimensional notion of poverty. Responding to this issue, some offer to reduce multidimensionality to a few "basic" dimensions. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) human poverty index is an attempt to go beyond income in constructing a composite poverty index. The Millennium Development Goals also recognize the multidimensional nature of human well-being through the deployment of a broad range of objectives and targets. The contention here is that the nature of poverty is country-specific. Along these lines, it has been argued that by using a common international poverty threshold that would be applicable to the poorest countries, one would necessarily underestimate global poverty.
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While high-income countries spent 2.4% of GDP on R&D, low-income and lower middle-income countries only spent 0.4% of their GDP on research. Transforming these percentages into monetary terms reveal even greater discrepancies. In 2015, high-income countries spent approximately 615 times more on R&D than low-income countries.
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These movements posed important questions about how' the education system defined the opportunities available to Chileans throughout their lives, and questioned unequal access to education in Chile. Activists called into question the structural constraints imposed by the market-oriented model, which was left unchallenged after the country’s return to democracy. The student movement demanded that the pow'er of education be returned to the state, that the voucher system be eliminated and that profit-making activities be banned at schools receiving state funds.
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It is possible that many students moved to the new CTeSP courses at this point, although this is not clear from the available data. The CET were described as playing a predominant role in helping companies hire qualified and specialised staff, and have been shown to have employability rates above 90%. These courses were seen as valuable for rapid entry into the labour market and meeting the needs of firms for technical skills.
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Mental health strategies in OECD countries have ranged from a broad-brush establishment of key principles for the mental health system -for example, a need to move towards “deinstitutionalisation” - to strategies that articulate future steps for the mental health system in much greater detail, broadly in line with the outlines set by the WHO. As in many countries, mild-to-moderate mental health problems are too often excluded from mental health care in Norway. Across OECD countries concerted efforts to improve mental health care have been focused predominantly on severe mental illnesses, and have been seen as outside of the remit of specialist services.
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Results for countries using national panels added additional controls - industry, firm size and job tenure (for Australia, Germany and the United Kingdom). The wage differentials between other age/skill/contract groups can be obtained in a similar way. Table 4.4 provides information on annual changes of contract and the unadjusted rates of moving up/down or staying in the same earnings quintiles over any two consecutive years.
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The fourth approach added to training sessions and follow-up mechanisms the shaping of a professional learning community: school meetings, school visits and digital platforms allowing teachers to share lesson plans and exchange on their practice. The only approach that was arguably not very effective was the first one: limiting professional development to induction training. While this could work with expert teachers who are very motivated and already master most of the teaching repertoire that fostering creativity and critical thinking calls for, this approach proved less effective in sustaining teachers' engagement with the project ideas and materials over time. Across teams, more than 400 primary and secondary level teachers were involved in intervention classes, thereby gaining access to new materials and training opportunities.
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Tol and Fankhauser (1998) reviewed the modelling of impacts in 18 IAMs that participated in the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum 14, discussing the level of spatial detail, the damage categories considered, the impact metrics, the climatic and non-climatic drivers of impacts, the functional specification and benchmarks of monetized damage functions, the feedback of impacts on other model variables and the representation of adaptation. Yohe (1999) briefly reviewed the representation of impacts in 20 IAMs, including most of the models considered by Tol and Fankhauser (1998). Stanton, Ackerman and Kartha (2009) review 30 climate-economy models, focusing on the treatment of four critical issues.
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Further access to information needs to be complemented with support to parents on how to interpret the information and how to select the most appropriate school for their children. Information could be made available in selected foreign languages and be accessible to parents with limited literacy (OECD, 2010(ii4]). This involves the ability to make an informed choice about what an individual does not want as well as about what one likes and needs. The value of choice is highly connected with certain groups in society, such as middle-class parents (Allen, 2007(32], Reay and Allen, 1997(33]). There is a need to manage student intake according to socio-economic status and nonselective intake criteria (OECD, 2015(22]). This requires ensuring that equity criteria are adopted for schools to prioritise disadvantaged students or that funding arrangements make disadvantaged students more attractive to high-performing schools (OECD, 2015(22]).
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For all exports destined to China, these costs are estimated to be USD 30.4 per tonne, or triple those for other destinations as China applies phytosanitary barriers on Kazakh grain transported through its territory and which affects the competitiveness of Kazakh exports on Asian markets, such as Japan and Korea, as well as China itself. In addition to official costs, exporters also incur informal charges, for example, to receive railway cars. See Table 3.4 for details.
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The official name of the programme (as introduced by the Decree) is the Programme de Recherche Active d’Emploi. According to Angel-Urdinola and Leon-Solano (2011), many youth quit the SIVP programme in order to benefit from Amal, which offered a more generous stipend. These are reduced to TND 150 and TND 100, respectively, for individuals who have previously benefited from the SIVP. Individuals wishing to set up their own business receive help with the identification and development of tire project. In addition, and conditional on obtaining a financing agreement, they can receive a sum of up to 10% of the cost of the project (and not exceeding TND 5 000) as start-up finance.
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Italy's National Observatory on Good Practices for Patient Safety promotes sharing and learning from adverse events (cont.) Learning from these workshops is consolidated, and emerges as national recommendations applicable across the country, made publicly available on the Observatory's portal. The next step, regional implementation of these recommendations, is supported by AGENAS, the national authority tasked with supporting R&AP to improve health care quality.
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We believe a harm reduction framework offers guidance for managing the student-teacher relationship in pandemic situations This commentary defines the six principles of harm reduction (humanism, pragmatism, individualism, autonomy, incrementalism, and accountability without termination) and describes how these principles can be applied within the public health higher educational system in the COVID-19 era The key points are intended to stimulate thought and discussion about how to balance general uncertainty, concerns about what is best for population and personal health, the tensions between collectivism and individualism, and our commitment to training and protecting the health of the next generation of public health professionals We recommend that educators, in public health and other higher education settings, use the harm reduction principles to guide their interactions with students and to build more compassionate and collectivist communities that allow people to learn and thrive
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But the story is not fully written. But to the extent that decentralization has not been fully realized in practice, many discrepancies and inadequacies have been attributed to questions of finance. Chapter 8 notes that city financing particularly in rapidly urbanizing developing countries is not keeping pace with the demand for infrastructure and services.
