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# Salvia longistyla
***Salvia longistyla***, **Mexican sage**, is a Mexican plant species which flowers in mid-autumn. It is not hardy, and is grows best in a container, propagated from cuttings. This salvia has handsome, green foliage, and the flowering stems have long, deep, wine-red flowers
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11,089,810 |
# Caribbean Airline Pilots Association
The **Caribbean Airline Pilots Association** is a trade union federation that represents airline pilots organisations in the Caribbean region.
Founded in 1997, with the support and assistance of the International Federation of Air Line Pilots\' Associations (IFALPA), the organisation was a response to the recognition that the airline industry was rapidly evolving towards airline globalisation and an indication of this was the proposal that one regional airline be created. Although this has not yet happened, airlines within the region have gone through a series of financial crises which confirm the original perspectives that led to the formation of Caribbean ALPA.
## Member Organisations {#member_organisations}
- Bahamas Airline Pilots Association
- Cayman Airline Pilots Association
- Jamaica Airline Pilots Association
- Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association
- Trinidad and Tobago Airline Pilots Association
- VNV-NA (Netherlands Antilles)
- Suriname Pilots Association (Suriname)
- VVA (Aruba)
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# 1999 Skate America
The **1999 Skate America** was the first event of six in the 1999--2000 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the World Arena in Colorado Springs, Colorado on October 27--31. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men\'s singles, ladies\' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1999--2000 Grand Prix Final. The compulsory dance was the Viennese Waltz.
## Results
### Men
Timothy Goebel made history by becoming the first person to land three quadruple jumps in one program. In the men\'s free skating, he landed a quad salchow, a quad toe loop in combination, and a quad toe loop as a solo jump.
Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS
------- ------------------- -------- ------ ---- ----
**1** Alexei Yagudin 1.5 1 1
**2** Timothy Goebel 3.5 3 2
**3** Elvis Stojko 5.0 4 3
4 Michael Weiss 5.0 2 4
5 Matthew Savoie 7.5 5 5
6 Alexander Abt 9.5 7 6
7 Anthony Liu 10.0 6 7
8 Stanick Jeannette 12.5 9 8
9 Michael Hopfes 15.0 12 9
10 Thierry Cerez 15.5 11 10
11 Yosuke Takeuchi 16.0 10 11
12 Szabolcs Vidrai 16.0 8 12
### Ladies
Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS
------- -------------------- -------- ------ ---- ----
**1** Michelle Kwan 1.5 1 1
**2** Julia Soldatova 4.0 4 2
**3** Elena Sokolova 4.5 3 3
4 Sarah Hughes 5.0 2 4
5 Júlia Sebestyén 9.0 8 5
6 Alisa Drei 9.0 6 6
7 Angela Nikodinov 9.5 5 7
8 Yuka Kanazawa 12.5 9 8
9 Julia Lautowa 13.5 7 10
10 Nadine Gosselin 14.0 10 9
11 Dorothee Derroitte 16.5 11 11
### Pairs
Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS
------- --------------------------------------- -------- ------ ---- ----
**1** Jamie Salé / David Pelletier 1.5 1 1
**2** Sarah Abitbol / Stéphane Bernadis 3.5 3 2
**3** Elena Berezhnaya / Anton Sikharulidze 5.0 4 3
4 Peggy Schwarz / Mirko Müller 5.0 2 4
5 Kyoko Ina / John Zimmerman 7.5 5 5
6 Tiffany Scott / Philip Dulebohn 9.5 7 6
7 Tatiana Totmianina / Maxim Marinin 11.0 8 7
8 Danielle Hartsell / Steve Hartsell 11.0 6 8
### Ice dancing {#ice_dancing}
Rank Name Nation TFP CD OD FD
------- ----------------------------------------- -------- ------ ---- ---- ----
**1** Barbara Fusar-Poli / Maurizio Margaglio 3.0 2 2 1
**2** Irina Lobacheva / Ilia Averbukh 3.0 1 1 2
**3** Naomi Lang / Peter Tchernyshev 6.4 4 3 3
4 Kati Winkler / René Lohse 7.6 3 4 4
5 Jamie Silverstein / Justin Pekarek 10.0 5 5 5
6 Josée Piché / Pascal Denis 12.0 6 6 6
7 Kornélia Bárány / András Rosnik 14.0 7 7 7
8 Nozomi Watanabe / Akiyuki Kido 16
| 468 |
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# East Gippsland Rail Trail
The **East Gippsland Rail Trail** is a rail trail located in East Gippsland in Victoria, Australia. The trail is a popular cycling route, beginning in Bairnsdale and extending to Orbost, following the route of the former Gippsland railway line. The Gippsland railway line was opened in 1916 to serve the agricultural and timber industry, and required numerous substantial bridges because of the nature of the terrain. Due to the decline in traffic and heavy operating costs, the line was finally closed in August 1987 and the track infrastructure removed in 1994. The shared trail is also available for walkers and recreational horseriding, however motorised vehicles are prohibited.
The trail is 96 km long and passes through a variety of forest and farmland landscapes with occasional views of the Gippsland Lakes. Parts of the trail are accessible to any bicycle, but significant sections are suitable only for mountain bikes or sturdy hybrid bikes.
## Route description {#route_description}
The East Gippsland Rail Trail travels from just east of the current Bairnsdale railway station along the old Gippsland railway line easement, past or through the small towns of Nicholson, Bruthen, Nowa Nowa, and Newmerella, with a short connecting path taking it into Orbost. Water and most facilities are only available in these towns, so trail users are required to be self-sufficient. The trail follows the long gradual inclines and sweeping curves of the former railway line, reaching a maximum altitude of 129m at Colquhoun.
Along its route it passes the former railway stations and/or sidings at Nicholson, Bumberrah, Mossiface, Bruthen, Colquhoun, Nowa Nowa, Tostaree, Waygara and Orbost. It passes across or past a number of former railway bridges including some large trestle bridges, and starts alongside the Mitchell River and crosses the Nicholson River, Tambo River and Snowy River, as well as several minor watercourses on its way to Orbost.
### Bairnsdale to Nicholson (9km) {#bairnsdale_to_nicholson_9km}
The East Gippsland Rail Trail does not officially begin at the Bairnsdale railway station itself due to the poor condition of the old rail bridge over the Mitchell River. The trail begins on the south side of the Princes Highway opposite the Howitt Park sports grounds at McEacharn Street.
The rail trail is accessible from the town via the road or footpath on the Princes Highway road bridge across the river. Toilets and good car parking facilities are available in the main section of Howitt Park on the north side of Princes Highway. Safe access to the south side of the highway and the rail trail can be obtained by following the path alongside the Mitchell River under the road bridge and up to road level, then along between the highway and the Howitt Park sports grounds.
The trail travels east from Bairnsdale following the route of the old railway line and roughly follows the line of the Princes Highway. The trail initially passes between industrial and retail properties leading out of Bairnsdale, then travels mainly through open farmland, predominantly for cattle and horse grazing, to the town of Nicholson.
There are distant views of the Gippsland Lakes in some sections and a number of crossings of minor roads are required as well as an unsigned crossing of the Princes Highway. The surface is sealed with asphalt and is in fair to good condition as far as the Nicholson River bridge in Nicholson, 9 km from the start of the route. The bridge is the former railway bridge across the river, now sealed with concrete, while just before the bridge is a station name board marking the site of the former Nicholson railway station.
The trail passes just to the north of the Nicholson township. Access to the town itself can be gained either by turning south at the Nicholson-Sarsfield Road, or by following a minor track along the west side of the Nicholson River. Toilets, water and barbecue facilities are available at the Nicholson boat ramp on the west bank of the river to the south of the Princes Highway.
-- -- --
-- -- --
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# East Gippsland Rail Trail
## Route description {#route_description}
### Nicholson to Bruthen (22km) {#nicholson_to_bruthen_22km}
The rail trail crosses the Nicholson River on the former railway bridge. The bridge surface has been sealed with concrete and affords excellent views. Beyond the bridge the track heads inland away from the Princes Highway, and remains asphalt until Stephensons Road, and the surface then becomes a smooth compacted gravel. The trail passes through undulating farmland, veering from its easterly route to northerly direction on a gradually rougher track surface, and after 9 km reaches the old Bumberrah railway station where there is a rest stop with a shelter and information board in a remnant grassy woodland reserve.
From Bumberrah the trail travels 8.5 km on to Mossiface, passing through various cuttings, fills and tunnels from the old rail route. The surface is smooth compacted gravel of good standard through much of this section, including occasional wombat holes, but there is significant flora and fauna, as well as some good views of adjacent farmland and hills. Mossiface, a tiny locality of only a few houses and facilities, was the site of the former Mossiface railway station and offers views of the Tambo River flats and historic hop kilns of the region.
Following Mossiface the trail continues north for about 2.5 km on a smooth gravel surface and crosses the Great Alpine Road at the site of a former railway trestle bridge which used to take the railway over the highway. The section at the trestle bridge is subject to mud and water inundation after rainfall. Just past the trestle bridge, 2 km out of Bruthen, the track diverges, with one route (the Bruthen-Wiseleigh path) travelling alongside the Great Alpine Road directly into Bruthen, while the rail trail proper continues to follow the route of the old railway about 100m north of the road.
About half a kilometre before the town the remains of the former Bruthen railway station can clearly be seen on the rail trail. Shortly past the station site a minor detour from the trail can be taken in order to enter Bruthen itself, the largest town en route, where major facilities such as food, drink, toilets and accommodation are available.
-- -- --
-- -- --
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# East Gippsland Rail Trail
## Route description {#route_description}
### Bruthen to Nowa Nowa (27km) {#bruthen_to_nowa_nowa_27km}
The rail trail continues from the Bruthen Station site and passes below the Great Alpine Road through the former railway tunnel. It then skirts around the southern edge of Bruthen following the route of the railway line. The trail goes over the Storer Bridge, a former railway bridge over the Tambo River now sealed with boards as the trail surface, and then passes behind the sports ground at the eastern edge of the town, where an alternative detour into Bruthen can be accessed.
After leaving Bruthen the trail surface quality declines and becomes more like a dirt back road with some gravel - it passes through some grazing land on a smooth gravel surface, then enters an open eucalyptus forest, the Colquhoun State Forest, where it climbs steadily for several kilometres on a stony gravel surface suffering from a fair degree of washboarding, along with some sandy sections. At Seaton Track in the Colquhoun Forest, 11 km out of Bruthen, the Gippsland Lakes Discovery Trail provides a connection to Lakes Entrance, approximately 25 km to the south. This section of the trail is suitable for mountain bikes only.
