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# John Brannigan
**John Brannigan** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE}}`{=mediawiki} (5 January 1900 -- 18 July 1959) was a Scottish trade union leader.
Brannigan was born in Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire, to Patrick Brannigan, a steel dresser and journeyman, and his wife, Helen (*née* Lynch). He found work driving a horse-drawn van for the Lanarkshire Co-operative Society. He became active in the Scottish Horse and Motormen\'s Association, and began working full-time for the union in 1920.
Brannigan was elected as assistant general secretary of the union in 1938. In December 1943, he was elected as the union\'s general secretary, defeating David Johnstone, Alexander Irvine and James White Jr, winning more than 50% of the votes. While considered a good speaker and negotiator, he showed little interest in innovations, and the union stagnated under his leadership.
In late 1949, Brannigan was involved in a serious motor accident while drunk. He collapsed while at the police station and was kept in hospital for four weeks. Some members of the union, including assistant general secretary David Johnstone, sought to have Branningan removed as general secretary, but Brannigan eventually won out, and Johnstone was instead suspended.
Brannigan received support from other unions during this period, and served as President of the Scottish Trades Union Congress in 1952/53. However, he lost his seat on the STUC executive immediately afterwards, and was never re-elected, leaving the union as the only substantial Scottish trade union not represented on the body.
By 1956, Brannigan was concerned about the union\'s finances. The union\'s executive appointed Alex Kitson appointed as a new organiser, over Brannigan\'s objections. He also opposed Kitson's appointment as assistant general secretary later in the year, with a mandate to run union affairs when he was unavailable. Eventually, in 1959, he relented to the appointment of Kitson as an assistant general secretary. He died suddenly on 18 July 1959.
In the 1950 Birthday Honours, Brannigan was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire. In his spare time, he served on the Scottish Transport Users\' Consultative Committee, the Cinematograph Exhibitors\' Association, and the Local Price Regulation Committee
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# Antonio Acqua
**Antonio Acqua** (5 November 1893 - 18 October 1966) was an Italian actor of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s.
Born in Rome, Acqua was mainly active on stage and in films as a character actor, specialized in roles of lawyers, military officers, politicians and engineers. He frequently worked with Pietro Germi, who gave him some of the most significant roles of his career. His only leading role was as the General in Enrico Cappellini\'s *La via del Sud* (1953)
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# Pinsoro
**Pinsoro** is a village situated to the northwest of the city of Zaragoza in northeastern Spain. The population is approximately 800. This village is located within the Ejea de los Caballeros municipal term.
## History
Pinsoro was founded by colonist families in 1962, subsidized by the Instituto Nacional de Colonización of the Spanish government. Since the moment of its foundation till nowadays, the village hasn\'t stopped growing economically. Today, Pinsoro has a lot of shops and supermarkets, a medical centre, two theaters, an agriculture factory and more facilities.
In May 2012, this village celebrated its 50th anniversary.
## Tourism
The places to visit at this village are directly connected with nature:
- **El Lagunazo de Moncayuelo**: a lake in the outskirts of Pinsoro. A lot of bird species live here, and camping and eating is allowed.
- **\"El Cierzo\" Hotel**: in the centre of the village. This hotel has some rooms for a rest.
- **Pinsoro Church**: the oldest building in the town.
- **Pinsoro Arch**: in the past this was the entrance to the village.
- **Village Bullring**
- **Sport facilities**: there is a swimming pool, a frontenis coach and a sports hall.
## Astronomy
Pinsoro\'s observatory is a useful place to see astronomical phenomena.
## Festivals
- **San Isidro Festivals**: in spring, the week of 15 May.
- **San Mateo Festivals**: the most important ones in Pinsoro. These festivals take place in summer, the week of 21 September
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# Royal Enfield Silver Plus
**Silver plus** is a two-seater, step-through motorcycle that was introduced by Royal Enfield Motors in India in the 1980s. It was one of the first geared step-through motorcycles in India. It was launched along with Explorer, another mini bike, a two-seater that featured the same engine. While Silver Plus featured a hand-operated cable link gear shift, Explorer used a foot-operated gear shift.
## Engine, transmission and performance {#engine_transmission_and_performance}
The Silver Plus was powered by a two-stroke, 49 cc air-cooled, carburetor engine, manufactured with technical assistance from Zundapp. The transmission supported two gears and the gears are operated by hand, much like the Italian scooters. Royal Enfield subsequently upgraded the bike to a three-speed gearbox
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# Serge Jaroff
**Serge Alexis Jaroff** (*accessdate=9 September 2016}}\</ref\>*) (`{{OldStyleDate|April 1|1896|March 20}}`{=mediawiki} -- 5 October 1985) was the founder, conductor and composer of the Don Cossack Choir Serge Jaroff.
## Biography
Jaroff was born `{{OldStyleDate|April 1|1896|March 20}}`{=mediawiki} in Makaryev, Kostroma Governorate, Russian Empire. He trained at the Moscow Synod School for Choral Singing. He served as a Don Cossack lieutenant in the Russian Civil War. In 1920, the Don Army were driven into the Crimea by the Red Army. From there they evacuated to a Turkish internment camp near Constantinople, (now Istanbul). In January 1921, Jaroff put together a choir from Russian refugees in the internment camp. Most of the singers who later performed in the Don Cossacks Choir had been members of the Don divisions since the war in 1914. The 3rd`{{Clarify|date=January 2010}}`{=mediawiki} Don division in March 1921 was interned on the Greek island of Lemnos.
Then the troops, including the singers, were shipped to Burgas, Bulgaria. The Russian representative asked Jaroff and his choir to join the church. On 23 June 1923, they performed in the cathedral of Sofia and made their formal concert debut in Vienna on 4 July 1923. They subsequently toured America where they were extremely popular and had other international tours in the 1930s, 40s and 50s. The men, dressed as Cossacks, sang a repertory of a cappella Russian sacred and operatic music, army songs and folk songs. Cossack dancing was eventually added to the performance.
Jaroff\'s last tour was in the 1978--1979 season of the company, but Jaroff continued as the choir leader until 1981.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Jaroff married Neonila, and had one son, Aljosha. They lived in Lakewood Township, New Jersey, where Jaroff died in 1985. He became a US citizen after World War II. He is buried at St Mary\'s R.O. Cemetery in Jackson, New Jersey
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# Torslanda
**Torslanda** is an urban district situated in Gothenburg Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 10,129 inhabitants in 2005.
## Etymology
A Norse pagan place of sacrifice to the God Thor was once located here, which gave rise to the name Torslanda; meaning \"Thor\'s land\".
## The Volvo Torslanda Plant {#the_volvo_torslanda_plant}
Volvo Cars operates one of its largest automobile plants, Torslandaverken in Torslanda, under the motto \"Increased capacity -- for ever-higher quality\". It opened in 1964 and some models produced at the plant have carried the Torslanda name, including later versions of the Volvo 240 during the early 1990s. It also holds the headquarters for Volvo Car Corporation, AB Volvo, and Polestar.
## Torslanda Airport {#torslanda_airport}
From 1923 to 1977, prior to the opening of the Göteborg Landvetter Airport, the city had been served by the Torslanda Airport, located here. The control tower, located on a hilltop adjacent to the site of the airport, was renovated in 2007, and is one of the last remaining artifacts of the airport, much of which was demolished in 1997.
In recent years, the original land from the Torslanda Airport has been redeveloped into a residential area known as Amhult, eventually to become a garden village with 900 new homes, a commercial centre, preschool and school.
## The Volvo Museum {#the_volvo_museum}
After the closing of the Torslanda Airport as an actual transportation facility (1977), Volvo housed its collection of historic vehicles in the \"Blue Hangar\" (*Den Blå Hangaren*) at Torslanda Airport. The collection comprised about 5-6 vehicles, only two of them in working order. Other vehicles were stored across Sweden in various Volvo facilities. Unfortunately, fire destroyed the hangar a few years later, but most of the vehicles escaped unharmed. The collection was moved into a permanent location with the opening of the Volvo Museum in Arendal on Hisingen on 30 May 1995.
Notably, **The Blue Hangar** was destroyed by a fire, 31 May 1980; a monument marks the place where the hangar stood.
Prior to its use as a de facto museum, the Torslanda Airport hangars had served as presentation spaces for prominent vehicle debuts, including the 1957 Volvo P1900/Sport.
## Jack the Ripper and Torslanda {#jack_the_ripper_and_torslanda}
Elizabeth Stride, née Elisabeth Gustafsdotter --- believed to have been the third victim of the notorious unidentified serial killer Jack the Ripper --- hailed from Torslanda, and had been christened at the Torslanda Church (pictured above)
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# Vulcana
**Miriam Kate Williams** (6 May 1874 -- 8 August 1946) sometimes called **Kate Roberts** and better known by her stage name **Vulcana**, was a Welsh strongwoman. With strongman William Hedley Roberts, better known as Atlas, she toured music halls in Britain, Europe, and Australia. The couple performed as The Atlas and Vulcana Group of Society Athletes.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kate Williams was born to Irish parents in Abergavenny, Monmouthshire; her father was a local preacher. Kate worked at a tannery in Abergavenny as a young woman. She met William Roberts at the local women\'s gymnasium he ran in 1890, when she was fifteen. They fell in love; in spite of Roberts already having a wife and family, they left town together and were never parted for the rest of their lives.
## Performing career {#performing_career}
Williams\'s first professional appearance was as a replacement act at a fete hosted by Roberts in Pontypool, Wales. They began to be billed together as Atlas and Vulcana from the time of their first appearances in London in 1892. In 1903, Vulcana and Atlas were engaged by Harry Rickards and toured Australia. Atlas, a true showman of his times, greatly exaggerated his own and Vulcana\'s lifting capacities, and most of his published boasts have been dismissed. On more than one occasion, he was challenged to his face and shown to be using weights lighter than he claimed. At these times, Vulcana\'s reputation suffered alongside his, although her authenticated accomplishments were genuinely remarkable for a woman of her era.
### Authenticated feats of strength {#authenticated_feats_of_strength}
Vulcana reached the height of her popularity in France, impressing the Halterophile Club de France with her feats of strength, which earned her a medal from the \"Father of French Bodybuilding\", Professor Edmond Desbonnet and a picture on the cover of *La Santé par les Sports*. She was honored with over one hundred medals throughout her career.`{{fact|date=December 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
Her best-authenticated feats were bent press with her right hand of at least 124½ lb (56.5 kg), with some authorities accepting a press of 145 lb (66 kg), and an overhead lift with a 56 lb (25 kg) weight in each hand.`{{fact|date=December 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
She freed a wagon stuck in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London in October 1901 by lifting it before astonished witnesses.`{{fact|date=December 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
Authorities believe`{{vague|date=December 2021}}`{=mediawiki} Vulcana reached the peak of her strength in about 1910. On 29 May 1913 at Haggar\'s Theatre in Llanelli, she lifted a challenge bell that rival strongwoman Athelda (Frances Rheinlander) failed to raise after twenty-five minutes of trying.
### Authenticated feats of heroism {#authenticated_feats_of_heroism}
A woman publicly displaying strength was sufficient to generate *succès de scandale*, as publicity stunts were then called, and Vulcana was no stranger to the art of aggrandizing tales of her exploits. However, some of the stories about her are based on genuine incidents of heroism on her part:`{{fact|date=December 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
- In 1888, at the age of thirteen, she stopped a runaway horse in Bristol.
- She rescued two children from drowning in the River Usk in July 1901, for which she received an award in gratitude.
- In 1910, Vulcana was the first to alert the police of the disappearance of her friend, Cora Crippen, who performed as Belle Ellmore, ultimately leading to the investigation, prosecution and execution of Cora\'s husband, Dr. Hawley Crippen.
- On 4 June 1921 the Garrick Theatre in Edinburgh caught fire on an evening of the Society Athletes\' performance. Vulcana risked her life to save another act\'s horses, and came away with serious burns on her head. For this she won commendations and an award.
### Reported feats {#reported_feats}
- In 1902, *Punch* reported that Vulcana had knocked out a pickpocket who was attempting to steal her purse.
### Retirement
Vulcana and Atlas moved permanently to London in the 1920s, and retired from performance in 1932.
Vulcana was hit by a car in London in 1939, and was conscious when she heard her own death pronounced. She suffered brain damage, but partially recovered, and briefly outlived Atlas and her youngest daughter, both of whom also died in 1946.
## Family
Vulcana and Atlas never married one another, and they billed themselves as brother and sister throughout their careers. They did however have six children together, William, Hedley, Augustus, Arthur, Nora, and Mona (1900 -- 1946). No scandal resulted, as their secret was not discovered during their lifetimes.
Vulcana did not want her children left with relatives or in orphanages, and insisted on raising them herself. Thus, all of her children performed with the Society Athletes as soon as they were old enough.
Nora Roberts would go on to appear in the film *Things to Come* (1936).
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# Vulcana
## Legacy
The Vulcana Women\'s Circus, based in Brisbane, Australia, is named after her
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# Pūao-te-Āta-tū
**Pūao-te-Āta-tū** (Māori: \"daybreak\") was the title of a 1986 report published by the Ministerial Advisory Committee on a Māori Perspective for the Department of Social Welfare in New Zealand.
## Contents
It was a detailed commentary and enquiry into racism within New Zealand society, and in particular within the Department of Social Welfare.
The document contains a detailed account of New Zealand\'s history focusing on the interactions between the indigenous Māori people and the British settlers. It points out in detail the harm done to the Māori people and culture and the effects this has had on the wellbeing and socio-economic status of Māori people. 13 recommendations were given in regard to becoming an anti-racist society and achieving social equality for the Māori people
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# Juno V
The **Juno V** series of rockets were a design that was proposed in the late 1950s but cancelled. The rockets were multi-stage and, although they failed to reach production, their sections were used in other designs. The Juno V was an eight-engine cluster concept, requiring second and third stages to make a complete booster. Depending on the stages added, the rocket would either be a Juno V-A or a Juno V-B.
## Juno V-A {#juno_v_a}
**Juno V-A** was studied in 1958, as a new name for the Super-Jupiter rocket. Super-Jupiter planned on using four Rocketdyne E-1 engines in its second stage, but this project was cancelled so V-A would use the S-I first stage to propel it into space and a whole Titan I ICBM to continue the journey. Juno V-A was never developed, but all its stages were used on different launch vehicles, now retired as of today.
## Juno V-B {#juno_v_b}
**Juno V-B**, studied in the same year as Juno V-A, was proposed for lunar and interplanetary missions into space. It was just like the Juno V-A, except the third stage, originally the second stage of a Titan I booster, would be replaced with a Centaur C high-energy third stage. A year after Juno V-B\'s study, the booster received a new name: the Saturn A-1, which, like the Juno series of rockets was never built in its original planned form, but all its stages were used on different launch vehicles
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# Thomas Harpur
**Thomas Harpur** (born 16 May 1944) is an Irish former cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he played eighteen times for the Ireland cricket team between 1974 and 1982, including two first-class matches and two List A matches.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Harpur first played for Ireland in August 1974, scoring 0 not out against Wales in Colwyn Bay. He would not play again for Ireland until July 1977, against the same opponents, this time in Swansea. He was a little more successful on this second outing, scoring six runs in the Irish first innings. He then began to become more of a regular in the Irish side, playing against Surrey, the MCC and Wales in 1978, and against FW Millett\'s XI in 1979.
In 1980, he played against Wales, and made his first-class debut against Scotland in August. In 1981, he played against Canada, Middlesex, Gloucestershire, Scotland, the MCC, Wales and Surrey. The match that year against Scotland was his final first-class match, whilst the match against Gloucestershire was his List A debut. He scored 56 not out in the first innings of the match against Wales, his only half-century for Ireland.
His international career winded down in 1982, during which he played against India and the MCC, before playing his final game for Ireland against Northamptonshire in July, which was also his final List A match.
## Statistics
In all matches for Ireland, he scored 341 runs at an average of 20.06. He bowled just once, bowling three overs against Scotland in 1981
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# Shabuhragan
The ***Shabuhragan*** (*شاپورگان* *Shāpuragān*), which means \"dedicated to Šābuhr\", also translated in Chinese as the `{{Zh|c=二宗经|p=Èrzōng jīng|l=Text of Two principles}}`{=mediawiki} was a sacred book of Manichaeism, written by the founder Mani (c. 210--276 CE) himself, originally in Middle Persian, and dedicated to Shapur I (c. 215`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}272 CE), the contemporary king of the Sasanian Empire. This book is listed as one of the seven treatises of Manichaeism in Arabic historical sources, but it is not among the seven treatises in the Manichaean account itself. The book was designed to present to Shapur an outline of Mani\'s new religion, which united elements from Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Buddhism.
The Middle Persian term for \"Shabuhragan\" is *dw bwn wzrg\'y š\'bwhrg\'n* \"The two Sutras Dedicated to Shabur\". The Chinese translation is abbreviated as \"The Text of Two Principles\" (`{{zh|c=二宗经|p=Èrzōng jīng}}`{=mediawiki}). Mani wrote this book in Middle Persian and presented it to Shabur, the Sasanian Emperor, as an outline of the teachings of Manichaeism. In this book, Mani described his religion as the perfection and continuation of other existing religions, and called himself the \"Sealed Prophet\": \"Throughout the generations, the apostles of God have never ceased to bring wisdom and work here. Thus, they came in one age through the Apostle Buddha into the countries of India; in another, through the apostle Zoroaster into Persia; and in another, through Jesus Christ into the West. After that, in this last age, the revelation came, which was prophesied to come to Babylon through Myself, Mani, the apostle of the true God.\"
Original Middle Persian fragments were discovered at Turpan, and quotations were brought in Arabic by al-Biruni:
The surviving fragments of the *Shabuhragan* focus on eschatology. When the end of the world comes, the God of the wise world, Jesus, comes and performs the final judgment, separating the sinners from the righteous. The angels go and seize the sinners and cast them into hell. The dead will rise, the righteous will ascend to heaven, and all other beings will fall into hell with them. The gods who support the world depart and the world collapses, and the fire of judgment enters from outside the universe and burns up the world, which will last for 1468 years. Evildoers suffer in this fire, but the righteous are unharmed. The evildoers ask for forgiveness, but will only be condemned. Finally, the sinners will be thrown into eternal prison along with the devil.
According to the Chronicle of the Buddha, in the first year of Yanzai of the Tang dynasty, the Persian Fudodan introduced the *Erzong jing* into China
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# Obretenov
**Obretenov** is a surname.
A family of Bulgarian revolutionaries bear this name:
- Tonka Obretenova (1812--1893) Wife of Niho.
- Tiho Obretenov
- Nikola Obretenov (1849--1939) Son of Tiho and Tonka.
- Georgi Obretenov (after 1849--1876) Son of Tiho and Tonka.
- (1837--1894) Son of Tiho and Tonka.
- Petar Obretenov Son of Tiho and Tonka.
- Anastasiya Stoyanov Daughter of Tiho and Tonka
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# Mark Ravina
**Mark Ravina** (born 1961) is a scholar of early modern (Tokugawa) Japanese history and Japanese Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, where he has taught since 2019. He currently holds the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Chair in Japanese Studies. From 1991 to 2019 he taught at Emory University. Outside of academic circles, he is likely most well known for his book *The Last Samurai: the Life and Battles of Saigō Takamori*, published in 2004.
Much of Ravina\'s scholarly work centers on notions of national identity and state-building in early modern Japan. His book *Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan* (published in 1999) centers on this topic, as do a number of journal articles and talks given by Ravina. He is one of only a few scholars actively working to challenge those who equate the Tokugawa shogunate\'s authority with the \"state\" in Japan in this period. Working off of the ideas and terms coined by Takeshi Mizubayashi, Ravina explores the notion of a \"compound state\" in which the *daimyō* (feudal lords) are not merely governors in the service of the Tokugawa regime, but rulers of semi-independent states within the greater Tokugawa state. This alternative to the traditional view of a monolithic, unified Edo period Japanese state invites not only rethinking of a great many aspects of Edo period history, but also engages with a wider ongoing scholarly discourse on the notions of \"nation\" and \"state\" in general. Numerous scholars, including Luke S. Roberts, Ronald Toby and John Whitney Hall have made reference to his work, engaging with it in their own pursuits of a reexamination of notions of statehood and national identity in the Tokugawa period. The influence of this new discourse on statehood is evident in the use of the plural \"Japanese States\" in the title of the newest book by Timon Screech, a specialist on Edo period art history: *The Shogun\'s Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760-1829.* His most recent book *To Stand with the Nations of the World: Japan\'s Meiji Restoration in World History* won the 2018 book prize from the Southeast Conference of the Association for Asian Studies
*Land and Lordship* was translated into Japanese and released as *Meikun no satetsu* in 2004.
Ravina also served as a guest consultant in two documentary films about the samurai and Tokugawa Japan in 2003, following upon the success of the film *The Last Samurai*. The title and subject of his book on Saigō Takamori, upon whom the film\'s central character Lord Katsumoto was based, was purely coincidence.
Having published a number of articles on state-building and national identity within Tokugawa Japan, Ravina is now turning towards addressing the subject as it pertains to Tokugawa Japan in a more global context.
He earned his BA from Columbia University in 1983, and his MA and PhD from Stanford University in 1988 and 1991 respectively.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
### Books
- *To Stand with the Nations of the World: Japan\'s Meiji Restoration in World History* Oxford University Press, 2018. (`{{ISBN|978-0195327717}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan.* Stanford University Press, 1999. (`{{ISBN|978-0-8047-2898-0}}`{=mediawiki})
- *The Last Samurai: the Life and Battles of Saigō Takamori.* John Wiley & Sons, 2004. (`{{ISBN|978-0-471-08970-4}}`{=mediawiki})
### Articles
- *State-building and Political Economy in Early-modern Japan.* The Journal of Asian studies. 54, no. 4, (1995): 997
- *Japanese state-making in Global Context: World culture and Meiji Japan.* in Richard Boyd and Tak-wing Ngo (eds.) *State Making in Asia* 2006. (`{{ISBN|978-0-415-34611-5}}`{=mediawiki})
- *State-making in Global Context:Japan in a World of Nation-States.* in Joshua Fogel (ed.) *The Teleology of the Modern Nation-State: Japan and China.* U Penn Press, 2004
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# Tower en route control
In United States aviation, **tower en route control** (**TEC**) is a collection of published low-altitude, short-distance IFR routes through large metropolitan areas that require no level of air traffic control higher than approach-control facilities.
## Overview
TEC routing is intended to better distribute the load of traffic coordination over different ATC facilities and levels by allowing low-altitude IFR traffic engaged in short flights within congested areas to conduct the entire flight under the control of approach-control or lower levels of ATC. Aircraft flying TEC routes can complete an entire flight without the need to contact major air traffic control centers. Prepared TEC routes have been published for turbojet and lighter aircraft between major airports within large and congested airspaces
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# Rosemary Butler (politician)
**Dame Rosemary Janet Mair Butler** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR-cats|DBE}}`{=mediawiki} (*née* **McGrath**; born 21 January 1943) is a British politician who served as Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales (now Llywydd of the Senedd) from 2011 to 2016. A member of Welsh Labour, Butler was the Assembly Member (AM; now Member of the Senedd) for Newport West from 1999 to 2016.
Serving briefly as Secretary for Education in the first two years of the Welsh Government, she was elected Deputy Presiding Officer in May 2007. In May 2011, Butler was elected as the Presiding Officer. She did not stand for election to the Assembly in the 2016 elections.
## Local politics {#local_politics}
In 1971 Butler joined the Labour Party. She was elected to Newport Borough Council from Caerleon ward in 1973, and played an important part in Labour administrations on the council as Deputy Leader and Mayor of Newport in 1989--90. She was Chair of the Leisure Services Committee for 12 years.
## National Assembly {#national_assembly}
At the first Assembly election in 1999, Butler was selected as Labour candidate for Newport West which she won. She was appointed Secretary for Education: Minister for Children and Young People (up to 16) by Alun Michael but held office only for a year, leaving in October 2000 when the new First Secretary (First Minister), Rhodri Morgan, formed a coalition government. She was Chair of the Assembly\'s Culture, Welsh Language and Sport Committee and served on the Panel of Chairs. She led the British Council activities in *the Senedd* (housing the Assembly) and also represents *the Senedd* on the European Committee of the Regions (CoR) where she is a member of the Bureau (executive) of the Committee.
