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# Rainilaiarivony
## Tenure as prime minister {#tenure_as_prime_minister}
### Policies and reforms {#policies_and_reforms}
Government administration and bureaucracy was strengthened under Rainilaiarivony\'s leadership. In March 1876, Rainilaiarivony established eight cabinet ministries to manage foreign affairs, the interior, education, war, justice, commerce and industry, finance, and legislation. State envoys were installed throughout the island\'s provinces to manage administrative affairs, ensure the application of law, collect taxes and provide regular reports back to Antananarivo on the local state of affairs. The traditional method of tax collection through local administrators was expanded in the provinces, bringing in new revenues, most commonly in the form of locally produced goods such as woven mats, fish, or wood. Rainilaiarivony actively encouraged Merina settlement in the coastal provinces, but coastal peoples were not invited to participate in political administration of the territories they inhabited. Approximately one third of the island had no Merina presence and retained *de facto* independence from the authority of the crown, including parts of the western provinces of Ambongo and Menabe, and areas in the southern Bara, Tanala, Antandroy and Mahafaly lands.
Rainilaiarivony\'s first royal wife, Queen Rasoherina, died on 1 April 1868, and was succeeded by her cousin Ranavalona II (crowned on 3 September 1868) who, like Rasoherina, was a widow of Radama II. Ranavalona II was a pupil of Protestant missionaries and had converted to Christianity. Rainilaiarivony recognized the growing power of Christianity on the island and identified the need to bring it under his influence in order to avert destabilizing cultural and political power struggles. The prime minister encouraged the new queen to Christianize the court through a public baptism ceremony at Andohalo on 21 February 1869, the day of their marriage. In this ceremony the supernatural royal talismans were ordered to be destroyed and replaced by the Bible. The Christianization of the court and the establishment of the independent royal Protestant chapel on the palace grounds prompted the wide-scale conversion of hundreds of thousands of Malagasy. These conversions were commonly motivated by a desire to express political allegiance to the Crown, and as such were largely nominal, with the majority of converts practicing a syncretic blend of Christian and traditional religions. Rainilaiarivony\'s biographers conclude that the prime minister\'s own conversion was also largely a political gesture and most likely did not denote a genuine spiritual shift until late in his life, if ever. Some local officials attempted to force conversions to Protestantism by mandating church attendance and persecuting Catholics, but Rainilaiarivony quickly responded to quell these overzealous practices. The prime minister\'s criminalization of polygamy and alcohol consumption, as well as the declaration of Sunday as a day of rest, were likewise inspired by the growing British and Protestant influences in the country. The Christianization of the court came at a steep personal price: with the outlawing of polygamy, Rainilaiarivony was forced to repudiate his first wife. The prime minister was deeply saddened by this necessity and by the consequent souring of his relationships with Rasoanalina and their children after the divorce.
The prime minister recognized that the modernization of Madagascar and its system of state administration could strengthen the country against invasion by a Western power and directed his energy to this end. In 1877, he outlawed the enslavement of the Makoa community. Rainilaiarivony expanded the public education system, declaring school attendance mandatory in 1881 and forming a cadre of school inspectors the following year to ensure education quality. The island\'s first pharmacy was established by LMS missionaries in 1862, and the first hospital was inaugurated in Antananarivo three years later, followed by the launching in 1875 of a state medical system staffed by civil servant clinicians. Rainilaiarivony enacted a series of new legal codes over the course of his administration that sought to create a more humane social order. The number of capital offenses was reduced from eighteen to thirteen, and he put an end to the tradition of collective family punishment for the crimes of one individual. Fines were fixed for specific offenses and corporal punishment was limited to being locked in irons. The structure of legal administration was reorganized so that matters that exceeded the authority of the traditional community courts at the level of the *fokonolona* village collective, administered by local magistrates and village heads, would be referred to the three high courts established in the capital in 1876, although final judicial authority remained with Rainilaiarivony. The Code of 305 Laws established that same year would form the basis of the legal system applied in Madagascar for the remainder of the 19th century and throughout much of the colonial period. To strengthen rule of law, the prime minister introduced a rural police force, modernized the court system and eliminated certain unjust privileges that had disproportionately benefited the noble class.
Beginning in 1872, Rainilaiarivony worked to modernize the army with the assistance of a British military instructor, who was hired to recruit, train and manage its soldiers. Rainilaiarivony purchased new local and imported firearms, reintroduced regular exercises and reorganized the ranking system. He prohibited the purchasing of rank promotions or exemptions from military service and instituted free medical care for soldiers in 1876. The following year Rainilaiarivony introduced the mandatory conscription of 5,000 Malagasy from each of the island\'s six provinces to serve five years in the royal army, swelling its ranks to over 30,000 soldiers.
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# Rainilaiarivony
## Tenure as prime minister {#tenure_as_prime_minister}
### Foreign relations {#foreign_relations}
During his time in power, Rainilaiarivony proved himself a competent and temperate leader, administrator and diplomat. In foreign affairs he exercised acumen and prudent diplomacy, successfully forestalling French colonial designs upon Madagascar for nearly three decades. Rainilaiarivony established embassies in Mauritius, France and Britain, while treaties of friendship and trade were concluded with Britain and France in 1862 and revised in 1865 and 1868 respectively. Upon the arrival of the first American plenipotentiary in Antananarivo, a treaty between the United States and Madagascar was agreed in 1867. A British contemporary observed that his diplomatic communication skills were particularly evident in his political speeches, describing Rainilaiarivony as a \"Great orator among a nation of orators\".
The early years of Rainilaiarivony\'s tenure as prime minister saw a reduction in French influence on the island, to the benefit of the British, whose alliance he strongly preferred. Contributing factors to the eclipse of French presence included a military defeat in 1870 and economic constraints that forced an end to French government subsidy of Catholic missions in Madagascar in 1871. He permitted foreigners to lease Malagasy land for 99 years but forbade its sale to non-citizens. The decision not to undertake the construction of roads connecting coastal towns to the capital was adopted as a deliberate strategy to protect Antananarivo from potential invasion by foreign armies.
Despite the strong presence of British missionaries, military advisers and diplomats in Antananarivo in the early part of Rainilaiarivony\'s administration, the 1869 opening of the Suez Canal led the British to shift their focus to combating French presence in Egypt, at the expense of their own long-standing interests in Madagascar. When Jean Laborde died in 1878 and Rainilaiarivony refused to allow his heirs to inherit Malagasy land accorded him under Radama II\'s Lambert Charter, France had a pretext for invasion. Rainilaiarivony sent a diplomatic mission to England and France to negotiate release of their claims on Malagasy lands and was successful in brokering a new agreement with the British. Talks with the French conducted between November 1881 and August 1882 broke down without reaching consensus on the status of French land claims. Consequently, France launched the First Franco-Hova War in 1883 and occupied the coastal port towns of Mahajanga, Antsiranana, Toamasina and Vohemar. Queen Ranavalona II died during the height of these hostilities in July 1883. Rainilaiarivony chose her 22-year-old niece, Princess Razafindrahety, to replace her under the throne name Ranavalona III. It was widely rumored that Rainilaiarivony may have ordered the poisoning of Razafindrahety\'s first husband in order to free the princess to become his spouse and queen. Thirty-three years younger than her new husband, Ranavalona III was relegated to a largely ceremonial role during her reign, while the prime minister continued to manage the critical affairs of state. In December 1885, Rainilaiarivony successfully negotiated the cessation of hostilities in the first Franco-Hova War.
The agreement drafted between the French and Malagasy governments did not clearly establish a French protectorate over the island, partly because recent French military involvement in the Tonkin Campaign had begun to turn popular opinion against French colonial expansion. The Malagasy crown agreed to pay ten million francs to France to settle the dispute, a sum that was partly raised through the unpopular decision to increase *fanampoana* (forced labor in lieu of cash taxes) to mobilize the populace in panning for gold in the kingdom\'s rivers. This expense, coupled with Rainilaiarivony\'s removal of \$50,000 in silver and gold coins from the tomb of Ranavalona I to offset the cost of purchasing arms in the run-up to the First Franco-Hova War, effectively emptied the royal treasury reserves. Capitalizing on Madagascar\'s weakened position, the French government then occupied the port town of Antsiranana and installed French Resident-General Le Myre de Vilers in Antananarivo, citing vague sections of the treaty as justification. The Resident-General was empowered by the French government to control international trade and foreign affairs on the island, although the monarchy\'s authority over internal administration was left unchallenged. Refusing to acknowledge the validity of the French interpretation of the treaty, Rainilaiarivony continued managing trade and international relations and unsuccessfully solicited assistance from the United States in maintaining the island\'s sovereignty. In 1894, the French government pressed Rainilaiarivony to unconditionally accept the status of Madagascar as a French protectorate. In response, Rainilaiarivony broke off all diplomatic relations with France in November 1894.
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# Rainilaiarivony
## Deposition and exile {#deposition_and_exile}
The cessation of diplomatic relations between France and Madagascar prompted immediate French military action in a campaign that became known as the Second Franco-Hova War. The expedition ended eleven months later in September 1895 when a French military column reached Antananarivo and bombarded the royal palace with heavy artillery, blasting a hole through the roof of the queen\'s quarters and inflicting heavy casualties among the numerous courtiers gathered in the palace courtyard. Rainilaiarivony sent an interpreter to carry a white flag to the French commander and entreat his clemency. Forty-five minutes later he was joined by Radilifera, the prime minister\'s son, to request the conditions of surrender; these were immediately accepted. The following day Queen Ranavalona signed a treaty accepting the French protectorate over Madagascar. She and her court were permitted to remain at the palace and administer the country according to French dictates.
Upon the queen\'s signing of the treaty, the French government deposed Rainilaiarivony from his position as prime minister and commander-in-chief. The minister of foreign affairs, an elderly man named Rainitsimbazafy, was jointly selected by the French and Ranavalona as his replacement. The French ordered Rainilaiarivony to be exiled to French Algeria, although he initially remained in Antananarivo for several months after the treaty was signed. On 15 October 1895 the former prime minister was placed under house arrest and put under the guard of Senegalese soldiers at his home in Amboditsiry. On 6 February 1896, at the age of 68, Rainilaiarivony boarded a ship bound for Algiers and left his island for the first time in his life. He was accompanied by his grandson, Ratelifera, as well as an interpreter and four servants. On 17 March 1896 the ship docked at the port of Algiers, where he would live out the few remaining months of his life.
The French government installed Rainilaiarivony in the Geryville neighborhood of Algiers, one of the derelict parts of town. He was assigned a French attendant and guard named Joseph Vassé, who maintained detailed documentation on the personality and activities of Rainilaiarivony throughout his exile in French Algeria. Vassé described the former prime minister as a man of great spontaneity, sincere friendliness, and openness of heart, but also prone to mood swings, touchiness, and a tendency to be demanding, especially in regard to his particular tastes in clothing. His intelligence, tact and leadership qualities won him the admiration of many who knew him, including Le Myre des Vilers, who referred to him as both an enemy and a friend. Upon learning of Rainilaiarivony\'s living situation in Algiers, Le Myre de Vilers privately lobbied the French government for better accommodation. Consequently, Vassé found a new home for the former prime minister at the elegant estate called *Villa des Fleurs* (\"Villa of the Flowers\") in the upscale Mustapha Supérieur neighborhood, neighboring the residence of the exiled former king of Annam.
The beauty of his Villa des Fleurs home and the warm reception he received in French Algeria pleased Rainilaiarivony and contributed to a positive impression of his new life in Algiers. He quickly developed an excellent reputation among the local high society, who perceived him as a kind, intelligent, generous and charming figure. The Governor-General of French Algeria regularly invited him to diplomatic balls and social events where Rainilaiarivony danced with the enthusiasm and endurance of a much younger man. When not busy with diverse social engagements, Rainilaiarivony avidly read the newspaper and corresponded with contacts in Madagascar. As an insurrection in Madagascar emerged against French rule, the former prime minister wrote a letter published in a Malagasy newspaper on 5 July 1896 that condemned the participants as ungrateful for the benefits that contact with the French would bring to the island. His last outing in Algiers was on 14 July 1896 to watch the Bastille Day fireworks show. As he walked through the streets to join other spectators in his party, he was greeted with cheers and calls of *\"Vive le Ministre!\"* (\"Long live the Minister!\") from admiring onlookers.
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# Rainilaiarivony
## Death
The intense heat at the outdoor Bastille Day event on 14 July exhausted the former prime minister, and that evening Rainilaiarivony developed a fever. He slept poorly, disturbed by a dream in which he saw the former queen Rasoherina stand beside his bed, saying, \"In the name of your brother, Rainivoninahitriniony, be ready.\" One of Rainilaiarivony\'s servants reported the dream to Vassé, explaining it as a premonition that foretold Rainilaiarivony\'s impending death. The former prime minister remained in bed and rapidly weakened over the next several days as his fever worsened and he developed a headache. He was constantly attended by his closest friends and loved ones. Rainilaiarivony died in his sleep on 17 July 1896.
Rainilaiarivony\'s body was initially interred within a stone tomb in Algiers. In 1900, the former prime minister\'s remains were exhumed and transported to Madagascar, where they were interred in the family tomb constructed by Jean Laborde in the Isotry neighborhood of Antananarivo. French colonial governor General Gallieni and Rainilaiarivony\'s grandson both spoke at the funeral, which was heavily attended by French and Malagasy dignitaries. In his eulogy, Gallieni expressed esteem for the former prime minister in the following terms: \"Rainilaiarivony was worthy of leading you. In the years to come, will there be a monument erected in his memory? This should be an obligation for the Malagasy who will have the freedom to do so. France has now taken Madagascar, come what may, but it\'s a credit to Rainilaiarivony to have protected it the way he did.\" Following the funeral a commemorative plaque was installed at Rainilaiarivony\'s family tomb, engraved with the words \"Rainilairivony, *ex Premier Ministre et Commandant en chef de Madagascar, Commandeur de la Légion d\'honneur*\" (\"former Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of Madagascar, Commander of the Legion of Honor\")
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# Mephan Ferguson
**Mephan Ferguson** (25 July 1843 -- 2 November 1919) was an Australian manufacturer, particularly of water supply pipes, notably for the pipeline to the Western Australian goldfields. He was born in Falkirk, Scotland. He immigrated with his parents to Melbourne in the colony of Victoria in Australia arriving in 1854. In 1857 Ferguson was indentured as an apprentice blacksmith to John Price of Ballarat.
## Businesses
Around 1874 Ferguson established a business in Melbourne as an iron foundry and rail construction contractor. After successfully building a bridge over the Yarra River he was awarded many other government contracts. His company built twenty bridges along the north-eastern railway and another eight for the Clifton Hill line. Ferguson supplied 1300 LT of wrought iron and cast iron for the building of the Newport Workshops.
In 1885 the Government of Victoria decided to change the Melbourne water supply pipes from wrought iron to cast iron. Ferguson won the contracts to supply the new pipe. To enable this expansion he bought the Glasgow Iron works in West Melbourne. With the Carlton Foundry, Ferguson now employed over 300 people. He soon after established a new foundry in Footscray. Ferguson gained international attention by winning the contract to supply 530 km of 760 mm steel main for the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme. The pipes used Ferguson\'s patented rivetless pipe or locking bar, the design of which improved the water flow. A stylised drawing of the design is now used to indicate places of interest along the pipeline.
To manufacture the pipe, Ferguson imported sheet steel from England`{{contradictory inline |article=Goldfields Water Supply Scheme |section=Pipeline |reason=this article says sheets were imported "from England and the United States", but the other article says "from Germany and the United States". Work out which is true |date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki} and the United States then rolled these into the sections at foundries in Midland Junction and another he built in Maylands.
## Photographs
- [Extensive collection at State Reference Library of Western Australia](http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/search/Xmephan+ferguson&searchscope=1&Da=&Db=&p=&SORT=A/Xmephan+ferguson&searchscope=1&Da=&Db=&p=&SORT=A/49%2C86%2C86%2CB/browse)
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# Battle of Dalnaspidal
The **Battle of Dalnaspidal** occurred on 19 July 1654 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It was one of the last engagements in the war bringing an end to the Royalist rising of 1653 to 1654.
## Prelude
The Earl of Glencairn raised the Clan MacGregor from Rannoch. He would have no difficulty recruiting them because one of their opponents was the Earl of Argyll, a Campbell, one of their hereditary enemies. Alexander, the 12th chief of Clan Robertson led his men from Fea Corrie. Both forces met above Annat and marched up the old path to Loch Garry.
## Battle
On the evening of 19 July 1654, Thomas Morgan surprised John Middleton at Dalnaspidal near Loch Garry on the Drumochter Pass. The Royalist horse had become separated from the foot. When Morgan\'s superior forces advanced towards them, most of Middleton\'s cavalry fled, leaving the infantry unprotected. As Morgan\'s cavalry continued to advance, the Royalist infantry also turned and ran.
## Aftermath
The fight at Dalnaspidal broke the Royalist insurrection in the Highlands. Although wounded, Middleton managed to escape into the mountains, but he was never able to gather a substantial force again. Monck wanted all the leaders of the uprising put to death, but the Protector and Council promised a pardon to all those who submitted (see Cromwell\'s Act of Grace). William, Earl of Glencairn surrendered to General Monck in September 1654. Middleton escaped back to the Continent and rejoined Charles II at Cologne early in 1655
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# Caroline Müller (1755–1826)
**Caroline Frederikke Müller** née *Halle* (5 February 1755 -- 17 November 1826) also known as **Caroline Walther**, was a Danish and later naturalized Swedish opera singer (mezzo-soprano). She was also active as an instructor at the Royal Dramatic Training Academy. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and a *Hovsångare*.
She was born as Caroline Halle, was known in Denmark as *Caroline Walther* (1774--80, during her first marriage) and known in Sweden as Caroline Müller (from 1780, after her second marriage).
## Life
She was the illegitimate daughter of the ensign Christian Frederik Halle and Johanne Christine Hansdatter. She was the half sister of the actor `{{interlanguage link|Ferdinand Lindgreen|qid=Q12311213}}`{=mediawiki}.
### Career in Denmark {#career_in_denmark}
Her stepfather Thomas Jespersen was a machinist at the Royal Danish Theatre, and had her enrolled as a student in the Royal Danish Ballet in 1761, at the age of six. Soon, she was also assigned small children\'s parts at the theater. The theater had not yet an organized theater school, but she was tutored in declamation by Dorothea Biehl and drama by Lisbeth Cathrine Amalie Rose.
She debuted as an actress at the age of thirteen in the role of Pernille in Ludvig Holberg\'s *Den Stundesløse* in the season of 1768-69. She made a success and soon became the leading soubrette actress of the theater. In 1771, she made a debut as an opera singer in the main female part of *Tronfølgen i Sidon* by Giuseppe Sarti. In 1773, the theater organized an opera school, and she was successfully educated in opera singing by `{{interlanguage link|Michel Angelo Potenza|qid=Q12327026}}`{=mediawiki}.
In 1773 she left her abusive mother and the following year, she married the music director and secretary Thomas Christian Walther (1749-1788): the marriage ended in 1775 when he left Denmark, but she was thereafter known as Caroline Walther.
She performed over 124 roles at the opera theater: as a soubrette and tragedienne in theater productions, and in the female leads of the opera. As an opera singer, she also participated in concerts at the royal Danish court. She is considered to have had a great impact on the great age of Danish opera in the 1770s and has been referred to as the \"perhaps greatest female stage artist\" in Denmark at that time. She was painted by Jens Juel, praised by the poet Johannes Ewald and the *Det norske Selskab*, and the critic Peder Rosenstand-Goiske wrote: \"The fire and emotion, that she understands to give her action, reveal the great genius of her mind.\"
In 1777, general H. H. von Eickstedt became director of the Royal Danish Theatre. von Eickstedt reportedly undermined her position because he wished to benefit the career of his lover, Catharine Frydendahl, and it is noted how he gave the role in *Ewalds Fiskerne*, which was written for her, to Frydendahl. The conflict culminated when von Eickstedt refused to give Caroline\'s lover, the German violinist Christian Friedrich Müller (1752-1827), a position in the theater, ordered him exiled from Denmark and delayed Caroline\'s divorce. Reportedly, the theater direction feared that they would lose her if she married a foreigner. In 1780, not long after Caroline had finally been granted her divorce, Christian Friedrich Müller left Denmark for Sweden, and soon after, Caroline left Denmark in the guise of a man after her performance as Louise in *Desertøren* and reunited with him in Gothenburg in Sweden, where they married. They had one child, Caroline (1791).
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# Caroline Müller (1755–1826)
## Life
### Career in Sweden {#career_in_sweden}
In 1780, Caroline Müller was engaged at the Royal Swedish Opera in Bollhuset in Stockholm, where she debuted in *Alceste* by Glück. Despite her Danish accent, she made a success, and Johan Henric Kellgren wrote: \"Yesterday I cried for two hours at the opera, when Alceste was played for the first time: Mrs Müller made her debut. One might say that there had been no performance or an actress in Sweden before.\"
In 1782, as she was scheduled to perform in the inauguration performance of the new building of the Royal Swedish Opera, Caroline Müller and her spouse suddenly left her contract in Sweden and left for London to escape her creditors. In London, she became the first Danish opera singer to perform outside of the Nordic countries. In 1783, she returned to the Royal Swedish Opera when King Gustav III of Sweden offered her an immunity against her contract crime and raised her salary, and her husband was given a position at the *Kungliga Hovkapellet*.
When Elisabeth Olin retired in 1784, Müller effectively replaced her as the prima donna of the Royal Swedish Opera, performing in productions written by Italian, French, German and Swedish composers, some of which written by the king, Gustav III. Among her most celebrated parts where *Armida* and *Iphigenie de Thauride* by Glück. Her most famous part was arguably the role of Christina Gyllenstierna in *Gustav Wasa* by Johann Gottlieb Naumann with text by Kellgren and Gustav III and which was referred to as the national opera if Sweden. Her last performance was as Christina Gyllenstierna in *Gustav Wasa* for the newly elected crown prince Carl Johan Bernadotte in 1810. She was sculptured by J.T. Sergel and a friend of Edvard du Puy and Carl Michael Bellman.
In 1791, she visited Denmark and was present at a performance given to the benefit of her mentor, Lisbeth Cathrine Amalie Rose.
Caroline Müller also took students, and Lars Hjortsberg was among her students. From 1812 to 1815, she was the principal of the Royal Dramatic Training Academy in succession to Sofia Lovisa Gråå, which was a period of expansion and development of the school.
Caroline Müller was appointed *Hovsångare* and inducted into the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1788 (her spouse was also inducted the same year).
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# Caroline Müller (1755–1826)
## Life
### Roles
She played the title role in *Alceste* by Gluck with Carl Stenborg and Kristofer Kristian Karsten (season 1780--81); Anguelique in *Roland* by Philippe Quinault with Stenborg and Karsten (1781--82); Iphigenie in *Iphigénie en Tauride* by Gluck with Stenborg and Karsten; Christina Gyllenstierna in *Gustaf Vasa* by Gustav II composed by Naumann with Stenborg and Karsten (1785--86); Armide in *Armide* by Quinault with Stenborg and Karsten (1786--87); Christina of Holstein-Gottorp in *Gustaf Adolf och Ebba Brahe* (Gustav Adolf and Ebba Brahe) by Gustav III with Franziska Stading, Stenborg and Karsten (1787--88); Prosper in *Azémia* by Nicolas Dalayrac with Abraham de Broen and Karsten (1792--93); Aretea in *Alcides inräde in världen* (Alcides arrival into the world) by Haeffner with Carl Fredrik Fernstedt and Marie Louise Marcadet; Georgino in *La soirée orageuse* by Dalayrac with Abraham de Broen and Kjell Waltman; Josef in *Les deux petits savoyards* by Dalayrac with Kristofer Kristian Karsten and Marie Louise Marcadet (1793--94); Malena in *De gamla friarna* (The old Suitors) by Dalayrac with Kjell Waltman, Carl Magnus Craelius, Maria Franck and Inga Åberg; Lisette in *Renaud d\'Ast* by Dalayrac with Karsten (1795--96); Colombine in *Le tableau parlant* by André Grétry with Carolina Kuhlman (1798--99); and Dido in *Aeneas in Carthago* (Aeneas in Carthage) with Stenborg and Karsten (1799--1800).