The East Gippsland Rail Trail itself continues east through the Colquhoun State Forest on a generally good surface at a gradual decline. A few kilometres on from the Discovery Trail turnoff is the site of the former Colquhoun railway station and siding, which, at 129m is the highest point on the trail, however the site is rapidly being overgrown by forest. Further along, about 4.5 km west of Nowa Nowa is the spectacular Stony Creek Trestle Bridge, built in the early 1900s and measuring 276m long and 19m high. Due to its poor condition the bridge itself is fenced off, and trail users must travel down and up the steep slopes of the Stony Creek valley to reach the far side. A car park, toilet and picnic facilities are available at this location.
The trail continues to the small town of Nowa Nowa where it diverts through the town, departing from the former railway route. It runs onto an old section of the highway and down to the Lakes Entrance Road, where it then turns sharply onto a concrete path through the town. The path takes an underpass below the highway and leaves town after crossing a bridge over Boggy Creek, finally rejoining the original railway route beyond the east side of the town.
-- -- --
-- -- --
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# East Gippsland Rail Trail
## Route description {#route_description}
### Nowa Nowa to Orbost (38km) {#nowa_nowa_to_orbost_38km}
The 36 km Nowa Nowa to Newmerella section was the last section of the track to open, being constructed in 2005 at a cost of \$660,000 and opening in January 2006, with a further 2 km of shared pathway taking the trail into Orbost.
The track leaves Nowa Nowa after crossing the bridge over Boggy Creek and soon rejoins the railway line formation. The former Nowa Nowa railway station is just north of the realigned rail trail, with the station site itself now used as an emergency helicopter landing place. Not far from town the track descends to a creek level crossing over Ironstone Creek, bypassing the first and smallest of three wooden trestle bridges in this section. Following this the track steadily climbs over several kilometres on a rough loose gravel surface through a gradually drier environment largely composed of banksia and eucalypt vegetation, and areas of open farmland, then descends towards Wairewa Road about 9 km from Nowa Nowa. The original rail line crossed this spot on a spectacular curved timber trestle bridge, the largest of the three on this part of the route. While the bridge remains, the trail again bypasses it due to the costs that would be involved in making and keeping the bridge safe, descending down and across Wairewa Road, then climbing back up to the level of the railway.
Beyond this point the trail heads back towards the Princes Highway and then runs close to it for several kilometres. Near Johnsons Road the trail passes the unmarked site of the former Tostaree railway station and travels just north of the small locality of Tostaree, and then drops down to another low level creek crossing over Hospital Creek, bypassing the third of the former railway trestle bridges. The track climbs again and soon diverges from the highway, then travels through light forest and occasional farmland on a quite wide but rough surface, before reaching Partellis Crossing Road at about the midpoint of this section of the trail. There is a picnic table, seats, and toilet facilities at this location, however no water is available.
Continuing on from Partellis Crossing the trail continues for several kilometres through mixed forest and farmland, and then past the former timber mill site of Waygara. Native vegetation is reclaiming this site but some signs of the former mill are visible such as a shed, an incinerator stack, and former mill houses. The former Waygara railway station was also in this location, however little sign remains of it. The trail again starts heading back towards the highway and soon crosses Simpsons Creek and then Simpsons Creek Rd through more forested areas which preserve a significant amount of biological diversity from early and pre-European settlement times. Another 3 km on is the first crossing of Joiners Rd, and from this point to Newmerella - about 5 km distance - the trail travels very closely to the Princes Highway with increasing signs of development such as timber mill operations and a pumping station for the underground gas pipeline. The trail crosses Prestons Road, which provides access to the small town of Newmerella, while the trail itself continues for another couple of kilometres, doglegging through a cutting around a steep hillside, then providing views over the Snowy River floodplain before descending to the end of the trail at Burn Rd, north of the Princes Highway at Newmerella. Across the road from the end of the rail trail is an off-road shared pathway which was constructed in 2007/08 and which leads into Orbost, about another 2 km further on. The original Orbost terminus of the line was on the west bank of the Snowy River, with the train never actually crossing the river into Orbost itself. The shared pathway travels near this station site, but little remains of it. There is however a low level causeway over the river flats consisting of a series of timber and steel bridges called the Orbost Viaduct, which shows the original route of the railway, however there are no plans to reopen this as part of the rail trail
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# Paul Gibson (baseball)
**Paul Marshall Gibson, Jr.** (born January 4, 1960) is an American former professional baseball pitcher.
## Career
The Cincinnati Reds drafted Gibson in the third round of the 1978 Major League Baseball draft, but released him in 1981. The Detroit Tigers signed him in May 1981. In December 1982, the Minnesota Twins took Gibson in the Rule 5 draft, but granted him free agency in 1984, whereupon the Tigers reacquired him.
Gibson made his major league debut on April 8, 1988, in a game against the Kansas City Royals. After the season he was honored as Tigers Rookie of the Year. In January 1992, the Tigers traded Gibson and minor leaguer Randy Marshall to the New York Mets for Mark Carreon and Tony Castillo. The Mets released Gibson in mid-1993, and he was signed by the New York Yankees. In 1994, the Yankees sent Gibson to the Milwaukee Brewers, who granted him free agency at the end of the season. The Toronto Blue Jays signed Gibson in April 1995, but released him in June. In July, the Pittsburgh Pirates signed Gibson but granted him free agency in October. The Yankees signed him again in December of that year but released him for the last time in May 1996.
Paul currently owns Paul Gibson\'s Baseball Academy in Long Island, New York. He was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Baseball Category with the Class of 1994.
## Scouting career {#scouting_career}
Gibson is regarded as a projector scout, which envisions what a player will be able to do in a two- or three-year term. Despite the fact that Gibson had a successful pitching career, he has been able to analyze players\' ability regardless of their position. Gibson\'s style of scouting also looks for particular traits in a player\'s personality and character to ensure that they can handle pressure and be team leaders.
Beginning in 2006, Gibson served as an area scout supervisor for the Atlanta Braves. During his tenure with the Braves, he was in charge of all scouting aspects of amateur players in the Northeast.
In 2008, the Seattle Mariners\' Director of Amateur Scouting, Tom McNamara, named Gibson as the Eastern Cross-Checker Scout for the organization. Gibson was part of a bigger plan in which he was expected to work closely with the Mariners baseball operations department and scouting staff in evaluating talent for the amateur draft.
In 2010, Gibson joined the Kansas City Royals scouting office as the National Scouting Supervisor.
Under Gibson's supervision, the Royals signed Bubba Starling, Kyle Zimmer, Cam Gallagher, and Alfredo Escalera--Maldonado, at 17, the youngest player ever drafted by any MLB organization since the insertion of the First-Year Player Draft.
## Baseball instructor career {#baseball_instructor_career}
In 1995, Gibson opened a baseball training facility in Bellport, New York, with the intention to provide proper baseball instruction to young kids in the community in which he grew up. A year later, Gibson inaugurated a 10,000 square foot indoor facility that housed batting cages and small lesson areas for local instructors during the winter.
Alumni Achievement
----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Glenn Gibson 2006 4th round pick, Washington Nationals. LHP
Chris Smith 2001 11th round pick (HS). 2002 1st round pick, Baltimore Orioles
Mike Parisi 2004 9th round pick, St. Louis Cardinals
Rick Ricobono 1998 6th round pick, Boston Red Sox (HS)
Andy Salvo 2001 22nd round pick, Chicago White Sox
Estee Harris 2003 2nd round pick, NY Yankees (HS)
Jeff Muessig 2001 20th round pick, Oakland Athletics
Jon Searles 1998 8th round pick, Pittsburgh Pirates (HS)
Brian Johnson 2004 30th round pick, Milwaukee Brewers
Pete Munro 1993 6th round pick, Boston Red Sox (HS), 6 years in majors. Started the 2004 NLCS for the Houston Astros.
Bryan Hansen 2001 6th round pick, Philadelphia Phillies (HS)
Jason Appeal 2004 27th round pick, Philadelphia Phillies (HS)
Jon Kalkau 2003 41st round pick, Montreal Expos (HS)
B. J. Lamura 2002 5th round pick, Chicago White Sox
Jesse Torborg 2001 41st round pick Arizona. 2003 37th round pick, Philadelphia Phillies (HS)
Mike Ambort 2003 44th round pick Montreal Expos (HS)
Bryan Sabatella 2005 9th Round Seattle Mariners INF
John Lannan 2005 11th Round Washington Nationals LHP
: Notable Facility Alumni
## Infamous error card {#infamous_error_card}
Gibson\'s 1989 Score baseball card initially featured an \"error\" and was reprinted in a \"corrected\" form. On the card, Gibson is showing preparing to deliver the pitch as an infielder stands by second base. The first version shows the infielder grabbing his crotch. After the oddity was noticed by collectors, the card became briefly popular, especially after Score reissued the card with the infielder\'s arm airbrushed out
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| 0 |
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# Isla Natividad
**Isla Natividad** is an island in the Pacific Ocean 6 km west off Punta Eugenia, the northwestern headland of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. 200 meters off its northwestern end lies Roca María at 27 53 33 N 115 13 19 W, with an area of 0.074 km^2^. Isla Natividad is separated from the mainland at Punta Eugenia by Canal de Dewey (Dewey\'s Channel), and from Cedros Island (Baja California), which is 15 km to the north, by Canal de Keller (Canal Kellett).
The island is part of Bahía Tortugas *delegación* of Mulegé municipality. It is 8.655 km^2^ in area. At the 2001 census, the island had a population of 384, centered in Natividad, a community of abalone, lobster, and clam fishermen, at the southeastern end (27 51 09 N 115 10 09 W). Connection to the mainland is facilitated by an airstrip. There is a lighthouse in the northern part.
## Geography and ecology {#geography_and_ecology}
It has steep rocky shores fringed by rocks and kelp except for a small sandy beach towards the mainland. The island is barren and hilly with a peak 150 m high rising near its center. The flora consists mainly of a dense cover of *Mesembryanthemum crystallinum* and *M. nodiflorum*, cacti, and small shrubs. There are no endemic plants or animals on Natividad due to its proximity to the mainland (it was probably part of the mainland several times during the ice ages, when sea levels were lower). However, *Mammillaria pondii* and a little-researched Opuntioideae cactus, as well as *Mentzelia hirsutissima* var. *nesiotes* are found in few other places. Native land vertebrates are few, including the deer mouse *Peromyscus maniculatus* and some lizards. Seabirds -- namely Brandt\'s cormorant -- and seals use the island as a breeding and resting site. Isla Natividad is one of the southernmost breeding locations of Cassin\'s auklet and a main breeding site for black-vented shearwaters.