## Presiding Officer and Deputy Presiding Officer {#presiding_officer_and_deputy_presiding_officer}
On 9 May 2007, Butler was picked as the Labour group\'s nominee for Deputy Presiding Officer, a position vacant by the defeat of the previous holder and which had to be held by a member from a different party to the Presiding Officer. Her election by the whole of the Assembly was not opposed. Butler was appointed the second Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales on 11 May 2011, following Dafydd Elis-Thomas.
Butler was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for political and public services, particularly to women.
## Women in Public Life Campaign #POWiPL {#women_in_public_life_campaign_powipl}
In 2012, Rosemary Butler AM launched a campaign to address the need for more women to apply for and take up public roles and appointments. Her Women in Public Life campaign (POWiPL) aims to ensure that women are fairly represented at all levels of public life in Wales.
During the campaign, Rosemary has hosted many high-profile influential speakers at *the Senedd*, most notably former Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard to talk about gender equality and encourage women to put themselves forward for public appointments. She also launched a website; Women in Public Life Portal to enable women in Wales to search for public appointments.
In October 2014, Rosemary launched a mentoring and development scheme for women who wanted to gain experience in public life and undergo training to help prepare them for decision making roles over a period of 18 months. The scheme is delivered by Chwarae Teg and Cardiff Business School on behalf of *the Senedd*
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# Banksia laevigata subsp. laevigata
***Banksia laevigata* subsp. *laevigata***, the **tennis ball banksia**, is a subspecies of small woody shrub in the plant genus *Banksia*. It occurs in Western Australia\'s semi-arid shrubland. It and the closely related *B. laevigata* subsp. *fuscolutea* (golden ball banksia) are the two subspecies of the species *Banksia laevigata*.
## Taxonomy
The species *B. laevigata* was first described by Swiss botanist Carl Meissner in 1856, after being originally collected by James Drummond in 1848. No separate subspecies were recognised until Alex George collected specimens of subspecies *fuscolutea* east of Hyden in 1964, and formally named it two years later. The naming of a new subspecies automatically created the autonym (botany) subspecies *laevigata*.
The common name is derived from the resemblance of its inflorescences to tennis balls.
George described its nearest probable relative as *Banksia audax* and placed it in the series Cyrtostylis, which he concedes is rather heterogeneous. The series was split into three in the 1996 morphological cladistic analysis by botanists Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges, with *B. laevigata* placed in the new series Ochraceae with *B. audax* and *B. benthamiana* in their arrangement. This was reinforced in American botanist Austin Mast\'s 2002 analysis, as *B. laevigata* came out as sister to three groups; the first the pair comprising *B. audax* and *B. benthamiana*.
Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus *Banksia* by merging *Dryandra* into it, and published *B.* subg. *Spathulatae* for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus *B.* subg. *Banksia* was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of *Dryandra* was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele\'s nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then *B. laevigata* subsp. *laevigata* is placed in *B.* subg. *Banksia*.
## Description
The tennis ball banksia is a shrub to 3.5 metres (11.5 ft) high with grey, flaky bark. New growth occurs in summer, and the young stems and leaves are covered in fine hairs, which fall away with age. There are 2 variants distinguished by their leaf margins, one along the Fitzgerald River with rather obtuse leaf teeth, the other in the Ravensthorpe Ranges with larger, acute teeth similar to those of subsp. *fuscolutea*. The former is represented by the type. The inflorescences occur in spring and are oval in shape and a greenish yellow in colour. Flowers appear from October to December.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
*Banksia laevigata* subsp. *laevigata* grows in shrubland on stony soils of spongolite or laterite, along the lower Fitzgerald River and in the Ravensthorpe Ranges in inland southern Western Australia.
*Banksia laevigata* subsp. *laevigata* is classified as *Priority Four - Rare* on the Declared Rare and Priority Flora List under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia. That is, it is a taxon which has been adequately surveyed and which, while being rare (in Australia), are not currently threatened by any identifiable factors. It requires monitoring every 5--10 years.
## Ecology
Like other banksias, the tennis ball banksia is likely to play host to a variety of pollinators. Ants, bees and wasps have been recorded thus far.
## Cultivation
Although like many western banksias it is sensitive to *Phytophthora cinnamomi* dieback, it has been successfully grown on Australia\'s east coast. It has also been successfully grafted onto *Banksia integrifolia*
| 553 |
Banksia laevigata subsp. laevigata
| 0 |
11,083,338 |
# Saint Joseph's College of Quezon City
**St Joseph\'s College of Quezon City** (or simply **SJCQC** or **St. Jo**) is a Catholic private school administered by the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (SFIC Philippine North Province).
## History
Saint Joseph\'s College of Quezon City was founded in 1932 as Saint Joseph\'s Academy by Dutch Franciscan Sisters under the leadership of its school directress, Mother Magdala Verhuizen. Today, the school is managed by the *Sororum Franscicalium Immaculada Conceptione De Mater Dei* (SFIC) sisters.
During the Japanese occupation, the school was closed down and the buildings were used as a mini-military hospital by the Japanese army and later by the US military.
St. Joseph\'s Academy officially became St. Joseph\'s College of Quezon City in 1948 with the opening of the college department which offered programs in education, liberal arts, secretarial science, and music.
## Education
### Accreditation
St. Joseph\'s College, together with 10 other private colleges and universities, became a charter member of the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU) in 1957. In 2013, the Grade School and High School Departments were given five years of re-accredited status for maintaining education quality. The Kinder-Grade School Department and High School Department were both granted PAASCU Level III accreditation on December 15, 2008. In 2012, the Social Work Department was granted Level IV status, the first social program in the Philippines to be accorded such status.
### Graduate school {#graduate_school}
The Graduate School was opened in 1979 to specialize in education and staff development. Among its leading programs today are special education (SPED Department), early childhood education (Pre-Kinder and Kinder Department), guidance and counseling, and hospital management (Nursing Department). The doctoral programs specialize in special education and in educational leadership and management.
## Performing Arts {#performing_arts}
In the 1950s and 1960s, performing arts became a distinguishing feature of Josephine life. The annual play became a tradition. Plays and musicals such as *Cyrano de Bergerac*, *Pride and Prejudice*, *Pygmalion*, *Trojan Women*, *Fiddler on the Roof*, and *Camelot* were staged and drew critical acclaim.
## Current Programs and Projects {#current_programs_and_projects}
The school became an ETEEAP (Expanded Tertiary Educational Equivalency Accreditation Program) provider. Through ETEEAP, non-degree holders can have their learning at work and in life (skills and knowledge) assessed and recognized as equivalent to traditional course requirements to earn their degrees.
The Special Education (SPED) department was opened in 2002, while the Institute of Nursing was established in 2004 wherein St. Luke\'s Medical Center is their base hospital. In 2013, the Kindergarten, Grade School, and High School departments were merged into a Basic Education Department (BEd). The Senior High School Department was established in 2016.
## Social Orientation {#social_orientation}
The 1970s and 80s saw St. Joseph\'s College rise to the demands of socially oriented education. It offered a tuition-free evening high school for urban poor youths and established a grant-in-aid program for qualifying poor students
| 483 |
Saint Joseph's College of Quezon City
| 0 |
11,083,346 |
# Penitrem A
**Penitrem A** (**tremortin**) is an indole-diterpenoid mycotoxin produced by certain species of *Aspergillus*, *Claviceps*, and *Penicillium*, which can be found growing on various plant species such as ryegrass. Penitrem A is one of many secondary metabolites following the synthesis of paxilline in *Penicillium crostosum*. Penitrem A poisoning in humans and animals usually occurs through the consumption of contaminated foods by mycotoxin-producing species, which is then distributed through the body by the bloodstream. It bypasses the blood-brain barrier to exert its toxicological effects on the central nervous system. In humans, penitrem A poisoning has been associated with severe tremors, hyperthermia, nausea/vomiting, diplopia, and bloody diarrhea. In animals, symptoms of penitrem A poisoning has been associated with symptoms ranging from tremors, seizures, and hyperthermia to ataxia and nystagmus.
Roquefortine C has been commonly detected in documented cases of penitrem A poisoning, making it a possible biomarker for diagnoses.
## Mechanism of action {#mechanism_of_action}
Penitrem A impairs GABAergic amino acid neurotransmission and antagonizes high-conductance Ca^2+^-activated potassium channels in both humans and animals. Impairment of the GABAergic amino acid neurotransmission comes with the spontaneous release of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate as well as the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The sudden release of these neurotransmitters results in imbalanced GABAergic signalling, which gives rise to neurological disorders such as the tremors associated with penitrem A poisoning.
Penitrem A also induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the neutrophil granulocytes of humans and animals. Increased ROS production results in tissue damage in the brain and other afflicted organs as well as hemorrhages in acute poisonings.
## Synthesis
In *Penicillium crustosum*, synthesis of penitrem A and other secondary metabolites follows the synthesis of paxilline. Synthesis of penitrem A involves six oxidative-transformation enzymes (four cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and two flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenases), two acetyltransferases, one oxidoreductase, and one prenyltransferase. These enzymes are encoded by a cluster of genes used in paxilline synthesis and penitrem A-F synthesis. The pathway is described below:
1. Oxidoreductase catalyzes the reduction of paxilline\'s ketone and also adds a dimethylallyl group to its aromatic ring.
2. Acetyltransferases catalyze the removal of the intermediate\'s lower right-hand hydroxyl group and reduce of one of the nearby methyl groups to a methylene group.
3. Oxidative-transformation enzyme catalyzes the addition of a hydroxyl group to the intermediate\'s dimethylallyl group. The dimethylallyl\'s double bond migrates down one carbon.
4. Prenyltransferase catalyzes the formation of a dimethyl-cyclopentane and a cyclobutane using the intermediate\'s aromatic ring-alcohol group.
5. Oxidative-transformation enzyme catalyzes the formation of a methylenecyclohexane using the intermediate\'s dimethyl-cyclopentane, forming secopenitrem D.
6. Oxidative-transformation enzyme catalyzes the formation of a cyclooctane using cyclobutane\'s alcohol group and the carbon joining secopenitrem D\'s cyclohexane and cyclopentane, forming penitrem D.
7. Oxidative-transformation enzyme catalyzes the addition a chlorine atom at penitrem D\'s aromatic ring, forming penitrem C.
8. Oxidative-transformation enzyme catalyzes the formation of an epoxide ring at penitrem C\'s oxane-double bond, forming penitrem F.
9. Oxidative-transformation enzyme catalyzes the addition of a hydroxyl group at the carbon joining penitrem F\'s methylenecyclohexane and cyclobutane, forming penitrem A
| 514 |
Penitrem A
| 0 |
11,083,352 |
# Saturn A-2
Studied with the Saturn A-1 in 1959, the **Saturn A-2** was deemed more powerful than the Saturn I rocket, consisting of a S-IB first stage, which actually flew on the Saturn IB, a second stage which contains four S-3 engines that flew on the Jupiter IRBM and a Centaur high-energy liquid-fueled third stage
| 56 |
Saturn A-2
| 0 |
11,083,360 |
# Auguste Baron
**Auguste Alexis Floréal Baron** (1794--1862) was a Belgian study prefect of Royal Athenaeum of Brussels and the first secretary of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
## Career
Together with Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen and Adolphe Quetelet, he was one of the founders of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles, and the first secretary of the university when it was founded on 20 November 1834.
At his inauguration lecture, he defined the basic principles of the new university: *nous jurons d\'inspirer à nos élèves, quel que soit l\'objet de notre enseignement, l\'amour pratique des hommes qui sont frères, sans distinction de caste, d\'opinion, de nation; nous jurons de leur apprendre à consacrer leurs pensées, leurs travaux, leurs talents au bonheur et à l\'amélioration de leurs concitoyens et de l\'humanité* (E: We solemnly pledge to inspire our pupils, whatever the object of our teaching, the love for all mankind, without distinction of caste, opinion, nation; we pledge to learn how to them to devote their thoughts, their work, their talents to the happiness and the improvement of the conditions of their fellow-citizens and of humanity)
He was a founding member of the first *Société des douze*
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| 0 |
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# Sean Maguire (album)
***Sean Maguire*** was the first album released by the former *EastEnders* star, Sean Maguire. Maguire released three singles from the album, \"Someone To Love,\" \"Take This Time,\" and \"Suddenly.\" The album reached number 75 and only spent one week on the UK album chart.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Smash Hits* named *Sean Maguire* Best New Album. Leesa Daniels wrote, \"One minute he\'s in *EastEnders*, next *The O-Zone*, and then all of sudden he\'s a pop star! The single \"Someone To Love\" was a good start, but does Sean have an album\'s worth up his multi-talented sleeve? Well, just about. Though many of the tracks sound like you\'ve heard them somewhere before, there\'s enough here to be worth parting with your pennies for. Listen out for \"As Soon As You Know\" and the absolute cracker dance tune \"My Heart Won\'t Let You Go\" which must be the next single
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Sean Maguire (album)
| 0 |
11,083,394 |
# Señor Vivo and the Coca Lord
***Señor Vivo and the Coca Lord*** is a novel by Louis de Bernières, first published in 1991. It is the second of his Latin American trilogy, following on from *The War of Don Emmanuel\'s Nether Parts* and preceding *The Troublesome Offspring of Cardinal Guzman*.
## Setting
Set in an imagined Latin American country the novel\'s political themes parody the worst excesses of the Pinochet government of Chile, the collapse of democratic social order in Uruguay in the 1970s, and other dirty wars of the 1960s to 1980s in Southern and Central America. The story follows the exploits of drug cartels in trying to silence a young philosophy professor, the eponymous Senor Vivo, who attracts a large following through his constant criticism of the drug trade. It also revisits the former inhabitants of the small town of Chiriguaná, who newly founded the township of Cochadebajo de los Gatos in the previous book. Other parts of the novel take place in the capital city of the fictional nation, in the clubs of the corrupt military commanders, and the palace of the distracted, amoral president.
Although the name of the country of the trilogy is never directly disclosed, several reasons cause it to most resemble that of Colombia. De Bernieres\' experiences from spending time living in Colombia will probably have influenced its setting. Geographically, references are made to the country\'s equatorial climate, its northern coastline on the Caribbean, western coastline on the Pacific Ocean and the mountain range of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Margarita, which is similar to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The Colombian town of Valledupar, in the Cesar Department, and Medellín are commonly mentioned, and the fictional town of Chiriguana in the first book bears the same name as the Colombian Chiriguana. In *Señor Vivo and the Coca Lord*, the notorious Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar is a central character. The book sarcastically describes the \'democratic\' politics of the country as the result of \'La Violencia\', whereby two political parties jointly ruled on alternating administrations. There is a clear parallel between this and the National Front regime of Colombia, which followed on from La Violencia and lasted from 1958 to 1974, in which the Liberal and Conservative parties governed jointly.
## Plot introduction {#plot_introduction}
When the philosophy lecturer Dionisio Vivo confronts drug lords and the government through letters and a series of newspaper articles in *La Prensa*, he becomes the enemy of the ruthless coca lord El Jerarca, the character of which is probably based on the notorious Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar. His implausible escapes from the assassins sent by El Jerarca compel the people of the country to regard him as a magical \'brujo\' and the saviour to their conflict and poverty. Indeed, hundreds of women follow him in a pilgrimage across the country, each carrying the hope of bearing his child. His excellency President Veracruz attempts to put an end to the country\'s soaring inflation through a series of foolishly unrealistic measures, and searches for spiritual enlightenment with his ex-prostitute wife through magical potions and alchemy. An array of prostitutes, guerrillas and townspeople from the first book re-appear throughout.
## Style
De Bernières pays obvious homage to Latin American magic realism, in particular the comic awareness of life\'s transcendence which characterises the work of Gabriel García Márquez. However, his political themes are clear and unambiguous
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# Jacques Martin (TV host)
**Jacques Martin** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒak maʁtɛ̃}}`{=mediawiki}; 22 June 1933 -- 14 September 2007) was a French television host and producer.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Martin was born in Lyon. In the late 1960s, he formed a comical duet of hosts on radio Europe 1 with French actor Jean Yanne.
In the early 1970s, he was the sidekick of Danièle Gilbert, the host of *Midi Première*. Martin created and hosted such popular satirical TV shows such as *Le Petit Rapporteur* (\"The Little Snitch, 1975--1976, TF1) and *La Lorgnette* (\"The Opera Glasses\", 1976--1977, Antenne 2). He also tried a film career, writing and directing one film (*Na !*, 1973) and playing in others such as *La Passante du Sans-Souci*, without great success.
An operetta fan, he enjoyed presenting TV shows mixing popular and classical music, such as *Musique and music*, which he prepared with the help of French composer Pierre Porte, invariably singing a few operetta arias himself during the show.
He was a great discoverer of talents throughout his career, with future successes such as Pierre Desproges, Stéphane Collaro, Laurent Ruquier or Laurent Gerra. He was also good at creating new concepts for television shows, the most famous being *Le Petit Rapporteur* and *L\'École des Fans*. He was particularly apt at interacting with small children on television, which was the reason of the success of *L\'École des Fans*. On a side note, *L\'École des Fans* was the first television appearance of French singer Vanessa Paradis, in 1980; she was 7 years old.
He was a regular of the radio show *Les Grosses Têtes*. He was also an admirer of Sacha Guitry, whom he liked to quote and whose mannerisms he tried to emulate.
Until 1998, he hosted the entire afternoon of France 2 on Sundays, with a show called *Dimanche Martin*.
### Illness/death
Martin died, aged 74, from cancer, on 14 September 2007 in the Hôtel du Palais, Biarritz, where he had settled. He is buried in Guillotière Cemetery in Lyon.
### Family and children {#family_and_children}
He was married and divorced twice; his second wife, Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz, was the second wife of French president Nicolas Sarkozy and France\'s first lady.
He had eight children from four different women all of whom survived him:
- with his first wife Anne Lefèvre, he had two children: David Martin, cook and television host and Élise Martin.
- with actress Danièle Évenou, he had two sons: Frédéric Martin, a radio host, and Jean-Baptiste Martin, actor.
- with his second wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz, he had two daughters: Judith Martin and Jeanne-Marie Martin.
- with his last wife, Céline Boisson, he had two children: Juliette Martin and Clovis Martin
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HMS E6
| 0 |
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# Spirit (Sean Maguire album)
***Spirit*** is the second studio album by English singer and actor Sean Maguire. It was released on 3 June 1996 by Parlophone Records.
## Background
Maguire spent most of 1995 and the beginning of 1996 recording the album while simultaneously juggling his acting career in *Dangerfield*.
## Singles
Four singles were released from the album: \"Now I\'ve Found You\", \"You To Me Are Everything\", \"Good Day\", and \"Don\'t Pull Your Love\".
## Commercial performance {#commercial_performance}
*Spirit* peaked at number forty-three on the UK Albums Chart.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Spirit* received generally mixed reviews from music critics
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| 0 |
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# Cristo
| 2 |
Cristo
| 0 |
11,083,470 |
# Robert A. Lee Stakes
The **Cummings Stakes** registered as the **Robert A. Lee Stakes** is a South Australian Jockey Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for horses aged three years old and over, with set weights with penalties, run over a distance of 1600 metres at Morphettville Racecourse in Adelaide, Australia during the SAJC Autumn Carnival.
## History
The inaugural running of the race in 1979 was held at Victoria Park Racecourse. The race is named in honour of South Australian Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductee Robert A. Lee (2011).
Prior to 2006 the race was run on the Adelaide Cup race day when the race was held in May. When that race was moved to March the Robert A. Lee Stakes was moved to Goodwood Handicap race card.
### Grade
- 1979--2005 - Listed Race
- 2006 onwards - Group 3
### Name
- 1979--1997 - Robert A. Lee Stakes
- 1998 - Pope Packaging Stakes
- 1999 - Dr. Lewinn\'s Stakes
- 2000 - Stuart Crystal Handicap
- 2001 - Pope Packaging Trophy
- 2002--2005 - Pope Packaging Stakes
- 2006--2009 - Gerard Corporation Stakes
- 2010 - Alan Scott Stakes
- 2011 onwards - Robert A. Lee Stakes
## Winners
- 2025 - Regal Azmon
- 2024 - En Francais
- 2023 - Foxy Frida
- 2022 - Belle Plaisir
- 2021 - Lord Vladivostok
- 2020 - Chapel City
- 2019 - Fastnet Tempest
- 2018 - Land Of Plenty
- 2017 - Burning Front
- 2016 - Tonopah
- 2015 - The Bowler
- 2014 - Rhythm To Spare
- 2013 - Linton
- 2012 - Linton
- 2011 - Budriguez
- 2010 - Majestic Music
- 2009 - Serious Speed
- 2008 - Autumn Jeuney
- 2007 - Brockman's Lass
- 2006 - Life's A Bounty
- 2005 - Sassbee
- 2004 - Fly For Me
- 2003 - Sylvaner
- 2002 - Sylvaner
- 2001 - Typhoon Barney
- 2000 - More Action
- 1999 - More Action
- 1998 - Ben\'s Rocket
- 1997 - Bacy\'s Brother
- 1996 - Jadeva Belle
- 1995 - Ruling Knight
- 1994 - Master Tambo
- 1993 - Leggings
- 1992 - Pay The Kings
- 1991 - Pacific
- 1990 - Neja
- 1989 - Blast The Glass
- 1988 - Blast The Glass
- 1987 - Regal For Me
- 1986 - Knight Of Avon
- 1985 - Mrs
| 408 |
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| 0 |
11,083,510 |
# ASTRA Awards
The **ASTRA Awards** were the annual awards for the Australian subscription television industry. According to the Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association (ASTRA), the awards \"recognise the wealth of talent that drives the Australian subscription television industry and highlight the creativity, commitment and investment in production and broadcasting.\"
The ASTRA Awards were instituted in 2003, but were discontinued after November 2015, when ASTRA announced the awards would be folded into the annual AACTA Awards.