## Legacy
Gustav Löwenhielm mentioned her importance in Swedish theater and opera history in the 19th century, during a discussion about the employment of foreign artists, when he pointed out that several of the artists during the foundation of the Royal Swedish Opera and the Royal Dramatic Theatre had been foreigners:
> \"Is it impossible to engage Mr Berg and Miss Schoultz? - Generally, I can not see how we can elude the employment of half grown foreigners. Gustav III\'s *Swedish* national theatre started with the *Danish* Mrs Müller, the *French* Mrs Marcadet, the *German* Mamsell Stading, the *German* Mrs Augusti and the *Polish* Mrs Karsten. These ladies occupied our stage and kept it from the foundation of the opera and the premature departure of Mrs Olin in the beginning of the 1780s, until the year of 1800, when the school of Mrs Desguillons had created Mamsell Wässelia cum celeris
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# Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur
The **Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur** (***Hapalemur alaotrensis***), also known as the **Lac Alaotra gentle lemur**, **Alaotran bamboo lemur**, **Alaotran gentle lemur**, **Alaotra reed lemur**, or locally as the **bandro**, is a bamboo lemur. It is endemic to the reed beds in and around Lac Alaotra, in northeast Madagascar. It is about 40 cm long, with a similar length tail, and is a brownish-gray colour. It is the only bamboo lemur to live in and feed on papyrus reeds, and other reeds and grasses, and some authorities argue that it should be regarded as a subspecies of the eastern lesser bamboo lemur (*Hapalemur griseus*). The population of this lemur has been declining because of habitat destruction and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it as being \"critically endangered\".
## Taxonomy
The classification of the*bandro* is disputed, with some classifying it as a subspecies of *Hapalemur griseus*, while others see it as a separate species. Current genetic data do not support species status. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from the two populations *H. g. griseus* and *H. g. alaotrensis* are interspersed with each other on the phylogenetic tree. Moreover, average genetic distances between the two subspecies are within the range of within-taxon comparisons and not in the range of between-taxon comparisons. A final assessment of species *versus* subspecies status requires filling in gaps in sampling and the use of nuclear loci. GenBank, the universal repository for genetic sequence information, has not accepted the species status of the Aloatran lemur and lists it as a subspecies.
## Description
The tail and body of the Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur are both 40 cm on average, and it weighs 1.1 -, with males slightly larger than females. Its dense, woolly fur is a gray-brown on the back, lighter gray on the face and chest, and chestnut brown on the head and neck.
## Ecology
This lemur is the only primate specifically adapted to living in papyrus reeds. Unlike other bamboo lemurs, the Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur does not eat bamboo; instead, it feeds on the stems of papyrus reeds, shoots of the grass *Phragmites communis*, and two other species of grasses (*Echinochloa crus-galli* and *Leersia hexandra*).
## Status
The population of Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur is declining as suitable habitat around the lake is being destroyed and converted to rice fields. Other threats include the burning of the marshland and hunting of the lemurs for food and the pet trade. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated this lemur as being \"critically endangered\", but a new 42,478 hectare protected area was created around the lake in 2007 which should provide some protection for the lemurs. The Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust has a Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur conservation program, and some captive breeding is being done in zoos. The species is listed in CITES Appendix I.
## Threats
Conversion of the marsh habitat to rice fields poses a severe threat to the survival of the Hapalemur alaotrensis species. While the remaining marshlands are resistant to conversion due to regular flooding, the potential implementation of a major drainage project in the region could significantly jeopardize the species\' existence. Burning of the remaining marshlands is a common practice for fishing and cattle grazing, leading to increased aquatic plants that choke fishing areas. This cycle of burning not only poses a direct threat to the lemurs but also limits marsh regeneration after flooding, exacerbating the challenges faced by the Hapalemur alaotrensis population. Hunting for food and capturing lemurs for pets have significantly contributed to the decline in Hapalemur alaotrensis numbers. Local communities employ various hunting and trapping methods, including direct pursuit by dogs, harpooning, snares, and habitat burning. With over 1,000 lemurs hunted annually in certain years, anthropogenic pressures remain a considerable threat to the species\' survival
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# Oliver Farnworth
**Oliver Farnworth** (born 5 August 1982) is an English actor. As well as appearing in various theatre productions, including West End theatre roles, Farnworth has also appeared as a regular character in two ITV1 soap operas: Andy Carver in *Coronation Street* (2014--2017) and John Sugden in *Emmerdale* (2024--present). His other television appearances include recurring roles in *The Royal* (2008--2009) and *Mr Selfridge* (2014).
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Farnworth was brought up just outside Halifax in Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, but moved to Sidmouth in Devon when he was fifteen. He trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. He first came to recognition in *Hollyoaks* playing Will Hackett from September 2006 to May 2007.
Before appearing in *Hollyoaks*, Farnworth appeared on stage in *The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe* and in *The London Plays*, written by Ed Hime and directed by Kelly Wilkinson. He has also appeared in three episodes of ITV1\'s 1960s medical drama *The Royal*, playing a character called Nev Cartwright. In 2008, Farnworth played the leading role in *Saturday Night and Sunday Morning* at the Harrogate Theatre, and Lysander with the British Shakespeare Company in *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream*. In 2009 he appeared in *The Merchant of Venice* at Penshurst Place Gardens in Kent. In April 2010, Farnworth appeared in the West End theatre production of *Holding the Man* at the Trafalgar Studios.
In 2014, Farnworth played Florian Dupont, a Belgian refugee, in the TV series *Mr. Selfridge* before joining the cast of *Coronation Street* as Andy Carver; his departure was announced in 2016. His last scene, aired on 20 January 2017, saw him being supposedly killed by Pat Phelan (Connor McIntyre). However, on 18 August 2017, Farnworth made an unexpected and unannounced return; revealing that Phelan was in fact, holding him captive in the cellar of an abandoned house until his death on 27 October 2017. In 2019, he has appeared in the TV Series *Endeavour*, playing the role of PC Rich Potter. Farnworth joined the cast of *Emmerdale* in 2024, playing John Sugden. His first episode aired on 7 August 2024
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# Sergey, Switzerland
**Sergey** is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
## History
Sergey is first mentioned in 1321 as *Sergeys*.
## Geography
Sergey has an area, `{{as of|2009|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, of 1.5 km2. Of this area, 0.98 km2 or 67.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.28 km2 or 19.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.21 km2 or 14.4% is settled (buildings or roads).
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.1%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 6.2% of the area. Of the forested land, 16.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 51.4% is used for growing crops and 15.8% is pastures.
The municipality was part of the Orbe District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Sergey became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.
The municipality is located at the foot of Mont Suchet.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Per fess: 1. Argent, a Semi-Bear rampant issuant Sable, langued Gules; 2. Pally of Six Argent and Azure*
## Demographics
Sergey has a population (`{{as of|{{Swiss populations YM|CH-VD}}|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) of `{{Swiss populations|CH-VD|5762}}`{=mediawiki}.`{{Swiss populations ref|CH-VD}}`{=mediawiki} `{{as of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, 4.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999--2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 31.1%. It has changed at a rate of 17.9% due to migration and at a rate of 14.2% due to births and deaths.
Most of the population (`{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks French (106 or 98.1%), with German being second most common (1 or 0.9%) and Dutch being third (1 or 0.9%).
The age distribution, `{{as of|2009|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, in Sergey is; 22 children or 15.8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 17 teenagers or 12.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 20 people or 14.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 23 people or 16.5% are between 30 and 39, 22 people or 15.8% are between 40 and 49, and 14 people or 10.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 13 people or 9.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 4 people or 2.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 4 people or 2.9% who are between 80 and 89.
, there were 42 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 52 married individuals, 7 widows or widowers and 7 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 38 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. There were 6 households that consist of only one person and 5 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 39 households that answered this question, 15.4% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 11 married couples without children, 18 married couples with children There were 2 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 1 household that was made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.
there were 17 single family homes (or 58.6% of the total) out of a total of 29 inhabited buildings. There were 4 multi-family buildings (13.8%), along with 7 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (24.1%) and 1 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.4%). `{{as of|2000|alt=In 2000}}`{=mediawiki}, a total of 37 apartments (92.5% of the total) were permanently occupied and 3 apartments (7.5%) were empty. `{{as of|2009}}`{=mediawiki}, the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, `{{as of|2010|alt=in 2010}}`{=mediawiki}, was 0%.
The historical population is given in the following chart: Colors=
` id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)`\
` id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8)`
ImageSize = width:1140 height:210 PlotArea = height:150 left:100 bottom:50 right:100 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:150 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:30 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:6 start:0 PlotData=
` color:yellowgreen width:40 mark:(line,white) align:center`\
` bar:1550 from:start till:12`\
` bar:1550 at:22 fontsize:S text: "``3 Hearths``" shift:(8,5)`\
` bar:1764 from:start till:48`\
` bar:1764 at:58 fontsize:S text: "``12 Hearths``" shift:(8,5)`\
` bar:1803 from:start till:65 text:"65"`\
` bar:1850 from:start till:119 text:"119"`\
` bar:1860 from:start till:119 text:"119"`\
` bar:1870 from:start till:123 text:"123"`\
` bar:1880 from:start till:134 text:"134"`\
` bar:1888 from:start till:144 text:"144"`\
` bar:1900 from:start till:113 text:"113"`\
` bar:1910 from:start till:110 text:"110"`\
` bar:1920 from:start till:116 text:"116"`\
` bar:1930 from:start till:106 text:"106"`\
` bar:1941 from:start till:85 text:"85"`\
` bar:1950 from:start till:102 text:"102"`\
` bar:1960 from:start till:90 text:"90"`\
` bar:1970 from:start till:71 text:"71"`\
` bar:1980 from:start till:73 text:"73"`\
` bar:1990 from:start till:81 text:"81"`\
` bar:2000 from:start till:108 text:"108"`
## Sights
The entire hamlet of Sergey is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
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# Sergey, Switzerland
## Politics
In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 59.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP with 13.4%, the SP with 11.1% and the Green Party with 7.3%. In the federal election, a total of 51 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.0%.
## Economy
, Sergey had an unemployment rate of 4.2%. `{{as of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 10 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector. 2 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 1 business in this sector. There were 51 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 37.3% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 9. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 7, all of which were in agriculture. There were no jobs in the secondary sector. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 2, both in education.
, there were 2 workers who commuted into the municipality and 37 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 18.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 9.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 64.7% used a private car.
## Religion
From the `{{as of|2000|alt=2000 census}}`{=mediawiki}, 12 or 11.1% were Roman Catholic, while 73 or 67.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4 individuals (or about 3.70% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 19 (or about 17.59% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1 individuals (or about 0.93% of the population) did not answer the question.
## Education
In Sergey about 47 or (43.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 7 or (6.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 7 who completed tertiary schooling, 57.1% were Swiss men, 28.6% were Swiss women.
In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 21 students in the Sergey school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton\'s primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 10 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 11 students in those schools.
, there were 12 students in Sergey who came from another municipality, while 18 residents attended schools outside the municipality
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# Petit Bé
**Petit Bé** (*Nebeut Bezañ*) is a tidal island near the city of Saint-Malo, France, close to the larger island of Grand Bé. At low tide one can walk to the island from the nearby Bon-Secours beach.
## Fort
In 1667 the French government built a small fort on the island of Petit Bé. Construction on the present fort began in 1689.
The fort was part of the defenses that Vauban designed to protect Saint-Malo from British and Dutch fleets. The defensive works included the walls of Saint Malo, Fort National, Fort Harbourg, Fort de la Conchée, and the forts of Cézembre and Pointe de la Varde; these last two have been destroyed.
Construction began under the direction of the engineer Siméon Garangeau. The fort was still under construction in at the time of the British attack on Saint-Malo in November 1693. When an Anglo-Dutch force attacked Saint-Malo again in 1695, the fort helped repel the attack.
The fort consists of a horseshoe-shaped battery on the seaward side that has 19 embrasures for guns. In 1695 it held nine guns; two years later it was armed with 15 guns, including four 48-pounders and six 36-pounders, as well as two mortars. A garrison of 177 soldiers defended the fort and served its guns. On the landward side the fort consisted of two half-bastions that flank the entrance, which is a few metres above the level of the rocks. The bastions are loopholed for muskets to enable the defenders to resist attempts to scale the defences. Several different plans were advanced for a demi-lune outwork in front of the entrance but in the end none was built. Cross-fire from Petit Bé and Fort Harbourg in Dinard protected the estuary of the Rance. The fort was finally finished in 1707.
The French army occupied the fort until 1885. Later, the army turned the fort over to the city of Saint-Malo. It became a *Monument historique* in 1921, but was neglected until 2000, when the city gave it to a non-profit organization rent-free to renovate it and prepare it for tourism. Under the direction of Alain-Etienne Marcel, the fort has been restored. Brush was removed from the embrasures, some of which received period cannons. The cistern had to be emptied of garbage and it now retains storm water fed into it from the restored roof of the barracks building
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# John Cunningham, 15th Earl of Glencairn
**John Cunningham, 15th Earl of Glencairn** (1749 -- 24 September 1796) was a Scottish nobleman, cavalry officer, and finally a priest.
The younger son of William Cunningham, 13th Earl of Glencairn (d. 1775) he succeeded his elder brother James, one of the Scottish representative peers, upon his death, unmarried, in Falmouth in 1790.
Finlaystone House and estate in Inverclyde was the seat of the Earl of Glencairn and chief of clan Cunningham from 1405 to 1796.
For some time Lord John Cunningham was an officer in the 14th Royal Dragoons, but afterwards entered into Holy Orders of the Church of England.
He died at Coats House, then west of the city of Edinburgh (now absorbed), in his 47th year.
In 1785 he had married Isabel, daughter of Henry David Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan (d. 1767), and widow of William Leslie Hamilton. They had no issue and the title became dormant.
He is buried against the south-west wall in St Cuthberts Churchyard in Edinburgh
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# Elisabeth Olin
**Elisabeth Olin** née *Lillström* (December 1740 -- 26 March 1828) was a Swedish opera singer and a music composer. She performed the leading female role in the inauguration performance of the Royal Swedish Opera in 1773, and is referred to as the first Swedish opera prima donna. She was the first female to be made *Hovsångerska* (1773), and the first woman to become a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music (1782).
## Life
Elisabeth Olin was the daughter of the musician Petter Lillström and the actress and singer Elisabeth Lillström. Her parents were both engaged at the opera theater of Bollhuset, Sweden\'s first professional national stage, where her father was an organist in the theater orchestra, and her mother was one of the first professional actresses in Sweden, the prima donna of the theater and a member of the theater\'s board of directors.
### Early career {#early_career}
Elisabeth Olin, then called Betty Lillström, debuted at the age of seven at Bollhuset in 1747 the part of *Alfhild* in *Syrinx*, called Sweden\'s first native *Opera comique*. She was a popular child actor and described as a valuable member of the theater. After the season of 1754--54, the Swedish language opera theater was dissolved when the royal Bollhuset localities were given to the French theater which was favored by the queen. The Swedish theater split into two travelling theaters, and Elisabeth Olin and her parents joined the Stenborg Troupe.
She was given singing lessons by Petter Stenborg, the leading actor of the Stenborg Troupe, and lessons in clavecin and music theory by Ferdinand Zellbell the Younger, conductor of the Royal orchestra. Elisabeth Olin is believed to have been active as a professional concert singer since at least the late 1750s. She was a popular singer at the concerts regularly performed at the *Riddarhuset* during the 1760s, where her earliest performance is noted to have taken place in a concert by her mentor Zellbell in 1761. A noted performance was on a concert directed by Francesco Uttini in 1769, when she was described as a very popular concert singer, who was appreciated by the nobility, often performing on private concerts.
On 19 November 1769, Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna commented:
: \"I visited the Cavalier\'s concert today, so called as it was performed exclusively by music lovers and not by someone from the Royal Orchestra. Mrs Olin sang. :I dare say no one in Italy has a sweeter voice. Uncertain whether one should love her for her beauty or her divine voice, she gains love and admiration in parallel.\"
Elisabeth Olin was also active as a composer. In 1768, she was one of the Swedish composers who contributed with her own composition to the collection *Gustaviade. En hjältedikt i tolv sånger* (\'Gustaviade. A heroic poem of twelve songs\'), where she contributed with her own song for composition number eight. Another of her surviving compositions is *En liten Sårland bäck* (tr. *\"A small Saarland stream\"*).
Elisabeth Olin married the official Gabriel Olin (1728--1794) in 1760, with whom she had six children. Her husband is described as proud of her and supportive of her career.
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# Elisabeth Olin
## Life
### Career at the Royal Opera {#career_at_the_royal_opera}
After the dissolution of the French language theater of Stockholm in 1771, the new monarch, Gustav III of Sweden, decided to establish a Swedish language theater and opera. The Stenborg Troupe, which was by then the remains of the former Swedish language opera theater that had been dissolved in 1754 and had been a travelling theater ever since, was called to perform before the monarch at Bollhuset in 1772, but when they did not prove to be up to his standards, he decided to compose an entirely new royal Swedish language opera.
As the stage profession had a low social status at the time, the king had difficulties in assembling educated native talents willing to form the pioneer staff of the opera. Elisabeth Olin, as a highly regarded and well educated professional singer, was early on considered. However, she was by then married to an official and performing professionally on stage was not considered proper for a woman of her new social class. Consequently, the king had \"hardly dared to hope\" of her participation, when she herself offered to participate on her own initiative without having been asked. This gave her a great advantage in the negotiations. In an attempt to solve the issue of status, King Gustav III named his opera the \'Royal Swedish Opera\', made its staff formally a part of the Royal Household and jurisdiction of the king, gave the women employees (who as stage artists had lower status than men) higher salaries than their male colleagues, and named Elisabeth Olin *Singer of the Royal Court* of the First Rank. She was granted the highest salary of any member of the Opera regardless of sex or position, and the king remarked, after the negotiations where finished: \"She holds herself very expensive.\" Her sister and her daughter were also given positions at the opera.
Elisabeth Olin performed the role of the Sea Goddess Thetis in Francesco Uttini\'s opera *Thetis och Pélée* in the inauguration of the Royal Swedish Opera on 18 January 1773, opposite Carl Stenborg as *Pélée* and her daughter Betty Olin as Amor.
The performance was a legendary success. The French ambassador Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes expressed his surprise to see opera performed so fully upon its very foundation, and the Italian abbé Domenico Michelessi commented about the performance: \"It is surprising to see eight actors, and nine of their retinue, who has never before seen opera, played with such insight of it, among them a youth \[Carl Stenborg\] and a lady \[Elisabeth Olin\], both of whom are worthy one of the best stage in Italy.\" King Gustav III himself commented:
: \"Mrs Olin, who plays Thetis, which is the main part, has much nobility in her acting, a pleasing figure and more stage habit than one would expect from one who :shows herself there the first time. You no her voice, and in which high degree she is capable in the area of music. She acts with much art and grace in the :first act as well as in the third and fifth, particularly in every piece in which some fierté or contempt is to be displayed. One may confidently expect her to :become a great actress with more training. Chancellor Stenborg, who plays Pelée, joins a quite pleasing figure with much musical knowledge, a sufficient amount :of grace in his acting and a fine feeling of his character.\"
The paper *Nya allmänna tidningar* commented:
: \"Mrs Olin and Mrs Carl Stenborg played the main roles and should play them. Their acting and voices delighted everyone to hear them play, the former Thetis and :the later Pelée. The others took care to fulfill their roles, and the gentlemen Lalin, Nordén, Björkman and Lising have been given much praise. :But how should one express the grace which was displayed in the acting of young mamsell Olin, who played the god of love? She did so undoubtedly :well. Choir and ballets varied and illuminated the performances in a way never before seen in Sweden. Mr Gallodier and Mrs Soligny displayed their excellent art, and among Swedish talents is noted a young mamsell Slottsberg, who will with no doubt become a great ornament to our stage.\"
Elisabeth Olin managed to raise her salary two years later by threatening to resign, and after five years she demanded (and subsequently received) full salary as pension whenever she chose to retire. She is likely to have received the highest salary any woman ever had been paid in 18th-century Sweden regardless of profession. She made an occasional guest appearance in the Stenborg theatre, the theatre of Carl Stenborg and his father Petter Stenborg, her former mentor.
Olin, reportedly, did not like rivals and disliked to be substituted by her rival Lovisa Augusti, who played her parts when she was indisposed by illness or childbirth (she had six children). From the early 1780s, she was met with serious competition from Caroline Frederikke Müller, who was so favored by the king that he asked her to return to her employment after having fled abroad to escape her creditors, and gave her immunity from repaying her debts: when Olin announced her retirement in 1782, it was said that she had done so because she refused to compete with Müller. Her last performance was as Clytemnestra in *Iphigenia in Aulis* in the 1783--84 season.
In parallel, her relationship with Carl Stenborg was discontinued in 1782, when he became engaged to her daughter, the opera singer Betty Olin (1761--1816), also called Elisabeth Olin the Younger. This was reportedly traumatic: Elisabeth Olin did not approve of the engagement of her former lover and her daughter, and Betty Olin and Carl Stenborg did in fact not marry until 1793, after an eleven-year-long engagement.
In 1782 she was inducted into the Royal Swedish Academy of Music, and in 1788 she became a member of the academy committee.
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# Elisabeth Olin
## Life
### Estimation and roles {#estimation_and_roles}
Elisabeth Olin was described as a beauty with a fine figure and suggestive eyes, with a musical and dramatic talent which was described as passionate and noble. Elisabeth Olin was compared to Francesca Cuzzoni, Faustina Bordoni and Caterina Gabrielli. She has been referred to as \"Sweden\'s first dramatic artist\", \"The Swedish Mara\" (after Gertrud Elisabeth Mara). As a member of the pioneer generation of the Royal Swedish Opera, she has been called one of the \"matriarchs of the Opera.\"
Elisabeth Olin was for many years in a long term relationship with her colleague the opera singer Carl Stenborg, who was the son of her former mentor Petter Stenborg. As the leading female and male opera star of the Royal Swedish Opera, the frequently played the main male and female roles and acted as lovers onstage, and the fact that they were also lovers in private attracted great attention and engaged the critics. In the inauguration performance of the Royal Swedish Opera, *Thetis och Pélée*, Elisabeth Olin was praised for her beauty, her grace and her engaging voice, and Carl Stenborg as a beautiful blonde youth with a not strong but skillfully handled voice with the ability to give the Swedish \"a new pleasure\", and that they were able to portray lovers convincingly. It was noted that \"everyone knew of the tender relationship he \[Stenborg\] had with Mrs Olin\", and this was reputed to be the reason as to why Olin had finally accepted to participate in the opera. The opera was a success and ran for a full house twice a week during a period of fourteen weeks. On one occasion, when Olin fell sick, Carl Stenborg was reportedly unwilling to play lover to her replacement Charlotte Eckerman until he was forced to by royal command.
On a couple of occasions prior to the founding of the Royal Dramatic Theatre, the artists of the opera was asked to participate in speaking theater drama plays. As theater had lower social status than opera, Elisabeth Olin initially refused to participate when she was asked to take a speaking role in *Athalie* by Jean Racine (1776), as speaking drama had not been included in her contract. At this occasion, her relationship to Carl Stenborg was used to persuade her. Her contract as the most privileged member of the opera, and her social status as being a member of the upper class and only participating after having all her terms met in the contract, meant that she could not be forced, but as director Zibet informed the king: \"She is with no doubt too tender to wish to humiliate her lover by refusing to take part in a performance, in which he could not refuse to participate.\"
Among her best known performances were Galatea in *Acis och Galathea* by Händel with Carl Stenborg (1773), Eurydice in *Orfeus and Eurydice* by Glück with Stenborg, Iphigenia in *Iphigenia on Tauris* by Gluck and the title characters in *Athalie* by Jean Racine, *Silvie* by Berton and Trial with Stenborg (season 1773--74), *Aline, drottning av Golconda* by Uttini with Stenborg (1775--76), and *Procris och Cephal* by Gretry with Stenborg (1777--78), Clytemnestra in *Iphigenie in Aulis* by Glück with Stenborg (1778--79) and Zulma in *Cora och Alonzo* by Naumann (1782--83).
She also performed privately for the royal court. She played the role of Mechtild in *Birger jarl* opposite Stenborg in Rikssalen in the Royal Palace, Stockholm during the wedding between Duke Charles and Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp in 1774.
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# Elisabeth Olin
## Life
### Later life {#later_life}
Elisabeth Olin remained formally listed in the opera register until 1803. After 1788, however, she only made very few guest performances. Her most noted was at the wedding between King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden, when she performed the role of Svea on the king\'s request.