## Restoration
Between 1997 and 2001, Conservacion de Islas removed introduced goat, *Capra hircus*, domestic sheep *Ovis aries*, domestic cats *Felis catus*, domestic dog *Canis familiaris*, from the island to primarily benefit the black-vented shearwater *Puffinus opisthomelas*
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| 0 |
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# Lombricine
**Lombricine** is a phosphagen that is unique to earthworms. Structurally, it is a phosphodiester of 2-guanidinoethanol and D-serine (not the usual L-serine), which is then further phosphorylated by lombricine kinase to phospholombricine
| 34 |
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| 0 |
11,089,869 |
# Salvia verticillata
***Salvia verticillata***, the **lilac sage** or **whorled clary**, is a herbaceous perennial native to a wide area ranging from central Europe to western Asia, and naturalized in northern Europe and North America. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.
*Salvia verticillata* has a leafy base of mid-green leaves covered with hairs, putting up leaf-covered stems that carry 3 ft inflorescences. The tiny lavender flowers grow tightly packed in whorls, with tiny lime-green and purple calyces. The specific epithet *verticillata* refers to the whorls that grow in verticils. A cultivar introduced in the 1990s, \'Purple Rain\', is much more showy and long-blooming, growing about 2 ft tall
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# Ali Akbar Sadeghi
**Ali Akbar Sadeghi** (born November 22, 1937; *علیاکبر صادقی*, also `{{small|[[Romanization|Romanized]]}}`{=mediawiki} as \"Ali-Akbar Sādeqi\"), a graduate of the College of Art, University of Tehran, is an Iranian painter and artist.
As a child, Ali Akbar Sadeghi reminisces that he would be lost in the chants of narrators that gave account of *Shahnameh* stories; accounts of Siavash riding on horseback, still-armored Bijan, Rostam's arrow hitting Ashkbous in the heart, Faramarz, elephant rider, and bravery of other heroes whose names remain in Persian literature and Iranian folklore forever. In general, the lyrical, heroic world of legends is an indispensable part of Ali Akbar Sadeghi\'s worldview, a world whose figurative representations sometimes appear in old miniature paintings or more popular forms of art, including coffeehouse painting, reverse painting on glass, imprints on wood and paper, and stunning images in lithographed books.
He began to teach painting in high school in the 1950s before entering university in 1958. His early works were with watercolor, but as of 1959, he began oil painting and drawing soon after entering college. He initiated a particular style in Persian painting, influenced by Coffee House painting, iconography, and traditional Iranian portrait painting, following the Qajar tradition -- a mixture of surrealism influenced by stained glass art. He did his early works in graphics and illustration.
After the Iranian Revolution, Sadeghi seriously pursued painting. In 1989, he founded Sabz Gallery, which actively and continuously exhibited the works of Iranian painters until 2003.
Sadeghi has been artistically active for the past 60 years.
## Work
In his paintings, Ali Akbar Sadeghi draws on Persian art traditions but adds a surreal edge to them.
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# Ali Akbar Sadeghi
## Style
His style is a kind of Iranian surrealism, based on Iranian forms and compositions of traditional paintings, the use of Iranian iconography, and the use of Persian cultural motifs, signs and myths, full of movement and action, in prominent and genuine oil colors, in large frames, very personal, reminiscent of epic traditional Persian paintings and illustrations, with a conspicuous mythical style. He initiated a special style in Persian painting, influenced by Coffee House painting, iconography, and traditional Iranian portrait painting, following the Qajar tradition -- a mixture of surrealism influenced by the art of stained glass.
The spectacular style and striking use of color in paintings and sculptures of Ali Akbar Sadeghi behold the richness of iconography in Qajar era paintings, particularly a school of painting that has become known as the Qahveh Khaneh (Coffee house paintings). The meticulous detailing, intricate scenes and the subject matter, often heroes in full armor, follow the traditions of Miniature painting. At close inspection, many artists' works are, in one way or another, self-portraits. The storyteller, the sleepwalker, seems unable to invent without identifying with the characters of his imagination. Here is a marvelous world where the heroes of artists do not appear to be fighting the world\'s evils; they are either frozen in time or seem to be engaged in their internal conflict. From the "Hanged Coat" to the depiction of the old hero with an aid band on his face to the "Torture Armchair", there is a strong sense of defeat but evil doesn\'t seem to have prevailed. The artist appears content with the wisdom that age and years of turmoil have brought him. The Emotional power of these self-portraits and their poetic reality overwhelms the viewer and invokes feelings of sympathy from conflict within every human being. The surreal world of Ali Akbar Sadeghi is governed by the strength of dreams, a world of his own. He successfully transfers his emotions and turmoil but also creates scenes and objects that are complete and precise. A perfect balance. And when he is not busy pushing nails into his heroes\' faces, he is ready to play chess. The game of nobility commands tact, maturity, and dignity
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# Whistler (band)
**Whistler** were a British indie band who released two albums on the Wiiija label.
Formed by Ian Dench after leaving EMF, the band consisted of Dench, Kerry Shaw (who had previously released a dance single through EMI called \"Could This Be Love\") and James Topham (who had previously played with Brian Eno). Both of the band\'s albums feature contributions from Tim Weller (of Grand Drive) and Fuzz Townshend.
Whistler gigged regularly around London between 1998 and 2000, including four concerts at The Water Rats in King\'s Cross. Each of these performances included a special cover version. Studio recordings of these were put together as the *Intermission* EP
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# Judy Boucher
**Judy Boucher** (born in St. Vincent in the Caribbean) is a reggae and R&B singer. Her first solo song \"Dreaming of a Little Island\" was a hit in the reggae charts in 1985, and she is best known for her international hit single \"Can\'t Be with You Tonight\", which reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1987.
## Music career {#music_career}
After being in her brother\'s band Judy Jack and the Beanstalk, she later became a solo artist. Her music career took a giant step circa 1970. In 1985, Felix Da Silva, a local songwriter, wanted a singer to cover his songs and Boucher was able to record several of them, including \"Dreaming of a Little Island\", which enjoyed the No. 1 slot in the reggae charts and was subsequently used as the Jamaica Tourist Board\'s theme tune. An album was released, entitled *Can\'t Be with You Tonight* which would change the \"ordinary country girl\" into an international entertainer by the end of 1987. The title track was released as a single and became a worldwide hit in 1987, also peaking at No. 2 in the UK.
Lizzie Webb, TV\'s exercise queen at the time, heard the song while driving home and decided to use it as her exercise tune. The UK public began enquiring about it. Boucher\'s producer released it to satisfy the demand which gave Boucher her first national entry into the charts. The song hit No. 1 during mid-week, but then remained at No. 2 for four weeks in the UK and was also a hit in the Netherlands, Ireland, Switzerland, France, Greece, Spain and the Philippines.
Her Belgian tour remains one of the highlights of her career; it was quite momentous. At an appearance at one stadium, there were 40,000 people with lighted candles chanting \"Judy Boucher\" as she sang. A surprise call also came from South Africa informing her of being a massive hit there. She took up the invitation to visit but due to the boycott at the time, was unable to perform. However, she was asked to tour Swaziland, Namibia and several other African countries, appearing on TV, radio and in clubs. The response was overwhelming, with people turning up with gifts of all descriptions -- animals, gold, clothes etc.
Her follow-up single, \"You Caught My Eye\" gave Boucher another national hit, peaking at No. 18 in the UK. She did a tour of the Middle East, including Dubai and Abu Dhabi of the UAE. In 1988--89, Boucher decided to take a break, returning in late 1989 with a change of record company and producer.
## Recognition
She holds the record for being the first female from the Caribbean to have the longest stay in the national charts with fourteen weeks in 1987.
In recognition of her achievements, Boucher was invited by the government of St. Vincent as their special guest of honour and remains an ambassador for her country.
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# Judy Boucher
## Discography
### Albums
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Album | UK\ |
+==============================================+====================================================================+=====+
| 1986 | *Can\'t Be with You Tonight* | 95 |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1993 | *Tears on My Pillow* | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1994 | *Devoted to You* | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1996 | *Take Me as I Am* | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1998 | *Take Your Memory with You* | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2000 | *Can\'t Be with You Tonight* (CD version) | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2001 | *New Way to Say Love* | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2003 | *Just the Two of Us* | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | *Not This Time* | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2005 | *The Best of Judy Boucher* (compilation, released in South Africa) | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2007 | *Sunshine and Dreams* | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| \"---\" denotes releases that did not chart. | | |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
### Singles
+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| Year | Single | UK\ | Certifications |
+==============================================+=======================================================+=====+=================+
| 1985 | \"Dreaming of a Little Island\" | --- | |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| 1986 | \"My Heart Is Yearning\" | --- | |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| | \"Lovely Paradise\" | --- | |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| 1987 | \"Can\'t Be with You Tonight\" | 2 | - BPI: Silver |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| | \"You Caught My Eye\" | 18 | |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| 1990 | \"Almost Certainly\" | --- | |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| 1992 | \"Sweet Dreams\" / \"Beneath Still Waters\" | --- | |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| | \"Tears on My Pillow\" / \"Am I That Easy to Forget\" | --- | |
+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| \"---\" denotes releases that did not chart
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# National Information Processing Institute
**National Information Processing Institute** (OPI PIB) is a modern centre for information technology, artificial intelligence, and data analysis based in Warsaw, Poland. The institute supports the implementation of Polish government policy in science and higher education, and contributes to the construction of an innovative, knowledge-based economy.
## Scope of Activities {#scope_of_activities}
OPI PIB supports the development of Polish science and higher education by providing advanced digital tools, conducting reliable research and analysis, and fostering the development of research infrastructure. The Institute's experts conduct research technical IT and communication, as well as in social sciences.
OPI PIB develops modern software primarily for the science and higher education sector. Integrating technology with the data that the institute processes enables more effective management of the sector and helps align education offerings with labour market demand and student expectations.
OPI PIB also creates innovative solutions using artificial intelligence and is actively involved in the development of digital medicine. It is one of the leading centres in the development of cutting-edge AI-based solutions. Its tools are recognised not only in Poland, but also in other EU member states.
