id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
11,087,387 |
# 1933 Ice Hockey World Championships
The **1933 Ice Hockey World Championships** were held between February 18 and February 26, 1933, in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
By winning its first world championship, the United States deprived Canada of the world title for the first time in tournament history. The American team, the Massachusetts Rangers, was mostly made up of university students and led by standout performances of Gerry Cosby in goal and team captain Ben Langmaid on defence. Canada was represented by the Toronto National Sea Fleas, winners of the 1932 Allan Cup, and coached by the controversial hockey personality Harold Ballard. The teams met on February 26 at Zimní stadión on Štvanice island. Tied 1-1 after 45 minutes of regulation time on goals by Sherman Forbes for the United States and an equalizer by Canadian Tim Kerr, defenceman John Garrison beat Canadian goalie Ron Geddes at the 6-minute mark of a dramatic \"non-sudden death\" overtime period.
Ten nations played in three groups, with the top two in each group advancing to the second round to join Canada and the United States, who both were automatically qualified through to the next round. In the second round, eight teams played in two groups; the top two teams from each group advancing to the semifinals, where the top qualifier in each group were seeded against the second qualifier in the opposing group. The winners of the semifinal matches played in the gold medal game, while the losers played for third place.
Fifth and sixth places were decided by a match between the third-place finishers in the two second ground groups; similarly seventh and eighth places were decided between the two last-place finishers in the second round groups. For the final four places, two classification matches were played between the bottom four finishers in the first round, which provided the seedings for the ninth and eleventh-place matches.
| 312 |
1933 Ice Hockey World Championships
| 0 |
11,087,387 |
# 1933 Ice Hockey World Championships
## First round {#first_round}
### Group A {#group_a}
{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL\|winpoints=2 \|result1=SR \|result2=SR \|result3=CR \|result4=CR
\|team1=TCH\|name_TCH=`{{ih|TCH}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=AUT\|name_AUT=`{{ih|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} \|team3=ITA\|name_ITA=`{{ih|ITA|1861}}`{=mediawiki} \|team4=ROM\|name_ROM=`{{ih|ROM}}`{=mediawiki}
\|win_TCH=3\|draw_TCH=0\|loss_TCH=0\|gf_TCH=13\|ga_TCH=2 \|win_AUT=2\|draw_AUT=0\|loss_AUT=1\|gf_AUT=11\|ga_AUT=3 \|win_ITA=1\|draw_ITA=0\|loss_ITA=2\|gf_ITA=3\|ga_ITA=6 \|win_ROM=0\|draw_ROM=0\|loss_ROM=3\|gf_ROM=1\|ga_ROM=17
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_SR=green1 \|text_SR=Advanced to Second Round \|col_CR=red1 \|text_CR=Advanced to Consolation Matches }}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- ----------- -- ----------- ----------- -----------
18 Feb **3** - 0 0 - 0 **2** - 0 **1** - 0
18 Feb **8** - 0 **2** - 0 **4** - 0 **2** - 0
19 Feb **2** - 0 **1** - 0 **1** - 0 0 - 0
19 Feb **2** - 1 1 - 1 **1** - 0 0 - 0
20 Feb **7** - 1 **2** - 1 **3** - 0 **2** - 0
20 Feb **3** - 1 **1** - 0 1 - 1 **1** - 0
### Group B {#group_b}
{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL\|winpoints=2 \|result1=SR \|result2=SR \|result3=CR
\|team1=GER\|name_GER=`{{ih|GER|Weimer}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=POL\|name_POL=`{{ih|POL}}`{=mediawiki} \|team3=BEL\|name_BEL=`{{ih|BEL}}`{=mediawiki}
\|win_GER=2\|draw_GER=0\|loss_GER=0\|gf_GER=8\|ga_GER=0 \|win_POL=1\|draw_POL=0\|loss_POL=1\|gf_POL=1\|ga_POL=2 \|win_BEL=0\|draw_BEL=0\|loss_BEL=2\|gf_BEL=0\|ga_BEL=7
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_SR=green1 \|text_SR=Advanced to Second Round \|col_CR=red1 \|text_CR=Advanced to Consolation Matches }}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- ----------- -- ----------- ----------- -----------
18 Feb **6** - 0 **1** - 0 **3** - 0 **2** - 0
19 Feb **2** - 0 0 - 0 **1** - 0 **1** - 0
20 Feb **1** - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 **1** - 0
### Group C {#group_c}
{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL\|winpoints=2 \|result1=SR \|result2=SR \|result3=CR
\|team1=SWI\|name_SWI=`{{ih|SWI}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=HUN\|name_HUN=`{{ih|HUN|1920}}`{=mediawiki} \|team3=LAT\|name_LAT=`{{ih|LAT}}`{=mediawiki}
\|win_SWI=2\|draw_SWI=0\|loss_SWI=0\|gf_SWI=6\|ga_SWI=1 \|win_HUN=1\|draw_HUN=0\|loss_HUN=1\|gf_HUN=3\|ga_HUN=1 \|win_LAT=0\|draw_LAT=0\|loss_LAT=2\|gf_LAT=1\|ga_LAT=8
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_SR=green1 \|text_SR=Advanced to Second Round \|col_CR=red1 \|text_CR=Advanced to Consolation Matches }}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- ----------- -- ----------- ----------- -----------
18 Feb **5** - 1 **3**- 0 **1** - 0 1 - 1
19 Feb **1** - 0 **1** - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0
20 Feb **3** - 0 **1** - 0 **1** - 0 **1** - 0
| 297 |
1933 Ice Hockey World Championships
| 1 |
11,087,387 |
# 1933 Ice Hockey World Championships
## Second round {#second_round}
### Group D {#group_d}
{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL\|winpoints=2 \|result1=SR \|result2=SR \|result3=5P\|result4=7P
\|team1=CAN\|name_CAN=`{{ih|CAN|1921}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=AUT\|name_AUT=`{{ih|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} \|team3=GER\|name_GER=`{{ih|GER|Weimar}}`{=mediawiki} \|team4=HUN\|name_HUN=`{{ih|HUN|1920}}`{=mediawiki}
\|win_CAN=3\|draw_CAN=0\|loss_CAN=0\|gf_CAN=12\|ga_CAN=1 \|win_AUT=2\|draw_AUT=0\|loss_AUT=1\|gf_AUT=3\|ga_AUT=4 \|win_GER=1\|draw_GER=0\|loss_GER=2\|gf_GER=4\|ga_GER=7 \|win_HUN=0\|draw_HUN=0\|loss_HUN=3\|gf_HUN=1\|ga_HUN=8
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_SR=green1 \|text_SR=Advanced to Semi-finals \|col_5P=red1 \|text_5P=Advanced to 5th/6th Place Play-off \|col_7P=red1 \|text_7P=Advanced to 7th/8th Place Play-off }}
Date Result P1 P2 P3 OT1 OT2 OT3
-------- -- ----------- -- ----------- ----------- ----------- ------- ------- -----------
21 Feb **1** - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 **1** - 0
21 Feb **5** - 0 **1** - 0 **2** - 0 **2** - 0
22 Feb **4** - 0 **2** - 0 0 - 0 **2** - 0
22 Feb **4** - 0 0 - 0 **2** - 0 **2** - 0
23 Feb **3** - 1 **1** - 0 **1** - 0 1 - 1
23 Feb **2** - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 **2** - 0
### Group E {#group_e}
{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL\|winpoints=2 \|result1=SR \|result2=SR \|result3=5P\|result4=7P
\|team1=USA\|name_USA=`{{ih|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=TCH\|name_TCH=`{{ih|TCH}}`{=mediawiki} \|team3=SWI\|name_SWI=`{{ih|SWI}}`{=mediawiki} \|team4=POL\|name_POL=`{{ih|POL}}`{=mediawiki}
\|win_USA=3\|draw_USA=0\|loss_USA=0\|gf_USA=17\|ga_USA=0 \|win_TCH=2\|draw_TCH=0\|loss_TCH=1\|gf_TCH=2\|ga_TCH=6 \|win_SWI=1\|draw_SWI=0\|loss_SWI=2\|gf_SWI=3\|ga_SWI=9 \|win_POL=0\|draw_POL=0\|loss_POL=3\|gf_POL=1\|ga_POL=8
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_SR=green1 \|text_SR=Advanced to Semi-finals \|col_5P=red1 \|text_5P=Advanced to 5th/6th Place Play-off \|col_7P=red1 \|text_7P=Advanced to 7th/8th Place Play-off }}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- ----------- -- ----------- ----------- -----------
21 Feb **7** - 0 **1** - 0 **2** - 0 **4** - 0
21 Feb **1** - 0 **1** - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0
22 Feb **4** - 0 **3** - 0 0 - 0 **1** - 0
22 Feb **1** - 0 **1** - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0
23 Feb **3** - 1 **2** - 0 0 - **1** **1** - 0
23 Feb **6** - 0 **1** - 0 **4** - 0 **1** - 0
## Third round {#third_round}
### Consolation Matches {#consolation_matches}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- ----------- -- ----------- ----------- -----------
24 Feb **3** - 2 2 - 2 **1** - 0 0 - 0
24 Feb **2** - 0 **1** - 0 0 - 0 **1** - 0
- Romania and Latvia qualified for the 9th/10th Place play-off, Belgium and Italy qualified for the 11th/12th Place play-off.
### Semi-Finals {#semi_finals}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- ----------- -- ----------- ----------- -----------
25 Feb **4** - 0 **2** - 0 **2** - 0 0 - 0
25 Feb **4** - 0 **2** - 0 **1** - 0 **1** - 0
- USA and Canada qualified for the Gold Medal Match, Austria and Czechoslovakia qualified for the Bronze Medal Match.
## Final round {#final_round}
### 11th/12th Place play-off {#th12th_place_play_off}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- -------- -- ---- ---- ----
25 Feb W / O
- Belgium declined to play, so Italy were awarded the win.
### 9th/10th Place play-off {#th10th_place_play_off}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- ----------- -- ----------- ------- -------
25 Feb **1** - 0 **1** - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0
### 7th/8th Place play-off {#th8th_place_play_off}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- -------- -- ------- ----------- -----------
24 Feb 1 - 1 0 - 0 0 - **1** **1** - 0
### 5th/6th Place play-off {#th6th_place_play_off}
Date Result P1 P2 P3
-------- -- -------- -- ------- ------- -------
24 Feb 1 - 1 0 - 0 1 - 1 0 - 0
### Bronze Medal Match {#bronze_medal_match}
Date Result P1 P2 P3 OT1 OT2
-------- -- ----------- -- ------- ------- ------- ------- -----------
26 Feb **2** - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 **2** - 0
### Gold Medal Match {#gold_medal_match}
Date Result P1 P2 P3 OT
-------- ----------------------------------- ----------- -- ------- ------- ------- -----------
26 Feb **`{{ih|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki}** **2** - 1 1 - 1 0 - 0 0 - 0 **1** - 0
## Final Rankings -- World Championship {#final_rankings_world_championship}
RF Team
---- ------
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
7
9
10
11
12
### Championship team {#championship_team}
Medal Country Players
------- --------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gold United States Gerry Cosby, John Garrison, Ben Langmaid, Winthrop Palmer, Frank Holland, Larry Sanford, Channing Hillard, Stewart Iglehart, Sherman Forbes, Jim Breckinridge; Trainer: Walter A. Brown
| 684 |
1933 Ice Hockey World Championships
| 2 |
11,087,387 |
# 1933 Ice Hockey World Championships
## Legacy
The United States\' oldest active college hockey award, the Walter Brown Award, was created in 1953 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of this championship team and its coach, the eponymous Walter A. Brown.\
A team photograph, and a gold medal on loan from the family of Sherman Forbes, are currently on display at The Sports Museum in Boston, Massachusetts
| 67 |
1933 Ice Hockey World Championships
| 3 |
11,087,398 |
# Vortex (Thorpe Park)
KMG \| designer = \| model = Vortex \| theme = \| height_m = 19.812 \| drop_m = \| length_m = \| speed_km/h = \| gforce = \| capacity = 450 \| riders_per_vehicle = 4 \| duration = \| restriction_ft = \| restriction_in = \| restriction_cm = 140 \| virtual_queue_name = Fastrack \| virtual_queue_image = Merlin Entertainment Fastrack availability.svg \| virtual_queue_status= available \| single_rider = \| accessible =available \| transfer_accessible =available \| assistive_listening = \| cc = \| custom_label_1 = \| custom_value_1 = \| custom_label_2 = \| custom_value_2 = \| custom_label_3 = \| custom_value_3 = \| custom_label_4 = \| custom_value_4 = \| custom_label_5 = \| custom_value_5 = \| vehicles = 8 \| custom_label_6 = \| custom_value_6 = \| custom_label_7 = \| custom_value_7 = \| custom_label_8 = \| custom_value_8 = }}
**Vortex** is a KMG Afterburner at Thorpe Park, an amusement park in Chertsey, Surrey, England. It was installed in the Lost City area of the park in 2001. It opened on 25 May, seven weeks after the opening of the 2001 season.
Riders sit in seats arranged in a circle facing inwards, there are eight gondolas with four seats on each. After the over-the-shoulder restraints have been lowered and checked, the platform lowers. The seats then begin to rotate, and after approximately one rotation the ride begins to swing. The ride swings back and forth, swinging up to a maximum height of 20 metres and angle of 120 degrees at 15rpm. After several full height swings, the ride then begins to slow before coming to a halt, the platform is then raised and riders fast track and single rider questions operate
| 275 |
Vortex (Thorpe Park)
| 0 |
11,087,401 |
# Hickory House (TV series)
***Hickory House*** is a British television programme aimed at pre-school children. It was produced by Granada Television from 1973 to 1977 and broadcast on weekday lunchtimes.
Each programme was usually hosted by a pair of presenters, most often including Alan Rothwell. The setting was a normal house, but in Hickory House household objects were brought to life through puppetry. The puppet characters included Humphrey Cushion (a sleepy grey cushion with a fondness for bananas), Dusty Mop (a bad-tempered mop with a long red nose) and the Handle Family. The puppets were created by Barry Smith\'s Theatre of Puppets.
All 129 episodes survive in Granada\'s archive, although none has yet been released on DVD
| 118 |
Hickory House (TV series)
| 0 |
11,087,442 |
# Xerovouni
**Xerovouni** (*Ξεροβούνι*, also Ξηροβούνι *Xirovouni*) is a mountain in the southern part of the Epirus region, Greece. It covers the northeastern Preveza, the southern Ioannina and the northwestern Arta regional units. Its maximum elevation is 1,614 m. It is drained by the river Arachthos to the east and by the river Louros to the west. The nearest mountains are the Tomaros to the northwest and the Athamanika to the northeast. There are forests in the lower areas, the highest areas consist of dry grasslands.
The municipal unit Xirovouni, on the southeast side of the mountain, was named after the mountain. The nearest villages are Dafnoti to the east, Platanoussa to the northeast, Sklivani to the northwest and Anogeio to the southwest
| 123 |
Xerovouni
| 0 |
11,087,461 |
# Electron-transfer dissociation
**Electron-transfer dissociation** (**ETD**) is a method of fragmenting multiply-charged gaseous macromolecules in a mass spectrometer between the stages of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Similar to electron-capture dissociation, ETD induces fragmentation of large, multiply-charged cations by transferring electrons to them. ETD is used extensively with polymers and biological molecules such as proteins and peptides for sequence analysis. Transferring an electron causes peptide backbone cleavage into c- and z-ions while leaving labile post translational modifications (PTM) intact. The technique only works well for higher charge state peptide or polymer ions (z\>2). However, relative to collision-induced dissociation (CID), ETD is advantageous for the fragmentation of longer peptides or even entire proteins. This makes the technique important for top-down proteomics. The method was developed by Hunt and coworkers at the University of Virginia.
## History
Electron-capture dissociation (ECD) was developed in 1998 to fragment large proteins for mass spectrometric analysis. Because ECD requires a large amount of near-thermal electrons (\<0.2eV), originally it was used exclusively with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR), the most expensive form of MS instrumentation. Less costly options such as quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF), quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and linear quadrupole ion trap (QLT) instruments used the more energy-intensive collision-induced dissociation method (CID), resulting in random fragmentation of peptides and proteins. In 2004 Syka et al. announced the creation of ETD, a dissociation method similar to ECD, but using a low-cost, widely available commercial spectrometer. The first ETD experiments were run on a QLT mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source.
## Principle of operation {#principle_of_operation}
Several steps are involved in electron transfer dissociation. Usually a protein mixture is first separated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Next multiply-protonated precursor molecules are generated by electrospray ionization and injected into the mass spectrometer. (Only molecules with a charge of 2+ or greater can be used in ETD.) In order for an electron to be transferred to the positive precursor molecules radical anions are generated and put into the ion trap with them. During the ion/ion reaction an electron is transferred to the positively-charged protein or peptide, causing fragmentation along the peptide backbone. Finally the resultant fragments are mass analyzed.
### Radical anion preparation {#radical_anion_preparation}
In the original ETD experiments anthracene (C~14~H~10~) was used to generate reactive radical anions through negative chemical ionization. Several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules have been used in subsequent experiments, with fluoranthene currently the preferred reagent. Fluoranthene has only about 40% efficiency in electron transfer, however, so other molecules with low electron affinity are being sought.
### Injection and fragmentation {#injection_and_fragmentation}
When the precursor cations (proteins or peptides) and radical anions are combined in the ion trap an electron is transferred to the multiply-charged cation. This forms an unstable positive radical cation with one less positive charge and an odd electron. Fragmentation takes place along the peptide backbone at a N− Cα bond, resulting in c- and z-type fragment ions.
### Mass analysis {#mass_analysis}
Fragmentation caused by ETD allows more complete protein sequence information to be obtained from ETD spectra than from CID tandem mass spectrometry. Because many peptide backbone c- and z- type ions are detected, almost complete sequence coverage of many peptides can be discerned from ETD fragmentation spectra. Sequences of 15-40 amino acids at both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of the protein can be read using mass-to-charge values for the singly and doubly charged ions. These sequences, together with the measured mass of the intact protein, can be compared to database entries for known proteins and to reveal post-translational modifications.
## Instrumentation
Electron transfer dissociation takes place in an ion trap mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source. The first ETD experiments at the University of Virginia utilized a radio frequency quadrupole linear ion trap (LQT) modified with a chemical ionization (CI) source at the back side of the instrument (see diagram at right). Because a spectrum can be obtained in about 300 milliseconds, liquid chromatography is often coupled with the ETD MS/MS. The disadvantage of using LQT is that the mass resolving power is less than that of other mass spectrometers.
Subsequent studies have tried other instrumentation to improve mass resolution. Having a negative CI source at the back of the instrument interfered with the high-resolution analyzer in LQT-Orbitrap and quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF), so alternate ionization methods for the radical anions have been introduced.
In 2006 a group at Purdue University led by Scott McLuckey used a quadrupole/time-of-flight (QqTOF) tandem mass spectrometer with pulsed nano-ESI/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) dual ionization source using radical anions of 1,3-dinitrobenzene as the electron donor. Later a lab at the University of Wisconsin adapted a hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometer to use ETD. This method also used a front-end ionization method for the radical anions of 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid via pulsed dual ESI sources.
As ETD is increasingly popular for protein and peptide structure analysis, implementation on easily available ion-trap mass spectrometers coupled with high resolution mass analyzers continues to evolve.
| 830 |
Electron-transfer dissociation
| 0 |
11,087,461 |
# Electron-transfer dissociation
## Applications
### Proteomics
ETD is widely used in the analysis of protein and large peptides. Important post translational modifications including phosphorylation, glycosylation and disulfide linkages are all analyzed using ETD.
### Polymer chemistry {#polymer_chemistry}
Although MS-based analyses of polymers have largely been performed using single-stage MS, tandem MS has also been used to characterize polymer components. CID is the most common method of dissociation used, but ETD has been used as a complementary method. Unique bond cleavages resulting from ETD supply valuable diagnostic information
| 88 |
Electron-transfer dissociation
| 1 |
11,087,472 |
# Charles P. Thompson
**Charles P. Thompson** (January 2, 1891 -- October 26, 1979) was an American stage, film, and television actor. Best known for playing Mayberry security guard Asa Breeney on *The Andy Griffith Show*.
## Career
Born in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), Thompson began his career on Broadway in the 1920s. At age 57, he made his feature film debut as a ticket taker in *The Naked City* (1948).
During his television career, Thompson portrayed a janitor in the pilot episode, \"The Return,\" of the series *Window on Main Street* in 1961 and played an old man on *Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.* in the episode \"Love Letter to the Sarge\" (1965). He also appeared as Doc Williams in *Wanted Dead or Alive*, two episodes of *Gunsmoke*, seven episodes of *The Andy Griffith Show*, and four episodes of *Bonanza*, one of which (1972) was his last appearance on screen. He played Asa Breeney on the Andy Griffith Show.
## Death
Thompson died in 1979 at the age of 88 in Los Angeles, California.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
----------- ------------------------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
1948 *The Naked City* Ticket Taker Uncredited
1958 *The Adventures of Jim Bowie* Minister Episode: *Bowie\'s Baby*
*Teenage Caveman* Member of the Tribe
1959-1968 *Gunsmoke* Clabe/Milton/Mr. Cross 3 episodes
1959 *The Third Man* Doctor Fredrick Bauman Episode: *Dark Island*
*Father Knows Best* Janitor Episode: *The Meanest Professor*
1960 *Portrait in Black* Sid Uncredited
*Wanted Dead or Alive* Dr. Williams Episode: *The Cure*
1962 *Perry Mason* Antique Car Man Episode: *The Case of the Borrowed Baby*
1962-1967 *The Andy Griffith Show*, Various Roles 7 episodes
1963 *The Twilight Zone* Andy Praskins Episode: *Printer\'s Devil*
*Lassie* George Watts Episode: *Project Bluebirds*
*For Love or Money* Uncle Ben Uncredited
1964 *Invitation to a Gunfighter* Townsman Uncredited
1965 *Death Valley Days* Captain Episode: *A Bell for Volcano*
*Branded* Telegrapher Episode: *The Vindicators*
*The Fugitive* Mr. Duffield Episode: *Moon Child*
1967 *Hot Rods to Hell* Charley
*Green Acres* Dr
| 325 |
Charles P. Thompson
| 0 |
11,087,478 |
# 1929 Ottawa sewer explosion
On May 29, 1929, a series of **explosions in the sewers** of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, killed one person.
The first blast occurred just after noon in the Golden Triangle area, west of the canal; over the next 25 minutes, a series of explosions travelled the length of the main line of the sewer system. The explosions first moved east under the canal and then moved through Sandy Hill under Somerset Street. After passing under the Rideau River, they followed the line as it turned north through what is today Vanier, before going through New Edinburgh to the point where the sewer system emptied into the Ottawa River.
The blasts were fairly small, except when manhole covers were involved. At these points, the access to oxygen fuelled towering flames that erupted through the manhole covers onto city streets. The covers themselves were blown high into the air.
Most of the damage from the sewer explosions occurred where sewage lines were attached to less sturdy pipes inside houses; blasts destroyed the plumbing in many residential basements. Besides property damage, the explosions caused one death and many injuries.
The cause of the explosions was never definitively determined. Methane naturally occurs in sewers, but it never accumulates in a concentration powerful enough to cause explosions of the magnitude seen in Ottawa. The Ottawa Gas Company vehemently insisted that the disaster could not have been caused by its lines.
It is now thought that the fuel stations and mechanic shops in the city---new since the introduction of the automobile---contributed to the calamity. While these shops were required by law to dispose of all waste oils in a safe manner, there were no inspections; dumping waste into the sewage system was commonplace. In combination with problems in the sewer system\'s design, this pollution likely caused the 1929 blasts
| 307 |
1929 Ottawa sewer explosion
| 0 |
11,087,519 |
# 2001 Ronde van Nederland
These are the results for the 41st edition of the **Ronde van Nederland** cycling race, which was held from August 28 to September 1, 2001. The race started in Rotterdam and finished in Landgraaf.