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A few are a targeting a larger mass market. Liquid Telecom, who purchased the assets of the defunct incumbent Rwanda Telecom, is spending US$35 million to deploy a fiber optic network in the capital that will pass more than 15,000 homes and provide speeds up to 100 Mbps.25 Bangladesh Telecommunication Company Limited (BTCL), the state-owned incumbent, has been upgrading its copper network to fiber optic through the Telecommunication Network Development Project which began in 2009. Rwanda: Liquid Telecom Launches Very Fast Internet in Kigali," October 27.
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Local mental health services provide varying levels of intervention and support within a community setting, aiming to avoid residential care up until the point at which it is considered to be absolutely necessary and appropriate. Mental health treatment was shaped significantly by the birth of the NHS in 1948, which became the main health care provider in England. The slow shift from the detention of those with mental disorders to prevention and treatment (which began in the 1920s) continued under the newly formed NHS, as a further shift from institutionalisation to community-based care began.
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This policy target might face resistance from local power generators and utilities, claiming system capacity will remain the same while the demand will fluctuate during day and night. Although this policy might reduce revenues for utilities, the long-term benefits are paramount and such commercial concerns should not hinder the further expansion and integration of the electricity grid and trade. Infrastructure: including natural resources, country overall infrastructure, grid capacity, market infrastructure, electricity access rate and projected demand. Institutions: public and private institutions related on renewable energy, key policies, access to renewable energy finance, macroeconomic environment.
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Moreover, access to water is often intermittent and vulnerable to interruptions caused by droughts or other factors. State of) (2015) Venezuela (Bol. This hinders online access to health, education and government services, and impairs e-commerce among Latin American countries, which could become a tool for regional integration, particularly in the area of digital goods and services.
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Romania is working on the adoption of the EU Timber Regulations, and the plan is to create more stringent penalties and sanctions than those of the FLEGT Regulations. The WWF-Danube Carpathian Programme aims to increase the number of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified companies so that 2.6 million ha of forests are FSC certified. The forest authorities work together with the local communities using specific procedures for action in the event of illegal activities in forests (table 9.2), and these procedures w'ork quickly.
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Among the criticised elements of the law are a partial amnesty granted on illegal deforestation that occurred before 2008, the broadening of possibilities for offsite compensation of damage to ecosystems and the transfer of legislative autonomy to the state level (Leitao, 2014). The changes in the definition of hilltop preservation areas (part of APPs), for example, reduced their total area by 87%. About 90% of rural properties (covering less than 30% of rural areas) qualify as “small” properties according to the new law,* and benefit from the amnesty on illegal deforestation in RL and APP areas before 2008. Under the previous Forest Code, landowners would have been required to restore the illegally deforested areas at their own expense.
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Instead it aims to capture the different types of reforms as well as identify some common approaches that have been implemented in many countries. Cutting the prices paid for publicly financed health care (e.g. cuts to the price of medical goods and salaries). Nevertheless, a number of countries have introduced new financing arrangements to broaden revenue bases, create greater flexibility and equity in financing health care.
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Kuwait slowly ramped up its desalination capacity from 1950 to 1970 (see figure 9). The introduction of MSF desalination in the early 1970s increased Kuwait’s uptake of desalination, reaching some 2.4 million m3/day in 2008. In the 1970s, the Government of Saudi Arabia established the Saline Water Conversion Corporation, which represents the largest desalination enterprise in the world, aimed at managing two desalination plants on opposite coasts at the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf.
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Stated otherwise, are the potential net losses of TSh 273 billion colossal enough to spur the private and public sector into action to protect forests in the United Republic of Tanzania? Another way to ask this question would be: suppose the United Republic of Tanzania had TSh 273 billion (US$ 171 million) today for investment. What would be the economic impact of this investment for the next 20 years?
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The OECD would like to thank the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces and especially Kristin Valasek for her commitment to supporting the development and finalisation of this chapter. It gratefully builds on DCAF's Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit ("Security Sector Reform and Gender", eds. Megan Bastick and Kristin Valasek, Geneva: DCAF, UN-INSTRAW, OSCE/ODIHR, 2008). The OECD would also like to express its particular appreciation to the experts who provided substantive input throughout the drafting process.
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Traditional policies, such as taxation, social protection and minimum wages affect mostly the formal sector. As Viet Nam advances economically, informality may start to decline, but during the interim period more inclusive policies are needed to protect workers in self-employment or informal jobs, as well as ways to increase revenues. Labour inspection capacities should be strengthened and should include a monitoring system with enforceable penalties in the event of non-compliance. The Northern Mountainous regions have the largest population in the bottom national income quintile (44%), while the Southeast region has the largest share of the population in the top national income quintile (32%).
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The relative cost impact to CSP is similar to that of fossil fuel power plants (USDOE, 2009). In a Rankine steam cycle, the heat input is at a high temperature and rejected at a low temperature, these are called the source and sink temperatures, respectively. The efficiency of the cycle, defined as the ratio of the turbine work output to the heat input, is a function of the difference between the source and sink temperatures.
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Asymmetries of revenue and funding are also likely to undermine the co-ordination of water policies across ministries and public agencies. As water is a regional issue in Belgium, Flanders and Wallonia replied separately. Often, ministries of finance and economy are not directly involved in making decisions during water policy reforms, which can raise implementation challenges at a later stage.