The Institute's experts prepare comprehensive reports and analyses in business analytics, the sociology of science, and scientometrics. These reports are characterised by the reliability and completeness of their data. This makes them valuable tools in the implementation of evidence-based higher education policy.
Researchers at OPI PIB also conduct advanced studies on human--computer interaction (HCI). Their findings are essential in the creation of more intuitive, accessible, and user-centered technologies. HCI studies contribute to greater efficiency, comfort, and user satisfaction in interactions with digital systems.
As the concept of lifelong learning becomes increasingly relevant and online education becomes a daily reality, OPI PIB delivers state-of-the-art technologies and expert knowledge in e-learning. It offers massive open online courses (MOOCs) in various disciplines, in addition to conducting training in online course design and methodology.
OPI PIB also manages the distribution of European Union funds that are dedicated to the development of research infrastructure in the science sector. The institute organises funding competitions, signs funding agreements, settles and monitors projects, identifies irregularities, and conducts evaluations.
## History
On December 13, 1990, a research and development unit called the National Information Processing Institute was established. It was created as a successor to the Centre for Scientific, Technical and Economic Information (CINTE), based on Directive No. 12 of the Minister -- Head of the Office for Scientific and Technical Progress and Implementation.
On October 23, 2013, the Council of Ministers granted the Institute the status of a national research institute.
The Institute is headquartered in Warsaw in two buildings located at 188B and 186 Niepodległości Avenue. These buildings have an interesting history---after World War II, they housed, among others, the Central Board of the Building Materials Industry.
Between 1980 and 1990, the buildings were home to the Centre for Scientific, Technical and Economic Information (CINTE), a research and development center whose work encompassed the full spectrum of scientific information topics---from theoretical issues to practical applications of information technologies. CINTE also published several materials, including the \"Polish Science Information Bulletin
| 520 |
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11,089,978 |
# Along the Great Divide
***Along the Great Divide*** is a 1951 American Western thriller film starring Kirk Douglas, Virginia Mayo, John Agar and Walter Brennan. Directed by Raoul Walsh, it was Douglas\'s first Western, a genre that served him well during his long career.
## Plot
Federal marshal Len Merrick (Kirk Douglas) and two deputies rescue cattle rustler Tim \"Pop\" Keith (Walter Brennan) from a lynch mob headed by rancher Ned Roden (Morris Ankrum), whose eldest son has been fatally shot in the back. Roden believes the perpetrator was Pop, but Merrick insists on taking him to Santa Loma to stand trial. Others in the mob accede to Merrick\'s decision, but Roden vows to administer his own kind of justice. He sends his other son, Dan (James Anderson), to gather his ranch hands while he attends to the burial. Merrick offers help, but is met with hostility. But then, after Roden leaves, Merrick discovers a pocket watch near the body of the dead son.
Pop suggests the group spend the night at his nearby cabin. Merrick accepts, but regrets his decision when Pop\'s daughter Ann (Virginia Mayo) ambushes them. Merrick disarms her from behind. Later, Ann accompanies them onward to Santa Loma. To evade Roden and his ranch hands, Merrick takes an unexpected desert route to see if he\'s being trailed. The tactic fails, however, and the party is overtaken by Roden\'s gang. In the ensuing gunfight, Merrick\'s deputy and close friend, Billy Shear (John Agar), is wounded. Merrick forces Roden into a stalemate by capturing his son Dan. As they travel on, Billy dies.
Merrick and Ann find a mutual attraction. The marshal reveals to her his strict sense of duty stems from a time he ignored it. That lapse, his failure to take his job seriously, cost his father\'s life. Ann sympathizes, but warns him of her strong loyalty to Pop. Meanwhile, Dan bribes Merrick\'s other deputy, Lou Gray (Ray Teal), to help him escape. When they reach a poisoned waterhole, a disagreement breaks out. All but Merrick want to head to a river half a day to the south. But Merrick insists on Santa Loma. Gray draws his gun, but Merrick shoots it out of his hand. Now, he has three prisoners to deal with. After two days without sleep, an exhausted Merrick drops from his horse. Pop grabs his gun but is unwilling to shoot. When Gray goes for his rifle, Pop kills him, then hands the gun back to Merrick.
Back in Santa Loma, Pop is tried. Merrick tries to convince the jury of Pop\'s innocence, though all evidence and witnesses are against him. The result is a guilty verdict. Just before Pop is to be hanged, Merrick notices the watch he found near the body of Roden\'s dead son. Surprisingly, it has an inscription to Dan. Confronted with proof that it was *he* who killed his brother, Dan draws his revolver and grabs Ann as a shield. When Mr. Roden approaches him, Dan shoots, killing him. He then races into a barn where a gunfight ensues between him and Merrick. At one point, from the barn\'s loft, Dan jumps onto the back of a horse to attempt escape. And then, like his dead brother, Dan is shot in the back
| 547 |
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# Arriva UK Trains
**Arriva UK Trains Limited** is the company that oversees Arriva\'s train operating companies in the United Kingdom. It gained its first franchises in February 2000. These were later lost, though several others were gained. In January 2010, with the take-over of Arriva by Deutsche Bahn, Arriva UK Trains also took over the running of those formerly overseen by DB Regio UK Limited.
## Divisions
Arriva currently runs the following railway companies with operational dates listed:
Franchises:
- Chiltern Railways -- 1996--2027
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- CrossCountry -- 2007--2027
Open Access Operator:
- Grand Central -- 2007--2026
Concessions:
- Arriva Rail London (Trading as: London Overground) -- 2016--2026
Maintenance:
- Arriva TrainCare -- rolling stock maintenance company
## History
### Arriva\'s operations {#arrivas_operations}
#### Former operations {#former_operations}
Arriva Trains Merseyside ran urban rail services on Merseyside from February 2000 until March 2003 and Arriva Trains Northern ran local rail services in Northern England from February 2000 until December 2004. Both franchises were lost to Serco-Abellio.
Arriva Trains Wales operated the majority of rail services in Wales, operating the Wales & Borders franchise from 7 December 2003 until 13 October 2018. This franchise was lost to KeolisAmey Wales.
Arriva Rail North operated the Northern franchise from April 2016 to 29 February 2020. This franchise was terminated and handed to the government-owned Northern Trains.
#### Current operations {#current_operations}
London Overground Rail Operations, a 50/50 joint venture with MTR Corporation operated the London Overground concession from November 2007 until November 2016. Arriva now operate the concession in its own right as Arriva Rail London.
CrossCountry operates long-distance cross-country routes. The New Cross Country franchise runs from 11 November 2007 until October 2027.
Grand Central is a open-access operator operating from London King\'s Cross to Bradford Interchange and Sunderland. The operator runs from 18 December 2007 until December 2026.
Chiltern Railways operates commuter and regional routes on the Chiltern Main Line. The Chiltern Railways Franchise runs from 21 July 1996 to December 2027.
Arriva TrainCare operates train maintenance depots at Bristol Barton Hill TMD, Cambridge, Crewe, Eastleigh and Newcastle upon Tyne.
### Former DB Regio UK operations {#former_db_regio_uk_operations}
In January 2008 it was announced that subject to regulatory approval, Deutsche Bahn would purchase Laing Rail which had itself just started operating the London Overground concession in partnership with MTR Corporation. As a result of the Deutsche Bahn purchase, Laing Rail Limited was renamed DB Regio UK Limited in April 2008.
DB Regio UK continued to expand when in February 2009 it was shortlisted and on 3 December 2009 awarded a contract to operate the Tyne & Wear Metro, taking over operations on 1 April 2010.
Following the purchase of Arriva by Deutsche Bahn in August 2010, Arriva UK Trains expanded to take over Deutsche Bahn\'s existing DB Regio UK division which consisted of Chiltern Railways, DB Regio Tyne & Wear, a 50% shareholding in the now closed Wrexham & Shropshire open access operation and a 50% shareholding in London Overground Rail Operations. The Tyne & Wear Metro contract with DB Regio did not renew, and Nexus took over the operation of the Tyne & Wear Metro in April 2017.
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# Arriva UK Trains
## Future
### Post-merger growth strategy {#post_merger_growth_strategy}
Arriva UK Trains wishes to expand the number of UK Rail businesses it operates by developing open access operations and successfully bidding for further Department for Transport Rail Franchises. As part of this strategy in November 2011 Arriva bought open-access operator Grand Central for an undisclosed price. Disappointingly in the last full financial year before the purchase, Grand Central\'s seven return trains a day lost £8.5m leaving an overall deficit of £35m. Alliance Rail Holdings continues to develop new open access proposals following the rejection of their initial plans by the Office of Rail Regulation in 2011.
During 2012 Arriva\'s applications to bid for the InterCity West Coast, Greater Anglia, Essex Thameside and Thameslink franchises were all rejected by the Department for Transport. Following this run of failure Arriva was publicly critical of the government\'s prequalification process and called for it to be abolished. However Arriva was shortlisted to bid for the aborted Greater Western franchise in March 2012 and the Caledonian Sleeper and Crossrail franchises in 2014.
In June 2014 Alliance successfully concluded negotiations with Network Rail for access paths to run between Euston and Blackpool/Huddersfield and Leeds from 2017 using Pendolino trains. However, in January 2015 and despite Network Rail support, the Office of Rail Regulation refused all proposed GNWR services and the application for reasons that included protection of the revenues of Virgin Trains (the operator of the former InterCity West Coast franchise) and thence payments to the Department for Transport. Also because of capacity issues. This followed a proposed in December 2013 to run services between King\'s Cross and Skipton via Garforth and Keighley, but was rejected in 2014, by the Office of Rail Regulation.
Alliance submitted an amended application which was accepted in August 2015, and plan from 2018 to commence operating services from London Euston to Poulton-le-Fylde after the Office of Rail and Road granted access rights for 10 years
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# Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga
***Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga*** is a 2007 Lego-themed action-adventure video game based on the Lego Star Wars line of construction toys. The game was developed by Traveller\'s Tales and announced by LucasArts on 25 May 2007 at Celebration IV. It was released on 6 November 2007 in North America. *The Complete Saga* is a combination of its predecessors in the *Lego Star Wars* series, *Lego Star Wars: The Video Game* (2005) and its sequel, *Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy* (2006). *The Complete Saga* follows the events of the first six episodes of the Skywalker Saga.