## Stages
### 28-08-2001: Rotterdam-Tilburg, 186 km {#rotterdam_tilburg_186_km}
### 29-08-2001: Tiel-Nijverdal, 184 km {#tiel_nijverdal_184_km}
### 30-08-2001: Nijverdal-Denekamp, 83 km {#nijverdal_denekamp_83_km}
### 30-08-2001: Nordhorn (GER)-Denekamp, 23 km {#nordhorn_ger_denekamp_23_km}
### 31-08-2001: Markelo/Goor-Venlo, 192 km {#markelogoor_venlo_192_km}
### 01-09-2001: Blerick-Landgraaf, 228 km {#blerick_landgraaf_228_km}
## Final classification {#final_classification}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------------------------- --------------
1\. Mercury **21:47:31**
2\. Rabobank **+ 0.06**
3\. Liquigas-Pata **+ 0.27**
4\. Lotto-Adecco **+ 0.42**
5\. Bankgiroloterij-Batavus **+ 0.53**
6\. Bankgiroloterij-Batavus **+ 1.03**
7\. US Postal Service **+ 1.06**
8\. Rabobank **+ 1.11**
9\. Lampre-Daikin **+ 1.16**
10\. Team Coast **+ 1
| 133 |
2001 Ronde van Nederland
| 0 |
11,087,534 |
# Icon (film)
***Icon**\'\' (or***Frederick Forsyth\'s Icon**\'\') is a 2005 made-for-television thriller film directed by Charles Martin Smith and very loosely based on the 1997 novel by Frederick Forsyth. The film premiered on Hallmark Channel May 30, 2005. It is set in the period 1985 to 1999.
## Plot
During the 1999 Russian Presidential elections, the two leading candidates are Igor Komarov (Patrick Bergin), a former Colonel of the KGB, and Nikolai Nikolayev (Joss Ackland), a retired General of the Russian Army. When a car bomb explodes outside one of Komarov\'s pharmaceutical companies, and a virus is stolen from inside, an investigation by the FSB ensues headed by FSB agents Sonia Astrova (Annika Peterson) and Andrei Kasanov (Niko Nicotera). Their investigation is obstructed by the Director of the FSB, Anatoly Grishin (Ben Cross).
A British Embassy worker from Moscow, Sir Nigel Irvine (Michael York), tracks down Jason Monk (Patrick Swayze), a former CIA operative, who ran double agents in the Soviet Union and convinces him to investigate the incident. Once in Moscow, Jason finds an old friend, Viktor Akopov (Steve Speirs), who agrees to hide Jason from Komarov\'s men. Viktor steals a residue sample of the bomb used and his scientist friend Tonkin (Valentin Ganev) tells him that the explosive used, Semtex H, has a direct traceable link to the FSB. Tonkin is soon killed by Vladimir Dorganosov (Tom Wlaschiha), the man who attacked Komarov Industries and stole the bioweapon.
Sonia and Andrei locate Leonid Zaitzev (Theodor Danetti), a cleaner who worked at the Komarov Industries plant and saw Dorganosov steal the virus. As they question him, Grishin appears, arrests Zaitzev, and fires Sonia and Andrei. Zaitzev is later killed by Dorganosov while in custody. Sonia goes home to find Jason waiting for her and agrees to help him access the FSB network. However, they are shot at by Dorganosov and a car chase ensues. They go to Andrei\'s house where they find him already dead.
After the chase, Dorganosov demands the rest of his payment from his contractor, who is revealed to be Anatoly Grishin. While they are arguing, Komarov arrives and orders Grishin to kill Dorganosov.
Jason and Sonia come to realise that Grishin knew about the bombing in advance, and they raid his house for information. Jason is injured and, while he is unconscious, Sonia locates his daughter Elena (Marta Kondova) and brings her to him. While trawling through the information from Grishin\'s computer, they find a secret manifesto written by Komarov, which tells of his plans to unleash genocide on any \"undesirables\" in Russia. Jason realises that the bombing and the theft of the bioweapon were planned by Komarov, and mark the beginning of the genocide.
Jason and Sonia go to Komarov\'s Presidential opponent, General Nikolayev, and try to expose Komarov but he announces having vaccinations for all viruses. This boosts his popularity and leads to his election.
Jason and Sonia find Komarov\'s facility outside Moscow and raid it. Sonia kills Grishin and takes his phone, which allows them to locate the FSB agents spreading the viruses. After Jason secretly hands Grishin\'s phone to Sir Nigel, he orders the arrest of the rogue FSB agents. Komarov\'s plan is revealed publicly, and riots ensue in the streets, calling for his resignation. Komarov attempts to mobilize the army against the rioting crowds, but Nikolayev, at Jason and Sonia\'s urging, convinces the troops to stand down. Komarov tries to escape but is cornered and shot by Jason and subsequently killed by the crowds.
Nikolayev becomes the acting President, and Sonia is appointed head of the FSB. Jason moves back to Spain with Elena and resumes his job hiring out a fishing boat.
## Cast
- Patrick Swayze as Jason Monk
- Patrick Bergin as Igor Komarov
- Michael York as Sir Nigel Irvine
- Annika Peterson as Sonia Astrova
- Ben Cross as Anatoly Grishin
- Jeff Fahey as Harvey Blackledge
- Joss Ackland as General Nikolai Nikolayev
- Steve Speirs as Viktor Akopov
- Niko Nicotera as Andrei Kasanov
- Valentin Ganev as Vladimir Tonkin
- Barry Morse as Josef Cherkassov
- Tom Wlaschiha as Vladimir Dorganosov
- Jay Benedict as Carey Jordan
- Theodor Danetti as Leonid Zaitsev
- Marta Kondova as Elena
- Atanas Srebrev as Misha
- Ross McCall as John Cromwell
| 717 |
Icon (film)
| 0 |
11,087,534 |
# Icon (film)
## Reception
Robert Pardi of *TV Guide* gave the film 2/5 stars and remarked that screenwriters Adam Armus and Kay Foster butcher the best-selling source material
| 29 |
Icon (film)
| 1 |
11,087,585 |
# Tomaros
**Tomaros** (*Τόμαρος*, also Ολύτσικας - *Olytsikas* or *Tomaros*) is a mountain in southwestern Ioannina regional unit, Greece. Rising to the south of the archaeological site of Dodona, it is part of the Pindus mountain range. Its maximum elevation is 1,974 m. The nearest mountains are the Xerovouni to the southeast and the Souli Mountains to the southwest. There are forests in the lower areas, the highest areas consist of dry grasslands.
The nearest villages are Vargiades to the southeast, Lippa to the southwest and Dodoni to the north. The A2 motorway (Egnatia Odos, Igoumenitsa - Ioannina -Kozani - Thessaloniki - Alexandroupoli) passes northwest of the mountain with tunnels.
## Etymology
Two suggestions have been proposed.
Related to Greek *temno* cut + *oros* mountain (sharp mountain) PIE \*tom-/\*tem- \"cut\", Vale of Tempe, Tomi city, Tomouroi priests of Dodona (wood-cutters) or chastified (with cutten tail, line oura) or *[tomarion](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23104244)* diminutive of *tomos* slice, piece of land, tome, volume.
Related to Tmor and Tomori mountains in Illyria and Illyrian eponym *Temus*
| 170 |
Tomaros
| 0 |
11,087,600 |
# N60 road (Ireland)
The **N60 road** is a national secondary road in Ireland, linking Castlebar, County Mayo to Roscommon town via Claremorris, Ballyhaunis and Castlerea. The busiest section of the N60 is between Castlebar and Claremorris, as this is one of the main links from County Mayo to the Irish motorway network at Tuam. This section of the route carries more than 7,000 vehicles daily.
The entire N60 is single carriageway and the vast majority has no hard shoulders. Some stretches have narrow driving lanes and poor horizontal alignment, and these sections have been targeted for upgrades in recent years. Between Castlebar and Claremorris, a 1.4 km section of road at Lagnamuck was realigned in 2019 and a 3.6 km realignment at Heathlawn was completed in 2024. Another 4 km realignment at Manulla is at the design stage.
In County Roscommon, a 3.4 km section of the N60 at Oran, between Ballymoe and Roscommon town, was realigned and upgraded in 2019.
Prior to these upgrades, the N60 had seen only minor realignment works carried out since the 1970s, most notably the Claremorris relief road, which was constructed in two stages between 1988 and 2000. This relief road removes the majority of the 7,000 vehicles daily from Claremorris town centre, in particular Mount Street---which was once notorious for tailbacks, as traffic previously gave way to the busy N17 that passed through the town prior to the opening of the N17 bypass in 2001.
A new route between Castlebar and Claremorris has been in planning for many years; it will bypass the village of Balla when constructed. However, design work on this project has been suspended.
## Route
The official description of the N60 from the *Roads Act 1993 (Classification of National Roads) Order 2012* reads:
: **N60: Roscommon --- Castlebar, County Mayo**
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: Between its junction with N61 at Cloonbrackna in the county of Roscommon and its junction with N5 at Humbert Way in the town of Castlebar in the county of Mayo via Racecourse Road, Lissagallan and Drumatemple in the county of Roscommon: Ballymoe Bridge at the boundary between the county of Roscommon and the county of Galway: Ballymoe in the county of Galway: Harristown; Saint Patrick Street and Main Street at Castlerea; Fortaugustus, Ballinlough and Scregg in the county of Roscommon: Coolnafarna, Devlis; Abbey Street, Bridge Street and Clare Street at Ballyhaunis; Hazelhill, Brickeens, Cuilmore and Clare; Inner Relief Road and Mount Street in the town of Claremorris; Lugatemple, Brees, Balla, Moat, Manulla Bridge, Breaghwy and Kilkenny in the county of Mayo: and Station Road in the town of Castlebar.
The route originally continued from Castlebar to Westport; however, this section became part of the N5 in 1994. The route was curtailed by a further 2.5km when the N5 bypass of Castlebar opened in 2023. At this point the N60 terminates at its junction with the N5 Castlebar bypass, and the remaining former N60 road has been designated as the R308.
The N60 is 92.4 km long
| 503 |
N60 road (Ireland)
| 0 |
11,087,607 |
# Elisabeth Cassutto
**Elisabeth \"Elly\" Cassutto** (1931--1984) was the wife of Rev. Ernest H. Cassutto, a fellow Holocaust survivor from The Netherlands.
Elly Rodrigues as she was known, was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on April 23, 1931. She and her older brother, Henry, came from an observant Jewish family. She was a neighbor and schoolmate of Anne Frank. Like Anne, she and her family were forced to go into hiding when the Germans occupied the Netherlands during WW II. She and her brother were split up and sent to the Dutch countryside, to a small village called Hazerswoude-Dorp in the mid-west of Holland. They were hidden by two Christian sisters, Margriet \"Grietje\" Bogaards and Annie Ketel. During that time, Elly had to assimilate herself in the community as a Christian young girl and was told she had to change her last name to Van Tol, a generic Dutch name. She had to learn the New Testament and Christian songs and go to church to avoid detection. After the war, she and Henry learned that their parents had been captured and gassed in Auschwitz.
She had become a Christian and her guardian, Miss Bogaards, was allowed to adopt her. She did not want to abandon her Jewishness and joined the Hebrew Christian Youth Alliance. Henry, however, did not convert. She met her future husband, Ernest Cassutto, at one of the Youth Alliance meetings. She and Ernest married in 1949. He became a Dutch Reformed minister and she enjoyed her duties as the minister\'s wife. In 1952, they received an invitation to become missionaries to the Jews and immigrants in the New York-New Jersey area. They accepted and became ministers-at-large to this community and settled in Passaic, N.J. with their infant daughter. Later, the family expanded to include two sets of twins, first girls, and then boys.
In 1968, Rev. and Mrs. Cassutto were called to become the pastor of the Emmanuel Hebrew Christian Church of Villa Nova, Baltimore County. Mrs. Cassutto had gone to college, and in 1977, received her teaching certificate from Towson State (Md.) She taught foreign languages and gave many talks in area churches and schools about her war experiences.
Elly Cassutto died on May 5, 1984, at the age of 53 in Baltimore County. Her brother, Henry Rodrigues, died July 15, 2007, in Long Island, NY. Elly\'s story is included in her late husband\'s book, *The Last Jew of Rotterdam* and was known as \"The Anne Frank with the Happy Ending.\" The story of Elisabeth Rodrigues Cassutto, and that of her husband, Ernest H. Cassutto, can be found on the World Wide web at the Cassutto Memorial Pages, maintained by their son, George Cassutto
| 448 |
Elisabeth Cassutto
| 0 |
11,087,628 |
# King of the Grey Islands
***King of the Grey Islands*** is the ninth studio album by Swedish doom metal band Candlemass, released on 22 June 2007 through Nuclear Blast Records. It is the first album recorded following the departure of vocalist Messiah Marcolin, who left the band during the pre-production phase of the album. He was replaced by Robert Lowe, who would stay with the band until his departure in June 2012.
A digipak version contains two bonus studio session tracks with Robert Lowe. The album was also released as a double vinyl LP with the bonus track \"Edgar Grey\". A tin box set edition (limited to 500 copies) was also released, which included a bonus 3\" CD with two bonus tracks: \"Black Dwarf\" and \"Demonia 6 (early version)\". \"Black Dwarf\" is a re-recording with Lowe on vocals. These songs also appear on the \"Black Dwarf\" 7\".
Upon its release, the album was met with widespread acclaim from both critics and fans
| 163 |
King of the Grey Islands
| 0 |
11,087,652 |
# Crescent Heights, Calgary
**Crescent Heights** is a neighbourhood (formerly its own village) located in Calgary, Alberta. It is located in the inner city, immediately north from Downtown. It is bounded to the north by the Trans-Canada Highway, on the east by Edmonton Trail, on the west by 4th Street NW, and to the south by Memorial Drive and the Bow River.
Crescent Heights was originally incorporated as a village on May 1, 1908. It was subsequently annexed by the City of Calgary in 1911 and established as a neighbourhood in 1914.
Crescent Heights is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 7 councillor. The community has an area redevelopment plan in place.
The community will be linked to the city\'s CTrain rapid-transit system at 9 Avenue N station when construction of the Green Line is complete in 2027.
## History
Crescent Heights was founded in 1895 by Archibald J. McArthur. Crescent Heights, originally its own village, was acquired by land developer and politician Archibald J. McArthur and incorporated into the City of Calgary in 1909 along with the neighbouring community of Tuxedo Park, slightly further north. Crescent Heights experienced a real estate boom in the 1920s and many new homes were built, some of which are still standing today.
## Demographics
Crescent Heights is a community in Calgary, Alberta, characterized by a population of 6,240 residents living in private households as of the 2021 Census of Canada. The age distribution of the population includes 10% of individuals aged 14 years or younger and 12% aged 65 years or older. Economic data indicates that 28% of households spend 30% or more of their total income on shelter, with a median total household income before tax of \$72,500 in 2020. The community is notably diverse, with 26% of its residents being immigrants and 83% of individuals primarily speaking English at home. This demographic and household information was sourced from Statistics Canada and accessed through the Community Data Program.
Year Population
------ ------------
2014 6235
2015 6380
2016 6097
2017 6197
2018 6598
2019 6620
2021 6240
: Pop. Overtime
## Crime
Year Crime Rate (/100 pop.)
------ ------------------------
2018 5.6
2019 6.4
2020 6.5
2021 4.9
2022 5.9
2023 4.8
: Crime Data
## Education
Crescent Heights is home to Crescent Heights High School. Due to a shortage of high schools in northeast Calgary, Crescent Heights had a proportion of students bused in from Abbeydale, Taradale, Saddletowne, Marlborough, Marlborough Park and surrounding areas in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as in present times
| 425 |
Crescent Heights, Calgary
| 0 |
11,087,657 |
# Concordia Lutheran College
**Concordia Lutheran College** is an independent, co-educational, day and boarding school of the Lutheran Church of Australia, located in Toowoomba on the Darling Downs of Queensland, Australia.
Concordia Memorial College was renamed Concordia College and later renamed Concordia Lutheran College, after merging with Martin Luther Primary School and Concordia Primary School.
It is made up of Hume Street Campus (formerly Martin Luther Primary School), Warwick Street Campus (formerly Concordia Primary School) and Stephen Street Campus (formerly Redlands Campus). Stephen Street Campus is the site of the heritage listed Redlands building).
Concordia participates in Rotary International\'s Interact Club program, in which students raise money and volunteer for various programs and charities in the school, the wider community and internationally.
Concordia\'s students frequently participate in charity events such as The Cancer Council\'s Relay For Life, World Vision\'s 40 Hour Famine as well as sponsoring a child, also through World Vision.
## Curriculum
Concordia\'s Students study a variety of subjects in a range of categories including: Arts, Sciences, sports, Numeracy, Literacy, Languages, Studies of Society and Environment, Religious Education, Business, Technology, Furnishing and Metalwork. TAFE, University Headstart and Work Experience Programs are also frequently undertaken.
Concordia offers a unique Independent Learning Centre, where students can opt to study a unit of their own choice (E.g. World War I, The Mona Lisa, fashion design) This has proven to be a highly successful program, with students choosing and learning from units that will benefit their chosen careers later in life.
In 2007, Concordia was ranked among the 20 best schools in Queensland, from year 12 Overall Position results.
## Sport
As with most Australian schools, Concordia Lutheran College uses a house system. The three houses of the college are:
- Altus -- Red
- Kessler -- White
- Stedman -- Yellow
General Sporting days were held on Wednesdays until 2019, however many students choose to participate in extracurricular sporting teams such as \'Wednesday Night Volleyball\' and \'Friday Night Basketball\'
Annually, Concordia holds an athletics carnival, usually in the third term. A swimming carnival is held in the first term along with cross-country events in the first or second term. Concordia also competes in Regional and Inter-Lutheran sporting events in Athletics, Cross Country and swimming. These are generally held in Brisbane and are contended by many Lutheran schools from South East Queensland. There are also two sport captains nominated each year. The two captains participate in and run many events throughout the year.
## Principals / Head of College {#principals_head_of_college}
Name Term
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
**Principal**
1\. Professor Rudolph D. Altus 1946--1947
2\. Pastor B. K. R. Haebich *(Acting principal)* 1948
3\. Pastor Hermann E. Temme 1949--1960
4\. Professor Robert Johnston 1961--1964
5\. Owen James (Jim) Janetzki 1965--1989
6\. David Roy Woodrow AM 1990--1994
7\. Michael Brew-Bevan *(Acting principal)* 1995
8\. Ian Mibus 1996--2004
9\. Michael Kaiser 2005--2007
**Head of College**
9\. Michael Kaiser 2007--2017
10\. Adrian Wiles 2018--2021
11\
| 487 |
Concordia Lutheran College
| 0 |
11,087,679 |
# Sergio Pupovac
**Sergio Pupovac** (born 5 July 1979), also known as Serdo or Serdjio Pupovac, is a retired French-born Luxembourgish footballer who played as a striker.
## Club career {#club_career}
Pupovac started his career at French fifth division side Levallois SC before moving to Luxembourg.
He topped the Luxembourg National Division goalscoring table, with 24 goals for Racing FC\'s predecessor club, CS Alliance 01, in 2004-05.
In 2009 he has played 5 matches for the Luxembourg national football team
| 80 |
Sergio Pupovac
| 0 |
11,087,698 |
# Belinda Bidwell
**Belinda Bidwell** (22 April 1936 -- 28 April 2007) was the first female speaker of the National Assembly of The Gambia. In 2002, Bidwell, who was previously a teacher, was nominated to serve in the National Assembly, and she became deputy speaker. In April 2006, following an attempted coup d\'etat in March, Speaker Sheriff Mustapha Dibba was arrested and removed from his position for alleged involvement, and Bidwell became speaker.
Bidwell died of a heart attack in April 2007.
## Early life {#early_life}
Bidwell was the second daughter of Gabriel and Julian Faal Faal Matilde, born on 22 April 1936. Her sister and father were politically active in Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction party. She had her primary education at Saint Joseph Convent, collegiate education at Gambia College and graduation at the University of Oxford in the UK. After completing education, she served as a teacher at St. Joseph Convent, St. Augustine Junior Secondary School and Gambia College. She had various degrees in Mathematics and environment protection from University of Chicago, US, University of Reading in the UK and at other universities in Australia, the Soviet Union and Germany. She was married to James Ndow and the pair had three sons and two daughters.
## Political life {#political_life}
Bidwell was nominated to serve in the National Assembly in 2002 by Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction, and she went on to become the deputy speaker. In April 2006, following an attempted coup d\'etat in March, Speaker Sheriff Mustapha Dibba was arrested and removed from his position for alleged involvement, and Bidwell became speaker. Fatoumatta Jahumpa Ceesay replaced Bidwell as speaker in February 2007, Bidwell died of a heart attack in April 2007
| 286 |
Belinda Bidwell
| 0 |
11,087,699 |
# Yoann Bouchard
**Yoann Bouchard** (born 1 December 1976) is a French former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He last played for Besançon Racing Club until the end of the 2009-10 season. He previously appeared in Ligue 2 for Nîmes and Clermont Foot and the Spanish Segunda División for Racing de Ferrol and Elche
| 55 |
Yoann Bouchard
| 0 |
11,087,719 |
# Curio rowleyanus
***Curio rowleyanus***, syn. ***Senecio rowleyanus***, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is a creeping, perennial, succulent vine native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. In its natural environment its stems trail on the ground, rooting where they touch and form dense mats. It often avoids direct sunlight by growing in the shade of other plants and rocks. It is commonly known as **string-of-pearls** or **string-of-beads**.
\"String-of-beads\" and several other common names are shared with *Curio herreanus* (string of watermelons), which has teardrop-shaped leaves, rather than spherical.
## Taxonomy
This plant was named after British botanist Gordon Douglas Rowley who specialized in Cactaceae and succulents.
According to IPNI, the currently accepted name *Curio rowleyanus* was originally published in 1999 by Paul V. Heath in Calyx. Sutton under Whitestone Cliffe 6(2): 55 (as *Curio roeleanus*). Earlier names, now regarded as synonyms, are *Kleinia rowleyana* (Jacobsen) G.Kunkel, Gartenpraxis, 14(1): 52 (1988) and *Senecio rowleyanus* H.Jacobsen, National Cact. Succ. J., 23(2): 30 (1968).
## Description
*Curio rowleyanus* receives its common name from specialized leaves which are the size and shape of small peas (about 6 mm or `{{frac|1|4}}`{=mediawiki} inch diameter).Its trailing stems can grow 2--3 feet (60--90 cm). There is a small tip at the distal point of each leaf and a thin band of dark green tissue on the side known as a \"window\" (see below). It blooms during the summer and, like all asterids, it has a compound flower. The trumpet shaped flower forms clusters (about 13mm or `{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} inch diameter) of small white flowers with colorful stamens. The flower will last about a month and is said to smell like cinnamon and other spices.
### Leaf morphology {#leaf_morphology}
The odd shape of the leaves is an adaptation to arid environments and allows for the storage of water while exposing a minimum amount of surface area per volume to the dry desert air. This greatly reduces water loss due to evaporation relative to the typical dorsi-ventrally flattened leaves of most angiosperms. Although its spherical leaf morphology contributes to minimizing water loss, it also dramatically reduces the surface area available for the absorption of light and photosynthesis.
An adaptation that may help compensate for this reduction in light interception is a narrow, translucent, crescent-shaped band of tissue on the adaxial side of the lamina. This specialized structure is known as an \"epidermal window\" and it allows light to enter and irradiate the interior of the leaf, effectively increasing the area of leaf tissue available for photosynthesis. This is a trait shared with *Curio radicans (string of bananas)*, a close relative of *Curio rowleyanus*. A similar morphology is observed in species of the genus *Fenestraria* as well as the species *Haworthia cooperi* and *Frithia pulchra*, which grow underground and only expose their leaf tips to absorb light radiation.
## Cultivation
*Curio rowleyanus* is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is typically displayed in hanging baskets with the leaves cascading over the edge of the container. It can be grown indoors or outdoors (above freezing temperature) and is considered to be low maintenance.
Like most succulents, it requires very infrequent watering (about once a month), a few hours of direct sunlight and is not affected by humidity. Good soil drainage is essential to prevent root rot, so sandy soil is recommended. This plant can be propagated easily by cutting or pinching off 10 cm or 4 inches of healthy stem tip and lightly covering them with moist potting mix. The roots will quickly develop from where the leaves are attached to the stem.
## Toxicity
The vegetation of *C. rowleyanus* is somewhat poisonous and should not be consumed. In humans the string of pearls plant is rated as toxicity classes 2 and 4 by the University of California, Davis. Class 2 is defined by minor toxicity; ingestion of string of pearls may cause minor illnesses such as vomiting or diarrhea. Class 4 is defined by dermatitis; contact with the plant\'s sap may cause skin irritation or rash. Likewise, if consumed by animals it can cause vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, skin irritation or lethargy
| 686 |
Curio rowleyanus
| 0 |
11,087,760 |
# Biomimetic material
**Biomimetic materials** are materials developed using inspiration from nature. This may be useful in the design of composite materials. Natural structures have inspired and innovated human creations. Notable examples of these natural structures include: honeycomb structure of the beehive, strength of spider silks, bird flight mechanics, and shark skin water repellency.