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Numerous grant schemes have been directed to basic research and commercialisation of R&D but in a relatively piecemeal way. Competition between the 13 Malaysian states to attract research institutions and higher education campuses is intense. The scarcity of land in Penang and the high cost of it act as a barrier to investment. According to the NCER 2007 Blueprint a number of industrial estates and technology parks remain underutilised or unutilised. Overreliance on the techpush model is making knowledge transfer more difficult. A Penang Science Council, driven by industry, has been created to ensure that Penang can implement its strategy.
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In the peer mentoring arrangement, a university- or tertiary-level student goes to the school to counsel young people regarding their studies. Longer days mean that students work more in school and spend less time on homework, this helps narrow household education climate and infrastructure gaps that affect learning. In addition, extending the school day can facilitate coordination between principals and teachers, and it can be used to attract a greater concentration of teacher hours in a single establishment (ECLAC, 2011b). A full school day has positive effects on the organization of family time and out-of-school care, too, as well as the incorporation of women into the labour market and the amount of time that children and young people are exposed to external risks (ECLAC, 2011b).
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On the other hand, the bottom-up approach advocated by proponents of delegated water management can potentially both be complementary and also conflict with the drive for metropolitan co-ordination inherent in governance reform. This raises two issues for urban water governance: i) re-scaling metropolitan governance may (positively or negatively) affect water governance frameworks, and ii) strategies for metropolitan governance reform may offer interesting models for application in the urban water sector. Evidence from selected OECD metropolitan areas is provided in Table 3.4. The largest functional area, often referred to as the Southeast Region, extends to the Gyeongnam province and Ulsan Metropolitan City. The restricted definition of the functional labour market roughly corresponds with the province of Milan, which includes 189 municipalities induding the city of Milan. The extended definition of the functional area includes the province of Milan and seven other provinces.
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Most efforts should go to addressing data gaps in primary care, for example data collection on variation in chronic diseases in general practice should be strengthened. Diseases that are contributing most to Danish inequality in burden of disease, such as diabetes and depression, are increasingly being treated in primary care settings (see Chapter 2 and Table 4.2). Given this, data collection in primary care is an appropriate way to monitor equitable health outcomes, and inform initiatives to address existing inequities. Excellent care for the elderly is a priority in Denmark, and data monitoring of health outcomes and health care provision for population groups by age would contribute to securing this priority.
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It is set in the context of the OECD's wider work on skills and job quality. The perspectives of national tourism, employment and labour administrations, the tourism industry and other relevant experts including specialised labour market, skills and human resources agencies and academics are captured. Short case studies from Australia, Canada and Denmark are also presented, which may serve as learning models.
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Retrieved from: http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/ wp-content/uploads/2015/05/150512 Auctions FINAL.pdf. Retrieved from: https://www.dlapiper.eom/~/media/Files/Insights/Publications/2015/04/Renewable energy in the Asia Pac.pdf. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, Jakarta. Retrieved from: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/politics-and-nation/indias-renewable-energy-targets-catch-the-attention-of-global-investors-still-need-ground-work/articleshow/53015707.cms. Climate Change Impacts - Southeast Asia, International Fund for Agricultural Development, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-4aed-8b22-e714bcecd58e. Retrieved from: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/ fV12osti/52983.pdf.
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In State v. Holle, the Supreme Court of Arizona held that the legislature may redefine the crime of child molestation to include the intentional touching of any part of the genitals, anus or female breast of a minor, and it may place the burden to prove that such touching was not the result of a sexual motivation on the defendant. In this brief, law professors explain why this burden shifting raises serious constitutional questions and thus why the Supreme Court should reconsider its previous ruling and construe the statute so that sexual motivation is an element of the crime rather than an affirmative defense.
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While some will blame excessive deregulation of the financial sector, lack of diligence by the financial regulators or sheer greed, this crisis cannot be explained away so superficially. It represents, instead, the final failure of the economic paradigm that has dominated the world for over two decades. Since it was introduced by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, the Washington Consensus gained near-religious status among its supporters. It was the economic policy for “The End of History”, the policy which, when adopted by all countries, would allow the world to emerge onto a sunny plateau of peace, prosperity and opportunity. And yet, in many ways, the economic paradigm failed because it ignored realities that could be shoved aside momentarily, blocked out knowingly, but that nevertheless stubbornly refused to go away.
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The preamble admits the existence of prior art, on which the actual invention in the claims body is based in the form of an improvement of the prior art. For patent examiners this represents an easy way of identifying those elements of the claim that are new and inventive. Box 1, and case T128/82, OJ EPO 1984, p. 164, as cited by South Centre Guide, p. 140, see also R. J. Young, “The construction of product-by-process claims”, in The construction of product-by-process claims, 11th European Patent Judges’ Symposium, Copenhagen, Official Journal of the EPO 2003, Special Edition, No.
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Our analysis shows that the structure and the average level of electricity prices is identical in the scenario without renewables and in the two scenarios at 10% penetration level. On the contrary, at 30% penetration level there are limited periods in which renewables can meet all of demand and thus become the marginal generating technology, which in a competitive market means zero prices. The price duration curve in the renewable scenario is thus strictly the same as in the reference case, with the exception of those periods in which renewables become the marginal technology.
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In the spirit of William G Demas, addressing this innovation deficit and developing the requisite transformability will be crucial for the future of the Caribbean. In challenging the status quo and developing the requisite transformability and flexibility to adapt and innovate, this chapter concludes by outlining innovation pathways for systemic transformation and building the resilience of small states, in which private sector leadership is essential in developing institutional innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Emphasising the need to innovate systemically across the private and public sectors, in addition to elevating and engaging (regional) innovation across small states, the innovation pathways underline the importance of strengthening institutional trust and thrusts, and deepening emerging business ecosystems. Facilitating capital, connectivity and capacity - financial, social, digital, human and creative - is thus pivotal in the pathways for innovation.
