Datasets:
albertmartinez
/
OSDG

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
Community
1
text
stringlengths
119
1.42k
label
stringclasses
16 values
ABSTRACTStates seek avenues of international conflict to satisfy domestic and foreign policy aims within an anarchic world system. The methods of conflict have changed from century to century to encompass different methods of attaining state objectives. Today there exists a lacuna in terms of international contestation in less traditional avenues of state conflict, such as sports competitions and technological development. Extant theories on international relations have broadened their scope to include arms races, economic sanctions, cyber conflict, and other ‘new’ methods of interstate conflict. This study adds to current literature and theoretical trends by shaping a theory on surrogate war that examines state conflict manifested through international contest. While the possible applications are quite broad, this study offers plausibility probes in international sports policy and space policy to demonstrate the application and versatility of surrogate war.
sdg16
Because of the complex dimensionality of the interactions among the targets when viewed socially, economically and environmentally, the arrows in Figure 1 should be taken as illustrative but not definitive. However, in many cases the “real life” impacts of what is done in a target area on other target areas is variable, and can be positive or negative. Some targets are mostly at the “receiving end” of the interlinkages and are affected by many of the other targets. They include targets 14.2 (sustainable management of marine ecosystems), 14.4 (restoration of fish stocks), and 14.7 increased benefits for SIDS and LDCs. On the other hand, targets 14.a (science and technology) and I4.c (implementation of international law) have the potential to affect most of the other targets.
sdg14
Modern constitutional law has developed various means of supervising and guaranteeing the effective implementation of the constitution. The principal means of judicial control of constitutionality is judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation enacted by Parliament, or constitutional judicial review. This has become a dominant feature of modern constitutionalism, and recent decades have seen a global expansion of such judicial review mechanisms. This article considers the phenomenon and institution of constitutional judicial review from historical and comparative perspectives. The different models, structures and forms of constitutional judicial review are discussed with reference to the historical contexts in which they have evolved, their modes of operation and their underlying rationales. The possible tension between constitutional judicial review and democracy is also considered.
sdg16
Biological diversity has arisen through evolution over millions of years. The speed with which species become extinct today has risen by a factor of 50-100. This has consequences for the possible choices of action that we have today. At the same time, the UN’s assessment underlines the dependence of mankind on biological diversity for its survival, generation of wealth, welfare and prosperity. At the Environment for Europe conference in Kiev in 2003, the European environment ministers agreed to set a more ambitious target for Europe. According to this target, the objective is to halt the loss of biological diversity at all levels by the year 2010.
sdg15
The CLUP and its implementation instrument, the zoning ordinance, are intended to regulate land use as part of a set of plans that span all levels of government. Yet despite the legislative requirement and the guidelines created by Region VII to assist LGUs in developing CLUPs, there is not one completed, updated CLUP. Some LGUs have however stated that the guidelines are overly technical for local government application.
sdg11
Health-care spending was 6.1% of GDP in 2008 (the latest year for which data is available) compared to an average of 9.3% of GDP across OECD countries in 2011. This translates to health spending of USD 906 per person (adjusted for PPP) in Turkey, roughly one quarter of the USD PPP 3 322 spent on average among OECD countries in 2011 (Figure 4.1). While spending increased across all major categories of health-care providers, hospitals and the retail sale of medical goods (pharmaceuticals, optical, hearing and medical aids and appliances), sustained growth rates of 11% and 5% a year respectively between 2003 and 2008.
sdg3
This may be in part related to the industry structure of the two states, as Queretaro is largely an industrial state, dominated by big manufacturing companies, while Morelos, thanks to its proximity to Mexico City, is an economy driven by services where entry barriers are lower and start-up rates higher. This flags two problems: low entrepreneurialism, on the one hand, but also high informality on the other, for a figure roughly half that of the United States disguises a number of firms that operate without being recorded in any registry. Nevertheless, an estimate by the UN International Labour Organisation (ILO) reports that 43.8% of Mexico's population is without pension and/or health coverage, a figure that ranks the country behind other main Latin American economies (Argentine, Brazil, Chile and Colombia).
sdg8
Testing with stakes for students will be specifically denoted as “high-stakes standardised tests.” A country may choose to administer low-stakes standardised tests for a number of reasons and in response to different international and national pressures, which in turn link to the test’s purpose, design and how test results are used. The trends in OECD countries show a growing reliance on the results of standardised tests for a number of purposes and it is important to keep in mind the resulting effect on teaching and learning. Assessment practices - whether they are focused on system, school, teacher or student results - impact teaching practices and teacher-student relationships and, in certain cases, can restrict learning and teaching (Harlen, 2007, Santiago et al.,
sdg4
The Pleistocene is mostly underlain by impermeable Neogene strata (Saqiye Group), but locally also by the Eocene, as is the case near the Gaza Strip (Table 2). The aquifer is considered to be more productive along the Sinai coast than further inland in Egypt8 and the Kurkar A is often the most productive formation.’ The mostly unsaturated Holocene cover is typically less than 10 m thick, while the Kurkar B is 30-70 m thick.
sdg6
This system is called notional (or non-financial) defined contribution (NDC) and was implemented in countries including Italy, Latvia, Poland and Sweden. The NDC system is similar to individual accounts in that the benefits reflect lifetime contributions and consider the number of years during which workers are expected to collect benefits (life expectancy on retirement). However, unlike individual accounts, NDC systems are publicly administered and involve no financial accumulation. Instead, revenues from workers’ contributions continue to be directed to pay for benefits in a PAYG model.
sdg5
This approach mainly focuses on ensuring gender equality in the workplace of suppliers. In Switzerland, this requirement relates to ensuring wage equality: the Federal Act on Public Procurement requires equality in the pay of men and women in all companies as a requirement for awarding government contracts. Companies of 50 or more employees are obliged to verify their compliance with this princinple.