For its first release in 2007, *The Complete Saga* was developed for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Nintendo DS. The game has since been developed on multiple occasions so that it may be played on a variety of different devices: the Microsoft Windows adaption released on 13 October 2009, the macOS adaptation released on 12 November 2010, the iOS adaptation released on 11 December 2013, and the Android adaptation was released on 1 January 2015. The game was a critical and commercial success.
## Gameplay
*The Complete Saga*\'s gameplay gives the player a third-person perspective of the 3D game world that includes characters, environments, and objects that have been modeled after the*Lego Star Wars*line of construction toys*.*The gameplay itself is a fusion of action-adventure, platform and puzzles to solve - combining the features of both*Lego Star Wars: The Video Game* and*Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy* and giving them a refresh*. The Complete Saga* spans the events that take place from the Trade Federation negotiations above Naboo in*Star Wars Episode I - The Phantom Menace* (1999) to the Rebel attack on the second Death Star above Endor in*Return of the Jedi* (1983). The game provides comedic retellings of the films\' events through dialogue-free cutscenes. The player takes over the role of one of the films\' characters in each level, gaining special abilities with each one. The co-op mode of the game allows a second player to join in at any time. While playing each level, the player can obtain Lego studs, which act as the game\'s currency. Each player has their own health meter, visually symbolized by four hearts, that are shown on the heads-up display in the upper right-hand corner of the gameplay screen. Once the player has lost all four of their hearts, the player dies, exploding into Lego pieces and losing a few studs; but the player will quickly respawn and be given the chance to collect the studs they have lost*.*
Like in *Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy*, the hub world takes place in the Mos Eisley Cantina where players are free to roam; players walk amongst popular characters from the films through the shop, the junkyard outside, or the two-player arcade. The Cantina has doors that allow the player to access the game\'s story mode, which includes the levels for the six episodes of the Skywalker Saga included in the game. Each episode has six chapters, and after completing the introductory chapter for *Star Wars Episode I - The Phantom Menace*, players can access the introductory chapters of each episode. After completing each episode chapter, players are automatically given the ability to play through the chapter again in Free Play with whatever characters they want.
Most of the story levels are the same as those found in their respective original games. *The Complete Saga* also includes two previously scrapped levels: \"Anakin\'s Flight\" and \"Bounty Hunter Pursuit,\" which were intended to appear in *Lego Star Wars: The Video Game* but were cut during development. \"Anakin\'s Flight\" is based on the Naboo space battle against the droid control ship seen in *The Phantom Menace.* It was originally envisioned as a rail shooter level, but was changed to the free-roam style used in almost all vehicles levels in the game. \"Bounty Hunter Pursuit\" focuses on Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker pursuing bounty hunter Zam Wesell across Coruscant from *Attack of the Clones*. It was also made into a free-roam level, but unlike \"Anakin\'s Flight\" was incorporated into *Episode II*, which only had five levels in the original game as opposed to six from the other episodes. The \"Mos Espa Podrace\" and \"Gunship Cavalry\" story levels were redesigned, although the versions from their respective original games are present as bonus levels. \"Battle Over Coruscant,\" though, remains the same, with the change that players can change vehicles in Free Play.
Overall, there are 36 main story levels. The game also features 20 Bounty Hunter missions, six bonus levels, and Arcade games. The six bonus levels include two Lego City levels (\"Lego City\" and \"New Town\", with the former originally appearing in *Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy*), two story levels (\"Anakin\'s Flight\" and \"A New Hope\", the latter of which was a special unlockable level found in *Lego Star Wars: The Video Game*), and the original versions of the \"Mos Espa Podrace\" and \"Gunship Cavalry\" levels.
While successfully progressing through each episode, players are also collecting Gold Bricks. In all versions of the game except for the Nintendo DS version, there are 160 gold bricks to collect; 120 of these are for the main levels. There are three for each of the levels. One is for completing the level in story mode, the second is for achieving \"True Jedi\" status by collecting a certain amount of studs/coins, and the third is by collecting 10 LEGO \"minikit\" canisters, which are hidden across the level. The additional gold bricks can be collected after completing the other bonus levels. Players can collect 20 gold bricks for completing the Bounty Hunter missions, which involve capturing key figures of the Old Republic and Rebellion for Jabba the Hutt. There are 6 further gold bricks for completing the bonus missions (10 in the iOS version) and another 14 available to purchase at the Cantina (8 in the iOS version). For iOS, there are 200 Gold Bricks overall with an additional gold brick available for each level with the completion of a challenge mode where the player must find the 10 hidden blue Minikits in 20 minutes. The iOS version also offers 12 gold bricks by completing the arcade games in the lobby.
New additions to *The Complete Saga* include a 2-player Battle Arena mode called \"Arcade Mode\", new Minikit vehicle bonus missions, the red power bricks from *Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy* returning and being incorporated into the prequel trilogy levels, and 10 additional bounty hunter missions add new challenges to the Prequel trilogy portions originally seen in *Lego Star Wars: The Video Game*.
The *Episodes I*, *II*, and *III* levels have been updated so that characters can build and ride vehicles, wear helmets and gain access to bounty hunter and Stormtrooper areas. Prequel trilogy characters now have the ability to dodge blaster fire and have their own special melee attack (for example, Chewbacca rips off arms). New Force moves were added, Force Lightning and Force Choke. New characters have also been added, bringing the total up to 128. Indiana Jones is an unlockable playable character to foreshadow and promote *Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures*.
### Playable characters {#playable_characters}
There are over 120 playable characters from the films in *The Complete Saga*, including Anakin Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Darth Sidious, Yoda, Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, Chewbacca, and even characters new to the game like Watto, Zam Wessell, and Boss Nass. Certain characters carry blasters that can be transformed into grappling hooks, while the Jedi and Sith characters wield lightsabers and come with the ability to use the force. There are also challenges in each level that can only be achieved by the abilities of certain characters; for example, only bounty hunters can open certain doors and only Sith lords can use the force to lift black Lego bricks. The Cantina features a character customizer, a key feature from *Lego Star Wars II*, that allows the player to mix and match different body parts from the previous *Lego Star Wars* games to create their own playable character.
## Development
Traveller\'s Tales created *The Complete Saga* in response to the success of the original game and its sequel with LucasArts publishing the game. They combined the two games while also updating graphics, as well as adding new levels, characters, and new costume elements for customizable characters.
While *The Complete Saga* targeted major seventh-generation platforms, Traveller\'s Tales ruled out the possibility of a PlayStation Portable version on the grounds that the developers did not have enough resources to make it.
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# Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga
## Reception
The game received \"favourable\" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the PlayStation 3 and Wii versions were ported and published by Activision on 27 March 2008, *Famitsu* gave them each a score of three eights and one seven for a total of 31 out of 40.
In April 2009, the game was the fourth-highest selling on the Wii, and ninth for the DS. By 2 May 2009, the game\'s worldwide sales total exceeded 3.4 million. By June 2010, the game had achieved an ELSPA Gold sales award, indicating sales of 200,000 units in the UK. As of February 2017, the game is the best-selling *Star Wars* video game of all time, with sales of 15.29 million. It was the best-selling Lego video game of all-time until being surpassed by *Lego Marvel Super Heroes* in 2017.
*Guinness World Records Gamer\'s Edition* 2009 ranked *The Complete Saga* as the 23rd greatest video game of all time. The game was nominated for Favorite Video Game at the 2012 Kids\' Choice Awards, but lost to *Just Dance 3*. The Nintendo DS version, which sold 4.7 million units, is the best-selling third party game of all time for the platform
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# Tinguiririca fauna
The fossil **Tinguiririca fauna**, entombed in volcanic mudflows and ash layers at the onset of the Oligocene, about 33-31.5 million years ago, represents a unique snapshot of the history of South America\'s endemic fauna, which was extinguished when the former island continent was joined to North America by the rising Isthmus of Panama. The fossil-bearing sedimentary layers of the Abanico Formation were first discovered in the valley of the Tinguiririca River, high in the Andes of central Chile. The faunal assemblage lends its name to the Tinguirirican stage in the South American land mammal age (SALMA) classification.
## Description
The endemic fauna bridges a massive gap in the history of those mammals that were unique to South America. Paleontologists knew the earlier sloth and anteater forebears of 40 mya, but no fossils from this previously poorly sampled transitional age had been seen. Fossils of the Tinguiririca fauna include the chinchilla-like earliest rodents discovered in South America, a wide range of the hoofed herbivores called notoungulates, a shrew-like marsupial and ancestors of today\'s sloth and armadillos. Many of the herbivores have teeth adapted to grass-eating; though no plant fossils have been recovered, the high-crowned hypsodont teeth, protected by tough enamel well below the gumline, identifies grazers suited to a gritty diet. \"The proportion of hypsodont taxa relative to other dental types generally increases with the amount of open habitat,\" John Flynn explained in *Scientific American* (May 2007) \"and the Tinguiririca level of hysodonty surpasses even that observed for mammals living in modern, open habitats such as the Great Plains of North America.\" Statistical analyses of the number of species categorized by body size (\"cenogram\" analysis, an aspect of body size scaling) and of their broad ecological niches (\"macroniche\" analysis) bears out the existence of dry grasslands. Previously, no grassland ecosystem anywhere had been identified prior to Miocene systems fifteen million years later than the Tinguiririca fauna. Grasslands spread as the Earth\'s paleoclimate grew cooler and drier.
New fossils were uncovered of the New World monkeys and caviomorph rodents--- the group that includes the capybara--- which are known not to have evolved *in situ*. Some of the new fossils demonstrate by the form of their teeth that they lie closer to African fossil relatives than to the North American ones, which previously had been assumed to have rafted to the island continent. Now it appears that some may have made the crossing of a younger, much narrower Atlantic Ocean. A notable discovery was the miniature skull of a delicate progenitor of New World marmosets and tamarins; it has been given the name *Chilecebus carrascoensis*.
The first of the fossils were found in 1988. Since then, in strata representing repeated catastrophic lahar events, more than 1500 individual fossils have been recovered from multiple sites in the region, ranging in age from 40 to 10 mya. The mammal species *Archaeotypotherium tinguiriricaense* is named after the site
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# Bill Brown (basketball, born 1951)
**William Harris Brown** (July 30, 1951 -- February 15, 2023) was an American basketball coach at California University of Pennsylvania. He previously held the same position at California State University, Sacramento. and served as an assistant at multiple Division I institutions throughout his career.