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Teachers create greater connections to the broader community and to elders, and make explicit how what is being leamt influences the self, the family, the community and the land. Teachers are activators, while students become active in the design, implementation and measurement of learning experiences. Partnerships enjoy high partner equity, transparency, mutual benefit and accountability.
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With the exception of scolarisation precoce, some of preschool child care places may, on occasion, be used by a child aged 3 or over. The OECD Tax-Benefit Models incorporate child care costs. They can, for example, calculate the net child care costs of full-time care for two children aged 2 and 3 in a typical child care facility.
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The fact that few outcome indicators have been developed at the national level can be partly explained as in many cases adaptation policies and programmes lack measurable targets or clearly defined expected outcomes necessary to assess their effectiveness using indicators (SBSTA, 2010). Almost half of the (I)NDCs detailing planned adaptation policies and programmes include a mention of the need to monitor and evaluate progress, but where this need is mentioned, the indicators used are mainly qualitative as mentioned in section 3.2 (Kato and Ellis, 2016). Article 7.14 (c) requires the global stocktake to “review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support provided to adaptation”. While national-level evaluation of adaptation is useful to assess adaptation effectiveness (Craft and Fischer, 2015, 2016), such national assessment would not be available for all countries. Furthermore, as these systems would be developed in different ways, they would be difficult to compare and therefore aggregate to inform a global review. Finally, there might be subjective components to “effectiveness”, and the issue of “adequacy” can conflate climate and non-climate factors (Kato and Ellis, 2016).
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In addition, it sets out strategic goals for the sustainable use of biodiversity (4.2), equitable sharing of the benefits from biodiversity and geodiversity resources (4.3), decreasing threats to biodiversity (4.4), and development of financial mechanisms for sustainable management (4.5). In addition to the strategic goals this document provides a plan of action with a specific set of activities, timeline for implementation, accountable authority, budget and source of funding. Total allocations from all sources for the five components related to biodiversity are planned in the amount of KM 34.35 million. Key responsibilities stay with the Ministry of Environment and Tourism in FBiH and the Ministry' of Physical Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology in RS. Numerous agencies are lacking integration and information exchange.
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Baseline cases are ESCAP projections when minimum wages did not rise in 2012 or 2013. In fact, unemployment has fallen marginally in Thailand since the new minimum wage was first introduced in six provinces in April 2012, ahead of nation-wide implementation in 2013. Additionally, any price eifect of the new minimum wage is likely to be short-lived and relatively small in size.
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Second, many studies have shown that the exit rate from unemployment exhibits a spike around the time benefits expire. The spike at benefit exhaustion, in principle, suggests that recipients tend to wait until their benefits run out before returning to work. However, there are a number of reasons to suggest that the evidence on the labour-supply disincentives of UI needs to be qualified, particularly in the context of emerging economies. Based on a survey of the literature and new estimates for Austria, they conclude that the vast majority of job seekers does not wait until their UI benefits are exhausted to return to work. Moreover, moral-hazard effects due to UI receipt are likely to take a somewhat different form in emerging economies, since UI not only increases the value of not working but also that of working in the informal sector. In the context of widespread labour informality and weak enforcement capacity, it is difficult to ensure that individuals do not take up a job in the informal sector whilst receiving UBs.
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But it raises challenging questions for policy makers: how to increase the awareness of the risks, to influence decisions of property owners, businesses and municipalities about exposure and vulnerability to risk, and thereby reduce the expected cost of damages in a flood event? How to make the public more aware of what is needed to keep the country dry and habitable, and to secure willingness to pay for flood safety? Key enabling elements of a society resilient to future shocks include the density of social interconnections between authorities, social players and the population in general, confidence, trust and a sense of community, and technical capabilities and political vision and leadership. This means independent oversight for performance and compliance (which does not necessarily have to be carried out at national level), as well as balanced and action-oriented stakeholder engagement that does not override the interests of the “unheard voices”.
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While Danish residents currently experience low unmet need for medical care, this 'skills mix' provides opportunities to expand the scope of practice of nurses to better respond to growing and changing requirements. Many nurses work with more advanced tasks under delegation from a physician in a legal framework established to improve the scope of practice for nurses. This and other possible extensions in scope of practice will require revision of curricula or investments in more postgraduate education and training for nurses in Denmark, as scope exists in the Danish primary care payment schedule for nurses to perform some tasks traditionally done by physicians (OECD, 2017a).
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Fourth, amenable mortality, like longevity indicators, does not account for health care interventions aimed at improving the quality of life without prolonging it (e.g. pain relief therapies and mental care). To reduce this data gap, the OECD's Health Care Quality Indicators (HCQI) project, that started in 2001, is developing a set of indicators (Garcia Armesto etal., The 2009 edition of Health at a Glance presents a selection of 23 HCQIs, including screening, survival and mortality rates for selected cancers, vaccination rates and avoidable in-patient admission rates for several chronic conditions.
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In other OECD countries, private health insurers supply different types of “secondary coverage” for health spending (see Box 4 for definitions). Depending on the country, it may include services that are uncovered by the public system such as luxury care, elective care, long-term care, dental care, pharmaceuticals, rehabilitation, alternative or complementary medicine, etc., Typically, duplicate cover does not exempt individuals from contributing to public health insurance. In the HSC Survey, only five countries - the Czech Republic, Estonia, Iceland, Norway and Turkey - reported that private health insurance does not provide a secondary source of coverage for health and the share of private health insurance in total health spending is null or almost null.
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Customary international law is law that “results from a general and consistent practice of states followed by them from a sense of legal obligation.” “International agreements create law for states parties thereto and may lead to the creation of customary international law when such agreements are intended for adherence by states generally and are in fact widely accepted.” Does customary international law (CIL) exist in tax? There are over 3,000 bilateral tax treaties, and they are about 80% identical to each other, but do they create CIL that binds in the absence of a binding treaty, like for example the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties binds the US, which has not ratified it? This chapter will argue that the answer is yes, using four examples: jurisdiction to tax, the permanent establishment (PE) threshold, the arm’s length standard, and non-discrimination.