She made her last performance at a concert in Riddarhuset in 1809, when she participated in the farewell concert for Carl Stenborg, which was also his last performance before his retirement. Her voice was described as unchanged.
During Angelica Catalani\'s visit in Sweden in 1828, Elisabeth Olin performed privately for her to demonstrate her voice, just a couple of weeks before her death
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# Santa Clara County Superior Court
The **Superior Court of California for and in the County of Santa Clara** is the state trial court in and for Santa Clara County, California.
## History
San Jose was chosen as the initial site for the state\'s capitol in 1849, which it held until 1851, when legislators voted to move to Vallejo. After Santa Clara County was formed on April 25, 1851, a contest was held to select a design for a new building worthy of being a state capitol in 1860. The winning entry, designed by Levi Goodrich, was constructed from 1866 to 1868 at a cost of `{{USD|173737.96|1868|round=-4}}`{=mediawiki}.
The courthouse was destroyed by fire in May 1931. Reconstruction work began in December 1931 and completed in August 1932; a dedication ceremony for the reconstructed courthouse was held on September 17. As originally completed in 1868, the courthouse was topped by a copper-covered dome; the copper sheathing melted in the intense heat from the 1931 fire and the dome was removed during reconstruction. After the disastrous 1931 fire and rebuilding, it survives today as the Old Courthouse, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the St. James Square National Historic District in 1979.
A modern courthouse was completed in 1964, replacing an older Hall of Records which had been built adjacent to the county courthouse. The Hall of Justice, located a few blocks to the north, was completed in 1991. The Family Justice Center was completed in 2016, consolidating court operations from six different facilities in a single building.
The doctrine of corporate personhood in US law is commonly traced to the 1886 decision of the United States Supreme Court in *Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad*, which started in this court.
## Courthouses
- Downtown Superior Court, Downtown San Jose
- Family Justice Center, Downtown San Jose
- Hall of Justice, San Jose
- Juvenile Justice Courthouse, San Jose
- Old Courthouse, Downtown San Jose
- Palo Alto Courthouse, Palo Alto
- Santa Clara Courthouse, Santa Clara
- South County Courthouse, Morgan Hill
Closed
- Park Center Family Court, Downtown San Jose (closed August 15, 2016)
- Notre Dame Courthouse, Notre Dame Avenue, Downtown San Jose (closed August 22, 2016)
- Ruff Drive Courthouse, Ruff Drive, San Jose (closed 2008)
- Sunnyvale Courthouse, Sunnyvale (closed August 15, 2016)
- Terraine Courthouse, Terraine Street, Downtown San Jose (closed August 22, 2016)
## Areas Served {#areas_served}
The Court serves the Incorporated Cities, Towns & Census Designated Places of Santa Clara County. (Incorporated Cities and or Towns are marked with an asterisk (\*).)
- Alum Rock
- Burbank
- Cambrian Park
- Campbell\*
- Cupertino\*
- East Foothills
- Fruitdale
- Gilroy\*
- Lexington Hills
- Los Altos\*
- Los Altos Hills\*
- Los Gatos\*
- Loyola
- Milpitas\*
- Monte Sereno\*
- Morgan Hill\*
- Mountain View\*
- Palo Alto\*
- San Jose\*
- San Martin
- Santa Clara\*
- Saratoga\*
- Stanford
- Sunnyvale\*
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# Santa Clara County Superior Court
## Judges
### Present
The following judicial officers serve on the Superior Court of California, Santa Clara County, as of June 2019:
- Charles F. Adams
- Javier Alcala
- Julia L. Alloggiamento
- Mary E. Arand
- Jacqueline M. Arroyo
- Kenneth Paul Barnum
- Thang Nguyen Barrett
- Paul R. Bernal
- Brooke A. Blecher
- Arthur Bocanegra
- Griffin M. J. Bonini
- Shelyna V. Brown
- David A. Cena
- Sharon A. Chatman
- Vincent J. Chiarello
- Frederick S. Chung
- L. Michael Clark
- Paul O. Colin
- Le Jacqueline Duong
- Julie A. Emede
- Rebeca Esquivel-Pedroza
- Micael Estremera
- Andrea E. Flint
- Maureen A. Folan
- Jose S. Franco
- Eric S. Geffon
- Matthew S. Harris
- Robert Hawk
- Roberta S. Hayashi
- Cindy Seely Hendrickson
- Joseph H. Huber
- Audra Ibarra
- Nahal Iravani-Sani
- Nicole Isger
- Peter H. Kirwan
- Nona L. Klippen
- Thomas E. Kuhnle
- Kelley Kulick
- Sunil R. Kulkarni
- Edward Frederick Lee
- Cynthia C. Lie
- Patricia M. Lucas
- Katherine Lucero
- Stephen V. Manley
- Socrates Peter Manoukian
- JoAnne McCracken
- Beth A. R. McGowen
- Michele McKay McCoy
- William J. Monahan
- Daniel T. Nishigaya
- Carol W. Overton
- Lori E. Pegg
- Evette D. Pennypacker
- Elizabeth C. Peterson
- Mark H. Pierce
- Hector E. Ramon
- Amber Rosen
- Christopher G. Rudy
- Deborah A. Ryan
- Panteha E. Saban
- Shawna M. Schwarz
- Stuart J. Scott
- Cynthia A. Sevely
- Julianne Sylva
- Drew C. Takaichi
- Patrick E. Tondreau
- James E. Towery
- Jesus Valencia, Jr.
- Brian Walsh
- Joshua Weinstein
- Helen E. Williams
- Charles E. Wilson, II
- Erica R. Yew
- Theodore C. Zayner
- Vanessa A. Zecher
- Carrie A. Zepeda
### Commissioners
- Christine Copeland
- Jillian M. Laxton
- Johanna Thai Van Dat
- Benjamin Williams
- Erik S. Johnson
### Notable past judges {#notable_past_judges}
- LaDoris Cordell
- Edward J. Davila
- Jeremy Fogel
- Mary Greenwood
- Eugene Michael Hyman
- Lucy H. Koh
- Jack Komar
- Mary Jo Levinger
- Aaron Persky, Recalled by voters in 2018 after his sentencing of Brock Turner in People v
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# Bäk, Khost Province
**Bäk** is a village in Khost Province, Afghanistan and the center of the boundary Bak District, close to the border with Pakistan. It is located on 33.5 N 70.05 E at 1137 m altitude
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# Sancta Sophia College, University of Sydney
**Sancta Sophia College** (colloquially as **Sancta**) is a residential college for undergraduate women and postgraduate men and women at the University of Sydney. The college has a Catholic foundation but admits students of all religions. Fiona Hastings has been the principal of the college since 2018.
## History
### Foundation
In 1923, Margaret MacRory opened a house for Catholic women students at the university and the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Michael Kelly, and the Bishops of New South Wales issued a letter in support of university education for the Catholic community. The building was organised by Margaret MacRory and she was in charge of the new hall. Sancta Sophia College was founded in 1925 as a hall of residence for Catholic women, and on 16 August 1926, Sancta Sophia Hall was officially blessed and opened by Archbishop Kelly. The first cohort of 23 women moved into the college on 15 March 1926. The 1926 building was designed by the Sydney architectural firm of Wardell and Dennis. Herbert Wardell was the son of William Wardell the architect of St John's College and St Mary\'s Cathedral, Sydney. Dennis was a Wesleyan architect who had trained in Melbourne before establishing himself in Sydney.
In 1929, an act of parliament raised the hall to the status of a college within the University of Sydney.
In 1964 Ann Margaret Magoffin joined the college council. She was a notable accountant who had restructured the finances of the Society of the Sacred Heart in Australia.
### Expansion
The college expanded over time including the East Wing and kitchen in 1961, the Octagon building in 1963, the McDonald Wing in 1970, the Vice Principal\'s flat in 1990, and the Principal\'s flat in 1993. The college officially opened the Sancta Sophia Graduate House (often referred to as *Grad House*) in March 2014 by Governor, Her Excellency Marie Bashir and blessed by Cardinal George Pell. This was the largest single expansion in the college\'s history. The Graduate House consists of 128 ensuite rooms equipped with a microwave oven and mini fridge, whilst the common areas have full kitchens. The rooftop terrace is equipped with a BBQ lounge area. Every resident has meals fully catered for and served in a common dining hall with undergraduates.
## Student life {#student_life}
### Academic
As a university college, academia is the main focus of Sancta Sophia College. A program of supplementary tutorials exists for undergraduate students and some postgraduate students. These are organised within the college and undergraduate students may attend tutorials at the other colleges. In recent years, the tutorial program has extended to support postgraduate students, particularly in medicine.
### Cultural
Sancta competes against other University of Sydney residential colleges in the InterCol Performing Arts Challenge (also known as the Palladian Cup). The Palladian Cup runs year-round and features solo vocal, ensemble vocal, solo instrumental, ensemble instrumental, oration, debating, solo drama, ensemble drama, dance, and art. Since 2017, Sancta has competed in Intramural Arts at the University of Sydney and provides opportunities in dance, improv, debating, and others.
### Sporting
Sancta competes in the Sydney University Intercollegiate sporting events, which is the Rosebowl Cup for women and Rawson Cup for men. The Rosebowl Cup events take place throughout the year and include netball, swimming, rowing, hockey, soccer, basketball, tennis, and athletics. Due to the relatively small cohort of men, Sancta only competes in three Rawson Cup events: swimming, rowing, and athletics.
## College governance {#college_governance}
### Council and principal {#council_and_principal}
The council of the college consists of the chairman, the principal and 14 other councillors, of whom 3 must be priests. The council is responsible for governance of the college.
The principal is responsible for the management of the college.
### Past principals {#past_principals}
- (1930--1931) Mother Margaret MacRory
- (1931--1943) Mother Helen Boydell
- (1943--1957) Mother Juanita Macrae
- \(1952\) Mother Hoare (Acting Principal)
- (1958--1972) Mother Yvonne Swift
- (1972--1975) Sr Mary Brennan
- (1975--1978) Sr Mary d\'Apice
- (1979--1983) Sr Patricia Toohey
- (1983--1992) Sr Mary Shanahan
- (1992--2000) Janice Raggio
- (2000--2005) Barbara Walsh
- (2005--2007) Dr Elizabeth Hepburn
- (2008--2017) Dr Marie Leech
- (2018--present) Fiona Hastings
### Student committees {#student_committees}
All undergraduate students of the college are members of the Sancta Sophia Students\' Association. The Students\' Association is run by a student-elected House Committee. The House Committee is responsible for planning activities on behalf of the undergraduate students. It is also responsible for liaising with the other colleges and carrying out general activities and business of the Students\' Association. The members of the House Committee convene each week to discuss student matters of the college.
All postgraduate students of the college are members of the Senior Common Room, which is run by the elected executive. The Senior Common Room is responsible for the organisation of events and activities specific to postgraduate students. The members of the Senior Common Room convene every month to discuss postgraduate matters of the college and often involve negotiations with the House Committee.
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# Sancta Sophia College, University of Sydney
## Notable alumni and community members {#notable_alumni_and_community_members}
### Politics and law {#politics_and_law}
- Jacqueline Gleeson -- Justice of the High Court of Australia
- Natalie Adams -- Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales
- Clover Moore -- Lord Mayor of Sydney and Member of NSW Legislative Assembly
- Ella Stack `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|CBE}}`{=mediawiki} -- First Lord Mayor of Darwin
- Trixie Gardner, Baroness Gardner of Parkes `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|AM}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{post-nominals|country=UK|FRSA}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|JP}}`{=mediawiki} -- Dentist and Conservative member of the British House of Lords
- Anne Conlon -- Australian feminist, public servant and labour activist
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# Greenlawn station
**Greenlawn** is a station on the Port Jefferson Branch of the Long Island Rail Road near the intersection of Boulevard Avenue and Broadway (CR 86) in Greenlawn, New York, a few blocks north of Pulaski Road. It is the first station east of Huntington on the non-electrified section of the branch.
## History
thumb\|left\|upright=1\|Station platforms; all trains stop at platform A Greenlawn was originally known as **Old Fields**, but the first railroad station was named Centreport as it was meant to serve the village of Centerport, located about 1.5 mi to the north. In the span of a decade, it was changed to Greenlawn--Centerport and then finally Greenlawn to reflect the new community that had developed around the railroad station.
The first depot was built in 1868 by the Hicksville and Cold Spring Branch Railroad, renamed \"Greenlawn\" in 1870, burned down on September 29, 1910, and was replaced by the current building in September 1911. The station building was painted with green trim (reflecting the station locale) in the 1990s, after having been painted light blue for several decades. The station had a ticket agent until 1996. In 2017, the station building received a new asphalt roof.
The station is about 1 mi west of the former junction of the Northport Branch, a freight-only railroad spur into Northport built in 1868: it was abandoned in 1978. A team track for off-line customers of the New York and Atlantic Railway exists just west of the station. It is sporadically used. The platform on the south side of the station is not used. The switches for the siding are hand-operated, not remotely controlled by DIVIDE Tower in Hicksville, thus making it impractical for everyday LIRR use. The siding is mostly used by work trains and, on rare occasions, by New York and Atlantic Railway freight trains.
High-level platforms and a pedestrian bridge were added at Greenlawn station in 1985. These renovations were made in anticipation of planned electrification of the branch from Huntington to Port Jefferson, which has yet to occur.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
The station has two high-level side platforms. The north platform, next to the main track, is 12 cars long. The south platform, next to the siding, is eight cars long, and is not in regular use. There is also a pedestrian bridge connecting the two platforms. On either ends of the station, the two tracks merge into one
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# Premium economy class
**Premium economy class**, also known by brand names which vary by company, is a travel class offered on many airlines. It is usually positioned between standard economy class and business class in terms of price, comfort, and available amenities. On December 12, 1992, EVA Air introduced the *Economy Deluxe Class* (later renamed Evergreen Deluxe, then Elite Class, and finally Premium Economy Class) on the inaugural flight of its first trans-Pacific route (TPE-LAX), becoming the first airline to offer this class of service. In some countries, this class has emerged as a response from governments and companies requiring economy class for travel done by staff, while still getting some benefits like airport priority.
## Characteristics
As of 2018, the term has not been standardised among airlines, and varies significantly between domestic and international flights, as well as between low-cost or regional airlines and other airlines. Premium economy is sometimes limited to expanded leg room, but its most comprehensive versions can feature services associated with business class travel.
Air New Zealand\'s and Qantas\'s Premium Economy include amenities such as prioritised check-in, large customised seats (some for couples, others targeting solo travellers), seat pitch up to 41 in with 50% more recline, premium meals, a self-service bar for drinks and snacks, a personal in-flight entertainment (IFE) centre with remote control, noise-cancelling headphones, choices in games and movies for children and adults, skin care products in the lavatory, and an amenities pouch containing items such as socks, sleep masks, earplugs, and toothbrushes.
Service codes used by airlines vary, but W is the most common code.
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# Premium economy class
## Examples of differences {#examples_of_differences}
Differences between premium economy class and standard economy class may include (varies by airline and country): `{{div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- a free upgrade to premium members of frequent-flyer program and passengers flying full-fare economy,`{{clarify|date=March 2014}}`{=mediawiki}
- a separate section of the economy/coach cabin with more legroom (36 -- seat pitch), along with some form of leg rest,
- improved in-flight entertainment features (larger screen, more options, included headphones, etc.)
- dedicated cabin crew
- smaller cabin size
- better seats (often fewer seats per row, allowing seats to be wider, and to increase shoulder/elbow room, further ahead which gives less engine noise and faster deplaning), improved legroom and increased seat pitch
- at-seat laptop power
- at-seat telephone
- lounge access (for some airlines)
- priority check in/security check/boarding
- increased frequent flyer points
- exclusive amenity kits
- hot towel service
- welcome drinks (juice or champagne)
- upgraded meals and drinks
- increased luggage allowance
- better re-booking possibility
Some airlines may designate an entire economy class as premium, such as United Airlines on its transcontinental Boeing 757-200 premium service aircraft, or Singapore Airlines\' Airbus A350-900 Ultra Long Range (ULR) aircraft. In other airlines premium economy may be what used to be regular economy before more seats were added, or just the most attractive rows in the economy section. Premium economy tickets also normally earn more mileage in an airline\'s frequent flyer program, attracting a bonus between economy and business. These upgrades tend to be more common on wide-body aircraft, such as the Boeing 747 and Boeing 777, and less common on narrow-body aircraft, such as the Boeing 737.
## Configuration
- Six-abreast configuration (2--2--2 configuration): Boeing 767;
- Seven-abreast configuration (2--3--2 configuration): Airbus A330, Airbus A330neo, Airbus A340, Airbus A350 XWB (applicable for China Airlines, Emirates, Lufthansa, and Swiss International Air Lines use only, also on selected aircraft of Air Caraïbes and French Bee), Airbus A380 (upper deck), Boeing 787 Dreamliner;
- Eight-abreast configuration (2--4--2 configuration): Airbus A350 XWB (applicable for most of the other aviation in the world), Airbus A380 (main deck), Boeing 747, Boeing 777, Boeing 777X.
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# Premium economy class
## Airlines
Airlines offering this service include:
- Aerolíneas Argentinas: Club Economy: Only on Boeing 737s and Embraer E190s. Replacing business class on all domestic flights and international flights under four hours. Offers similar benefits to business class, including lounge access.
- Aeroflot: Comfort class
- Aeroméxico: Aeroméxico Plus, now standard across the entire Boeing fleet. Offers 4 in extra legroom, 1.5 in more recline and adjustable leather headrests. Includes priority check-in, baggage handling, boarding and deplaning, as well as extra mileage for frequent flyers.
- Air Austral: Classe Comfort
- Air Senegal: Premium Economy is offered on their Airbus A330-900, in a 2--3--2 configuration in contrast to 2--4--2 (Economy) and 1--2--1 (Business)
- Air Canada: Premium Economy -- on some international routes with new Boeing 777, Airbus A330-300 and on all Boeing 787 aircraft.
- Air Caraïbes: La Classe Caraïbes (long haul only. Offers 36 in of pitch, more recline, a wider seat, a larger personal television (PTV) and more)
- Air China: Premium Economy Class (only on Airbus A330-300s, A350-900 and Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner. Wider seat with at least 36 in of pitch, nearly double recline and a PTV, plus more amenities. The new Boeing 747-8s and 787-9s will also offer Premium Economy)
- Air France: Premium Economy. Offers SkyPriority, paid lounge access, improved meals (including stainless steel cutlery and real glass drink ware), a separate cabin featuring fixed shell seats with a 97 cm pitch and extra wide armrests.
- Air India: Premium Economy -- More legroom, premium comfortable seats, hot towels and welcome drinks, premium meals, wider selection of beverages, noise cancelling headphones and premium TUMI amenities. Only on A350-900, 777-200LR, A321neo, A320neo, and 787-9.
- Air Transat: Club Class
- Air New Zealand: Premium Economy (all routes operated by wide-body aircraft, offers 41 in pitch and more recline. Includes premium meals and check-in, two checked bags and two carry bags.)
- AirAsia: Hot seat
- AirAsia X: Hot seat
- AirTanker Services: 291 premium economy seats are installed in their military Royal Air Force (RAF) Voyager KC2 and KC3 aircraft (the RAF name for their fleet of Airbus A330 MRTT), whereas their leased civilian A320-243 aircraft are fitted with up to 327 standard economy seats
- Alaska Airlines: Premium Class: Offers 4 in more pitch, priority boarding, premium snack, and premium beverage.
- All Nippon Airways: Premium Economy class offers wider seats, more legroom and a footrest. Perks includes dedicated check-in counter, priority baggage handling, and lounge access.
- Allegiant Air: Legroom Plus: Offers up to 4 in more pitch. Giant Seats: Only on Boeing 757s. Bigger seats with at least 6 in more pitch, similar to Spirit\'s Big Front Seats.
- American Airlines: Main Cabin Extra (offers a slightly wider seat only on the Boeing 777-300ER, 2 in more recline and 4-6 in more legroom but no other benefits). Premium Economy available on the entire long-haul fleet. Premium Economy customers will also get two free checked bags, priority boarding, and enhanced food and drink service including free alcohol. This product will make American Airlines the first United States carrier to offer a four-cabin aircraft.
- Asiana Airlines: Economy Smartium on all Airbus A350-900.
- Austrian Airlines: Premium Economy
- Avianca: Economy Plus (only international service Airbus A330-200 between El Dorado-Bogotá -- Adolfo Suárez Madrid--Barajas -- Bogotá, Bogotá -- Josep Tarradellas Barcelona--El Prat -- Bogotá, Alfonso Bonilla Aragón-Cali -- Madrid -- Cali, José María Córdova-Medellin -- Madrid -- Medellin)
- Biman Bangladesh Airlines: Premium Economy available on Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner.
- British Airways: World Traveller Plus is BA\'s premium economy class and it offers more spacious seats in a separate cabin, free alcoholic beverages and better food options.
- Brussels Airlines: Economy Privilege
- Cathay Pacific: Premium Economy on Airbus A350 fleet and selected Boeing 777-300ER aircraft.
- China Airlines: Premium Economy Class available on Boeing 777-300ER and Airbus A350-900.
- China Southern Airlines: Premium Economy Class is available on Airbus A330 aircraft only, as it offers more spacious seats, up to 37 in of seat pitch, and better meals.
- Condor: Premium Economy offers more recline and 15 cm more legroom on long haul flights in its Boeing 767-300 fleet, free spirits during meals, free amenity kits, free headsets and more. Short haul planes have the middle seat blocked off and no extra legroom or recline.
- Delta Air Lines: Delta Comfort+ (offers up to 36 in of pitch, especially on planes with a pitch of either 32 or inches in economy class) and free HBO programming. 50% more recline and free spirits are also offered on long-haul, transcontinental and international flights. Transcontinental flights between John F. Kennedy International and Los Angeles International / Seattle--Tacoma International / San Francisco International also get one free premium snack and a free cold meal from Luvo Inc., as well as a pre-departure bottle of water and a sleep kit)
- Edelweiss Air: Economy Max: Long-haul only. Offers 15 cm more pitch and 5 cm more recline (94 cm of pitch and 20 cm of recline in lieu of 79 cm of pitch and 15 cm of recline in Economy), as well as free alcohol and an amenity kit.
- El Al: Premium Class on Boeing 787s and certain 777s retrofitted with the new cabin. Offers 4 in more pitch (36 in up from the usual 32 in), 33 per cent more recline, a footrest, priority ground service, a comfort kit, and a bottle holder. Prior to the introduction of the 787s, certain economy class seats in the 747s, 767s, and 777s with increased legroom were advertised as Economy Plus, though they received the same service as ordinary economy-class seats.
- Emirates: Premium economy class is available only on Airbus A380 with service between Dubai International, Charles de Gaulle-Paris, Heathrow-London, Sydney, John F. Kennedy-New York (from 1 December 2022), Auckland (from January 2023), Melbourne (from February 2023), San Francisco (from February 2023), Changi-Singapore (from March 2023) and Christchurch (from March 2023).
- EVA Air: Premium Economy Class on all Boeing 777-300ER aircraft and some Boeing 787-9 aircraft.
- Finnair: Premium Economy class is available on select flights to Asia and North America on Airbus A350 and A330 aircraft. Offers 38 in pitch, comfier headrests, an amenity kit, better headphones and upgraded dining.
- Frontier Airlines: Stretch (first four rows and exit rows of Airbus offering a minimum of 36 in pitch.)
- Hainan Airlines: Premium Economy Class is available on some Boeing 737-800 and 787-9
- Hawaiian Airlines: Extra Comfort (Airbus A330-200 and A321neo aircraft, comes with priority boarding, full 36 in) of legroom, complimentary on-demand in-seat entertainment, upgraded meal on international main meal only, comfort kit on international routes only, complimentary pillow and blanket on all domestic routes, souvenir pillow and blanket set on international routes only).
- Iberia: Premium Economy on Airbus A340 and A330: Larger seat width / pitch, larger IFE screen, amenity kit, and priority check in/boarding.
- Icelandair: Economy comfort
- Japan Airlines: Premium Economy class offers a more spacious seat with footrest, upgraded dining and beverage options, an amenity kit, and airport business class lounge access.
- JetBlue: Even More Space (offers a minimum seat pitch of 38 in, as well as both priority boarding and screening)
- KLM: Premium Comfort is offered on all Boeing 787 Dreamliners and select Boeing 777s, featuring wider seats with a movable leg- and footrest, 7.8 inches recline (20 cm) and a 38 in seat pitch.