The etymological roots of the neologism \"biomimetic\" derive from Greek, since `{{transliteration|grc|bios}}`{=mediawiki} means \"life\" and `{{transliteration|grc|mimetikos}}`{=mediawiki} means \"imitative\".
## Tissue engineering {#tissue_engineering}
Biomimetic materials in tissue engineering are materials that have been designed such that they elicit specified cellular responses mediated by interactions with scaffold-tethered peptides from extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; essentially, the incorporation of cell-binding peptides into biomaterials via chemical or physical modification. Amino acids located within the peptides are used as building blocks by other biological structures. These peptides are often referred to as \"self-assembling peptides\", since they can be modified to contain biologically active motifs. This allows them to replicate information derived from tissue and to reproduce the same information independently. Thus, these peptides act as building blocks capable of conducting multiple biochemical activities, including tissue engineering. Tissue engineering research currently being performed on both short chain and long chain peptides is still in early stages.
Such peptides include both native long chains of ECM proteins as well as short peptide sequences derived from intact ECM proteins. The idea is that the biomimetic material will mimic some of the roles that an ECM plays in neural tissue. In addition to promoting cellular growth and mobilization, the incorporated peptides could also mediate by specific protease enzymes or initiate cellular responses not present in a local native tissue.
In the beginning, long chains of ECM proteins including fibronectin (FN), vitronectin (VN), and laminin (LN) were used, but more recently the advantages of using short peptides have been discovered. Short peptides are more advantageous because, unlike the long chains that fold randomly upon adsorption causing the active protein domains to be sterically unavailable, short peptides remain stable and do not hide the receptor binding domains when adsorbed. Another advantage to short peptides is that they can be replicated more economically due to the smaller size. A bi-functional cross-linker with a long spacer arm is used to tether peptides to the substrate surface. If a functional group is not available for attaching the cross-linker, photochemical immobilization may be used.
In addition to modifying the surface, biomaterials can be modified in bulk, meaning that the cell signaling peptides and recognition sites are present not just on the surface but also throughout the bulk of the material. The strength of cell attachment, cell migration rate, and extent of cytoskeletal organization formation is determined by the receptor binding to the ligand bound to the material; thus, receptor-ligand affinity, the density of the ligand, and the spatial distribution of the ligand must be carefully considered when designing a biomimetic material.
| 479 |
Biomimetic material
| 0 |
11,087,760 |
# Biomimetic material
## Biomimetic mineralization {#biomimetic_mineralization}
Proteins of the developing enamel extracellular matrix (such as amelogenin) control initial mineral deposition (nucleation) and subsequent crystal growth, ultimately determining the physico-mechanical properties of the mature mineralized tissue. Nucleators bring together mineral ions from the surrounding fluids (such as saliva) into the form of a crystal lattice structure, by stabilizing small nuclei to permit crystal growth, forming mineral tissue. Mutations in enamel ECM proteins result in enamel defects such as amelogenesis imperfecta. Type-I collagen is thought to have a similar role for the formation of dentin and bone.
Dental enamel mineral (as well as dentin and bone) is made of hydroxylapatite with foreign ions incorporated in the structure. Carbonate, fluoride, and magnesium are the most common heteroionic substituents.
In a biomimetic mineralization strategy based on normal enamel histogenesis, a three-dimensional scaffold is formed to attract and arrange calcium and/or phosphate ions to induce de novo precipitation of hydroxylapatite.
Two general strategies have been applied. One is using fragments known to support natural mineralization proteins, such as Amelogenin, Collagen, or Dentin Phosphophoryn as the basis. Alternatively, de novo macromolecular structures have been designed to support mineralization, not based on natural molecules, but on rational design. One example is oligopeptide P11-4.
In dental orthopedics and implants, a more traditional strategy to improve the density of the underlying jaw bone is via the *in situ* application of calcium phosphate materials. Commonly used materials include hydroxylapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and calcium phosphate cement. Newer bioactive glasses follow this line of strategy, where the added silicone provides an important bonus to the local absorption of calcium.
| 268 |
Biomimetic material
| 1 |
11,087,760 |
# Biomimetic material
## Extracellular matrix proteins {#extracellular_matrix_proteins}
Many studies utilize laminin-1 when designing a biomimetic material. Laminin is a component of the extracellular matrix that is able to promote neuron attachment and differentiation, in addition to axon growth guidance. Its primary functional site for bioactivity is its core protein domain isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine (IKVAV), which is located in the α-1 chain of laminin.
A recent study by Wu, Zheng et al., synthesized a self-assembled IKVAV peptide nanofiber and tested its effect on the adhesion of neuron-like pc12 cells. Early cell adhesion is very important for preventing cell degeneration; the longer cells are suspended in culture, the more likely they are to degenerate. The purpose was to develop a biomaterial with good cell adherence and bioactivity with IKVAV, which is able to inhibit differentiation and adhesion of glial cells in addition to promoting neuronal cell adhesion and differentiation. The IKVAV peptide domain is on the surface of the nanofibers so that it is exposed and accessible for promoting cell contact interactions. The IKVAV nanofibers promoted stronger cell adherence than the electrostatic attraction induced by poly-L-lysine, and cell adherence increased with increasing density of IKVAV until the saturation point was reached. IKVAV does not exhibit time dependent effects because the adherence was shown to be the same at 1 hour and at 3 hours.
Laminin is known to stimulate neurite outgrowth and it plays a role in the developing nervous system. It is known that gradients are critical for the guidance of growth cones to their target tissues in the developing nervous system. There has been much research done on soluble gradients; however, little emphasis has been placed on gradients of substratum bound substances of the extracellular matrix such as laminin. Dodla and Bellamkonda, fabricated an anisotropic 3D agarose gel with gradients of coupled laminin-1 (LN-1). Concentration gradients of LN-1 were shown to promote faster neurite extension than the highest neurite growth rate observed with isotropic LN-1 concentrations. Neurites grew both up and down the gradients, but growth was faster at less steep gradients and was faster up the gradients than down the gradients.
## Biomimetic artificial muscles {#biomimetic_artificial_muscles}
Electroactive polymers (EAPs) are also known as artificial muscles. EAPs are polymeric materials and they are able to produce large deformation when applied in an electric field. This provides large potential in applications in biotechnology and robotics, sensors, and actuators.
## Biomimetic photonic structures {#biomimetic_photonic_structures}
The production of structural colours concerns a large array of organisms. From bacteria (*Flavobacterium* strain IR1) to multicellular organisms, (*Hibiscus trionum*, *Doryteuthis pealeii* (squid), or *Chrysochroa fulgidissima* (beetle)), manipulation of light is not limited to rare and exotic life forms. Different organisms evolved different mechanisms to produce structural colours: multilayered cuticle in some insects and plants, grating like surface in plants, geometrically organised cells in bacteria\... all of theme stand for a source of inspiration towards the development of structurally coloured materials. Study of the firefly abdomen revealed the presence of a 3-layer system comprising the cuticle, the Photogenic layer and then a reflector layer. Microscopy of the reflector layer revealed a granulate structure. Directly inspired from the fire fly Reflector layer, an artificial granulate film composed of hollow silica beads of about 1.05 μm was correlated with a high reflection index and could be used to improve light emission in chemiluminescent systems.
## Artificial enzyme {#artificial_enzyme}
Artificial enzymes are synthetic materials that can mimic (partial) function of a natural enzyme without necessarily being a protein. Among them, some nanomaterials have been used to mimic natural enzymes. These nanomaterials are termed nanozymes. Nanozymes as well as other artificial enzymes have found wide applications, from biosensing and immunoassays, to stem cell growth and pollutant removal.
| 615 |
Biomimetic material
| 2 |
11,087,760 |
# Biomimetic material
## Biomimetic composite {#biomimetic_composite}
Biomimetic composites are being made by mimicking natural design strategies. The designs or structures found in animals and plants have been studied and these biological structures are applied to manufacture composite structure. Advanced manufacturing techniques like 3d printing are being used by the researcher to fabricate them
| 54 |
Biomimetic material
| 3 |
11,087,768 |
# Dinorwic, Ontario
**Dinorwic** is an unincorporated settlement in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is situated at the northern head of the lake with the same name, along the Canadian Pacific Railway and Highway 17 (the Trans-Canada Highway) at the junction of Highway 72.
The nearest major community is Dryden, where hospital service is provided.
Dinorwic is named after Dinorwic Quarry, a slate quarry in Wales, UK.
## History
Dinorwic was founded when the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was built through the area, and was originally known as Wabigon or Wabigoon.
Circa 1881 or 1882, the Hudson\'s Bay Company (HBC) established a fur-trade post along the CPR at the mouth of the Wabigoon River. Around the same time, the Eagle Lake Post was relocated nearby. But since the Wabigon Post was situated along the railway, it became more prominent, and until 1884, the clerk at Wabigon was in charge of both posts.
Around 1896, the name Wabigoon was transferred to a new community growing on Wabigoon Lake, and the place was renamed to Dinorwic, possibly named after the hometown of a local Welshman.
Between 1899 and 1901, the HBC post was relocated one mile west next to a CPR station. It didn\'t operate between 1933 and 1935, and the Dinorwic post closed permanently on December 31, 1965
| 216 |
Dinorwic, Ontario
| 0 |
11,087,807 |
# Naziba
**Naziba**, was a small \'city\', or \'city-state\' south of Dimašqu-(Damascus), in the 1350--1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. The town of Naziba was located near Amarna letters *Qanu*, now named Qanawat, and biblical *Kenath*.
Naziba, is part of a 6-letter series of letters, written by the same scribe, all entitled: **\"Ready for marching orders (1-6)\"**. The letters are *mostly* identical, with only the city\'s *Ruler* and the *location* changing; they are letters EA 201-EA 206, (EA for \'el Amarna\').
## EA 206, for the \"ruler of Naziba\" {#ea_206_for_the_ruler_of_naziba}
: Say to the king, my lord: Message of the ruler of Naziba, your servant. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times plus 7 times. You hav\[e wr\]it\[ten\] to make preparations before the arrival of the archers, and I am herewith, along with my troops and my chariots, at the disposition of the archers
| 148 |
Naziba
| 0 |
11,087,808 |
# Gary Stonadge
**Gary Stonadge** (born 24 November 1962) is a British bass guitarist and DJ. He started playing in Mick Jones\' band Big Audio Dynamite in 1989 when he changed the previous lineup completely and renamed it Big Audio Dynamite II. He left in 1995 after recording 5 albums with them. Since then, he concentrated on DJ sets, playing at clubs and bars mainly in New York and London. He is currently playing with Mick Jones in The Rotten Hill Gang. In January 1991, Gary\'s partner Cheryl Konteh gave birth to their daughter Femi Stonadge-Konteh
| 96 |
Gary Stonadge
| 0 |
11,087,825 |
# List of fireless steam locomotives preserved in Britain
A list of fireless steam locomotives preserved in Britain.
## Barclay locomotives {#barclay_locomotives}
Locomotives built by Andrew Barclay:
Works number/build date, site of preservation
- 1472/1916, Bressingham Steam Museum
- 1473/1916, Swansea Industrial and Maritime Museum
- 1477/1916, Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
- 1550/1917, On static display at HM Factory, Gretna
- 1571/1917, Glasgow Museum of Transport
- 1572/1917, Carnforth, Lancashire
- 1815/1924, Snibston Discovery Park, Coalville, Leicestershire
- 1876/1925, Sittingbourne and Kemsley Light Railway
- 1944/1927, Telford Steam Railway, Shropshire
- 1950/1928, Ribble Steam Railway, Preston, Lancashire
- 1952/1928, Scottish Industrial Railway Centre
- 1966/1929, National Museum of Wales, Nantgarw
- 1984/1930, West Somerset Restoration, Williton
- 1989/1930, Bo\'ness and Kinneil Railway
- 2008/1935, Midland Railway - Butterley, Derbyshire
- 2126/1942, National Waterways Museum, Gloucestershire
- 2238/1948, National Museum of Wales, Nantgarw
- 2243/1948, Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
- 2268/1949, Carnforth, Lancashire
- 2373/1956, National Railway Museum, York
## Bagnall locomotives {#bagnall_locomotives}
Locomotives built by W.G
| 164 |
List of fireless steam locomotives preserved in Britain
| 0 |
11,087,836 |
# Tirumala Krishna Idol
**Tirumala Krishna idol** is one of the idols in the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, Andhra Pradesh, India. While the temple is dedicated to worship of lord Vishnu as Venkateswara, it contains the idols of some of Vishnu\'s other avatars - Krishna and Rama. The temple also has the idol of Rukmini, wife of Lord Krishna.
## Idol description {#idol_description}
The idol of Lord Krishna is seen in the *navanitha nritya* (celestial dance) pose of a child. The lord is seen in the dancing pose with his left hand stretched out in a dancing pose and the left leg placed on the pedestal. The right leg is bent at the knee and doesn\'t rest on the pedestal. The right hand holds a dollop of butter.
## Rukmini Idol {#rukmini_idol}
The idol of Rukmini devi has a lotus in the left hand while the right hand is in the blessing pose. The idol is on a lotus pedestal. The details of the exact date when the idol was consecrated, the history of the idol and whether it was found/made along with the Krishna idol is not known.
## Idol history {#idol_history}
There are no records on the exact date when the idol was consecrated but the earliest record indicate that the idol was offered *naivedyam* (food offerings) in 1100 A.D. on occasion of *Krishna Jayanthi*.
## Seva to Idol {#seva_to_idol}
The idol of Sri Krishna does not receive main attention in the daily prayers of the temple. Even the daily *naivedyam* to the idol is offered to the main deity before attributing it to the Krishna idol. The same practice is followed for the Rama idol in the temple. During the annual Koil Alwar Thirumanjanam (cleansing of the temple), the idols are removed from the *garbha griha* (sanctum sanctorum) and replaced after the place is cleaned and consecrated with holy spices. The idol receives attention during the *Dhanurmasa* when the Ekanta Seva is performed to the Krishna idol instead of Bhoga Srinivasa idol.
The Krishna idol receives direct offerings outside the *garbha griha* on various occasions.
- Teppotsavam: During the annual Teppotsavam (float festival), the second day is dedicated to the idols of Lord Krishna and Rukmini. The idols are brought to the Swami Pushkarini (holy lake to the north of the temple) and taken on a float to the mandapam in the middle of the lake for prayers.
- Vasanthotsavam: During the annual festival, the idols of Lord Krishna and Rukmini join Malayappa swami and consorts and Rama idol on the third day on a procession around the four streets surrounding the temple and returned to the vasanta mandapam.
- Krishna Jayanthi: After special prayers, the idols of Lord Krishna and his consort Rukmini are bought on a procession around the temple to mark the celebration of Krishna Jayanthi - the birth date of Lord Krishna
| 478 |
Tirumala Krishna Idol
| 0 |
11,087,839 |
# Metzler
**Metzler** is a surname. It may refer to:
- Alex Metzler (1903--1973), American baseball player
- Brenton Metzler, American producer
- Chris Metzler (born 1974), American filmmaker
- Jan Metzler (born 1981), German politician
- Jim Metzler (born 1951), American television and film actor
- John C. Metzler, Jr. (born 1947), superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery, US, son of John Sr
- John C. Metzler, Sr
| 68 |
Metzler
| 0 |
11,087,853 |
# Isaac Goodnight
**Isaac Herschel Goodnight** (January 31, 1849 -- July 24, 1901) was a United States representative from Kentucky.
## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
Isaac Goodnight was born near Scottsville, Kentucky on January 31, 1849. He was the son of Isaac and Lucinda (Billingsby) Goodnight. He is the great nephew of Isaac Goodnight of Harrodsburg, Kentucky, born January 1, 1782, who is believed to have been the first white male child born in what is now Kentucky.
Goodnight attended the common schools of the area. In 1870, his family moved to Franklin, Kentucky. He matriculated to Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee earning a degree in 1872 a law degree in 1873. He returned to Franklin, serving as deputy circuit clerk while reading law, and was admitted to the bar in 1874. He commenced practice in Franklin.
On March 12, 1879, Goodnight married Ella Hoy. The couple had one son, Hoy Goodnight.
## Political career {#political_career}
In 1877, Goodnight was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives, serving a single, two-year term. He served as the chairman of the Democratic Kentucky convention at Louisville, Kentucky in 1891. He was elected to represent the Third District in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1888. He was twice re-elected, serving in the Fifty-first, Fifty-second, and Fifty-third Congresses (March 4, 1889 -- March 3, 1895). During his tenure, he was a member of the Judiciary Committee, rising to third in seniority on that committee by the end of his third term.
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
Due to ill health and the fact that his absence from home was hurting his legal practice, Goodnight did not seek re-election in 1894. After leaving Congress, he was elected a judge of the seventh Kentucky circuit in 1897 and served until his death in Franklin on July 24, 1901. He was buried in Green Lawn Cemetery.
His home in Franklin, the Goodnight House, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
| 328 |
Isaac Goodnight
| 0 |
11,087,857 |
# Antonine Centre
The **Antonine Centre** is a shopping centre in the Scottish New Town of Cumbernauld. The centre has 350000 sqft of retail space including a 100000 sqft Tesco Extra (in a separate building to the main centre, attached by walkways) and a 43000 sqft Dunnes which closed in 2018,This was replaced by a TJ Hughes in 2019 which was permanently closed in 2024.The centre was expected to open sometime in May 2007, but instead opened on 6 June 2007, following delays caused by planning disputed over the pedestrian walkways connecting the complex to existing buildings.
The name is a reference to the Roman Antonine Wall, which passed through nearby Westerwood.
## Historical background {#historical_background}
Cumbernauld Town Centre, developed in the 1950s, has been considered one of the ugliest in Britain, twice winning *Prospect* magazine\'s Carbuncle Award for the most unpleasant town centre in the country; in 2001 it was described as \"The Kabul of the north\" while the entire town centre was nominated as Britain\'s ugliest structure in the Channel 4 programme *Demolition*. Despite these criticisms, much of the surrounding area contains sought after residential property and is located for ease of access to the major conurbations.
The £40 million Antonine Centre project was launched in 1995 as part of a plan to change the nature of the town centre and public perception of the town. However, some`{{who|date=December 2017}}`{=mediawiki} have remarked that the new centre seems to have been designed to complement the architecture and look of the existing structures, which are so disliked by the majority of local residents.
## Construction
After over ten years of delays, construction began in April 2006. North Lanarkshire council Deputy Leader Jim Smith stated that the aims of the centre were to \"Bring new jobs, new opportunities, new investment and new life into Cumbernauld (and) help make sure local money stays local by encouraging people to stay in the town instead of heading for Edinburgh, Stirling or Glasgow\".
The building incorporates the historic clock from St Enoch railway station in Glasgow, made famous in the 1981 film *Gregory\'s Girl*.
The former Tesco (connected to the new development by a network of walkways) was also subdivided into smaller retail units.
## Shops and projected effects on the local area {#shops_and_projected_effects_on_the_local_area}
As well as the Tesco Extra, the centre has 42 other retail outlets including River Island and Next. It is projected that the centre will increase expenditure in the town by 84%, while total retail spending in the town is projected to rise by 166%, transforming the local economy.
The centre contains four \"civic spaces\" for community use, and a commemorative artwork commissioned to mark the 50th anniversary of the town of Cumbernauld
| 451 |
Antonine Centre
| 0 |
11,087,862 |
# Dorsey Emmet's GFC
**Dorsey Emmet\'s Gaelic Football Club** is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in the hamlet of Dorsey and the surrounding area of Lower Creggan parish, in the rural south of County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Affiliated to Armagh GAA, it fields football teams at Under-8, U-10 and senior level, and is also involved in Ladies\' Gaelic football. The senior men\'s team plays in the Armagh Junior Football Championship and (from 2013) in the Intermediate League.
Dorsey\'s U-14 players are amalgamated with Newtownhamilton and play as **Newtown Emmet\'s**. The U-16s are joined with Belleeks and Newtownhamilton and play as **Cavanakill Emmet\'s**.
## History
On 17 March 1917, the first recorded game of the Dorsey Emmet\'s took place in Caffrey\'s Meadow near Dorsey School, against Lislea. Their colours, green and gold, were a popular choice because of their patriotic associations. The War of Independence in 1919-21 saw a decline in interest in Gaelic football in the Dorsey area.`{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
In 1948 the Emmet\'s were reformed and affiliated, adopting the green and gold of the old team. Their first game was a challenge against neighbouring club Cullyhanna Kevin Barry\'s on Easter Sunday which ended in a draw, 3-02 to 2-05. In the face of economic depression and mass emigration the Emmet\'s managed to keep the club alive until 1956, when they were obliged to amalgamate with Cullyhanna. `{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
The combined Dorsey and Cullyhanna team, called **Tom Williams GFC**, were winners of the Silverbridge Cup in 1962. A Dorsey team, probably the amalgamation, won the 1964 Armagh Junior Football Championship, and, promoted to the Intermediate, lost the 1965 final to Clan na Gael.
In 1999, Dorsey Emmet\'s reformed and affiliated for the 2000 season. In 2003 the U-10 team won the 3rd Division shield against Whitecross in Belleeks. In 2006 the U-14 side also won a shield against Belleeks at the Silverbridge field. In May 2007, the Dorsey senior team took part in their first match to be broadcast live, on Five FM, playing Belleeks.`{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2012 Dorsey\'s Senior Men\'s team was promoted from the Junior league to the Intermediate league in a landmark achievement for the club.`{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
### Honours
- **Armagh Intermediate Football Championship**
- Runners-up 1965 (as Tom Williams GFC)
- **Armagh Junior Football Championship** (1)
- 1964 (as Tom Williams GFC)
- **Silverbridge Cup** (1)
- 1962 (as Tom Williams GFC)
## Ladies\' Gaelic football {#ladies_gaelic_football}
The Ladies senior team were awarded Club of the year in Armagh in 2008 and in 2010 were asked to participate in the 2010 Comórtas Peile Páidi Ó Sé tournament in the Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry from 26--28 February. The Comórtas Ó Sé is an invitation-only senior club Men\'s and Ladies Gaelic football tournament.
## Facilities
The decision to develop a playing ground was made in 2003, and was immensely ambitious for so small and young a club. Money to build the field was raised by the local community and the club. The project succeeded and the club\'s home ground is now the Rory McGee Park in Dorsey village, close to the church and community centre. The field was named after Rory McGee, the first secretary of the reformed club, who died in 2005 aged 26. The first official game played was in January 2007 when the Dorsey Senior Ladies team played Mullabrack Ladies. The Park was officially opened in April 2007
| 563 |
Dorsey Emmet's GFC
| 0 |
11,087,921 |
# FC Hazovyk-KhGV Kharkiv
**FC Hazovyk-KHV Kharkiv** (*Газовик-ХГВ*) was a professional football team based in Kharkiv, Ukraine. KHV stands for Kharkiv Gas Drilling (Mining).
Established in 2001, they competed in 5 seasons in the Ukrainian Second League (Group B). The club withdrew from the competition during the winter break in the 2007/2008 season. They played their games at \"Hazovyk\" stadium in Krasnokutsk.
## League and cup history {#league_and_cup_history}
: {\|class=\"wikitable\"
! Season ! Div. ! Pos. ! Pl
| 78 |
FC Hazovyk-KhGV Kharkiv
| 0 |
11,087,943 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1970
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1970** took place in Kapfenberg, Austria.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------------------------------------- ------
Gold (Anton Obernosterer, Josef Lexer)
Silver (H
| 64 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1970
| 0 |
11,087,960 |
# Squillo
***Squillo*** is the resonant, trumpet-like sound in the voices of opera singers. It is also commonly called \"singer\'s formant\", \"ring\", \"ping\", \"core\", and other terms. *Squillo* enables an essentially lyric tone to be heard over thick orchestrations (e.g., in late Verdi, Puccini and Strauss operas). Achieving a proper amount of *squillo* in any performing context is imperative: too much and the tone veers towards the shrill; too little and the purpose of the *squillo* cannot be achieved.
*Squillo* is recognizable by a distinctive brilliant, ringing quality in the timbre of the voice. This perception is caused by the presence of a peak in the 2--5 kHz frequency range, to which the human ear is particularly sensitive. The amplification of these particular harmonics is believed to be a result of a narrowing of the aryepiglottic fold just above the larynx. Voices with naturally acquired *squillo* (i.e., having naturally strong higher formants) are especially prized in opera because they allow a singer to sustain lyric qualities such as limpid high notes and consistency of tone throughout the vocal range, even in dramatic singing.