William Harris "Bill" Brown, Kenyon's head men's basketball coach from 1988 to 1996, died Wednesday, Feb. 15, in Rostraver Township, Pennsylvania. He was 71 years old
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11,090,039 |
# Bahamas Airline Pilots Association
The **Bahamas Airline Pilots Association** is a trade union in the Bahamas
| 17 |
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| 0 |
11,090,063 |
# Tod und Sieg des Herrn
***Tod und Sieg des Herrn*** is an oratorio from Felix Draeseke. It is the third oratorio of his mysterium Christus.
*Christus* consists of four sections:
> Prelude -- The Birth of the Lord\
> First Oratorio -- The manifestation of the Christ\
> Second Oratorio -- Christ the Prophet\
> Third Oratorio -- Death and Triumph of the Lord
The third oratorio, Opus 73, is the story of the Passion of Christ. It contains three parts -- the Betrayal, the Crucifixion, and the Resurrection. Each part is divided into three scenes:
--------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
**The Betrayal** **The Crucifixion** **The Resurrection**
I. Preparing for Passover I. Jesus before Caiphas I. The Resurrection
II\. The Last Supper II\. Jesus before Pilate II\. Further Manifestations of the Resurrection
III\. Jesus in Gethsemane III\. The Walk to the Cross III\. Jesus reveals himself to his disciples
IV\. The Betrayal IV\. Jesus on the Cross IV\. Ascension and Final Chorus
--------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
A chorus of 150-200 members functions largely as a plot-enhancing device, replacing the role that had traditionally been filled by recitative. Only in the form of the Chorus of Angels and the Chorus of the Faithful does the chorus play an observational role, commenting on the plot rather than becoming involved in it. Every other role assigned to the chorus becomes a character role. The following table illustrates the two observational roles (Angels and the Faithful) and the eight character roles represented by the chorus. Of these, the Chorus of the Pharisees and the Chorus of the People play perhaps the largest role in the lead-up to the Crucifixion; just as the crowd influenced Pontias Pilate, so does the chorus influence both Caiphas and Pilate in this oratorio. The choral writing resembles the turbae scenes of traditional oratorio, with one major difference: the cries and calls of the chorus lead directly to Christ\'s conviction
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# For Whom the Beat Tolls
***For Whom the Beat Tolls*** (a play on the Ernest Hemingway novel *For Whom the Bell Tolls*, which itself is drawn from \"Meditation XVII\" of *Devotions upon Emergent Occasions*, a series of essays by metaphysical poet John Donne) is the eighth studio album by American rapper Canibus, released through Mic Club Music on May 29, 2007 in the United States and June 5 worldwide. It features the new \"Poet Laureate Infinity\" concept, which involves mixing 200 bar layers with corresponding ones in order to create various subject matter, rhymes and overall sound. The album leaked on the Internet on June 4, 2007. According to Canibus\' DJ, Puerto Roc, the album has sold 60,000 copies as of October 2007.
## Reception
*For Whom The Beat Tolls* received generally positive reviews from critics.
Steve Juon of RapReviews.com called it \"the latest and greatest Canibus album\", noting how \"from the eerie Indian backdrop of \'The Fusion Centre\' to the futuristic booming beats of \'The Goetia\' to the epic musical groove of \'Secrets Among Cosmonauts\' Canibus keeps doing what he does best over and over again: spitting raw energy in his raps over stellar tracks.\"
Playda\'s Reviews gave the album 8.5 out of 10, saying \"Canibus sounds more focused than ever, bringing much-needed lyrical heat to a year lacking just that\" and calling For Whom The Beat Tolls \"easily one of the best albums of 2007 so far(not to mention being Canibus\' best effort since Rip the Jacker, if it wasn\'t obvious enough) and definitely worth your money.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Information taken from the album\'s liner notes.
- Executive producers -- Louis Lombard III, K-Solo, Paul Holyfield
- Engineers -- Victor Flores
- Mixers -- \'Pistol\' Pete Heinz
- Mastered by David Scharf/In Fidelity
- Canibus photography -- Susan von Detten
- Art direction -- Louis Lombard III
- Graphic design and image compositing -- AN
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# Godwin Birchenough
**Godwin Birchenough** (27 October 1880 -- 3 March 1953) was an Anglican cleric and Dean of Ripon.
Birchenough was born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, the only son of Walter Edwin Birchenough and the grandson of John Birchenough, a prominent Macclesfield silk manufacturer. Godwin Birchenough, who was also a nephew of Sir Henry Birchenough, the President of the British South Africa Company, was educated at Rugby and Oriel College, Oxford. Birchenough was ordained in 1905 and was Vicar of Moor Allerton between 1913 and 1921. He became an honorary Canon of Chelmsford Cathedral in 1933 and in 1941 became Dean of Ripon Cathedral, becoming Dean Emeritus in 1951. An eminent author, he was also vice chairman of the Additional Curates Society between 1934 and 1944. Godwin Birchenough married Edith, daughter of Ernest Keay in 1912, he died on 3 March 1953
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# Yad La-Shiryon
**Yad La-Shiryon** (officially: **The Armored Corps Memorial Site and Museum at Latrun**; *יד לשריון*) is Israel\'s official memorial site for fallen soldiers from the armored corps, as well as one of the most diverse tank museums in the world. The cornerstone for Yad La-Shiryon was laid on `{{start-date|December 14, 1982}}`{=mediawiki}.
The site was created through the initiative of veteran officers of the armored corps. The outdoor display includes 110 tanks and other armored fighting vehicles, both Israeli and captured enemy examples including the Merkava and T-34, T-54, T-55, T-62 tanks, as well as vehicles obtained or purchased from allied nations specifically for diversifying the collection like the German Leopard tank or the only T-72 on display in Israel. Other notable items include: an M4 Sherman tank mounted high atop a former British water tower; a collection of mobile bridges constructed by the IDF (Israeli Defense Forces) which can be carried by tanks and erected while under fire; captured enemy vehicles, most of which Israel has modified and updated; a tank with a blown up gun; and a long, engraved commemorative wall bearing the names of Armored Corps soldiers killed in defense of the country.
## Memorial site {#memorial_site}
The main building, a Mandate-era Tegart fortress, houses a library with a publicly accessible computerized record of every fallen Israeli tank soldier, and a synagogue. The deeply pocked outer walls of the fort are a reminder of the building\'s wartime past and its use by the Arab Legion. The tower of the fortress has been converted into a *Tower of Tears* by Israeli artist, Danny Karavan. The inside of the tower is covered by steel taken from a tank, and water circulating from a pool underneath the installation trickles down the walls.
The museum also features a large amphitheater, an auditorium, and has photos, poetry, paintings, and cartoons on display. Screenings are held regularly, showing both historical film footage and more recent tributes to Israelis injured and fallen.
The *Wall of Names*, erected outside, displays the names of all the soldiers from the Armored Corps killed in the 1948 Arab--Israeli War and later wars.
## Tank on the tower {#tank_on_the_tower}
The most famous sight at Yad La-Shiryon is most likely that of a tank on top of a tower, which serves as the museum\'s logo. In 1979, by decision of late Major General (Ret.) Moshe Peled, the tank was hoisted on top of a tower on the site, which was originally used as a water tower. The tank that was chosen is an American M4 Sherman, one of the first tanks that fought in the service of the Israel Defense Forces. Since the water tower was only designed to support 25 tons and the tank weighed 34 tons, both the engine and transmission gears had to be removed.
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# Yad La-Shiryon
## Tank collection {#tank_collection}
Yad La-shiryon is famous worldwide for its unique and diverse collection of tanks and armored vehicles. There are over a hundred different vehicles in the collection.
Here are some of the tanks and military vehicles on display. Variants are usually listed under the original country of origin.
### Israeli
- Merkava MBT mark I, II, III, IV and Namer APC
- Nimda Shoet APC, loosely modeled after BTR-152
- Nodedet`{{dubious|reason=No such armoured vehicle known to Dr. Google.|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
- For Israeli variations of the Patton tank, see under American: Patton tank -\> Magach.
- For Israeli variations of the T-54/T-55 tanks, see under Soviet: T-54/T-55 -\> IDF Achzarit, Tiran-4, Tiran-5. For the Israeli variant of the T-62 tank, see under Soviet: T-62 -\> IDF Tiran-6.
### American
- Diamond T truck
- M24 Chaffee
- M42 Duster
- M3 Lee
- M3 Grant
- M3 Scout Car
- M3A1 Stuart
- M5A1 Stuart
- M41 Walker Bulldog
- M107 Self-Propelled Gun
- M113 Armored Personnel Carrier
- M901 ITV
- M551 Sheridan
- M578 Light Recovery Vehicle
- M4 Sherman - several variations, including:
- Ambutank (Sherman Medical Evacuation Tank)
- Eyal observation post vehicle
- M4 Dozer
- M4A4 with FL-10 Turret (Egyptian variant)
- M50 and M51 Super Sherman (Israeli Variant)
- MAR-240
- MAR-290
- Sherman Crab
- M10 tank destroyer
- Patton tank variations, including:
- M48 Patton
- M60 Patton
- Magach, improved Israeli versions of the M48 and the M60 - several variations
- US halftracks - several variations
- Willys MB jeep
### British
- 17pdr SP Achilles
- Alvis Saladin
- Archer (tank destroyer)
- Cromwell tank
- FV 4101 Charioteer
- FV 4201 Chieftain
- Matilda tank
- Centurion tank - several variations, including:
- Centurion Mk 5
- Bridgelayer
- Centurion BARV
- Puma
- Sho\'t
- Ferret armoured car
- Light Tank Mk VI (Vickers)
- Marmon-Herrington Armoured Car
- Scammell Contractor
### French
- AMX-13
- AMX-VCI
- Gillois amphibious tank-carrier, used by the IDF under the name \"Timsach\" in the Yom Kippur War
- Hotchkiss H35
- Panhard AML
- Renault R35
### German
- StuG III
- Panzer IV
- Leopard 1 tank
### Soviet
- BTR-40
- BTR-50
- Improvised medevac version of BTR-50
- BTR-60
- BTR-152
- Improvised recovery version of BTR-152
- BRDM-2 - several variations
- IS-3
- ISU-152
- Recovery version of ISU-152
- ISU-152 with gun removed, labeled as command vehicle
- PT-76
- T-34-85
- T-34/100 or T-100 tank destroyer
- T-54/T-55 tanks - several variations, including:
- IDF Achzarit
- Tiran-4 - upgraded T-54
- Tiran-5 - upgraded T-55
- T-62 (Israeli Tiran 6)
- T-72 MBT, from former East German Nationale Volksarmee
- ZSU-23-4
- ZSU-57-2
## Allied Forces Monument {#allied_forces_monument}
A monument was constructed as a tribute to the Allies of World War II, led by the United States, Great Britain and The Soviet Union. The monument is composed of a rock pile, on top of which the three main battle tanks that served in the armies of the Allied Forces on different fronts: a British Cromwell, an American Sherman, and the Soviet T-34. The monument is surrounded by the flags of 19 countries and organizations that actively participated in the struggle, including the flag of the Jewish Brigade, which fought within the ranks of the British army. It is being reconstructed as of December 2011.