- LATAM Brasil: Space Plus: Only on select Boeing 777s. Offers at least 36 in of seat pitch and more recline.
- LATAM Chile: Premium Economy: Only on Airbus A320 series planes. Provides more legroom, width, and recline, plus the middle seat is blocked out to allow more space.
- LOT Polish Airlines: Premium Club (long-haul only)
- Lufthansa: Premium Economy is available in all long-haul flights and features more spacious seats and upgraded dining.
- Mahan Air: Bigger seats and more legroom on Airbus A340s long haul flights
- Oman Air: All economy cabins are premium class with 36 in seat pitch
- Pakistan International Airlines: Executive Economy. Seats with more legroom and vacant middle seat are offered in Executive Economy on board the Airbus A320 aircraft.
- Philippine Airlines: Premium Economy (only on Airbus A321s, newer Airbus A330s and A350s. On PAL Express flights using two class Airbus A320s, the business class seats are sold as Premium Economy)
- Qantas: Premium Economy is available on Boeing 787s and Airbus A380s aircraft on selected routes.
- Riyadh Air: Premium Economy will be available on the Boeing 787s when they enter service.
- Scandinavian Airlines: SAS Plus (previously named Economy Extra, the features remain the same). Wider seats in 2--3--2 configurations and upgraded dining are available on their Asia and North America routes.
- Scoot: Super / Stretch seats (located in the first few rows and all bulkhead and exit rows in the economy cabin. Seats offer more width, 3 - more pitch and on Boeing 787s, adjustable headrests. These seats are distinguished be being a different colour that the standard economy seats in light blue and Super / Stretch seats in dark blue.)
- Singapore Airlines: Premium Economy class aboard all Airbus A350-900 (except Medium Haul configuration), Airbus A380-800, and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, with service to Europe and the United States.
- SpiceJet: Premium economy (located in the first five rows and exit rows of all Boeing 737s, featuring a 36 in seat pitch, priority boarding and baggage handling and a larger baggage allowance, much like the SpiceMAX bundle)
- Sunwing Airlines: Elite Plus: Offers at least 6 in extra pitch, larger baggage allowance, and priority boarding, check-in and baggage handling.
- Thai Airways International: Premium Economy (only on Boeing 777-300ER routes to Copenhagen and Stockholm Arlanda). It uses same seat as Royal Silk Class (Business Class).
- Ukraine International Airlines: Premium Economy (only on Boeing 767s. Offers 36 - of pitch and a wider seat, plus priority ground service, better food options including a free glass of wine, and increased baggage allowance)
- United Airlines: United Premium Plus offers wider seats with more recline, extra legroom, alcoholic drinks, and upgraded dining. Economy Plus is offered on all flights.
- Vietnam Airlines: Premium Economy class is available on Airbus A350s and Boeing 787-9 aircraft on selected routes.
- Virgin Atlantic: Premium Economy class offers roomier seats, dedicated check-in counter, priority boarding, upgraded dining, among other perks. Available on international flights on A330, A350, and B-787-9 aircraft.
- Virgin Australia: Economy X. Economy X offers a more premium experience at the airport and onboard, within the affordability of economy class. Economy X includes extra legroom, Preferred overhead locker space (Virgin Australia operated flights only), Priority boarding and priority screening (where available).
- WestJet: Premium Class: On WestJet\'s 787, Premium Class is in a separate, dedicated cabin. Larger seats with greater recline are offered in a 2-3-2 configuration. Complimentary hot meals, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages are included. A self-serve social area is also available. On international flights, an amenity kit is provided. On WestJet\'s 737, Premium Class is separated from economy with sky dividers and curtain. Larger seats with greater recline are offered in a 2-2 configuration. Complimentary plated hot meals, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages are included.
Some airlines no longer offer premium economy:
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# Premium economy class
## Airlines
- Olympic Air: If passengers were travelling aboard a Bombardier Dash-8, the seat next to them could remain empty upon their request. This service was branded as \"Premium Economy Class\" and cost more than normal economy class. Moreover, they could use premium check-in facilities, if available, and were offered a welcome drink on board. Aircraft other than the Dash 8 didn\'t offer Premium Economy, but Business Class, which was discontinued immediately after the airline\'s buyout. Premium Economy was discontinued after the airline buyout too, because of its similarities to the business class of the company who bought them, Aegean Airlines.
- South African Airways: SAA never had a designated Premium Economy cabin, but the upper decks of their Boeing 747-400 aircraft featured Economy Class seats with 35 in of legroom, compared to 31 in in the main cabin. However, these seats were very exclusive, because they were mainly reserved for Voyager Platinum and Star Alliance Gold passengers. The Boeing 747-400s were retired from SAA\'s fleet in 2010, and the Premium Economy product was retired as well. One version of their Airbus A350 offers an Economy Plus section with 5 in of extra seat pitch
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# Main development region
The **main development region (MDR)** is the area of warm water in the Atlantic Ocean stretching from the west coast of northern Africa to the east coast of Central America and the Gulf Coast of the United States. Many tropical cyclones form within this area. Record-breaking sea surface temperatures in the main development region are on average hotter than any time on record.
## Role in tropical cyclonegenesis {#role_in_tropical_cyclonegenesis}
Tropical cyclone formation requires several factors, including: high humidity, low wind shear, and sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures. Regions of Earth\'s oceans with the required conditions are generally found between the latitudes of 8° and 20° from the Equator. An ocean temperature of at least 26.5 C is normally considered the minimum to maintain a tropical cyclone. If water temperatures are lower, a system will most likely weaken. Conversely, higher water temperatures can enable a system to undergo rapid intensification.
In the Atlantic, the area between 10°N and 20°N spawns the most hurricanes in a given season because of the warmer temperatures. Hurricanes do not form outside this range because nearer to the equator the Coriolis effect is not strong enough to create the tight circulation needed, and farther north the temperatures are too cool. The waters are only at the necessary temperatures from July until mid-October. In the Atlantic this is the height of the season.
Since hurricanes rely on sea surface temperature, sometimes an initially active season becomes quiet later. This is because the hurricanes are so strong that they churn the waters and bring colder waters up from the deep. This creates an area of the sea the size of the hurricane, which has cooler waters, which can be 5 - lower than before the hurricane. When a new hurricane moves over the cooler waters they have no fuel to continue to thrive, so they weaken or dissipate.
## Historical trends {#historical_trends}
According to an Azores High hypothesis of geographer Kam-biu Liu, an anti-phase pattern is expected to exist between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the North American Atlantic coast. During the quiescent periods (3000--1400 BC, and 1000 AD to present), a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period (1400 BC to 1000 AD), more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. Such a displacement of the Azores High is consistent with paleoclimatic evidence that shows an abrupt onset of a drier climate in Haiti around 3200 years ago, and a change towards more humid conditions in the Great Plains during the late-Holocene as more moisture was pumped up the Mississippi Valley through the Gulf coast. Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High hypothesis. A 3,000-year proxy record from a coastal lake in Cape Cod suggests that hurricane activity has increased significantly during the past 500--1,000 years, just as the Gulf coast was amid a quiescent period of the last millennium
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# George Masso
**George Masso** (November 17, 1926 -- October 22, 2019) was an American jazz trombonist, bandleader, vibraphonist, and composer specializing in swing and Dixieland. Masso is notable for his work from 1948 to 1950 as a member of the Jimmy Dorsey band.
Masso was born in Cranston, Rhode Island, United States. Masso began learning to play the trumpet, but expanded his diversity by becoming competent on other instruments. He was further inspired by hearing Lou McGarity playing trombone on Benny Goodman\'s recording of \"Yours\". Masso secured a two-year spell in the late 1940s in Jimmy Dorsey\'s band, before finding the life of a professional jazz musician financially difficult, and Masso quit performing. He became a music teacher.
He returned to music in 1973 and performed with Bobby Hackett and Goodman. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he recorded with Barbara Lea, Bob Haggart, and Yank Lawson.
## Discography
### As leader {#as_leader}
- *Choice N.Y.C. Bone* (Famous Door, 1979)
- *A Swinging Case of Masso-Ism* (Famous Door, 1981)
- *Dialogue at Condon\'s with Al Klink* (World Jazz, 1981)
- *Pieces of Eight* (Dreamstreet, 1982)
- *No Frills, Just Music* (Famous Door, 1984)
- *Just for a Thrill* (Sackville, 1990)
- *Play Arlen* with Spike Robinson (Hep, 1992)
- *Let\'s Be Buddies* with Dan Barrett (Arbors, 1994)
- *That Old Gang of Mine* (Arbors, 1997)
- *Just Friends* with Ken Peplowski (Nagel Heyer, 2002)
### As sideman {#as_sideman}
**With World\'s Greatest Jazz Band of Yank Lawson & Bob Haggart**
- *Plays Cole Porter* (World Jazz, 1975)
- *Plays Duke Ellington* (World Jazz, 1976)
- *Plays George Gershwin* (World Jazz, 1977)
- *On Tour Vol 1 and 2* (World Jazz, 1977)
**With others**
- Ruby Braff, *Variety Is the Spice of Braff* (Arbors, 2002)
- Buck Clayton, *Buck Clayton Jam Session Vol. 2* (Chiaroscuro, 1975)
- Buck Clayton, *A Buck Clayton Jam Session Vol. IV* (Chiaroscuro, 1977)
- James L. Dean & Claudio Roditi, *On the Run* (Cexton, 1993)
- Tommy Gwaltney, *Pee Wee Russell\'s Land of Jazz: A Memorial Tribute* (Teaspoon, 1982)
- Benny Goodman, *Live at Carnegie Hall 40th Anniversary Concert* (Decca, 1978)
- Scott Hamilton & Warren Vache, *Skyscrapers* (Concord Jazz, 1980)
- Woody Herman, *A Great American Evening Vol
| 374 |
George Masso
| 0 |
11,084,270 |
# R367 road (Ireland)
The **R367 road** is a regional road in Ireland linking Ballymoe on the N60 with the N5 in Tulsk, all in County Roscommon. It passes through Ballintober, Knockalaghta and Castleplunket en route.
The road is 20 km long
| 42 |
R367 road (Ireland)
| 0 |
11,084,306 |
# Gabriel Long
**Gabriel Long** (February 23, 1751 -- February 3, 1827) was an American military officer and frontiersman who served with distinction in many early conflicts during the colonial and post-colonial eras, including the French and Indian War, the American Revolutionary War, and the War of 1812. He was known as an expert rifleman and an able commander who fought closely beside George Washington in several pivotal battles.
## Early life {#early_life}
Gabriel Long was born to Reuben Long and his wife Margaret Harrison in Culpeper County, in what was then the Colony of Virginia, in 1751. He was of strong Irish stock and of direct descent from the Longs of Wraxall. He came of age during the French and Indian War, in which his father and grandfather were both heavily involved, and during the conflict he tasted war for the first time as a color bearer and private soldier in the state militia. Long grew to be an excellent marksman and horseman and developed skills that would later prove useful during his career as a frontier soldier.
## Revolutionary War {#revolutionary_war}
Long was an ardent patriot, as were his father and grandfather. In 1774, a petition was sent to the Royal Governor of Virginia and the King of England himself by the men who would form the Culpeper Minutemen, a patriot militia based in Culpeper County. Gabriel Long had the distinction of being the very first to sign the document, using a bold noticeable signature much as John Hancock would do two years later on the Declaration of Independence. His father and grandfather also signed the petition and were members of the Culpeper Minutemen. As a member of the militia Long fought in Lord Dunmore\'s War in the summer and fall of 1774 and saw heavy action at the seaport Battles of Hampton and Norfolk and at the climactic Battle of Point Pleasant.
By the time Virginia began raising troops for service in the Continental Army, Long already had a rather distinguished service record and was renowned as one of the best riflemen in Virginia, so it was natural that when Daniel Morgan was recruiting his rifle battalion he chose Long as his senior captain. As later remarked by his men, Long was his \"favourite captain and good friend\". Long also began recruiting his own men. He would reportedly draw a target, usually in the shape of a human nose, in the middle of a board and set it up at several hundred yards; those who shot the closest to the nose would be chosen for service in his unit. Long himself was known to have shot apples off of men\'s heads at a considerable range, a practice which was said to have \"wasted many apples\". He was also known to be accurate up to 300 yard with a target the size of an orange. His sons, Reuben and Solomon, also served in the Revolutionary War. Reuben served alongside his father in Daniel Morgan\'s unit, and Solomon served in Lieutenant Colonel Francis Marion\'s South Carolina Regiment.
Long traveled with Morgan to join George Washington\'s army in its siege of Boston and was heavily involved in operations in the Boston area. Long\'s fame and the fame of Morgan\'s Rifles began to grow by early 1776. He became good friends with Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette, and was often sent out on detached services as an independent commander. He became famous for his willingness to kill officers and his hatred of Tories as well as his fondness of scalping the officers he killed. Long went on to serve with distinction as the vanguard of the army and to protect its encampments.
During the Battle of Trenton, Long was the first across the Delaware River and his company led the assault. It is believed that he may have been the mysterious marksman who killed Colonel Johann Rall. At the Battle of Princeton in January 1777, Long helped unite Sullivan\'s and Washington\'s columns by holding back the British and thus greatly contributed to the American victory.
Long was Captain of one of eight elite Companies of detached Provisional Riflemen commanded by Colonel Daniel Morgan and sent by George Washington in August of 1777 to defend Albany from British army under General John Burgoyne, who surrendered to the American forces at the end of the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777. When Washington settled into camp at Valley Forge, Long led his men as a detached company under his independent command who scouted and skirmished all around the camp and prevented the British from taking Washington\'s army in such a vulnerable state. After the encampment at Valley Forge, he helped defend Philadelphia from an expected attack, and through his and others\' efforts it was repulsed.
At Millstone, New Jersey, while leading a detachment, he came across a column of British soldiers under Lord Cornwallis whose intentions were to draw Washington\'s army out of its fortified position to an open area for a general engagement. Long, realizing this, raised the alarm and stood his ground, holding back the enemy while awaiting reinforcements which eventually completely drove out the British. Long once again saved Washington\'s army and would continue to do so in the future
| 871 |
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| 0 |
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# The Troublesome Offspring of Cardinal Guzman
***The Troublesome Offspring of Cardinal Guzman*** is a novel by Louis de Bernières, first published in 1992. It is the last of his Latin American trilogy, following on from *The War of Don Emmanuel\'s Nether Parts* and *Señor Vivo and the Coca Lord*.
## Setting
Set in an imagined Latin American country the novel\'s political themes parody the worst excesses of the Pinochet government of Chile, the collapse of democratic social order in Uruguay in the 1970s and other dirty wars of the 1960s to 1980s in Southern and Central America. The main action of the story takes place in the small town of Cochadebajo de los Gatos, where the characters of the previous books have settled. As in the previous two books, affectionate character portraits of the townsfolk make up a large part of the novel. Other parts of the novel take place in the capital city of the fictional nation, in the clubs of the corrupt military commanders, and the palace of the distracted, amoral president.
Although the name of the country of the trilogy is never directly disclosed, several reasons cause it to most resemble that of Colombia. De Bernieres\' experiences from spending time living in Colombia will probably have influenced its setting. Geographically, references are made to the country\'s equatorial climate, its northern coastline on the Caribbean, western coastline on the Pacific Ocean and the mountain range of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Margarita, which is similar to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The Colombian town of Valledupar, in the Cesar Department, and Medellín are commonly mentioned, and the fictional town of Chiriguana bears the same name as the Colombian Chiriguana. In the second novel, *Señor Vivo and the Coca Lord*, the notorious Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar is a central character. The book sarcastically describes the \'democratic\' politics of the country as the result of \'La Violencia\', whereby two political parties jointly ruled on alternating administrations. There is a clear parallel between this and the National Front regime of Colombia, which followed on from La Violencia and lasted from 1958 to 1974, in which the Liberal and Conservative parties governed jointly.
## Plot
Cardinal Guzman lives extravagantly in the capital, and immorally, due to the discoveries of his having had a young son and his loathing of the poor shanty-dwellers who live below his palace. Despite the downfall of El Jerarca in *Señor Vivo and the Coca Lord*, the drug trade continues and the economy of the country spirals ever downward. Cardinal Guzman\'s clergy and the corrupt military of the country set out to destroy the heresy of the countryside, and, more specifically, Cochadebajo de los Gatos, home of Dionisio and many of the other characters. In so doing the hypocrisy of the Cardinal\'s faith with his own promiscuity is revealed.
## Style
De Bernières pays obvious homage to Latin American magic realism, in particular the comic awareness of life\'s transcendence which characterises the work of Gabriel García Márquez. However, his political themes are clear and unambiguous
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# Big Four (British railway companies)
The \"**Big Four**\" was a name used to describe the four largest railway companies in the United Kingdom in the period 1923--1947. The name was coined by *The Railway Magazine* in its issue of February 1923: \"The Big Four of the New Railway Era\".
The Big Four were:
- Great Western Railway (GWR)
- London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS)
- London and North Eastern Railway (LNER)
- Southern Railway (SR)
The companies were formed as a result of the Railways Act 1921, in a process known as \"The Grouping\" (of the railways), which came into effect on 1 January 1923.
On 1 January 1948, the companies were nationalised to form British Railways as a result of the Transport Act 1947.
## Characterisation
The three larger companies relied heavily on freight (especially coal), as well as long-distance passenger traffic. The Southern Railway, in contrast, was predominantly a passenger railway, which, despite its small size, carried more than a quarter of the total UK passenger traffic. That was because the area it served included some of the most densely populated parts of the country and many of the well-patronised commuter lines radiating from London. It responded to that geography by pursuing a vigorous policy of electrification.
The GWR was the only company to retain its pre-grouping identity, which it duly imposed on all the railway companies it absorbed. However, the other three found that former influences remained strong. The Southern Railway\'s management remained decentralised, respecting the three distinct bundles of routes inherited from its constituents. The LMS struggled to reconcile different traditions, especially in locomotive engineering, only resolving that situation in 1932 with the appointment of Sir William Stanier, from the GWR, as chief mechanical engineer. The LNER never made a profit, a fact partly accounted for by having inherited the huge debts incurred by the Great Central Railway in building its extension to London.
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# Big Four (British railway companies)
## Joint activities {#joint_activities}
Although nominally in competition, the four companies worked together on projects of significance to the railway industry as a whole.
During World War II, the railway companies\' managements were united, effectively becoming one company, under the direction of the Railway Executive Committee. The railways were hired by the Government from 1 January 1941, to continue for one year after the end of the war. In return, a fixed Annual Rent of £43,468,705 was payable, divided between the companies according to a set formula.
A commission was set up under the chairmanship of Sir Ernest Lemon to consider the post-war planning and reconstruction of the railways, with representatives of the Big Four and the London Passenger Transport Board.
### Joint lines {#joint_lines}
Each company operated a number of lines jointly with one or more of the others, a situation which arose when the former joint owners of a route were placed into different post-grouping companies. Most of these were situated at or near the boundaries between two or more of the companies; however there were some notable examples which extended beyond this hinterland zone.
The number of jointly operated lines was greatly reduced by the grouping but a substantial number survived, including the Cheshire Lines Committee, the Forth Bridge Railway, the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (all LMS/LNER) and the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (LMS/SR). At in excess of 180 track miles, the M&GN was the largest jointly operated network in Great Britain, and extended from Peterborough to the East Anglian coast. It was wholly incorporated into the LNER in 1936. The S&D connected Bath and Bournemouth, and wound its way through territory otherwise dominated by the GWR. The LMS was responsible for its locomotives and the Southern for the infrastructure. Initially, the S&D had its own locomotives but these were absorbed into LMS stock in 1930. Further simplification of the railway map, long advocated, was not achieved until nationalisation. One joint operation, the Fishguard & Rosslare Railways & Harbours Company, which Irish independence had rendered international, survives to this day.
### Road transport {#road_transport}
The Big Four inherited and developed networks of feeder bus services, and after 1928 began to acquire majority shareholdings in local bus companies, such as the Bristol Tramways and Carriage Company, Crosville and United Automobile Services. However, railway involvement in bus operations was transformed in the period 1928--30. The companies' legal powers to run bus services were unclear and each promoted private legislation (the Road Powers Acts of 1928) to obtain clarity. Concessions were demanded in return, including the key one that the railways would refrain from taking a controlling interest in bus undertakings. This led the companies to enter into partnerships with the bus combines: British Electric Traction, Scottish Motor Traction and Thomas Tilling, also the National Omnibus and Transport Company, soon afterwards absorbed by Tilling. The railways relinquished the majority stakes they had already acquired but also bought substantial minority shareholdings in other companies in the combine groups. Eventually there were investments in 33 bus and coach companies.
Where there was a local monopoly of rail services the agreements were bilateral but where inter-penetrating lines were common, there were two railway companies with minority shareholdings, for example, Devon General and Thames Valley Traction (both GWR/SR), Crosville and Midland Red (both GWR/LMS), and Eastern Counties, Eastern National, East Midland Motor Services, Hebble Motor Services, Lincolnshire Road Car, Trent Motor Traction, West Yorkshire Road Car, Yorkshire Traction and Yorkshire Woollen District Transport (all LMS/LNER). The LMS and LNER also sat with the local authority on Joint Omnibus Committees in Halifax and Sheffield.
In October 1933, the railways jointly purchased the Hay\'s Wharf Cartage Company Ltd., owners of Pickfords, and Carter Paterson.
### Other activities {#other_activities}
Air services were another area of co-operation. The GWR, LMS and Southern acquired British and Foreign Aviation, Ltd. and formed Railway Air Services Ltd. Channel Island Airways, Ltd. and its subsidiaries (Jersey Airways, Ltd. and Guernsey Airways, Ltd.) were wholly owned by the GWR and Southern.
Thomas Cook & Son having come into Belgian ownership, its impounded shares were sold by the British Custodian of Enemy Property to the Big Four.
## Continuity
The areas served by the Big Four formed the basis of the British Railways regions as follows:
- The GWR became the Western Region
- The English and Welsh parts of the LMS became the London Midland Region
- The North Eastern Area of the LNER became the North Eastern Region
- The remainder of the English part of the LNER (its Southern Area) became the Eastern Region
- The SR became the Southern Region
- The LMS and LNER in Scotland were united as the Scottish Region
- The LMS-owned Northern Counties Committee in Northern Ireland was transferred to the newly created Ulster Transport Authority. Northern Ireland\'s rail network has remained separate from Great Britain\'s since.
The regions --- whose powers were greatly enhanced during the 1950s under the Area Railways Boards --- ceased to be operational units following sectorisation during the 1980s and were finally abolished in the run-up to privatisation in 1992
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# NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Southern Division)
The **NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Southern Division)** was originally the primary singles championship for *Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling* and was originally named the **NWA Gulf Coast Heavyweight Championship**. As the name indicates the title was recognized by the National Wrestling Alliance as a local title promoted in the Tennessee, Alabama, Florida and Mississippi region from 1957 until 1977 when its name was changed for the *Southern Division* of Southeast Championship Wrestling. In 1980 the title was abandoned and the *Northern division* of the NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship became the main title of SECW
| 100 |
NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Southern Division)
| 0 |
11,084,327 |
# Matti Lampainen
**Matti Veikko Lampainen** (born January 16, 1932) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He was born in Kanneljärvi, Finland (now Pobeda, Leningrad Oblast, Russia). He played for Tappara and Ilves. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985
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Matti Lampainen
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11,084,347 |
# Erkki Lehtonen
**Erkki Tapani Lehtonen** (born January 9, 1957, in Tampere, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played for Tappara in the SM-liiga. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1997 and his jersey was retired by Tappara in 2018. He also won a silver medal at the 1988 Winter Olympics. Lehtonen scored the winning goal to help Finland win their first medal.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
-------------- -------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1974--75 Tappara FIN Jr. 15 10
1975--76 Tappara FIN Jr. 26 25
1976--77 Bellingham Blazers BCHL 68 32
1977--78 Tappara Liiga 36 8
1978--79 Tappara Liiga 34 8
1979--80 Tappara Liiga 36 17
1980--81 Tappara Liiga 36 13
1981--82 Tappara Liiga 36 19
1982--83 Tappara Liiga 36 17
1983--84 Tappara Liiga 35 18
1984--85 Tappara Liiga 36 17
1985--86 Tappara Liiga 36 22
1986--87 Tappara Liiga 37 18
1987--88 Tappara Liiga 44 17
1988--89 Berlin Capitals 1
| 170 |
Erkki Lehtonen
| 0 |
11,084,356 |
# Chester Golf Club
**Chester Golf Club** is an English golf club, located in Curzon Park, Chester, Cheshire. The club participates in charity events, competitions and inter-club matches. Set on two levels, the 18-hole parkland course is contained within a loop of the River Dee. The clubhouse has a licensed bar.