sdg5
In addition, some low-carbon investments such as nuclear and CCS could be exposed to the load factor risk associated with high deployment of variable renewables. If market players are usually well-equipped to handle fossil fuel price risk, they are less well placed to tackle the carbon price risk and renewable policy risk, in particular, the risk of a low-carbon price. These arguments then lead to conclude that liberalised electricity sectors can provide neither the low-carbon investment needed, nor the investments in conventional generation to ensure security of supply at reasonable cost. One reason is that prices can not go high enough to cover both operating costs and capital investment costs required to trigger investment in new capacity.
sdg7
When excluded from the peace table, women have often used parallel processes on their own. When locked out of the rooms where decisions are being made, women have presented their positions and recommendations through the ‘gaps under the doors’, spoken to delegates outside meetings, or demonstrated in the street, as occurred in Liberia in 2003 (box 5.7). Various studies have examined how women in several African countries such as Burundi, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and South Africa have been involved in conflict resolution.
sdg5
In fact, this simple hypothesis is not confirmed by the data, with the corresponding exercise providing inconclusive results. Similar findings are obtained distinguishing countries based on the differences in the distributive impact of Education. The metrics for such classifications were alternative ad-hoc indicators computed in “Divided we stand” (chapter 8) such as the income increasing effect of benefits from public education services for the bottom quintiles of the distribution, or the change in the Gini coefficients when the redistributive impact of education is accounted for. In particular, each individual is asked to report the number of years spent in paid employment (experience), and the number of years since she left the educational system (potential experience).
sdg10
This provides an opportunity to streamline the main marine programmes and improve coherence with policies in other sectors. For example, the exemption of fisheries from the fuel tax can encourage large-scale fisheries. At the same time, a variety of grants are provided to fishers for the protection and sustainable use of fish stocks.
sdg14
The implementation of the different water projects is not necessarily co-ordinated across administrative bodies (according to water availability in the river basins for example) but rather work on a case-by-case basis. Projects are improvised, approved and financed without any water resource management strategy. A significant obstacle to effective co-ordination in Guatemala is the disconnection between top-down designed policies and their implementation. The Water Specific Cabinet (GEA) is the line authority, but many operational technical levels are neither managed nor assessed and therefore do not follow national policies, but rather sub-level engineers’/technical recommendations.
sdg6
The Brazilian Centre and the Regional Centres for Educational Research were created within the structure of the National Institute for Pedagogical Studies (INEP) in 1955. The main objective of these centres was to promote the development of social science research on questions related to Brazilian education. These centres encouraged the development of research in the Federal District and in the states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. In order to develop the research projects, above all in the period 1956-1961, the INEP centres obtained the collaboration of a diversified group of social scientists who suggested interpretations, at times innovative, of the relations between schooling and social change in course at that time, at different speeds, in different regions of the country.
sdg16
This paper examines the implications of this new international policy landscape for development co-operation providers and their partners and proposes factors to strengthen coherence between climate and development finance. It builds on the reality that ending poverty and achieving sustainable development is not possible without stabilising the climate (UN, 2015a) and that progress on one agenda cannot be achieved without progress on the other. Moreover, “enhancing policy coherence for sustainable development” is one of the SDG targets (17.14) and a key means of implementation for the SDGs.
sdg13
First, the programme for Strengthening School Management (Fortalecimiento de la Gestion Escolar), which will invest MEX 41 million in 595 schools, seeks to support school leaders in the management of school resources (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). With a similar ambition, the Schools of Quality programme (Programa Escuelas de Cualidad) aims to strengthen the autonomy of basic education institutions in managing resources, while supporting each school and their Technical School Council in the adoption of best practices that can help them meet planning, evaluation and budget allocation responsibilities effectively. Through an investment of MEX 26.57 million in 2015-16, a total of 475 schools are benefiting from the programme which, compared to the previous year, represents an expansion to 55 new schools (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). Another component of the Schools of Quality programme involves the evaluation of teachers in their classroom instruction and directors in their capacity to lead as well as activities to increase parents’ engagement in their child’s learning. The instructional costs of disadvantaged children are likely to be higher than those of the well off and Morelos is taking positive steps in palliating those needs.
sdg4
This pattern shows the impacts that having a child can have on women’s labour market participation and earnings and, consequently, on pension benefits. In these and other types of pension systems that link benefits to past employment and earnings, benefits tend to reflect women's "cumulated disadvantages of a lifetime’s involvement in a gender-biased labour market” (European Commission 2013:21). Indeed, when social protection entitlements are associated to paid employment, and no or insufficient mechanisms exist to recognize and reward other kinds of contributions that people make to society (such as unpaid work), gender inequalities in the labour market are transmitted to the social protection system (Razavi 2011).
sdg5
The decline in SA benefit receipt observed for many countries in Figure 5 has been driven primarily by falling entry rates into benefit receipt. The two top panels of Figure 7 show that the patterns observed for entry rates are remarkably similar to those reported earlier for the rates of benefit receipt. There is a clear downward trend in year-to-year entry rates into benefit receipt for five countries, for which entry rates into SA benefits appear to converge to around 1-1.5% towards the end of the observation periods. Exceptions are again the entry rate for Germany, which fluctuates heavily between 2% and 4.5% possibly in response to the 2005 ‘Hartz reforms’, and the one for Latvia, where no clear trend can be identified due to the shorter observation period.
sdg1
Given the inherent limitation of these data, other indicators of the size and progressivity of taxes and transfers are presented to investigate the characteristics of specific tax and benefit schemes. A cluster analysis of 15 carefully selected policy indicators, capturing the progressivity, size and mix of taxes and benefits, is then implemented to identify groups of OECD countries sharing common redistributive approaches. Inequality in income after taxes and transfers, as measured by the Gini index, was about 25% lower than for income be/ore taxes and transfers on average in the OECD area in the late 2000s.2 For the same period, poverty measured after taxes and transfers was 55% lower than before taxes and transfers for the OECD average.