## 2003
Best Program Event -- AUSTAR\'s Switched on schools program (AUSTAR)\
Best Integrated Subscription TV Campaign -- Net MD Walkman (IKON Communications)\
Best Integrated Subscription TV Campaign -- The Office (UKTV)\
Best Consumer Advertising for a Platform or Channel -- Take Your Sports Seriously (AUSTAR & FOX SPORTS)\
Most Outstanding Local Production (Kids & Youth) -- Foul Facts (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Local Production (Sport) -- From the Lips of Lethal (FOX Footy Channel)\
Most Outstanding Local Production -- News & Documentaries -- One Track Minds, Understanding Autism (The Lifestyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Local Production (General Entertainment) -- Home, Series 2, Episode 6 (The Lifestyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Contribution to Subscription TV or Radio -- Peter Smart, Director of Engineering & Information Services, FOXTEL
## 2004 {#section_1}
Best Program Event -- Channel \[V\] Billabong Bus (Channel \[V\])\
Favourite Overseas Production Premiering on Subscription TV -- *Antiques Roadshow* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Best Consumer Campaign to Drive Subscription Sales -- Amelie (World Movies)\
Best Consumer Campaign to Encourage Customer Loyalty -- Eyeballs-a-GO-GO -- (Cartoon Network)\
Best Media Campaign for a Consumer Product on Subscription Television -- Thredbo, Snow How (FOXTEL)\
Best Media Campaign for a Channel or Platform -- MTV\'s Exquisite Corpse Campaign (MTV)\
Best Program for a Program or Series -- MTV\'s Australian Top 30 (MTV)\
Best Campaign Launch for a Program or Series -- *Six Feet Under* (Arena TV)\
Most Outstanding Australian Production Short Form -- *Magda\'s Big Things* (TV1)\
Most Outstanding Australian Production (Kids) -- *Kids Yakkity Yak* (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Australian Production (Music) -- The Big Day Out Sydney 2003 -- Channel \[V\] The Max Sessions -- Series Ones (Music Max)\
Most Outstanding Australian Production (Sport) -- Super 12 Rugby (FOX Sports)\
Most Outstanding Australian Production (Documentary) -- *Anita Cobby: Not Another Murder Documentary* (Sky News Australia)\
Most Outstanding Australian Production (News) -- Labor Leadership, Latham (Sky News Australia)\
Most Outstanding Australian Production (General Entertainment) *Croc Hunter Live* -- Animal Planet (Discovery Networks)\
Favourite Australian Production -- *Food Source New Zealand* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Favourite Subscription Television Presenter (Male) -- Brendan Moar (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Consumer Campaign (Subscriber Retention) Super Safari Watch \'n Win (Disney Channel)\
Favourite Subscription Television Presenter (Female) -- Magda Szubanksi (TV1)\
Most Outstanding on Camera Performance (Male) -- Barry Humphries (The Comedy Channel)\
Most Outstanding on Camera Performance (Female) Magda Szubanski (TV1)\
Channel of the Year -- The LifeStyle Channel\
Rising Talent -- Fiona Lawson-Baker\
Most Outstanding Contribution to Subscription Television -- Patrick Delany / Scott Cain -- Disney Channel
| 495 |
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| 0 |
11,083,510 |
# ASTRA Awards
## 2005 {#section_2}
Channel of the Year -- Fox Sports\
Favourite Programming Event -- *MAX Sessions* (MAX)\
Favourite International Program or Event -- *Race to the Moon* (The History Channel)\
Favourite Program -- *Neil Perry: Rockpool Sessions* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Favourite New Presenter -- Bill Granger (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Favourite Female Presenter -- Shannon Fricke (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Favourite Male Presenter -- Brendan Moar (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Program Event -- *Antiques Roadshow* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Short Form Program -- *Cooking for Kids with Luis* (Nick Jr.)\
Most Outstanding Children\'s Program -- *Cooking for Kids with Luis* (Nick Jr.)\
Most Outstanding Music Production -- *Band in a Bubble* (Channel \[V\])\
Most Outstanding Sports Production -- Sports Active Grand Final: From the Coaches Box (FOX Footy Channel)\
Most Outstanding Documentary -- *Driven to Distraction: ADHD* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding News Production -- Election 2004 (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding General Entertainment Program -- *Love My Way* (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding on Camera Performance (male) -- Dan Wyllie, *Love My Way* (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding on Camera Performance (female) -- Claudia Karvan, *Love My Way* (Showtime)\
Most Outstanding Consumer Campaign (Subscription Sales) -- Regional Campaign: Townsville (Movie Network)\
Most Outstanding Consumer Campaign (Subscriber Retention) -- Super Safari Watch \'n Win (Disney Channel)\
Most Outstanding Creative Campaign -- See What the Rest of the World Has to Offer (World Movies)\
Most Creative On-Air Program Promotion -- Club V Dance Space (Club V)\
Most Creative Off-Air Promotion -- *Band in a Bubble* (Channel \[V\])\
Rising Talent -- Sam Clark\
Most Outstanding Contribution to Subscription Television -- John Porter
| 268 |
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| 1 |
11,083,510 |
# ASTRA Awards
## 2006 {#section_3}
Channel of the Year -- Sky News\
Favourite Program -- *Australia\'s Next Top Model* (FOX8)\
Favourite International Program -- *High School Musical 2* (Disney Channel)\
Favourite International Personality or Actor -- Paul Snr. and Paul Jnr. Teutul: *American Chopper* (Discovery Channel)\
Favourite International Actor -- Denis Leary, *Rescue Me* (FOX8)\
Favourite Male Personality -- James Mathison (Channel \[V\])\
Favourite Female Personality -- Erika Heynatz (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding International Program (Drama) -- *Deadwood* (Showtime)\
Most Outstanding International Program (Non Drama) -- *The Deadliest Catch: Dead of Winter* (Discovery Channel)\
Most Outstanding Program Event -- *Antiques Roadshow* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Short Form Program -- *Running on Empty* (The Weather Channel)\
Most Outstanding Sports Program -- *Culture Count* (FUEL TV)\
Most Outstanding Sports Coverage -- Australian Open Tennis 2005: Live and Active (FOX Sports)\
Most Outstanding Documentary -- *He\'s Coming South: The Attack on Sydney Harbour* (The History Channel)\
Most Outstanding News Program or Coverage -- Schapelle Corby Verdict (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Lifestyle, Reality or Light Entertainment Program -- *Antiques Roadshow Australia* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Drama -- *Love My Way* (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (Male) Dan Wyllie, *Love My Way* FOX8)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (Female) -- Claudia Karvan, *Love My Way* (Showtime)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Presenter -- David Speers (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Broadcast Journalist -- Kieran Gilbert (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Consumer Campaign (Subscription Sales) -- AUSTAR Kids Campaign (AUSTAR)\
Most Outstanding Consumer Campaign (Subscriber Retention) -- AUSTAR Multiroom Trial & Campaign (AUSTAR)\
Most Outstanding Use of Subscription TV Medium for a Consumer Advertising Campaign -- Toyota Yaris Interactive Advertising Campaign, Toyota: The Media Store (Multi Channel Network)\
Most Creative On-Air Program Promotion -- *Australia\'s Next Top Model*, Series 2 Campaign (FOX8)
| 302 |
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| 2 |
11,083,510 |
# ASTRA Awards
## 2007 {#section_4}
Channel of the Year -- Nickelodeon\
Favourite Program -- *Australia\'s Next Top Model* (FOX8)\
Favourite International Program -- *American Chopper*\
Favourite International Personality or Actor -- Paul Snr. and Paul Jnr. Teutul: *American Chopper* (Discovery Channel)\
Favourite Male Personality -- Steve Irwin (Animal Planet)\
Favourite Female Personality -- Antonia Kidman (W.)\
Most Outstanding International Program or Event -- Rock Star: Supernova (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding Event -- Nickelodeon Kids\' Choice Awards 2006 (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Short Form Program -- *Kids First* (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Children\'s Program -- *Gardening for Kids with Madi* (Nick Jr.)\
Most Outstanding Music Program or Coverage -- Wolfmother LIVE (MTV)\
Most Outstanding Sports Program -- 2006 BMX Games (FUEL TV)\
Most Outstanding Sports Coverage -- Commonwealth Games 2006 (FOX Sports)\
Most Outstanding Documentary -- *The Battle of Long Tan* (The History Channel)\
Most Outstanding News Program or Coverage -- A Week that Changed Australia: The Death of Steve Irwin and Peter Brock (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Lifestyle, Reality or Light Entertainment Program -- *Australia\'s Next Top Model* (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding Drama -- *Love My Way* (W.) / *Stupid Stupid Man* (TV1)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (male) -- Dan Wyllie, *Love My Way* (W.)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (Female) -- Asher Keddie, *Love My Way* (W.)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Presenter -- David Speers (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Consumer Campaign (Subscription Sales) -- The Sci Fi Channel Launch (Sci Fi / AUSTAR / FOXTEL)\
Most Outstanding Consumer Campaign (Subscriber Retention) -- Honeymoon Retention Campaign: Make the Most out of Your FOXTEL Digital (FOXTEL)\
Most Outstanding Use of Subscription TV Medium for a Consumer Advertising Campaign -- Sony Dedicated Advertiser Location (Multi Channel Network / Starcom)\
Most Creative On-Air Program Promotion -- Budgie Nation (MTV)\
Most Creative Off-Air Program Promotion -- Rock Star: Supernova \'It\'s Gonna Be Big\' Campaign (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding Program Promotion Campaign -- *Entourage* (Arena)\
Most Outstanding Use of Technology -- High School Music Dance Off (Disney Channel)
| 333 |
ASTRA Awards
| 3 |
11,083,510 |
# ASTRA Awards
## 2008 {#section_5}
Channel of the Year -- FOX8\
Favourite Program -- *Australia\'s Next Top Model* (FOX8)\
Favourite International Program -- *High School Musical 2* (Disney Channel)\
Favourite International Personality or Actor -- Gordon Ramsay, *Hell\'s Kitchen* (LifeStyle FOOD)\
Favourite Male Personality -- Jimmy Barnes (MAX)\
Favourite Female Personality -- Antonia Kidman (W.)\
Most Outstanding International Program or Event -- *The Riches* (Showcase)\
Most Outstanding Event -- Nickelodeon Kids\' Choice Awards 2007 (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Short Form Program -- *Snoop* (MTV)\
Most Outstanding Children\'s Program -- *Camp Orange: The Mystery of Spaghetti Creek* (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Music Program or Coverage -- *MAX Sessions: Powderfinger, Concert for the Cure* (MAX)\
Most Outstanding Sports Program -- *On the Couch* (FOX Sports 1)\
Most Outstanding Sports Coverage -- Wallabies (FOX Sports 2)\
Most Outstanding Documentary -- *Thanks for Listening* (The History Channel)\
Most Outstanding News Program or Coverage -- APEC 2007 (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Lifestyle Program -- *Stuart MacGill Uncorked* (LifeStyle FOOD)\
Most Outstanding Light Entertainment Program -- *The Singing Office* (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding Drama -- *The King* (TV1)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (male) -- Stephen Curry, *The King* (TV1)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (female) -- Claudia Karvan, *Love My Way* (Showtime)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Presenter -- David Speers (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Broadcast Journalist -- Kieran Gilbert (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Marketing Campaign (Subscription Sales) -- Unexpectedly Campaign (FOXTEL)\
Most Outstanding Consumer Campaign (Subscriber Retention) -- The King (TV1)\
Most Outstanding Use of Subscription TV Medium for a Consumer Advertising Campaign -- Hasbro Transformers Script Writing Competition (Cartoon Network)\
Most Creative On-Air Program Promotion -- Bulpitt Day Australia Day (FOX Classics)\
Most Creative Off-Air Program Promotion -- The Home of SpongeBob (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Program Promotion Campaign -- *The King* (TV1)\
Most Outstanding Use of Technology -- ClickHeadSpace (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Use of Interactive Television -- Barclays Premier League: Viewers Choice (FOX Sports 1)
## 2009 {#section_6}
Channel of the Year -- Nick Jr.\
Favourite Program -- *Selling Houses Australia* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Favourite International Program -- *Grand Designs*, Series 6 (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Favourite International Personality or Actor -- Gordon Ramsay, *Hell\'s Kitchen* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Favourite Male Personality -- Merrick & Rosso (The Comedy Channel)\
Favourite Female Personality -- Ruby Rose (MTV)\
Most Outstanding International Program or Event -- *Mad Men* (Movie EXTRA)\
Most Outstanding Event -- MTV Australia Awards 2008 (MTV)\
Most Outstanding Short Form Program -- *As The Bell Rings* (Disney Channel)\
Most Outstanding Children\'s Program -- *Camp Orange: The Curse of the Emerald Eye* (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Music Program or Coverage -- *MAX Masters: Coldplay* (MAX)\
Most Outstanding Sports Program -- *An Aussie Goes Bolly* (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding Sports Coverage -- *Bowl-a-Rama* (Fuel TV)\
Most Outstanding Documentary -- *Beyond Kokoda* (The History Channel)\
Most Outstanding News Program or Coverage -- Global Financial Crisis (Sky News Business)\
Most Outstanding Lifestyle Program -- *Selling Houses Australia* (The Lifestyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Light Entertainment Program -- *Project Runway Australia* (Arena TV)\
Most Outstanding Drama -- *Satisfaction* (Showcase)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (male) -- Wayne Hope, *Stupid, Stupid Man* (TV1)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (female) -- Alison Whyte, *Satisfaction* (Showcase)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Presenter -- Brendon Julian, *Inside Cricket* (FOX Sports 1)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Broadcast Journalist -- David Speers (Sky News Australia)
| 563 |
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| 4 |
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# ASTRA Awards
## 2010 {#section_7}
Channel of the Year -- The LifeStyle Channel\
Best New Talent -- Camille Keenan, *Satisfaction* Season 3 (Showcase)\
Most Outstanding Documentary -- *Forecast For Disaster: The Weather Behind Black Saturday* (The Weather Channel)\
Most Outstanding Light Entertainment Program -- *Australia\'s Next Top Model* (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Presenter -- Andrew Winter, *Selling Houses Australia* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Use of Innovation in Programming - *In The Womb: Extreme Animals* (National Geographic Channel)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Broadcast Journalist -- Kieran Gilbert (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (male) -- Ben Mendelsohn, *Tangle* (Showcase)\
Most Outstanding Music Program or Coverage -- Sound Relief (Channel \[V\] & MAX)\
Most Outstanding Lifestyle Program -- *Selling Houses Australia*, Season 2 (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (female) -- Justine Clarke, *Tangle* (Showcase)\
Favourite Program -- *Selling Houses Australia*, Season 2 (The Lifestyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding News Program or Coverage -- The Weather Channel Black Saturday Coverage: 4--8 Feb 2009 (The Weather Channel)\
Most Outstanding Drama -- *False Witness* (UKTV)\
Favourite Personality -- Andrew Winter (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Children\'s Program or Event -- *Camp Orange: The Final Frontier* (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Sports Program or Coverage -- Monday Night Football: 2009 NRL Season Round 21: Wests Tigers v Manly Warringah Sea Eagles (FOX Sports)\
Most Outstanding Marketing Campaign (Subscription Sales) -- Good News Sale (FOXTEL)\
Most Outstanding Marketing Campaign (Subscriber Retention) -- Andre Rieu: Classic Music Rocks AUSTAR subscribers (AUSTAR)\
Most Outstanding Use of Subscription TV Medium for a Consumer Advertising Campaign -- Westfield with Trinny & Susannah (The LifeStyle Channel/XYZ Networks)\
Most Creative On-Air Program Promotion -- *Meth Epidemic* (Crime & Investigation Network)\
Most Creative Off-Air Program Promotion -- *America\'s Hardest Prisons* (National Geographic Channel)\
Most Outstanding Program Promotion Campaign -- Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert 3D (Disney Channel)\
Most Outstanding Channel Image Spot -- Everybody Loves The Sunshine Campaign (TV1)\
Most Outstanding Use of Technology -- MySpace Mix Tape (Channel \[V\])\
Most Outstanding Use of Interactive Television -- Sky Racing ACTIVE (Sky Racing)
| 351 |
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| 5 |
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# ASTRA Awards
## 2011 {#section_8}
Channel of the Year -- The LifeStyle Channel\
Favourite Program (Australian) -- *Selling Houses Australia* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Favourite Program (International) -- *Grand Designs* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Favourite Personality (Female) -- Sarah Murdoch (FOX8)\
Favourite Personality (Male) -- Andrew Winter (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Children\'s Program or Event -- *Penelope K, by the way* (CBeebies)\
Most Outstanding Music Program or Coverage -- Big Day Out Li\[V\]e 2010 (Channel \[V\])\
Most Outstanding Sports Program or Coverage -- Vancouver Olympic Winter Games (FOXTEL)\
Most Outstanding Documentary -- *Who We Are* (Bio)\
Most Outstanding News Program or Coverage -- Election 2010 (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Reality Program -- *Australia\'s Next Top Model* (FOX8)\
Most Outstanding Lifestyle Program -- *Grand Designs Australia* (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Light Entertainment Program -- Nickelodeon Australian Kids\' Choice Awards 2010 (Nickelodeon)\
Most Outstanding Drama -- *Spirited* (W.)\
Most Outstanding Use of Innovation in Programming -- Delhi Commonwealth Games 2010 (FOXTEL)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (Male) -- Matt King (W.)\
Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (Female) Catherine McClements (Showcase)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Presenter -- David Speers (Sky News)\
Most Outstanding Performance by a Broadcast Journalist -- Ashleigh Gillon (Sky News)\
Best New Talent -- Peter Maddison (The LifeStyle Channel)\
Most Outstanding Use of Technology -- weatherchannel.com.au Relaunch, The Weather Channel
## 2012 {#section_9}
The 2012 ASTRA Awards were sponsored by Telstra, FOXTEL, AUSTAR, Napoleon Perdis, GHD and OpenTV.
### Channel
-- Channel of the Year -- Fox Sports (Australia)
### Subscriber\'s Choice {#subscribers_choice}
- Favourite Program (Australian) -- *Selling Houses Australia Extreme*
- Favourite Program (International) -- *Grand Designs*
- Favourite Program (International Drama) -- *Game of Thrones*
- Favourite Personality (Male) -- Andrew Winter
- Favourite Personality (Female) -- Donna Hay
### Programming and production {#programming_and_production}
-- Most Outstanding Children\'s Program or Event -- *The Amazing World of Gumball*\
-- Most Outstanding Music Program or Coverage -- *Foo Fighters: Wasting Light on the Harbour*\
-- Most Outstanding Sports Program or Coverage -- KFC T20 Big Bash League\
-- Most Outstanding Documentary -- *Australia\'s Great Flood*\
-- Most Outstanding News Program or Coverage -- Gillard V Rudd\
-- Most Outstanding Reality Program -- *Kalgoorlie Cops*\
-- Most Outstanding Lifestyle Program -- *Planet Cake*\
-- Most Outstanding Light Entertainment Program -- *Balls of Steel Australia*\
-- Most Outstanding Drama -- *Cloudstreet*\
-- Most Outstanding Use of Innovation in Programming -- FOX FIELD
### Talent
-- Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (Male) -- David Wenham\
-- Most Outstanding Performance by an Actor (Female) -- Kerry Fox\
-- Most Outstanding Performance by a Presenter -- Luke & Wyatt\
-- Most Outstanding Performance by a Broadcast Journalist -- David Speers\
-- Best New Talent -- Lara Robinson
## 2013 {#section_10}
The 2013 ceremony took place on 25 July 2013 with the following categories and winners:
### Channel {#channel_1}
- Channel of the Year -- Fox Footy
### Subscriber\'s Choice {#subscribers_choice_1}
- Favourite Personality (Female) -- Shaynna Blaze \[*Selling Houses Australia*\] (The LifeStyle Channel)
- Favourite Personality (Male) -- Andrew Winter \[*Selling Houses Australia*\] (The LifeStyle Channel)
- Favourite Program (Australian) -- *Selling Houses Australia* series 5 (The LifeStyle Channel)
- Favourite Program (International) -- *Kevin\'s Grand Design* (The LifeStyle Channel)
- Favourite Program (International Drama) -- *Game of Thrones* season 2 (Showcase)
### Programming and production {#programming_and_production_1}
- Most Outstanding Children\'s Program or Event -- *Didi and B* (Nick Jr
| 571 |
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| 6 |
11,083,533 |
# Saturn C-3
The **Saturn C-3** was the third rocket in the Saturn C series studied from 1959 to 1962. The design was for a three-stage launch vehicle that could launch 45,000 kg to low Earth orbit and send 18,000 kg to the Moon via trans-lunar injection.
U.S. President Kennedy\'s proposal on May 25, 1961, of an explicit crewed lunar landing goal spurred NASA to solidify its launch vehicle requirements for a lunar landing. A week earlier, William Fleming (Office of Space Flight Programs, NASA Headquarters) chaired an ad hoc committee to conduct a six-week study of the requirements for a lunar landing. Judging the direct ascent approach to be the most feasible, they concentrated their attention accordingly, and proposed circumlunar flights in late 1965 using the Saturn C-3 launch vehicle.
In early June 1961, Bruce Lundin, deputy director of the Lewis Research Center, led a week-long study of six different rendezvous possibilities. The alternatives included Earth-orbital rendezvous (EOR), lunar-orbital rendezvous (LOR), Earth and lunar rendezvous, and rendezvous on the lunar surface, employing Saturn C-1s, C-3s, and Nova designs. Lundin\'s committee concluded that rendezvous enjoyed distinct advantages over direct ascent and recommended an Earth-orbital rendezvous using two or three Saturn C-3s.
NASA announced on September 7, 1961, that the government-owned Michoud Ordnance Plant near New Orleans, Louisiana, would be the site for fabrication and assembly of the Saturn C-3 first stage as well as larger vehicles in the Saturn program. Finalists were two government-owned plants in St. Louis and New Orleans. The height of the factory roof at Michoud meant that a launch vehicle with eight F-1 engines (Nova class, Saturn C-8) could not be built; four or five engines (first stage) would have to be the maximum (e.g. Saturn C-5).
This decision ended consideration of a Nova class launch vehicle for a direct ascent to the Moon or as a heavy-lift companion with the Saturn C-3 for Earth orbit rendezvous.
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# Saturn C-3
## Lunar mission design {#lunar_mission_design}
### Direct Ascent {#direct_ascent}
In various Nova proposals, a Modular Nova concept made by clustering multiples of the first stage of C-3 was proposed.
### Earth orbit rendezvous {#earth_orbit_rendezvous}
The Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama developed an Earth orbit rendezvous proposal (EOR) for the Apollo program in 1960--1961. The proposal used a series of small rockets half the size of a Saturn V to launch different components of a spacecraft headed to the Moon. These components would be assembled in orbit around the Earth, then sent to the Moon via trans-lunar injection. In order to test and validate the feasibility of the EOR approach for the Apollo program, Project Gemini was founded with this objective: \"To effect rendezvous and docking with another vehicle (Agena target vehicle), and to maneuver the combined spacecraft using the propulsion system of the target vehicle\".
The Saturn C-3 would have been the primary launch vehicle for Earth orbit rendezvous. The booster consisted of a first stage containing two Saturn V F-1 engines, a second stage containing four powerful J-2 engines, and the S-IV stage from a Saturn I booster. Only the S-IV stage of the Saturn C-3 was developed and flown, but all of the specified engines were used on the Saturn V rocket which took men to the Moon.
### Lunar orbit rendezvous {#lunar_orbit_rendezvous}
The concept of Lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) was studied at Langley Research Center as early as 1960. John Houbolt\'s memorandum advocating LOR for lunar missions in November 1961 to Robert Seamans outlined the usage of the Saturn C-3 launch vehicle, and avoiding complex large boosters and lunar landers.
After six months of further discussion at NASA, in the summer of 1962, Langley Research Center\'s Lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) proposal was officially selected as the mission configuration for the Apollo program on November 7, 1962. By the end of 1962, the Saturn C-3 design was deemed not necessary for Apollo program requirements as larger boosters (Saturn C-4, Saturn C-5) were then proposed, hence further work on the Saturn C-3 was cancelled.
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# Saturn C-3
## Variants and derivatives {#variants_and_derivatives}
Since 1961, a number of variants of the Saturn C-3 have been studied, proposed, and funded. The most extensive studies focused on the Saturn C-3B variants before the end of 1962, when lunar orbit rendezvous was selected and Saturn C-5 development approved. The common theme of these variants is the first stage with at least 3,044,000 lbf of sea-level thrust (SL). These designs used two or three Rocketdyne F-1 engines in a S-IB-2 or S-IC stage and diameters ranging from 8 to that could lift up to 110000 lb to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
The lack of a Saturn C-3 launch vehicle in 1965 created a large payload gap (LEO) between the Saturn IB\'s 21,000 kg capacity and the three-stage Saturn V\'s 75,000 kg capability. In the mid-1960s NASA\'s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) initiated several studies for a launch vehicle to fill this payload capacity gap and to extend the capabilities of the Saturn family. Three companies provided proposals to MSFC for this requirement: Martin Marietta (builder of Atlas, Titan vehicles), Boeing (builder of S-1B and S-1C first stages), and North American (builder of the S-II second stage).
### Saturn C-3B {#saturn_c_3b}
The **Saturn C-3B** revision (1961) increased the total thrust of the three stages to 17,200 kN. The diameter of the first stage (S-IB-2) was increased to 33 ft. The eventual first stage for the Saturn V (S-IC) would use this same diameter, but add 8 meters to its length. A further consideration added a third F-1 engine to the first stage. The S-II, second stage diameter would be 8.3 and in length.
The three-stage version would use the S-IV stage, with a diameter of 5.5 meters and 12.2 meters in length.
### Saturn C-3BN {#saturn_c_3bn}
The **Saturn C-3BN** revision (1961) would use the NERVA for the third stage in this launch vehicle. The NERVA technology has been studied and proposed since mid-1950s for future space exploration.
### Saturn INT-20 {#saturn_int_20}
On 7 October 1966, Boeing submitted a Final Report to the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, \"Studies of Improved Saturn V Vehicles and Intermediate Payload Vehicles\". That report outlined the **Saturn INT-20**, an intermediate two-stage launch vehicle with an S-1C first stage using three or four F-1 engines, and an S-IVB as the second stage with one J-2 engine. The vehicle\'s payload capacity for LEO would be 45,000 to 60,000 kg, comparable to the earlier Saturn C-3 design (1961). Boeing projected delivery and first flight in 1970, based on a decision by 1967.