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The studies also show that many newsrooms have gender equality policies regarding parental leave and prevention of sexual harassment. At Yle specific newsroom teams also have team goals that are set annually, and many of these include gender balance. When meeting their goals the team gets a monetary reward. Some journalists at Yle also do self-reflections on their news work from a gender perspective. Von Weissenberg says Yle could still do more to train staff in gender awareness: "Some journalists are very gender aware and think a lot about diversity, but this is a field where we could definitely do more."
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Pre-grant flexibilities constitute a pro-active tool for a government to design generally applicable IP laws, whereas post-grant flexibilities are usually limited to particular cases where the government considers an existing monopoly right to be too broad. Governments interested in limiting exclusive rights on medical substances are advised to pay particular attention to the pre-grant flexibilities, as these may reduce the need to utilize post-grant tools. This is particularly important in light of the possible tensions surrounding post-grant tools such as compulsory licenses and parallel imports. Overall, national policy makers should be aware of and may wish to take full advantage of both pre- and post-grant flexibilities.
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Selected final bound, MFN applied and preferential tariffs for MPS commodities, 2013 (cont.) Source, WTO Tariff Download Facility, http://tariffdata.wto.org/Default.aspx. Bentzen and F. Tarp (2006), “Vietnam’s Accession to the WTO: Lessons from Past Trade Agreements”, Discussion Paper No. Org/docrep/009/ag089e/AG089E00.htm#TOC.
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First, women tend to live longer than men. Second, they have less access than men to land and other assets that could help them maintain an adequate standard of living in old age. In India, for example, 60 per cent of women compared to 30 per cent of men have no valuable assets in their name, and few widows can count on family or community support.97 Even in countries with good pension coverage, women are significantly more likely to suffer poverty in old age than men.
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AbstractThe recent publication of a special number of the SAJP dedicated to a discussion of Samantha Vice’s thoughts on being a white South African prompted this reflection on justice, equity and the modern idea of the state – against the background of moral feelings of guilt and shame, cultural diversity and merging identities. Its aim is to provide a perspective on the unity of the public legal order of the state, the distinct meaning of citizenship and affirmative action in terms of the distinction between constitutive and regulative legal principles also helping white South Africans to understand how affirmative action relates to injustices of the past. The classical understanding of equity will play a key role in this discussion, aimed at showing how we can avoid the apparent impasse of equality before the law and of “fair discrimination.”
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In Uruguay for example, data is collected on care provided to dependent persons aged 65 or older and questions focus on care for adults who require assistance with personal hygiene, feeding or medical care, including transportation to health centres. The national time-use survey in Mexico collects information on the time spent caring for persons aged 60 or older, including support in the use of information technology, transportation and accompaniment, even when the older person is not dependent or does not have a disability. In households where persons in this age range are present, women spend 18 hours per week on average caring for them, compared with 15 hours spent by men.
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This paper analyzes the development of political science in Argentina taking into account the social, political, cultural and economic processes in which the discipline developed during the twentieth century. Analytically, this paper emphasizes actors, scientific-academic products, teaching and research institutions, and networks. The process of institutionalization and professionalization initiated in the eighties is studied based on the conformation of disciplinary areas, including: State, administration and public policy, institutions, political processes and comparative politics, and international relations.
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The challenge for other ECE countries is to support them in this effort. A necessary first step is to ensure that national development plans recognise the importance of forest sector issues. Governments and society as a whole should recognise both the dangers from unsustainable forest management and the potential contribution of a sustainably managed forest sector to social and economic development. Sustainable forest management should be addressed at the highest policy level, because of, not despite, the low forest cover in many of these countries.
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sdg15
|
In many OECD and non-OECD countries, local governments can also play an important role in this regard. In decentralised governance systems, local authorities may be authorised to raise taxes and/or incur debt, usually within prescribed limits (OECD, 2009b). Mature capital and financial markets may provide creditworthy municipalities with capital for investment in water and sanitation infrastructure. Fiscal transfers from central budgets are also a source of investment capital in some countries.
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sdg6
|
Minimum wage reductions could also generate broader wage moderation effects spreading up the income distribution.41 This would be consistent with the finding of positive and statistically significant effect of minimum wages on mean and median incomes. This indicates relatively weak transmission from policy reform to household incomes. One of the highest ranked growth-friendly tax reforms,43 shifting the tax burden away from income taxes to consumption and property taxes, may in principle have adverse effects on inequality through various channels.
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sdg10
|
The cooperation is regulated by contracts signed between the Almaty City and Astana governments and their respective regional governments. The city of Shymkent is left under the same regional oversight as South Kazakhstan oblast, dealing with the same administrative and fiscal constraints that second-tier cities face. Shymkent is the second most populous city in the country and the largest in territorial area, but has a much lower budget than Astana and Almaty (Table 2.1).
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sdg11
|
The rationales behind the Regional Development Investment Agreement are to enhance the local governments’ autonomy and capacity on their own regional development agenda and to break the policy silos among central ministries which dominate regional policies through sectoral approaches. In order to meet the goal of improving the efficiency of policies and the regional autonomy, the new agreement system is equipped with powerful tools. Financially, large amounts (approximately 15 billion KRW for each pilot region) of government support will cover 30-80% of the costs of projects in the agreements over up to 3 years.
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sdg11
|
Consideration of such possibilities provides a sense of how whole school systems might be reoriented to push forward the agenda of sustainability conceitedly. This emphasis on teaching content continues to characterise the practice of ESD. However, in most of the focus countries there also exist good examples of educators going beyond teaching ‘about’ sustainability and the environment to create a more active engagement of students with sustainability issues, which will result in more authentic or transformative learning. The broad range of extra- and co-curricular approaches includes clubs, field trips, special events, research activities, project-based rich tasks and whole school approaches. A small sampling of these initiatives will be illustrative of their diversity. In Guyana, the state Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been increasingly active in the school system, and establishes and registers school environment clubs, providing a number of supports and resources for club supervisors.