sdg10
We provide examples of studies and give references to those. Complete lists of references of valuation studies is not compiled for this chapter, but more extensive reference lists can be found in many of the studies we refer to. The majority has been carried out in southeastern Norway where eutrophication is one of the largest environmental pressures related to water [Magnussen 1992, Magnussen et al.
sdg6
Similar trade-offs can happen on the demand side, since the aggregated demand is smoother than that of each individual market. Others things being equal, the larger the market, the more of such mutually beneficial trading possibilities will arise. Appropriate incentives for adequate investments in electricity grids and transmission capacity are thus important to contribute to ensure system adequacy, as larger interconnection capacity improves system flexibility.
sdg7
This trend in digitalisation has been accompanied by a reduction of personal customer service in vehicles, terminals, service centres and call centres. This increases the risk of marginalisation for those that those who cannot use mobile devices due to age, disability, language skills, or other reasons. This data should be an integral part of the data package provided by transport operators to MaaS operators and eventually to customers. This data is required by law to be available in machine readable format through open interfaces by 1 January 2018.
sdg11
Following their placement, students report back to their training provider and they are assessed to see if they have met their learning objectives. Supervisors need to have a solid knowledge of the theoretical content of the student’s course and have sufficient time and resources to offer guidance. Students apply concepts learnt in the study programme at the workplace, linking theory to practice. In the Netherlands, instructors from industry can only teach in the presence of a pedagogically qualified teacher (Fazekas and Litjens, 2014). In 2007-08, 45% of first and second year community college students reported having to take remedial courses (US Department of Education, 2013). While extensive resources are devoted to remediation of basic skills, its effectiveness is limited.
sdg4
The definition of national multidimensional child poverty indicators is therefore necessary as a tool to monitor progress towards this SDG target. The headcount is as high as 82 per cent in rural areas, while it is 53 per cent in urban settings. Nationwide 12 per cent of children are not deprived in any dimension. However this is true for only 3 per cent of children in rural areas, while 18 per cent of children in urban areas do not suffer any deprivation.
sdg1
It provides recommendations for policy makers, donors and development practitioners to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, drawing on learning from the Social Institutions and Gender Index and in-country research by the OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment. Specifically, the recommendations focus on how to recognise unpaid care work by measuring and valuing it, reduce time spent on drudgery by the provision of quality infrastructure and redistribute unpaid care tasks more equally between men and women by transforming gender stereotypes. The paper presents new analysis of time use data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru and South Africa as well as comparisons with OECD countries. It provides recommendations for policy makers, donors and development practitioners to support the achievement of SDG 5.4 based on the “3Rs” framework - recognise, reduce and redistribute - to address unpaid care.
sdg5
Following the dramatic losses witnessed in the 1960s and 1970s, the country’s elephant population remains low but stable at around 5,000 animals, with only a smaller number of well-guarded rhinos based at a rhino breeding and rehabilitation facility (Great Elephant Census, 2015[m|). Instead, poaching is largely restricted to bush meat, pangolin and hippo teeth. As one interviewee expressed, ‘Uganda is mainly a transit hub for ivory and rhino hom - corruption here is a bigger problem when it comes to facilitating transport activity, than when it comes to facilitating poaching itself (GA-10, 2017(41]).
sdg15
Only half of women in 45 countries with available data make their own decisions about reproductive health. In more than half of the countries with available data, the gender gap is higher in one-person households compared to all households. This reflects women's heightened vulnerability when living by themselves.
sdg5
The records used for the analysis are based on current CRS classifications and descriptions of development activities, and not official STI documents. This makes the identified keywords vulnerable to the quality of development providers' reporting, which can vary on a yearly basis and across providers, and to the specific development activities conducted in those years. For example, if a provider conducts a large research study of ecosystems in the rainforest and includes detailed descriptions of these activities in its yearly reporting, then the machine learning algorithms will have greater likelihood to pick up keywords not only relating to the research conducted but also to specific terms relating to the flora and fauna of the rainforest.
sdg9
The AREI envisions smart, distributed energy systems that can handle a mix of renewable energy generation. With a highly diversified ownership base compared with conventional, centralized energy systems, a vast number of households, communities, cooperatives and enterprises of all sizes will become producers and consumers of electricity, allowing Africa to leapfrog to the energy systems of the future. As such the AREI stands to contribute substantially to the green growth agenda in Africa.
sdg7
The Human Capital Index (HCI) is the highest contributing sub-index in all regions while the Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (Til) is the lowest. This implies that the major impediments to the further growth of e-government development worldwide are still the lack of infrastructure and the digital divide. Africa has the lowest HCI and Online Service Index (OSI), but its OSI at 0.3630 is relatively close to Oceania's OSI, at 0.3930. While Asia's OSI at 0.6220 is better than the Americas' at 0.6100, it still ranks behind the Americas in terms of EGDI due to Asia's lower HCI and Til rating. According to a recent report by the Economic Commission for Africa, while there is an impressive growth in mobile broadband access across much of the continent, there remains very limited access to fixed broadband.
sdg9
The northern shrimp population has been declining in recent years, while there is an ongoing recovery of Atlantic cod (ICES, 2014, Jensen, 2003). Trends may be related to positive correlations between cod biomass and ocean temperature, along with strong negative correlations between shrimp and cod biomass (Worm & Myers, 2003). Among the bird species, especially common eider and thick-billed murre have suffered large population declines, which has been linked to hunting and egg collection. Eiders have responded positively as restrictions have been enforced, while murres have kept declining (Christensen, Mosbech, & Geertz-Hansen, 2015, Merkel, 2010).