### Saturn II {#saturn_ii}
The Saturn II was a series of American expendable launch vehicles, studied by North American Aviation (NAA, later Rockwell) in 1966, under the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and derived from components of the Saturn V rocket used for the Apollo program. The North American designs focused on eliminating the Boeing-built S-IC first stage and using North American\'s S-II second stage for the launch vehicle core. The intent of the study was to eliminate production of the Saturn IB, and create a lower-cost heavy launch vehicle based on current (1966) Saturn V hardware.
## Post-Apollo development {#post_apollo_development}
The need for a launch vehicle of Saturn C-3 capacity (45 tonnes to LEO) continued beyond the Apollo program. Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 37, initially designed to serve the Saturn I and I-B, was planned for eventual Saturn C-3 usage, but it was deactivated in 1972. In 2001, Boeing refurbished the complex for its Delta IV EELV launch vehicle. The Delta IV Heavy variant can only launch 22.5 tonnes to LEO.
The 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and 2010 Space Launch System program resulted in renewed proposals for Saturn C-3 derivatives using the Rocketdyne F-1A engines with existing booster cores and tooling (10m - Saturn S-IC stage; 8.4m - Space Shuttle external tank; 5.1m - Delta IV Common Booster Core).
### Jarvis
After the Space Shuttle *Challenger* disaster, the United States Air Force (USAF) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted a joint Advanced Launch System study (1987-1990). Hughes Aircraft and Boeing dusted off the earlier Saturn C-3 design and submitted their proposal for the Jarvis launch vehicle.
The Jarvis would be a three-stage rocket, 58 m in height and 8.38 m in diameter. Designed to lift 38 tons to LEO, it would utilize F-1 and J-2 rocket engines and tooling in storage from the Saturn V rocket program along with more recent Shuttle-era technologies to provide lower launch costs
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# Vilen Künnapu
**Vilen Künnapu** (born 30 June 1948) is one of the most important Estonian architects of the last three decades, among the first postmodernist theoreticians and architects in the 1970s.
He has worked on various buildings in Estonia and abroad.
From 2000, he has been a professor at the Tallinn University of Technology. Between 2006 and 2007, he was a professor at the University of Tartu.
## Style
Künnapu graduated from the Estonian Academy of Arts in 1971. Among the first houses Künnapu designed was the centre of the Põlva collective farm in Estonia. Designed in Künnapus early twenties it features a long staircase, inner courtyard, foyer, a small hall and back yard ran along the centre\'s axis resembling a Latin American ziggurat. The white walls standing on the hill contrast against the dark blue shadows of the white symmetrical prisms forming a spatial instrument that surprises with the finality of its regulation.
The Collective Farm Centre in Valgu is a composition of two white buildings in the heart of the small town. The clubhouse, with an elongated plan on one side of the crossroads, has the screen of its main façade which dates from the previous century. Across the road, a white colonnade connects the office with a standard canteen of the sixties. The club is an elongated structure, but only with a primitive plan. In the foyer stands a five-metre wooden sculpture and the long colonnade of the office block is a bow to the architecture of small towns.
## Energy Center Architecture {#energy_center_architecture}
Since London Architecture Biennial 2004 Künnapu\'s architectonic interest has been directed towards architectonic structures that are supposed to act as mediators between existing human beings and higher entities. The line of Energy Center Architecture include projects and realizations of churches, temples, meditation centres, towers and museums. In the spiritual architecture Künnapu is linked with shamans and witches as well as with renown international architects and artists, such as Nathaniel Kahn.
*The Temples and Towers -- this kind of architecture is related to big mysteries. They are thought to be mediators between the existing human beings and higher realities. These models are incarnations of the energy centre architecture of the Egyptians, Mayas, Buddhists, Copts, Hindus, Sufis and many others in every time and in everywhere. Vilen Künnapu has played himself out of time and out of place. This architecture does not qualify to the material speculations of the world as we know it. If we would be talking about religion, architecture would be theology and Vilen Künnapu a mystic.* [Prof. Marco Casagrande on Künnapu.](http://vilenkunnapu.pri.ee/templid_sisu_eng/temples
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# HMS E7
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# Primavalle
**Primavalle** is the 27th *quartiere\]\]* of Rome, identified by the initials **Q. XXVII**. It is part of the Municipio XIV.
## History
Thanks to several archaeological discoveries, the first settlements in the area can be dated back to 1st century BC: a structure of that period, that was part of a thermal bath, was found between Via Pietro Bembo and Via Pietro Gasparri, in the little valley where the *Fosso della Favara* used to flow; and in 1912 a big dolium was discovered during the broadening of Via della Pineta Sacchetti. In the area where is now located the Agostino Gemelli University Policlinic a villa or a farm should have existed, as during the refurbishment of an adjoining plot of land tufa and travertine blocks have been found. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was used for cultivation and was largely uninhabited, forming part of the vast Agro Romano, with scattered huts and buildings.
In the Middle Age, the area was comprised within the vast estate called *Casalia* or *Casalia Turris Vetulae* (in Latin, *Farmhouses* or *Farmhouses of the Old Tower*), a large property owned by St. Peter\'s Basilica that included a number of adjacent neighborhoods, like Mimmoli, Sant\'Agata, Palmarola, Mazzalupo, Sant\'Andrea, Casal del Marmo and Pedica della Marinetta. Starting from 1505, the Vatican Chapter divided the estate in 8 minor plots, amongst which the *Tenuta di Torrevecchia* and the *Tenuta di Primavalle*.
While the toponym **Torrevecchia** can be dated back to 1390, the name **Primavalle** appears for the first time in a map intended for hunters, drawn in 1547 by Eufrosino Della Volpaia.
Following to the 1867 laws on the liquidation of the ecclesiastical assets, the Vatican Chapter alienated the *Tenuta di Torrevecchia* in 1875 and later, to avoid expropriations, quickly ceded the *Tenuta di Primavalle*. The area, that at the time was uninhabited and was used for military drills, was acquired in 1923 by ALBA, a construction company that began to build little houses, mixed with gardens and rural buildings, all surrounded by the green of the near Pineta Sacchetti (a large pinewood owned by the noble Sacchetti family). Alongside the main road, Via di Primavalle (corresponding to the present-day Via Pio IX and Via Cardinal Garampi), a large square had been built, Piazza di Primavalle, which was dedicated to Pope Pius IX in 1956.
In the same years, restoring and readjusting an old abandoned farmhouse, the nuns of the Congregation of the Poor Daughters of San Giuseppe Calasanzio established the *Oasi di Primavalle*, a social facility addressed to orphans and inmates\' children, that later became a school. Later, other religious congregations established institutes in the borough, especially the Congregation of the Ursulines of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus and the Poor Servants of Divine Providence: the latter is in charge of the church of Santa Maria Assunta e San Giuseppe in Primavalle.
When, during the fascist period, several new suburbs (the so-called *borgate*) were planned to house the population that was moving from the center of Rome after the demolitions provided by the 1931 city plan, a *borgata* was built near the Pineta Sacchetti, taking advantage of the preexisting roads and buildings. Primavalle was intended to host about 5,000 people coming from the areas where Via della Conciliazione and Via dei Fori Imperiali had been built. The construction of the new settlement began in 1936 by the Istituto Fascista Case Popolari (IFCP, Fascist Institute for Public Housing), while the municipality built a public dormitory. The first buildings were flanked by the huts and poor houses built by the laborers who already lived there. The area was, however, particularly poor and still after the Second World War the social services were scarce.
The *borgata* was inaugurated in 1939, developing along the route of Via della Borgata di Primavalle (the current Via Federico Borromeo), with the linear structure typical of the Fascist architecture. The borough was completed in the 1960s, with the construction of new housing projects and new apartment blocks.
In the 1950s, the area of Torrevecchia began to develop unevenly, and in 1961 it was detached from Suburbio Trionfale and included in the newly established *Quartiere* Primavalle. Redevelopment interventions of Primavalle and Torrevecchia began in the 1970s, with the construction of new public housing buildings and with the restorations of the old ones.
Over time Primavalle has become more linked to the city center, and is now considered as a semi-peripheral suburb. However, because of the widespread poverty and of the difficult conditions of the population in the past decades, the area is regarded as a petty crime borough. Moreover, during the so-called Anni di Piombo, Primavalle was the location of violent conflicts.
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# Primavalle
## Geography
The territory of Primavalle includes the urban zones **19B** *Primavalle* and **19D** *Santa Maria della Pietà*, as well as portions of the urban zones **18B** *Val Cannuta* and **18C** *Fogaccia*.
### Boundaries
To the north, Primavalle borders with *Suburbio* Della Vittoria (S. XI), whose border is marked by the stretch of Via Trionfale between Via Vincenzo Chiarugi and Via della Pineta Sacchetti.
To the east, the *quartiere* borders with *Quartiere* Trionfale (Q. XIV), from which is separated by Via della Pineta Sacchetti. Eastward, Primavalle also borders with *Quartiere* Aurelio (Q. XIII), whose boundary is marked by Via Domenico Tardini and Largo di Boccea.
Southward, it borders with *Suburbio* Aurelio (S. IX), from which is separated by Largo di Boccea and Via di Boccea, up to Via di Torrevecchia.
Westward, Primavalle borders with *Suburbio* Trionfale (S. X), whose boundary is defined by Via di Torrevecchia, Via della Valle dei Fontanili, Via Giuseppe Guicciardi, by the *Fosso dei Fontanili* up to Via Cesare Lombroso, by Via Cesare Lombroso itself, Via Sebastiano Vinci, Piazza Santa Maria della Pietà and Via Vincenzo Chiarugi.
### Odonymy
The majority of the streets and squares of Primavalle is named after religious figures, like popes and cardinals, and after psychiatrists and physicians, revealing the closeness of the borough both to the Vatican City, to the south-east, and to Santa Maria della Pietà, a former mental hospital, to the north. The odonyms of the *quartiere* can be categorized as follows:
- **Actors and operatic singers**, e.g. Via Mattia Battistini, Via Gemma Bellincioni, Via Enrico Caruso, Via Edoardo Ferravilla, Via Giulia Grisi, Via Fausta Labia, Via Maria Malibran, Via Claudia Muzio, Via Adelina Patti, Via Titta Ruffo, Via Fanny Tacchinardi;
- **Artists related to the St. Peter\'s Basilica**, e.g. Via Pietro Adami, Via Pietro Albertini, Via dei Cristofori, Via Simone Mosca, Via Marcello Provenzale, Via Giambattista Soria;
- **Cardinals**, e.g. Via Benedetto Aloisi Masella, Via Alessio Ascalesi, Via Pietro Bembo, Via Federico Borromeo, Piazza Alfonso Capecelatro, Via Girolamo Casanate, Via Cardinal Caprara, Via Cardinal Domenico Capranica, Via Cardinal Garampi, Largo Enrico Enríquez, Via Pietro Gasparri, Via Pietro Maffi, Via Prospero Santacroce;
- **Educators**, e.g. Via Ferrante Aporti, Via Tommaso Pendola, Via Enrico Pestalozzi;
- **Popes**, e.g. Via Adriano I, Via Alessandro VII, Piazza Clemente XI, Via Eugenio IV, Via Lucio II, Via Pasquale II, Piazza Pio IX, Via San Cleto Papa, Via San Melchiade Papa, Via San Vitaliano, Via Sant\'Igino Papa, Via Urbano II;
- **Psychiatrists and physicians**, e.g. Via Franco Basaglia, Via Ugo Cerletti, Via Vincenzo Chiarugi, Piazza Sante De Sanctis, Via Camillo Golgi, Via Giuseppe Guicciardi, Via Vittorio Marchi, Via Girolamo Mercuriale, Via Enrico Morselli, Via Angelo Mosso, Via Augusto Tamburini, Via Andrea Verga;
- **Towns in Liguria**, e.g. Via Apricale, Via Beverino, Via Cogoleto, Via Finale Ligure, Largo Millesimo, Via Moneglia, Via Taggia, Via Torriglia, Via Zignago.
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# Primavalle
## Places of interest {#places_of_interest}
### Churches
- San Filippo Neri alla Pineta Sacchetti
- Santa Maria della Salute
- Santa Maria Assunta e San Giuseppe a Primavalle
- San Lino
- San Luigi Maria Grignion de Montfort
### Parks
- Pineto Regional Park
### Education
- Biblioteca Franco Basaglia, the main public library in Primavalle
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# Omapatrilat
**Omapatrilat** (INN, proposed trade name **Vanlev**) is an experimental antihypertensive agent that was never marketed. It inhibits both neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase, NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). NEP inhibition results in elevated natriuretic peptide levels, promoting natriuresis, diuresis, vasodilation, and reductions in preload and ventricular remodeling.
It was discovered and developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb but failed in clinical trials as a potential treatment for congestive heart failure due to safety concerns about its causing angioedema.
Omapatrilat angioedema was attributed to its dual mechanism of action, inhibiting both angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase), both of these enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of bradykinin which causes vasodilation, angioedema, and airway obstruction
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# Lovell High School
**Lovell High School** is a public high school in Lovell, Wyoming, United States. The campus serves students in grades nine through twelve and is part of Big Horn County School District #2. Their mascot is the Bulldog. In September 2009 they moved down to the 2A size classification
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# Ek Doctor Ki Maut
***Ek Doctor Ki Maut*** (`{{Translation|Death of a Doctor}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1990 Indian Hindi-language drama film by Tapan Sinha, which depicts the ostracism, bureaucratic negligence, reprimand and insult of a doctor and his research, instead of recognition. The film is based on the 1982 Ramapada Chowdhury story *Abhimanyu*. The movie is loosely based on the life of Dr. Subhash Mukhopadhyay, an Indian physician who pioneered the In vitro fertilisation treatment around the same time when another leading scientist Dr. Robert Edwards was conducting separate experiments in England.
## Plot
After years of painstaking research at the cost of his personal life, Dr. Dipankar Roy (Pankaj Kapur) discovers a vaccine for leprosy. The news is flashed over television, and overnight, an insignificant junior doctor receives international recognition. Professional jealousy and abuse of power threaten Dr. Roy, even as the Secretary of Health reprimands him for breaking the news to the press. He is asked to report to the Director of Health. Professional colleagues Dr. Arijit Sen and Dr. Ramananda invite him to a lecture, but it is merely a pretense to humiliate him. Dr. Roy suffers a mild heart attack, but he refuses to go to the hospital. His wife (Shabana Azmi) and a few others like Dr. Kundu (Anil Chatterjee) and Amulya (Irfan Khan) stand by Dr. Roy, but the harassment continues; a letter from a British foundation, the John Anderson Foundation, is suppressed, and Dr. Roy is transferred to a remote village. The last straw is two American doctors receiving credit for discovering the same vaccine. Dr. Roy is shattered. However, in the end, Dr. Roy gets an invitation from the John Anderson Foundation inviting him to be a part of an eminent group of scientists working on other diseases. Dipankar Roy realizes that his research was fruitful. He also decides to accept the invitation, as he just wants to work for the betterment of mankind.
## Cast
- Pankaj Kapur as Dr. Dipankar Roy
- Shabana Azmi as Seema
- Anil Chatterjee as Dr. Kundu
- Irrfan Khan as Amulya
- Deepa Sahi
- Vijayendra Ghatge as Dr. Sen
- Sushant Sanyal
- Kaushal Kumar Singh
## Reception
The film was greatly applauded by film critics and writers. Tapan Sinha, the director, was inspired by the life and death of Subhash Mukhopadhyay and dedicates this film to him.
## Awards
### 38th National Film Awards, India {#th_national_film_awards_india}
- 1990 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film
- 1990 National Film Award for Best Direction: Tapan Sinha
- 1990 National Film Award - Special Jury Award: Pankaj Kapoor (Dr. Dipankar Roy).
### Bengal Film Journalists\' Association Awards {#bengal_film_journalists_association_awards}
- 1991 Best Film
- 1991 Best Director
### Filmfare Awards {#filmfare_awards}
- 1992 Filmfare Best Screenplay Award: Tapan Sinha
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# Mr. Tire
**Mr. Tire** is an American auto service company. The company was founded in 1970 by Joseph Tomarchio Sr. Based out of Rochester, New York, the company provides various automotive repair services across 13 U.S. states.
## History
Mr. Tire was founded in 1970 in Richfield, Minnesota. It distributed CO-OP brand tires and was controlled by Universal Cooperatives. It is a retailers\' cooperative. As of 2001, the distributor had 102 affiliated dealers in 13 states.
The second Mr. Tire Auto Service Center was founded in 1970 in Baltimore, Maryland, covering more than 300 locations in Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. This organization licensed the \"Mr. Tire\" name from Universal Cooperatives.
Mr. Tire Auto Service Center was acquired by Monro Inc. in 2004 along with Tread Quarters, Kimmel Automotive, Tread Quarters Discount Tires, and Rice Tires
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# National anthem of Iraq
Since 2004, Iraq has adopted Mawtini, an Arabic national poem, to serve as the **national anthem of Iraq** (*النشيد الوطني العراقي*). The poem was adopted by Coalition Provisional Authority Chairman Paul Bremer after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 to replace the former one of Ardulfurataini.
## History
Since the establishment of the modern state of Iraq in 1921 AD and with every major change in the regime, the Iraqi national anthem has also been subject to change. With the succession of different regimes, Iraq has had five national anthems in a period of less than one century.
### The royal era {#the_royal_era}
After the formation of the Iraqi state and the installation of Faisal I as king of the emerging state, the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq had to have royal music, similar to the advanced countries of the world. In fact, in 1924, a competition was announced to compose the first royal anthem, and a cash prize was allocated to the winner of that competition. A number of foreign musicians participated, and the English officer, Major J.R. Murray, won and composed a piece of music on the rhythm of a march on four. This anthem was played for the first time by the Royal Guard Choir in the National Assembly, the Royal Court, and the headquarters of the Ministry of Defense. It was shown on cinema screens before and after the films, with the image of the king appearing and the Iraqi flag fluttering behind his image. This continued until the July Revolution of 1958. The royal anthem was just a melody without words. One of the poets tried to add words to the melody, but in an unofficial manner, so that it was chanted in front of King Faisal.
### The first republican era {#the_first_republican_era}
After the military coup in the July 14 Revolution of 1958 led by Abdul Karim Qasim, it was necessary to change the royal anthem and transform it into a republican anthem. This work was done by the Iraqi Assyrian musician Louis Zanbaqa, a graduate of the Wind Music Department at the Institute of Fine Arts in the mid-fifties. He continued his musical studies in the Austrian capital (Vienna). When the July 14 Revolution took place, he took the initiative there to compose a melody for the republican anthem, write it down and distribute it to all sections (instruments) of the wind music band and record it by an Austrian music band. He presented it accompanied by a letter from him to the leader Abdul Karim Qasim, the leader of the revolution, through the Iraqi embassy in Vienna, explaining the ideas and contents he relied on in formulating the melody, which is in the form of a march. Thus, it was decided to adopt it as the national anthem of the Republic of Iraq until 1963. It is worth noting that the republican anthem in this era was also a melody without words and was called "My Homeland," which is different from the current national anthem but bears the same name. This musician is considered the only Iraqi who composed the melody for the Iraqi national anthem to this day.`{{r|erem}}`{=mediawiki}
### 1963 - 1981
After the coup against Abdul Karim Qasim and the rise of the Baath Party to power on February 8, 1963, a new national anthem was adopted, which was "Wallah Zaman Ya Silahi" (It's Been a Long Time, My Weapon), composed by the Egyptian composer Kamal al-Tawil and written by the Egyptian poet Salah Jahin. It was sung by Umm Kulthum in 1956 and was adopted as the national anthem of the Arab Republic of Egypt for the period from 1960 to 1979, meaning that Iraq and Egypt had the same national anthem.`{{r|bbc}}`{=mediawiki}
### Saddam Hussein {#saddam_hussein}
After Saddam Hussein came to power, he saw that it was necessary to have a national anthem specific to Iraq and not follow the Egyptian national anthem that had been in use in the previous decade. A competition was held in the Department of Musical Arts in the Iraqi Ministry of Information at the time to issue a new national anthem. The department recorded all the works and a specialized committee heard them and evaluated them. The results favored the participation of two officers from the military music, Abdul Salam Jamil Franso and Abdul Razzaq Al-Azzawi, due to their professional and artistic expertise in this type of music. However, what happened was that a republican decree was issued to adopt an anthem with lyrics by the Iraqi poet Shafiq Al-Kamali and music by the Lebanese composer Walid Gholmieh to be the national anthem of the Republic of Iraq in 1981.
After a number of criticisms of the tune, the director of the Iraqi military music and his assistant were sent to England to rework the tune to suit the artistic structure of the military music bands that usually perform the national anthem. The tune of the anthem was recorded by a British band. It is noteworthy that in the late days of Saddam Hussein\'s rule, attempts were announced to change the national anthem. A number of these anthems were broadcast on the Iraqi, Al-Shabab and Iraqi satellite channels, and viewers were asked to vote on them, but it is not known why none of them were approved. Among the participants was the musician Kazem El Saher with the poem \"Peace Be Upon You\", whose lyrics were written by Asaad Al-Ghariri.
### 2003 - {#section_1}
After the American invasion of Iraq in 2003, Mawtini was adopted as the official national anthem of the Republic of Iraq. The anthem is a popular national Arabic poem written by the Palestinian poet Ibrahim Touqan in 1934 and was composed by Mohammed Fleifel. This anthem has been adopted by successive Iraqi governments since 2003.
#### *Peace on the Hills of Iraq* {#peace_on_the_hills_of_iraq}
Peace on the Hills of Iraq is a poem by the Iraqi poet Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri, written in 1947. It was adopted as the national anthem of the Republic of Iraq instead of Mawtini by the Iraqi Council of Representatives on July 12, 2012, but it was not announced that it would be adopted as a new anthem
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# Myriad year clock
The `{{nihongo|'''Myriad year clock'''|万年自鳴鐘|Mannen Jimeishou|{{literal |Ten-Thousand Year Self-ringing Bell}}}}`{=mediawiki}, was a universal clock designed by the Japanese inventor Hisashige Tanaka in 1851. It belongs to the category of Japanese clocks called *Wadokei*. This clock is designated as an Important Cultural Property and a Mechanical Engineering Heritage by the Japanese government.
The clock is driven by a spring. Once it is fully wound, it can work for one year without another winding. It can show the time in 7 ways (such as usual time, the day of the week, month, moon phase, Japanese time, Solar term). Since the time system in Japan at that time was temporal hour, a day was 12 hours, and a day was divided into day and night, and each divided into 6 equal parts was regarded as 1 hour. Because the length of the day and night changes according to the season, the time dial was automatically movable, and it was linked with the other six clocks, making it an extremely complicated mechanism. It also rings chimes every hour. It consists of more than 1,000 parts to realize these complex functions, and it is said that Tanaka made all the parts by himself with simple tools such as files and saws. It took more than three years for him to finish the assembly.
In 2004 the Japanese government funded a project aimed at making a copy of this clock. More than 100 engineers joined the project and it took more than 6 months with the latest industrial technologies. However, even then it was not possible to make exact copies of some parts, such as the brass metal plate used as its spring, before the presentation at Expo 2005. The original clock is displayed at the National Museum of Nature and Science, while a copy is at Toshiba Corporation.
The clock was listed in the Japanese Mechanical Engineering Heritage as item No. 22 in 2007
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# Someone to Love (Sean Maguire song)
\"**Someone to Love**\" is a song by English actor and singer Sean Maguire, released as his first single in August 1994 by Parlophone. It was co-written and produced by Gary Stevenson and featured on the singer\'s debut album, *Sean Maguire* (1994), reaching number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. The single spent seven weeks within the chart.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Pan-European magazine *Music & Media* stated, \"With this catchy swingbeat single the Eastender has a flying start.\" Alan Jones from *Music Week* wrote, \"The former *EastEnders* star turns in an acceptable performance on a mid-tempo chugger that is pleasant but unexceptional. Something of a heart throb, Maguire is to undertake a massive promotional tour in support, so expect this to chart.\" Mark Frith from *Smash Hits* gave \"Someone to Love\" a score of four out of five, saying, \"First thing to say, he has a good little voice, our Sean. Second thing to say, he has a bit of a good tune too --- not ground-breaking by any means, but a solid, good pop song that will surprise a lot of people. And if he\'s willing to take a few risks with his next few singles, his future could be very bright indeed.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Someone to Love\"
2. \"Devotion\"
3. \"Someone to Love\" (P\'s R&B dub)
4
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# Roberto Mirri
**Roberto Mirri** (born 21 August 1978 in Imola) is an Italian former footballer who played as a defender.
## Football career {#football_career}
Mirri started his professional career at AC Fiorentina, and was later sold to Empoli, at both clubs playing in Serie A. He also had a stint on loan at Catania in 2003. In the summer of 2004, Mirri was sold to Mons in Belgium
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# Édouard Grinda
**Édouard Joseph Auguste Grinda** (20 December 1866 -- 28 March 1959) was a French politician best known for *The Grinda Report* written in 1923 and as architect of France\'s medical insurance law of 1928. He was born and died in Nice.