## Museum of Armored Corps History {#museum_of_armored_corps_history}
The museum includes several exhibits dedicated to the history of armored combat in general, including:
- Model room with dozens of tanks
- Full-scale models of:
- An armored knight
- Assyrian and Egyptian chariots
- Leonardo da Vinci\'s sketches of a proposed armed vehicle
- Stamp collection, featuring tanks and other armored vehicles
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# Yad La-Shiryon
## Other features {#other_features}
The site also has a large outdoor theater where various ceremonies and performances take place, as it is one of the largest theaters in the country and centrally located. There is also a birdwatching facility equipped with a radar to track migratory birds
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# Duplicity (law)
**Duplicity** is the error committed when the charge (known as a *count*) on an indictment describes more than one offence.
An indictment may contain more than one count, but each count must allege only one offence, so that the defendant (and the jury) can know precisely what offences he or she is accused of. If a count is poorly drafted so that it alleges two offences, it is said to be \"duplicitous\". A duplicitous count is defective and may be quashed by the judge, unless the judge permits the count to be amended so that it only alleges one offence, or is split into two counts. If a duplicitous count is not noticed until after the defendant has been convicted on it, the verdict may be void.
Duplicity is not to be mistaken with multiplicity, which is similar to duplicity in law. While duplicity refers to multiple offences under the same count, multiplicity regards multiple counts that reflect the same offence.
## Examples
In *People v. Bauman* (2008), Amber Bauman was facing two counts of assault according to 10 different offences that she committed. The 2 counts were dismissed by the New York Supreme court on the basis that each count related to more than one offence, which is duplicitous.The Appellate Court upheld this decision with the reasoning that each count of the indictment must relate to only one offence.
In *United States v. Shorter* (1985), the defendant was indicted with one count of felony tax evasion and 6 more counts of misdemeanor tax-related offenses. The defendant argued that his indictment included 12 separate offenses, which meant that the felony count was duplicitous and carried more than one offense compared to one count. The motion to dismiss the felony count was denied on the basis that each offense was related and all the offenses fell under the one count
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# Tom (programming language)
**Tom** is a programming language particularly well-suited for programming various transformations on tree structures and XML-based documents. Tom is a language extension which adds new matching primitives to C and Java as well as support for rewrite rules systems. The rules can be controlled using a strategy language
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# Ron Bradley
**Ron Bradley** (born February 9, 1951) is a retired men\'s college basketball coach. Bradley has been inducted into the Hall of Fame as a player at his high school (North Quincy,(MA) HS, College Eastern Nazarene, and the New England Basketball HOF. As a coach he has been inducted into the Radford University and the Big South Conference Halls Of Fame. He was drafted by the New York Nets in 1972 and holds a Ph.D. in Sport Psychology from the University of Maryland, College Park. He has served as associate head coach at DePaul, Clemson, James Madison University, assistant coach for the University of Maryland, College Park and Longwood University, and the head coach at Radford University, where he led the team to its first NCAA tournament. He is a 1973 graduate of the Eastern Nazarene College, where he also served as head coach. In 2009, he was one of 20 semifinalists and later was named assistant coach of the year
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# 1870 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1870** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Charles Morgan, 1st Baron Tredegar
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- Robert Myddelton Biddulph
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Sir Stephen Glynne, 9th Baronet
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 3rd Baron Kensington
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- John Walsh, 1st Baron Ormathwaite
```{=html}
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```
- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Thomas Vowler Short (retired); Joshua Hughes (from 9 May)
- Bishop of St Davids -- Connop Thirlwall
## Events
- January --- Francis Kilvert begins his famous diary.
- 14 February --- In a mining accident at Morfa Colliery, Port Talbot, 30 men are killed.
- April --- George Osborne Morgan introduces the Burials Bill and the Places of Worship (Acquisition of Land) Bill to Parliament.
- *unknown dates*
- Sir George Gilbert Scott completes the restoration of Bangor Cathedral.
- In India, Timothy Richards Lewis discovers a nematoid worm, which he calls *Filaria sanguinis hominis* (later \"Wuchereria bancrofti\").
- William Thomas Lewis, 1st Baron Merthyr of Senghenydd, begins acquiring the collieries later known as the Lewis Merthyr collieries in Rhondda.
- Jacob Lloyd is created a Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope Pius IX.
- Thomas William Rhys Davids begins a series of articles for the Ceylon branch of the *Royal Asiatic Society Journal*.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
### New books {#new_books}
- John Ceiriog Hughes --- *Oriau\'r Haf*
- David Lloyd Davies --- *Ceinwen Morgan neu y Rian Ddiwylliedig*
- Richard Davies (Mynyddog) --- *Yr Ail Gynnig*
### Music
## Sport
- Billiards --- John Roberts, Sr. loses the English billiards championship after 21 years.
- Association football --- Druids of Rhiwabon formed.
## Births
- 13 January --- Conway Rees, rugby player (died 1932)
- 10 March --- George \"Honey Boy\" Evans, Welsh-born US entertainer (died 1915)
- 20 March --- Eluned Morgan, author (died 1938)
- 25 March --- Wallace Watts, Wales international rugby union player (died 1950)
- 19 June --- Charles Nicholl, Wales international rugby union player (died 1939)
- 29 June
- Arthur Boucher, Wales international rugby union player (died 1948)
- Sir Charles Dillwyn-Venables-Llewellyn, 2nd Baronet, politician (died 1951)
- 14 July --- Helena Jones, doctor and suffragette (died 1946)
- 16 July --- William Henry Prosser, teacher and cricketer (died 1952)
- 27 July --- Herbert Millingchamp Vaughan, historian (died 1948)
- 18 August --- William Cope, 1st Baron Cope, politician and Wales international rugby player (died 1946)
- 27 September --- Thomas Jones (T. J.), civil servant (died 1955)
- 22 October --- J
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# 1871 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1871** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Charles Morgan, 1st Baron Tredegar
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- Robert Myddelton Biddulph
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Sir Stephen Glynne, 9th Baronet
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 3rd Baron Kensington
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- John Walsh, 1st Baron Ormathwaite
```{=html}
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- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Joshua Hughes
- Bishop of St Davids -- Connop Thirlwall
## Events
- 24 February -- In a mining accident at Pentre Colliery, Rhondda, 38 men are killed.
- 21 March -- Welsh-born journalist Henry Morton Stanley sets out for Africa to seek missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone.
- June -- Miners\' strike in South Wales culminates in defeat for the union.
- 14 August -- The Van Railway, built by David Davies Llandinam, opens to carry traffic from the Van lead mines to Caersws.
- 10 November -- Stanley locates Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and allegedly greets him saying \"Dr. Livingstone, I presume?\"
- *date unknown*
- Lewis Jones is appointed governor of Chubut Province by the government of Argentina.
- Operations at the White Rock smelting works in Swansea are extended by Henry Hussey Vivian to include the treatment of silver and lead ore.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
### Awards
- Evan Jones (Gurnos) wins a bardic chair at Ystradyfodwg.
### New books {#new_books}
- W. R. Ambrose -- *Hynafiaethau, Cofiannau a Hanes Presennol Nant Nantlle, y Traethawd Buddugol yn Eisteddfod Gadeiriol Pen-y-groes*
- Robert Fowler, MD -- *A Complete History of the Case of the Welsh Fasting-Girl*
- James Kenward -- *Ab Ithel*
- Thomas Purnell
- *Dramatists of the Present Day*
- *Correspondence and Works of Charles Lamb*
### Music
- John Thomas (Pencerdd Gwalia) is appointed harpist to Queen Victoria.
## Sport
- Rugby union -- Neath RFC is founded.
## Births
- 5 January -- Percy Lloyd, Wales national rugby player (died 1959)
- 23 February -- Jack Evans, Wales national rugby player (died 1924)
- 2 March -- Billy Bancroft, sportsman (died 1959)
- 28 March -- R. Silyn Roberts, Socialist and pacifist writer (died 1930)
- 1 April - Dai St. John, heavyweight boxer (died 1899)
- 6 April -- Prince Alexander John of Wales, youngest son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (died 1871)
- 12 April -- Ellis William Davies, politician (died 1939)
- 15 April -- John Humphreys Davies, writer (died 1926)
- 11 May -- George Howells, academic and writer (died 1955)
- 6 June -- Evan Lloyd, Wales international rugby player (died 1951)
- 14 June -- David Nicholl, rugby player (died 1918)
- July - Owen Jones, footballer (died 1955)
- 2 July -- Sir Evan Williams, 1st Baronet, industrialist (died 1959)
- 3 July -- W. H
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# 1872 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1872** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Charles Morgan, 1st Baron Tredegar
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- Robert Myddelton Biddulph (until 21 March); William Cornwallis-West (from 5 June)
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Sir Stephen Glynne, 9th Baronet
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 3rd Baron Kensington (until 1 January); William Edwardes, 4th Baron Kensington (from 6 February)
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- John Walsh, 1st Baron Ormathwaite
```{=html}
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- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Joshua Hughes
- Bishop of St Davids -- Connop Thirlwall
## Events
- 5 January --- In a mining accident at Blackwood Colliery, five men are killed.
- 2 March --- In a mining accident at Victoria Colliery, Ebbw Vale, nineteen men are killed.
- 18 June --- A derailment occurs in the Pencader Tunnel on the Carmarthen & Cardigan Railway.
- 12 July --- Cardiff Tramways Company begins operation of horse trams.
- 15 July --- The Colwyn Bay Hotel is opened.
- 1 August --- Minffordd railway station is opened.
- 9 October --- University College Wales, Aberystwyth, opens with 26 students; Thomas Charles Edwards is its first principal.