sdg15
However, the East Asian experience suggests that most of the accomplishments needed to engender the development of regional supply chains can be accomplished either as unilateral policy initiatives by individual countries or as the product of relatively informal arrangements to produce regional public and quasi-public goods. There are already opportunities to develop forward and backward linkages within and across existing industries that are region-wide. Success will likely require complementary policies in improving transport and logistics services across the region, attracting intra-regional and extra-regional FDI, improving financing to allow greater participation of local SMEs, and improving the local transaction costs of doing business across regional LDCs in particular and the region in general.
sdg10
While the focus of this module has been on technologies, the biggest lever in water and energy conservation is conservation itself. This is where public engagement and technology and knowledge transfer efforts are most effective. Having a common database among sectors is another way to create synergies and promote productive negotiations.
sdg6
The definition of a computer for the purpose of indicator 4.a is 'a programmable electronic device that can store, receive and process data, as well as share information in a highly-structured manner,' including desktop, laptop and tablet devices.13 Internet access, as defined for the indicator, includes fixed-narrowband access at download speeds of less than 256 Kbit/s, as well as fixed-broadband access at speeds higher than 256 Kbit/s and mobile-broadband access of at least 3G standard. Data concerning schools with computer access were available in 2015 for 66 countries and territories, along with data for 40 countries and territories concerning schools with Internet access. No data were available for countries in Europe, where computer and Internet access in schools is generally high.
sdg9
Rates of scientific publication are similarly indicative of framework conditions for research and innovation. According to a 2003 report by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), Israel is ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) with 1 334 publications published per million inhabitants. That is, inventions by an employee are treated as “works made for hire.”
sdg4
This section summarises key developments in trade policy since the mid-1970s. It details the important trade measures currently affecting imports and exports of agro-food, including price based instruments (e.g. tariffs and other import duties, and export taxes), quantitative restrictions (e.g. import quotas and export bans) and regulatory requirements (e.g. licensing and quarantine arrangements). Multilateral, regional and bilateral trade relations are also discussed. Foreign trade was severely constrained: controlled by central decision makers and carried out by a small number of SOEs with monopoly rights. Exports were discouraged by an overvalued exchange rate and the use of export duties.
sdg2
When implementing sustainable development principles, business should play the core role, and the corporate social responsibility is one of the examples of the active role of enterprises in implementing sustainable development goals. The corporate social responsibility (CSR) describes the companies that are aware of their mission and take responsibility for their impact on society in general. The CSR is vital for sustainability, competitiveness, advance of companies and development of the world economy. The CSR provides benefits for risk controlling, allows cost savings and stipulates affordability of the capital, facilitates stakeholders’ relationships and improvement of human resource management. In practice, human rights and corporate social responsibility have become an important aspect of business strategies for many companies.
sdg16
Royster and Cochran use the words of African American women writers to enrich our view of intersections between American civil rights discourses and the discourses of human rights as a global concept. They focus on both individual and collective activities of the women and contextualize this activism within the larger framework of the rise of individual human rights language in twentieth century international relations.
sdg16
The field of international law often is taught and thought of as a group of disconnected substantive subfields, each with its own epistemic community. These specialized subfields range from international human rights law to the law of the sea, from international trade law to collective security law. Examples where subfields conflict with each other and separate examples where subfields complement each other have led two camps of commentators over the past decade to comprehensively define international law’s nature as either united or fragmented in a binary fashion. Even the United Nations’ International Law Commission established a study group to explore this topic, which concluded in 2006 after over four years of study that international law is fragmented due, in part, to the collision of various branches of international law.
sdg16
The core of the Archimedes model is hundreds of equations that represent human physiology and the effects of diseases. Attached to these equations are hundreds more equations and algorithms that simulate the health care system including processes such as tests, treatments, admissions and physician behaviours. Together with population data, the equations are integrated into a single, large-scale simulation model.
sdg3
Unions typically have incentives to protect the interests of existing workers, ensure that those in work use their skills adequately and have access to good-qualily training, and see that investments in training are reflected in better-quality Jobs and higher salaries. In the United Kingdom for example, the Trade Union Congress (TUC) established UnionLearn, a network of "learning representatives" who provide a high-profile strategic framework and support for union work on skills development and workplace learning. Unionl earn representatives provide information and advice and encourage employers to sign up to a "skills pledge" that commits them to training their staff to a specific level of qualification or diploma.
sdg4
Current Population Survey (CPS) 2014 for the United States. Although, the legal full-time working week is 35 hours in France, company managers (cadres) often are paid on a task-oriented basis, so often work over 35 hours. Disparities in working hours in France are therefore likely to stem more from the definition of regular full-time working hours between occupations and the public and private sectors than from workers choosing between full-time and part-time.
sdg5
Resource allocation is also discussed as it relates to school location, the socio-economic profile of schools, programme orientation, education level, and whether a school is public or private. The chapter also analyses changes since 2003 in the level of resources devoted to education and how those resources are allocated. Human, material and financial resources are examined in this chapter as well as the amount of time dedicated to instruction and learning as shown in Figure IV.3.1. This chapter focuses not only on Ihe average level of resources avai lable in each school system, but also on how school resources are allocated across schools within systems.
sdg4
Throughout this book we focus upon and evaluate the extent that religion influences international relations. Our general argument is that religion has been ignored by international relations scholars for a variety of reasons even though it plays an important role. One of the most important of these reasons is that international relations tend to be Western-centric. That is, the major scholars of international relations theory have been Westerners who focused mostly on the West. The discipline has its origins in the Western experience of the Enlightenment and the belief that religion is becoming an epiphenon. The major theories of international relations and many of the methodologies for testing them also have not included religion.
sdg16
Net differentials are based on adjusted estimates of the under-five mortality rate, where the adjustment consists of applying statistical controls for other factors potentially contributing to the gross differentials separately from household wealth. In addition to household wealth, variables such as age of mother at the birth of the child, length of the mother’s previous birth interval, birth order and sex of the child were used as statistical controls. The results suggest that household wealth may have substantial effects on child survival at the global level. In general, the probability of child survival tends to be higher at higher levels of household wealth.