## Jobs
- \"Député\" (in *Deputy*, or Member of the French National Assembly) for Alpes-Maritimes from 1919 to 1932
- Minister of Work and Social Security from 13 December 1930 to January 1931 in Théodore Steeg\'s government
## Family
His wife was Augustine Schmitz (d.1965). Their son was Jean-Paul Grinda, whose grandson is Thierry Roussel, the father of Athina Onassis Roussel.
His granddaughter, Hélène Grinda (b. 1944), had an illegitimate daughter with Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, Alexia Grinda (b. 1967)
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# Rugby union gameplay
Rugby union is a contact sport that consists of two teams of fifteen players. The objective is to obtain more points than the opposition through scoring *tries* or kicking goals over eighty minutes of playing time. The play is started with one team drop-kicking the ball from the halfway line towards the opposition. The rugby ball can be moved up the field by either carrying it or kicking it. However, when passing the ball it can only be thrown laterally or backward. The opposition can stop players moving up the field by tackling them. Only players carrying the ball can be tackled and once a tackle is completed the opposition can compete for the ball. Play continues until a try is scored, the ball crosses the side line or dead-ball line, or an infringement occurs. After a team scores points, the non-scoring team restarts the game at the halfway with a drop kick toward the opposition. The team with the most points at the end wins the game.
## Typical gameplay {#typical_gameplay}
A typical passage of rugby union takes the following form. Unlike rugby league and gridiron football, possession of the ball in rugby union is contestable at any time by both teams -- there is no separate \'offense\' and \'defense\'. The team which has possession of the ball at any given time will normally try to keep it, while the other team will try to recapture it, or at least deny the team in possession the chance to attack and/or force it to kick the ball away or commit an error. One team will initially gain possession of the ball, either from the kick-off, a restart kick or a set piece (scrum and line-out). The need to maintain possession means the team with the ball will usually seek to progress towards the opposition by running forward while carrying the ball; although if there are few opportunities to attack they may choose to kick the ball forward, from the hand, usually giving it back to the opposition but in a position from where it will be difficult to attack. The ball may be thrown from one player to another (passing) but must not be thrown forward, that is towards the opposition dead-ball line. Any teammate ahead of the ball-carrier is offside and must not interfere with play. So American football-style blocking is forbidden, although tackling or obstructing a player who does not have the ball is against the laws anyway, whether or not the tackling player is offside. The team not in possession attempts to stop the ball-carrier by grabbing and bringing them to ground (a tackle). A tackled player, once having been brought to ground, must immediately pass or release the ball, allowing the two teams to contest possession of the loose ball; if the attacking player is tackled but the tackler releases the ball carrier the ball carrier may get up and continue the play. Play does not stop unless there is an infringement of the Laws, the ball/ball-carrier leaves the field of play, the ball becomes unplayable after a tackle, or the attacking team scores points by either touching the ball over the goal-line (a try) or drop-kicking the ball over the crossbar. If the ball or ball-carrier goes into touch (out of the field of play), the game restarts with a line-out. If the game stops due to an infringement, play restarts with either a scrum, free kick or penalty kick (depending on the nature of the infringement) to the non-infringing team.
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# Rugby union gameplay
## Running
Players can run with the ball in any direction they want. However they cannot use a teammate to obstruct the opposition. This occurs when they run around or into one of their own players and in the process prevent a defender from tackling them. Defending teams can also run anywhere they want as long as they do not start from an offside position. Offside lines are behind the last foot at a ruck, maul or tackle or five and ten metres back from scrums and lineouts respectively. If the ball is kicked, players from the kicking team cannot run forward until they have been passed by the kicker or someone behind the kicker.
Forwards tend to run straight and hard at the opposition, while the backs run at gaps between players or use speed and guile to run around them. In modern games of rugby some backs can be as big as forwards and attempt to break through the defensive line using brute force and many forwards possess the running skills of backs. Players run straight at the opposition with the aim of either breaking the tackle or getting forward momentum from which to set up another attack. If they are close to the try line they can drive in low to aid grounding the ball. Players can also try to break through tackles by spinning after making contact or by using the hand not carrying the ball to fend (push) off the defender.
A player could also try to get around a defender by stepping, swerving, or goose-stepping past them. To sidestep a defender, the attacking player takes a wide step in one direction while running forward and then shifts their body weight in the opposite direction. If successful the defender will be off balance, allowing the attacker to accelerate past. When swerving, an attacker runs straight at the defender, but before making contact accelerates and sways to the outside. Although similar to a side step, the swerve involves less sideways movement, but results in less loss of speed. The goose-step is a move made famous by David Campese and involves slowing down while running on the outside of the opponent, causing them to also slow, before accelerating away.
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# Rugby union gameplay
## Passing
The ball can be passed laterally or backwards, but cannot be thrown forward. The opposing team is awarded a scrum if the ball is unintentionally thrown forward or if it is knocked forward from a player\'s hand or arm -- although doing so deliberately results in a penalty. An exception is if a player knocks the ball forward in attempting to block an opponent\'s kick -- a \'charge down\'. Passing is an integral part of rugby union, as it allows the ball to be easily and quickly distributed to teammates. The backs are the major participants of passes, and they are used to put running players into space. If a team has an overlap -- more players attacking than the other team has defending at a particular moment -- then the tactic is to draw a defending player to the tackle and pass to the person outside him. If every player executes the \'draw and pass\', given space, the outside players may have no defenders in front of them.
Another tactic is pretending to pass the ball, called \'dummying\'. It can be used during normal backline play or as part of a set move. The aim of the dummy is to confuse the opposition and create a gap for the player carrying the ball. When used as a set move a player will run as a decoy, usually at a different angle to the rest of the players. In complicated moves there will be multiple players acting as decoys. Care must be taken to ensure the decoys do not impede the tacklers, which would result in a penalty being awarded to the defenders.
The standard rugby pass is the spiral pass, where the player swings the ball across his body with the tip point upwards and the ball spinning about its axis. This technique propels the ball quickly and accurately. \'Quick hands\' is the rapid movement of the ball between players, and at its best involves catching and passing the ball in one motion. A \'skip-pass\' is a basic move where the ball is passed past the closest player to another further away. The \'double-around\' is another simple move that involves the passer quickly running around the player to whom he has just passed the ball and then receiving the ball back from him. If successful it can create an overlap. Another common passing move is the \'cut and switch\', which is used to change the direction of the play. For a cut the ball carrier runs laterally across the field before passing the ball to a player running back on an angle; the switch is a simple change of direction: a player standing on one side of a scrum, ruck or maul receives the ball and then passes it to someone on the opposite side.
There are also some specialised passes that can be used during a rugby game. The \'dive-pass\' is a pass which is sometimes used by the scrum-half if he is unable to get into the correct position for a long pass. The player dives as he releases the ball, resulting in a quick pass. A \'flick-pass\' is similar to a standard pass except the ball is passed with a flick of the wrists, making it a faster pass but with less distance. The \'pop-pass\' is a short pass where the ball is simply popped up in a small loop to a player. The \'gut-pass\' is a pass straight into the stomach area of a player and is mostly used by the forwards when moving the ball back through a maul.
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# Rugby union gameplay
## Kicking
The ball can be kicked in any direction and is used as an attacking option or to gain territory. There are three types of kicks used; the punt, drop kick and place kick. To punt the ball the player must kick the ball before it touches the ground. A drop kick occurs if the ball first bounces on the ground before being kicked. With a place kick the ball must be placed on the ground (usually on a kicking tee or in sand) before being kicked. Slight variations that commonly occur are taps, when a player kicks the ball a very short distance and regathers it, and toe-throughs, when a player kicks the ball along the ground instead of diving on it or picking it up. **Punts** are the most common type of kick employed by players. They are used as clearing kicks, especially if a team is close to their own goal-line or is looking to gain territory. With these kicks the player tries to kick the ball as far as possible towards the opponents goal and they usually aim for one of the touch lines. If the ball crosses the touch line before being touched by anyone a lineout is awarded to the opposing team. If the ball is put inside the player\'s 22-metre line by a member of the opposition they can kick the ball out on the full and gain ground. Otherwise ground is only gained if the ball bounces in the field of play before crossing the touch line. Care has to be taken not to kick it too far, because if it travels through their opponents in-goal and becomes dead the opposition is awarded a scrum from where the kick occurred. The disadvantage of \"kicking for territory\" is that it almost always gives possession of the ball to the opposing team. If a clearing kick is caught by the opposition, then they can counter-attack by running, passing, or kicking the ball back toward the clearing team.
Attacking kicks are also employed, usually if the opposition is out of position or running at them is proving ineffective. Common attacking kicks include the \"up and under\", box kick, \"grubber\", crossfield kick and chip kick. The up and under, also known as a \"bomb\" or *Garryowen*, is a high punt. A well executed up and under will be high enough to give anyone chasing enough time to compete for the ball. Box kicks are similar, but are kicked by the scrum-half over their shoulder when a ruck, maul, scrum or line-out occurs near the touchline. The ball is kicked high and parallel to the touchline with the wingers chasing. If the ball is kicked along the ground it is called a grubber. It can catch the defenders unaware and because the ball is oval shaped it does not bounce consistently, making it hard for them to collect it. A cross field kick occurs when the ball is kicked from one touchline to a player waiting near the other one. Chip kicks are short kicks just behind the defensive line for attacking players to run onto. Like defensive kicks there is still a risk that the opposition will regain possession after an attacking kick. **Drop kicks** are used to start play at the beginning of each half or restart play after points have been scored or the ball is grounded in the in-goal by a defending team. The ball is either kicked long to gain as much territory as possible or short so that the chasers have a chance to regain possession. A shot at goal can also be attempted using a drop goal. This can happen anytime during general play, except after a free kick has been awarded. As a missed drop goal gives possession to the opposition they are generally only attempted in close games to either gain the lead or to push the score beyond a converted try.
**Place kicks** are only ever used for attempting shots at goal after a penalty has been awarded or when converting a try. Generally one player in the team is the designated goal kicker, although some teams use a stronger, but less accurate, kicker for long shots. In close games the difference between winning or losing can come down to the accuracy of the goal kicker, making them a vital part of any team. The difficulty of a kick at goal increases with distance and angle to the goal posts, with kicks from near the sideline especially difficult. A conversion is taken back in line from the spot where the try was scored, so if possible a scorer will aim to down the ball as close to the goal posts as possible.
Kicking the ball is generally considered the sole preserve of the backs. Exceptions include flanker John Taylor, lock John Eales and number eight Zinzan Brooke, who have all scored points from kicks.
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# Rugby union gameplay
## Breakdowns
The aim of the defending side is to stop the player with the ball, either by bringing them to ground (a tackle, which is frequently followed by a ruck), or by contesting for possession with the ball-carrier on their feet (a maul). Such a circumstance is called a breakdown and each is governed by a specific law.
### Tackle
A player may tackle an opposing player who has the ball by bringing them to ground. Once tackled, a player must immediately release the ball, either by passing to a teammate or placing it on the ground, and the tackler must release them and move away. After the ball has been released by a tackled player, players from either side may try to take possession of the ball. Tacklers cannot tackle above the sternum (the neck and head are out of bounds), and the tackler has to attempt to wrap their arms around the player being tackled to complete the tackle. It is illegal to push, shoulder-charge, or to trip a player using feet or legs, but hands may be used (this being referred to as a tap-tackle or ankle-tap). Tackles that involve lifting a player and then forcing or dropping them to the ground head first (called a tip tackle or spear tackle) have been deemed particularly dangerous. A player performing this sort of tackle would typically be sent-off.
Tackling is the only way to stop a player from running and is a major part of any team\'s defence. A good tackle stops the player from moving forward and prevents them from passing the ball. It can also put an opponent under pressure and force the ball loose. There are five styles of tackles commonly used by players: the side, rear, passive front, active front and smother. The aim of the active front tackle is to drive the opponent backwards, while the smother tackle prevents the opposing player passing the ball. Once the player has been brought to ground, the tackler typically tries to get to their feet quickly and compete for the ball. Other players arriving at the tackle will also compete for the ball.
The main objective of the player being tackled is to keep possession of the ball. They will try to keep on their feet until teammates arrive in support. If brought to ground, they can immediately pass the ball (offload) or place it on the ground in a position advantageous to their team. The supporting teammates can continue running the ball or form a ruck or maul.
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# Rugby union gameplay
## Breakdowns
### Ruck
A ruck is formed when at least one player from each side bind onto each other with the ball on the ground between them. A ruck often ensues following a tackle. This physical contact, or binding, is generally by locking shoulders while facing each other. Additional players may join the ruck, but must do so from behind the rearmost foot of the hindmost teammate in the ruck; this is often referred to as \"coming through the gate\". If players do not go \"through the gate\", it is a penalty to the opposition ("joining from the side" or "in at the side"). Any player not taking part in the ruck and maul must retreat behind the *offside line*, a notional line that runs parallel to the goal-lines through the rearmost foot of their hindmost teammate in the ruck or maul.
In a ruck, no player may use their hands to win the ball. Instead, each side attempts to push the other side off the ball or use their feet to hook it back towards their own side, an action known as *rucking*.
Players attempt to arrive at the ruck first, drive forward and bind onto the opposition. Once a ruck is formed the defenders cannot use their hands, making it easier for the attacking team to retain possession. The defenders try to slow the ball from coming out of the ruck, which allows their team more time to organise their defence. This may not be done by using their hands, or lying over the ball, or going to ground deliberately. Such infringements result in penalties if seen by the referee, although the number of bodies involved in the ruck can make this difficult. A legal method used to slow the ball down is counter-rucking, when the defenders drive players back over the ball. If this is done well, the defenders can gain possession of the ball. This is called a turnover.
A drive around a ruck or a scrum is usually performed by the forwards and is intended to break the defensive line using weight and force. The ball-carrier runs directly at the opponents and will endeavour to protect the ball so as to retain possession when contact occurs. This play, often referred to as a \"pick-up-and-drive\", usually offers a slow but sure advance. Sometimes the tactical aim is to suck defenders into a ruck or maul, opening gaps in the defensive line for the backs to exploit. It is also often employed in the closing minutes of the game by the team that has the lead, because it is an effective way of retaining possession and running down the clock.
The ball emerges from a maul more slowly than from a ruck.
World Rugby announced in 2017 that it would add a major change to the laws governing the ruck among an ongoing series of global law trials. Under this trial law amendment, a ruck is formed \"when at least one player is on their feet and over the ball which is on the ground.\" At this moment, the offside lines are set. A player on his or her feet (typically the tackler) can use hands to pick up the ball if the action is immediate, but once an opposing player arrives at the ruck, no hands can be used. Additionally, kicking the ball out of a ruck is explicitly penalised, with only hooking \"in a backwards motion\" allowed. The trial was used for several international competitions in 2017, among them the World Under 20 Championship, before taking effect in the Northern Hemisphere on 1 August 2017 and in the Southern Hemisphere from 1 January 2018. All of these amendments were approved unanimously by the World Rugby Council and added to the laws of the game in 2018.
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# Rugby union gameplay
## Breakdowns
### Maul
A maul occurs when a player carrying the ball is held by one or more opponents, and one or more of the ball carrier\'s teammates bind on the ball carrier. Once a maul has formed other players may join in but, as in a ruck, they must do so from their own side by going through the middle or through the top as long as the maul is stationary. If the maul stops moving forward, and the ball is not available to be played, then the referee awards a scrum to the side not in possession when the maul began (unless the maul was formed immediately after a player received a kick other than a kick-off). The tactic of the rolling maul occurs when mauls are set up, and the ball is passed backwards through the players\' hands to one at the rear, who rolls off the side to change the direction of the drive. This tactic can be extremely effective in gaining ground and both doing it properly and preventing it takes great skill and technique. It is a tactic most commonly used when the attacking side is inside the defending side\'s 22 meter line.
It was once illegal on safety grounds to pull down a maul, causing the players to fall to the ground. With the introduction of the Experimental Law Variations it was permitted to pull down a maul if the forward momentum of the attacking side had been neutralised or reversed, subject to maintaining safety. This decision was reversed to make the pulling down of a maul illegal once more.
On the other hand, a maul is not properly formed if the ball carrier binds on to a teammate from the rear, and both of them then drive into one or more opponents -- or if the ball-carrier breaks off from the back of the maul, which continues to drive forward. The players in front are either accidentally or deliberately offside and the referee awards either a scrum or a penalty to the opposing side, depending on whether the infringement was viewed as accidental or deliberate.
The tactic is sometimes referred to by players, commentators, and referees by the colloquial term \"truck and trailer\".
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# Rugby union gameplay
## Restart kicks {#restart_kicks}
Play is started at the beginning of each half by a kick-off. One side---determined following the toss of a coin---takes a drop kick from the middle of the halfway line to start the half. The ball must travel at least 10 m into the opposition half. None of the kicking team\'s players are allowed in front of the player taking the kick until after that player\'s foot has touched the ball. The kicking side frequently kicks the ball high and for it to go just over 10 m, which is marked by a dashed line across the pitch. This tactic gives their players time to chase the lobbed ball and hope to catch it before the opposition does. Alternatively the kick may be a long kick deep into opposition territory, sacrificing the chance to regain possession for territorial gain. A restart kick that does not cross the 10 m line can either be played by the receiving team, but not by the kicking team, or a midfield scrum is awarded to the receiving team. A restart kick that crosses the side lines without being touched awards the receiving team either a midfield scrum or a line out on the halfway line, receiving team option.
Similarly, there is also a 22 m drop-out. This is awarded if the attacking side is responsible for sending the ball into the in-goal area, but instead of their player grounding the ball and scoring a try it is first grounded by a defender. If the ball is kicked into the in-goal area by the attackers and instead of being grounded there by either side it continues, under its own momentum, through the in-goal area and crosses the dead-ball line, then the defenders have the option of choosing either a 22 m drop out or a scrum at the place where the attackers kicked the ball. The 22 m drop out is taken at any point along (or behind) the 22 m line.
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# Rugby union gameplay
## Penalty kicks and free kicks {#penalty_kicks_and_free_kicks}
Penalty kicks are awarded for dangerous play. A penalty kick may either be used to attempt a penalty goal, kick into touch (either directly or indirectly, in both cases the kicking team throws-in the ball at the ensuing line-out) or tapped with the foot (giving the kicking player possession of the ball). In each case, the opponents must retire to a distance 10 m from the point at which the penalty is awarded.
A free kick is awarded for technical infringements that do not warrant a penalty. A free kick differs from a penalty in that it cannot be used for an attempt at goal. If the ball goes into touch, the kicking team does not receive the throw at the ensuing lineout. When kicked directly into touch (i.e. without bouncing) there is no gain in ground from the free kick unless it was taken from behind the kicking team\'s 22-metre line.
A free kick is also awarded when a player catches an opponent\'s kick on or behind his own 22 m line and shouts the word \"mark\".
## Scrum
A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement. It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, when a player is accidentally offside, or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty. It is also awarded to the passing or kicking team if the ball hits the referee.
A scrum is formed by the eight forwards from each team binding together in three rows. The front row consists of the two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker. The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers. Behind the second row is the number 8. This formation is known as the 3--4--1 formation. The two packs of forwards engage with each other so that the heads of the front-rowers are interlocked with those of their opponents. Front-rowers always aim for the gap to the left (as they see it) of their opponent. The two locks in the second row bind directly behind the front row with their heads between a prop and the hooker. The flankers bind either side of the locks, and the number 8 binds behind and between the two locks.
Once a scrum is formed the scrum-half from the team awarded the *feed* throws the ball into the gap between the two front-rows known as the *tunnel*. The two hookers then compete for possession by hooking the ball backwards with their feet, while each pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards to help gain possession. The side that wins possession transfers the ball to the back of the scrum, where it is picked up either by the number 8 or by the scrum-half. Either the scrum half or the number 8 can then pass, run, or kick the ball and normal play then resumes. A scrum has to be awarded between the 5 m lines along the goal-lines and touch-lines. A team may also score a pushover try from a scrum; once the ball has crossed the goal-line during a scrum an attacking player may legally ground it.
Scrums are one of the most dangerous phases in rugby, since a collapse or improper engage can lead to a front row player damaging or even breaking his neck. For this reason, only trained players may play in the front row to help avoid injuries. If a team is without sufficient specialist front row players, for example because of injury or sin-binning, all scrums may be \"uncontested scrums\". In this situation, the packs engage, but do not push, and the team that still puts the ball into the scrum must win it without effort.
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# Rugby union gameplay
## Line-out {#line_out}
When the ball goes into touch (i.e. outside of the area of play) the referee calls a line-out at the point where the ball crossed the touchline. There are two exceptions for this rule:
1. No line-out is awarded closer than 5 m to opponent team goal line, if the ball crosses the touch closer the throw-in occurs on 5 m line.
2. If a kick goes directly into touch and the kicker is outside his own 22 m line the throw-in occurs where the ball was kicked from.
The forwards of each team (though not necessarily all of them, their number is throwing-in team option) line up a metre apart, perpendicular to the touchline and between 5 m and 15 m from the touchline. The ball is thrown from the touchline down the centre of the lines of forwards by a player (usually the hooker) from the team that did not play the ball into touch. The exception to this is when the ball went out from a penalty, in which case the side who gained the penalty throws the ball in. There is an advantage to being the team throwing the ball as that team then knows where along the line the throw is aimed. If the ball passes over the 15 m line, it can be played by everyone and the line-out is over; if the ball is not thrown straight down the middle of the line-out, the non-infringing team may choose to have the put-in to either a new line-out or a scrum 15 m infield.
Both sides compete for the ball, and some players may lift their teammates. (While the laws say that jumping players may only be supported, lifting is uniformly tolerated under specified conditions). A jumping player cannot be tackled until they stand and only shoulder-to-shoulder contact is allowed; deliberate infringement of this Law is dangerous play, and results in a penalty kick, and frequently a trip to the sin bin. If a penalty kick is awarded during a line-out and the line out is not over, it is taken 15 m from the touch line
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# Zé Augusto (footballer, born 1959)
**José Augusto Borges Nascimento**, commonly known as **Zé Augusto** (born 7 March 1959), is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder, and the current manager of Portuguesa under-20s.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Zé Augusto started his career in Atlético Alagoinhas, and later moved to state giants Vitória in 1981. He remained in the club for five years before serving loans at Joinville, Confiança, ASA de Arapiraca and River.
Zé Augusto retired in 1992, aged 33, due to a knee injury while playing for Pinhalense.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
Shortly after retiring, Zé Augusto was appointed as a youth manager in his last club Pinhalense. In 1994, he moved to former club Vitória, helping in the promotions of Vampeta, Dida and Fábio Costa.
Shortly after leaving Vitória, Zé Augusto moved to Mogi Mirim, again assigned to the youth setup. He was later appointed at the helm of Corinthians, initially to their youth squads.
Zé Augusto appointed caretaker manager of Corinthians in April 2007, after the dismissal of Emerson Leão. He later returned to the youth setup after the signing of Paulo César Carpegiani, but returned to first-team duties in August, after the latter was relieved.
Zé Augusto was dismissed from the first-team on 25 September 2009, after losing to Palmeiras. He returned to the youth squads, and was dismissed in November 2012, after being \"farmed\" to Flamengo de Guarulhos.
In April 2013 Zé Augusto joined Grêmio Osasco. Initially assigned to the youth setup, he was appointed first-team manager in November.
On 19 August 2014 Zé Augusto joined Portuguesa under-20s. On 12 September, after the dismissal of Paulo Silas, he was appointed as the first-team\'s caretaker manager, but his reign only lasted one match
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# Eoin Kelly (Waterford hurler)
**Eoin Kelly** (born 24 September 1982) is an Irish hurler who played as a full-forward at senior level for the waterford county team. He joined the team in 2001 and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement in 2012.