The club was founded on 24 May 1901 and is one of the oldest established golf clubs in the county of Cheshire. Formerly known as \"Brueres Halgh\" during the early Middle Ages, the land was used for agricultural purposes for many years. During the English Civil War a Parliamentary gun emplacement besieging Chester was used to bombard the northern defences of the city from a location close to where the maintenance sheds now stand.
Between 2011 and 2012, a gang broke into and repeatedly robbed the club, damaging the premises and stealing £203,000 worth of property. The suspects were later found guilty and imprisoned for the crime
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# Pertti Lehtonen
**Pertti Leo Jorma Lehtonen** (born 18 October 1956 in Helsinki, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for HIFK. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1998. His nickname was \"Ruoska\"(\"The whip\") because of his strong slapshot.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------- -------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1973--74 Karhu-Kissat FIN 5 0
1974--75 HIFK FIN U20
1975--76 PiTa FIN U20
1975--76 PiTa FIN
| 90 |
Pertti Lehtonen
| 0 |
11,084,385 |
# Vanity gallery
A **vanity gallery** is an art gallery that charges artists fees to exhibit their work and makes most of its money from artists rather than from sales to the public. Some vanity galleries charge a lump sum to arrange an exhibition, while others ask artists to pay regular membership fees and then promise to organize an exhibition with a certain period. There is debate as to whether galleries that ask artists to contribute to expenses, e.g. by arranging for announcements of the exhibition themselves, fall into the same category.
## Derivation
Vanity galleries are an offshoot of cooperative galleries (also called artist-run initiatives), galleries which are operated by artists who pool their resources to pay for exhibits and publicity. Unlike cooperative galleries, which carefully jury their members, vanity galleries will exhibit anyone who pays. In 1981, *Village Voice* reporter Lisa Gubernick posed as an artist and \"within 20 minutes\" of contacting the Keane Mason Woman Art Gallery was handed a contract for \"\$720 for 16 feet of wall\". Occasionally a vanity gallery will appear to have a selection process. This is because \"if every participant is promised a one- or two-person show every two years, the number of artists on the membership roster cannot exceed the available time slots for shows.\"
Commercial art galleries derive their profit from sales of artwork and therefore take great care to select art and artists that they believe will sell and will enhance their gallery\'s reputation. They spend time and money cultivating collectors. If the artwork sells, the gallery makes a profit, and the artist is then paid.`{{fact|date=September 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
Vanity galleries have no incentive to sell art, as they have already been paid by the artist. Vanity galleries are not selective because they do not have to be. Many professional artists recommend that new artists avoid exhibiting work in them, primarily because professional critics and reviewers tend to avoid them
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11,084,399 |
# Antti Leppänen
**Antti Kalervo Leppänen** (November 23, 1947 -- August 5, 2015) was a professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the SM-liiga. Born in Tampere, he played for Tappara. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990
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Antti Leppänen
| 0 |
11,084,402 |
# Free tenant
**Free tenants**, also known as **free peasants**, were tenant farmer peasants in medieval England who occupied a unique place in the medieval hierarchy. They were characterized by the low rents which they paid to their manorial lord. They were subject to fewer laws and ties than villeins. The term may also refer to the free peasants of the Kingdom of France, part of an ordering of classes with legal privileges who constituted the third estate, a land-owning non-political peasantry, mostly different from other countries with estates.
## Definitions
One of the major challenges in examining the free peasants of this era is that no one single definition can be attached to them. The disparate nature of manorial holdings and local laws mean the free tenant in Kent, for example, may well bear little resemblance to the Free Tenant in the Danelaw.
Attempts were made by some contemporary scholars to set out a legal definition of freedom, one of the most notable being the treatise by Ranulf de Glanvill written between 1187 and 1189. This stated that:
Another way to identify a freeman in the Middle Ages, was to determine what kind of taxes or laws he had to obey. For example, having to pay merchet, a tax paid upon the marriage of a servile woman, was a key sign of being unfree.
They could get married without permission and they could not be moved between estates against their will
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# Good Day (Sean Maguire song)
\"**Good Day**\" is a song by Sean Maguire, released in May 1996 as his sixth single to promote Maguire\'s second album, *Spirit*. The single was his most successful, reaching number 12 in the UK Singles Chart, his highest chart position to date.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**CD1**
1. \"Good Day\"
2. \"Good Day\" (Motiv 8 Northside Mix)
3. \"Good Day\" (Motiv 8 Southside Dub)
4. \"Good Day\" (Bear Mix)
**CD2**
1. \"Good Day\"
2. \"No Choice In The Matter\"
3. \"Count On Me\"
4
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# Carmen Mastren
**Carmen Mastren** (born **Carmine Nicholas Mastrandrea**, October 6, 1913`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}March 31, 1981) was an American jazz guitarist, banjoist, and violinist who was a member of the Tommy Dorsey orchestra from 1936 to 1941.
## Career
Mastren became a professional musician in 1934 when he joined the Wingy Manone and Joe Marsala band. During the 1940s, he spent four years as a guitarist and arranger for Tommy Dorsey. After his time with Marsala, he was a studio musician, recorded with Sidney Bechet, then entered the U.S Army. He was a member of the Glenn Miller Air Force big band. From the early 1950s to 1970, he worked as a studio musician for NBC. He recorded one solo album, on which he played banjo instead of guitar.
During the 1940s Mastren worked as musical director and conductor for Morton Downey, and from 1954 to 1970 Mastren played for *The Today Show*, *The Tonight Show* and *Say When!!* on NBC. Mastren died at age 68 from a heart attack on March 31, 1981, at his home in Valley Stream on Long Island, New York
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11,084,424 |
# National Catholic Bioethics Center
The **National Catholic Bioethics Center** (**NCBC**) is a not-for-profit research center located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after previous locations in St. Louis (1972--1985) and Boston (1985--2004). Its mission is \"to uphold the dignity of the human person in health care and biomedical research, thereby sharing in the ministry of Jesus Christ and his Church.\" The chairman of the Board of Directors is Gregory M. Aymond, Archbishop of New Orleans. The organization publishes *Ethics & Medics* monthly and *The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly*, as well as books including the *Handbook on Critical Life Issues*.
## Activities
The founding president of the NCBC was Albert S. Moraczewski, O.P. The staff of professional ethicists responds to hundreds of requests each year for advice on moral issues of concern to Catholics and other interested parties, via e-mail, phone, and letter. The Ph.D. ethicists include John M. Haas, Rev. Tadeusz Pacholczyk, and Marie T. Hilliard. The organization also provides moral analysis to the offices of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) and to the dicasteries of the Holy See (Vatican), although the organization is not itself governed or funded by the Catholic Church.
In a 1999 article of *Ethics & Medics*, it was argued that \"as parents have a moral obligation to secure the life and health of their children\", so too do they \"have a moral obligation to provide vaccinations to their children.\" The NCBC later developed an extensive set of online resources specifically for the COVID-19 pandemic.
The activities of the NCBC include education, publications, research, and public policy. The education department administers \"The National Catholic Certification Program in Health Care Ethics\", a year-long distance learning program that educates candidates in the fundamentals of Catholic medical-moral teaching. The program gives special emphasis to *Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services*, a USCCB document designed to guide Catholic health care institutions
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11,084,449 |
# Tapio Levo
**Tapio Antero Levo** (born September 24, 1956, in Pori, Finland) is a retired Finnish professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga and National Hockey League. He played for Ässät in Finland, and the New Jersey Devils and Colorado Rockies in the NHL. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1995. He also played for Finland in the 1980 Winter Olympics and scored the team\'s first goal of the tournament and registered four assists as well.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------- ------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1972--73 Ässät FIN U20 16 ---
1972--73 Ässät SM-s 1 0
1973--74 Ässät SM-s 10 0
1974--75 Ässät SM-s 36 5
1975--76 Ässät SM-l 36 12
1976--77 Ässät SM-l 36 12
1977--78 Ässät SM-l 36 8
1978--79 Ässät SM-l 36 15
1979--80 Ässät SM-l 30 11
1980--81 Ässät SM-l 36 16
1981--82 Colorado Rockies NHL 34 9
1982--83 New Jersey Devils NHL 73 7
1983--84 Ässät SM-l 34 9
1984--85 Ässät SM-l 36 20
1985--86 Ässät SM-l 35 15
1986--87 Ässät SM-l 44 22
1987--88 Ässät SM-l 44 15
1988--89 Ässät SM-l 43 21
1989--90 Ässät FIN.2 44 32
1990--91 Ässät SM-l 39 10
1991--92 Ässät SM-l 44 9
1992--93 JHT FIN
| 218 |
Tapio Levo
| 0 |
11,084,460 |
# Horocycle
In hyperbolic geometry, a **horocycle** (from Greek roots meaning \"boundary circle\"), sometimes called an **oricycle** or **limit circle**, is a curve of constant curvature where all the perpendicular geodesics (normals) through a point on a horocycle are limiting parallel, and all converge asymptotically to a single ideal point called the *centre* of the horocycle. In some models of hyperbolic geometry, it looks like the two \"ends\" of a horocycle get closer and closer to each other and closer to its centre, but this is not true; the two \"ends\" of a horocycle get further and further away from each other and stay at an infinite distance off its centre. A horosphere is the 3-dimensional version of a horocycle.
In Euclidean space, all curves of constant curvature are either straight lines (geodesics) or circles, but in a hyperbolic space of sectional curvature $-1,$ the curves of constant curvature come in four types: geodesics with curvature $\kappa = 0,$ hypercycles with curvature $0 < |\kappa| < 1,$ horocycles with curvature $|\kappa| = 1,$ and circles with curvature $|\kappa| > 1.$
Any two horocycles are congruent, and can be superimposed by an isometry (translation and rotation) of the hyperbolic plane.
A horocycle can also be described as the limit of the circles that share a tangent at a given point, as their radii tend to infinity, or as the limit of hypercycles tangent at the point as the distances from their axes tends to infinity.
Two horocycles with the same centre are called *concentric*. As for concentric circles, any geodesic perpendicular to a horocycle is also perpendicular to every concentric horocycle.
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# Horocycle
## Properties
### Properties similar to those of Euclidean circles {#properties_similar_to_those_of_euclidean_circles}
Horocycles in hyperbolic geometry have some properties similar to those of circles in Euclidean geometry:
- **No three points** of a horocycle are on a **line**, **circle** or **hypercycle.**
- **Three points** that are not on a **line,** **circle** or **hypercycle** are on a horocycle
- A horocycle is a highly **symmetric** shape: every line through the centre forms a line of reflection symmetry.
```{=html}
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```
- A **straight line**, **circle**, **hypercycle**, or other horocycle cuts a horocycle in at most two points.
- The **length** of an arc of a horocycle between two points is greater than that of the line segment between those two points.
- The perpendicular bisector of a **chord** passes through the centre of the horocycle; equivalent statements stemming from the uniqueness of the perpendicular bisector are:
:
: A perpendicular line from the centre of a horocycle bisects the chord.
: The line segment through the centre bisecting a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
- A **line drawn perpendicular** to a radius through the end point of the radius lying on the horocycle is a tangent to the horocycle.
- A **line drawn perpendicular** to a tangent through the point of contact with a horocycle passes through the centre of the horocycle.
- From a **point outside the horocycle**, two tangents can be drawn to the horocycle, and these tangents are equal in length.
- The **area** of a sector of a horocycle (the area between two radii and the horocycle) is finite.
- If *C* is the **centre** of a horocycle and *A* and *B* are points on the horocycle then the angles **CAB** and **CBA** are equal.
### Other properties {#other_properties}
- **Through every pair of points there are 2 horocycles.** The centres of the horocycles are the ideal points of the perpendicular bisector of the segment between them.
- **All horocycles** are **congruent**. (Even concentric horocycles are congruent to each other)
- The length of an arc of a horocycle between two points is:
:
: greater than the length of the line segment between those two points,
: greater than the length of the arc of a hypercycle between those two points and
: shorter than the length of any circle arc between those two points.
- While the **area** of a sector of a horocycle is finite, the total area of a horocycle is **infinite** (a horocycle can be divided in an infinite number of equal sectors)
- A **regular apeirogon** can be circumscribed and inscribed by two concentric horocycles.
- The distance from a horocycle to its centre is infinite, and while in some models of hyperbolic geometry it looks like the two \"ends\" of a horocycle get closer and closer together and closer to its centre, this is not true; the two \"ends\" of a horocycle get further and further away from each other.
### Horocycles in a hyperbolic plane with standardized Gaussian curvature {#horocycles_in_a_hyperbolic_plane_with_standardized_gaussian_curvature}
When the hyperbolic plane has the standardized Gaussian curvature *K* of -1:
- The **area of a sector** of a horocycle is **equal** to the length of the arc subtending it.
- The **curvature** of the horocycle is 1
- The **length** *s* of an arc of a horocycle between two points is: $s = 2 \sinh \left( \frac{1}{2} d \right) = \sqrt{2 (\cosh d -1) }$
where *d* is the distance between the two points, and sinh and cosh are hyperbolic functions.
- The length of an arc of a horocycle such that the tangent at one extremity is limiting parallel to the radius through the other extremity is 1. the area enclosed between this horocycle and the radii is 1.
- The ratio of the arc lengths between two radii of two concentric horocycles where the horocycles are a distance 1 apart is *e* : 1.
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# Horocycle
## Representations in models of hyperbolic geometry {#representations_in_models_of_hyperbolic_geometry}
### Poincaré disk model {#poincaré_disk_model}
In the Poincaré disk model of the hyperbolic plane, horocycles are represented by circles tangent to the boundary circle; the centre of the horocycle is the ideal point where the horocycle touches the boundary circle.
The compass and straightedge construction of the two horocycles through two points is the same construction of the CPP construction for the Special cases of Apollonius\' problem where both points are inside the circle.
In the Poincaré disk model, it looks like points near opposite \"ends\" of a horocycle get closer to each other and to the center of the horocycle (on the boundary circle), but in hyperbolic geometry every point on a horocycle is infinitely distant from the center of the horocycle. Also the distance between points on opposite \"ends\" of the horocycle increases as the arc length between those points increases. (The Euclidean intuition can be misleading because the scale of the model increases to infinity at the boundary circle.)
### Poincaré half-plane model {#poincaré_half_plane_model}
In the Poincaré half-plane model, horocycles are represented by circles tangent to the boundary line, in which case their centre is the ideal point where the circle touches the boundary line.
When the centre of the horocycle is the ideal point at $y = \infty$ then the horocycle is a line parallel to the boundary line.
The compass and straightedge construction in the first case is the same construction as the LPP construction for the Special cases of Apollonius\' problem.
### Hyperboloid model {#hyperboloid_model}
In the hyperboloid model horocycles are represented by intersections of the hyperboloid with planes that generate parabolas on the asymptotic cone (see conic sections \" the cutting plane is parallel to exactly one generating line of the cone \" ) The normal of the cutting plane is a null vector in three-dimensional Minkowski space.
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# Horocycle
## Metric
If the metric is normalized to have Gaussian curvature −1, then the horocycle is a curve of geodesic curvature 1 at every point.
## Horocycle flow {#horocycle_flow}
Every horocycle is the orbit of a unipotent subgroup of PSL(2,R) in the hyperbolic plane. Moreover, the displacement at unit speed along the horocycle tangent to a given unit tangent vector induces a flow on the unit tangent bundle of the hyperbolic plane. This flow is called the *horocycle flow* of the hyperbolic plane.
Identifying the unit tangent bundle with the group PSL(2,R), the horocycle flow is given by the right-action of the unipotent subgroup $U = \{u_t,\, t \in \mathbb R \}$, where: \<math display=\"block\> u_t = \\pm\\left(\\begin{array}{cc} 1 & t \\\\ 0 & 1 \\end{array}\\right). That is, the flow at time $t$ starting from a vector represented by $g \in \mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbb R)$ is equal to $gu_t$.
If $S$ is a hyperbolic surface its unit tangent bundle also supports a horocycle flow. If $S$ is uniformised as $S = \Gamma \backslash \mathbb H^2$ the unit tangent bundle is identified with $\Gamma \backslash \mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbb R)$ and the flow starting at $\Gamma g$ is given by $t \mapsto \Gamma gu_t$. When $S$ is compact, or more generally when $\Gamma$ is a lattice, this flow is ergodic (with respect to the normalised Liouville measure). Moreover, in this setting Ratner\'s theorems describe very precisely the possible closures for its orbits
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# Seppo Liitsola
**Seppo Liitsola** (7 February 1933 -- 18 July 2012) was a professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played ice hockey for Tappara and TBK. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986.
Liitsola coached the national team of Finland from 1969 to 1976. Liitsola died on 18 July 2012, at the age of 79, in Tampere, Finland
| 68 |
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| 0 |
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# Chris Reis
**Chris Reis** (born September 19, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a safety for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and played high school football for Roswell High School. In 2007, he also played in the NFL Europe as safety for the Cologne Centurions where he was named to the 2007 NFL Europe All-World Team.
Reis played a central role in a crucial play during Super Bowl XLIV. With the Saints trailing the Indianapolis Colts 10--6 at the beginning of the second half, Saints head coach Sean Payton unexpectedly called for an onside kick by rookie punter and kickoff specialist Thomas Morstead. The kick bounced off the Colts\' Hank Baskett, and a fierce battle for the ball ensued. The officials eventually ruled that the Saints had recovered the ball: although Jonathan Casillas was officially credited with the recovery, Casillas and other Saints players said it was actually Reis who did so. The play was considered a key turning point in the Saints\' eventual 31--17 win.
Reis suffered a shoulder injury in Week 4 of the 2010 season and was put on IR afterwards. Reis was cut from the Saints on September 3, 2011.
Reis is a Christian, who pastors at Our Saviors Church Youngsville campus in Louisiana
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# 2007 Ōta local election
Ōta, Tokyo held a local election for the city assembly on April 22, 2007.
## Results
\|- ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;\" \|Parties ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" \|Votes ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" \|% ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" \|Seats \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党, *Jiyū Minshutō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 66,477.592 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 19 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|New Komeito Party (公明党, *Kōmeitō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 50,564.935 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 12 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Japanese Communist Party (日本共産党, *Nihon Kyōsan-tō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 30,689.759 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 7 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Democratic Party of Japan (民主党, *Minshutō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 45,379.179 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 6 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \| 生活者ﾈｯﾄﾜｰｸ \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 5,704 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 1 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \| 緑の党 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 4,642 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 1 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Social Democratic Party (社民党 *Shamin-tō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 2,960 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 1 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Liberal Party \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 2,880 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 1 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \| Independents \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 4,783 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 1 \|- \|style=\"text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9\"\|**Total** (turnout 45.57%) \|width=\"75\" style=\"text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9\"\| **N/A** \|width=\"30\" style=\"text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9\"\| **100.00** \|width=\"30\" style=\"text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9\"\| **50** \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" colspan=4 \|Source:[1](http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/2007/13/00005605
| 214 |
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| 0 |
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# Sakari Lindfors
**Sakari Lindfors** (born April 27, 1966) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for HIFK and had time abroad in Italian, Swedish and Austrian leagues. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005
| 48 |
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| 0 |
11,084,505 |
# Rupert Mackeson
**Sir Rupert Mackeson, 2nd Baronet** (born 16 November 1941) is a British author and former soldier.
## Background and education {#background_and_education}
Mackeson is the son of Sir Harry Mackeson, 1st Baronet, and his wife Alethea Cecil Chetwynd-Talbot. His grandfather Henry Mackeson was the founder of the Mackeson brewery.
He was educated at Harrow School, Trinity College, Dublin and Sandhurst.
## Career
After serving four years in the Royal Horse Guards, Mackeson began working in the City of London. When he left the army, Mackeson found employment running a London bank with strong ties to the Mafia, which Mackeson freely admits. \"I ran a Mafia controlled financial institution,\" he declared in *The Guardian*. Since he \"did not want to end up under Blackfriars Bridge,\" when the \"aggravation\" of running a \"mobbed up\" bank became too much for him, Mackeson relocated to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), which was then under the control of a white-minority government. There, Mackeson began a career in smuggling. In order to \"curry favor with Mrs.Thatcher\", the Rhodesian authorities arrested him and imprisoned him in the Khami prison camp. Within a day, Mackeson was removed from the prison for inciting a riot. When the Rhodesian authorities attempted to extradite him to the UK, Mackeson punched his guard in the nose while on board a plane, forcing the plane to land. When he was finally transported back to the UK, the judge presiding over the case ruled that it was an illegal extradition---a kidnapping, in essence---and had him freed.
Since release, Mackeson has become a writer of books about racing, writing under his own name and also as **Rupert Collens**. *Bet Like a Man* (2001) is a novel about the cloning of a Derby winner. He also writes for the *Racing Post* and runs a mobile bookshop and art gallery which operates on British racecourses
| 308 |
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# Jari Lindroos
**Jari Juhani Lindroos** (born 31 January 1961 in Pieksämäki, Finland) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for JYP, Jokerit and Kärpät and competed with the Finland national ice hockey team at the 1992 Winter Olympics. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005
| 59 |
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| 0 |
11,084,540 |
# Obsidian House Publishing
**Obsidian House Publishing** (OHP) is one of the oldest publishing houses, and it predates more famous houses like Faber and Faber (founded in 1925) and Jonathan Cape (1919). OHP was founded in 1856 in London, England, and it continued publishing until 2002. The publishing house has recently been revived by Barbara Jung.
## Origins
The firm was founded as a bookseller that published and sold serialised stories appearing in magazines like Household Words.
## Role in publishing {#role_in_publishing}
OHP has played a relatively minor role in publishing by focusing on lesser-known Victorian novels, including the Betty series, as well as more risque novels of the early Twentieth century. More recently it published religious calendars in the USA
| 121 |
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| 0 |
11,084,541 |
# Barry Sullivan (English actor)
**Barry Sullivan** (christened **Thomas Barry Sullivan**; 5 July 1821`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}3 May 1891), was an acclaimed stage actor who played many classical parts in England, Australia and America.
## Early life {#early_life}
Thomas Barry Sullivan was born at Howard\'s Place, Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, son of Peter and Mary (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} Barry) Sullivan, both natives of Cork, Ireland. Thomas Barry was orphaned at eight years old.
Sullivan was then raised by his paternal grandfather in Bristol. Sullivan was educated initially at the school attached to the Catholic Church in Trenchard Street and then at the Stokes Croft Endowed school. At 14 years old, Sullivan entered a lawyer\'s office, but, seeing William Macready in *Macbeth* and other parts`{{clarify|date=May 2014}}`{=mediawiki}, he became obsessed with the idea of becoming a great actor.
## Early acting career {#early_acting_career}
In 1837, Sullivan joined a strolling company and at Cork was given an engagement at 15 shillings a week as a regular member of a stock company, playing minor Shakespearian parts to Charles Kean\'s lead. Sullivan had a good light tenor voice, occasionally sang in opera. But his ambition was to become a tragedian. In November that year he obtained an engagement with Murray\'s stock company at Edinburgh, at a salary of 30 shillings a week, on the understanding that he was to play \"second heavy\" parts. Sullivan married Mary Amory, daughter of an army lieutenant, on 4 July 1842. The couple had two sons and three daughters.
Sullivan soon began to play leading roles, in 1844 he took the part of Antonio supporting Helena Faucit in *The Merchant of Venice* and was Petruchio to her Katharina in *The Taming of the Shrew*. Sullivan then went to Glasgow where he met and acted with Gustavus Vaughan Brooke; during the next seven years had engagements throughout the provinces in Scotland and England. James Roland MacLaren learnt acting through being an understudy to him in the North of England. Sullivan\'s reputation was growing, and on 7 February 1852 he made a successful first appearance at the Haymarket Theatre, London, as Hamlet. He was also successful as Angiolo in *Miss Vandenhoff\'s Woman\'s Heart*, Evelyn in Lord Lytton\'s *Money* and Hardman in Lytton\'s *Not so Bad as we Seem*.