sdg3
A major rationale for special treatment of countries is their structural vulnerability, which depends on outside factors not easily managed by domestic policy. For example, the least developed countries have been defined as poor countries suffering from structural weaknesses to growth. They are more likely than others to remain poor. Landlocked developing countries and small island developing states are two other groups of countries facing major structural challenges.
sdg1
The gap in unemployment rates between the foreign-bom and the natives is wide (Figure 10). Foreign-bom women show a particularly weak attachment to the labour market as they are more often inactive than native women. The foreign-bom have also lower income than the natives and, thus, are more exposed to poverty risk. Those coming from outside the European Union and through the family and asylum channels, who made up more than 70% of immigrant flows between 2006 and 2008, are less educated and younger than the natives, which make them more likely to suffer from labour market exclusion (OECD, 2011b, Table 4).
sdg8
Preface.- Part I. The Role of Ethics.- Chapter 1. Why Am I Reading This?.- Chapter 2. People to Know.- Part II. Ethical Decision-Making.- Chapter 3. Framing the Problem.- Chapter 4. Hypothesis Testing.- Chapter 5. Drawing Conclusions.- Chapter 6. Case Studies.- Part III. Perspectives on Professional Ethics.- Chapter7. Ethics and the Central Bank (Harold A. Vasquez-Ruiz).- Chapter8. Ethics and Climate Change Policy (Julie Nelson).- Chapter9. Ethics and Experimental Economics (John Ifcher & Homa Zarghamee).- Chapter10. Ethics and Health Policy (Howard Brody).- Chapter 11. Ethics and Human Resource Management (Elizabeth Scott).- Chapter12. Ethics and Forensic Economics (John Ward).- Chapter13. Ethics and Nonprofits (Woods Bowman).- Chapter14. Ethics and Professional Practice (Andrew Cohen).- Chapter15. Ethics and Public Policy (Judith Wagner DeCew).- Chapter16. Ethics and Social Justice (Druscilla Barker).- Chapter 17. Conclusion -- Where Ethics Was, Is, and Should Be.- Appendix A: Ethical Analysis Workbook.- Appendix B: Professional Codes of Conduct in the Social Sciences.- Index.
sdg16
The current immigration debate often reflects a tension between affirming the individual rights of migrants against the power of a nation to control its borders. An examination of U.S. Supreme Court precedent reveals that, from our earliest immigration history to the present time, our immigration policy has functioned more like contract law than human rights law, with the Court deferring to the power of Congress to define the terms of that contract at the expense of the immigrant's freedom. (This essay is a version of a chapter from my forthcoming book, Everyday Law for Immigrants and Foreign Nationals, part of Paradigm Publishers "Everyday Law" series, which is edited by Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic.)
sdg16
According to this, population size in a certain region could result in attractive markets, which would attract firms to the given region, therefore driving economic growth. The coefficient in this case was statistically significant containing the right sign. On the other hand, according to the traditional development theory, the population growth variable was included.
sdg9
In this sense, the recent EEFSU crisis is a repeat of the Latin American debt-led growth and debt accumulation of the 1970s that ended with the crisis in the 1980s. Finally, the neo-liberal policies of EEFSU have given rise to a pattern of growth that was often anti-poor, not only during the transformational recession of 1989-2000 but also during the roaring years of 2000-2007 (see figure 4). Yet, the worsening of inequality in the region during the recent period was comparatively small (see figure 12) so that, taking the combined effect of rapid growth and moderately rising inequality, the real incomes of the bottom deciles nevertheless increased. Other factors not discussed in this paper that are often cited as having contributed to the inequality increase concern privatization and the introduction of user fees to formerly free public utilities.
sdg10
It is important to ensure that holders of knowledge are obtaining meaningful outcomes from the process, in relation to their livelihood realities. In the consultation process within the ILK part of the Scoping Study, many ILK representatives mentioned linguistic barriers in participation of the work. There is a need for a series of Nordic, national and local dialogue workshops to be held in local languages, in order to obtain an initiated understanding of the reality of the different local communities and a diversity of inputs regarding the use of ecosystem services as well as their local status and trends.
sdg15
For example, those related to bulk water supply or to wastewater treatment could be attributed to the water supply and sanitation sub-sector, while expenditures to buy back water rights from farmers in stressed aquifers could be attributed to the irrigation sub-sector. Depending on how water expenditures are classified, CONAGUA will spend around MXN 10-20 billion on water resources management (see Figure 3.7) in 2012. In addition, municipalities finance flood protection and CONAFOR contributes to watershed management.
sdg6
However, by international standards the Austrian R&D tax incentive is not particularly generous. The implied tax subsidy rate on R&D expenditure provided by the Research Premium was 15% in 2017,5 placing Austria in the lower half of OECD countries that offer an R&D tax incentive (19th out of 29 countries in terms of generosity).
sdg9
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. See OECD/ITF (2015) for details.
sdg11
Though it has a smaller GDP per capita and a much lower GHG metric tonnes per capita emission level (0.8 compared with 3.4 for Thailand), the Philippines too recognises the importance of green policies. It has set up institutions and taken initiatives to address environmental issues. As in Thailand, policies on sustainable development are made by many different agencies and there is no clear, co-ordinated strategy for integrating green targets into development plans.
sdg7
The main implications of the changing nature of jobs, tasks and required skills point to the significance of continuous human capital development (Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2017). In the future, the nature of production may show that machines (robots or other automation devices) and workers will interact with one another. For instance, tasks that require intensive use of manual labour can be divided in that the workers' input is limited to supervision or control of machines. This division of labour between human resources and machines may increase the individual worker's productivity as the exhausting manual tasks can be performed by machines.