Kelly is one of Waterford\'s top championship scorers of all-time. He has won four Munster winners\' medals and one National League winners\' medal. He ended up as an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.
At club level Kelly is a Munster medalist with Mount Sion. In addition to this he has also won five county club championship medals. He currently plays club hurling with Passage.
Kelly has a number of personal achievements. He has won two All-Star awards and was included on the GPA Gaelic Team of the Year in 2008. That same year he was one of three nominees for Hurler of the Year.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Club
Kelly plays his club hurling with Passage, however, it was with the Mount Sion club in Waterford city that he enjoyed his greatest success.
In 1999 Kelly was still a minor when he lined out in his first county club championship. As reigning champions Mount Sion surrendered their title to Ballygunner.
The club were back the following year to exact revenge. A 1-20 to 0-9 defeat of Ballygunner gave Kelly a first county championship medal.
Mount Sion surrendered their club title in 2001, however, Kelly\'s side were back in the final again in 2002. A 1-19 to 2-14 defeat of Ballygunner secured the championship once again. It was the first of three county final victories in-a-row over Ballygunner.
In 2002 Kelly won a Munster club medal as Mount Sion defeated Sixmilebridge to take the title. The club was defeated in the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final.
Four club titles in-a-row proved beyond Mount Sion, however, the club bounced back in 2006 with Kelly winning a fifth county championship medal following a seven-point defeat of Ballygunner.
By 2007 Kelly was playing with Passage. In his debut year with the team he captured a county intermediate championship medal following a 2-16 to 1-13 defeat of Dungarvan.
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# Eoin Kelly (Waterford hurler)
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Inter-county {#inter_county}
Kelly joined the Waterford senior team during the 2001 National Hurling when he started in a group stage game against Derry, however, he played no part in the subsequent championship.
The following year Kelly made his championship debut in a Munster semi-final victory over Cork. He later claimed his first Munster winners\' medal as Waterford defeated Tipperary by 2-23 to 3-12 to claim the provincial crown for the first time in thirty-nine years.
After surrendering the Munster title to Cork in 2003, Kelly\'s side were back in the provincial showpiece for a third successive year in 2004. In the Munster final, Waterford defeated Cork for the first time in forty-five years to take the title by 3-16 to 1-21.
In 2007 Kelly added a National Hurling League medal to his collection when Waterford defeated Kilkenny by 0-20 to 0-18 in the final. He later claimed a third Munster winners\' medal as Waterford defeated Limerick by 3-17 to 1-14 in the provincial decider. While Waterford were viewed as possibly going on and winning the All-Ireland title for the first time in almost half a century, Limerick ambushed Kelly\'s side in the All-Ireland semi-final.
2008 began poorly for Waterford as the team lost their opening game to Clare as well as their manager Justin McCarthy. In spite of this poor start Kelly\'s side reached the All-Ireland final for the first time in forty-five years. Kilkenny provided the opposition and went on to defeat Waterford by 3-30 to 1-13 to claim a third All-Ireland title in-a-row.
Kelly lined out in a sixth Munster final in 2010 with Cork providing the opposition. A 2-15 apiece draw was the result on that occasion, however, Waterford went on to win the replay after an extra-time goal by Dan Shanahan. It was a fourth Munster winners\' medal for Kelly, a record that he shares with five other Waterford players.
At the start of 2012 Kelly was dropped from the Waterford panel by new manager Michael Ryan. It was claimed that his fitness and commitment to the squad did not meet the requirements of the new management team. After a period in exile Kelly returned to the panel for the latter stages of the National League. The year eventually ended without any silverware for Waterford and Kelly decided to retire from inter-county hurling.
### Inter-provincial {#inter_provincial}
Kelly was a regular on the Munster team during numerous campaigns in the Interprovincial Championship. He captured two winners\' medals in this competition
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# A.C. Cossor
**A.C. Cossor Ltd.** was a British electronics company founded in 1859. The company\'s products included valves, radios, televisions and military electronics. The company was purchased by Raytheon in 1961.
## Early history {#early_history}
The story of A.C. Cossor Ltd. began in 1859 when the company was established by Alfred Charles Cossor in Clerkenwell, London to manufacture scientific glassware. His eldest son, also called Alfred Charles Cossor joined the company in 1875, and it was he who founded the A.C. Cossor electronics company. The company\'s expertise in the manufacture of electrical glassware, such as early cathode-ray tubes and X-ray tubes, led the company to diversify into electronics. The younger son Frank Cossor joined the company in 1885, and eventually took over the running of the original scientific glassware company which remains to this day as Accoson, a manufacturer of sphygmomanometers.
Cossor, a go-ahead electronics firm, designed, and manufactured electronic thermionic valves, domestic radio sets and television receivers both before, and after World War II. During the War, their work on the Chain Home radar alongside Pye and EMI brought great prestige to the company. By the late 1950s, Cossor had sold its consumer electronics interests to the Philips electronics giant. Later, a merger with American Raytheon was to come, and today, Cossor is still part of the American group.
## Company timeline {#company_timeline}
- Early examples of X-ray tubes are produced for the scientists William Crookes and Oliver Lodge.
- In 1902 the company produces the first British-made Braun tube.
- 1904 Experimental valves are produced by Cossor for Ambrose Fleming.
- 1908 A.C. Cossor leaves his father\'s business to found his own company.
- William Richard Bullimore, an Australian-born electrical engineer who emigrated to the UK as a child, joins Cossor. Bullimore was responsible for the introduction of new valve types, and would eventually become managing director of the company, a post he held until his death at the age of 50, on 27 July 1937.
- During the first world war the company produces valves for the war effort including large numbers of Type R valves, a generic valve design produced by several companies.
- In 1918 the company moves to Highbury, London, to a factory called the \"Aberdeen Works\". (The office building which was called Cossor House is still extant, having been renamed Ladbroke House and now houses The London Screen Academy.)
- After World War I the company produces its first radio sets in kit form.
- 1924 Cossor introduces the first British valves to incorporate an oxide-coated filament.
- 1927 The company launches its famous \"Melody Maker\" radio set.
- 1930 First British RF pentode valve made by Cossor.
- 1932 The company introduces its first cathode ray oscilloscope.
- 1935 A Cossor cathode-ray tube is used in the receiver of the Daventry Experiment for radar research, conducted to investigate the signals produced by reflections off a Heyford bomber of the output of the BBC transmitter at Daventry.
- 1936 The company sells its first television receiver.
- 1937 Receivers for the Chain Home primary radar system, the world\'s first radar air defence system, are built by Cossor.
- Cossor remains pre-eminent in the development of the cathode ray oscilloscope with the introduction of a dual-beam version of the instrument.
- 1938 Cossor becomes a public limited company.
- 1938 In co-operation with the Army Cell at the Bawdsey Research Station, the company begins production development of the receiver for the GL1, the first British heavy anti-aircraft gun-laying radar.
- 1939 The company switches to war production.
- Cossor becomes involved in the early development of airborne IFF radar. The development team includes spy Arthur Wynn.
- 1943 The company moves its valve and CRT business into a new wholly owned subsidiary Electronic Tubes Ltd (ETEL) based at High Wycombe.
- 1944 In \'Plan for Post-War Broadcasting in Britain\' Cossor Research Laboratory\'s K.I. Jones proposed 924 radio stations on FM (then known as short waves).
- 1945 Secondary radar for air traffic control becomes a key area of development for Cossor.
- 1949 EMI purchases ordinary (voting) shares in ETEL, and takes management control. Cossor retains an investment in ETEL, purchasing its valve requirements from EMI and from MOV, which was jointly owned by EMI and GEC.
- 1956 Cossor disposes of its holding in ETEL sometime after 1956, and withdraws from valve and CRT manufacture.
- 1957 Cossor-made radars with detection range of almost 400 miles, capable of detecting and monitoring flight operations of individual fighter planes well inside Eastern Europe, delivered to key NATO stations along the Iron Curtain borders.
- 1958 Cossor sells its radio and television business to Philips.
- 1958 Company moves to Harlow, Essex.
- 1960 Company branched out into the missile guidance and ground support equipment field, for that purpose Cossor has hired highly qualified missile engineers from the guided weapons department of the Royal Aircraft Establishment and from Ferranti Ltd.
- 1961 Cossor is acquired by Raytheon, after making trading losses in 1959/60 had depressed the share price. These losses were reputed to be following disputes over costs of the Fylingdales BMEWS contract.
## Products and activities {#products_and_activities}
Cossor has designed IFF equipment for the British Aerospace Rapier missile, Shorts Blowpipe missile, Bofors RBS-70, Ericsson\'s Giraffe radar and the Contraves Italiana\'s LPD-20 air defence radar. Typical applications of the Cossor\'s IFF system include Redeye, Stinger, and SA-7 missiles and other short range air defence guns and missiles
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# University of Mons-Hainaut
The **University of Mons-Hainaut** (*Université de Mons-Hainaut*, `{{IPA|fr|ynivɛʁsite də mɔ̃s ɛno|pron}}`{=mediawiki}, **UMH**), in Mons, Wallonia, Belgium, was a university in the French Community of Belgium. Its official language was French. From January 1, 2009, the University of Mons-Hainaut and the Engineering Faculty of Mons Faculté polytechnique de Mons fused in a new university simply called the University of Mons.
## History
The University of Mons-Hainaut was established in 1965 from the *Institut commercial des industriels du Hainaut*, which had been founded in 1899 by Raoul Warocqué. In the university library, which was established in 1797, there were more than 715,000 items, including 450 manuscripts, one of which was from the 10th century, and 140 incunables, of which one was a Gutenberg Bible.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Elio Di Rupo, chemist, politician, and former prime minister of Belgium
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# Pamela Burford
**Pamela Burford** (born August 9, 1954 in Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States) is an American novelist. She is the author of 14 contemporary romance and romantic suspense novels, and she is the twin sister of the author Patricia Ryan (aka P.B. Ryan). Most of Pamela\'s novels are currently available as ebooks.
## Biography
Burford is a two-time finalist for both Romance Writers of America\'s RITA Award and Romantic Times Reviewers\' Choice Award. She\'s founder and former president of Long Island Romance Writers, a chapter of Romance Writers of America, and is a frequent speaker at writers\' conferences, workshops, and libraries.
Burford is married and has two children. Her \"day job\" is editor in chief of a free audio magazine anthology for blind and print-disabled adults
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# Sunan Ampel
**Sunan Ampel** (born **Raden Ahmad Rahmatullah** or **Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah**; 1401--1481) was one the nine revered Javanese Muslim saints, or Wali Songo, credited with the spread of Islam in Java. According to local history, around Demak the mosque of Demak Masjid Agung Demak was built by Sunan Ampel in 1479 CE, but other sources attributed the construction of the mosque to Sunan Kalijaga.
## Genealogy
The father of Sunan Ampel was Maulana Malik Ibrahim also known as Ibrahim as-Samarkandy (\"Ibrahim Asmarakandi\" to Javanese pronunciation). His mother was a princess of the Champa Kingdom. Sunan Ampel was born in Champa, in present-day central Vietnam, in 1401 CE. Sunan Ampel came to Java in 1443 CE, possibly to visit his aunt Dwarawati, a princess of Champa who was married to Kertawijaya, the king of Majapahit.
A long lineage indicates that Sunan Ampel was a descendant of Muhammad, a Prophet in the Islamic religion who was born in Mecca. However, another theory claims that Sunan Ampel had Chinese ancestry and identifies him as Bong Swi Hoo. The two theories are not mutually exclusive, because Muslims from China interacted extensively with Southeast Asia during the time of Zheng He. It was also common for a Muslim man to marry a local woman when settling far from his country of origin.
Sunan Ampel married Nyi Gede Manila, the daughter of a Chinese captain at Tuban named Gan Eng Cu. This marriage produced several children: sons Sunan Bonang and Sunan Drajat became wali songo; daughter Syarifah became the wife of Sunan Ngudung and the mother of Sunan Kudus; and another daughter became the first wife of Raden Patah and mother to Trenggana, who succeeded his father as leader of the Sultanate of Demak. Some sources suggest that Raden Patah was the cousin of Sunan Ampel.
Sunan Ampel died in Demak in 1481 CE but is buried in Ampel Mosque.
## Activities
Sunan Ampel was teacher of Sunan Giri and Raden Patah
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# Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech
**Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech** (GxABT), located in Gembloux, Belgium, is one of the eleven faculties of the University of Liège. Founded in 1860 and previously known as the **Faculté universitaire des sciences agronomiques de Gembloux** (FUSAGx, French for: Gembloux Agronomical University), it is Belgium\'s oldest educational and research institution dedicated to agronomic sciences and biological engineering. It is the only school in Belgium to be accredited by the French Commission des Titres d\'Ingénieur allowing the university to deliver the Diplôme d\'Ingénieur engineering degree. The school is also accredited by the EUR-ACE label, the highest European quality label for engineering degree programmes at Bachelor and Master level.
Prior to 2009, it was an independent public university of the French Community of Belgium.
## History
The university is housed in the historical Abbey of Gembloux, which was founded around 940. After the French Revolution, monks were expelled, and the abbey was sold. In July 1860, the agronomic school of Thourout is transferred in Gembloux, founding the Gembloux Agricultural Institute. The Belgian State definitely buys the abbey in 1881 and in 1920, the school is renamed into the State Agricultural Institute (*Institut agronomique de l\'État*). The name is changed again in 1965 into the State University of Agricultural Sciences (*Faculté universitaire des sciences agronomiques de l'État*) and again in 1994 into the Gembloux University of Agricultural Sciences (*Faculté universitaire des sciences agronomiques de Gembloux*) after its administration was transferred from the Federal State to the French Community of Belgium.
In 2009, it was merged with the University of Liège and renamed to **Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech** (GxABT). Its official language has always been French.
## Studies
The Faculty of Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech is dedicated exclusively to agronomic sciences and biological engineering. The five-year program on offer at the Faculty trains bioengineers in the making. Students can choose a specialization from among four different courses of study in the field of life sciences:
- Environmental science and technology
- Forest and natural space management
- Agronomic science
- Chemistry and bioindustries
Gembloux Agro Bio Tech also organizes the first year of the bachelor\'s program in Landscape architecture, in partnership with the Haute École Charlemagne and the Institute of Architecture of La Cambre
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# Take This Time
\"**Take This Time**\" is a song by English actor and singer Sean Maguire, released in October 1994 by Parlophone as the second single from his debut album, *Sean Maguire* (1994). The song was co-written by Maguire with Ian Allen, Gary Stevenson and Dave West, and produced by Stevenson. It reached number 27 on the UK Singles Chart.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Upon the release, pan-European magazine *Music & Media* wrote, \"The ex-Eastender is neighbouring on the works of other soap-turned-pop stars. A pop reggae tune like Sean\'s here should have an across-the-board appeal from Coronation to High Street.\" Alan Jones from *Music Week* commented, \"This is slow, attractively loping, with reggae intervals, and moderately accomplished vocals from the former *EastEnders* star, but not as strong as his previous hit \'Someone to Love\', and so unlikely to equal its number 14 peak.\" Jordan Paramor from *Smash Hits* wrote, \"This has got a pleasant reggae feel, and some nice lyrics, and Sean sings it nicely, but it still doesn\'t grab you, it\'s just kind of, well, *nice*.\"
## Track listings {#track_listings}
- **CD1**
1. \"Take This Time\"
2. \"Take This Time\" (Arty Mango mix)
3. \"Take This Time\" (Ragga mix)
4. Andy Peters Speaks to Sean -- Part 1
- **CD2**
1. \"Take This Time\"
2. \"Take This Time\" (Arty Mango mix)
3. \"Take This Time\" (La Smoov re-mix)
4
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# Thipchang
**Thipchang** (*ทิพย์ช้าง*, lit. \"Divine Elephant\") or ceremonial name **Phraya Thipphachak** (พระยาทิพย์จักร) was sovereign of Lampang during a period of sovereignty not subject to Burmese, Ayuthian or Lannanese rule. He is regarded as the progenitor of the Dibayachakkradhiwongse dynasty, the forefathers of the bloodline of the Lords of Chet Ton. He was married to Lord Mother (Mae Chao) Pimpa Mahathewi (แม่เจ้าปิมปามหาเทวี) of Ban Pa Nat Dam (บ้านป่าหนาดดำ), Ban Ueam (บ้านเอื้อม), and ruled from 1732 to 1759.
## Biography
In 1730, Lampang faced civil war. At the time, Thip Chak had been a hunter, but had spearheaded the group of soldiers that assassinated the ringleader of the rebellion, Thao Maha Yot. This had originally been commanded of the sovereign of Lampang by the Burman Konbaung dynasty. According to the Chronicles of Chiang Mai, he later subdued an uprising in Lamphun, and in his final years ruled his realm on the foundations of Buddhist doctrine
| 154 |
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| 0 |
11,083,772 |
# Noctilux
The name **Noctilux** is used by Leica to designate their camera lenses with the widest maximum aperture. Lenses with that name have been in production since 1966. So far all Noctilux lenses have been made for the Leica M mount.
## History
The name Noctilux is a combination of *Nocti*, which is derived from the word nocturnal, while *Lux* is Latin for light.
## Description
The Noctilux lenses have the largest maximum apertures in the Leica range. With various models having f-numbers of f/0.95 or f/1.0 or f/1.2 or f/1.25 as its maximum aperture. It is also the heaviest of all of Leica\'s lenses.
## Market position {#market_position}
The Noctilux is the most expensive lens in the Leica lens range. It is followed by the Summilux.
## List of Noctilux lenses {#list_of_noctilux_lenses}
For the Leica M mount:
Name Focal length Year f-number Filter size Weight
-------------------------------------------------- -------------- ----------------- ---------- ------------- ------------------
Noctilux 50 mm `{{f/|1.2}}`{=mediawiki} 50 mm 1966 -- 1975 49 mm 470 -- 515 grams
Noctilux-M 50 mm `{{f/|1}}`{=mediawiki} 50 mm 1976 -- 2008 60 mm 584 grams
Noctilux-M 50 mm `{{f/|0.95}}`{=mediawiki} ASPH. 50 mm 2008 -- present 60 mm 700 grams
Noctilux-M 75 mm `{{f/|1.25}}`{=mediawiki} ASPH. 75 mm 2017 -- present 67 mm 1055 grams
Noctilux-M 50 mm `{{f/|1
| 213 |
Noctilux
| 0 |
11,083,780 |
# Bou Kornine Stadium
**Bou Kornine Stadium**, is a multi-purpose stadium in Hammam-Lif, Tunisia. It is currently used by football team CS Hammam-Lif. The stadium holds 15,000 people.
It takes its name from the Mount Bou Kornine, overlooking the Gulf of Tunis and Hammam-Lif city
| 45 |
Bou Kornine Stadium
| 0 |
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# Declaratory statement
In Presbyterianism, a **declaratory statement** is a statement attached to the Westminster Confession of Faith in order to modify or clarify the confessional standard of the church. A number of denominations adopted them around the turn of the 20th century, and some are still in use today.
## Adoption
The following churches adopted declaratory statements:
- United Presbyterian Church (Scotland) (1879)
- Free Church of Scotland (1892)
- Presbyterian Church of Australia (1901)
- Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (1903)
One significant reason given was that under a strict subscription model, \"many persons had difficulty in taking office because of certain expressions of doctrine contained in the Confession of Faith.\" The Free Church Act noted that \"it is expedient to remove difficulties and scruples which have been felt by some\".
The Church of Scotland never adopted such a declaratory statement, on the basis that its ability to adjust its Confession was restricted by its inclusion in the Acts of Union 1707.
## Contents
The declaratory statements typically touch on issues such as the love of God for all people, the free offer of the gospel, the salvation of infants, and freedom of religion.
Some of declaratory statements include a clause granting those who subscribe to the Confession \"liberty of opinion\" on certain matters. The wording varies: in the UPC it was on \"such points in the Standards, not entering into the substance of the faith,\" the Free Church had \"such points in the Confession as do not enter into the substance of the Reformed Faith therein set forth,\" while the PCA has \"matters in the subordinate standard not essential to the doctrine therein taught\". The UPC included the specific example of creation in six days. The extent of the liberty in the PCA\'s clause has been a point of disagreement.
| 306 |
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# Declaratory statement
## Criticism
B. B. Warfield was an early critic of declaratory statements in general, calling them \"clumsy\" and preferring system subscription. He argued that the effect of a declaratory statement was \"simply to amend the Confession by indirection in certain specified points (and if amendment is to be made, why not do it directly?), while leaving the liberty of the subscriber just as much in bondage to the (now altered) Confession as before; it, therefore, does not in any way supersede the necessity for a freer formula of subscription.\"
The 1892 Free Church Act was the reason for the formation of the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The seceders felt that the language of the declaratory statement verged on Arminian. The same charge was levelled at the Northern Presbyterian Church\'s 1903 revision: D. G. Hart and John R. Muether suggest that evidence for this \"can be found in the reunion that took place on the heels of revision, when the Arminian prodigals of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church reunited with the Northern Presbyterians in 1906.\" John Murray said of the 1903 Declaratory Statement:
> The Declaratory Statement epitomizes the entire difference of spirit and genius between the most distinguished of Reformed creed-makers, the Westminster divines, and modern ecclesiastics. The former were insistent upon dogmatic definiteness on questions that belong to the integrity of the Reformed Faith and therefore lie close to the heart of the Christian religion. In modern times the trend is in the opposite direction. The doctrines that lie at the very heart of our Faith are by vague, cryptic, ambiguous statement thrown into indefiniteness and obscurity. The purpose of the Westminster Confession was to state truth precisely to the exclusion of error; the genius of modern creed-making appears to be the power to devise enough elasticity to include error
| 304 |
Declaratory statement
| 1 |
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# Royal Military Academy (Belgium)
The **Royal Military Academy** (*École royale militaire*, `{{IPA|fr|ekɔl ʁwajal militɛʁ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *Koninklijke Militaire School*, `{{IPA|nl|ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə miliˈtɛːrə ˈsxoːl|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is the military university of Belgium. The institution is responsible for the education of the officers of the five components of the Belgian defence (Army, Air Force, Cyber, Navy, Medical) and is located in Brussels in a building constructed by the architects Henri Maquet and Henri Van Dievoet. The courses are given in French, Dutch, and English. The institution\'s predecessor was the Royal Military and Mathematics Academy of Brussels.
The academy comprises two faculties:
- The Faculty of Applied Sciences (Polytechnique, *X*): Master of Science in engineering sciences; comparable to the French École polytechnique (also nicknamed \"X\" and founded by one of its ex-students, Jean Chapelié)
- The Faculty of Social and Military Sciences (*S.M.S.*): Master in Social and Military Sciences
The Royal Higher Institute for Defence\], the highest military academic institute in Belgium is also located at the RMA campus (cf. Defence College, previously War College).
## Admission
Admission to the university is only possible through public exams.
First, candidates must pass a military test common to all Belgian military categories (Medical, Endurance and physical tests, and a psychologic evaluation). After passing these, applying students have to compete with each other in public exams. These consist of mathematics and French & Dutch written language tests. The university can only accommodate a certain number of students each year (rough estimate: 150/year) (strongly influenced by the need for officers of the Belgian military). Applicants compete with each other for these limited places.
## Bologna
Since 2003, the academy made some changes to its faculties to conform with the Bologna Process. Both degrees are now taught within a five-year span. After the first three years, students receive a bachelor degree. The master\'s degree can be attained in succeeding the following two years. In contrast to the common Bologna implementation, flexibility in attaining the degrees is not greatly augmented. Student can only fail for one year within all five. Re-exams are, however, possible. Student cannot take courses with them to the next year; they have to pass the re-exams. Before 2003 most courses were fixed, but students had a limited choice of optional courses. A lot of flexibility regarding course choices was added by implementing course modules. Students can opt for certain modules which each hold specific and related courses. For example:
- Law module
- Psychology module
- Weapon systems module (ballistics)
- Management module
- Marine science module
- History module
- Communication & Information Systems module (telecom, computer security, electricity)
The choice of course module is not always free, but is related with the chosen military speciality of the student (infantry, logistics, transmission, air traffic control, artillery, naval forces..) and often mandatory. The majority of the courses remains fixed in the bachelor years. In the master\'s years, the students follow more modules than fixed courses.