Sullivan was now established as a leading actor and played principal parts during the next eight years in most of the plays of the period including Claude Melnotte in *The Lady of Lyons* with Helena Faucit as Pauline, and Valence in Browning\'s *Colombe\'s Birthday*, with Helena Faucit in the part of Colombe.
Towards the end of 1858 Sullivan went to the United States of America, and opened at the Old Broadway Theatre in New York City on 22 November in *Hamlet*, followed by several others of Shakespeare\'s plays. Successful seasons were played at the leading cities in the United States and Sullivan returned to England 18 months later. At the St James\' Theatre, London, in August 1860, Sullivan played on alternate nights, Hamlet, Richelieu, Macbeth, and Richard III, three performances being given of each play.
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# Barry Sullivan (English actor)
## Career in Australia {#career_in_australia}
On 25 July 1862 Sullivan arrived in Victoria (Australia) aboard the *City of Melbourne* and was to stay for about four years, as actor and manager. Sullivan made his début as Hamlet at Theatre Royal, Melbourne on 9 August 1862.
The period between 1860 and 1870 was one of the highest standards of acting seen in Australia. Brooke was usually at his best in Australia, Joseph Jefferson was at his best and had not yet begun to restrict the range of his characters, and Sullivan had the advantage, sometimes lacking later in England, of always having excellent support from his companies. Sullivan\'s parts in Australia included Hamlet, Othello, Iago, Richard III, Macbeth, Shylock, Lear, Falstaff, Falconbridge, Charles Surface, Claude Melnotte, and Richelieu. Sullivan became established as a public favourite.
Sullivan was sole lessee and manager of the Theatre Royal, Melbourne from March 1863 to 16 February 1866, when he played his last night and relinquished management. His last year\'s lease he sublet to William Hoskins.
Sullivan completed a trip around the world in 1866, arriving in London early in September. From 1868 to 1870 he managed the Holborn theatre, where Beverley in *The Gamester* was one of his most powerful impersonations.
In the next 20 years Sullivan was constantly playing in London, the provinces and in the United States, he was most popular in Dublin, Cork, Liverpool and Manchester. When the memorial theatre at Stratford-on-Avon was opened, Sullivan was selected to play Benedick; Helena Faucit, emerging from retirement, played Beatrice. On the following evening Sullivan appeared as Hamlet. On 4 June 1887, while in Liverpool, he made his last appearance on the stage, playing Richard III.
Sullivan\'s health had been uncertain for some time and in the following year he suffered a stroke of paralysis. He was so ill in August 1888 that the last rites of his church were administered, but did not die until 3 May 1891. His wife and two sons and three daughters survived him.
Sullivan was 5 ft tall and had a wiry, slight figure which allowed him to play younger parts when he was middle-aged. For a long period Sullivan was one of the finest actors of his period, though at times inclined to err on the robust side. In Melbourne Sullivan\'s death resulted in lengthy obituaries; he was remembered as an actor and manager of \'more than ordinary talent, combined with considerable force of character, great tenacity of purpose, untiring industry, and a dogged application to the business of his profession\'
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# Lasse Litma
**Lasse Antero Litma** (born 5 April 1954 in Jyväskylä, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Tappara. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1994
| 41 |
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# Today's the Day (Sean Maguire song)
\"**Today\'s the Day**\" is a song by Sean Maguire, released in 1997 as his eighth single and his first new recording since his second album *Spirit*, which was released the previous year. \"Today\'s the Day\" was a standalone single following his two studio albums and was also omitted from his subsequent *Greatest Hits* compilation. The song was a change of style in Maguire\'s music; while his first two albums had been pop music, \"Today\'s the Day\" was almost Britpop in style. The single was a moderate success, peaking at #27 in the UK Singles Chart
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| 0 |
11,084,584 |
# Esko Luostarinen
**Esko Alpo Luostarinen** (born May 8, 1935, in Viipuri, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Tappara and at two Olympic games. He competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics and the 1964 Winter Olympics.
He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985
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Esko Luostarinen
| 0 |
11,084,602 |
# The Glory
***The Glory*** (1994) is the sequel to *The Hope* written by American author Herman Wouk.
## Plot introduction {#plot_introduction}
Interweaving the lives and fates of fictional characters and real-life notables, the sequel to *The Hope* continues the story of Israeli history to the climactic events of the Yom Kippur War and the promise of peace.
Historical events in the book include:
- The sinking of the Israeli ship *Eilat* by Soviet rockets fired by the Egyptian Navy.
- The War of Attrition.
- The Yom Kippur War.
- Operation Entebbe.
- The visit of Anwar Sadat to Israel.
Families whose history is chronicled in *The Glory*:
- Barak-Berkowe-Berkowitz
- Nitzan-Bloom-Blumenthal
- Luria
- Pasternak
Real historical personages in the novel include Yonatan Netanyahu, Golda Meir, Ariel Sharon, Anwar Sadat, Moshe Dayan, and David Elazar
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# Don't Pull Your Love
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unexpected '{'
{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|27|artist=Glen Campbell}}
^
``
| 20 |
Don't Pull Your Love
| 0 |
11,084,622 |
# Derek Van Rheenen
**Derek Van Rheenen** (born 3 January 1964) is a Nigerian retired footballer who played as a defender. He played his entire career with three San Francisco-based clubs.
## Youth and college {#youth_and_college}
Born in Nigeria, Van Rheenen grew up in California, where he attended Woodside High School in Woodside, California, part of the San Francisco Bay Area. In 1980, he scored one of his team\'s four goals in Woodside\'s Central Coast Section championship. After graduating from high school, Van Rheenen attended University of California, Berkeley where he played on the men\'s soccer team from 1983 to 1986. He was the captain and co-MVP of the league his senior year. He also received Academic All American Honors before graduating with a Bachelor\'s degree in political economy and German.
In 2008, Van Rheenen was inducted into the Cal Athletics Hall of Fame.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### San Francisco Greek-Americans {#san_francisco_greek_americans}
In 1986, Van Rheenen joined the powerhouse amateur club, San Francisco Greek-Americans. In 1988, the team went to the National Challenge Cup final, only to lose to the St. Louis Busch Seniors.
### San Francisco Bay Blackhawks {#san_francisco_bay_blackhawks}
In 1990, Van Rheenen he signed with the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks of the American Professional Soccer League (APSL). That season the Blackhawks went to the title match, only to fall to the Maryland Bays in penalty kicks. The next year the Blackhawks took the league title, defeating the Albany Capitals. Van Rheenen earned individual honors as a first team All Star. In 1993, the team saw a drop off in its league performance as it concentrated on making a run through the CONCACAF Champions Cup in which it went to the semifinals only to fall to the Hugo Sánchez-led Club América, 4--3 on aggregate. At the end of the 1992 season, the Blackhawks owner pulled the team from the APSL and relocated it to the lower division U.S. Interregional Soccer League (USISL). He also renamed the team the San Jose Hawks. Even under the new name, the Hawks continued to dominate, taking first place in the Pacific Division and winning a spot in the Sizzling Six championship. Despite winning both of its games, the team found itself shut out of the title game based on goal differential. However, Van Rheenen was named a first team All Star again. Despite its success, the Hawks folded at the end of the season. Van Rheenen was team captain during his four seasons with the Blackhawks/Hawks.
### San Francisco Greek-Americans {#san_francisco_greek_americans_1}
Following the demise of the Hawks, Van Rheenen rejoined the Greek-Americans and spent five years with the club. In 1994, the Greek-Americans went to the U.S. Open Cup final, this time taking the title with a win over Milwaukee Bavarian Leinenkugel. The Greek-Americans were the last amateur club to win the Open Cup. While the professional teams have dominated the Open Cup since 1995, Van Rheenen and the Greek-Americans continued to experience national success, winning the 1996 and 1998 Over-30 national championship and the 2004 Over 40 national championship.
### Other clubs {#other_clubs}
In 2000, Van Rheenen was a member, and the leading scorer, for the Olympic Club in the San Francisco Soccer Football League\'s Major Division. Fellow Berkeley graduate, and Blackhawks teammate, Peter Woodring, also played on the team.
Van Rheenen continues to play for the Over-40 club Real Marin Spurs of the Marin Soccer League, finishing in third place in the Summer 2018 season.
## University career {#university_career}
After leaving professional soccer, Van Rheenen returned to Berkeley, where he attained a Master\'s degree in education in 1993 and a Doctorate in Cultural Studies in 1997. He is currently a professor at Berkeley, managing the Cultural Studies of Sports in Education master\'s degree program in the Graduate School of Education and is the Director of the Athletic Study Center, overseeing all tutorial and advising services for student athletes
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| 0 |
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# Jakob Erdheim
**Jakob Erdheim** (24 May 1874, Boryslav, Galicia -- 18 April 1937, Vienna) was an Austrian pathologist. He is credited with the characterization (or partial characterization) of Erdheim--Chester disease and cystic medial necrosis.
He was born into a Jewish family in Boryslav. In 1901 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Vienna, later working as an assistant at the institute of pathological anatomy in Vienna. In 1913 he became habilitated for pathological anatomy, and in 1916 was named director of the pathological-anatomical institute at Vienna city hospital. From 1924 onward, he was associated with the \"Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien-Lainz\".
He distinguished himself in research of hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, Paget's disease and pituitary gland abnormalities. His name is associated with \"Erdheim\'s syndrome\", a condition that is also known as \"Scaglietti-Dagnini syndrome\" (cervical spondylosis secondary to acromegaly). Other eponyms associated with him are:
- Erdheim disease: a synonym for cystic medial necrosis.
- Erdheim tumor: a synonym for craniopharyngioma.
He used the term \"nanosomia pituitaria\" to describe pituitary dwarfism.
## Published works {#published_works}
- *Uber Hypophysenganggeschwülste und Hirncholesteatome*, 1904 - On pituitary swelling and brain cholesteatoma.
- *Rachitis und Epithelkörperchen*, 1914 - Rachitis and the parathyroid glands.
- *Die lebensvorgange im normalen knorpel und seine wucherung bei akromegalie*, 1931 - Life processes of normal cartilage and its growth in acromegalia
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| 0 |
11,084,643 |
# Cheney Building
The **R. and F. Cheney Building**, also known as the **Brown Thomson Building**, is a commercial building designed by noted American architect H. H. Richardson. It is located at 942 Main Street, Hartford, Connecticut, and is now on the National Register of Historic Places.
## History
The Cheney Building was constructed 1875--1876 for the Cheney Brothers silk manufacturers in Manchester, Connecticut. It was originally a multipurpose structure with five small shops on the ground floor, and offices and apartments above. For many years it housed Brown Thomson\'s department store, and later the G. Fox and Company. As of 2007, it has been renamed the Richardson Building, and is now a Residence Inn by Marriott, offices, stores, restaurants, and rehearsal space for The Hartford Stage Company.
The building dominates its corner location and, with towers and attic, is various described as containing five, six, or seven stories. Its facade is organized into three heavy, horizontal tiers of roughly cut, reddish brownstone punctuated with much lighter Berea limestone trim. The lowest tier is defined by a series of huge round arches in striking polychrome bands, a motif repeated in the stories above at an increasingly smaller scale. The ground-floor tier on the Main Street facade features five broad arches above shop windows and doors, the second a two-story arcade of 10 major openings, and the third a single-story arcade of 14 openings.
The building is crowned with low, asymmetric towers at its Main Street corners. The street corner tower was earlier topped by a pyramidal roof.
Until 2024, the building housed a local brewery called City Steam Brewery. The building is currently home to a Residence Inn Marriott, a Fastsigns, and a local restaurant named Pietro\'s Pizza.
## Gallery
Image:PostcardHartfordCTMainStGFoxBuilding1905.jpg\|1905 postcard Image:RichardsonChaneyHartford.jpg\|Historic image Image:Cheney Building, Hartford CT - main facade composite.jpg\|Facade Image:CheneyBuildingEntry.jpg\|Detail Image:CheneyBuildingEntry2.jpg\|Detail Image:CheneyBuildingEntry3
| 305 |
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| 0 |
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# Motorola i835w
The **Motorola i835w** is a phone in the Motorola i835 series
| 14 |
Motorola i835w
| 0 |
11,084,728 |
# Thomas Tulloch (bishop of Orkney)
**Thomas de Tulloch** was a 15th-century Scottish prelate. A native of Angus, of the Tullochs of Bonington near Forfar, he was presbyter of the diocese of Brechin until on 19 August 1418, he was provided as Bishop of Orkney by Pope Martin V. On 17 June 1420, he tendered his oath of fealty to Eric, King of Norway, in the church of Vestenkov in Laland, and was given a commission by the king to administer Orkney on behalf of the Norwegian crown.
A payment of 50 gold florins was made by Bishop Tulloch at Rome on 23 March 1433. The reason for this payment is not known. He obtained a safe-conduct from King Henry VI of England in November 1441 for himself and eight followers, in order to go from Flanders to Scotland, thence through England to Rome. He resigned his see on or before 11 December 1461 for his cousin William de Tulloch, and died in 1463
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# Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
The **Global Strategy for Plant Conservation** (**GSPC**) is a program of the UN\'s Convention on Biological Diversity founded in 1999. The GSPC seeks to slow the pace of plant extinction around the world through a strategy of 5 objectives.
## History
The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) began as a grass-roots movement in 1999 with discussions at the 16th International Botanical Congress in St. Louis. A group of specialists subsequently met in Gran Canaria and issued the \'Gran Canaria Declaration Calling for a Global Plant Conservation Strategy\'. Following extensive consultations, the fleshed-out GSPC was adopted by the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in April 2002. The initial version of the GSPC sought to slow the pace of plant extinction around the world by 2010, with Target 1 of the Strategy calling for the completion of \"a widely accessible working list of all known plant species, as a step towards a complete world Flora\". In 2010, Version 1 of The Plant List was launched, intended to be comprehensive for species of vascular plants (flowering plants, conifers, ferns and their allies) and Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts).
In 2010, GSPC targets were updated through an extensive consultation process within the CBD, with revised targets for 2020. In 2012, the Missouri Botanical Garden, The New York Botanical Garden, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew agreed to collaborate to develop a World Flora Online in response to the revised GSPC Target 1.
## Vision
Our lives depend on plants and without them the ecosystem would cease to function. Our survival and survival of all species are tied to plants. The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation seeks to limit the rates of plant diversity loss, while having a positive vision regards the efforts and the results. Forming an idea of having a sustainable future where plant species are able to thrive and be maintained (including their survival, preservation of their communities and habitats, plants\' gene pool and ecological associations) under supporting human activities, and in turn where the diversity of plant species improve and support the livelihoods and well-being.
## Mission
The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation is a platform that gathers efforts from all the different levels-local, national, regional and global, in order to strengthen the needs for conservation and substantiality and implement steps toward the awareness and actions that should be made.
## Implementation
Sufficient human, technical and financial resources are contained within the strategy in order to prevent the slowing down of the program in case of limited funds and lack of training. Some of the implementation strategies include these involving a range of actors:
: \(i\) International initiatives (e.g., international conventions, intergovernmental organizations, United Nations agencies, multilateral aid agencies);
: \(ii\) Members of the Global Partnership for Plant Conservation;
: \(iii\) Conservation and research organizations (including protected-area management boards, botanic gardens, gene banks, universities, research institutes, non-governmental organizations and networks of non-governmental organizations);
: \(iv\) Communities and major groups (including indigenous and local communities, farmers, women, youth);
: \(v\) Governments (central, regional, local authorities); and
: \(vi\) The private sector
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# Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
## Goals
The heart of the GSPC are five goals, expressed as a total of 16 targets. The five objectives and their 16 targets for 2020 are:
**Objective I: Plant diversity is well understood, documented and recognized**
- Target 1: An online flora of all known plants.
- Target 2: An assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, as far as possible, to guide conservation action.
- Target 3: Information, research and associated outputs, and methods necessary to implement the Strategy developed and shared.
**Objective II: Plant diversity is urgently and effectively conserved**
- Target 4: At least 15% of each ecological region or vegetation type secured through effective management and/or restoration.
- Target 5: At least 75% of the most important areas for plant diversity of each ecological region protected with effective management in place for conserving plants and their genetic diversity.
- Target 6: At least 75% of production lands in each sector managed sustainably, consistent with the conservation of plant diversity.
- Target 7: At least 75% of known threatened plant species conserved in situ.
- Target 8: At least 75% of threatened plant species in ex situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and at least 20 per cent available for recovery and restoration programmes.
- Target 9: 70% of the genetic diversity of crops including their wild relatives and other socio-economically valuable plant species conserved, while respecting, preserving and maintaining associated indigenous and local knowledge.
- Target 10: Effective management plans in place to prevent new biological invasions and to manage important areas for plant diversity that are invaded.
**Objective III: Plant diversity is used in a sustainable and equitable manner**
- Target 11: No species of wild flora endangered by international trade.
- Target 12: All wild harvested plant-based products sourced sustainably.
- Target 13: Indigenous and local knowledge innovations and practices associated with plant resources maintained or increased, as appropriate, to support customary use, sustainable livelihoods, local food security and health care.
**Objective IV: Education and awareness about plant diversity, its role in sustainable livelihoods and importance to all life on earth is promoted**
- Target 14: The importance of plant diversity and the need for its conservation incorporated into communication, education and public awareness programmes.
**Objective V: The capacities and public engagement necessary to implement the Strategy have been developed**
- Target 15: The number of trained people working with appropriate facilities sufficient according to national needs, to achieve the targets of this Strategy.
- Target 16: Institutions, networks and partnerships for plant conservation established or strengthened at national, regional and international levels to achieve the targets of this Strategy.
The GSPC was being put through a formal review of progress by the Convention on Biological Diversity, culminating in major discussions in May 2008 in Bonn, Germany at the 9th Conference of the Parties to the CBD
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# Herbert Strong (philologist)
**Herbert Augustus Strong** (24 November 1841 -- 13 January 1918) was an Australian scholar, professor of comparative philology and logic at the University of Melbourne.
## Early life {#early_life}
Strong was born at Clyst St Mary near Exeter, England the third son of Rev. Edmond Strong and his wife Sarah, *née* Forbes-Coulson.
Strong was educated at Winchester School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1863 having taken a first-class in classical moderations the year before. From 1866 to 1871 Strong was assistant to professor of humanity, George Ramsay, at the University of Glasgow, and was the first warden of University Hall, University of Glasgow.
## Career in Australia {#career_in_australia}
In 1872, Strong was appointed professor of classical and comparative philology and logic at the University of Melbourne, replacing Martin Howy Irving. Strong\'s opportunities were not great as the university was still young, there being then four other professors and fewer than 150 full-time students; ten years later the students still numbered under 300. Strong, however, identified himself with the life of the university, encouraged athletics and the formation of a university spirit. Strong also advocated the cultivation of French and German in addition to the classics.
## Liverpool
In 1884 Strong became professor of Latin at the newly founded University College in Liverpool and held the chair until his retirement in 1909. He wrote the words to the song \'Salvete Cives Nostri\' composed by Albert Lister Peace, this song was performed at the Opening Ceremony of the Victoria Building in 1892 and was known as the University College song. While at Liverpool he was president of the Liverpool Royal Institution and Liverpool guild of education, president of the French Society of Liverpool, and president of the University Athletic Club for 20 years. Strong was examiner of secondary schools for the Scottish education department for 20 years. In addition to minor educational works and editions of Latin poets Catullus and Juvenal, Strong wrote with Kuno Meyer an *Outline of a History of the German Language* (1886), and with W. S. Logeman and B. I. Wheeler an *Introduction to the Study of the History of Language* (1891). Strong died in England on 13 January 1918. He was given the honorary degree of LL.D. at Glasgow in 1890. Strong was married twice: to Helen Campbell Edmiston and Isobel, née White. Strong was survived by two sons, one of who was Sir Archibald Strong
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# Democratic Left (Italy)
**Democratic Left** (*Sinistra Democratica*, **SD**), whose complete name was **Democratic Left. For European Socialism** (*Sinistra Democratica. Per il Socialismo Europeo*), was a democratic-socialist political party in Italy.
SD was founded on 5 May 2007 by splinters of the Democrats of the Left (DS) led by Fabio Mussi and Gavino Angius, who opposed the merger of the DS with Democracy is Freedom -- The Daisy to form the Democratic Party. According to its leading members at its foundation, SD was to be not a party but a movement, with the goal to unite the entire Italian left from Communist Refoundation Party to the Italian Democratic Socialists.
On 22--24 October 2010, SD was merged into Left Ecology Freedom.
## History
### Foundation
In April 2007 the Democrats of the Left (DL) held in Florence their last congress in order to ratify the move towards the foundation of the Democratic Party, along with the centrists of Democracy is Freedom -- The Daisy. In opposition to Piero Fassino\'s majority resolution, two resolutions were tabled by supporters of the factions led by Fabio Mussi and Gavino Angius (who formed Socialists and Europeans together with Mauro Zani): the first opposed in any form the foundation of the PD, whilst the second was favourable only in the event that the new party was to join the Party of European Socialists and thus represented a more \"wait and see\" attitude. These resolutions managed to garner around 25% of the vote.
Following the congress, a large majority of Mussi\'s followers, with a few notable exceptions such as Vincenzo Vita, left the DS. This was consistent with their declared position prior to the Florence congress. In contrast, Angius\' sudden departure from DS after the congress was somewhat surprising and arguably inconsistent with the position adopted by the supporters of the Angius-Zani resolution prior to and during the congress itself. Consequently, rather than follow Angius out of the party some of the most significant supporters of the motion, including Zani, Massimo Brutti and Sergio Gentili opted to stay inside the DS. On 16 May 2007 the new party\'s parliamentary groups had 22 deputies and 12 senators.
### Early splits {#early_splits}
Following its foundation, SD was divided between supporters of Mussi, who wanted strong relations with the so-called \"far-left parties\" (Federation of the Greens, Party of Italian Communists and Communist Refoundation Party), and those around Angius, who were keener on an alliance with the more centrist Italian Democratic Socialists. In September Democracy and Socialism, led by Angius and Valdo Spini, joined the \"Socialist Constituent Assembly\" and committed themselves to the foundation of a social-democratic party in the tradition of the historical Italian Socialist Party. Finally, in October 2007, Angius and his group left SD to found the Socialist Party.
The SD party suffered another split in February 2008 when Famiano Crucianelli, Olga D\'Antona, Paolo Nerozzi, Massimo Cialente and Gianfranco Pagliarulo (a former member of the Party of Italian Communists) abandoned SD in order to join the Democratic Party, through an association named Left for the Country.
### Out of Parliament {#out_of_parliament}
In the 2008 general election The Left -- The Rainbow, of which the Democratic Left was a part along with the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), the Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) and the Federation of the Greens, gained 3.1% of the vote and failed to win any seats in the Italian Parliament.
After the election, Oliviero Diliberto, leader of PdCI, who considered the experience of a \"united left\" ended, proposed a \"communist constituent assembly\" and the PRC elected Paolo Ferrero, from the internal left-wing, as party secretary. Despite these events, Democratic Left proposed a \"left-wing constituent assembly\" as a bridge between the \"European socialism\" and \"the alternative left\". In the run up to the 2009 European Parliament election SD planned to form a joint list with the Movement for the Left, the Federation of the Greens and Unite the Left in a sort of re-edition of The Left -- The Rainbow. The list, with the additional participation of the Socialist Party, was named Left and Freedom and was launched on 16 March 2009. The list received just 3.1% of the national vote and failed to return any MEPs. The list was eventually renamed Left Ecology Freedom, and was founded as a united political party on 22--24 October 2010
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# John Burton (political agent)
**John Burton** was a Labour Party councillor in County Durham, England. He was a member of Sedgefield Borough Council, representing the ward of Fishburn and Old Trimdon. He was the constituency agent of former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, who represented the Sedgefield constituency from 1983 until standing down as Prime Minister in 2007.
## Relationship with Tony Blair {#relationship_with_tony_blair}
Burton was one of the first to spot the potential of the young Tony Blair.`{{unreliable source?|date=December 2013}}`{=mediawiki} When the new Sedgefield constituency was created for the 1983 general election, which included Burton\'s home of Trimdon, the local Labour Party found themselves needing to appoint a candidate for the forthcoming election at short notice. Blair, then a London-based barrister, identified Burton as a branch secretary willing to consider his candidature and travelled to Trimdon (Burton\'s power base) to put his case. Blair secured the nomination, was elected an MP and began his political rise.
The Sunday newspaper *The Observer* reported in December 2007 that Burton planned to write a book about Tony Blair, focusing on his faith. However, to date, this has not materialised.