sdg9
The main difference is a smaller number of countries where the use of flat fees and decreasing block tariff structures were detected. This relative inertia can be explained by the complexity attached to changing tariff structure. Moving from flat fees to volumetric rates, for instance, entails the installation of meters, and changing the structures of volumetric tariffs {e.g. changing the number or size of blocks in an increasing-block tariff [IBT] scheme) requires that impacts are assessed on the financial sustainability of the provider, the affordability for different consumer groups and short- and long-term impacts of demands. It also requires extensive consultation with the public. Even in countries where IBTs prevail, their design varies across providers in terms of the number and size of blocks. The diversity of tariff structures in a country is generally linked with the degree of decentralisation of the tariff-setting process.
sdg6
The incumbent service provider can remain State owned, as long as the regulator permits entry of new providers in the market in a non-discriminatory way that promotes competition. In this regard, FDI is an important channel through which foreign providers can contest infrastructure and other service markets as greenfield investments, joint ventures between public-private enterprises or other forms of privatization. Kyrgyzstan’s nascent value chains in clothing and beans are an example.
sdg8
Lack of access to modern energy services contributes to poverty and deprivation and limits economic development. Furthermore, adequate, affordable and reliable energy services are necessary to guarantee sustainable economic and human development. Solid fuels include biomass fuels, such as wood, charcoal, crops or other agricultural waste, dung, shrubs and straw, and coal. High demand for biomass fuels to meet household energy needs can contribute to deforestation and subsequent land degradation.
sdg15
To estimate probabilities of health care consumption, these regression models included variables such as age, health status, and consumption of the same type of care in the previous period, consumption of other types of care in the current and previous period, education, sex, and region. The presence of dementia and dependence in activities of daily living were also explicitly included and both influenced demand for elder care assistance which was captured as having two levels: home services and special housing with 24 hour care. In turn, these factors were significant predictors of mortality for those receiving elder care. Data on incidence, prevalence and health care use of patients were obtained from patient registers providing longitudinal histories for a six-year period. Age and disease-specific risks of mortality were used. Individuals surviving beyond the six year period were considered disease free and were returned to face the same risks of health care consumption and death as the disease-free population in the model.
sdg3
Turkish society is fast changing. This is nothing new, yet a retrospective evaluation of the experiences of several decades suggests that the pace of social transformation might just be increasing. We believe that the evolving democratization of the last two decades is primarily responsible for this fast pace of change and the new external and internal dynamics that shape Turkish society. We argued in the previous chapter that social change and its associated uncertainty account for rising conservatism in the country. However, so far we have only used simple bivariate analyses of a mostly graphical nature to depict the underlying dynamics that shape the relationships between our variables. In this chapter we first develop the alternative measures of conservatism from our survey and then offer a multivariate analysis of the determinants of these variables.
sdg16
Examples of RP techniques are the hedonic regression technique and the travel cost method. The former can be used to estimate the value of clean water by examining how property prices depend on proximity to clean water (everything else equal), whereas the travel cost method mainly has been used to estimate recreation values, such as access to kayaking, fishing, etc. Examples of the SP techniques are contingent valuation and discrete choice experiments: based on hypothetical scenarios they are able to elicit individual WTP for a large range of goods and services like access to safe water, better tasting water, secure access to water, and recreational values.
sdg6
Companies have new ways of doing business, and digital platforms now provide services that used to be the bread and butter of retailers, travel agents, banks and trade and investment promotion organizations. At the same time, however, they pose risks to economic growth and inclusiveness when the business ecosystem is not set up to harness the power of new technological possibilities. In many places these institutions are either entirely public or are public-private non-profit service providers.
sdg9
Regional agencies also play an important role in the water policy budget in Belgium (e.g. SPGE for collective sanitation, Flemish Environment Agency, etc.), Italy (Ambito Territoriale Ottimale, AATO), Korea (MLTM Regional Construction Management Administrations, MOE Basic Environmental Office, Water System Fund, K-Water), as well as in the United Kingdom, where Natural England operates an agri-environment scheme that can include activities for the benefit of water resources management, and under which land managers can receive payments for adopting good practices. Who implements central government water policies at the sub-national level?
sdg6
The regulation of intellectual property rights, data flows, and privacy are likely to be of particular importance, as well as the quality of digital infrastructure, since reliable and fast network access is becoming a necessity for conducting business. However, the overall impact on GVC trade is hard to predict. In the longer run, however, 3D printing may to some extent substitute for traditional manufacturing methods, reducing the need for outsourced production and assembly, the number of production steps, and the need for inventory, warehousing, distribution, retail centres and packaging. Developing countries are likely to gain an increasing share of global trade, but the quantitative effects will depend on their ability to catch up on the adoption of digital technologies.
sdg9
There is also a need for flexibility in the use of funds (Perkins et al., While access was improved, less is known about the quality of the service patients received, and their outcomes. There is also scope to trial models integrating primary and acute care in other specialty areas. A necessary pre-requisite is that any such extended roles are attractively reimbursed.
sdg3
The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected].______________
sdg13
Many were developed to help operationalise international food safety standards and to verify compliance against them. In contrast, many eco-labelling schemes preceded any public standard or guidelines specifically related to eco-labels. Indeed, the FAO guidelines on eco-labels were developed in response to an anticipated proliferation of private eco-labelling schemes.
sdg14
About 3,000 to 4,000 users per day visit the Ministry’s website, with the section on licences and permits being the most visited. The website has been operational for the past 10 years, its interface is updated every three to five years. As no historical statistical records are available regarding the website content and maintenance, it is not possible to measure progress in its development.
sdg4
Groundwater resources are estimated at 0.218 km3/year. Total water resources in the Armenian part of the Vorotan sub-basin are estimated at 0.966 km3/year, about 13,270 m3/year/capita. ”Thc increases in concentrations may be due to diffuse pollution from agriculture and/or pollution from municipal wastewater.