Uses of the *squillo* include:
- projecting a small timbre e.g. Tito Schipa, Bidu Sayao
- underscoring a dramatically important passage e.g. *No, non voglio morir* in *Sola, perduta abbandonata* from Puccini\'s Manon Lescaut
- singing through a thickly textured orchestration, e.g. the final bars of *Libera me* from Verdi\'s Requiem, in which a soprano has to compete against a *tutti* orchestra and full chorus
- supporting a pianissimo note floated over an orchestra (which also demands a secure breath control) e.g. Montserrat Caballé, Renata Tebaldi, Maria Caniglia, Cristina Deutekom
- supporting a long trill
- simulating a scream without compromising the timbre, especially in a verismic opera (albeit that a bona fide scream is sometimes used in opera, e.g. Tosca\'s jump to death in Tosca)
- giving an impression of \'youth\' to an aged voice, mainly via a cultivation of the head register (cf. Section IX *Meine Gesangskunst*, by Lilli Lehmann; exemplified vocally by Mirella Freni)
Singers known for their mastery of this technique have included Maria Callas, Kirsten Flagstad, Renata Tebaldi, Giuseppe di Stefano, Jussi Björling and Luciano Pavarotti. Some dramatic singers may also employ *squillo* rather than volume in the course of a performance, for example Birgit Nilsson
| 384 |
Squillo
| 0 |
11,087,965 |
# 2000 Ronde van Nederland
These are the results for the 40th edition of the **Ronde van Nederland** cycling race, which was held from August 21 to August 26, 2000. The race started in Den Bosch and finished in Landgraaf.
## Stages
### 21-08-2000: Den Bosch-Den Bosch, 4 km {#den_bosch_den_bosch_4_km}
### 22-08-2000: Den Bosch-Utrecht, 180.7 km {#den_bosch_utrecht_180.7_km}
### 23-08-2000: Utrecht-Hoorn, 185.5 km {#utrecht_hoorn_185.5_km}
### 24-08-2000: Bolsward-Leeuwarden, 91 km {#bolsward_leeuwarden_91_km}
### 24-08-2000: Leeuwarden-Leeuwarden, 20 km {#leeuwarden_leeuwarden_20_km}
### 25-08-2000: Harderwijk-Venlo, 186.2 km {#harderwijk_venlo_186.2_km}
### 26-08-2000: Blerick-Landgraaf, 227.6 km {#blerick_landgraaf_227.6_km}
## Final classification {#final_classification}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------ --------------
1\. **20:36:32**
2\. **+ 0.13**
3\. **+ 0.18**
4\. **+ 0.22**
5\. **+ 0.24**
6\. **---**
7\. **+ 0.30**
8\. **+ 0.32**
9\. **+ 0.43**
10\. **+ 0
| 128 |
2000 Ronde van Nederland
| 0 |
11,087,985 |
# George Douglas (bishop)
**George Douglas** (died 28 December 1589) was a late medieval Scottish nobleman and prelate. He served as Bishop of Moray.
## Life
The illegitimate son of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, he was formally recognised as his natural son under the Great Seal of 14 March 1542/3.
After the assassination of Cardinal Beaton in 1546, Douglas was appointed the main minister of Arbroath Abbey. In 1566 he is said to have been involved in the murder of David Rizzio at Holyrood House. In 1572 he is listed as \"Commendator of Arbroath\".
He was elected by the chapter of the diocese of Moray by 22 December 1573 several months after the death of Patrick Hepburn, the previous Bishop of Moray. He was consecrated on 5 February 1574. On 6 March 1574, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland censured him for \"immorality\" with Agnes Scott, widow of Thomas Dishington of Ardross. He was very much an absentee prelate residing mainly in Edinburgh and participated in the troubled activities during James VI\'s minority. He held the bishopric for 16 years, until his death on 28 December 1589. He was buried in the interior of Holyrood Abbey (now ruinous). He had an illegitimate son, Andrew, who was a student at Stirling and predeceased him
| 217 |
George Douglas (bishop)
| 0 |
11,088,006 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1971
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1971** took place in Vandans, Austria.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- -------------------------------------------- ------
Gold (S. Graber, J
| 61 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1971
| 0 |
11,088,014 |
# U.S. Route 4 in New York
**U.S. Route 4** (**US 4**) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from East Greenbush, New York, to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In the U.S. state of New York, US 4 extends 79.67 mi from an intersection with US 9 and US 20 in East Greenbush to the Vermont state line northeast of Whitehall. While the remainder of US 4 east of New York is an east--west route, US 4 in New York is signed north--south due to the alignment the route takes through the state. The portion of the route between Waterford and Whitehall is part of the Lakes to Locks Passage, an All-American Road.
The route runs along the Hudson River from Troy to Hudson Falls and the Champlain Canal from Fort Ann to Whitehall. It passes through several riverside and canalside communities, including two cities (Troy and Mechanicville) and seven villages. US 4 crosses several major east--west highways as it proceeds north, such as Interstate 90 (I-90) in East Greenbush, New York State Route 7 (NY 7) in Troy, NY 29 in Schuylerville, and NY 149 in Fort Ann. It also overlaps with the north--south NY 22 for 6 mi from Comstock to Whitehall and with NY 32 for a total of 16 mi between Waterford and Bemis Heights and from Schuylerville to Northumberland.
US 4 was assigned in 1926 and initially extended from Glens Falls to the Vermont border near Whitehall by way of Hudson Falls. The route utilized part of NY 6 and NY 30, two highways assigned in 1924. US 4 was extended southward to its present terminus in East Greenbush as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. Much of US 4 south of Hudson Falls initially overlapped with other routes; most of the overlaps were gradually eliminated during the 1940s and 1950s as the concurrent routes were eliminated or truncated. At one time, US 4 overlapped with NY 32 from Waterford to Northumberland with no interruption in between. The concurrency was split into two shorter overlaps when US 4 was realigned in the 1950s to follow its current alignment between Bemis Heights and Schuylerville.
| 366 |
U.S. Route 4 in New York
| 0 |
11,088,014 |
# U.S. Route 4 in New York
## Route description {#route_description}
The portion of US 4 between NY 32 in Waterford and NY 22 in Whitehall is the southernmost part of the Lakes to Locks Passage, an All-American Road that begins in Waterford and heads north through eastern New York to Rouses Point. Additionally, the segment of US 4 between the northern city line of Mechanicville and the eastern village line of Whitehall is designated as the Turning Point Trail.
Most of the route is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT); however, two sections are maintained by local highway departments. The first lies within the city of Troy, where US 4 is completely city-maintained. The other is in the city of Mechanicville, where local maintenance extends from Frances Street (four blocks south of NY 67) to the northern city line.
### East Greenbush to Schuylerville {#east_greenbush_to_schuylerville}
US 4 begins at the concurrency of US 9 and US 20 in East Greenbush. Heading northward, it has an interchange with I-90, continuing northward into Troy. In Troy, it passes by Hudson Valley Community College as well as the headquarters of the 42nd Infantry Division. US 4 then heads downhill, passing the historic South End Tavern as Burden Avenue, named for the historic Burden Iron Works. Later, US 4 assumes Fourth Street, which splits into parallel one-way streets (Third Street handles southbound traffic from downtown). At Congress Street, in the middle of the Central Troy Historic District with St. Paul\'s Episcopal Church on the corner, it intersects NY 2. Once through downtown, the streets meet and pass by the Green Island Bridge, later passing under the Collar City Bridge and onto Second Avenue in Lansingburgh.
After Lansingburgh, US 4 turns left to cross the Hudson River on the Troy--Waterford Bridge, entering Waterford and joining with NY 32 to head north together west of the Hudson. They run along the riverbank for 7 mi to the city of Mechanicville, where the routes cross over the Anthony Kill and intersect NY 67 in the central business district. US 4 and NY 32 continue on, passing through the nearby village of Stillwater before splitting at Bemis Heights, a small community 5 mi northeast of Mechanicville. While NY 32 follows a more inland routing along the western edge of Saratoga National Historical Park, US 4 continues to follow the riverbank, running along the eastern boundary of the park. Past the park, the route passes by Gerald B. H. Solomon Saratoga National Cemetery before rejoining NY 32 at the southern edge of the village of Schuylerville.
### Schuylerville to Vermont line {#schuylerville_to_vermont_line}
US 4 begins to run along the Champlain Canal after Schuylerville, passing through the hamlets of Northumberland and Starks Knob. At a crossing over the Hudson River, US 4 and the concurrent NY 32 split in different directions. US 4, which is now on the other side of the Hudson River, continues northward through Fort Miller and crosses the river once more. The route then enters Fort Edward, where it becomes concurrent with NY 197.
With the Hudson River to its west, US 4 heads northward once again, leaving NY 197 behind. Not far after Fort Edward, the highway enters Hudson Falls, where it turns into a local road. There, it heads through downtown, intersecting with NY 196 and, soon afterward, NY 254. US 4 makes a sudden curve to the northeast, heading through the rural regions for the rest of its length.
There is one final intersection with NY 32, but they do not become concurrent and US 4 heads to the northeast. The route passes through Kingsbury and soon after, becomes concurrent with NY 149. The two routes head into Fort Ann, where they split, with NY 149 heading westward. After passing Battle Hill, NY 22 merges in from Comstock. There are several hills before the intersection where the two roads split in Whitehall. US 4 continues along its final stretch after NY 22, passing fields and such to the state line, where it continues into Vermont.
| 677 |
U.S. Route 4 in New York
| 1 |
11,088,014 |
# U.S. Route 4 in New York
## History
### Origins and assignment {#origins_and_assignment}
In 1911, the New York State Legislature created Route 43, an unsigned legislative route extending from the southern village line of Stillwater to the western village line of Schuylerville via the hamlet of Quaker Springs. On March 1, 1921, Route 43 was renumbered to Route 44 to eliminate numerical duplication with another legislative Route 43 in Western New York. At the same time, Route 44 was extended southwest from Stillwater to Clifton Park via Mechanicville and west from Schuylerville to Saratoga Springs.
The first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924. Two of the routes assigned at this time were NY 6, a north--south route extending from the New York City line to the Canada--United States border, and NY 30, another north--south route connecting NY 6 in Mechanicville to the Vermont state line west of Fair Haven. NY 6 left Albany on modern NY 32 and followed it to Mechanicville, where NY 6 veered westward on what is now NY 67 and NY 30 picked up the current alignment of NY 32. NY 30 continued north on modern NY 32 to Glens Falls, at which point it went east to Hudson Falls via Warren and River streets. It headed northward from there to Vermont on modern US 4. From Mechanicville to Schuylerville, NY 30 utilized the alignment of legislative Route 44. By 1926, NY 30 was rerouted north of Whitehall to continue north toward the Canadian border. The old alignment of NY 30 between Whitehall and Vermont was not assigned a new number. Meanwhile, an alternate route of NY 6 on the east side of the Hudson River between NY 5 (now US 20) in East Greenbush and NY 6 in Waterford was designated as NY 6B by 1926.
In the original plans for the U.S. Numbered Highway System, the north--south highway along the western bank of the Hudson River was designated as US 9 while the highway on the eastern bank was assigned US 109. The two routes were concurrent from Albany to Mechanicville, where US 9 went west to follow NY 6 while US 109 continued north on NY 30. The designations met again south of Glens Falls, where US 109 ended at US 9. Also in the original plans was US 4, which was assigned to all of NY 30\'s original alignment between Glens Falls and the Vermont state line. In the final system alignment approved on November 11, 1926, the routing of US 9 was altered to follow its modern alignment between Albany and Glens Falls while US 109 was reconfigured to use NY 6B between East Greenbush and Waterford.
| 452 |
U.S. Route 4 in New York
| 2 |
11,088,014 |
# U.S. Route 4 in New York
## History
### Southward extension and overlaps {#southward_extension_and_overlaps}
When U.S. Routes were first posted in New York in 1927, US 9 was restored to its originally planned alignment between Albany and Glens Falls (via Waterford and Mechanicville) while the US 109 designation went unassigned. The portion of US 109\'s alignment south of Waterford became US 9E instead. US 4 was assigned as planned in 1926, overlapping NY 30 between Glens Falls and Whitehall. The NY 6 designation was completely removed at this time. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, US 9 was realigned to follow its modern routing between Albany and Round Lake. The portion of US 9\'s former routing between Waterford and Mechanicville as well as all of US 9E north of US 20 became a southward extension of US 4, which left its original alignment in Hudson Falls and followed a previously unnumbered riverside highway south to Northumberland. In between Northumberland and Mechanicville, it utilized the former routing of NY 30, which was reassigned to another highway as part of the renumbering.
Virtually all of US 4 south of Hudson Falls initially overlapped other routes, all of which were assigned as part of the renumbering. In between Hudson Falls and Northumberland, US 4 overlapped NY 32B, which began in Glens Falls and followed US 4\'s former routing east to Hudson Falls. From Northumberland to Schuylerville and from Bemis Heights to Waterford, US 4 was part of NY 32. The segment from Schuylerville to Bemis Heights was designated NY 32A. Lastly, the part of US 4 south of Northern Drive (then-NY 40) in Troy was concurrent to NY 40. By 1932, NY 40 was rerouted through Troy to follow a more easterly alignment through the city. The realignment moved the northern end of the overlap southward to the junction of US 4 and Winter Street in North Greenbush.
Most of the overlaps were eliminated as time went on. In the early 1940s, NY 32A was reassigned to another highway in the Catskill Mountains while NY 32B was truncated to end in Hudson Falls. The former routing of NY 32A became a realignment of NY 32, creating an uninterrupted overlap between US 4 and NY 32 from Waterford to Northumberland. In the mid-1950s, work began on a project to upgrade a preexisting riverside highway between Bemis Heights and Schuylerville. The project was completed by 1958, at which time the roadway became part of a realigned US 4. The overlap with NY 40 was eliminated in the late 1950s when NY 40 was truncated to begin at the junction of US 4 and Winter Street
| 445 |
U.S. Route 4 in New York
| 3 |
11,088,020 |
# Christopher Herrick
**Christopher Herrick** is an English concert organist best known for his interpretation of J.S. Bach's organ music and for his many recordings on the finest pipe organs from around the world.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, Herrick was a boy chorister at St Paul\'s Cathedral and attended its choir school; aged 11, he sang at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and later that year went with the choir on a three-month forty-concert tour of USA and Canada, which included a private concert in the White House and a brief conversation with President Dwight D. Eisenhower. At the age of 12, he was inspired to learn the organ after Sir John Dykes Bower, organist of St Paul\'s, asked him to accompany him to the cathedral organ loft to turn pages for him for a BBC recording. He describes this as his "Damascus moment". Herrick later, as a Music Scholar, attended Cranleigh School, where he was able to pursue his organ studies.
## Student days {#student_days}
From 1961 to 1964, Herrick held the Parry/Wood Organ Scholarship at Exeter College, Oxford, where he worked towards an Honours Degree in Music (MA), as well as being effectively Director of Music of the Chapel Choir and conductor of the Exonian Singers and Orchestra. Following this, he obtained a Boult scholarship to study at the Royal College of Music, where he studied conducting with Sir Adrian Boult, and where his interests expanded to the harpsichord, encouraged by his professor Millicent Silver. Herrick had studied organ privately with Geraint Jones, who post-war had been sent to give organ concerts in Germany by the British Council and the BBC. As well as being an inspiring teacher, Geraint Jones described and passed on his experiences of playing the historic German organs with their mechanical actions, straight pedal boards and direct, clear sonority, particularly suited to the organ music of J.S.Bach.
| 318 |
Christopher Herrick
| 0 |
11,088,020 |
# Christopher Herrick
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Organist
Until 1984, Herrick had held liturgical posts in church, cathedral and abbey, first as Choirmaster and Organist of St Mary's Primrose Hill, North London from 1964 to 1967, then as Assistant Organist at St Paul\'s Cathedral from 1967 to 1974, and from 1974 to 1984 as an organist at Westminster Abbey. While at Westminster Abbey, he played at royal and state occasions including Earl Mountbatten's Ceremonial Funeral, gave over 200 solo recitals on the Abbey organ, and played at both Sir William Walton's 80th Birthday Concert and his Funeral Service less than a year later.
In his last year at Westminster Abbey Herrick met Ted Perry, the owner-director of Hyperion Records, who proposed an album of "virtuosic repertoire", on the Abbey\'s Harrison & Harrison organ. Released in 1984, this CD entitled *Organ Fireworks* led to well over 40 solo organ Herrick/Hyperion CD recordings. On the strength of his new exclusive relationship with Hyperion Records and some planned BBC Radio 3 recording tours in Europe as well as healthy bookings for organ concerts, Herrick embarked in 1984 upon a solo career as an international concert organist, staging concerts over the years on a stunning range of organs in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand; United States and Canada; Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and Finland; France, Switzerland and Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain and Italy; South Africa, Hong Kong and Japan. Notably, he gave the solo organ concert during the 1994 centenary season of the BBC Henry Wood Proms, when he played a programme exclusively of English music including Robin Holloway's monumental 'Organ Fantasy' op. 65.
Herrick is best known for his interpretation of Bach's organ music, recording the complete organ works on seven Metzler organs throughout Switzerland compiled between 1989 and 1999,`{{refn| Patsy Morita, reviewing Herrick's 1990 recording of Bach's Toccatas and Fugues (part of his complete organ works of Bach for Hyperion), writes that he chooses a “more conservative approach" to make the music more like what it would have been on a Bach-era organ. The "famous Toccata and Fugue", [[BWV 565]], is "therefore, not the blusterous piece that many recognize. It's a more thoughtful and considered reading." Morita finds the variety of music of [[BWV 582]] "fascinating"; in her view, Herrick shows what matters in the pieces "while making them eminently agreeable".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/bach-toccatas-and-fugues-mw0001807417 | title=Review: Bach Toccatas and Fugues | publisher=AllMusic| accessdate=5 February 2013 | author=Morita, Patsy}}</ref>
|group= n}}`{=mediawiki} recorded on 16 CDs for Hyperion. Bach\'s complete organ works were subsequently performed at two marathon events, firstly in 1998 at the Lincoln Center Festival in New York, when he played fourteen concerts on consecutive days on the Kuhn organ in Alice Tully Hall,`{{refn| a critic from [[The New York Times]] wrote: "''Mr Herrick was at the peak of his considerable form, combining precision with panache, interpretive freedom with sheer joy in virtuosity. The playing was, in a word, triumphant''".<ref>{{cite news |last1= Oestreich |first1=James R. |title= Festival review / Bach as Mountain Range (James Oestreich reviews Christopher Herrick's performance of works by Bach, as part of Lincoln Center Festiva )|agency= The New York Times |issue=Arts|work= The New York Times |date=1998-07-28|page=5}}</ref>|group= n}}`{=mediawiki} and again in 2014 at the Mariinsky Concert Hall, St Petersburg, this time twelve concerts performed over a more extended period of five months.
Hyperion followed up the 1984 Organ Fireworks disc from Westminster Abbey with 13 more discs, culminating in Organ Fireworks 14 recorded in 2010 at the Town Hall, Melbourne, on the 1929 Hill, Norman & Beard organ - much enlarged and rebuilt by the American organ builder Schanz in 2001. As contrast to the more flamboyant Organ Fireworks CDs Hyperion also issued four discs entitled Organ Dreams.
From the mid-nineties, Herrick made acclaimed recordings on European organs featuring other composers including Louis-Claude Daquin,`{{refn| on the restored 1739 [[Claude Parisot|Parisot]] organ in [[Saint-Rémy-Boscrocourt|St Rémy]], [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]]|group= n}}`{=mediawiki} Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck,`{{refn| on a copy of the 17th-century organ of [[Stockholm]]'s German church, now in [[Norrfjärden]] in northern Sweden. Herrick utilised [[historically informed performance practice]], including original fingerings, not using the thumb very much, which caused some difficulties: "only when I went in for physical therapy did I finally adapt."|group= n}}`{=mediawiki} Josef Rheinberger, and in 2007, commenced work on a five-year project to record the complete organ works of Dieterich Buxtehude.
Two more recent recordings for Hyperion have been *Power of Life* recorded in 2015 on the Metzler organ in Poblet Monastery in Catalonia, and *Northern Lights*, recorded in 2020 on the Steinmeyer organ in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway.
### Other professional interests {#other_professional_interests}
In 1973, Herrick secured the loan of a rare Dulcken harpsichord, which led to the formation of the Taskin Trio (violin, viola da gamba, harpsichord), performing baroque music on period instruments, and gave solo recitals of Bach\'s complete Well-Tempered Clavier on the Dulcken harpsichord at London\'s Purcell Room.
Herrick, who had previously conducted the Exonian Singers and Orchestra at Oxford, once again took up the baton in 1974, being appointed Conductor of Twickenham Choral, a position he held for fifty years. He was also conductor of Whitehall Choir from 1978 to 2000. Both choirs were substantial groups of up to 100 fully auditioned members, whom he occasionally combined in performances at Westminster Abbey, Guildford Cathedral and the Royal Albert Hall.
Herrick lives in Kingston upon Thames where for many years he was able to play the Frobenius organ of Kingston Parish Church. He now rehearses on the Harrison & Harrison organ at St Mary's Church, Twickenham and the Tickell organ at Betchworth Church.
## Selected discography {#selected_discography}
By 2022, Herrick had recorded 45 albums with Hyperion, most notably:
- Organ Fireworks, 14 volumes (Hyperion Records, 1984-2010)
- Johann Sebastian Bach: The Complete Organ Works (Hyperion Records, [1](http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_CDS44121/36) CDS44121/36, 2002)
- Power of Life - Metzler organ of Poblet Monastery, Tarragona, Spain (Hyperion Records, [2](http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc
| 985 |
Christopher Herrick
| 1 |
11,088,030 |
# Taichung Agan
The **Taichung Agan** (`{{zh|t=台中金剛|p=Táizhōng Jīngāng}}`{=mediawiki}) was a Taiwanese professional baseball team belonging to the Taiwan Major League (TML). It was based in Taichung and took the Taichung Baseball Field (and occasionally the Hsinchu CKS Baseball Stadium) as its home throughout its history. After TML\'s collapse in early 2003 the Agan was absorbed by the Chinese Professional Baseball League\'s Macoto Cobras. Its most notable sponsor was the Acer Corporation, which sponsored this team in its last 2002 season.
The team\'s mascot, *Agan*, was derived from the Taiwanese aboriginal language of Tsou.
## Team history {#team_history}
The Agan finished last in the league\'s debut season of 1997, going 41--53. Mitch Lyden (.350, 27 HR, 72 RBI) was second in the league in average and possibly second in homers as the offensive star. The pitching was led by Al Osuna (8-6, 2.50), who had the best ERA in the league.
The Agan remained last with a 40--66 season in 1998. Lyden\'s production dropped drastically (.278, 6 HR) and Hsu Ming-Chieh (7-4, 2.52) was the top hurler, finishing third in the league in ERA. The Agan improved drastically in 1999, going 40-42-2 to finish second in the TML, then they beat the Taipei Gida 4 games to 2 in the championship. Hsu (15-6, 2.83) was third in ERA during the regular season and then was the MVP of the championship series. Brad Strauss came over from the Kaohsiung-Pingtung Fala during the season and won the batting title at .387.
Agan wore out though, and fell back to last in 2000 (35-46-3). Koji Muto (6-6, 2.74) was the top starter while Tung Tsung-hui (.330) was fourth in the TML in average. Taichung pulled a worst-to-first with a dazzling 43-16-1 record in 2001 and they beat Taipei Gida 4 games to 2 in the finals. Tung (.331) was again third in average, while Huang Chin-chih (7-3, 1.62) led the league in ERA and Hsu Chu-chien (7-2, 2.64) was fifth. Richard Bell (2-2, 22 Sv, 1.62, 69 K, 34 H in 55 IP) was the league\'s top reliever.
As the TML merged with the Chinese Professional Baseball League after 2002, it was Agan\'s last season and they again steamrolled the competition with a 47-24-1 record and toppling the Kaohsiung-Pingtung Fala 4 to 1 in the best-of-7 finals. Huang Chin-chih(16-2, 2 Sv, 1.46) led the league in wins and ERA and Muto (8-3, 2.26) was second in ERA. Ned Darley (2-0, 14 Sv, 1.13) again gave the team an effective foreign closer. Roberto Mejía led the league in hitting (.332), stole 20 bases and was second in homers (14) and RBI (62). The only better slugger was Chia-Hsian Hsieh, who homered 19 times, drove in 64 and was second with a .321 average.