## Later career {#later_career}
Burton was suspended by Sedgefield Borough Council for one month in 2007 after threatening the former Deputy Leader of the Council that he would be deselected if he voted against a planning application. Burton was a strong critic of Jeremy Corbyn\'s leadership of the Labour Party, saying before the 2017 general election that he couldn\'t see Labour forming a Government for 30 years. Following the Labour Party\'s historic loss at the 2019 general election, he blamed Corbyn for the loss of Blair\'s former Sedgefield seat, citing Brexit and the public\'s mistrust of the leadership, confessing that, even though he had voted Labour, he did not wish to see a Corbyn-led government. He also encouraged centrist Labour MPs to split from the left-leaning leadership to form a new party.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
According to Sedgefield Council\'s Register of Members\' Interests, Burton is a member of the Transport and General Workers\' Union, a church warden, and a governor of Trimdon College. He was formerly a physical education teacher. John Burton\'s biography is called *The Grit in the Oyster*
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# 2007 Shinagawa city assembly election
The local election for city assembly of Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan was held on April 15, 2007. The total turnout was 41.59%.
## Results
\|- ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;\" \|Parties ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" \|Votes ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" \|% ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" \|Seats \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党, *Jiyū Minshutō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 26,078.068 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 11 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|New Komeito Party (公明党, *Kōmeitō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 21,544.887 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 8 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Japanese Communist Party (日本共産党, *Nihon Kyōsan-tō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 17,975.874 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 7 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Democratic Party of Japan (民主党, *Minshutō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 17,806.445 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 5 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|品川・生活者ネットワーク \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 3,550 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 2 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Social Democratic Party (社民党 *Shamin-tō*) \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 1,735 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 1 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" \| Independents \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 14,531 \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| \| style=\"text-align:right;\" \| 6 \|- \|style=\"text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9\"\|**Total** (turnout 41.59%) \|width=\"75\" style=\"text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9\"\| **N/A** \|width=\"30\" style=\"text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9\"\| **100.00** \|width=\"30\" style=\"text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9\"\| **40** \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" colspan=4 \|Source:[1](http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/election/2007/13/00005602
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# Qiudong Wang
**Qiudong Wang** is a professor at the Department of Mathematics, the University of Arizona. In 1982, he received a B.S. at Nanjing University and in 1994 a Ph.D. at the University of Cincinnati.
Wang is best known for his 1991 paper *The global solution of the n-body problem*, in which he generalised Karl F. Sundman\'s results from 1912 to a system of more than three bodies. However, L. K. Babadzanjanz claims to have made the same generalization earlier, in 1979
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# Whitchurch, Devon
Whitchurch}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki} **Whitchurch** is a suburban village and civil parish to the south-east of the town of Tavistock, Devon, England. It lies in the West Devon local authority area, and within Tavistock Deanery for ecclesiastical purposes. The village itself is no longer in the civil parish, having been absorbed into Tavistock in 1930, leaving the parish of Whitchurch just covering the rural areas south-east of the town. Historically, Whitchurch formed part of the Roborough Hundred.
## History
It is believed that a church must have been present in Whitchurch as early as the 11th century, and that it was most likely built from the white elvan that can be found at Roborough Down only a few miles away. This may be the derivation of the name of the village (\"White-church\"), though many other English villages bearing the same name are considered to be thus named simply because their churches were either built of stone, or were whitewashed. The main church currently standing in Whitchurch---St. Andrew---is for the most part a 15th-century building made from granite as well as elvan. Many memorials can be found in the church, including a monument to Francis Pengelly (1722) made by John Weston of Exeter showing a \"celestial ballet\" on a medallion, and also an early 17th-century slate slab to the Mooringes of Moortown.
Year Population
------ ------------
1801 478
1901 1508
There are several interesting houses within the parish. Walreddon Manor is a Grade I listed country house built in the reign of Edward VI by the Courtenay family. The 17th century heiress Mary Fitz (widow of Sir Richard Grenville) was born there. On her death in 1671, the manor was inherited by her cousin, Sir William Courtenay. It stayed in ownership of the Courtenay family until 1953. In the late 1800s, the manor was let to the explorer and colonial administrator Edward John Eyre. Later residents include the film director Hugh Hudson, and, since 2001, the Conservative MP Zac Goldsmith.
The so-called Priory, near the church, is a 19th-century granite building incorporating a square 4th century entrance tower from an earlier structure.
## Governance
There are three tiers of local government for the civil parish of Whitchurch, at parish, district and county level: Plasterdown Grouped Parish Council, West Devon Borough Council and Devon County Council. The parish council is a grouped parish council covering the two civil parishes of Whitchurch and Sampford Spiney.
Whitchurch was an ancient parish. The village of Whitchurch was transferred into the urban district of Tavistock in 1930, but it was not considered appropriate for the whole parish of Whitchurch to be included in an urban district. The residual rural parts of the parish were therefore not transferred to Tavistock and continued to form a parish called Whitchurch, despite no longer including the village after which it was named
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# Anwer Zahidi
**Anwer Zahidi** (*انور زاہدی }}*)(born July 9, 1946) is a Pakistani physician, Urdu poet and author. He has published around a dozen books of poetry, short stories, travelogue and translations. After completing his graduation in science from Punjab University, Anwer Zahidi received a degree of MBBS from Nishtar Medical College, Multan in 1970.
## Career
A practicing physician by profession, Anwer Zahidi has carved out a place for himself in the world of letters. He is a short story writer, a poet and translator. His collection of verse *Sunaehre Dinon Ki Shairi* (Poetry of the Golden Days---1985) was followed by *Azab-e Shaher Panah* (The Torture of the Ramparts) collection of short stories, in 1991. New collection of poems *Meri Aankhen Samadar* and short stories *Mausam Jang Ka Kahani Muhabbat Ki* are under publication.
Dr. Zahidi is not only a creative writer but also a literary critic. His collection of critical writings on the world\'s great literary figures, called Bazyaft, has just been completed. Zahidi has also made a name for himself as a translator. His knowledge of Persian, which he mastered during three-year stay in Iran, is of invaluable assistance to him in his translations from Persian. He also translated Hermann Hesse in *Barishon Ka Mausam* (The Rainy Season) and Carl Jung\'s *Psychology of the Unconscious* for the National Language Authority. Besides these highly technical books he has also translated Arabic, Turkish and Latin American literary masterpieces. One of his masterpieces in the field of translation is Pablo Neruda\'s autobiography, which is certainly an invaluable addition to Urdu letters.
Mumtaz Mufti, one of the leading literary figures in Pakistan, entitled his review of Anwer Zahidi's literary work, \"Part-time poet\" - implying that this work was somehow secondary to his principle vocation of a physician at a leading hospital in Islamabad. In fact, \"Full-time poet and part-time doctor\" would have been more accurate. Since graduation from Nishtar Medical College, Multan (University of Punjab) in 1970, he has practiced medicine, first in the military (1971--73), then as a private practitioner (1973--76), and subsequently in public hospitals in two countries, Iran (1976--80) and Pakistan (1980 to date). Yet, ever since 1968, when one of his poems got published in a reputed Urdu magazine, *Nairang-e-Khyal*, literature has been his primary occupation.
Exposure to great Western literature - in English translations -- led him to an interest in translating favorite pieces from English into Urdu. Over time, Anwer zahidi has translated some of the greatest writers of various languages into Urdu. These include Tolstoy, Hesse, Neruda, Dickens, and Pessoa. From Western literature he moved gradually towards other great writers including the Kirghiz epic poet, Manas, and most importantly modern Persian poets like Neema Yosheej, Ahmad Shamlo, and Frogh Furrukhzad. Translating Iranian poetry (directly from Persian) into Urdu was enormously edifying. These writers are the pioneers of the new literary movement of Iran; they have broken the metric rigidity of the traditional Persian Ghazal and revolutionized its poetic vision, and have had a deep impact upon the literary movements in the sub-continent. The study of contemporary Persian literature completely revolutionized his poetic diction, including the infusion of elements of rebellion in early romantic formulas.
Although Anwer Zahidi is known in South Asia primarily as a \"modern\" poet (Nazam-e-Azad), some of his most intense work is in the genre of abstract short stories. They enable a mode of expression that is difficult to incorporate into the poetic structure. Reflecting the nature of injustice and absurdity in contemporary existence, these short stories tend to take an acrid view of life. Prose writing also led him into translations of prose and non-fiction, including memoirs (Neruda) essays (Hesse), psychology (Jung).
## Books in Urdu {#books_in_urdu}
### Poetry
- Sunehrey Dinon Ki Shairy\-\-\-\--1984
### Fiction
- Azab-e-Shehrpanah\-\-\--1991
- Mosam Jang Ka Kahani Muhabat Ki\-\-\--1996
- Mandir Wali Gali\-\-\-\-\--2006
- Bioscope Din \-\-\-\-\-\-\--2013
- Anwer Zahidi ki kahanian
### Translations
- Dreechon Mein Hawa( Translation of modern Persian poetry)\-\-\-\--1985
- Barishon Ka mosam ( Translation of Herman Hesse's poetical works)\-\--1986
- Yadein (Translation of Pablo Neruda' s memoirs---1996)
- Lashaoor Tak Rassai (Translation of Jung's Approaching the Unconscious)---1996
- Manas (Translation of Krighizstan Epic poetry) \-\-- 1997
- Pessoa Ki Nazmein (Translation of Fernando Pessoa's poetry)\-\--1997
- Bazyaft- (Translation of World's ten great poets) \-\-\--2002
### Travelogue
- Duneya Kahein Jisay ( Travelogue of USA/Canada/ London & Dubai)\-\--2005
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# Anwer Zahidi
## Books in Urdu {#books_in_urdu}
### Research on Anwer Zahidi {#research_on_anwer_zahidi}
Professor Ajab(Shangla) Khan took his M.Phil degree under the title \"the literary contributions of Anwer Zahidi\" from AIOU Islamabad In 2012.The thesis puts light on all his literary services and proves him a great poet, prose writer and also a great translator. Above all the thesis proves him a great humanist as well
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# Hi-Yo Silver!
**Hi-Yo Silver!** was a musical solo project by Bjørn Kulseth, the former lead singer and songwriter of the Norwegian rock band the Act. The only Hi-Yo Silver! album was entitled *Away* and was released in 1988.
## History
The first and thus far only solo album by the Norwegian singer and songwriter Bjørn Kulseth was recorded in the summer of 1987. After a week of preproduction in the Pan Studio in Skjetten north of Oslo, producer Steve Forward and Bjørn Kulseth spent the next five weeks in UK recording studios owned by Phil Manzanera and Manfred Mann: The Gallery in Chertsey and The Workhouse in South London respectively.
The resulting album was credited to Hi-Yo Silver! and entitled *Away*, which in combination is the command that the cartoon/film hero The Lone Ranger gives to his horse Silver at the end of every story as they ride away in search for new adventures.
Even though the Hi-Yo Silver! album featured a few country & western touches such as pedal and lap steel guitar, the overall sound is more contemporary late 1980s pop music with sequencers, synthesizers and even some dance oriented grooves.
In fact the first version of the cover, with a portrait of Kulseth taken late at night at great expense in front of a joyride in the Gothenburg fairground Liseberg, was rejected by EMI for looking too \"country\". So the released cover features Kulseth sitting in the shuttle of a space rocket, wearing a fringed silver leather jacket and cradling his newly silver painted Gretch-guitar with the name \"Silver\" engraved on the neck.
Despite a big budget from EMI and much acclaim from the media, *Away* proved to be a commercial failure when it was released in Norway in March 1988. By then though, Kulseth and his younger brother Stein Kulseth had already started a new roots rock band called The Contenders
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# Wayne County Airport (Ohio)
**Wayne County Airport** `{{Airport codes|BJJ|KBJJ|BJJ}}`{=mediawiki} is a public airport located six miles (10 km) northeast of the central business district of Wooster, a city in Wayne County, Ohio, United States. It is owned by Wayne County. Prior to the Wayne County Airport\'s construction sometime after 1972, the city of Wooster was served by Wooster Municipal Airport 3 miles southwest of the current Wayne County Airport.
Air ambulance services, flight instruction, and aircraft rental are all available at the airport.
## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft}
Wayne County Airport covers an area of 331 acre and contains one asphalt paved runway (10/28) measuring 5,190 x 100 ft (1,582 x 30 m).
The airport has a fixed-base operator that sells both avgas and jet fuel. It offers services such as oxygen, catering, hangars, and courtesy and rental cars; it also offers amenities such as WiFi, conference rooms, pilot supplies, a crew lounge, snooze rooms, showers, and televisions.
For the 12-month period ending September 16, 2022, the airport had 18,300 aircraft operations, an average of 50 per day: 98% general aviation, 1% air taxi and \<1% military. In September 2022, there were 48 aircraft based at this airport: 35 single-engine, 3 multi-engine, 5 jet and 5 helicopter.
## Accidents & Incidents {#accidents_incidents}
- On July 29, 2000, a homebuilt Zodiac CH 601 was destroyed during an approach to Wayne County Airport. According to a witness, the airplane flew around the airport and entered a left traffic pattern for landing on Runway 28. When the airplane was turning from base onto final, the witness saw it \"stall and start a spin to the left\"; though the witness reported that the pilot initially recovered, the nose remained high, and the aircraft stalled again and fell out of sight. Computations made by an FAA inspector revealed that the center of gravity was aft of the rearward limit by 3.13 inches, and the airplane was 21.5 pounds over maximum gross weight at the time of the accident. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the pilot\'s loss of control of the airplane while turning from base onto final, which resulted in an inadvertent stall/spin. A factor was the pilot\'s improper loading of the airplane, outside the weight and balance limitations.
- On November 9, 2003, two Cessna 150 aircraft collided at the Wayne County Airport. One was landing and the other departed. One aircraft was on final approach when they heard another aircraft make a radio call reporting on a close-in approach of its own. While lifting off from a touch-and-go landing, the pilots of the first aircraft heard a loud bank and felt a shutter; the aircraft aborted the takeoff and exited the runway, where it noted damage from the second aircraft. The pilot of the second aircraft reported extending the base leg of her traffic pattern and turning inbound when the preceding airplane landed. She later recalled mistaking the airplane she saw for the airplane she eventually struck. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the inadequate visual lookout of the student pilot of the second Cessna 150, causing an on-ground collision.
- On September 9, 2010, an experimental Robertson Velocity crashed while setting up to land at the Wayne County Airport. The pilot reported that the fuel system\'s sight gauges indicated 25 gallons remaining, but no visual check was conducted. Upon reaching the Wayne County Airport, the pilot made a low pass over the runway and departed again to let another aircraft land. While circling 5 miles from the airport, the aircraft\'s engine lost power, and the pilot began a glide back toward the airport. The pilot then realized he did not have enough altitude to glide back and landed in a field nearby. Post accident inspection of the airplane revealed the fuel tanks were intact and there was no fuel present either in the tanks or on the ground around the wreckage. The probable cause of the accident was found to be a loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion as a result of the pilot\'s inadequate fuel planning
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# Samuel Gibbs French
**Samuel Gibbs French** (November 22, 1818 -- April 20, 1910) was an American military officer from New Jersey. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1843, served as a captain in the U.S. Army in the Mexican-American War, and was wounded at the Battle of Buena Vista. In 1856, he resigned his commission to manage a plantation in Mississippi he obtained through marriage.
At the start of the American Civil War, he sided with the Confederacy, was commissioned lieutenant colonel, promoted to brigadier general and major general. He served in the Eastern Theater and commanded the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia. He was transferred to the Western Theater and commanded a division in the Army of Tennessee during the attempt to relieve the Siege of Vicksburg, the Atlanta campaign and the Franklin-Nashville campaign. Over the course of his military career, he served in thirty-five engagements.
In 1901, he published his autobiography *Two Wars: an Autobiography of Gen. Samuel G. French, An Officer in the Armies of the United States and the Confederate States, A Graduate from the U.S. Military Academy, West Point 1843.*
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
French was born on November 28, 1818 near Mullica Hill, New Jersey, the second son of Samuel and Rebecca (Clark) French. He spent his childhood on the family farm and was educated at the Harmony School. He attended the Burlington Academy preparatory school in Burlington, New Jersey and was accepted to the United States Military Academy on March 22, 1839. In 1843, French graduated from the United States Military Academy along with several future Civil War generals including Christopher C. Augur, William B. Franklin, Franklin Gardner, Ulysses S. Grant, Charles Smith Hamilton, Henry M. Judah, John J. Peck, Joseph J. Reynolds, Roswell Ripley and Frederick Steele. He was given the brevet rank of second lieutenant and assigned to the 3rd U.S. Artillery. He was stationed in Fort Macon, North Carolina, Washington, D.C., West Point and Fort McHenry in Baltimore.
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# Samuel Gibbs French
## Mexican-American War {#mexican_american_war}
In August, 1845, he sailed from Baltimore with Major Samuel Ringgold\'s battery of horse artillery to join General Zachary Taylor and the Army of Occupation in Aransas Pass, Texas.
He fought at the Battle of Palo Alto and received praise for his actions at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. On June 18, 1846, he was promoted to second lieutenant. During the Battle of Monterrey, he commanded an artillery battery and was brevetted first lieutenant on September 23, 1846. He was wounded in the thigh by a musket ball during the Battle of Buena Vista but continued to lead his men in combat. He received a promotion to brevet captain and was sent home to recuperate.
On July 4, 1847, he was presented a ceremonial sword from the citizens of New Jersey which contained the inscription \"for distinguished service in the battles of Palo Alo, Resaca de la Palma and Buena Vista\". On February 9, 1849, he was presented on resolution from the New Jersey Legislature a second sword with the inscription \"For brave and gallant conduct displayed in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterrey. Subsequently distinguished at Buena Vista, and promoted to the rank of Captain\".
He became an original member of the Aztec Club of 1847. He was promoted to full captain on January 12, 1848 and commissioned as assistant quartermaster in the general staff of the army working under his former classmate, Rufus Ingalls. He led expeditions in 1849 and 1851 to the Republic of Texas and was assigned to Fort Smith, Arkansas at his request in 1854. He resigned his commission in May, 1856. He acquired a plantation through his marriage to Eliza Matilda Roberts along Deer Creek near Greenville, Mississippi, and left the army to manage it.
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# Samuel Gibbs French
## American Civil War {#american_civil_war}
At the start of the Civil War, French joined the Confederacy. Residents of his home state of New Jersey were so incensed by his decision that they protested in front of his summer home in Woodbury, New Jersey, hanged him in effigy, stormed the house and threw items from his house into the street.
French was made a lieutenant colonel and chief of ordnance of the Army of Mississippi on February 12, 1861; and brigadier general in the provisional army of the Confederate States of America on October 23, 1861. He was assigned to the defense of the Potomac River near Evansport, Virginia. He built Camp French near Quantico, Virginia.
From July 21, 1862 to June, 1863, he commanded the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia. He oversaw improvements to Fort Fisher and built Fort St. Philips (later renamed Fort Anderson) in Brunswick Town, North Carolina to protect Wilmington, North Carolina.
On October 22, 1862, French was promoted major general with seniority backdated to August 31. He commanded a brigade and a division under Major General Daniel Harvey Hill at Petersburg, Virginia. He built the fortifications around Petersburg that were regarded as a model of defensive warfare and held off the Army of the Potomac for nine months. He led attacks against Harrison\'s Landing on July 4, 1862 and Suffolk, Virginia on September 22, 1862. In the first letter to French after the Civil War, former West Point classmate, Union General Rufus Ingalls wrote to French about the Harrison\'s Landing bombardment; \"You don\'t know, dear Sam, how near you came to killing me that night, which, had it happened, would have been a great sorrow to you.\" In April 1863, French led a division under Lieutenant General James Longstreet in the Siege of Suffolk.
French\'s troops were at the Battle of Suffolk (Hill\'s Point), but he declined to attack Fort Huger since he believed the Union commander would quickly vacate the fort since he had no military support. Longstreet censured French\'s actions at Suffolk and tried to have him removed from command but Jefferson Davis vetoed the action. French was on medical leave in Columbus, Georgia, and Warm Springs, Arkansas, due to the lingering effects of dysentery from August 4 to October 1863.
French moved to the Western Theater and commanded a division in Jackson, Mississippi during General Joseph E. Johnston\'s Jackson Expedition to relieve the Siege of Vicksburg. Johnston initially expressed concern to Jefferson Davis that French\'s Northern heritage would make it difficult for the troops to accept him. Davis dismissed this concern and reminded Johnston that French was a wealthy plantation owner in Mississippi and served in the state militia after secession. French served under Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk in Mississippi during the retreat from Jackson from December 1863 to May 1864. He was officially attached to the Army of Tennessee on May 18, 1864. He fought in the Atlanta Campaign including the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain from May to September 1864.
French served in the Franklin--Nashville Campaign. After Atlanta capitulated on October 5, 1864, Hood ordered French and his division to capture Altoona Pass and break the line of communications for Sherman\'s army. At the Battle of Allatoona, French was unable to capture the pass, which was guarded by a federal garrison under Brigadier General John M. Corse. The fierce fighting concluded when federal reinforcements arrived, forcing French\'s troops to retreat to New Hope Church and rejoin the Army of Tennessee. Two of French\'s brigades suffered enormous losses in the Battle of Franklin with more than 1/3 of the troops being killed, wounded or missing. French suffered an eye infection that rendered him nearly blind and he relinquished command to Claudius W. Sears before the Battle of Nashville. He returned home to recuperate from December 16, 1864 to February 1865. He returned to active service and commanded forces in the defense of Mobile, Alabama.
## Postbellum life {#postbellum_life}
He surrendered near Mobile, Alabama and in April, 1865, French was paroled at Columbus, Georgia. His service in both the Mexican-American War and the Civil War resulted in his participation in thirty-five combat engagements. He returned to his plantation in Mississippi and worked for several years as Mississippi State levee commissioner. He lived for a year in Woodbury, New Jersey when he worked as president of a railroad company. He lived in Columbus, Georgia for several years and moved to Winter Park, Florida in 1881 after investing in orange groves. In 1895, he moved to Pensacola, Florida to live near his daughter.
In 1898, at the age of 79, he volunteered to serve in the Spanish-American War but his offer was refused by President William McKinley.
In 1901, he published his memoirs, *Two Wars*. In his book, he criticized Governor John J. Pettus and Confederate generals William J. Hardee, Hood and Leonidas Polk. French placed the blame for the Civil War on the greed of the North. He believed that the North should have compensated Southern states for their slaves when slavery was abolished. He believed that one day, impartial historians would vindicate the South.
French was married to his first wife, Eliza Matilda Roberts of Mississippi, on April 26, 1853. Together they had a daughter and a son who died in childbirth along with Eliza on June 13, 1857. French was married again to Mary Fontaine Abercrombie of Alabama on 12 January 1865; she died on 16 May 1900 at Atlanta, Georgia. Together they had three children.
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# Samuel Gibbs French
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
French died in Florala, Alabama on April 20, 1910 while visiting his son and was interred at St. John\'s Cemetery in Pensacola. For the burial, his body was wrapped in both the American and the Confederate flags. His family placed a cenotaph for him in the family plot in Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
During the Civil War, Fort French near Wilmington, North Carolina, and Camp French near Quantico, Virginia, were named in his honor.
During World War II, the Liberty ship `{{SS|Samuel G. French}}`{=mediawiki} was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in his honor.
There is a bust and marker of French in the National Military Park, Vicksburg, Mississippi
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# North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation
The **North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation** (**SBI**) is the lead state-level law enforcement agency in North Carolina.
## Background
The SBI provides investigative assistance to local law enforcement agencies when requested by police, sheriffs, district attorneys, or judges. The agency has original jurisdiction in areas such as drug and arson investigations, election law violations, weapons of mass destruction, gambling, alcohol violations, child sexual abuse in daycare centers, computer crimes against children, crimes involving state property, and overseeing boxing regulations. SBI and Alcohol Law Enforcement agents conduct investigations to suppress organized crime and vice activities.
The SBI responds to illegal drug laboratories such as meth labs. The Diversion and Environmental Crime Unit investigates the diversion of prescription drugs by licensed healthcare professionals and the theft of medication from hospitals, pharmacies and medical facilities. This unit also investigates violations of state and federal environmental laws such as the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. The SBI helps sponsor Operation Medicine Drop.
The SBI\'s Computer Crimes Unit helps solve sophisticated crimes involving digital evidence, particularly crimes involving child sex exploitation. The unit receives several thousand tips each year from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. The SBI is the lead agency in the N.C. Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force which includes 160 law enforcement agencies from across the state.