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sdg13
|
Control is always charged in Finland and control costs would be too expensive for these premises with the consequence that they could not operate. Every food operator in food producing chain who donates foodstuffs to charity purpose has it's responsibility of the food safety. Also food banks and charity organisations are responsible for the safety of the foodstuffs they handle.
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sdg2
|
Depending on the size of a VPP, a small nuclear load following power plant could be part of it. More interestingly, however, a VPP would deliver dispatchability to a system and could thus complement the constant output of baseload nuclear plants by absorbing the fluctuations of demand and variable renewable production. Here, geographical smoothing can be enabled by building sufficient transmission capacity.
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sdg7
|
Labour market shortages, structural problems and unfavourable demographics have all prompted governments to act, often by focusing on high-skilled immigration. However, policy responses have been very different. Some countries were able to adopt quite open high-skilled immigration policies, while others did not. This article provides a political economy explanation for this. It argues that, despite similar pressures, high-skilled immigration policy outputs vary due to shifting coalitions between disaggregated sectors of native high-skilled, low-skilled labour and capital. To probe this argument, the article examines coalitions in four countries (France, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom) from the late 1990s to present, and draws on original interviews with policy-makers, unions and employers' associations, official documents and the literature on immigration, political economy and public policy. The varying labour market organization of actors informs differences in coalitions which in turn has resulted in different high-skilled immigration policy outputs, cross-nationally and over time.
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sdg16
|
The President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been in office since 1991. The Executive Office of the President exercises strong control over the Government, all branch ministers, and regional governors. Independent scrutiny of Kazakhstan’s political system reveals the limitations of the democratic process and insufficient freedom of public discussions (ICG, 2013, Heinrich, 2010, Bhuiyan, 2012). Oblast governors are appointed by the President, serve as his representatives in oblasts, head the oblasts and are responsible for implementation of the President’s policy decisions.
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sdg4
|
While the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has broad health implications across the globe, being overlooked in response and policy debates is the impact on women's reproductive rights and violence risk. This is especially salient for minoritized women. In this commentary, we describe the potential negative impact of mandates such as shelter-in-place for domestic violence victims, and how public reproductive health policy is being shaped to disadvantage women, especially minoritized women. We argue that now is the time for violence prevention leaders to advocate for bold action. This includes prioritizing the needs of women (especially minoritized women) in medical, social and legal settings using innovative intervention and service engagement (e.g., e-filing for protection orders, virtual advocacy services), urging policy makers to pass legislation to support women, and shining an accountability spotlight on leadership.
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sdg16
|
Trade flows can partially offset local climate change productivity effects, allowing regions of the world with positive (or less negative) effects to supply those with more negative effects. This stabilising role is illustrated by a simulation of an extended drought in South Asia, which begins in 2030 with a return to normal precipitation in 2040 (Nelson et al., The analysis shows how substantial increases in trade flows could soften the blow to Indian consumers.
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sdg2
|
In order to better understand these gaps and the differences between countries, further analysis should be conducted in the light of the specific characteristics of the labour markets of the region and how they are regulated. The significant socioeconomic differences between domestic woikers and other care workers reflect the existence of a dual model of labour regulation and protection in the regioa The low profile of domestic employment on the policy agenda and in labour regulations in Latin America is an indicator of entrenched patterns of discrimination against women and the undervaluation of what is traditionally regarded as women’s work and caring for others. The flows of female migrants performing care work heighten the lack of protection and discrimination in the sector. Caring is a task for women, and serving one for poor women”.
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sdg5
|
Turning to mobile coverage, 450 million people still live out of reach of a mobile signal without access to the digital world6. Regulation can enhance innovation and investment as well as infrastructure development, and can impact ICT services uptake and, in turn, affect economic growth and social development due the spillover effects of ICTs on other sectors of the economy. While there is no unique recipe for effective regulation, countries that have created an enabling policy and regulatory environment by following market developments and adapting and reforming their policy and regulatory frameworks to meet the requirements of the changing ICT environment are generally those that have shown higher levels of ICT adoption (see Figure 1.2).
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sdg9
|
Fewer girls are forced into early marriage, more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership, and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality. Despite these gains, discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, along with harmful practices and other forms of violence against women and girls. Women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership.
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sdg5
|
In June 2016, the landfill received an average of 456 tonnes of gaibage daily but by August the same year, this amount had increased to 600 tonnes. Health concerns are abound: the site has ceased operations as a sanitary landfill a long time ago and lias since become a dumpsite, and complaints from nearby residents of the stench are commonplace. The landfill lias also experienced several fires, most notably in April 2009 when the Cebu City Council declared a state of calamity in order to allocate funds to those affected by the smoke. In 2016, the Department of Environment and Natural resources (DENR) cited issued notice of violation stating Cebu City had violated 36 conditions of DENRs Environmental Compliance Certificate.
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sdg11
|
Let gjk be the number of shortest path between node j to node k and gjk{ni) be the number of shortest paths between nodes j k via node i. The betweenness centrality Ct,(rii) is calculated using Eq. ( Therefore, we used the number of nodes and links causing phase lag for the second approach. Figure 11 shows the types of node and link which need to be counted for the base tree metric.