With three titles, the Agan were the most successful team in TML history, though they finished last in their other three seasons
| 480 |
Taichung Agan
| 0 |
11,088,040 |
# USS Dextrous (AM-341)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 6, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
``
| 20 |
USS Dextrous (AM-341)
| 0 |
11,088,072 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1973
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1973** took place in Taisten, Italy.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- -------------------------------------------- ------
Gold (P. Mitterstieler, P. Votter)
Silver (Anton Obernosterer, Gabriel Obernosterer)
Bronze (F. Wurzer, B
| 71 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1973
| 0 |
11,088,088 |
# Criminal Law Act 1967
The **Criminal Law Act 1967** (c. 58) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that made some major changes to English criminal law, as part of wider liberal reforms by the Labour government elected in 1966. Most of it is still in force.
## Territorial scope {#territorial_scope}
Although it is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, most of its provisions (except for some minor exceptions) apply only to England and Wales.
Several of the act\'s provisions were adopted, word for word, for Northern Ireland by the Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967 (c. 18) (NI) and the Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act (Northern Ireland) 1968 (c. 28) (NI). The Republic of Ireland similarly adopted some of its provisions, again word for word, in the Criminal Law Act 1997.
## Structure
The act has three parts. Part I abolished the distinction between felony and misdemeanour and makes consequential provisions. Part II abolished a number of obsolete crimes. Part III contains supplementary provisions.
### Part I -- Felony and misdemeanour {#part_i_felony_and_misdemeanour}
This Part implements the recommendations made by the Criminal Law Revision Committee in their seventh report.
**Section 1** abolished the distinction between felonies and misdemeanours. Originally, all crimes in English law were categorised in a hierarchy of treason, felony, and misdemeanour, each with its own rules of procedure and evidence. (Treason had been brought in line with felony in 1945.) The 1967 act abolished felonies and stated that all former felonies would be tried according to the rules of procedure and evidence that applied in trials and pre-trial hearings for misdemeanours, whether the felony had been committed before or after the act was passed. This also had the effect of abolishing the offences of misprision of felony and compounding a felony (but these offences were replaced with new ones in sections 4 and 5). Although all offences were now misdemeanours, the maximum penalties were not affected.
**Section 2** created a new category of arrestable offences, since powers of arrest had depended on whether an offence was a felony or a misdemeanour. Arrestable offences were defined as crimes for which the maximum sentence for an adult was five years or more. The section set out the circumstances in which a citizen or a constable could arrest somebody without a court warrant (police powers were more extensive than a civilian\'s).
Section 2 was repealed and replaced with section 24 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, which was broadly similar to section 2 but also applied to some less serious offences. Section 24 was supplemented by a section 25 which created new powers (for constables only) to arrest those suspected of \"non-arrestable offences\" in certain circumstances. Sections 24 and 25 were controversially amended by the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, which abolished the difference between arrestable and non-arrestable offences and substituted one set of police arrest powers for all offences, irrespective of the maximum sentence. Citizens\' arrest was confined to indictable offences. This change took effect from 1 January 2006.
**Section 3** replaces the common law rules on self-defence in English law, such as the duty to retreat. It simply requires that any force used must be \"reasonable in the circumstances\". It is still in force today and states: `{{quote|3. — (1) A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in the prevention of crime, or in effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders or of persons unlawfully at large.
(2) Subsection (1) above shall replace the rules of the common law on the question when force used for a purpose mentioned in the subsection is justified by that purpose.
}}`{=mediawiki} (Further provision about when force is \"reasonable\" was made by [section 76](http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/ukpga_20080004_en_9#pt5-pb5-l1g76) of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.) The definition of what constitutes a \'crime\' was clarified under *R v Jones (Margaret), R v Milling et al* \[2006\] UKHL 16, which stated it covered any domestic criminal offence under the law of England and Wales.)
**Section 4** created a new offence of assisting anyone who had committed an arrestable offence, \"with intent to impede his apprehension or prosecution\". This replaced the rules on *accessories after the fact* in felony cases. The penalty for this offence is linked to the penalty for whatever offence the original offender has committed (between three and ten years\' imprisonment).
**Section 5(1)** created a new offence which replaced misprision and compounding of felony. It stated that a person who has information which might lead to the prosecution of an arrestable offence and who agrees to accept consideration (other than \[victim\] compensation for the offence) in exchange for not disclosing that information to the authorities is liable to two years\' imprisonment.
- When the concept of an \"arrestable offence\" was abolished, sections 4 and 5(1) were amended so that they now apply to any \"relevant offence\", which is defined in identical terms to the original 1967 definition of arrestable offence. This significantly reduced the scope of these offences from the wider 1984 definition, which had been steadily extended over the years.
- A person may not be prosecuted for these offences without the permission of the Director of Public Prosecutions or a Crown prosecutor.
**Section 5(2)** creates the offence commonly known as \"wasting police time\", committed by giving false information to the police \"tending to show that an offence has been committed, or to give rise to apprehension for the safety of any persons or property, or tending to show that he has information material to any police inquiry\". The maximum sentence is six months. A person may not be prosecuted for this offence without the permission of the Director of Public Prosecutions or a Crown prosecutor.
**Section 5(5)** provides that the compounding of an offence other than treason is not an offence otherwise than under section 5 of the Act. This means that:
- The common law offence of compounding treason is preserved.
- The common law offence of compounding a felony, and (if it existed) the common law offence of compounding a misdemeanour, were abolished on 1 January 1968. (In Working Paper No.72, at paragraph 43, the Law Commission suggest that the latter offence might \"perhaps\" have existed, but offer no explanation.)
**Consequential repeals on s.5(5)** (s.10(2) and Sch 3, Pt III)
- Section 33 of the Metropolitan Police Courts Act 1839.
- Section 48 of the Pawnbrokers Act 1872.
**Section 6** deals with the procedures for arraignment and verdict. In particular, it deals with *alternative verdicts* (or *alternative pleas*). When a defendant is found not guilty of the offence he is charged with but is found guilty of a less serious offence (or he wishes to plead not guilty to the more serious offence but guilty to a lesser one), the section allows a verdict or plea of guilty to the lesser offence to be entered even though the offence may not be explicitly charged on the indictment. It also states if a defendant refuses to enter a plea then it defaults to *not guilty*.
**Section 7(5)** abolished forfeiture of lands, goods and chattels, and abolished outlawry. (The section is now repealed, but such repeals of repeals do not revive the repealed law.)
| 1,212 |
Criminal Law Act 1967
| 0 |
11,088,088 |
# Criminal Law Act 1967
## Structure
### Part II -- Obsolete crimes {#part_ii_obsolete_crimes}
This part implements recommendations of the Law Commission.
**Section 13** abolished the common law offences of champerty and barratry, challenging to fight, eavesdropping, and being \"a common scold or a common night walker\". It also repealed the offence of praemunire (attempting to appeal to a foreign power, e.g. the pope, on legal matters), which had survived on the statute books since 1392. It preserved the common law offence of embracery (which was later abolished by the Bribery Act 2010). It also repealed the Blasphemy Act 1697.
This section extended only to Great Britain. However identical provision was made for Northern Ireland by section 16 of the Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act (Northern Ireland) 1968.
#### Repealed enactments {#repealed_enactments}
Section 13 of the act repealed 24 enactments, listed in schedule 4 to the act.
Citation Short title. Description Extent of Repeal
---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Edw. 1. c. 25 Statute of Westminster 1275 Champerty The Statute of Westminster the First. Chapter 25.
Statutes of uncertain date---20 Edw. 1 *Statutum de Conspiratoribus* Statutum de Conspiratoribus. The whole act.
28 Edw. 1. c. 11 Champerty (Champerty). The whole Chapter.
1 Edw. 3. Stat. 2. c. 14. Maintenance Act 1326 (Maintenance). The whole Chapter.
1 Ric. 2. c. 4 Penalties for maintenance (Maintenance). The whole Chapter.
16 Ric. 2. c. 5 Statute of Praemunire The Statute of Praemunire The whole Chapter (this repeal extending to Northern Ireland).
24 Hen. 8. c. 12 Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532 The Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532. Section 2.
Section 4, so far as unrepealed.
25 Hen. 8. c. 19 Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 The Submission of the Clergy Act 1533. Section 5.
25 Hen. 8. c. 20 Appointment of Bishops Act 1533 The Appointment of Bishops Act 1533. Section 6.
25 Hen. 8. c. 21 Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533 The Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533. Section 16.
26 Hen. 8. c. 14 Suffragan Bishops Act 1534 The Suffragan Bishops Act 1534. Section 4, from \" And that no such suffragan \" onwards.
28 Hen. 8. c. 16 Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1536 The Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1536. Section 1, from \" and shall never \" onwards.
32 Hen. 8. c. 9 Maintenance and Embracery Act 1540 The Maintenance and Embracery Act 1540. The whole act.
1 Mary Sess. 2. c. 3 Brawling Act 1553 The Brawling Act 1553. The whole act.
21 Jas. 1. c. 3. Statute of Monopolies The Statute of Monopolies. Section 4, from \" and if any person or persons shall after notice given \" onwards.
12 Chas. 2. c. 24. Tenures Abolition Act 1660 The Tenures Abolition Act 1660. Section 12, from \" and if any person or persons shall after notice given \" onwards.
13 Chas. 2. Stat. 1. c. 1. Sedition Act 1661 The Sedition Act 1661. The whole act, so far as unrepealed.
9 Will. 3. c. 35. Blasphemy Act 1697 The Blasphemy Act 1697. The whole act.
6 Anne c. 41. Succession to the Crown Act 1707 The Succession to the Crown Act 1707. The preamble and sections 1, 2 and 3.
19 Geo. 2. c. 21. Profane Oaths Act 1745 The Profane Oaths Act 1745. The whole act.
12 Geo. 3. c. 11. Royal Marriages Act 1772 The Royal Marriages Act 1772. Section 3 (this repeal extending to Northern Ireland).
25 Geo. 3. c. 77. Fires Prevention Act 1785 The Fires Prevention Act 1785. The whole act, so far as unrepealed.
39 Geo. 3. c. 79. Unlawful Societies Act 1799 The Unlawful Societies Act 1799. The whole act, so far as unrepealed.
57 Geo. 3. c. 19. Seditious Meetings Act 1817 The Seditious Meetings Act 1817. Sections 25 to 28.
In section 29, the words \" any meeting of any society or club hereby declared to be an unlawful combination and confederacy or \".
Sections 30 and 31.
Sections 34 to 38.
The Schedule.
: Part I - Acts creating offences to be abolished
- The Profane Oaths Act 1745
- The Riot Act 1715
- The Blasphemy Act 1697
- The Sedition Act 1661
| 690 |
Criminal Law Act 1967
| 1 |
11,088,088 |
# Criminal Law Act 1967
## Structure
### Short title, commencement and extent {#short_title_commencement_and_extent}
Section 11(1) of the act provided that part I of the act would not extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland unless expressly provided.
Section 12(1) of the act provided that part I of the act, except in so far as it enlarges the powers of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, would come into force on 1 January 1968. The rest of the act came into power on 21 July 1967
| 84 |
Criminal Law Act 1967
| 2 |
11,088,133 |
# Stéphane Martine
**Stéphane Martine** (born 5 March 1978) is a French Guianese former professional footballer who played as a striker.
## Club career {#club_career}
Martine played in Luxembourg for Racing FC Union Luxembourg, having previously played for F91 Dudelange.
## International career {#international_career}
He was born in French Guiana, and represents the *région*\'s national team at international level
| 59 |
Stéphane Martine
| 0 |
11,088,134 |
# Lieberman clause
The **Lieberman clause** is a clause included in a *ketubah* (*כתובה* Jewish wedding document), created by and named after Talmudic scholar and Jewish Theological Seminary of America professor Saul Lieberman, that stipulates that divorce will be adjudicated by a modern *bet din* (rabbinic court) in order to prevent the problem of the agunah, a woman not allowed to remarry religiously because she had never been granted a religious divorce. It was first introduced in the 1950s by rabbis in Judaism\'s Conservative movement.
## Background
According to *halakha* (Jewish law) when a couple gets divorced it is the man who has to present the woman with a bill of divorce, and the woman who has to consent to receive it, called a *get*. Without one, the couple is still viewed as married, whether a civil divorce is obtained or not. In the past, if a woman was refused a divorce because a man would not give his wife a *get*, the rabbis of the local Jewish community were authorized, under certain circumstances, to force the husband to do so (e.g., his refusal to be intimate with his wife as well as not giving the *get*, or other such serious matters). However since the Haskalah, local Jewish communities lost their autonomous status, and were subsumed into the nation in which they existed. The Jewish community lost its civil powers to enforce marriage and divorce laws. The unintended result was that rabbis lost the power to force a man to give his wife a *get*, and Jewish law does not allow a woman to give a *get* to the husband. Without a *get*, a Jewish woman is forbidden to remarry and is therefore called an *agunah* (literally \"a chained woman\").
For decades, traditional voices within the Rabbinical Assembly (RA) counseled that Conservative Jews should take no unilateral action on this issue, and should wait for solutions or joint action from the Orthodox community. While numerous solutions were offered, none were accepted. Eventually, liberal voices within the Rabbinical Assembly won out, and the movement authorized unilateral action.
Lieberman developed a clause to be added to the *ketubah* (Jewish wedding document). In effect, it was an arbitration agreement used in the case of a divorce; if the marriage dissolved and the woman was refused a *get* from her husband, both the husband and wife were to go to a rabbinic court authorized by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and heed their directives, which could (and usually did) include ordering a man to give his wife a *get*.
According to leaders of the Conservative movement, a meeting was held between the leaders of the RA, representing the Conservative movement, and the Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), the largest organization of Orthodox rabbis, in an effort to find agreement that the clause was valid from the standpoint of Jewish law, and would be included in both Orthodox and Conservative documents. The premise of the meetings was to create a *beth din* (rabbinic court) similar to that of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel which would be the supreme authority on all *halakhic* issues related to marriage and divorce in America for both the Orthodox and Conservative. In addition to the meetings held by the RA and RCA, private meetings took place between Saul Lieberman and Joseph B. Soloveitchik, who discussed the creation of this body. While all the members of the *beth din* would unquestionably be Orthodox *poskim*, there was discussion as to the possibility of the Leiberman clause being amended by Soloveitchik in order to make it more acceptable to the Orthodox, so as to facilitate its being included in Orthodox *ketubahs*. However, the *beit din* was never formed, and the Orthodox movement never acted to include the clause; all Orthodox rabbis seem to have united in their rejection of the clause as a violation of Jewish law. As a result, it has only been used for wedding documents and ceremonies in some (but not all) non-Orthodox denominations of Judaism.
## Changes in Conservative usage {#changes_in_conservative_usage}
This clause is still used in many *ketubot* used by Conservative Jews today. In the intervening years, however, there has been growing concern regarding the legal validity of this clause due to the United States stand on the separation of church and state. For that reason, state courts have disagreed in terms of recognition of this clause, in a religious document, in a civilian legal setting.
As a response to this concern, a separate letter was drawn up, and signed by the prospective bride and groom, acknowledging that the conditions of the *ketuba* had been explained to them, and that this letter would be recognized by them as a separate civil document, enforceable in U.S. courts.
However, even some Conservative rabbis grew to have misgivings about the religious validity of this approach, eventually leading the joint *bet din* of the Conservative movement to develop alternative approaches to the problem of the *agunah*, which include but are not limited to *hafka\'at kiddushin* (*הפקעת קידושין*), retroactive annulment of the marriage
| 841 |
Lieberman clause
| 0 |
11,088,155 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1974
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1974** took place in Niedernsill, Austria.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Graber becomes the first non-Austrian to win the men\'s singles event at the natural track European Championships.
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- ----------------------------------- ------
Gold (Siegfried Wild, Othmar Hofer)
Silver (R
| 81 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1974
| 0 |
11,088,179 |
# Hebanthe
***Hebanthe*** is a genus of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae, native to Mexico to southern tropical America. The genus was first described by Carl von Martius.
## Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:
- *Hebanthe erianthos* (Poir.) Pedersen
- *Hebanthe grandiflora* (Hook.) Borsch & Pedersen
- *Hebanthe occidentalis* (R.E.Fr.) Borsch & Pedersen
- *Hebanthe pulverulenta* Mart.
- *Hebanthe reticulata* (Seub.) Borsch & Pedersen
- *Hebanthe spicata* Mart
| 75 |
Hebanthe
| 0 |
11,088,180 |
# 1948–49 in Swedish football
The **1948--49 season in Swedish football**, starting August 1948 and ending July 1949:
## Honours
### Official titles {#official_titles}
Title Team Reason
---------------------------- ---------- --------------------------
Swedish Champions 1948--49 Malmö FF Winners of Allsvenskan
Swedish Cup Champions 1948 Råå IF Winners of Svenska Cupen
### Competitions
Level Competition Team
----------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------
1st level Allsvenskan 1948--49 Malmö FF
2nd level Division 2 Nordöstra 1948--49 Djurgårdens IF
Division 2 Sydvästra 1948--49 Kalmar FF
Regional Championship Norrländska Mästerskapet 1949 IFK Östersund
Cup Svenska Cupen 1948 Råå IF
## Promotions, relegations and qualifications {#promotions_relegations_and_qualifications}
### Promotions
Promoted from Promoted to Team Reason
------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------
Division 2 Nordöstra 1948--49 Allsvenskan 1949--50 Djurgårdens IF Winners
Division 2 Sydvästra 1948--49 Kalmar FF Winners
Division 3 1948--49 Division 2 Nordöstra 1949--50 IK Brage Winners of Norra
IK City Winners of Östra
IF Viken Winners of Västra
Division 2 Sydvästra 1949--50 Huskvarna Södra IS Winners of Södra
### League transfers {#league_transfers}
Transferred from Transferred to Team Reason
------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------- --------------------------
Division 2 Nordöstra 1948--49 Division 2 Sydvästra 1949--50 IK Sleipner Geographical composition
Åtvidabergs FF Geographical composition
Division 2 Sydvästra 1948--49 Division 2 Nordöstra 1949--50 Karlstads BIK Geographical composition
### Relegations
Relegated from Relegated to Team Reason
------------------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------- -----------
Allsvenskan 1948--49 Division 2 Nordöstra 1949--50 Örebro SK 11th team
Division 2 Sydvästra 1949--50 Landskrona BoIS 12th team
Division 2 Nordöstra 1948--49 Division 3 1949--50 Sandvikens IF 9th team
Ludvika FfI 10th team
Division 2 Sydvästra 1948--49 Tidaholms GIF 9th team
Billingsfors IK 10th team
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Allsvenskan 1948--49 {#allsvenskan_194849}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- --------------------- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Malmö FF 22 12 5 5 72 -- 29 +43 29
2 Helsingborgs IF 22 11 7 4 48 -- 30 +18 29
3 GAIS 22 12 3 7 41 -- 29 +12 27
4 Degerfors IF 22 10 5 7 45 -- 33 +12 25
5 AIK 22 11 3 8 42 -- 38 +4 25
6 IFK Göteborg 22 9 5 8 36 -- 33 +3 23
7 IFK Norrköping 22 8 6 8 38 -- 33 +5 22
8 Jönköpings Södra IF 22 6 10 6 34 -- 52 -18 22
9 IS Halmia 22 6 7 9 33 -- 39 -6 19
10 IF Elfsborg 22 7 4 11 28 -- 47 -19 18
11 Örebro SK 22 5 4 13 30 -- 57 -27 14
12 Landskrona BoIS 22 3 5 14 26 -- 60 -34 11
### Division 2 Nordöstra 1948--49 {#division_2_nordöstra_194849}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Djurgårdens IF 18 17 1 0 64 -- 16 +48 35
2 Åtvidabergs FF 18 8 4 6 42 -- 33 +9 20
3 Sundbybergs IK 18 8 3 7 47 -- 37 +10 19
4 IK Sleipner 18 8 3 7 37 -- 47 -10 19
5 Surahammars IF 18 6 5 7 28 -- 34 -6 17
6 Sandvikens AIK 18 7 2 9 44 -- 35 +9 16
7 Karlskoga IF 18 7 2 9 30 -- 36 -6 16
8 Reymersholms IK 18 6 2 10 26 -- 43 -17 14
9 Sandvikens IF 18 5 3 10 30 -- 40 -10 13
10 Ludvika FfI 18 4 3 11 23 -- 46 -23 11
### Division 2 Sydvästra 1948--49 {#division_2_sydvästra_194849}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Kalmar FF 18 10 5 3 36 -- 27 +9 25
2 IFK Malmö 18 9 4 5 42 -- 35 +7 22
3 Halmstads BK 18 8 5 5 40 -- 35 +5 21
4 Höganäs BK 18 7 6 5 30 -- 23 +7 20
5 Råå IF 18 7 6 5 40 -- 36 +4 20
6 Örgryte IS 18 8 3 7 44 -- 23 +21 19
7 Jonsereds IF 18 8 2 8 44 -- 34 +10 18
8 Karlstads BIK 18 6 5 7 28 -- 34 -6 17
9 Tidaholms GIF 18 4 2 12 22 -- 48 -26 10
10 Billingsfors IK 18 3 2 13 24 -- 55 -31 8
### Norrländska Mästerskapet 1949 {#norrländska_mästerskapet_1949}
Final
| 723 |
1948–49 in Swedish football
| 0 |
11,088,180 |
# 1948–49 in Swedish football
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Svenska Cupen 1948 {#svenska_cupen_1948}
Final
## National team results {#national_team_results}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 30 |
1948–49 in Swedish football
| 1 |
11,088,208 |
# Julie Hollman
**Julie Caroline Hollman** (born 16 February 1977) is an English former heptathlete who competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
## Biography
Hollman grew up in Deeping St James, attending The Deepings School. Her sister Anne was also a heptathlete. Her mother Carol was a team manager at [Peterborough Athletic Club](http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=peterborough). She has a BSC in [Sports Science](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917123506/http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sse) with Geography and Environmental Issues from Brunel University.
Hollman, a member of Birchfield Harriers, finished second behind Clova Court in the heptathlon event at the 1997 AAA Championships before becoming British heptathlon champion after winning the British AAA Championships title at the 2000 AAA Championships.
Hollman represented England at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, finishing fifth and finished fourteenth at the 2003 World Championships.
Hoolman represented England at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne MARCH sixth at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. before winning the 2008 England Athletics Championships.
At the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, Hollman represented Great Britain and finished 32nd.
She is the British record holder for the contested Women\'s Decathlon. Her personal best result is 6135 points, achieved in June 2002 in Götzis
| 187 |
Julie Hollman
| 0 |
11,088,210 |
# John Wesley Dafoe
**John Wesley Dafoe** (8 March 1866 -- 9 January 1944) was a Canadian journalist. From 1901 to 1944 he was the editor of the *Manitoba Free Press*, later named the *Winnipeg Free Press*. He also wrote several books, including a biography of Sir Wilfrid Laurier.
Dafoe was one of the country\'s most influential and powerful Liberal journalists. During his tenure, the *Free Press* was among the most important newspapers in Canada and was respected one of the great newspapers of the world. His influence extended to the very centre of Canadian power, both through his writing and his close relations with his employers, the Liberal Sifton family.
In 1919, he did not give unqualified support to the Business side during the strong Labour-Capital confrontation that was the Winnipeg general strike. He claimed credit for his paper that Winnipeg adopted Single Transferable Voting for city elections in 1920.
Dafoe accompanied Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King to several imperial conferences and was asked by the Prime Minister to sit on the Rowell--Sirois Commission studying federal--provincial relations. In the late 1930s Dafoe opposed appeasement of fascist dictators and urged the government to prepare for a major war, which he accurately predicted would begin in 1939.
He advocated free trade policies. He refused prestigious appointments, including a consular position in Washington, a knighthood, and a seat in the Senate of Canada. He also declined to stand for Parliament.
His son, Edwin Dafoe, became managing editor of the *Free Press* and his grandson, John Dafoe, became the editor of *The Montreal Star* and later editorial page editor of the *Winnipeg Free Press*. His grandson Christopher Dafoe was editor of *The Beaver*. His daughter, Julie Annette Elizabeth Dafoe, was Head Librarian of the University of Manitoba from 1937 to 1960 (its main library now bears her name)
| 306 |
John Wesley Dafoe
| 0 |
11,088,214 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1975
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1975** took place in Feld am See, Austria.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Niederscheider won her third gold in the last four natural track European championships and fourth in the past five.
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- -------------------------------------- ------
Gold (R
| 80 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1975
| 0 |
11,088,222 |
# Arkadiki Radiofonia Tileorasi
**Arkadiki Radiofonia Tileorasi** (abbreviated **ART**, **Arcadia Radio Television**) is a Greek local radio and television station serving Arcadia. Its headquarters are in Tripoli, the major city and capital. It broadcasts in Peloponnese, southern Central Greece, Aetolia, Kythira, Phocis, in Corinthian gulf, in islands of Argosaronic, in southern Ionian islands, Boeotia and in western Attica.