The Financial Crime Investigations Unit conducts investigations involving complex crimes such as embezzlement, false pretense and corporate malfeasance, elder financial abuse and other related crimes. The unit is heavily involved in political corruption investigations when a financial motive is involved. The Financial Crimes Unit also helps locate possible financial motives for homicide and arson investigations.
The Fire and Arson Investigation Unit works with local, state and federal investigators to determine the origin and cause of a fire. The SBI has original jurisdiction in fire and arson cases.
The SBI\'s Tactical Services Unit responds to hostage situations, barricaded suspects, high risk search warrants and arrests, explosive devices and high-level security events. The SBI Bomb Squad routinely responds to improvised explosive devices (IEDs), weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), suspicious packages, explosive disposals, booby traps, as well as other high hazard incidents. A part of Tactical Services, the Criminal Apprehension Program locates hard-to-find fugitives, homicide and drug trafficking suspects and missing or endangered persons at the request of local, state and federal law enforcement agencies. Tactical Services also has a Crisis Negotiation Team to peacefully resolve situations such as barricaded subjects or hostage takers. The Special Response Team responds to hostage rescues, barricaded felons, dignitary protection, meth labs and high risk arrests. Technical Services provides expertise in audio, video and other surveillance to law enforcement agencies in criminal investigations.
The SBI\'s Professional Standards Division conducts the most sensitive investigations involving public corruption and government misconduct. This division also oversees investigations into potential fraud cases regarding the Social Security Administration\'s disability programs, fraud committed by Medicaid health care providers and the physical abuse of patients in the Medicaid-funded facilities.
The North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation maintains the North Carolina Sex Offender Registry.
The Crime Reporting Unit is responsible for the collection of data from law enforcement agencies across North Carolina.
In 2018, the SBI received its seventh re-accreditation from the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies.
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# North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation
## History
### Early
In 1925 the North Carolina General Assembly created the State Bureau of Identification. At the time it was attached to the newly formed Department of Correction. The deputy warden H. H. Honeycutt was designated as the director of the new Bureau. A fingerprint laboratory, along with the office space for the Bureau, was located on prison ground. The funding for the bureau would come from appropriations made to the prison system. The bureau\'s main responsibility was to keep track of police and criminal records within the state and to receive and send information to other states. The bureau also conducted studies on the records they received.
The General Assembly 1937 passed legislation that established the State Bureau of Identification and Investigation (SBII) which was directly overseen by the governor. To finance the bureau, every criminal case finally disposed of in the courts had a \$1 additional cost assessed and paid to the State Treasurer of North Carolina. One-half of this amount was to be allotted to the bureau. In 1942 SBI Director Fred C. Handy wrote this the following in *The News & Observer* about the early months for the agency.
> One year after the passage of the act, on March 15, 1938, the governor Clyde R. Hoey appointed a director with authority to proceed with the creation and operation of the bureau\... On July 1, 1938, the first special agent was appointed, and during the same month a firearms identification and questioned document expert entered the services of the bureau. On Aug. 15, 1938, the first fingerprint expert was employed. Necessary scientific equipment for the bureau was secured during the following months and made ready for service to the enforcement agencies of the state\...
Two years later in 1939 the legislature authorized the North Carolina Department of Justice, transferring the (SBII) responsibilities, materials, and funds into the department. In the following decades, the General Assembly passed and enacted several laws giving new roles to the Bureau, which included authorizing private detectives within the state, and investigating arson and damage to, theft of, or misuse of state-owned property.
In 1940, the SBI purchased its first polygraph (lie detector machine). Two agents were in charge of firearms, documents, polygraph and identification.
In 1969, the Police Information Network was created as a central computerized network of criminal justice information.
### Since 1970 {#since_1970}
On November 3, 1970, the people of North Carolina voted on seven proposed amendments to the North Carolina Constitution. Six were approved, including one that required the legislature to reduce the number of administrative departments within the state government, which totaled more than 300 at the time.
The legislature established the North Carolina Department of Justice, placing it under direction of the state\'s Attorney General. The states Crime lab and the SBI were also placed under the control of the Attorney General. During the following years, the state attorney general gave more responsibility to the SBI. The State Bureau now performs background checks of nominees needing confirmation for appointment by the General Assembly. They take charge in cases regarding the investigation of suspected child abuse.
In 2006, the N.C. Information Sharing and Analysis Center, ISAAC, opened in Raleigh.
In 2014 the governor signed a budget bill by the legislature that also removed SBI from the Department of Justice, under the State Attorney General, and transferred it to the Department of Public Safety. Operationally SBI is now headed by an appointee of the governor who is confirmed to an eight-year term by the legislature. B.W. Collier was the first director, and Bob Schurmeier became the second director in July 2016.
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# North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation
## History
### Move to Department of Public Safety (2014) {#move_to_department_of_public_safety_2014}
In August 2014, the North Carolina legislature removed the SBI from the Department of Justice, and Governor Pat McCrory signed the 2014-15 budget bill. That bill, moved the SBI to the North Carolina Department of Public Safety for administrative purposes (i.e. human resources, payroll, etc.), and the [State Crime Lab](http://www.ncdoj.gov/crime-lab.aspx) remained under the Department of Justice. For operational and investigative purposes, the SBI serves as an independent agency that reports directly to the governor. Under that 2014 legislation, the director of the SBI is appointed by the governor to an eight-year term, subject to legislative confirmation.
B.W. Collier was the first director under this new law, and Bob Schurmeier became the second director in July 2016.
In August 2014, State Attorney General Cooper was the likely Democratic nominee for the upcoming gubernatorial race. Some commentators suggested that the Republican action to move the SBI was politically motivated. Neither Governor McCrory nor Attorney General Cooper referred to this publicly.
Cooper said that this action could reduce the SBI\'s independence in cases where it had to investigate the executive branch, other state departments, and members of the General Assembly. \"When a U.S. Attorney or a prosecutor calls on the SBI, they want them to be an independent agency that can help find the truth,\" Cooper said while talking to the *Charlotte Observer* in March 2014. Under Cooper, SBI agents helped make a criminal case against former Democratic Gov. Mike Easley and against aides of Gov. Bev Perdue, also a former Democratic governor of North Carolina. According to Cooper, when the legislature and Gov. McCrory moved the agency, the SBI was conducting investigations that related to legislators and the Department of Public Safety.
Gov. McCrory said that the State Bureau of Investigation should be completely nonpartisan. He suggested that no elected politician should directly oversee the department; rather it should be headed by a director, to be appointed to an eight-year term by the governor, in an effort to buffer the office from changes in administrations. \"Wherever you put the SBI, there could be potential conflicts of interest, I think the goal is to keep the politics out of all investigating and as mayor and a governor we have done that,\" the governor said in an interview with the *Charlotte Observer* in March 2014.
B.W. Collier II was the first SBI director appointed and confirmed under the 2014 law. The second director, a former deputy chief of investigations for the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, [Bob Schurmeier](http://www.ncsbi.gov/Divisions/SBI-Leadership.aspx), was appointed and took office in 2016.
In December of 2023, under the direction of the North Carolina General Assembly the SBI left the Department of Public Safety and became an independent cabinet level agency.
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# North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation
## Activities
The SBI assists local law enforcement with criminal investigations. They work closely with local police, sheriffs, and district attorneys, as well as federal investigators and federal prosecutors.
The SBI has statewide jurisdiction and assists in criminal cases at the request of the local department (municipal police department or sheriff\'s office), district attorney, or judges, usually for serious cases such as homicide, robbery, and property crimes. The local department maintains original jurisdiction over these cases. The SBI has original jurisdiction in cases involving drug investigations, lynching, arson investigations, election law violations, child sexual abuse in day care centers, theft and misuse of state property, and computer crime investigations that involve crimes against children. The SBI is also charged with investigating organized crime and vice activities.
## Organization and districts {#organization_and_districts}
SBI headquarters is located in Wake County. The bureau has several divisions:
- Field Operations Division: Conducts most of the SBI\'s criminal investigations. More than 200 field agents and clerical personnel are employees in the Field Operations Division. Eastern District includes specialized investigators working in the Diversion and Environmental Crime Unit, Computer Crimes and financial crimes. Western District includes specialized investigators working clandestine lab cases, the Tactical Services Unit, the Air Wing, and arson, polygraph, and crime scene search.
- Professional Standards Division: Conducts sensitive investigations involving public corruption and government misconduct, investigations for the North Carolina Judicial Standards Commission, and cases involving theft and misuse of state property, Medicaid fraud and SBI internal affairs activities. It also oversees the agency\'s accreditation process.
- Support Services Division: Oversees recruitment and training of SBI agents and analysts and conducts work on budget, purchasing and physical security.
- Human Resources
The eight districts within the Field Operations Division are:
- Capital District is based in Raleigh and serves Chatham, Durham, Franklin, Granville, Harnett, Johnston, Orange, Person, Warren, Vance, and Wake counties.
- Coastal District is based in Jacksonville and serves Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Duplin, Jones, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, and Pender counties.
- Northeastern District is based in Greenville and serves Beaufort, Bertie, Camden, Chowan, Currituck, Dare, Edgecombe, Gates, Greene, Halifax, Hertford, Hyde, Lenoir, Martin, Nash, Northampton, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Pitt, Tyrrell, Wayne, Wilson, and Washington counties.
- Northern Piedmont District is based in Greensboro and serves Alamance, Caswell, Davidson, Forsyth, Guilford, Montgomery, Randolph, Rockingham, and Stokes counties.
- Northwestern District is based in Hickory and serves Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Davie, Iredell, Surry, Watauga, Wilkes, and Yadkin counties.
- Southeastern District is based in Fayetteville and serves Bladen, Cumberland, Hoke, Lee, Moore, Richmond, Robeson, Sampson, and Scotland counties.
- Southern Piedmont District is based in Harrisburg and serves Anson, Cabarrus, Cleveland, Gaston, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Rowan, Stanly, and Union counties.
- Western District is based in Asheville and serves Buncombe, Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Mitchell, Polk, Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania, and Yancey counties.
## Line of duty deaths {#line_of_duty_deaths}
As of 2025 1 SBI agent has been killed in the line of duty
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# Hirzkar Lake
**Hirzkar Lake** (*Hirzkarseelein*) is a group of small lakes in Upper Austria. In the past, there were more lakes but many have since dried up.
A hiking trail connects the lake area to Krippeneck and a cable car located at Gjaidstein
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# Halberstadt C.V
The **Halberstadt C.V** was a German single-engined reconnaissance biplane of World War I, built by Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke. Derived from the Halberstadt C.III, with a more powerful supercharged 160 kW (220 hp) Benz Bz.IVü engine, it saw service only in the final months of the war. Cameras were mounted in the observer\'s cockpit floor.
The aircraft had very good flight characteristics, especially maneuverability and rate of climb, and was among best German World War I aircraft in its class. First aircraft appeared in front in late June 1918.
## Operators
`{{EST}}`{=mediawiki}
- Estonian Air Force - Postwar.
`{{Flag|German Empire}}`{=mediawiki}
- Luftstreitkrafte
`{{LAT}}`{=mediawiki}
- Latvian Air Force - Postwar.
`{{LTU}}`{=mediawiki}
- Lithuanian Air Force - Postwar, 10 aircraft and 6 unlicensed copies, used from 1919 to late 1920s
`{{POL}}`{=mediawiki}
- Polish Air Force - 11 aircraft, used during Polish-Soviet War in 1919-1920
`{{USSR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Soviet Air Force - 18 units acquired in 1922.
`{{SUI}}`{=mediawiki}
- Swiss Air Force
`{{UKR}}`{=mediawiki}
- West Ukrainian People\'s Republic Army
## Survivors
A single C.V (S/No. 3471/18) survives at the *Musée Royal de l\'Armée et d\'Histoire Militaire* in Brussels, Belgium.
## Specifications (C.V) {#specifications_c
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# Brega
**Brega** `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|eɪ|ɡ|ə}}`{=mediawiki}, also known as *Mersa Brega* or *Marsa al-Brega* (*مرسى البريقة* `{{Transliteration|ar|''Marsā al Burayqah''}}`{=mediawiki}, i.e. \"Brega Seaport\"), is a complex of several smaller towns, industry installations and education establishments situated in Libya on the Gulf of Sidra, the most southerly point of the Mediterranean Sea. It is located in the former Ajdabiya District, which in 2007 was merged into the Al Wahat District. The town is the center of Libya\'s second-largest hydro-carbon complex.
During the First Libyan Civil War, the town quickly fell to the Libyan opposition. Government forces attempted to capture the town on 2 March but were repelled; their attack on 13 March was successful, though rebels later recaptured it on 26 March. In April the rebels were again driven out of Brega, and a several-month long stalemate ensued. On 11 August 2011, the rebels claimed they had retaken the eastern part of Brega.
## Geography
The assigned settlement near the refinery and oil terminal is known as Brega. The town was built in pre-fabricated concrete parts and designed by Greek architect and urban planner Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis. The town has about 7,000 inhabitants.
In reality, Brega consists of several urban settlements, several kilometres apart, mainly divided between *Old Brega* (or \"Western Brega\") and *New Brega* (or \"Eastern Brega\"). Adjacent to and south-west of the port, equally two kilometres north of the airport, lies \"Area 1\". Some 6 kilometres to the east, on the other side of the hydro-carbon complex, lies \"Area 2\". The original settlement of Brega, now partially abandoned, lies some kilometres to the south, to the south of the highway linking western and eastern Libya. 10 kilometres to the north-east of \"Area 2\" lies \"New Brega\", a purpose-built residential area for oil workers.
Between \"Area 2\" and \"New Brega\" (with much sand between them) lies \"Al-Najm University of Technology\" (\"Bright Star University of Technology\"), which was founded in 1981.
Brega lies surrounded by the Sabkhat Ghuzayyil a large, dry region below sea level.
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# Brega
## History
### Battle of Brega (1941) {#battle_of_brega_1941}
Brega was the location of a brief but important battle in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. On 31 March 1941, during the opening phase of Rommel\'s first offensive, the German Afrika Korps expelled the British from their partially prepared positions at Marsa Brega. This opened the way for Rommel\'s drive to the Egyptian border and encirclement of Tobruk.
### Battles of Brega (2011) {#battles_of_brega_2011}
During the Libyan Civil War, Brega found itself in the middle of numerous clashes between rebel and loyalist forces, as the front line shifted rapidly in each direction. By the middle of April, the town had changed hands six times in less than two months.
Early on in the uprising, anti-government forces gained control of the town and oil production facilities. Government forces attempted to regain control of the area on 2 March, but were repulsed by the rebels. On 15 March, government forces retook Brega during their initial counter-offensive, as the disorganised rebel forces were crushed by the Loyalist\'s heavy weapons and air power. On 26 March, after the UN imposed a no-fly zone which removed the threat of Loyalist air attacks, rebels advanced rapidly, taking Brega back from Gaddafi\'s forces but were quickly forced to retreat after a Loyalist counter-offensive. By 31 March, the frontline had stabilised between Brega and Ajdabiya, with rebel forces launching numerous attacks on the town, which all resulted in hasty retreats. Eventually after pushing the Loyalists back from Ajdabiya, the rebels once again launched an assault on the strategic oil town.
On 16 July 2011, it was reported that the rebels appeared to have taken Brega. However, Reuters later reported ten rebels were killed and 172 wounded, and confirmed that the battle was still ongoing. Rebel radio reports said that after three days of heavy fighting, aided by substantial NATO bombing, rebel units had bypassed the town -- cutting off the garrison from its supply lines. Libya\'s opposition National Transitional Council (NTC) said on 16 July that they were preparing to enter the oil refinery town of Brega \"within days\", even as they suffered heavy casualties in the offensive. There was heavy NATO bombardment on the morning of 17 July, during which warplanes destroyed a large military vehicle storage area in Tajura, 30 kilometres east of Tripoli, that consisted of several substantial warehouses containing various military vehicles including battle tanks, armoured personnel carriers and ammunition. This was followed by intense street fighting in the town\'s northeastern area, with the rebels using heavy machine guns. On the morning of 18 July, it was reported that Gaddafi\'s forces were in full retreat and that the rebels were clearing land mines before securing the entire town. Before midday, the rebels claimed victory in the battle. On 23 July, the rebels were still clearing mines while facing \"negligible\" resistance from a small remaining force of Gaddafi loyalists.
According to the local council, the eastern part of the town of Brega was controlled by the AGF by 11 August, and by 17 August all three zones of Brega (residential, oil refinery, administrative) were under the control of the AGF. The UN Inter-Agency mission to Brega on 8 September accessed the residential (Old Brega) zone and visited the heavily damaged Al-Najm University of Technology. Population slowly started to return, although most of the inhabitants remained for a while living outside of Brega (i.e. in Ajdabiya) and commuting daily to check on their property and houses.
### Other events {#other_events}
On 13 January 2000, a Short 360 aircraft leased by the Sirte Oil Company crashed 21 km off the coast, resulting in 22 fatalities. The crash is thought to have occurred after the plane\'s engines were flooded with melting ice, after failure to engage the aircraft\'s ice protection system.
## Industry
The town is the site of an important oil refinery and serves as a major export hub for Libyan oil, being one of five oil terminals in the eastern half of Libya. The oil refinery belongs to and is run by Sirte Oil Company, a subsidiary of the state-owned National Oil Corporation (NOC). Sirte Oil Company is based in Brega. During the 1960s and 1970s, it was run in partnership with the international oil company Esso. By the early 80's, Esso had left, passing full control over to the Sirte Oil Company.
During the Libyan civil war, oil export and activities at the oil refinery have been brought to a standstill. By the end of February, throughput at the oil terminal had diminished from 90,000 barrels of crude oil daily to a mere 11,000. Many employees at the terminal had left, following rumours that the regime of Muammar Gaddafi was going to bomb the plant.
Brega is the starting point of the 670 km Brega-Khoms Intisar gas pipeline.
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Brega
| 1 |
11,084,957 |
# Brega
## Transportation
During Libyan Civil War 2011, Marsa Brega Airport was damaged and inoperable. Marsa Brega Airport resumed operation in December 2013
| 24 |
Brega
| 2 |
11,084,958 |
# Henry Grider
**Henry Grider** (July 16, 1796 -- September 7, 1866) was a United States representative from Kentucky. He was born in Garrard County, Kentucky. He pursued an academic course, studied law, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Grider served in the War of 1812. After the war, he was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1827 and 1831. He also served in the Kentucky Senate 1833--1837. He was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses (March 4, 1843 -- March 3, 1847) and elected as a Unionist to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses and as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Congress and served from March 4, 1861, until his death in Bowling Green, Kentucky in 1866. As a congressman, he served on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction which drafted the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. His vote on the Thirteenth Amendment is recorded as nay. He was buried in Old College Street Cemetery
| 170 |
Henry Grider
| 0 |
11,084,984 |
# Baloch Students Organization – Awami
The **Baloch Students Organization-Awami** or **BSO-Awami** was founded in 1972, when it split from the Baloch Students Organization (BSO). It supported Baluch People\'s Liberation Front, a militant organization in Balochistan against Pakistani control. The organisation was Marxist-Leninist in its ideology. It was against the sardari system in Balochistan.
Taj Baloch was the first chairman. He is currently in the government service. Abdul Nabi Bangulzai, a guerrilla leader, was the second chairman. The third chairman was Mulla Baksh Dasthi. He was killed by unknown gunmen in 2011.
BNSO, (Baloch National Students Organization) is led by AasKaan Baloch
| 102 |
Baloch Students Organization – Awami
| 0 |
11,084,989 |
# Gravitational-wave astronomy
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Data about the first observation of gravitational waves from LIGO and Virgo interferometer **Gravitational-wave astronomy** is a subfield of astronomy concerned with the detection and study of gravitational waves emitted by astrophysical sources.
Gravitational waves are minute distortions or ripples in spacetime caused by the acceleration of massive objects. They are produced by cataclysmic events such as the merger of binary black holes, the coalescence of binary neutron stars, supernova explosions and processes including those of the early universe shortly after the Big Bang. Studying them offers a new way to observe the universe, providing valuable insights into the behavior of matter under extreme conditions. Similar to electromagnetic radiation (such as light wave, radio wave, infrared radiation and X-rays) which involves transport of energy via propagation of electromagnetic field fluctuations, gravitational radiation involves fluctuations of the relatively weaker gravitational field. The existence of gravitational waves was first suggested by Oliver Heaviside in 1893 and then later conjectured by Henri Poincaré in 1905 as the gravitational equivalent of electromagnetic waves before they were predicted by Albert Einstein in 1916 as a corollary to his theory of general relativity.
In 1978, Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. provided the first experimental evidence for the existence of gravitational waves by observing two neutron stars orbiting each other and won the 1993 Nobel Prize in physics for their work. In 2015, nearly a century after Einstein\'s forecast, the first direct observation of gravitational waves as a signal from the merger of two black holes confirmed the existence of these elusive phenomena and opened a new era in astronomy. Subsequent detections have included binary black hole mergers, neutron star collisions, and other violent cosmic events. Gravitational waves are now detected using laser interferometry, which measures tiny changes in the length of two perpendicular arms caused by passing waves. Observatories like LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory), Virgo and KAGRA (Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector) use this technology to capture the faint signals from distant cosmic events. LIGO co-founders Barry C. Barish, Kip S. Thorne, and Rainer Weiss were awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics for their ground-breaking contributions in gravitational wave astronomy.
When distant astronomical objects are observed using electromagnetic waves, different phenomena like scattering, absorption, reflection, refraction, etc. cause information loss. There are various regions in space only partially penetrable by photons, such as the insides of nebulae, the dense dust clouds at the galactic core, the regions near black holes, etc. Gravitational astronomy has the potential to be used in parallel with electromagnetic astronomy to study the universe at a better resolution. In an approach known as multi-messenger astronomy, gravitational wave data is combined with data from other wavelengths to get a more complete picture of astrophysical phenomena. Gravitational wave astronomy helps understand the early universe, test theories of gravity, and reveal the distribution of dark matter and dark energy. In particular, it can help find the Hubble constant, which describes the rate of accelerated expansion of the universe. All of these open doors to a physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM).
Challenges that remain in the field include noise interference, the lack of ultra-sensitive instruments, and the detection of low-frequency waves. Ground-based detectors face problems with seismic vibrations produced by environmental disturbances and the limitation of the arm length of detectors due to the curvature of the Earth's surface. In the future, the field of gravitational wave astronomy will try develop upgraded detectors and next-generation observatories, along with possible space-based detectors such as LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna). LISA will be able to listen to distant sources like compact supermassive black holes in the galactic core and primordial black holes, as well as low-frequency sensitive signals sources such as binary white dwarf merger and sources from the early universe.
| 631 |
Gravitational-wave astronomy
| 0 |
11,084,989 |
# Gravitational-wave astronomy
## Introduction
Gravitational waves are waves of the intensity of gravity generated by the accelerated masses of an orbital binary system that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light. They were first proposed by Oliver Heaviside in 1893 and then later by Henri Poincaré in 1905 as waves similar to electromagnetic waves but the gravitational equivalent.
Gravitational waves were later predicted in 1916 by Albert Einstein on the basis of his general theory of relativity as ripples in spacetime. Later he refused to accept gravitational waves. Gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation, a form of radiant energy similar to electromagnetic radiation. Newton\'s law of universal gravitation, part of classical mechanics, does not provide for their existence, since that law is predicated on the assumption that physical interactions propagate instantaneously (at infinite speed) -- showing one of the ways the methods of Newtonian physics are unable to explain phenomena associated with relativity.
The first indirect evidence for the existence of gravitational waves came in 1974 from the observed orbital decay of the Hulse--Taylor binary pulsar, which matched the decay predicted by general relativity as energy is lost to gravitational radiation. In 1993, Russell A. Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.
Direct observation of gravitational waves was not made until 2015, when a signal generated by the merger of two black holes was received by the LIGO gravitational wave detectors in Livingston, Louisiana, and in Hanford, Washington. The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics was subsequently awarded to Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne and Barry Barish for their role in the direct detection of gravitational waves.
In gravitational-wave astronomy, observations of gravitational waves are used to infer data about the sources of gravitational waves. Sources that can be studied this way include binary star systems composed of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes; events such as supernovae; and the formation of the early universe shortly after the Big Bang.
| 334 |
Gravitational-wave astronomy
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