sdg6
For several years, large-scale trafficking in APAAN, a pre-precursor of amphetamine and methamphetamine, has been of concern to drug control authorities worldwide. In the European Union, following control measures implemented in member States from January 2014, both the number of seizures and the amounts of APAAN seized have decreased gradually from 34 seizures (a total of 28.7 tons) in 2012 to 9 seizures (8.1 tons) in 2014. In the first half of 2015, five incidents involving a total of 1,250 kg of the substance were reported. In December 2013, the European Union adopted new control measures aimed at preventing the large-scale diversion of acetic anhydride from the European Union market.
sdg3
The editors would also like to acknowledge the review provided by Clara Barata and members of the OECD Secretariat’s Technical Advisory Group. The document was copy-edited by Elizabeth Zachary. The Conceptual Framework provides an integrated theoretical and analytical underpinning to the survey that articulates its research foci and links to existing knowledge and evidence and policy questions. Le cadre conceptuel offre a l’enquete une base theorique et analytique integree sur laquelle reposent les axes de recherche et qui fait le lien avec les connaissances et donnees existantes ainsi qu’avec les questions qui se posent quant a Faction des pouvoirs publics.
sdg4
Shaded bars and markers represent gender differences that are statistically significant at the 5% level. White bars and markers represented gender differences that are not statistically significant at the 5% level. The OECD/INFE survey of financial literacy and financial inclusion collects data on the financial knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among adults aged 18-79 in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Hong Kong, China, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
sdg5
In the first half of 2015, the Colombian Congress approved the National Development Plan 2014-2018. The document contains the Government’s action plan for the four-year period. In relation to the issue of drug control, the Plan aims to address the drug problem by means of a comprehensive and balanced approach. In May 2015, Colombia’s National Narcotics Council approved the suspension of aerial spraying of coca bush cultivation with glyphosate.
sdg3
In 2014, the government selected seven provinces to host pilot markets for trade in water rights. The existence of the “governor’s grain bag policy”, whereby each provincial governor must ensure grain demand and supply is balanced within their province, may constrain the ability of provinces to produce the most appropriate crops given local water endowments. For example, under this policy, relatively dry provinces still need to produce water-intensive crops such as rice. In future, grain quotas at the provincial level should evolve to better reflect water availability. Other types of infrastructure such as transport, electricity and IT networks will also be important to enable agricultural producers to lift productivity and to connect those wishing to pursue off-farm work or education with desirable locations.
sdg2
At present, the classification of projects in AfT databases is constrained by the fact that donors can ‘tick’ only one box (i.e. assign only one CRS code) to individual aid flows. This exclusivity is hard-wired into the CRS system by design, in order to avoid any donor potentially double-counting contributions across different AfT categories. As noted earlier, this avoidance of double-counting has a strong political rationale, given that some donors have made written pledges to reach quantitative targets for their AfT contributions.
sdg10
However, when teachers are confronted with potential consequences for their career and salary, they may be less likely to accept performance evaluations, and the improvement function may be jeopardised. In practice, countries rarely use a pure form of teacher evaluation, instead they use combinations of assessments that integrate multiple purposes and methodologies. Nonetheless it is critical that evaluations have meaningful consequences to those evaluated, as it is the only way to ensure that they are taken seriously.
sdg4
First-generation immigrant students: Students who were born outside the country of assessment and whose parents were also born in a different country. Second-generation immigrant students: Students who themselves were born in the country of review but whose parents were born in a different country, i.e. students who are following/have followed all their pre-school/schooling in the review country. Around one third live in the three major cities of Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmo, the majority live in municipalities ranging in size from a few thousand people to well over 100 000 people. Sweden is among the top OECD countries with regard to wealth, development and education.
sdg4
The little money transferred through these systems remains essential for the poorest households as it is often the only cash they have. The existing systems have potential to help the poorest in the societies and can serve as a basis for ad-hoc assistance in the case of external shocks. But we also need to be aware that social protection in general and social cash transfers in particular cannot solve all problems and that the poor countries in Central Asia have extremely limited fiscal resources.
sdg1
Alternative integrated approaches should also be promoted based on normative values and multidisciplinary, sustainability and multi-cultural principles. There is also scope for increasing the participation of irrigation districts and units to save water, which would significantly contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers. The absence of an objective and independent assessment represents an important constraint as river basin councils and their auxiliary bodies have not been able to reflect on their failures and learn from past experiences.
sdg6
Coverage in the poorest quintile was a low three per cent. Social allowances reached 12 per cent of the population (25 per cent of the poorest quintile), and special state allowances benefited 15 per cent of the population (32 per cent of the poorest quintile). With the exception of housing allowances, social assistance transfers are targeted to the poor, 37 per cent of all beneficiaries of social assistance belong to the poorest quintile, who receive almost 40 per cent of total transfers. The most strictly targeted programme, TSA, distributes 72 per cent of total transfers to the poorest twenty per cent.
sdg1
Principals are at the junction between classrooms, policies, local administrations and stakeholders. In this unique and challenging position they can influence the conditions and climate in which teaching and learning occur and with this - the effectiveness of schooling (OECD/Specialists Schools and Academics Trust, 2008, Scheerens and Bosker, 1997, Teddlie and Reynolds, 2000, Townsend, 2007). Principals also are the key mediators between schools and the environment in which schools operate.
sdg4
The recent reduction in cost sharing will help low-income groups improve access to care. Furthermore, out-of-pocket spending in Denmark fell between 2000 and 2010, unlike in many other European countries (see Figure 4.10). Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island.
sdg3
Private finance estimates are from OECD DAC Survey on mobilisation. Data recorded in DAC statistics is not equivalent to that reported as climate finance towards the USD lOObn goal, and is not comparable to the recent estimates in the OECD study Climate Finance in 2013-14 and the USD 100 billion goal in collaboration with CPI (see http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/oecd-cpi-climate-finance-reporthtm). This section outlines some of the underling factors that will determine the level of coherence between development finance and climate finance.