## Headquarters
Arcadia Television S.A., the company operating the station, was established on November 22, 1991. Its first headquarters are located at Mainalioti 7. On March 23, 1998, the channel\'s operation was legalized under the 6647/Ε license, by the Ministry for the Press. The following year moved its headquarters to Iroon Polytechniou 38 while at the same time its statute was modified by removing minor activities. At the end of 2001 moved its headquarters to Erithrou Staurou 17-19 where it remains until today. The station\'s current president is Syriza member Giorgos Papaileiou
| 150 |
Arkadiki Radiofonia Tileorasi
| 0 |
11,088,241 |
# Mark O'Brien (footballer, born 1984)
Mark O\'Brien}} `{{Use British English|date=August 2024}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mark O'Brien
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1984|5|13}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], Ireland
| height =
| position = [[Central midfielder]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = [[Belvedere F.C.|Belvedere]]
| years1 = 2002–2004 | clubs1 = [[Shamrock Rovers F.C.|Shamrock Rovers]] | caps1 = 27 | goals1 = 3
| years2 = 2005–2007 | clubs2 = [[Bohemian F.C.|Bohemians]] | caps2 = 19 | goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2006 | clubs3 = → [[Shamrock Rovers F.C.|Shamrock Rovers]] (loan) | caps3 = 11 | goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2007 | clubs4 = → [[Shelbourne F.C.|Shelbourne]] (loan) | caps4 = 18 | goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2007–2009 | clubs5 = [[Shelbourne F.C.|Shelbourne]] | caps5 = 60 | goals5 = 3
| years6 = 2010 | clubs6 = [[Bray Wanderers A.F.C.|Bray Wanderers]] | caps6 = 4 | goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2010 | clubs7 = [[Shelbourne F.C.|Shelbourne]] | caps7 = 0 | goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2011–2012 | clubs8 = [[Drogheda United F.C.|Drogheda United]] | caps8 = 44 | goals8 = 2
| years9 = 2012 | clubs9 = [[Dundalk F.C.|Dundalk]] | caps9 = 0 | goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2015–???? | clubs10 = [[Drogheda United F.C.|Drogheda United]] | caps10 = 0 | goals10 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[Republic of Ireland national under-18 football team|Republic of Ireland U18]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belvederefc.com/honours/international-roll-of-honour.913.html|title=International Roll of Honour|publisher=belvederefc.com|accessdate=2 February 2016|date=2 February 2016}}</ref>
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Mark O\'Brien** (born 13 May 1984) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder.
O\'Brien comes from a footballing background as his father Derek played for Shamrock Rovers from 1981 to 1983 and his uncles Fran and Ray both played for Ireland. His younger brother Colin played alongside him at Shelbourne.
| 331 |
Mark O'Brien (footballer, born 1984)
| 0 |
11,088,241 |
# Mark O'Brien (footballer, born 1984)
## Career
### Early years {#early_years}
O\'Brien was born in Dublin, Ireland. He played for Belvedere at youth level and made several appearances at under-age level for Ireland. He began his senior career at Shamrock Rovers making his debut on 7 May 2003 in a League of Ireland Cup tie against Bray Wanderers. He impressed enough to win the Young Player of the Year at the club in 2004.
### Bohemians
O\'Brien then signed for bitter rivals Bohemians for the 2005 season and he made his debut for Bohs against his former club Shamrock Rovers on 18 March 2005 at Dalymount Park. He never showed the same form at Bohemians and midway through the 2006 season, he returned to Shamrock Rovers on loan where he helped the Hoops to the First Division title. After his loan spell finished at the end of the 2006 season, he returned to Bohemians but had failed to appear for the first team during the 2007 season only making under-21 appearances.
### Shelbourne
In need to restart his flagging career, O\'Brien departed Bohemians to sign on loan for nearby rivals Shelbourne in July 2007. Mark made his Shelbourne debut on 6 July 2007 against Wexford Youths at Tolka Park in a 1--0 win for Shels and he scored his first Shels goal during a 4--1 victory over Athlone Town at Lissywoollen on 12 October 2007.
O\'Brien permanently joined Shelbourne on 29 November 2007. He finished as a First Division runner-up with Shelbourne in both 2008 and 2009 as Shelbourne narrowly missed out on promotion during both seasons. O\'Brien was released by Shelbourne following the conclusion of the 2009 season. In his 3 seasons at Shelbourne he made 85 league and cup appearances scoring 5 goals.
### Bray Wanderers {#bray_wanderers}
In March 2010 O\'Brien returned to football signing for Bray Wanderers. He scored twice on his Bray debut in the EA Sports Cup against Drogheda United but failed to hold down a first team place after this. O\'Brien parted company with Bray Wanderers in July 2010 after making five appearances for the club. On 27 August 2010, O\'Brien returned to Shelbourne after training with the club for a number of weeks.
### Drogheda United {#drogheda_united}
Prior to the start of the 2011 League of Ireland season, O\'Brien joined Drogheda United. His first goal for the Drogs was the winner in a 2--1 win over Galway United on 26 May 2011, their first win of the season. After nailing down a starting place in Mick Cooke\'s midfield, O\'Brien signed a new one-year contract for the Drogs, keeping him at United Park until the end of the 2012 season.
### Dundalk
He joined Dundalk on the final day of the 2012 July transfer window. His father had played for the Lilywhites in the 1970s
| 472 |
Mark O'Brien (footballer, born 1984)
| 1 |
11,088,270 |
# Thomas Adams (organist, born 1785)
**Thomas Adams** (5 September 1785 -- 15 September 1858) was an English organist and composer for organ. He was one of the most remarkable organists, improvisators and extempore performers of his day.
Born probably in London, Adams studied under Dr. Thomas Busby and served as organist at several prominent London churches, namely Carlisle Chapel, Lambeth; St. Paul\'s, Deptford; St. George\'s, Camberwell; St. Dunstan-in-the-East. His published organ works include many fugues, voluntaries, ninety interludes, and several variations on popular airs. He also wrote variations for piano and many anthems, hymns, and sacred songs. For many years he was in charge of performances on Flight & Robson\'s Apollonicon.
Among his students was Edward Collett May.
He died in London at the age of 73 on 15 September 1858.
## Note
- *This article or an earlier version incorporates text from the 3rd edition (1919) of*Baker\'s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians*, a publication now in the public domain
| 160 |
Thomas Adams (organist, born 1785)
| 0 |
11,088,284 |
# Sean Cooney
**Sean Cooney** (born 31 October 1983) is an Irish soccer player.
A central defender, Cooney started his career at Coventry City and has also played for Woking, Bohemians and Finn Harps. He has represented the Republic of Ireland at Under-21 level, making his debut against Italy in February 2004. Sean is now a youth soccer coach in Texas
| 61 |
Sean Cooney
| 0 |
11,088,289 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1977
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1977** took place in Seis am Schlern, Italy.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Mitterstieler becomes the first non-Austrian to win this event at the natural track European championships.
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------------------------------- ------
Gold (R. Jud, Erich Graber)
Silver (Johann Mair, Michael Plaikner)
Bronze (Hubert Mairamhof, J
| 88 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1977
| 0 |
11,088,294 |
# 2007 Speedway Grand Prix of Europe
The **2007 Speedway Grand Prix of Europe** was the second race of the 2007 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 12 May in the Olympic Stadium in Wrocław, Poland.
## Starting positions draw {#starting_positions_draw}
The Speedway Grand Prix Commission has nominated Sebastian Ułamek (as Wild Card), Tomasz Gapiński and Tomasz Jędrzejak (both as Track Reserve).
1. \(15\) Chris Harris (United Kingdom)
2. \(2\) Greg Hancock (United States)
3. \(3\) Nicki Pedersen (Denmark)
4. \(16\) *Sebastian Ułamek (Poland)*
5. \(5\) Leigh Adams (Australia)
6. \(14\) Rune Holta (Poland)
7. \(9\) Jarosław Hampel (Poland)
8. \(6\) Hans N. Andersen (Denmark)
9. \(10\) Antonio Lindbäck (Sweden)
10. \(13\) Wiesław Jaguś (Poland)
11. \(8\) Tomasz Gollob (Poland)
12. \(12\) Bjarne Pedersen (Denmark)
13. \(1\) Jason Crump (Australia)
14. \(11\) Scott Nicholls (United Kingdom)
15. \(7\) Matej Žagar (Slovenia)
16. \(4\) Andreas Jonsson (Sweden)
17. \(17\) *Tomasz Gapiński (Poland)*
18. \(18\) *Tomasz Jędrzejak (Poland)*
Jason Crump, Hans N. Andersen, Tomasz Gapiński and Tomasz Jędrzejak in 2007 season are Atlas Wrocław\'s rider.
## Heat details {#heat_details}
### Heat after heat {#heat_after_heat}
1. N.Pedersen, Hancock, Harris, Ułamek
2. Hampel, Adams, Holta, Andersen
3. B.Pedersen, Jaguś, Gollob, Lindbäck
4. Crump, Jonsson, Nicholls, Žagar
5. Adams, Crump, Harris, Lindbäck
6. Hancock, Jaguś, Nicholls, Holta (f)
7. Žagar, N.Pedersen, Gollob, Hampel (f)
8. Andersen, Jonsson, B.Pedersen, Ułamek
9. Harris, Holta, Jonsson, Gollob (e)
10. Hancock, Adams, Žagar, B.Pedersen
11. N.Pedersen, Nicholls, Andersen, Lindbäck
12. Ułamek, Crump, Hampel, Jaguś
13. Harris, B.Pedersen, Nicholls, Hampel (f)
14. Hancock, Crump, Gollob, Andersen
15. N.Pedersen, Jaguś, Jonsson (f/x), Adams (f/x)
16. Holta, Žagar, Ułamek, Lindbäck
17. Harris, Andersen, Žagar, Jaguś
18. Hancock, Hampel, *Gapiński*, Lindbäck (*Gapiński replaced Jonsson who was not able to start*)
19. N.Pedersen, Crump, B.Pedersen, Holta (f/x)
20. Adams, Ułamek, Nicholls, Gollob
: **Semi-Finals:**
21. N.Pedersen, Crump, B.Pedersen, Žagar
22. Andersen, Harris, Hancock, Adams
: **Great Final:**
23. N
| 317 |
2007 Speedway Grand Prix of Europe
| 0 |
11,088,296 |
# Urubici
**Urubici** is a southern Brazilian municipality located in the state of Santa Catarina.
## History
## Economy
The economy of the region is based on agriculture and tourism.
## Neighboring cities {#neighboring_cities}
Some of the nearest cities are São Joaquim-60 km (37.28 mi.), Lages, Tubarão, and Criciúma.
## Access
Access to the city is by the SC-110 state highway.
## Climate
The climate of the area is temperate, with temperatures ranging between 12 °C (53.6 °F) and 16 °C (60.8 °F). In the months of June, July, and August, the thermometers get to show negative temperatures, and it can snow. The minimum record temperature (it\'s also the Brazilian minimum record temperature) was -17.8 °C (0 °F) at Morro da Igreja, the highest inhabited point of this municipality.
## Universities and colleges {#universities_and_colleges}
## Schools
## Tourism
The town of Urubici was founded in 1915, as the village of São Joaquim. Today, its natural beauties attract tourists and backpackers from all corners of Brazil looking for the landscapes of the mountain ridge of the state of Santa Catarina. Located in the valley of the Canoas river, the town has in its hills, valleys, trails and waterfalls places for those who want to rest or go for ecotourism and adventure tourism. Urubici is part of the São Joaquim National park, which is very rich in flora and fauna. The park has an area of 493 km2 and is divided between the fields on top of the ridge, where we have the lowest temperatures in Brazil, and the area at the foot of the ridge, with temperature around the 20 °C (68 °F). A visit to it reveals incredible landscapes, such as the Laranjeiras Canyon (Canyon of the Orange Trees) and the famous Pedra Furada (Holed Rock), which can be seen from the Morro da Igreja (Church Hill), known as the highest point in the South of Brazil, with 1,827 meters (5,994.09 ft.) of altitude. In the surroundings of the town there are other places that deserve a visit, such as the Avencal Waterfall, with 100 meters (328.08 ft.) of free fall, and indigenous caves that are found in the area. There it is possible to see rupestral engravings which date back to more than four thousand years ago. In the severe winter, between the months of June and August, there can be some snow, which gives a European appearance to its streets. In 1996, the town registered the lowest temperature ever recorded in thermometers in Brazil, −17.8 °C (0.04 °F). It is the ideal weather for those who like chatting in front of a fireplace, sipping some good wine, or just relax. Throughout its history, Urubici was influenced by Portuguese, Italian, German, African and Latvian settlers, who left their characteristics in its culture, arts, architecture, and cuisine. The city is also known as the land of the vegetables because of the variety and quality of the local production
| 488 |
Urubici
| 0 |
11,088,311 |
# Württemberg-Neuenstadt
**Württemberg-Neuenstadt** was the name of two branch lines of the ducal House of Württemberg in the 17th and 18th century. It was named after the town of residence, Neuenstadt.
## First branch line {#first_branch_line}
The first branch line of this name came into existence after a *Fürstbrüderlicher Vergleich* -- a mutual agreement made between ducal brothers on 7 June 1617 (Julian calendar: 28 May). Under the agreement, the sons of Duke Friedrich I split the inheritance such that the eldest son, Johann Frederick, assumed borony over the Duchy of Württemberg while his remaining brothers assumed possession of other ducal properties. The second youngest son, Frederick Achilles, was bequeathed Neuenstadt Castle and an annual endowment of 10,000 guilder. After the death of Frederick Achilles in 1631, who was still unmarried, the castle returned to the main line of the duchy.
## Second branch line {#second_branch_line}
The second branch line came into existence in 1649, after the restitution of Württemberg following the Thirty Years\' War. Under the inheritance agreement of 7 October 1649 (27 September under the Julian calendar) Duke Eberhard III left his brother Frederick possession of Neuenstadt, Möckmühl and Weinsberg, although this was without sovereignty as this was passed on to Eberhard.
Duke Frederick was married to Clara Augusta, daughter of August the Younger of Brunswick. The couple brought 12 children into the world, of which three male children survived to adulthood: Frederick August, Ferdinand Wilhelm and Carl Rudolf. Duke Frederick died in 1682, outlived by his widow who resided in Neuenstadt and her widow\'s residence of Weißenhof by Weinsberg until 1700 when she died.
The eldest son, Frederick August assumed the inheritance of Frederick. In 1679 he married Countess Albertine Sophie Esther, the last remaining daughter from the line of the Counts of Eberstein. The couple moved into Gochsheim Castle which they had inherited in Kraichgau. In 1679 the couple retreated to Neuenstadt to avoid the War of the Palatinian Succession. During his absence, Gochsheim was sacked and razed to the ground by the French. The castle was reconstructed after the war ended in 1700, after which Gochsheim once again became a ducal residence. Frederick August died in 1716. On the death of his wife in 1728, Gochsheim returned to the main ducal line.
Frederick August\'s marriage resulted in the birth of 14 children of which only three daughters survived. Of Frederick August\'s brothers, Ferdinand Wilhelm had already died in 1701 so the Neuenstadt inheritance passed to Carl Rudolf in 1716. Carl Rudolf also became regent for a short time of the main ducal line of Württemberg for the underaged Duke Karl Eugen. When Carl Rudolf died in 1742 the male lineage of Württemberg-Neuenstadt finally disappeared. The only survivors of the duchy, two daughters, lived in Neuenstadt Castle until the line disappeared once and for all with the death of Friederike, at which point Neuenstadt permanently lost its status as a royal residence.
## Further information {#further_information}
### References
- Harald Schukraft: *Kleine Geschichte des Hauses Württemberg*
| 500 |
Württemberg-Neuenstadt
| 0 |
11,088,319 |
# Acheloos TV
**Acheloos Television** (Greek: Αχελώος Τηλεόραση) is a Greek local radio and television station serving the central and western Aetolia-Acarnania. Its headquarters are in the city of Agrinio. It broadcasts in Epirus, western Central Greece and Ionian islands but its signal can be received also in western Evrytania, in the northwestern Peloponnese, in the northwestern Ilia and in west parts of Trikala and Karditsa. The station is named after the Acheloos river. It offers local programs and music from Greece, as well as English-language programs. As of December 19, 2014, Acheloos TV is available in Epirus and Corfu through various digital frequencies
| 104 |
Acheloos TV
| 0 |
11,088,333 |
# Army Legal Services Branch
The **Army Legal Services Branch** (**ALS**) is a branch of the Adjutant-General\'s Corps (AGC) in the British Army. Before 1992, the branch existed as the independent **Army Legal Corps** (**ALC**).
## History
Many of the functions of the ALS were once carried out by the Judge Advocate General (JAG) whose own origins can be traced back to medieval times. Following World War I, the growing demand for legal services within the army led in 1923 to the creation of the Military Department of the Office of the Judge Advocate General.
The Directorate of Army Legal Services was formed from the JAG\'s office on 1 October 1948 and would go on to receive full corps status as the Army Legal Corps on 1 November 1978. It was always the smallest corps in the Army. On 6 April 1992, the corps became the Army Legal Services Branch of the Adjutant General\'s Corps, but retains a separate identity and its own cap badge.
## Activities
Army Legal Services Branch is a group of qualified solicitors, barristers and Scottish advocates providing legal support to the Army.
## List of directors general {#list_of_directors_general}
The head of the Army Legal Services Branch is its director. The director general holds the rank of major general.
Date of appointment Name
--------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
Major-General G. A. Whiteley CBE
13 July 1969 Major-General H. Owen
19 July 1971 Major-General R. S. Marshall TD
30 July 1973 Major-General J. C. Robertson
2 Jul 1976 Major-General D. S. Appleby
6 Nov 1978 Major-General J. A. McIlvenna CB
12 Nov 1980 Major-General Sir David Hughes-Morgan Bt. CB, CBE
24 Feb 1984 Major-General J. F. Bowman
3 Dec 1986 Major-General T. Fugard
8 Jan 1990 Major-General D. H. D. Selwood
4 May 1992 Major-General Mike H. F. Clarke
20 Apr 1994 Major-General A. P. V. Rogers
1 Apr 1997 Major-General Gordon Risius CB
20 Jan 2003 Major-General David Howell CB, OBE
1 Oct 2010 Major-General Michael Conway CB
30 Sept 2015 Major-General Susan Ridge
5 July 2019 Major-General Alexander Taylor
1 January 2024 Major-General Richard A
| 347 |
Army Legal Services Branch
| 0 |
11,088,348 |
# AC Vila Meã
**Atlético Clube de Vila Meã** *(abbreviated as **AC Vila Meã**)* is a Portuguese football club based in Vila Meã, Amarante in the district of Porto.
## Background
AC Vila Meã currently plays in the Terceira Divisão Série B which is the fourth tier of Portuguese football. The club was founded in 1944 and they play their home matches at the Estádio Municipal de Vila Meã in Vila Meã, Amarante. The stadium is able to accommodate 2,950 spectators.
The club is affiliated to Associação de Futebol do Porto and has competed in the AF Porto Taça. The club has also entered the national cup competition known as Taça de Portugal on occasions
| 115 |
AC Vila Meã
| 0 |
11,088,352 |
# Sébastien Rémy
**Sébastien Rémy** (born 16 April 1974) is a former Luxembourgish footballer, playing on the left side of midfield.
He played for the Luxembourgian national team, and domestically for F91 Dudelange in the National Division.
## Club career {#club_career}
He started his career at Fola Esch but made his premier division debut for Sporting Mertzig in the 1998/1999 season. He moved to Dudelange in 2001.
## International career {#international_career}
Rémy made his debut for Luxembourg in an August 2002 friendly match against Morocco. As of 1 December 2008, he had earned 51 caps, scoring no goals. He played in 12 FIFA World Cup qualification matches
| 107 |
Sébastien Rémy
| 0 |
11,088,364 |
# Saint-Jean-de-Fos
**Saint-Jean-de-Fos** (`{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ də fɔs}}`{=mediawiki}; Languedocien: *Sant Joan de Fòrcs*) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France
| 26 |
Saint-Jean-de-Fos
| 0 |
11,088,369 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1978
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1978** took place in Aurach, Austria.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- -------------------------------------------- ------
Gold (Werner Mücke, Helmut Huter)
Silver (Hubert Mairamhof, J
| 66 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1978
| 0 |
11,088,377 |
# Samara State University
**Samara State University** (*Самарский государственный университет*) was a classical multi-faculty university and a leading educational institution of higher education in Samara Oblast, Russia. It consists of faculties of Mathematics and Mechanics, Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Philology, History, Sociology, Economy and Management, Psychology, and Law. It is considered to be the most prestigious graduate school in Samara and the area, especially with its highly competitive and demanding programmes in the English Language, Law, Sociology, Political Science, International Relations, and Psychology. SSU is also noted for its postgraduate research in the Sciences and the Humanities.`{{fact|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
SSU had its own newspaper, a regularly printed academic journal, as well as journals for students publications. SSU is a centre of teaching and research in Samara Region with a strong reputation nationally and globally. SSU is one of the few Russian universities that issues the European Diploma Supplement to the State Diploma of Higher Education, which confirms educational standards according to international standards (ECTS). In 2015 it was merged with other institutions to form the Samara National Research University. The English language is taught here by high-qualified lecturers.`{{fact|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2014 Samara State University celebrated the 95th anniversary since its foundation and the 45th anniversary since its revival. It is a large scientific, educational and cultural centre of the Volga region with a constantly developing infrastructure. The university being of the classical type preserves the highest educational standards and education quality. The university has one regional branch in Togliatti. At present it comprises 10 basic faculties: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mechanics and Mathematics, History, Philology, Sociology, Psychology, Law, Economics and Management.`{{fact|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
Notable alumni of Samara State University include:
- Violetta Khrapina Bida (born 1994), Olympic épée fencer
- Mark Feygin (born 1971), lawyer and human rights activist
- Nikolai Mashkin (1900--1950), scholar of Roman history
- Mikhail Matveyev (born 1968), member of the State Duma
- Dmitry Muratov (born 1961), joint recipient of the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize
- Pavel Romanov (1964--2014), sociologist
- Evdokia Romanova (born 1990), human rights activist
- Svetlana Vanyo (born 1977), Russian-American swimmer and coach
- Alexander G
| 355 |
Samara State University
| 0 |
11,088,400 |
# Lester Ricard
**Lester Ray Ricard Jr.** (born December 11, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback. He played college football for the Tulane Green Wave. Ricard was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He was also a member of the Carolina Panthers and Edmonton Eskimos.
## Early life {#early_life}
Lester Ricard attended Amite High School in Amite, Louisiana, and was a letterman in football, basketball, and track. In football, as a senior, he passed for 2,421 yards and 23 touchdowns, led his team to the semi-finals of the Class 3A playoffs, was named the District\'s Most Valuable Player, earned All-America honors from Parade Magazine, was a SuperPrep All-American, and named as a third-team All-South selection by BorderWars.
After his senior season, he was rated as the nation\'s No. 5 quarterback by Rivals.com, selected as a member of the Baton Rouge Advocate Super Dozen as well as the Dallas Morning News Super Southern 100. In basketball, he was a four-year varsity letterman. Ricard graduated from Amite High School in 2002 with a 3.0 GPA.
## College career {#college_career}
Ricard signed with LSU out of high school and redshirted in 2002. At the end of fall camp in August 2003, Ricard transferred to Tulane University. He played at Tulane through the 2006 season.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Jacksonville Jaguars {#jacksonville_jaguars}
In the 2007 preseason game against the Miami Dolphins, Ricard completed 6 of 9 passes for 80 yards. Ricard was a member of the Jaguars\' practice squad until he was waived on April 30, 2008.
### Carolina Panthers {#carolina_panthers}
On May 19, 2008, Ricard was signed by the Carolina Panthers. He was later released by the Panthers to cut down the roster.
### Edmonton Eskimos {#edmonton_eskimos}
Ricard was signed by the Edmonton Eskimos on May 13, 2009. He was a final cut on June 25, 2009.
### Semi-pro football {#semi_pro_football}
After a poor performance for the New Orleans VooDoo in a March 2011 scrimmage, Ricard signed with the New Orleans Jazz of the Stars Football League in summer 2011. Ricard served as the Jazz\'s starting quarterback. The Jazz played only two games during the league\'s abortive 2011 season, with Ricard leading the team to two victories.
After the Jazz franchise was mothballed, Ricard signed with Team Louisiana of the Exclusive Football League. Much like its SFL predecessor, the EFL team in Louisiana was also quick to disband, breaking away from the league after one game (a 25--20 win over the EFL\'s Texas squad).