## Nationalities
The vast majority of the students have Belgian nationality, but cooperation with other countries has opened up the university to other nationalities. Many Luxembourgish officers receive their education in the university and have a long history in it.`{{Clarify|date=June 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
More recently the university received military students from Canada, Lebanon, United States, Niger, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Morocco, Tunisia and Rwanda, thanks to military cooperation, training and development programs. However, these students often belong to the social elite of their home country. The foreign students, in contrast to the Belgian students, have no obligation to follow the Dutch language courses. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
### Royal family {#royal_family}
The tradition of the royal princes to study at the academy is continuous.
+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | - Prince Alexander of Belgium: 116th promotion POL (1960--61) |
+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | - Prince Philippe, King of Belgians: 118th TAW promotion (1978) |
| | - Prince Laurent of Belgium: 123rd TAW (1983) |
| | - Prince Amedeo of Belgium: 144th SSMW (2004--2005 academic year) |
| | - Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant: 160th SSMW (2020--2021 academic year) |
| | - Prince Gabriel of Belgium: 162th SSMW (2022--present) |
+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
### Others
+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | - Frank, Viscount De Winne, engineer, fighter pilot, test pilot, ESA astronaut |
| | - Fernand Jacquet, World War I fighter ace |
| | - Michel Micombero, President of Burundi |
| | - Jean-Baptiste Piron, Belgian Army Chief of Staff |
| | - Henri Alexis Brialmont, Belgian Army, politician, writer known as a military architect and fortress designer |
| | - Antonin de Selliers de Moranville, Chief Commander of the Belgian army during World War I. |
| | - Alphonse Jacques de Dixmude, Commander of the Belgian 12th Regiment of the Line during the Battle of the Yser during World War I |
| | - Alexandros Papagos, the only professional officer to hold the rank of field marshal in the Hellenic Army; after World War II, elected as Prime Minister of Greece |
| | - Maxym Desauvage |
+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 841 |
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| 0 |
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# Royal Military Academy (Belgium)
## Notable faculty {#notable_faculty}
- Émile Janssens (1902--1989), history
- Oscar Michiels (1881--1946), military staffing
- Jean Stas (1813--1891), chemistry
## Affiliation
The Belgian Staff College was voted into the International Society of Military Sciences during the November 2011 meeting
| 45 |
Royal Military Academy (Belgium)
| 1 |
11,083,798 |
# Wuhan Yaqi F.C.
**Wuhan Yaqi Football Club** (`{{zh|s=武汉雅琪足球俱乐部}}`{=mediawiki}) was a Chinese football club its based in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. After a disappointing 2006 China League Two season, it was disbanded in April 2007.
## Name history {#name_history}
- 1996--1998 **Anhui Lepusheng F.C.** 安徽乐普生
- 1999--2007 **Wuhan Yaqi F.C
| 50 |
Wuhan Yaqi F.C.
| 0 |
11,083,805 |
# Anthony Thomas (English footballer)
**Anthony Thomas** (born 30 August 1982) is an English retired footballer who played as a striker.
## Career
His career began at Hemel Hempstead Town, where he scored 72 goals in two seasons. His first goal for Barnet came against Dagenham & Redbridge, and burst a hole in the side netting. He was loaned out to Cambridge City in October 2007, and was released at the end of the season. Thomas then joined Stevenage Borough on 17 May 2008. He struggled to make the first team and rejoined Hemel Hempstead Town after 11 appearances, scoring a brace in his first game against Yate Town.
On 27 January 2012 he joined Bromley, scoring on his debut in their 3--0 win over Weston-Super-Mare, helping Bromley win their first game since October. He subsequently played for Wingate & Finchley, and in June 2013 signed for Hendon. He went on to join Canvey Island a year later before joining Ryman League side Ware in early 2015. In August 2016, Thomas joined Uxbridge. He signed for Egham Town in March 2019.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In February 2009, Thomas, and his then partner, were banned from owning a dog for 10 years and given three-month sentences after neglecting and beating a puppy over a three-month period in 2007, leaving the seven-month-old puppy suffering a broken back, cracked ribs and severe bruising. Just one week earlier, Thomas was given a two-year conditional discharge at Snaresbrook Crown Court after being convicted of assault for beating up a motorist in a 2007 road rage attack
| 262 |
Anthony Thomas (English footballer)
| 0 |
11,083,819 |
# Matty Matlock
**Julian Clifton \"Matty\" Matlock** (April 27, 1907 -- June 14, 1978) was an American Dixieland jazz clarinettist, saxophonist and arranger.
## Early years {#early_years}
Matlock was born in Paducah, Kentucky, April 27, 1907, and raised in Nashville beginning in 1917. He began playing clarinet when he was 12.
## Career
From 1929 to 1934, Matlock replaced Benny Goodman in the Ben Pollack band doing arrangements and performing on clarinet.
Matlock was one of the main arrangers for Bob Crosby\'s band. He had joined Crosby\'s group in 1935 as clarinettist, playing with both the main Crosby band and the smaller Bobcats group, but \"he was often seconded to write full-time for the orchestra and the Bobcats.\" He stayed with Crosby until the band broke up in 1942. Matlock\'s entry in *The Rough Guide to Jazz* says of him (in part): \"Matty Matlock was, with Irving Fazola, the most inspired and spontaneous clarinettist in the Dixieland style, and as a truly original arranger he perfected the sound of \'arranged white Dixieland\' as we know it today.\"
After the dissolution of Crosby\'s group, Matlock worked in Los Angeles, playing for recordings made by a variety of Dixieland groups. In 1955, he appeared in the film *Pete Kelly\'s Blues*, playing clarinet for a band that is seen in a scene in a Kansas City speakeasy in 1927.
## Death
Matlock died June 14, 1978, in Los Angeles, California.
## Select discography {#select_discography}
As bandleader
- *Dixieland* (Douglass Phonodisc)
- *Four-Button Dixie* (Douglass Phonodisc, 1959) \[credited as Matty Matlock and the Paducah Patrol\]
- *They Made It Twice As Nice As Paradise And They Called It Dixieland* (Douglass Phonodisc)
With Bing Crosby
- *Play a Simple Melody / Sam\'s Song* (also with Gary Crosby) (Decca Records)
- *Moonlight Bay* (also with Gary Crosby) (Decca Records)
- *In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening* (also with Jane Wyman) (Decca Records)
- *Bing with a Beat* (RCA Records)
With Ella Fitzgerald
- *Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Song Book* (Verve Records)
With Ray Heindorf
- *Pete Kelly\'s Blues* (Columbia Records)
With Ben Pollack
- *Ben Pollack\'s Pick-A-Rib Boys: Dixieland* (Savoy Records)
- *Dixieland Vols
| 362 |
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| 0 |
11,083,840 |
# Grand Bé
**Grand Bé** (*Bras Bezañ*) is a tidal island near Saint-Malo, France. It is located at the mouth of the Rance River, a few hundred metres from the walls of Saint-Malo. At low tide the island can be reached on foot from the nearby Bon-Secours beach. On the island are the remains of an ancient fort.
François-René de Chateaubriand, a French writer native to Saint-Malo, is buried on the island, in a grave facing the sea
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Grand Bé
| 0 |
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# Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8
The **Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8** is a British single-seat fighter of the First World War designed at the Royal Aircraft Factory. It could not escape the drag penalty imposed by its tail structure and was no match for the Albatros fighters of late 1916.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
thumb\|Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8 The **F.E.8** was an early British \"scout\" aircraft, designed from the outset as a single-seat fighter. In the absence of a synchronization gear to provide a forward firing machine gun for a tractor scout such as the S.E.2, it was given a pusher layout.
On the whole the new design, produced by a team led by John Kenworthy followed the conventional \"Farman\" layout, as did the competing Airco DH.2 designed by Geoffrey de Havilland, who had also previously worked at the Royal Aircraft Factory -- but it had some novel features.
The nacelle was an all-metal structure -- being framed in steel tube and covered with duralumin. The prototypes were fitted with large streamlined spinners on the propeller hub, although these were soon removed, and the production F.E.8s were built without them. The wings had a narrow chord, giving them a high aspect ratio. They featured dihedral outboard of the wide centre section, and the ailerons were of unusually long span -- occupying the entire wing trailing edge outboard of the tail booms. The booms themselves were attached to the main spar of the tailplane, rather than the rudder post, giving them taper in side elevation rather than in plan, as was done with the DH.2. This allowed the fitting of a variable incidence tailplane, although this was not adjustable in flight, but only on the ground. A single 100 hp Gnome 9 \"Type B2\" *Monosoupape* rotary engine driving a four-bladed propeller powered the aircraft, with the capability of taking the lower-powered Le Rhône 9C 80 hp nine-cylinder rotary.
Its first flight was made on 15 October 1915 and the test pilot was satisfied with the aircraft\'s handling. The aircraft was then armed with a single Lewis gun, which was originally fitted on a movable mount within the nose of the nacelle, with the machine gun\'s breech almost at the pilot\'s feet. This proved awkward in practice, and in production machines the gun was mounted directly in front of the pilot, in the manner of the D.H.2. Other changes required before the aircraft entered production included extra fuel to counter criticism from the commander of the Royal Flying Corps in France, Hugh Trenchard, that the F.E.8\'s endurance was too short. The new fighter was not a great improvement on the D.H.2 -- although a little faster it was rather less manoeuvrable. It was nonetheless ordered into production from Darracq Motor Engineering Company and Vickers. Neither manufacturer delivered their F.E.8s particularly quickly, so that the type only reached the front in any numbers six months after the D.H.2.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
The second prototype had a spinner mounted when it was sent to No. 5 Squadron RFC at Abeele for evaluation on 26 December 1915, but had been removed by January 1916. It became the nearly exclusive mount of Captain Frederick Powell.
A few early production F.E.8s were briefly used by No. 29 Squadron RFC alongside its DH.2s in June 1916, but it was not until August that No. 40 Squadron became fully operational on the type. The only other unit to be completely equipped with the type, No. 41 Squadron, arrived in France in October.
After a fairly good start, the F.E.8 units quickly ran into problems with the new German fighters. The only ace on the type was Edwin Benbow who was credited with shooting down a German fighter on 6 March 1917, probably that of Manfred von Richthofen, who force landed with a holed fuel tank and narrowly escaping incineration.
Just three days later, on 9 March, 40 Squadron was again involved with Jagdstaffel 11, when nine F.E.8 were engaged by five Albatros D.IIIs led by Richthofen. Four F.E.8s were shot down, four others badly damaged, and the survivor caught fire when landing. After this disaster No. 40 Squadron was re-equipped with Nieuport 17s but No. 41 kept their pushers until July 1917 -- becoming the last single-seat pusher fighter squadron in France, using them for ground attack duties during the Battle of Messines.
Two F.E.8s were sent to Home Defence units in 1917, but the type was not adopted as a home defence fighter.
## Reproductions
Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome\'s founder, Cole Palen, built the first known flyable reproduction of an F.E.8, which is believed to have first flown in 1970 at Old Rhinebeck with a Le Rhône 9C 80 hp rotary engine. It flew in the weekend air shows at Old Rhinebeck for a number of years, before being retired. It is currently on loan to the Smithsonian\'s National Air and Space Museum.
The Owls Head Transportation Museum in Maine has another F.E.8 reproduction in its collection, powered by a modern air-cooled, horizontally opposed engine. It was built in California, before being flown cross country and donated to the Museum upon arrival.
| 854 |
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| 0 |
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# Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8
## Operators
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Flying Corps
- No. 5 Squadron RFC
- No. 29 Squadron RFC
- No. 40 Squadron RFC
- No. 41 Squadron RFC
## Specifications (F.E.8 (Gnome engine)) {#specifications_f.e.8_gnome_engine}
`{{Aircraft specs
|ref=The Royal Aircraft Factory<ref name="Harerfc">{{cite book |last1=Hare |first1=Paul R. |title=The Royal Aircraft Factory |date=1990 |publisher=Putnam Aeronautical |location=London |isbn=0851778437 |pages=227–231 |edition=1st}}</ref>
|prime units?=imp
<!--General characteristics-->
|crew=One
|length ft=23||length in=0
|span ft=31||span in=6
|height ft=9||height in=2
|wing area sqft=214
|airfoil=
|empty weight lb=895
|gross weight lb=1346
<!--Powerplant-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Gnome Monosoupape 9 Type B-2]]
|eng1 type=9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine
|eng1 hp=100
|prop blade number=4
|prop name=fixed-pitch pusher propeller
|prop dia ft=||prop dia in=
<!--Performance-->
|max speed mph=94
|max speed note=at sea level
|range miles=
|endurance=2 hours 30 minutes
|ceiling ft=14500
|time to altitude={{cvt|6000|ft}} in 9 minutes 30 seconds
<!--Armament-->
|guns= One [[.303 British|{{cvt|0
| 143 |
Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8
| 1 |
11,083,872 |
# Brussels Faculty for Protestant Theology
The **Faculté Universitaire de Théologie Protestante** (**Faculty of Protestant Theology in Brussels**; FUTP) is a private university in Brussels, Belgium. Its official languages are French and Dutch
| 33 |
Brussels Faculty for Protestant Theology
| 0 |
11,083,874 |
# Akizuki rebellion
The `{{nihongo|'''Akizuki rebellion'''|秋月の乱|Akizuki no ran}}`{=mediawiki} was an uprising against the Meiji government of Japan that occurred in Akizuki from 27 October 1876 to 24 November 1876.
Former *samurai* of the Akizuki Domain, opposed to the Westernization of Japan and loss of their class privileges after the Meiji Restoration, launched an uprising inspired by the failed *Shinpūren* rebellion three days earlier. The Akizuki rebels attacked local police before being suppressed by the Imperial Japanese Army, and the leaders of the rebellion committed *seppuku* or were executed.
The Akizuki rebellion was one of a number of \"*shizoku* uprisings\" which took place in Kyūshū and western Honshu during the early Meiji period.
## Background
In 1868, the Meiji Restoration established the Empire of Japan and overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate that had ruled Japan as a feudal state since 1600. The new Meiji government enacted policies of modernization and Westernization, including reforms aimed at deconstructing feudalism in Japan such as the abolition of the han system and the Tokugawa class system. Many conservative members of the *samurai*, the former powerful warrior class, were disgruntled as the reforms saw them lose their privileged social status, eliminating their income, and the establishment of universal military conscription had replaced much of their role in the society. The very rapid modernization and Westernization of Japan was resulting in massive changes to Japanese culture, dress and society, and appeared to many *samurai* to be a betrayal of the \"*joi* \" (\"Expel the Barbarian\") portion of the *Sonnō jōi* justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate.
On 24 October 1876, the Shinpūren rebellion was launched by the *Shinpūren*, a radical anti-Meiji *samurai* organization in Kumamoto, against the Imperial Japanese Army and officials of Kumamoto Prefecture. The Shinpūren rebels managed to inflict a surprising amount of damage to the army and Meiji officials, including the assassination of the Governor of Kumamoto Prefecture and the commander of the army\'s Kumamoto garrison. The Shinpūren rebellion was defeated by the next morning, but despite its failure the initial success inspired many anti-Meiji *samurai* in Kyūshū to launch their own rebellions.
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# Akizuki rebellion
## Uprising
On 27 October 1876, ex-*samurai* of the former Akizuki Domain in Chikuzen Province, now part of the Meiji Fukuoka Prefecture, launched an uprising in response to a call to action by the leaders of the Shinpūren rebellion three days earlier. The Akizuki rebels were led by five ex-*samurai* retainers of the Akizuki Domain who had formed an anti-Meiji political society called the *Kanjōtai*: Iso Jun, Toki Kiyoshi, Masuda Shizukata, Imamura Hyakuhachirō, and Miyazaki Kurumanosuke. The main points of contention for the *Kanjōtai* were the ban on carrying swords, the government\'s refusal to follow Shimazu Hisamitsu\'s advice to halt the Westernization of the country, and especially the outcome of the *Seikanron* debate over invasion of Korea in 1873. The *Kanjōtai\'s* strong advocacy of overseas expansionism was rooted in the belief that such a war would spur the need for *samurai* warriors and restore the former *samurai* class to its former prominence and prestige, and the Meiji government\'s decision not to invade Korea had further angered them. Iso, Miyazaki and the other leaders of the Akizuki rebellion sought to enlist support from other local *shizoku* -- the new social class of former *samurai* above commoners but with no special privileges.
The Akizuki rebels managed to gather a band of roughly 400 men from northern Kyushu, but not all agreed with Miyazaki\'s plan to march to the aid of the *Shinpūren* rebels. Eventually, only 200 men set off with the Akizuki rebels, under a white banner with the *kanji* `{{nihongo|''Recompense the Country''|報国|Hōkoku}}`{=mediawiki}. The revolt began with the killing of police officers at their post at Myōgan-ji, a local Buddhist temple. The rebels meant to rendezvous with a band of *shizoku* from the former Toyotsu Domain under Sugyu Jūrō, and arrived at the rendezvous point on October 29 only to learn that their compatriots had already been arrested and imprisoned. The rebels were then attacked by the Kokura garrison of the Imperial Japanese Army, under the command of Nogi Maresuke. Seventeen rebels and two government soldiers were killed. The rebels were chased into the hills, where, on October 31, Iso, Miyazaki, Toki, and four others committed *seppuku*. Meanwhile, Imamura led twenty-six warriors back to Akizuki, where they raided the elementary school and killed two government officials. They then burned down a liquor shop\'s storehouse where rebels had been previously detained, but by November 24, all the rebels were apprehended.
## Aftermath
Masuda Shizukata had left for the former Saga Domain in an attempt to raise support among the warriors there, but was apprehended on his way back to Akizuki on 26 October, even before his compatriots began their uprising. On 3 December, the surviving Akizuki rebels were brought before a temporary military tribunal in Fukuoka Prefecture. Imamura and Masuda were sentenced to death and beheaded the same day, and 150 of their compatriots were sentenced to hard labor. Akizuki Castle, the former capital building of the Akizuki Domain, was torn down shortly afterwards in response to the rebellion.
The Akizuki rebellion holds the distinction of being the first time in Japanese history that a member of the modern police force was killed in the line of duty
| 528 |
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| 1 |
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# Marcos Tamandaré
**Marcos Roberto Nascimento da Silva** (born 20 March 1981 in Barreiros, Pernambuco, Brazil), usually known as **Marcos Tamandaré**, is a Brazilian football coach and former player who played as a right back. He is the current head coach of Salgueiro
| 43 |
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| 0 |
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# Mark Medlock
**Mark Leon Medlock** (born 9 July 1978) is a German singer and the winner of the season 4 of *Deutschland sucht den Superstar* (DSDS), the German version of *Pop Idol*.
## Early life {#early_life}
Medlock is the elder of two siblings, born to an African-American father from Georgia, Larry Medlock, and a German mother, Monika, in Frankfurt am Main. Mark and his brother Larry were raised in a semi-poor home in the Lohwaldsiedlung neighborhood of Offenbach am Main during their formative years, before eventually moving to the Lauterborn neighborhood in 1997. At the age of 6, Medlock began singing gospel, widely influenced by his father and soul singers such as James Brown and Barry White.
At the end of the 1990s, his mother fell sick with cancer. Medlock subsequently left school and cared for her until her death in 2000. Two years later, his father died of a heart attack. In the meantime Medlock made a living with various jobs, including employment as a geriatric orderly, gardener, swamper, and garbage remover.
## *Deutschland sucht den Superstar* {#deutschland_sucht_den_superstar}
Medlock was one of the favorite contestants right from the beginning of the competition. He had wowed the audience and the judges with his first performance in the Top 20 motto show and so on to the final. Medlock eventually won the competition with 78.02% of the votes against Martin Stosch who originally placed fourth but returned because of Max Buskohl\'s withdrawal.
Medlock is next to season five winner Thomas Godoj the second contestant of all German seasons who always gained the majority of vote calls during any of the nine theme shows and the two Top 20 shows. He is also one of two winners who was revealed to have never been in the bottom three during the competition, as well as being the first multiracial winner.
### Performances
Top-20-Show Song Original interpreter \% Result
----------------- ------------------------ ---------------------- --------------------------
1\. Top-20-Show \"Easy\" Lionel Richie 41,25% (1st place of 9)
2\. Top-20-Show \"Ain\'t No Sunshine\" Bill Withers 33,23% (1st place of 7)
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| Theme of show | Song | Original interpreter | \% Result |
+============================+=================================================================+======================+==========================+
| Greatest Hits | \"Hello\" | Lionel Richie | 25,85% (1st place in 10) |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| Hits from the 80s and 90s | \"Unchain My Heart\" | Joe Cocker | 30,77% (1st place in 9) |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| Power of Love | \"Endless Love\" | Lionel Richie &\ | 30,43% (1st place in 8) |
| | | Diana Ross | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| Hits from today | \"You Give Me Something\" | James Morrison | 31,64% (1st place in 7) |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| Big Band | \"Unforgettable\" | Nat King Cole | 34,62% (1st place in 6) |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| The great divas and\ | \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" | Marvin Gaye | 36,06% (1st place in 5) |
| heroes of music | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| | \"Three Times a Lady\" | Lionel Richie | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| Hits from the 70s,\ | \"You\'re the First, the Last, My Everything\" | Barry White | 48,13% (1st place in 4) |
| Disco und Dedicated to ... | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| | \"Stand by Me\" | Ben E. King | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| Songs suggested by jury | \"You Can Leave Your Hat On\" (duet with Heinz Henn) | Joe Cocker | 59,00% (1st place in 3) |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| | \"My Girl\" (duet with Anja Lukaseder) | The Temptations | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| | \"(Sittin\' On) The Dock of the Bay\" (duet with Dieter Bohlen) | Otis Redding | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| Finale | \"What a Wonderful World\" | Louis Armstrong | 78,02% (1st place in 2) |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| | \"Easy\" | The Commodores | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| | \"Now or Never\" | Mark Medlock | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
## Discography
thumb\|upright\|Medlock performing in 2008
- *Mr
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# Suddenly (Sean Maguire song)
\"**Suddenly**\" is a song by English actor and singer Sean Maguire, released in March 1995 by Parlophone as the third single from his debut album, *Sean Maguire* (1994). It was written by Charlie Francis and Farrell Tiernan Lennon, and produced by Gary Stevenson. The song reached number 18 and spent five weeks on the UK Singles Chart.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Pan-European magazine *Music & Media* wrote, \"The one-man Take That offers up-to-date gossip for those who take the trouble to write to him. But don\'t let yourselves be distracted from the pop dance talent of the former EastEnder.\"
## Track listings {#track_listings}
- **CD1**
1. \"Suddenly\"
2. \"You Help Me See the Light\"
3. \"Suddenly\" (Tom Frederikse extended mix)
4. \"Suddenly\" (Gary Stevenson mix)
- **CD2**
1. \"Suddenly\"
2. \"Stay\"
3. \"Suddenly\" (Love to Infinity mix)
4
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# Italian Heavy Draft
The **Italian Heavy Draft**, or **Rapid Heavy Draft**, is a breed of draft horse from Italy. The full Italian name of the breed is **Cavallo Agricolo Italiano da Tiro Pesante Rapido**, \"Italian Rapid Heavy Draft Farm Horse\", and the abbreviation **TPR** (`{{IPA|it|tipiˈɛrre}}`{=mediawiki})) is often used.
Generally chestnut in color, the breed is known for its combination of strength and speed. Its development traces to 1860 and continued through the late 19th and early 20th centuries as breeders utilized a mix of foundation bloodstock that included native Italian stock and imported horses, all mainly of draft type. Its versatility has led to its use in both agricultural and military capacities, as well as for the production of mules. In 1926, a stud book was formed, and population numbers continued to rise until the beginning of World War II. Breeding programs suffered during the war, and despite care afterward, population numbers continued to dwindle as increasing mechanization decreased the need for draft horses. In the 1970s, selective breeding goals were changed to produce a horse suitable for meat production, which today remains the primary use of the Italian Heavy Draft.