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sdg7
|
Examples of the above are support to national human rights commissions or Ombudsmen offices (Good Practice Note 8. Working with social movements). A sense of autonomy and self-value is an important and direct contributory factor for enabling someone to participate in politics and take optimum advantage of services, such as health and education.
|
sdg1
|
Drawing on the conceptual work of externalisation in comparative education and multi-accentual signs in cultural studies, this article examines how the print news media accentuate ‘Finnish education’ in the process of inserting this external reference into the domestic political discourses around education reform in Australia, Germany and South Korea. The study identifies all articles referencing ‘Finnish education’ that were published from 2000 to 2011 in two widely circulated newspapers with different political orientations in each country. Discourse analysis of the articles shows various ways in which ‘Finnish education’ is accentuated by the newspapers, serving to legitimise different political agendas in education policy debates. It is argued that ‘Finnish education’ has become a ‘projection screen’ for competing conceptions of ‘good education’ and the associated visions of ‘good society’. The authors situate the findings within the ongoing discussion of externalisation, calling for a careful concept...
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sdg16
|
Purpose – E‐government procurement (E‐GP) can improve the traditional government procurement process. E‐GP can help decrease corruption. This research aims to present the factors of E‐GP that can create good governance in government procurement through e‐auction.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was conducted with Thai public managers who are involved in e‐government procurement. The sample size is 169 professionals representing 67 government agencies.Findings – There are five factors that enhance governance procurement. These relate to the transparent e‐procurement process, committed public managers and political officials, honest vendors, and specific policies and regulations. A transparent e‐procurement process has a positive effect on good governance practice, increasing cost effectiveness and accountability, and decreasing collusion among vendors. Vendor honesty has a negative impact on collusion. Supportive policy and regulations requirements improve cost effectiveness, accountability, and law ...
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sdg16
|
The training session covered the aspects of personal protective equipment, inventory forms for data collection and inventory implementation. Of 335 illegal dump sites, 275 were inventoried under the project. In addition, training on the pesticide stock management system for inventory data entry was organized in 2008.
|
sdg12
|
Sociological approaches to the social control of sickness have tended to focus on medicalization or the process through which social phenomena come to be regulated by medicine. Much less is known about how social problems historically understood as medical come to be governed by the criminal law, or what I term the "criminalization of sickness." Thirty three US states have enacted criminal statutes that require all HIV-positive individuals to disclose their infection before engaging in a wide range of sexual practices. Drawing on evidence from 58 felony nondisclosure convictions in Michigan (95% of all convictions between 1992 and 2010), I argue that the enforcement of the state's HIV disclosure law is not driven by medical concerns or public health considerations. Rather, it reflects pervasive moralizing narratives that frame HIV as a moral infection requiring interdiction and punishment.
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sdg16
|
In relation to food (see chap. Successful examples often incorporate local knowledge of ecological conditions, soils and seeds, cooperatives for production and marketing, and support, such as credit to enable poorer farmers to access appropriate inputs. State interventions, for instance in setting minimum wages and price regulation, and international negotiations around such issues as export subsidies and the maintenance of reserve stocks to offset price volatility, also support access and rights to food. These investments bring essential benefits both in terms of environmental sustainability and in enhancing people's capabilities, dignity and health.
|
sdg5
|
Negative feedback can also help firms rethink their strategies. In either case, customer feedback can have a huge impact on an SME's business, encroaching on a function previously dominated by review and standards institutions. In the United Kingdom, the Competition and Markets Authority estimates that £23 billion a year of consumer spending is influenced by online reviews.36 Online reviews have therefore become an important complement to, or even replacement for, other quality assurance set-ups, and it is increasingly important for SMEs to understand how they affect their business.
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sdg9
|
Contestations over justice and equity in international environmental regimes present striking evidence of the struggle to create institutions for global environmental governance that are based on widely shared ethical standards of responsibility and accountability. Focusing on two key equity norms—the common heritage of mankind (CHM) and common but differentiated responsibility (CDR)—this paper highlights four factors that affect the influence of moral responsibility norms in global environmental regimes: (i) source and force of articulation, (ii) nature of issue-area, (iii) “moral temper” of the international community, and (iv) “fitness” of norms with the prevailing neoliberal economic idea and structure. Consequent upon the argument that the most important of all these factors is the “fitness” with the extant neoliberal order, the paper questions the assumptions of the burgeoning constructivist scholarship that tends to overemphasize the independent role of intersubjective beliefs in international poli...
|
sdg16
|
This idea can be found in the so-called SUNflower approach. Such understanding will identify policy improvements that are most likely to reduce road casualties. The SUNflower approach started with comparing three countries with the lowest accident levels in the world: Sweden, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands (Koornstra et al., Analyses included national road safety strategies, changes in overall risks and fatality risks of comparable road types, road user modes and collisions between modes. A case study approach on specific topics has been added to the more general picture.
|
sdg11
|
Multi-disciplinary settings are more efficient than traditional practices, particularly for the more integrated maisons de sante, where doctors see significantly more patients and perform more services. Multi-disciplinary practice is motivated by improved working conditions for health professionals and the add-on payments led to more effective organisation of care through greater collaboration and co-ordination between health professionals (IRDES, 2014a). There has been a reduction in repeat examination and better patient-centered collaboration between doctors.
|
sdg3
|
In addition, in July 2017, the government began to privatise eight state-owned energy distribution companies (oblenergos) to increase competitiveness in the electricity sector. Given recent economic and political developments, the Ukrainian government has stepped up its efforts to intensify its indigenous energy production and improve energy efficiency policies. This document, adopted in 2017, sets out strategic objectives for the various energy sub-sectors and defines large-scale reforms. It is set to become the co-ordinating framework for sustainable energy investment.
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sdg7
|
Rachel Linden supervised the publication process. This publication draws on interviews carried out during a week-long review visit on 11-16 March 2012 (Annex II), using information provided to the review team as well as a range of other OECD reports, such as the OECD Studies on Water - Meeting the Water Reform Challenge (2012), OECD Territorial Reviews - Chihuahua (2012), OECD Economic Survey Mexico (2011), OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy Mexico (2009) and OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education Mexico (2008). The OECD would like to thank in particular Gonzalo Rodriguez-Villanueva, the former rector of ITSON (the Instituto Tecnologico de Sonora), whose determination and insight made this review possible and whose efforts to transform ITSON into an engine of Southern Sonora’s development provide inspiration to university leaders globally.
|
sdg4
|
For example, the high prevalence of early marriage is partly due to the slow progress made in taking action (through national legislation, among other means) to end the practice. The minimum legal age of marriage is set at the state level, and ranges from 14 to 18. Even where laws exist, unregistered unions may be seen as a solution to get around the legal age of marriage (OECD, 2017b).