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
In 2014, Ricard was on the football coaching staff at De La Salle High School (New Orleans) as quarterbacks coach. On March 20, 2014, Ricard was named head football coach at St. Martin\'s High School in Metairie, Louisiana. In 2016, he accepted a teacher position at Hahnville High School. In 2017, Ricard was named head coach at Walker High School in Walker, Louisiana and in September 2018, resigned from the position
| 505 |
Lester Ricard
| 0 |
11,088,411 |
# Barbara Andrews
**Barbara Andrews** is an American writer of 20 romance novels under her real name; with her daughter, **Pam Hanson**, she now writes under the pseudonyms **Jennifer Drew** and **Pam Rock**.
## Biography
Barbara Andrews wanted a career she could combine with motherhood and four children. She made her first sale to *Highlights for Children*, when her children were in kindergarten. She is the author of 20 romance novels under her own name.
Andrews\'s daughter, Pam Hanson, majored in journalism in college and later worked as a reporter. Pam married a college professor and started a family. After the birth of her first child, Pam teamed up with her mother to write romance novels. Together they have published novels under the pseudonyms Jennifer Drew and Pam Rock.
For several years, their partnership was long-distance, but nowadays they share a house in West Virginia, along with Pam\'s husband and their two sons, Erik and Andrew Hanson. In the summer of 2008, she moved to Nebraska with Pam and her family.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
As Jennifer Drew, the mother and daughter were nominated for a *Romantic Times* Reviewers\' Choice Award in 2003, and for Best Harlequin Duets for the novel *Desperately Seeking Sully*.
## Biography {#biography_1}
### As Barbara Andrews {#as_barbara_andrews}
#### Single novels {#single_novels}
- *Love Trap* 1982/10
- *Stolen Promises* 1983/01
- *This Bittersweet Love* 1983/02
- *Emerald Fire* 1983/08
- *Passionate Deceiver* 1983/09
- *Happily Ever After* 1984/10
- *Midnight Magic* 1984/12
- *Shady Business* 1984/12
- *My Kind of Love* 1985/01
- *A Novel Affair* 1985/03
- *Loving Lessons* 1985/05
- *Reach for the Sky* 1985/05
- *Stand-in Lover* 1985/09
- *Add a Dash of Love* 1985/12
- *A Different Kind of Man* 1986/04
- *Seduced by a Stranger* 1986/12
- *Trapped by Desire* 1986/12
- *Escape From the Storm* 1987/01
- *Summer of Promises* 1987/06
### As Jennifer Drew {#as_jennifer_drew}
#### Single novels {#single_novels_1}
- *Turn Back the Night* 1994/10
- *Dear Mr. Right* 1996/09
- *The Prince and the Bogus Bride* 1997/12
- *The Bad-Girl Bride* 1998/10
- *Baby Lessons* 1999/12
- *Stop the Wedding!* 2002/03
- *Just Desserts* 2002/07
- *Hitched for the Holidays* 2002/12
- *You\'ll Be Mine in 99* 2003/05
- *Desperately Seeking Sully* 2003/08
- *All Wrapped Up* 2003/12
- *The Banker\'s Convenient Wife* 2004/04
#### Grant Sisters series {#grant_sisters_series}
1. *Taming Luke* 1999/08
2. *Mr. Right Under Her Nose* 2001/02
#### Bailey Brothers series {#bailey_brothers_series}
1. *One Bride too Many* 2001/09
2
| 415 |
Barbara Andrews
| 0 |
11,088,412 |
# In Limbo (novel)
***In Limbo*** (`{{ISBN|0-586-06338-2}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1985 science fiction novel by Christopher Evans, set in contemporary Britain. The novel explores the experience of protagonist Michael Carpenter who has been detained in a mysterious windowless institution called Limbo by its inmates.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Michael Carpenter awakes in a windowless institution. Although the regime in Limbo is quite liberal, Carpenter is not permitted to leave nor to know its purpose. Carpenter\'s fellow inmates are introduced: leftist intellectual Wright, corpulent joker Riley, fitness fanatic Treadwell and the nervous Sinnott. The highlights of Carpenter\'s time are his meetings with the glamorous Dr Dempster.
The inmates\' have increasing conflicts with their guards. Through these conflicts, the novel explores flashbacks to Carpenter\'s earlier life. After leaving university, Carpenter has drifted from one dead-end job to another, and also moved between various unsatisfactory sexual relationships, with the strident feminist Veronica, the kleptomaniac Karen, married colleague Eleanor and the unstable Penny.
The novel ends as the inmates make an escape attempt. The book concludes when Carpenter\'s first steps back in the outside world
| 180 |
In Limbo (novel)
| 0 |
11,088,419 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1979
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1979** took place in Aosta, Italy
| 21 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1979
| 0 |
11,088,440 |
# Anadilim Aşk
***Anadilim Aşk*** (*My Native Language is Love*) is Işın Karaca\'s debut album, it was released at 2001 with Power Records label. All the songs are written by Sezen Aksu, except two of them co-written by Ali İlyas and Sezen Aksu. The first video became \"Tutunamadım\". The second video is shot for \"Başka Bahar\", which become very successful in music charts of Turkey. After this success in Turkey, the song is chosen to represent Turkey in OGAE in 2002. However, it became the last without getting any points in the contest. The third video is shot for \"Aramıza Yollar\" by Lebanese director Waleed Nassif. This video is the first video in High Definition format in Turkey. Famous Turkish actor Toprak Sergen also starred in the video. The fourth video is shot for \"Doğum Günün Kutlu Olsun Oğlum\", but it was not aired due to conflicts with her company. The album sold-out quickly and released second time with addition of \"Tutunamadım Remix\". In 2006, the album re-released with SM Gold label.
## Album history {#album_history}
Işın Karaca worked for about seven years as back vocalist of Sezen Aksu. Sezen Aksu, a famous Turkish star, wanted to help her with her debut album, so the album is entirely produced by Aksu.
In the song \"Lamba\", piano is performed by Onno Tunç, a famous musician who died in a plane crash in 1996. The piano samples were originally performed in Zuhal Olcay\'s song \"Kod Adım Leyla\" in her Oyuncu album in 1996. The piano compositions are cleaned from the song and then added to \"Lamba\". The reason for that is; Sezen Aksu and Onno Tunç worked together and made very successful works in Turkey. Işın never met Onno Tunç, because Onno died just before Işın and Sezen met. So she missed the chance of working with Onno. And this become one of her wishes which was impossible after Onno\'s death. Aksu, who knows Işın\'s dream, ordered to clean the piano samples. The song was then arranged by Ayda Tunç, daughter of Onno. It was a surprise for Işın, because, Aksu didn\'t tell this to her unless the song was finished.
The song \"Doğum Günün Kutlu Olsun Oğlum\" (*Happy birthday my son*) was written by Sezen Aksu in Işın\'s house in mother\'s day. Sezen Aksu was returned from her visit to Italy. She was touched by the death fasts and then she wrote this song about the incidents.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
\# Title Translation Written by Time
---- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------- ------
1 \"Tutunamadım\" I Couldn\'t Hold On Sezen Aksu 4:01
2 \"Yaz\" Summer Sezen Aksu, Ali İlyas 4:27
3 \"Başka Bahar\" Another Spring Sezen Aksu 4:04
4 \"Kalbim Ağrıyor\" My Heart Is Aching Sezen Aksu 4:49
5 \"Aşktan N\'aber\" What About Love Sezen Aksu 4:05
6 \"Çikita\" Chikita Sezen Aksu 3:26
7 \"Bitmemiş Tango\" Unfinished Tango Sezen Aksu, Ali İlyas 4:49
8 \"Lamba\" Lamp Sezen Aksu 3:59
9 \"Anadilim Aşk\" My Native Language is Love Sezen Aksu 3:57
10 \"Kan Tutmuyor\" Blood Doesn\'t Hold Sezen Aksu 5:02
11 \"Aramıza Yollar\" Ways Between Us Sezen Aksu 4:30
12 \"Doğum Günün Kutlu Olsun Oğlum\" Happy Birthday My Son Sezen Aksu 3:06
**Bonus track** (added by the second release)
\# Title Translation Written by Time
---- ------------------------- --------------------- ------------ ------
13 \"Tutunamadım (Remix)\" I Couldn\'t Hold On Sezen Aksu 4:59
## Credits
Production: Power Records\
Producer: Sezen Aksu\
Mix: Studio Maslak B\
Mastering: Çağlar Türkmen\
Photographs: Tamer Yılmaz\
Graphic Design: Ultra\
Hair: Serpil Yıldız\
Make-up: Fatka and Suzan Kardeş
| 586 |
Anadilim Aşk
| 0 |
11,088,440 |
# Anadilim Aşk
## Music videos {#music_videos}
- [Tutunamadım](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9aw_kUkxY0)
- Başka Bahar
- [Aramıza Yollar](https://www.youtube
| 15 |
Anadilim Aşk
| 1 |
11,088,446 |
# Stephen Mumford
**Stephen Dean Mumford** (born 31 July 1965) is a British philosopher, who is currently Head of Department and Professor of Metaphysics in the Department of Philosophy at Durham University. Mumford is best known for his work in metaphysics on dispositions and laws, but has also made contributions in the philosophy of sport.
## Biography
Mumford was born in Wakefield, West Yorkshire. Mumford went on to read Philosophy and History of Ideas with Politics at Huddersfield Polytechnic (now University of Huddersfield) as his first degree. After Huddersfield, Mumford went on to the University of Leeds to take an MA in Philosophy of Mind. At Leeds, Mumford met Robin Le Poidevin who was to become his PhD supervisor. Mumford was awarded a PhD in 1994, for his thesis *Dispositions and Reductionism*, and was awarded a two-year lectureship at Leeds. Mumford left Leeds in 1995 for the University of Nottingham, where he worked until 2016. At Nottingham, Mumford served as Dean of the Faculty of Arts (2011--15), Head of the School of Humanities (2009--11), and Head of the Department of Philosophy (2004--7).
Mumford is the sole-author of four books: *Dispositions* (1998), *Laws in Nature* (2004), *David Armstrong* (2007), and *Watching Sport: Aesthetics, Ethics and Emotions* (2011). Mumford has also edited two books: *Russell on Metaphysics* (2003) and George Molnar\'s *Powers: A Study in Metaphysics* (2003). Most recently, Mumford co-authored, with Rani Lill Anjum, *Getting Causes from Powers* (2011).
## Dispositions and *Dispositions* (1998) {#dispositions_and_dispositions_1998}
: *See main article: Dispositions*
## *Powers: A Study in Metaphysics* (2003) {#powers_a_study_in_metaphysics_2003}
### Background
: *See main article: George Molnar (philosopher)*
The late philosopher George Molnar (1934--1999) published only four philosophical papers on metaphysics in his career, but his importance in the field should not be underestimated. After a return to the field, following a self-imposed absence, he was working on a book (*Powers*) and continued up until his sudden and untimely death in August 1999. The book remained unfinished until Mumford, who had previously been in contact with Molnar, in the summer of 1999, with the intention of giving feedback on the work (nearing completion), was approached to edit the remaining manuscript into a completed book. Mumford, along with several other figures in the field of metaphysics, including David Armstrong, were involved collaboratively in providing insight on Molnar\'s work, and on him as a person, but the editing was left to Mumford, as was the writing of an introductory chapter to correctly present and establish the material laid out - something which Molnar did not get round to doing before his death. Armstrong states, \"We can be very grateful to Stephen Mumford for making a volume from the much that we have. His excellent introduction serves in place of the introductory chapter that was left unwritten\". Mumford had discussed Molnar at a conference on Australian metaphysics, held in Grenoble (9--13 December 1999), but the colloquium - organised by Jean-Maurice Monnoyer, entitled \"The Structure of the World: Objects, Properties and States of Affairs\" - was to be the first official meeting of Mumford and Molnar as well. Mumford had considered this to be the end of the matter, but, in the spring of 2000, Mumford was contacted again concerning *Powers*. This time, however, it was through mutual friend Tony Skillen (lecturer in philosophy at the University of Kent) on behalf of Molnar\'s former partner Carlotta McIntosh, who had given access to the manuscript and who shared it with Mumford. Although the book was, in places, complete and filled with promise, there was much work to be done on the later chapters - Mumford reflects on a conversation between himself and Armstrong on the way to the Grenoble colloquium, mentioning Molnar\'s email stating the work was near finished, Armstrong replied: \"it was near finished, in his mind\". The main theory of powers survives, and with Mumford\'s help and editorial contribution is readily accessible.
## Metaphysics of science {#metaphysics_of_science}
Mumford was a project leader for The University of Nottingham in the AHRC (Arts & Humanities Research Council) funded three-year research project: the metaphysics of science. Mumford worked alongside Alexander Bird (Bristol) and Helen Beebee (Birmingham) within this project with their joint focus on \"causes, laws, kinds, and dispositions\"
| 701 |
Stephen Mumford
| 0 |
11,088,459 |
# Terry Palmer (footballer)
**Terry Palmer** (born 26 November 1972) is an Irish retired soccer player who played in the League of Ireland during the 1990s and 2000s.
## Career
He made his League of Ireland debut for UCD on 27 January 1991and played for the club for seven seasons. He scored a dream goal in the final of the Leinster Senior Cup (association football) in February 1995.
He then transferred to Shamrock Rovers in 1998. He was the clubs Player of the Year in the 1999--2000 season. He made a total of 4 appearances in Europe for the Hoops in the 2003 UEFA Intertoto Cup, before being released in 2004. For the 2000-01 League of Ireland and 2001-02 League of Ireland seasons Palmer was ever present.
He spent his final season in League of Ireland football at Bohemians making his debut at the Waterford Regional Sports Centre on 8 April. He retired at the end of the 2005 League of Ireland season
| 163 |
Terry Palmer (footballer)
| 0 |
11,088,463 |
# İçinde Aşk Var
***İçinde Aşk Var*** (*There\'s Love Inside*) is Işın Karaca\'s second solo album which was released on 16 December 2004. There\'s also a song written by herself in the album. Other writers are: Sezen Aksu, Aysel Gürel, Suat Suna, Ümit Sayın, etc. First video is taken for \"Yetinmeyi bilir misin?\". It was said that Turkish musician Serkan take out this song from his debut album and gave to Karaca. There are two Karacas in the video; a good and an evil Karaca. Second video is shot for \"Bekleyelim de Görelim\". The last video is taken to an Onno Tunç cover \"Hoşgörü\", which was previously sung by Sezen Aksu. Işın Karaca and her crew starred in the video; Erdem Yörük, her brother & manager Akın Büyükkaraca, her vocalist Jale (former Academy Turkey contestant) also starred in the video. \"Yetinmeyi Bilir misin?\" won the best lyrics award in Kral TV Video ve Music Awards
| 155 |
İçinde Aşk Var
| 0 |
11,088,470 |
# Wildlife of Karnataka
The state of Karnataka in South India has a rich diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of 38,720 km^2^ which constitutes 55% of the geographical area of the state. These forests support 25% of the elephant population and 20% of the tiger population of India. Many regions of Karnataka are still unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are still found.
The mountains of the Western Ghats in the western region of Karnataka are a biodiversity hotspot. Two sub-clusters of the Western Ghats, Talacauvery and Kudremukh, are on a tentative list of sites that could be designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The Bandipur and Nagarahole national parks which fall outside these subclusters were included in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation. In the Biligiriranga Hills the Eastern Ghats meet the Western Ghats.
The state bird and state animal of Karnataka are Indian roller and the Indian elephant. The state tree and state flower are sandalwood (*Santalum album*) and lotus. Karnataka is home to 524 tigers (around 12% of tigers in world).
## National parks {#national_parks}
### Anshi National Park {#anshi_national_park}
This park is present in the Uttara Kannada district and spreads over an area of 250 km^2^. The elevation varies from 27 to 937 m, and temperatures from 15.5 °C to 45 °C. Average annual rainfall is about 4700 mm .
- **Flora:** The area has semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. Some common tree species in the area are *Calophyllum tomentosa*, *Calophyllum wightianum*, *Garcina cambogia*, *Garcina morealla*, *Knema attenuata*, *Hopea wightiana*, *Tetrameles nudiflora*, *Alstonia scholaris*, *Flacourtia montana*, *Machilis macarantha*, *Carallia brachiata*, *Artocarpus hirsutus*, *Artocarpus lacoocha* and *Cinnamomum zeylanicum*.
- **Fauna:** Mammals in the park include Indian elephant, gaur, wild boar, sambar, chevrotain, muntjac, chital, gray langur, bonnet macaque, slender loris, Bengal tiger, jungle cat, Indian leopard, leopard cat, small Indian civet, common mongoose, golden jackal, dhole, sloth bear, Malabar giant squirrel, grizzled giant squirrel, Indian giant flying squirrel, and Indian crested porcupine. King cobra, python, cobra, rat snake, viper and krait are among the snakes that inhabit the park. Interesting birds include the great hornbill, Malabar pied hornbill and Ceylon frogmouth.
### Bandipur National Park {#bandipur_national_park}
The park is within Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar District covering over 800 km^2^ and adjoins the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In 1973, Bandipur became one of the first of India\'s tiger reserves and became a part of Project Tiger. In 1977, an intention was declared under the Wildlife Protection Act to notify it as a national park.
- **Flora:** The scrub jungles towards the eastern limits of the park consist of stunted trees, interspersed with bushes and open grassy patches. Towards its north-western fringes, there is a gradual shift in the vegetation from open dry deciduous forests to tropical mixed deciduous forests. These diverse habitats support an enormous diversity of animal life.
- **Fauna:** The mammals found here are Indian elephant (*Elephas maximus indicus*), gaur (*Bos gaurus*), sambar (*Cervus unicolor*), chital or spotted deer (*Axis axis*), muntjac (*Muntiacus muntjak*) or barking deer, mouse deer (*Moschiola indica*), bonnet macaque (*Macaca radiata*), slender loris (*Loris tardigradus*), red giant flying squirrel (*Petaurista petaurista*), Bengal tiger (*Panthera tigris*), Indian leopard (*Panthera pardus*), common palm civet (*Paradoxurus hermaphroditus*), small Indian civet (*Viverricula indica*), sloth bear (*Melursus ursinus*), dhole or Asiatic wild dog (*Cuon alpinus*), golden jackal (*Canis aureus*), ruddy mongoose (*Herpestes smithii*), smooth-coated otter (*Lutrogale perspicillata*), Indian pangolin (*Manis crassicaudata*). Among the 230 species of birds identified, important groups include herons, storks, egrets, ducks, kites, eagles, falcons, quails, partridges, wildfowl, lapwings, sandpipers, pigeons, doves, parakeets, cuckoos, owls, nightjars, swifts, kingfishers, bee-eaters and munias. Reptiles like marsh crocodile (*Crocodylus palustris*), Indian pond terrapin, starred tortoise (*Geochelone elegans*), common Indian monitor (*Varanus bengalensis*), Indian chameleon (*Chamaeleo zeylanicus*), skinks (*Mabuya*spp.), geckos (*Hemidactylus*), common rat snake (*Ptyas mucosus*), Indian cobra (*Naja naja*), Russell\'s viper (*Daboia russelli*), common krait (*Bungarus caeruleus*), Indian python (*Python molurus*), checkered keelback, green whip snake, common Indian bronzeback (*Dendrelaphis tristis*) and trinket snake (*Elaphe helena*) are found here
### Bannerghatta National Park {#bannerghatta_national_park}
The park is in Bengaluru urban district and Kanakapura taluk of Ramanagara district covers over 260.51 km^2^ of area. Elevation varies from 740 to 1034 m, temperature from 20 to 35 °C and the average annual rainfall is 700 mm.
- **Flora:** The area has dry deciduous forests and thorny shrubs, with patches of moist\[deciduous forests along the streams. Tree species in the park include *Anogeissus latifolia*, *Schleichera*, *Terminalia tomentosa*, *Terminalia arjuna*, *Grewia tilaefolia*, *Santalum album*, *Shorea talura*, *Emblica officinalis*, *Vitex altissima*, *Wrightia tinctoria*, *Randia* sp., *Ziziphus* sp. and *Albizzia* sp. Bamboos are common in the park, the dominant species being *Dendrocalamus strictus*. A small area of the park has plantations of *Eucalyptus*, *Bauhinia purpurea*, *Samanea saman* and *Peltophorum pterocarpum*.
- **Fauna:** Mammals in the park include Indian leopard, gaur, Indian elephant, golden jackal, fox, wild boar, sloth bear, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, common langur, bonnet macaque, Indian crested porcupine and hare. A Bengal tiger was sighted in the park.
### Kudremukh National Park {#kudremukh_national_park}
Spread over an area of 600.32 km^2^, it encompasses regions in the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Chikmagalur. Altitude varies from 134 to 1892 m. The park has a pleasant climate, with temperatures ranging from 17 to 28 °C. Annual rainfall varies from 1778 to 6350 mm, with an average of 4000 mm. The rivers Nethravati, Tunga and Bhadra are believed to originate here at Ganga Moola.
- **Flora:** The park has mostly evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Shola grassland habitat is found at elevations above 1400 m. Evergreen trees include *Poeciloneuron indicum*, *Holigarna arnottiana*, *Artocarpus* sp., *Calophyllum* sp., *Alstonia scholaris*, *Canarium strictum*, *Syzygium cumini*, *Flacourtia montana*, *Symplocos spicata*, *Hopea parviflora*, *Mesua ferrea* and *Evodiaroxburghiana*. There are also a few plantations of *Eucalyptus*, *Casuarina* and *Acacia auriculiformis*.
- **Fauna:** Mammals in the park include Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, dhole, golden jackal, lion-tailed macaque, common langur, sloth bear, gaur, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, Malabar giant squirrel, Indian giant flying squirrel, Indian crested porcupine and mongoose. Reptiles are represented by snakes and tortoises. Bird species in the park include the Malabar trogon, great hornbill, Malabar whistling thrush and imperial pigeon.
| 1,035 |
Wildlife of Karnataka
| 0 |
11,088,470 |
# Wildlife of Karnataka
## National parks {#national_parks}
### Nagarahole National Park {#nagarahole_national_park}
Also known as Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) National Park, the park gets its name from the *Nagara Hole* (*Snake River* in Kannada) which runs eastwards through its centre. Nagarahole river flows through the park before it joins the Kabini river that also acts as a boundary between Nagarahole and Bandipur. The park covers an area of about 575 km^2^. The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala adjoins to the Southeast.
- Flora: These forests are dominated by teak and rosewood. The eastern limits of the park consist of regenerating dry deciduous forests. The west region of the park contains tropical moist and semi-evergreen forests. Interspersed with these forests are swampy fallows called *hadlus*, which are dominated by grasses and are favoured grazing areas of many wild herbivores.
- Fauna: Some of the species of mammals found in this park are Indian elephant (*Elephas maximus indicus*), gaur (*Bos gaurus*), sambar (*Cervus unicolor*), chital or spotted deer or axis deer (*Axis axis*), muntjac or barking deer (*Muntiacus muntjak*), chevrotain or mouse deer (*Moschiola indica*), four horned antelope (*Tetracerus quadricornis*), giant fruit bat (*Pteropus giganteus*), Bengal tiger (*Panthera tigris*), Indian leopard (*Panthera pardus*), leopard cat (*Felis bengalensis*), jungle cat (*Felis chaus*), rusty spotted cat (*Felis rubiginosa*), common palm civet (*Paradoxurus hermaphroditus*), small Indian civet (*Viverricula indica*), sloth bear (*Melursus ursinus*), dhole or Asiatic wild dog (*Cuon alpinus*) and flying fox (*Pteropus giganteus*), the largest Indian bat. Among the 300 species of birds identified in this park include herons, storks, egrets, ducks, kites, eagles, falcons, partridges, quails, peafowl, owls, lapwings, sandpipers, pigeons, doves, parakeets, cuckoos, nightjars, swifts, kingfishers, bee-eaters, barbets, swallows, larks, woodpeckers, shrikes and orioles. Reptiles include marsh crocodile (*Crocodylus palustris*), Indian pond terrapin, star tortoise, common Indian monitor lizard (*Varanus bengalensis*), forest calotes, southern green calotes, skinks (*Mabuya* spp.), geckos, spectacled cobra, Russell\'s viper, common krait, Indian python (*Python molurus*), checkered keelback, green whip snake, common Indian bronzeback, flying snake, wolf snake and trinket snake.
| 334 |
Wildlife of Karnataka
| 1 |
11,088,470 |
# Wildlife of Karnataka
## Wildlife sanctuaries {#wildlife_sanctuaries}
Karnataka has 19 wildlife sanctuaries:
- Kaveri Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over three districts; Chamarajanagar, Mandya and Ramanagara. The sanctuary was originally notified in 1987 with an area of about 510 km2 . Subsequently it was expanded by adding more forest areas in stages, and its present extent is 1,027 km^2^. Cauvery wildlife division has two sub-divisions, namely, Hanur and Kanakapura sub-divisions, and consists of seven ranges, namely, Kothnur, Hanur, Cowdally, Gopinatham, Halagur, Sangam and Muggur ranges. The sanctuary provides a vital link between Bannerghatta National Park in the north and BRT Tiger Reserve and MM Hills Wildlife Sanctuary in the south. The area is drained by three rivers, namely, Cauvery, Arkavathi and Shimsha, along with their numerous rivulets. The forest is primarily of dry deciduous and scrub types, but a wide range of forest types including moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, evergreen, shola, riverine, Hardwickia forest, etc. are encountered at different altitudes. Important animals found in the sanctuary are tiger, elephant, leopard, bison, wild dog, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, sloth bear, wild boar, common langur, bonnet macaque, giant squirrel, honey badger (ratel), chevrotain, kollegal ground gecko, varieties of reptiles and birds and many.
- Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, in Mandya district, is spread over 0.88 km2. It was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks. It also houses nearly 250 other species of birds.
- Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary is in Mysore district and is spread over 13.5 km2. This park consists of eucalyptus and sandalwood plantations. Leopard, fox and spotted deer are found here. Also around 230 species of birds have been observed here.
- Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary is in Chamarajanagar district and is spread over 539.58 km2. Some of the species of flora found here are *Anogeissus latifolia*, *Grewia tilaefolia* and *Syzygium cumini*. Mammals include elephants, tigers, leopards, sloth bear, gaur, barking deer and sambar. Among the 215 species of birds are the Nilgiri wood pigeon, Malabar whistling thrush, yellow-throated bulbul, peregrine falcon, rufous-bellied hawk-eagle. An endangered amphibian, *Icthyophis ghytinosus* has been reported in the sanctuary.
- Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is between Chikkamagaluru and Shimoga districts and is spread over 492.46 km2. Common species of flora include *Lagerstromia lanceolata*, *Adina cordifolia* and *Careya arborea*. Mammals include tiger, leopard, elephant, gaur, slender loris and pangolin. Among the bird species found here are ruby-throated bulbul, shama, Malabar whistling thrush and paradise flycatcher.
- Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is in Kodagu district and is spread over an area of 181.80 km2. The evergreen forests include species like *Cinnamomum zeylancium*, *Cedrela toona* and *Alstonia scholaris*. Bamboos are dominant and include species like *Bambusa bambos* and *Dendrocalamus strictus*. Mammals include elephant, gaur, tiger, jungle cat, bonnet macaque and Nilgiri marten. Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here: It is spread across the districts of Bangalore, Mysore and Mandya and is spread over 1,027.53 km2. Dry deciduous trees found in this park include species like *Terminalia arjuna* and *Syzgium cumini*. Animal species found in this park include leopard, elephant, sambar and common otter. This is also one of the last refuge of the highly endangered grizzled giant squirrel in Karnataka. Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here. This sanctuary is also famous for mahseer fish (*Tor* species).
- Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is in Uttara Kannada district and is spread over 475.02 km2. Common tree species found here are *Dalbergia latifolia*, *Terminalia paniculata*, *T. tomentosa* and *Vitex altissima*. Mammal species include elephant, gaur, wild boar, slender loris, Malabar giant squirrel and barking deer.
- Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary is in Bellary district and is spread over 82.72 km2. This sanctuary was mainly created for the conservation of sloth bears.
- Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over 906 square kilometres (349.8 sq mi), MM Hills wildlife sanctuary came to being on 7 May 2013. Contiguous with BRT Tiger Reserve and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, the sanctuary boasts of tiger, elephant, leopard, dhole, sambar, barking deer and others. The sanctuary is in Chamarajanagar district, Kollegala taluk.
- Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary is in Mandya district and is spread over 45.82 km2. An endangered species of flora, *Cycas circinalis* is found here. Mammal species include wolf, leopard, blackbuck and pangolin. Also around 230 species of birds have been observed.
- Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary is in Udupi district and is spread over 370.37 km2. Some of the tree species found here are *Dipterocarpus indicus*, *Calophyllum tomentosum* and *Hopea parviflora*. An endangered species of climber *Coscinium fenestratum* has been recorded here. Slender loris, lion-tailed macaque, sambar and chital are some of the animals found here. The endangered cane turtle is also found here.
- Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary is in Mysore district and is spread over 30.32 km2. Common species of flora include *Emblica officinalis*, *Santalum album* and *Dendrocalamus strictus*. Mammals include elephant, gaur, leopard, spotted deer and common palm civet.
- Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is in Kodagu district and is spread over 102.59 km2. Some species of flora found here are *Hopea parviflora*, *Heptapleurum capitatum*, *Xanthalis tomentosa* and *Ochlandra rheedii*. Mammals include elephant, tiger, slender loris, Nilgiri marten and bonnet macaque. Around 230 species of birds have been observed. Bird species include great pied hornbill, Malabar trogon and Nilgiri blackbird.
- Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary is in Haveri district and is spread over 119.00 km2. Eucalyptus is the dominant tree. *Cassia fistula*, *Prosopis juliflora* and *Ziziphus mauritiana* are also present. This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of blackbucks. This sanctuary is also a habitat for the endangered great Indian bustard.
- Sharavathi LTM Wildlife Sanctuary is in Shimoga district and is spread over 431.23 km2. *Dipterocarpus indicus*, *Caryota urens* and *Dillenia pentagyna* are some of the species of plants found here. Tiger, leopard, mouse deer, bonnet macaque and common langur are some of the animal species found here. Snakes are commonly found here. Paradise flycatcher, racket-tailed drongo and blue-throated barbet are some of the bird species found here.
- Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary is in Shimoga district and is spread over 395.60 km2. *Cassia fistula*, *Kydia calycina* and *Wrightia tinctoria* are some of the species of plants found here. Tiger, leopard, bonnet macaque and Malabar giant squirrel are some of the animal species found here.
- Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is in Udupi district and is spread over 88.40 km2. *Machilus macrantha*, *Lophopetalum wightanium* and *Artocarpus hirsuta* are some of the species of plants found here. Tiger, leopard, lion-tailed macaque and spotted deer are some of the animal species found here.
- Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary is in Kodagu district and is spread over 105.00 km2. *Albizzia lebbek*, *Artocarpus lakoocha*, *Dysoxylum malabaricum* and *Mesua ferrea* are some of the species of plants found here. Clawless otter, elephant, tiger, striped-necked mongoose and mouse deer are some of the animal species found here. Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here. Fairy bluebird, Malabar trogon and broadbill roller are some of the avian species found.
- Tungabhadra Otter Conservation Reserve is the country\'s first otter conservation reserve near Hampi.
| 1,170 |
Wildlife of Karnataka
| 2 |
11,088,470 |
# Wildlife of Karnataka
## Bird sanctuaries {#bird_sanctuaries}
- Attiveri Bird Sanctuary is in Uttara Kannada district and is spread over 2.23 km^2^. White ibis, little cormorant, pied kingfisher, common grey hornbill are found here.
- Gudavi Bird Sanctuary is in Shimoga district and is spread over 0.73 km^2^. The tree species that dominate this sanctuary are *Vitex leucoxylon* and *Phyllanthus polyphyllus*. 191 species of birds are recorded here including white ibis, pheasant-tailed jacana, purple moorhen and little grebe.
- Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary is in Mandya district and is spread over 0.67 km^2^. Among the tree species found here, is the unique *Iphigenia mysorensis*. Other tree species include *Derris indica* and *Barringtonia racemosa*. This sanctuary houses nearly 170 birds. Birds like cormorants, darter, white ibis, great stone plover, cliff swallow, spoonbills, lesser whistling teal roost here all through the year.
- Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary: It is near the little village Mandagadde which is 30 km from the Shimoga town and is based on a small island on the Tunga River. It is mainly visited by migratory birds like median egret (*Egretta intermedia*), the little cormorant (*Microcarbo niger*), and the darter or snake bird (*Aninga nufa*).
- Kaggaladu Heronry is in Tumkur district and is one of the largest painted stork sanctuaries in South India. Some of the birds that nest here are painted storks, grey herons, pelicans, black stilts and ducks.
- Kokrebellur Pelicanry is in the town of Kokkare Bellur in Mandya district and is a haven for avian species like grey or spot-billed pelican (*Pelecanus philippensis*) and painted stork (*Mycteria leucocephala*). In fact the word *kokkare* means stork in the Kannada language. Apart from pelicans and storks, 250 species of birds have been sighted here.
- Magadi Bird Sanctuary: Magadi Bird Sanctuary created at the Magadi tank, in Magadi village of Shirahatti Taluk, Gadag district. It is one of the biodiversity hotspots in North Karnataka. From Gadag it is 26 km, it is on Gadag-Bangalore Road, from Shirahatti it is 8 km, and from Lakshmeshwara 11 km. Bar-headed goose is one of the bird migrates to Magadi wetlands of Gadag district. Normally birds eat fish, amphibians, molluscs, snakes etc., but migratory birds eating agricultural produce is both interesting and curious too. Winter habitat is on cultivation, it feeds on barley, rice and wheat and damage crops.
- Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary is in Haveri district and spread over an area of 139.10 acre. This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks.
- Bonal Bird Sanctuary is about 10 km from Shorapur city in Yadgir district.
- Ramadevarabetta Vulture Sanctuary is in Ramanagara and is home of the critically endangered long-billed vulture (*Gyps indicus*).
- Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary is in Belgaum district and is spread over 20.78 km2. This sanctuary is known for migratory birds like demoiselle crane and European white stork.
| 474 |
Wildlife of Karnataka
| 3 |
11,088,470 |
# Wildlife of Karnataka
## Dangers to flora and fauna {#dangers_to_flora_and_fauna}
Flora and fauna in Karnataka are threatened. Issues include poaching, human--wildlife conflict, habitat destruction, pollution and introduction of invasive species.
### Poaching
Despite the best efforts of conservation activists, poaching remains one of the serious problems affecting the flora and fauna in the state. Between 1997 and 2001, a 98 elephants were poached in Karnataka. Poaching has also affected the breeding of turtles like olive ridley on the beaches of Karnataka as well as otters on the river banks. Tigers are also another species that are threatened by poachers. Sandalwood, famed for its sculptures and its aroma, is frequently poached out of the forests of Karnataka. Teakwood, famed for furniture, is another species affected by this problem. Staff shortage, lack of adequate funds and unscientific anti-poaching camps are some of the reasons quoted for continued poaching activities.
### Habitat destruction {#habitat_destruction}
Some of the activities that are causing a destruction of habitat of flora and fauna in Karnataka are:
- Construction of dams and reservoirs: Construction of dams causes widespread flooding of surrounding areas causing destruction of species that inhabit the area. They also affect riverine species like fishes and disrupt their normal habits. An example is the construction of the Linganamakki reservoir in Shimoga district that caused the extinction of the grass *Hubbardia heptaneuron*.
- Destruction of forest land for agriculture and other purposes: Large tracts of forest land have been cleaned up for monoculture plantations of teak, coffee and rubber. This has led to the destruction of species that were dependent on the forest. An example of this is loss of habitats such as *Myristica* swamps and high altitude grasslands. In the dry zone, they have adversely affected several species dependent on large tracts of scrub such as the wolf and the great Indian bustard.
- Mining operations: Mining operations clear out large areas of land and cause destruction to the species dependent on them. An example is the Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited which mined iron ore within the boundaries of the protected Kudremukh National Park.
### Human--wildlife conflict {#humanwildlife_conflict}
Due to the loss of habitat, more and more species of fauna have started to venture into human habitation causing a conflict between humans and other animals. A typical species affected by this is the elephant which ventures out of the forest into human cultivations thereby eating or destroying the crops. In some cases, the elephants have also caused human deaths like an incident that happened in Hassan district where a villager was trampled to death. Precautionary measures (sometimes illegally) are taken by humans to prevent such mishaps like electric fencing have also led to disastrous consequences like electrocution of fauna.
### Pollution
Release of industrial waste and human effluents into rivers have caused significant damage to species that reside in rivers and riverbanks. Air pollution is also a significant cause of concern in metros like Bangalore where it has been found that air pollution is discolouring foliage including those of ornamental plants. A comparison of the lichen flora of the garden Lal Bagh in Bangalore has revealed that 18 of the 22 species noted in 1980 were no longer present in 1997. Pollution in rivers like Kabini, Kaveri and Ghataprabha has caused sharp reduction in populations of bird species, including beneficial insectivorous birds like drongos, as well as honeybees.
### Invasive species {#invasive_species}
Introduction of new species into a habitat has caused serious consequences to the existing species. A typical example is the introduction of the African catfish (*Clarias gariepinus*) in the lakes and rivers of Karnataka. This is a carnivorous fish and has caused serious damage to the indigenous fauna. Weeds like *Eupatorium*, *Lantana* and *Parthenium* have invaded large tracts of land causing destruction. An increase in *Eupatorium* is attributed as one of the causes for the spread of the deadly Kyasanur forest disease (which has a morbidity rate of 10%) among humans since it harbours tick populations that are vectors for this disease. *Eucalyptus* plantations in the Ranibennur blackbuck sanctuary have seriously harmed the extremely rare great Indian bustard.
| 686 |
Wildlife of Karnataka
| 4 |
11,088,470 |
# Wildlife of Karnataka
## Conservation efforts {#conservation_efforts}
Various conservation activities are in progress to protect the biodiversity present in Karnataka. These activities are mostly done by the Forest Department of the State of Karnataka and other voluntary organisations.
### Relocation of human population {#relocation_of_human_population}
The presence of human habitation within the core area of reserved forests poses many problems like human--wildlife conflict and destruction of habitat due to agriculture and cattle grazing. Systematic efforts have been made to relocate some of this population into proper zones outside the protected area. An example is the relocation of some villagers from Bhagawathi and Nassehalla habitations within the Kudremukh National Park to safer regions outside it.
### Usage of technology {#usage_of_technology}
New scientific methods are being used to protect the flora and fauna. Some of these are:
- Usage of satellites to detect forest fires so that they can easily be extinguished.
- Radio tracking of animals and usage of techniques like remote camera sampling to estimate the animal population.
- Installation of wireless stations and using wireless sets for easy communication among individuals involved in field trips and anti-poaching activities.
### Staff empowerment {#staff_empowerment}
It is highly important to keep up the morale of forest wardens and other staff members involved in anti-poaching activities and field trips. It is also necessary to keep them up-to-date on the technology and wildlife related laws. The following steps were implemented to address this issue:
- Field kits were provided to the staff consisting of boots, rain gear and uniforms.
- Conservation related award programs were announced to boost the morale of the staff.
- Training programs were undertaken for the staff in the use of firearms against poachers, field craft and Indian wildlife laws
| 290 |
Wildlife of Karnataka
| 5 |
11,088,470 |
# Wildlife of Karnataka
## Recently discovered species {#recently_discovered_species}
Many areas of Karnataka, especially in the forests of Malnad region are unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are discovered periodically. Some of the new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include *Paracautleya bhatii* (a ginger) and *Isachne veldkampii* (a grass), both of which were discovered near Manipal in Udupi district. Two species of algae, *Cosmarium bourrellyi* and *Cosmarium desikacharyi* were discovered in a paddy field in Belgaum. Other new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include *Isoetes udupiensis* (a pteridophyte) and *Pisolithus indicus* (a fungus).
Some of the new species of fauna discovered include two species of ants, *Dilobocondyla bangalorica* which was discovered on the campus of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and *Discothyrea sringerensis* which was discovered near Sringeri. Three new species of frogs; *Philautus luteolus*, *Philautus tuberohumerus* and *Nyctibatrachus petraeus* have been discovered in Karnataka. Explorations in the Sharavathi river have yielded new fish species like *Batasio sharavatiensis* (a bagrid catfish), *Schistura nagodiensis* and *Schistura sharavathiensis*. Another fish species, *Puntius coorgensis* has been discovered near Bhagamandala in the Kaveri river. Some other species of fauna discovered in Karnataka include two species of whiteflies, *Distinctaleyrodes setosus* and *Aleurocanthus arecae* and a caecilian, *Gegeneophis madhavai*. Explorations in the soil around the Linganamakki reservoir has revealed eleven new species of earthworms.
## Endangered species {#endangered_species}
Karnataka is the home of few critically endangered species of flora that include evergreen trees like *Dipterocarpus bourdilloni*, *Hopea erosa* and *Hopea jacobi*, *Croton lawianus* (a small tree) and *Pinnatella limbata* (a type of moss). Some of the critically endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include *Gyps indicus* (the Indian vulture) and two species of frogs, *Indirana gundia* (found only in Gundia range, Sakleshpur) and *Micrixalus kottigeharensis* (found only near Kottigehara, Chikkamagaluru district).
Some of the endangered species of flora include evergreen trees like *Cynometra bourdillonii*, *Cynometra travancorica*, *Hopea glabra*, *Hopea parviflora*, *Hopea ponga*, *Hopea racophloea*, *Hopea wightiana*, *Shorea roxburghii* and *Tarenna agumbensis* and flowering plants like *Glochidion pauciflorum*, *Glochidion tomentosum*, *Ixora lawsoni* and *Syzygium stocksii*. Other endangered trees found in Karnataka include *Isonandra stocksii*, *Kingiodendron pinnatum*, *Maesa velutina*, *Myristica magnifica*, *Rapanea striata* and *Flacourtia latifolia* (synonym *Xylosma latifolia*).
Endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, lion-tailed macaque, olive ridley turtle and dhole, the Indian wild dog. Many endangered species of amphibians are found here including frogs, *Indirana brachytarsus*, *Microhyla sholigari*, *Minervarya sahyadris*, *Nyctibatrachus aliciae*, *Nyctibatrachus hussaini*, *Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris*, *Philautus charius*, *Philautus wynaadensis*, *Ramanella mormorata* and *Rhacophorus lateralis* and a toad, *Bufo beddomii*. Other endangered species of fauna include *Hipposideros hypophyllus* (the Kolar leaf-nosed bat) and *Pseudomulleria dalyi* (a mollusc)
| 443 |
Wildlife of Karnataka
| 6 |
11,088,492 |
# Paul Cunniffe
**Paul Cunniffe** (23 June 1961 -- 11 August 2001) was a British-born, Irish singer-songwriter. He fronted the 1980s punk band Blaze X.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Cunniffe was born in Cambridge, England, and then lived in Ellesmere Port, but moved back to his family\'s hometown of Tuam in Ireland at the age of 14. In Tuam CBS he formed Blaze X with friends Paul Ralph, Davy Carton and Ja Keating.
After Blaze X split, he moved to London. He began to write songs on his own, and play on the Irish pub scene around the capital. He won the London Pub Entertainer of the Year award in 1996. He went on to form a short-lived band with a group of friends, naming themselves \"Tuatha\" a reflection of Paul\'s time in Ireland. With only a small number of well-received gigs under their belt, they disbanded and Paul went on to more appearances on the London Irish pub and club circuit, initially appearing with Chris Nash (whistle and bodhran player) in a number of live performances before his return as a solo artist.
He wrote the first version of the Saw Doctors number 1 single, \"I Useta Lover\". He also wrote the track \"Funny World\" which is covered by the Saw Doctors on their album *The Cure*.
Following his death, an album of his songs entitled *Excuse My Accent* was released to critical acclaim. Many songs on this album evoke a sadness which seems to be in Paul\'s life. In the documentary, *Man of Music, Heart of Gold*, Kenny Ralph describes him as having frailty in life, similar to the life of Nick Drake. Others, such as *Sunshine*, suggest otherwise; *Sunshine, lights up a cloudy day, moonlight helps me to find my way. You can\'t beat the feeling, when you\'ve made it on your own* . *Dreams* is considered the song which most aptly displays Paul\'s fine talent for words and the English language. There were only 500 copies of this album pressed. A catalogue of unreleased songs may be released at some point in the future.
There still exist rehearsal recordings of Paul with Tuatha, which may one day come to light. They include versions of \"Taking The Easy Way Out\", \"Excuse My Accent\", \"Courting In The Kitchen\", and The Saw Doctors\' hit, \"N17\". In keeping with Paul\'s sense of humour, these sessions were recorded in a hall attached to a Catholic convent in Roehampton, South West London.
Paul left behind his partner Jo and three children.
A no-budget documentary about his music entitled *Man of Music, Heart Of Gold* was shown to a packed audience in his hometown of Tuam on 19 August 2007. The film had its Galway premiere on 6 December 2007 in Monroe\'s Tavern.
## Death
Paul died in suspicious circumstances, following a fall, in Whitechapel, east London on 11 August 2001. In January 2010, *The Guardian* claimed that Paul fell from the balcony of Paul Roundhill\'s flat, and that the circumstances surrounding the fall have never been discovered
| 507 |
Paul Cunniffe
| 0 |
11,088,497 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1981
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1981** took place in Niedernsill, Austria. This was the second time the city has hosted the championships after having done so in 1974.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- ---------------------------------------- ------
Gold (Oswald Pornbacher, Erich Graber)
Silver (Hubert Mairamhof, H
| 83 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1981
| 0 |
11,088,506 |
# Kim Wŏnsul
**Kim Wŏnsul** (`{{Korean|hangul=김원술|hanja=金元述}}`{=mediawiki}, before 660-675?) was a Silla military commander who served under Silla\'s 30th ruler, King Munmu, and played a major role in defending the kingdom against Tang China\'s invaders after the conquest of both Goguryeo and Baekje by the year 668.He was the second son of the Silla General Kim Yu-sin.
## Background
Kim Wŏnsul was the second son of General Kim Yu-sin, and direct descendant of King Suro, the founder of Geumgwan Gaya. Kim Wŏnsul was a member of the Silla\'s Jinggol class, and rose to the rank of Low-level general by the time of Goguryeo\'s fall to the Silla-Tang Alliance.
## Unification Wars {#unification_wars}
In 660, the kingdom of Baekje fell to the armies of the Silla-Tang Alliance. Baekje was then followed by the kingdom of Goguryeo, which fell in 668 to the Silla-Tang Alliance as well. General Kim Yu-sin\'s reputation as the greatest general of Silla rose during these Unification Wars.
General Wŏnsul was near Baeksu Castle in August of the year 672, fighting Tang dynasty troops. Silla troops seemed to be winning the battle at the beginning. However, they chased the retreating Chinese troops and fell into a trap that killed seven generals and countless soldiers. As Wŏnsul realized that defeat was unavoidable, he prepared to die by jumping into the enemy lines. His staff, however, blocked him and said, "It is not difficult for a brave man to die. What's more difficult is to choose when to die. Dying worthless is worse than revenging later.\" Wŏnsul answered, "A man never lives a humiliating life\" and then whipped his horse to make a dash. His staff, however, held the horse by the bridle and did not let go. Wŏnsul could not die at the battle and returned to Gyeongju.
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
Kim Yu-sin, a former hwarang, asked King Munmu to execute Wŏnsul for retreating from battlefield instead of dying with honour. He was earnest about the execution because Silla lost as many as seven generals in the battle. King Munmu, however, refused to punish Wŏnsul. However, his father, Kim Yu-sin, disowned Wŏnsul as his son. Being ashamed of himself and afraid of facing his father, Wŏnsul hid in a secluded area.
In June 673, people witnessed several dozen crying soldiers in armor with weapons in their hands walking out of Yu-sin\'s home. Then, they vanished without a trace. Hearing about the strange incident, Yu-sin said, \"They were the heavenly guardian soldiers who protected me. Now, my luck ran out. I shall die very soon.\" On July 1, 673, General Kim Yu-sin died at 79.
Wŏnsul returned home to attend his father\'s funeral. However, his mother, Lady Chiso, rejected him, although he was accused wrongfully of being a coward. She said, \"How can I be the mother of a son who was not a son to his father.\" Kim Wŏnsul cried and returned to his hiding place.
In September 675, Wŏnsul returned to fight the invading Tang at the Battle of Maeso. He fought as if anxious to die on the battlefield. As a result, he achieved a great victory over the Tang troops. When the war was over, Kim Chunchu awaited his presence to award him in Gyeongju highly. He, however, never returned to Gyeongju and went deep into the mountains regretting his impiety to his parents.
## Death
Kim Wŏnsul spent the rest of his days, starving in the mountains, and died in an unknown year at an early age.
| 584 |
Kim Wŏnsul
| 0 |
11,088,506 |
# Kim Wŏnsul
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- Portrayed by Baek Seung-woo in the 2012--2013 KBS1 TV series *Dream of the Emperor*
| 23 |
Kim Wŏnsul
| 1 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.