## Breed characteristics {#breed_characteristics}
The Italian Heavy Draft generally stands between `{{hands|14.2|and|15.3}}`{=mediawiki} high, and weighs between 1320 and. They are generally chestnut (usually with flaxen mane and tail), although they may be red roan, or bay. The head is light for a draft breed, with a straight or slightly convex profile, and it is set on a short, broad and muscular neck. The withers are fairly pronounced and muscular, the chest broad and deep, and the shoulders sloping. The back is straight and short, the flanks short and rounded, with a sloping croup. The legs are short, with broad joints and smallish, though well-formed, hooves. It closely resembles the Breton breed, which was used heavily in the creation of the Italian Heavy Draft. Although larger, it also bears a resemblance to the Haflinger, also developed in northern Italy. Horses that meet the breed conformation standards set by the breed registry are branded with a design of a ladder with five pegs enclosed by a shield. Foals are examined twice, at between two and seven months and again two and a half years. Horses passing the first evaluation are branded on the left hindquarter; those that pass the second are marked again on the left side of the neck.
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# Italian Heavy Draft
## History
Selection for what eventually became the Italian Heavy Draft was begun in 1860 at the Deposito Cavalli Stalloni (military stud) of Ferrara, Italy. The breed was originally developed by crossing native stock with large Brabant horses. While the resulting horses were strong, they were not light or fast enough for the farm work required of them by the Italians. To make the breed lighter and faster, Percheron and Boulonnais blood were added. However, the resulting horse was still not exactly what its creators were looking for, and in the 19th century they added more Breton blood to the mix, bringing the breed to its current conformation and gaits. In 1926, a stud book was begun, and selection processes were developed to select horses for use in draft capacities. The breeding programs suffered during World War II, but a careful crossbreeding program with Ardennes, Percheron and Breton horses after the war brought the Italian Heavy Draft to its current state.
Despite the Italian Heavy Draft\'s early popularity as a strong but fast draft horse, increasing mechanization in the farming and military sectors reduced the need for all draft horses, and population numbers declined. In the 1970s, selection processes were changed to focus on the production of animals for horse meat, and that has continued to be the primary focus through the present time. In 1976, a breed association was formed in Italy to preserve and promote the Italian Heavy Draft. The association is charged with maintaining the stud book, evaluating breeding stock, granting equine passports, maintaining genetic databases, and exhibiting the breed. The main breeding areas for the Italian Heavy Draft are in the plains and hills around Verona, Padova, Vicenza, Venice, Treviso and Udine. In 2005, it was estimated that there were just under 6,500 Italian Heavy Drafts, about half of which were mares. The registered population at the end of 2010 was 6304, with the largest numbers in Lazio and Umbria; the number of unregistered Heavy Drafts is not reported.
No modern trace remains of the slower Italian Slow Heavy Draft Horse, the Cavallo Italiano da Tiro Pesante Lento, subject of a biometric and morphological study in 1939.
## Uses
The Italian Heavy Draft was originally bred to be a versatile horse used in agriculture, urban settings, and military capacities, as well as for the production of large mules for the military. The breed\'s docility, size, strength, and speed made it extremely useful for Italian farmers before the introduction of mechanization. It is still used for farming in a few areas where mechanization is impractical. The mares are also still used for the production of mules, although most horses today are bred for meat. Italy is one of the top global consumers of horse meat; consumption jumped by 31 percent between 2001 and 2006. Eleven- to eighteen-month-old foals are preferred for slaughter
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# Now I've Found You
\"**Now I\'ve Found You**\" is a song by Sean Maguire, released as a single in June 1995. Produced by Mike Percy and Tim Lever from Dead or Alive, it was the first single from Maguire\'s second album, *Spirit*, which was released a year later. \"Now I\'ve Found You\" reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.
## Track listings {#track_listings}
**CD1**
1. \"Now I\'ve Found You\"
2. \"Once in a Lifetime\"
3. \"Now I\'ve Found You\" (extended mix)
4. \"Now I\'ve Found You\" (Republica mix)
**CD2**
1. \"Now I\'ve Found You\"
2. \"Lead Me by the Hand\"
3. \"Now I\'ve Found You\" (extended mix)
4
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# Italia Nostra
**Italia Nostra** (*Our Italy*) is an Italian not for profit organization dedicated to the protection and promotion of the country's historical, artistic and environmental patrimony.
## History
The organization was formed on 29 October 1955, by Umberto Zanotti Bianco, Pietro Paolo Trompeo, Giorgio Bassani, Desideria Pasolini dall\'Onda, Elena Croce, Luigi Magnani, Hubert Howard, and Antonio Cederna, a small group of people drawn from the Roman intelligentsia with the specific aim of opposing the projected demolition of part of the city's historic centre. The promotion of an approach to urban planning which preserves sites of historic architecture has remained a focus of the movement; however its interests have expanded over time to include the preservation of all aspects of Italy's cultural and environmental heritage, and more than 200 branches have been established across the country. Successes have included the campaign that led to the establishment of the Appian Way Regional Park in 1988.
In 1989, Italia Nostra opposed the restitution of the Venus of Cyrene to Libya. The same year, after a Pink Floyd concert in Venice that caused partial historic site deterioration in the city, the Italia Nostra filed a complaint against the city\'s officials for misconduct and corruption. In 1999, after workers unearthed an ancient Roman villa wall while building the foundations of a new parking lot in the Vatican (nicknamed \"God\'s parking lot\"), the Italia Nostra lobbied to stop the construction project.
In July 2009, the Italia Nostra gave up on the management of the Parco delle Cave in Milan for political reasons. In 2011, the Italia Nostra raised the alarm on Venice\'s 59,000 daily tourists, reminding the press that the daily tourists limit in the city was set to 33,000 since a 1988 study. The organization has been a long-time opponent of large cruise ships sailing through Venice\'s lagoon.
As part of its broader cultural mission, Italia Nostra has supported the visibility of local festivals that highlight Italy's rich traditions, such as the Palio di Castellanza, which was featured in their 2022 publication, Festival Promotion and Public Engagement. This inclusion underscores the organization's ongoing efforts to promote and preserve Italy\'s cultural and historical events.
In May 2019, The Italian Association of Environmental Excursion Guides and Italia Nostra inked a Memorandum of Understanding to develop a common strategic collaboration to protect and describe the Italian patrimonial heritage. In July 2019, the Italia Nostra asked UNESCO to include Venice and its laguna in the list of World Heritage in Danger. In October 2019, the Italia Nostra opposed the temporary transfer of the *Vitruvian Man* from the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia to the Louvre in Paris.
## Presidents
- 1965--1980: Giorgio Bassani
- 1998--2005: Desideria Pasolini dall\'Onda
- Carlo Ripa di Meana
- Giovanni Losavio
- \..
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# Rainilaiarivony
}}
**Rainilaiarivony** (30 January 1828 -- 17 July 1896) was a Malagasy politician who served as the prime minister of Madagascar from 1864 to 1895, succeeding his older brother Rainivoninahitriniony, who had held the post for thirteen years. His career mirrored that of his father Rainiharo, a renowned military man who became prime minister during the reign of Queen Ranavalona I.
Despite a childhood marked by ostracism from his family, as a young man Rainilaiarivony was elevated to a position of high authority and confidence in the royal court, serving alongside his father and brother. He co-led a critical military expedition with Rainivoninahitriniony at the age of 24 and was promoted to commander-in-chief of the army following the death of the queen in 1861. In that position he oversaw continuing efforts to maintain royal authority in the outlying regions of Madagascar and acted as adviser to his brother, who had been promoted to prime minister in 1852. He also influenced the transformation of the kingdom\'s government from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one, in which power was shared between the sovereign and the prime minister. Rainilaiarivony and Queen Rasoherina worked together to depose Rainivoninahitriniony for his abuses of office in 1864. Taking his brother\'s place as prime minister, Rainilaiarivony remained in power as Madagascar\'s longest-serving prime minister for the next 31 years by marrying three queens in succession: Rasoherina, Ranavalona II and Ranavalona III.
As prime minister, Rainilaiarivony actively sought to modernize the administration of the state, in order to strengthen and ensure Madagascar remained independent from foreign colonial empires who wished to absorb it. The army was reorganized and professionalized, public schooling was made mandatory, a series of legal codes patterned on English law were enacted and three courts were established in Antananarivo. Rainilaiarivony exercised care not to offend traditional norms, while gradually limiting traditional practices, such as slavery, polygamy, and unilateral repudiation of wives. He legislated the Christianization of the monarchy under Ranavalona II. His diplomatic skills and military acumen assured the defense of Madagascar during the Franco-Hova Wars, successfully preserving his country\'s sovereignty until a French column captured the royal palace in September 1895. Although holding him in high esteem, the French colonial authority deposed the prime minister and exiled him to French Algeria, where he died less than a year later in 1896.
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# Rainilaiarivony
## Early life {#early_life}
Rainilaiarivony was born on 30 January 1828 in the Merina village of Ilafy, one of the twelve sacred hills of Imerina, into a family of statesmen. His father, Rainiharo, was a high-ranking military officer and a deeply influential conservative political adviser to the reigning monarch, Queen Ranavalona I, at the time that his wife, Rabodomiarana (daughter of Ramamonjy), gave birth to Rainilaiarivony. Five years later Rainiharo was promoted to the position of prime minister, a role he retained from 1833 until his death in 1852. During his tenure as prime minister, Rainiharo was chosen by the queen to become her consort, but he retained Rabodomiarana as his wife according to local customs that allowed polygamy. Rainilaiarivony\'s paternal grandfather, Andriatsilavo, had likewise been a privileged adviser to the great King Andrianampoinimerina (1787--1810). Rainilaiarivony and his relatives issued from the Andafiavaratra family clan of Ilafy who, alongside the Andrefandrova clan of Ambohimanga, constituted the two most influential *hova* (commoner) families in the 19th-century Kingdom of Imerina. The majority of political positions not assigned to *andriana* (nobles) were held by members of these two families.
According to oral history, Rainilaiarivony was born on a day of the week traditionally viewed as inauspicious for births. Custom in much of Madagascar dictated that such unlucky children had to be subjected to a trial by ordeal, such as prolonged exposure to the elements, since it was believed the misfortune of their day of birth would ensure a short and cursed life for the child and its family. But rather than leave the child to die, Rainilaiarivony\'s father reportedly followed the advice of an *ombiasy* (astrologer) and instead amputated a joint from two fingers on his infant son\'s left hand to dispel the ill omen. The infant was nonetheless kept outside the house to avert the possibility that evil might still befall the family if the child remained under their roof. Relatives took pity and adopted Rainilaiarivony to raise him within their own home. Meanwhile, Rainilaiarivony\'s older brother Rainivoninahitriniony enjoyed the double privilege of his status as elder son and freedom from a predestined evil fate. Rainiharo selected and groomed his elder son to follow in his footsteps as commander-in-chief and prime minister, while Rainilaiarivony was left to make his way in the world by his own merits.
At age six, Rainilaiarivony began two years of study at one of the new schools opened by the London Missionary Society (LMS) for the children of the noble class at the royal palace in Antananarivo. Ranavalona shut down the mission schools in 1836, but the boy continued to study privately with an older missionary student. When Rainilaiarivony reached age 11 or 12, the relatives who had raised him decided he was old enough to make his own way in the world. Beginning with the purchase and resale of a few bars of soap, the boy gradually grew his business and expanded into the more profitable resale of fabric. The young Rainilaiarivony\'s reputation for tenacity and industriousness, as he fought against his predestined misfortunes, eventually reached the palace, where at the age of 14 the boy was invited to meet Queen Ranavalona I. She was favorably impressed, awarding him the official ranking of Sixth Honor title of Officer of the Palace. At 16 he was promoted to Seventh Honor, then promoted twice again to Eighth and Ninth Honor at age 19, an unprecedented ascent through the ranks.
As a regular among the foreigners at the palace, young Rainilaiarivony was tasked by an English merchant as a courier for his confidential business correspondence. The merchant was impressed by the young man\'s punctuality and integrity and would regularly refer to him as the boy who \"deals fair.\" With the addition of the Malagasy honorific \"ra\", the expression was transformed into a sobriquet---\"Radilifera\"---that Rainilaiarivony adopted for himself and transmitted to a son and grandson. The arrival of a doctor from Mauritius in 1848 provided Rainilaiarivony with the opportunity to study medicine over the course of three years. With this knowledge he became indispensable at the palace, where he provided modern medical care to the Queen and other members of the aristocracy. Successfully curing the Queen of a particularly grievous illness earned him a promotion to Tenth Honor in April 1851, thereby qualifying him for more responsible positions within the monarch\'s closest circle. Rainiharo took advantage of this trust to successfully encourage friendship between his own sons and the only child and heir apparent of the queen, her son Radama II, who was one year Rainilaiarivony\'s junior.
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# Rainilaiarivony
## Marriage and family {#marriage_and_family}
Around 1848---the exact date of his marriage is not recorded---Rainilaiarivony, then around 20 or 21 years old and having adopted the name Radilifera, concluded a marriage with his paternal cousin Rasoanalina. They had sixteen children over the course of their marriage. In addition, a one-year-old son that Rasoanalina had conceived with another man prior to the union, Ratsimatahodriaka (Radriaka), was adopted by Rainilaiarivony as his own. As a young man, Ratsimatahodriaka was groomed by Rainilaiarivony to become his successor, but the youth fell from a balcony while intoxicated and died in his early twenties.
Most of Rainilaiarivony\'s children failed to achieve their full potential. One son, Rafozehana, died young of *delirium tremens*, and sons Ratsimandresy and Ralaiarivony both met violent ends while still in their youth. Randravalahy, to whom Rainilaiarivony later ascribed the name Radilifera, was sent to France to study but returned before earning his diploma and faded into obscurity among the upper classes of Imerina. Ramangalahy studied medicine and was on his way to becoming a successful doctor, but died of illness in his twenties. Three brothers turned to crime: Rajoelina, who violated the laws of his country to enrich himself by selling contraband gold to an English company; Penoelina, who studied in England before health issues recalled him to Madagascar, where he and his friends engaged in sexual assault and theft; and Ramariavelo (Mariavelo), who organized a group of bandits to rob the houses of common citizens. One of Rainilaiarivony\'s daughters died in her twenties following a self-induced abortion, and the rest married and lived quiet lives out of public view.
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# Rainilaiarivony
## Military career {#military_career}
The February 1852 death of Prime Minister Rainiharo left the queen without her consort, long-time political adviser and military Commander-in-Chief. She consequently awarded Rainilaiarivony a double promotion to Twelfth Honor ten days afterward, in preparation for an increase in military and political responsibilities. Shortly thereafter the queen expressed romantic interest in Rainilaiarivony and proposed that he assume the former role of his father as consort and prime minister. The young man refused on the double basis of their age difference, as well as the perceived impropriety of becoming intimate with his father\'s former lover. Ranavalona continued to harbor feelings for him throughout her lifetime but she did not express resentment over his refusal to reciprocate them and went on to take another high-ranking official as consort: Rainijohary, who was jointly awarded the role of prime minister along with the new Commander-in-Chief, Rainivoninahitriniony. Within a year the queen had assigned the 24-year-old Rainilaiarivony to his first position of responsibility within the military, and promoted him to Royal Secretary, keeper of the Royal Seal, and supervisor to the Royal Treasurer.
Several years prior to his death, former Prime Minister Rainiharo had led military campaigns to bring the peoples of the south under Merina control. Strong military campaigns on both sides of the conflict had concluded in a peace agreement between the Merina armies and those of the Bara people of the central southern highlands, who were accorded semi-autonomous status in exchange for serving as a buffer between the Sakalava to the west and the Tanala, Antemoro, Antefasy and other ethnic groups to the southeast. Upon learning of Rainiharo\'s death, disgruntled southeastern factions rose up against the Merina military stationed at posts within their territory. Queen Ranavalona responded by sending Rainivoninahitriniony and Rainilaiarivony on their first military expedition to liberate the besieged Merina colonists and quell the uprising.
Under the brothers\' joint command were ten thousand soldiers armed with muskets and another thousand carrying swords. An additional 80,000 porters, cooks, servants and other support staff accompanied the army throughout the massive campaign. Over 10,000 were killed by Merina soldiers in the campaign, and according to custom numerous women and children were captured to be sold into slavery in Imerina. Rainilaiarivony took 80 slaves, while his older brother took more than 160. However, the campaign was only partly successful in pacifying the region and the Merina hold over the outlying areas of the island remained tenuous throughout the 19th century.
### First thwarted coup attempt {#first_thwarted_coup_attempt}
As the queen\'s son Radama grew to adulthood, he became increasingly disillusioned by the high death toll of his mother\'s military campaigns and traditional measures of justice, and was frustrated by her unilateral rejection of European influence. The young prince developed sympathetic relationships with the handful of Europeans permitted by Ranavalona to frequent her court, namely Jean Laborde and Joseph-François Lambert, with whom he privately concluded the lucrative Lambert Charter. The charter, which would come into effect upon Radama\'s accession to the throne, granted Lambert large tracts of land and exclusive rights to road construction, mineral extraction, timber harvesting and other activities on the island. In May 1857, when Rainilaiarivony was 29 years old, Lambert consequently invited Prince Radama, Rainivoninahitriniony, Rainilaiarivony and a number of other officers to conspire with him in a plot to overthrow Ranavalona.
On the eve of the coup, Rainivoninahitriniony informed Lambert that he could not guarantee the support of the army and that the plot should be aborted. One of the officers believed the brothers had betrayed them and sought to exonerate himself by notifying the queen of the failed conspiracy. She reacted by expelling the foreigners from the island and subjecting all the implicated Merina officers to the *tangena* ordeal in which they were forced to swallow a poison to determine their guilt or innocence. Rainilaiarivony and his brother were excepted from this and remained, like her son Radama, in the queen\'s confidence for the few remaining years of her life.
### Second thwarted coup attempt {#second_thwarted_coup_attempt}
In the summer of 1861, when Rainilaiarivony was 33 years old, Queen Ranavalona\'s advanced age and acute illness produced speculation about who would succeed her. Ranavalona had repeatedly stated her intention that her progressive and pro-European son, Radama II, would be her successor, much to the chagrin of the conservative faction at court. The conservatives privately rallied behind the queen\'s nephew and adoptive son Ramboasalama, whom the queen had initially declared heir apparent some years prior, and who had never abandoned hope to one day reclaim the right that had briefly been accorded to him.
According to custom, pretenders to the throne had historically been put to death upon the naming of a new sovereign. Radama was opposed to this practice and asked the brothers to help ensure his accession to the throne with minimum bloodshed on the day of the queen\'s death. Rainilaiarivony successfully maintained authority over the palace guards anxiously awaiting the command from either faction to slaughter the other. When the queen\'s attendant quietly informed him that her final moments were approaching, Rainilaiarivony discreetly summoned Radama and Rainivoninahitriniony from the Prime Minister\'s Palace to the royal Rova compound and ordered the prince crowned before the gathered soldiers, just as the queen was pronounced dead. Ramboasalama was promptly escorted to the palace where he was obliged to publicly swear allegiance to King Radama.
Rainilaiarivony was made responsible for the tribunal where Ramboasalama\'s supporters were tried, convicted of subversion and sentenced to banishment and other punishments. Ramboasalama was sent to live with his wife Ramatoa Rasoaray---Rainilaiarivony\'s sister---in the distant highland village of Ambohimirimo, where he died in April 1862. Rainijohary, the former prime minister and consort of Ranavalona, was relieved of his rank and exiled, leaving his co-minister Rainivoninahitriniony as the sole prime minister. At the same time, Rainilaiarivony was promoted by Radama to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the military.
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# Rainilaiarivony
## Military career {#military_career}
### Creation of a limited monarchy {#creation_of_a_limited_monarchy}
As Commander-in-Chief, Rainilaiarivony maintained a distance from politics throughout the reign of the new monarch, Radama II, instead preferring to focus on his military responsibilities. Meanwhile, disputes between Prime Minister Rainivoninahitriniony and King Radama grew frequent as the young sovereign pursued radical reforms that had begun to foment displeasure among the traditional masses. The situation came to a head on 7 May 1863, when Radama insisted on legalizing duels, despite widespread concern among the king\'s advisers that the innovation would lead to anarchy. The prime minister initiated the arrest of the *menamaso*, the prince\'s influential advisers, while Rainilaiarivony enacted his brother\'s instructions to keep the peace in the capital city. However, the situation deteriorated in dramatic fashion and, by the morning of 12 May, King Radama II was declared dead, having been strangled on the prime minister\'s orders.
Not having been involved in the *coup d\'état*, Rainilaiarivony provided direction for his brother and the rest of the court as they grappled with the gravity of their acts. He proposed that future monarchs would no longer have absolute power but would instead rule by the consent of the nobles. A series of terms were proposed by Rainilaiarivony that the nobles agreed to impose on Radama\'s widow, Rasoherina. Under Rainilaiarivony\'s new monarchy, a sovereign required the consent of the nobles to issue a death sentence or promulgate a new law, and was forbidden to disband the army. The new power sharing agreement was concluded by a political marriage between the queen and the prime minister.
Because of the new limitations placed on future Merina monarchs by Rainilaiarivony and the Hova courtiers, Radama\'s strangling represented more than a simple *coup d\'état*. The ruling conditions imposed on Rasoherina reflected a power shift toward the oligarchs of the Hova commoner class and away from the Andriana sovereigns, who had traditionally drawn their legitimacy from the deeply held cultural belief that the royal line was imbued with *hasina*, a sacred authority bestowed by the *ray aman-dreny* (ancestors). In this respect, the new political structure in Imerina embodied the erosion of certain traditional social values among the Merina elite, who had gained exposure to contemporary European political thought and assimilated a number of Western governance principles. It also signalled the expansion of a rift between the pro-European, progressive elite to which Rainilaiarivony and his brother belonged, and the majority of the population in Madagascar, for whom traditional values such as *hasina* remained integral to determining the legitimacy of a government---a divide that would deepen in the decades to come through Rainilaiarivony\'s efforts to effect a modernizing political and social transformation on a nationwide scale.
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# Rainilaiarivony
## Tenure as prime minister {#tenure_as_prime_minister}
### Rise to power {#rise_to_power}
Rainivoninahitriniony\'s tenure as sole prime minister was short lived. His violent tendencies, irritability and insolence toward Rasoherina, in addition to lingering popular resentment over Rainivoninahitriniony\'s role in the violent end to Radama\'s rule, gradually turned the opinion of the nobles against him. As Commander-in-Chief, Rainilaiarivony attempted to counsel his brother, while simultaneously overseeing diplomatic and military efforts to re-pacify the agitated Sakalava and other peoples, who viewed the coup as an indication of weakening Merina control. The prime minister repaid these efforts by repeatedly castigating high-ranking officers and even threatening Rainilaiarivony with his sword.
Two of Rainilaiarivony\'s cousins urged him to take his elder brother\'s place in order to end the shame that Rainivoninahitriniony\'s behavior was bringing upon their family. After weighing the idea, Rainilaiarivony approached Rasoherina with the proposal. The queen readily consented and lent her assistance in rallying the support of the nobles at court. On 14 July 1864, little more than a year after the coup, Rasoherina deposed and divorced Rainivoninahitriniony, then exiled the fallen minister the following year. Rainilaiarivony was promoted to prime minister. The arrangement was sealed when Rainilaiarivony took Rasoherina as his bride and demoted his longtime spouse Rasoanalina to the status of second wife. Rainilaiarivony confided in a friend shortly before his death that he deeply loved his first wife and came to share the same degree of feeling toward Rasoherina as well, but never developed the same affection for the subsequent queens he married. None of his royal spouses bore him any children.
By taking this new role, Rainilaiarivony became the first Hova to concurrently serve as both prime minister and Commander-in-Chief. The sociopolitical transformation that had been triggered by the strangling of Radama II reached its zenith with Rainilaiarivony\'s consolidation of administrative power. Rasoherina and her successors remained the figureheads of traditional authority, participated in political councils and provided official approval for policies. The prime minister issued new policies and laws in the Queen\'s name. However, the day-to-day governance, security and diplomatic activities of the kingdom principally originated with, and were managed by, Rainilaiarivony and his counselors. This new level of authority enabled the prime minister to amass a vast personal fortune, whether through inheritance, gifts or purchase, including 57 houses, large plantations and rice paddies, numerous cattle and thousands of slaves. The most prominent of Rainilaiarivony\'s properties was the Andafiavaratra Palace, constructed for him on the slope just below the royal Rova compound by English architect William Pool in 1873.
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Rainilaiarivony
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