sdg13
Policy responses to reported abuses should focus on implementing existing laws and if necessary strengthening penalties for legal breaches by employers rather than restricting the market for temporary labour. This is unobjectionable as an aspiration, but is less clear as a policy, as the term “decent work” can conceal difficult tradeoffs. The goal of decent work should not be allowed to perpetuate or strengthen the current pattern of a core of well-paid labour market insiders existing alongside a similar number of excluded and impoverished outsiders, either jobless or pushed into the informal sector.
sdg8
There is emerging evidence that, for innovations in health systems to be sustainable, close collaboration and partnership with the subnational health systems are highly crucial. Maternal health in Africa is a primary health care handled mostly at the local or provincial level. Such innovations should be fully institutionalized, operationalized and driven by local health workers and their institutions.
sdg5
An online survey of public administration graduate students in the United States1 was conducted in early 2010 to measure students’ views on public participation. In addition, document analysis was used to investigate MPA curricula and the extent to which NASPAA-accredited programs were teaching courses in this area. Survey results2 indicate that most respondents (a) believe public participation is important to good governance, (b) see themselves as facilitators of public participation, and (c) are interested in learning more about the subject. Analysis of MPA-accredited program curricula showed few graduate-level public administration programs offering courses on public participation and citizen engagement. The findings point to the opportunity, and need, for greater emphasis on public participation in MPA curricula.
sdg16
Hi K-SJStJJA 97,0 .95.5 95.3 . First, despite certain variations between countries in the proportion of w omen employed in the care sector and other sectors, in all cases the share in the former is at least double the latter. Second, the overwhelming presence of women among paid care workers has changed little in the last decade in terms of the regional average and for individual countries (see figure III.8). The proportion of women is higher among domestic workers (95.2% in 2000 and 90.6% in 2010) than among other care woikers, and it is higher in education services and community and household services than in health services (94.4% and 95.2%, respectively, in 2000 compared with 85.9% in 2010).
sdg5
In recent years, some cities in Belarus have become pioneers in integrating some elements of a green city approach into their urban planning and development practices to address some of the problems they face in a more systematic, integrated way (box 13.3.). Multifamily housing constitutes about 140 million m , or 60 per cent of the total. Private dwellings made up 89.5 per cent of the total housing.
sdg11
Corporate diplomacy is an emerging concept within the management literature. It describes corporate conduct in the international arena, particularly in challenging political and social environments. Management scholarship and practitioner literature have focused on the communication processes and instrumental benefits associated with corporate diplomacy, exploring and explaining how managers negotiate stakeholder relationships to achieve a firm’s profit-oriented goals. We enrich the current understanding of corporate diplomacy by viewing it as an umbrella concept that encompasses scholarship from political corporate social responsibility, international relations, diplomacy, and peace studies. We also suggest that corporate diplomacy includes the political role that multinational enterprises play in addressing social issues and governance gaps affecting less developed and potentially conflict-prone host countries where they operate. Based on this approach, the concept of corporate diplomacy builds on the p...
sdg16
There are a number of mixed cropping farms, but such farming systems are in the minority. Mixed farms usually combine arable crops with sheep and beef and derive over one quarter of total revenue from livestock operations. For some farms, production specialisation has played an important role in improving efficiency following the withdrawal of agricultural subsidies in the mid-1980s.
sdg2
Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY. Evidence from the UK”, IFS Working Papers W08/09, Institute for Fiscal Studies. Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Economic Journal, 115(506): F300-F323, October. Economic Journal, 110(466): 781-804, Royal Economic Society, October. Consumption and Generational Change: The Rise of Consumer Lifestyles and the Transformation of Later Life, Transaction Publishers, Rutgers, NJ, pp.
sdg1
We shall also see that the ambiguity and uncertainty of LCA results and the difficulty of communicating them in a meaningful way have led to a flurry of tools and approaches either to simplify or to standardise the assessment. This approach requires the standardisation of data and impact assessment methods. The results of LCA studies can then be communicated through Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) or more simplified models such as life cycle-based ecolabels. The publication Global Guidance Principles for Life Cycle Assessment Databases4 has made a very important contribution to consensus building on how to collect data and manage databases in a consistent way.
sdg12
Educational administration is a rich domain of scholarship and practice, but one subject rarely discussed is its dark side. This study explored the question: What types of maladministration occur in schooling systems? The goal was to develop findings to inform existing prevention strategies. Focused on the Canadian context, data sources included 64 reports from disciplinary hearings of administrators in the Provinces of Ontario and British Columbia, complemented with other publicly available sources such as news stories. Findings indicated only a small minority of populations of administrators were subjected to disciplinary investigations and sanctions, but the targeted misconduct was often severe. Analysis revealed eight dimensions of maladministration, with sexual misconduct against students and financial transgressions being the most frequent. Academic dishonesty in the context of standardized testing and gendered patterns of maladministration also stood out. A typology emerged that highlighted the mai...
sdg16
Therefore, if the city of Amsterdam were to increase its rates, this would have consequences for other cities, the macro-standard and for the contribution that they receive from the municipal fund. Considered less distortonary, more progressive and efficient than the composed property tax (land + building) and the tax on commercial activities or labour. One-time tax, levy or charge imposed on landowners adjacent to public infrastructure investment that would have contributed to land valorization. “
sdg11
The guidance developed by the OECD and experience gained by OECD countries provide useful reference in this regard. In addition to action on chlorofluorocarbons, Colombia took steps to control the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in advance of the relevant international agreement. Further efforts are needed to curtail the continued illegal import of banned substances and to manage the collection and environmentally sound disposal of ozone-depleting substances contained in equipment still in use.
sdg12