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sdg5
|
Lifestyles help explain variations in CVD and diabetes across OECD countries. Chapter 2 looks at the health promotion and public health contribution to maintaining healthy lifestyles in OECD countries. It examines recent trends in obesity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and physical exercise. This chapter outlines policies that health systems have introduced recently to combat unhealthy lifestyles such as tobacco consumption and high salt intake and to promote physical activities in adults and children in order to reduce overweight and obesity.
|
sdg3
|
While the UNDP’s Gender Empowerment Measure and the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index take such factors as accessibility of skilled or high-paid jobs into consideration, the indicators used here cover the majority of the elements of the UN’s Gender Related Development Index and the replacement Gender Inequality Index. One issue with internationally comparable indicators is that they are insufficient for many purposes, because they do not provide information on the socio-cultural environment, including culture and embedded social relationships (Malhotra, Schuler and Boender, 2002, Bartlett, 2004, Oxaal and Baden, 1997, Ibrahim and Alkire, 2007). For a more detailed discussion of the issue, see Branisa et al. ( The year men were granted the right to vote is defined as the year where universal suffrage took place, meaning all men could vote regardless of their income, ethnicity or any restrictions, whereas such a distinction has not been made for women.
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sdg5
|
Evidence of political intervention in competition cases can considerably erode the authority and credibility of the authority. Independence can also enhance the quality of policy advice that the competition authority can provide to government, especially to warn of any possible trade-offs between competition and other policy objectives. In some countries however, access to long-term finance is constrained by shallow and illiquid financial markets.
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sdg7
|
With huge increases in the price of energy during the late 2000s, the budget for the fertiliser subsidy programme increased significantly from 2005 to 2009. Expenditure on fertiliser subsidies represented 37% of total budgetary support for agriculture in 2008-10. Pupufe 0rganik Granular (POG). Pupufe Organife Cat'r (POC).
|
sdg2
|
The disparity in reading proficiency between migrants and their native counterparts may be expected among first-generation migrants who often lack Norwegian language skills. Yet when it comes to second generation migrants Norway continues to perform relatively poorly and falls below the OECD average (see Figure 15). Norway has a high and rising share of young people with mental disorders. At the same time employment policies can play an important role in ensuring that all young people successfully manage the transition between school and work, thereby preventing the risk of long-term unemployment.
|
sdg4
|
Using net annual wage premia derived from Mincerian wage equations, Ahcan et al. ( When gross hourly wages are used as the dependent variable, gross wage premia were 86% in 2008 for tertiary education graduates over upper secondary graduates, with no statistically significant differences across genders (see Annex A2). Nevertheless, given the excessively long study durations (6.9 years on average), internal rates of return to tertiary education are as low as 9.4%. When combined with the generous public subsidies they receive, students in Slovenia have had significant financial incentives to go into higher education.
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sdg4
|
Central government law stipulates that the term of the transfer contract for operating rights must not exceed the term of the contract rights. Given that the tenure for contract rights is just 30 years, a farmer renting in land will only be able to guarantee they will be cultivating the area for a limited period of time. This may lower the incentive to undertake farming practices that ensure the long-term fertility of the plot.
|
sdg2
|
No definition of consistency is provided in the Paris Agreement or associated decision. Enabling the UNFCCC to do a quality control of information on data interface could reduce these errors. Information presented by countries in their BR and accompanying CTF is not always consistent. If countries report data on climate finance provided/mobilised by recipient country, data can be re-aggregated to examine flows to different regional definitions, if required. Others include projects where climate change is a consideration, although not the main focus. Some countries apply a coefficient to funds that were used for an activity only partially focused on climate issues (see Annex B).
|
sdg13
|
This paper examines how political corruption affects M&A activities. By exploiting the public enforcement of the anti-corruption campaign across different regions in China, we find in a difference-in-difference (DID) setting that the reduction in corruption increases cross-region takeover activities by 40% and deal volume more than doubles. Further analysis reveals that the reduction in market entry barriers and the decreased potential for political rent extraction are two plausible economic channels behind these real effects on corporate investments. Reduction in corruption also leads to higher bidder returns and improves post-acquisition performance. Furthermore, such a campaign significantly strengthens local economic development (higher GDP per capita growth, higher general government revenue per capita, and lower unemployment rate).
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sdg16
|
As the price of surface water increases, farmers tend to pump more groundwater. Schuck and Green (2003a) find that when the price of surface water reaches 62% of the marginal cost of pumping groundwater, the likelihood of a farmer having a well reaches 50%. These prices are notably higher than those observed in some other districts in California with more senior water rights or exchange contracts with the Bureau of Reclamation.
|
sdg6
|
Data refer to 2009 for Switzerland. Unfortunately comparable time-series on life satisfaction are rare, for this reason this section focuses on differences in life satisfaction at one point in time, while referring to national studies for getting a sense of how trends in life satisfaction have evolved over time (Box 4.2). This pattern is broadly in line with previous research, which has shown fairly small gender differences in all age groups (Diener et al., Significant differences by gender are found only for employment and health status, which are stronger drivers of life satisfaction for women than they are for men (Boarini et al., This is insufficient to identify trends in life satisfaction, which are likely to change only at a slow rate. Recent research has provided evidence of a decline in women’s life satisfaction in the United States and across a variety of European countries (with Western Germany being an exception).
|
sdg5
|
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