- *unknown dates*
- Stocks are used on the last recorded occasion in the UK, at Adpar in Cardiganshire, when a man is imprisoned in them for drunkenness.
- Nitrocellulose manufacture at Penrhyndeudraeth begins.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
### New books {#new_books}
- R. D. Blackmore --- *The Maid of Sker*
- Thomas Thomas --- *Hynodion Hen Bregethwyr Cymru*
### Music
- The South Wales \"Cor Mawr\", conducted by Griffith R. Jones (Caradog) wins a national choral competition at Crystal Palace.
## Sport
- Cricket --- First game played at Elwy Grove Park, St Asaph.
- Football --- 28 September: Wrexham Football Club is founded. They play at the Racecourse Ground
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# Jamie Tarabay
**Jamie Tarabay** is a journalist born in Australia. She is based in New York City.
Tarabay has a B.A. in Government and French from the University of Sydney, is fluent in French and Arabic and has worked as a foreign correspondent. She lived in Beirut for three years as a child and has spent much time as a journalist covering and living in the Middle East. In 2000 she was sent to Jerusalem by Associated Press and in 2005 she released a book about her experiences in the Middle East during 2000 to 2004: *A Crazy Occupation: Eyewitness to the Intifada*. She has covered Iraq since the formal end of hostilities in 2003 and from 2005 to 2007 she was the NPR News bureau chief in Baghdad. She was part of the NPR News team that in January 2007 were awarded the Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Award for their coverage of Iraq. As of early 2014 she was a Senior Staff Writer at Al Jazeera America
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# 1873 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1873** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Charles Morgan, 1st Baron Tredegar
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- William Cornwallis-West
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Sir Stephen Glynne, 9th Baronet
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 4th Baron Kensington
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- John Walsh, 1st Baron Ormathwaite
```{=html}
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```
- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Joshua Hughes
- Bishop of St Davids -- Connop Thirlwall
## Events
- 1 March -- The sailing ship *Chacabuco* sinks off the Great Orme with the loss of 24 lives.
- 18 March -- Work begins on construction of the Severn Tunnel.
- 30 March -- The Glyn Valley Tramway opens as a horse-worked line to carry slate and other minerals from Glyn Ceiriog to Chirk.
- 19 August -- The Holyhead Breakwater (the longest in the world) is officially opened by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. having taken 28 years to construct.
- 9 October -- The first recorded sheepdog trial in the UK takes place at Bala.
- 2 December -- In a mining accident at Hafod Colliery, Rhiwabon, five men are killed.
- *date unknown* -- Construction of:
- Tŵr Mawr Lighthouse on Ynys Llanddwyn.
- Buckley Arms hotel, Dinas Mawddwy, in reinforced concrete.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
### New books {#new_books}
- Rhoda Broughton -- *Nancy*
- Robert Elis (Cynddelw) -- *Manion Hynafiaethol*
- Ebenezer Thomas -- *Gweithiau Barddonol Eben Fardd* (posthumously published)
### Music
- Henry Brinley Richards -- *Songs of Wales*
- Richard Davies (Mynyddog) writes the song \"Rheolau yr Aelwyd\", the basis of \"Sosban Fach\".
## Sport
- December -- Major Walter Wingfield of Nantclwyd Hall at Llanelidan designs a game for the amusement of his visitors. Wingfield soon patents nets for the game of lawn tennis, which he calls \"sphairistike\".
## Births
- 7 January -- Christopher Williams, artist (died 1934)
- 16 January -- Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne, politician (died 1939)
- 7 April
- John Dyfnallt Owen, poet and Archdruid (died 1956)
- Charles Butt Stanton, politician (died 1946)
- 23 April -- Sir Robert Thomas, 1st Baronet, politician (died 1951)
- 1 May -- Harry Evans, musician (died 1914)
- 22 May -- J
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# 1904 New York Highlanders season
The 1904 New York Highlanders season, the team\'s second, finished with the team in second place in the American League with a record of 92--59. The team was managed by Clark Griffith and played home games at Hilltop Park.
## Offseason
- October 6, 1903: Jack O\'Connor was traded by the Highlanders to the St. Louis Browns for John Anderson.
- January 5, 1904: Eddie Quick and Jack Zalusky were traded by the Highlanders to the Toledo Mud Hens for Red Kleinow.
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### The name {#the_name}
The first verified use of the alternate nickname \"Yankees\" (a synonym for \"Americans\", the team being American Leaguers) occurred on April 7, 1904, when a spring training story from Richmond, Virginia carried the headline \"Yankees Will Start Home From South To-Day.\" The *New York Evening Journal* screamed: \"YANKEES BEAT BOSTON\". The casual use of that nickname suggests it was already in the popular lexicon, although \"Highlanders\" would continue to be the primary (and equally unofficial) nickname for several more years.
### Season summary {#season_summary}
The Highlanders were in the thick of the American League pennant race throughout the season, leading by two games as late as September 20. This led to the New York Giants announcement that they would not play in the World Series, since they considered the Highlanders to be only a \"minor league\" team.
On the final day of the season at Hilltop Park, New York pitcher Jack Chesbro threw a wild pitch in the ninth inning, giving the Boston Americans the win, and the 1904 AL pennant. Even though it was Boston who stole the pennant on the final day, the Giants stuck to their word and their refusal prevented the World Series from being played.
It would be a century later, in 2004, the next time Boston directly eliminated the Yankees from title contention, when they did so in the final game of the 2004 ALCS, a hundred years later in a repeat of sorts of the events of that year, the beginning of a long rivalry between the two clubs.
### Season standings {#season_standings}
### Record vs. opponents {#record_vs._opponents}
### Roster
1904 New York Highlanders
---------------------------
**Roster**
**Pitchers** {{MLBplayer
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# 1904 New York Highlanders season
## Player stats {#player_stats}
### Batting
#### Starters by position {#starters_by_position}
*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*
Pos Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
----- -------- ----- ----- ----- ------ ---- -----
C 101 322 67 .208 0 20
1B 130 465 121 .260 6 48
2B 146 559 147 .263 2 74
3B 140 489 119 .243 1 52
SS 122 445 117 .263 2 46
OF 143 543 186 .343 2 40
OF 143 558 155 .278 3 82
OF 106 452 128 .283 6 22
#### Other batters {#other_batters}
*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*
Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
-------- ---- ----- ---- ------ ---- -----
97 339 93 .274 2 32
58 209 43 .206 0 16
36 128 24 .188 0 12
28 107 21 .196 2 9
9 22 6 .273 0 2
6 19 4 .211 0 2
5 17 6 .353 0 1
4 7 0 .000 0 0
1 1 0 .000 0 0
### Pitching
#### Starting pitchers {#starting_pitchers}
*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*
Player G IP W L ERA SO
-------- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------ -----
55 454.2 41 12 1.82 239
47 390.1 23 19 2.44 202
20 137.2 11 6 2.68 37
19 136.1 7 11 3.70 75
16 100.1 7 5 2.87 36
2 12.0 0 1 2.25 8
#### Other pitchers {#other_pitchers}
*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*
Player G IP W L ERA SO
-------- ---- ------ --- --- ------ ----
13 66.1 1 2 5.02 43
9 49.1 2 0 2.74 26
7 33.2 0 3 3
| 351 |
1904 New York Highlanders season
| 1 |
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# 1874 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1874** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Charles Morgan, 1st Baron Tredegar
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- William Cornwallis-West
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Sir Stephen Glynne, 9th Baronet (until 17 June) Hugh Robert Hughes (from 4 August)
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 4th Baron Kensington
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- John Walsh, 1st Baron Ormathwaite
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- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Joshua Hughes
- Bishop of St Davids -- Connop Thirlwall (until May); Basil Jones (from 24 August)
## Events
- 24 January -- Four pilots and two apprentices are drowned in an accident off Llanddwyn on Anglesey.
- 17 February -- In the 1874 United Kingdom general election, newly elected MPs include David Davies (Llandinam) at Cardigan (returned unopposed).
- 1 April -- Frances Morgan marries Dr George Hoggan. They later open the first husband-and-wife general medical practice in the UK.
- 1 May -- Coal-owner Sir George Elliot is raised to the baronetcy by the new prime minister, Disraeli.
- 15 July -- Laying of the foundation stone of the clock tower at Machynlleth, built to mark the coming of age in 1873 of Viscount Castlereagh, the eldest son of the 5th Marquess of Londonderry of Plas Machynlleth.
- 20 July -- In a mining accident at Charles Colliery, Llansamlet, nineteen men are killed.
- October -- The *Western Mail* reports a deathbed confession made to a minister in the US by a man who claimed he carried out the assault for which Dic Penderyn was executed in 1831.
- 24 August -- William Basil Jones is consecrated Bishop of St David\'s.
- 5 October -- The Powysland Club holds its annual meeting at the new Powysland Museum in Welshpool.
- 16 October -- The first issue of *Yr Ymwelydd* is published in Australia under the editorship of William Meirion Evans.
- *unknown dates*
- Strike at Dinorwig slate quarry.
- The Welsh Flannel Company is established at Holywell.
- Henry Davis Pochin begins laying out Bodnant Garden.
- John Mathias Berry and his wife Mary move to Merthyr Tydfil. The three sons born to them here go on to achieve success in business and be raised to the peerage: Henry Seymour Berry, 1st Baron Buckland, William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose and Gomer Berry, 1st Viscount Kemsley.
- Rev. Richard Williams Morgan is consecrated First Patriarch of a restored Ancient British Church by Jules Ferrette, the founder of the British Orthodox Church, taking the religious name of \'Mar Pelagius I\' and undertaking to revive Celtic Christianity as practised prior to the Synod of Whitby while continuing duties as an Anglican clergyman.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- William Goscombe John begins assisting his father, a wood-carver, in his work at Cardiff Castle.
### Awards
- Evan Jones (Gurnos) wins the bardic chair at the Bangor eisteddfod.
- William Thomas (Islwyn) wins a bardic chair at Rhyl.
### New books {#new_books}
- Sir William Boyd Dawkins -- *Cave Hunting*
- *Gwaith Thomas Edwards* (ed. Isaac Foulkes)
- Isaac Foulkes -- *Rheinallt ab Gruffydd*
### Music
- Joseph Parry becomes head of the new music department at University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
- The London Welsh Choral Union presents Sarah Edith Wynne with a bust of herself by Joseph Edwards.
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# 1874 in Wales
## Sport
- Rugby union
- The first match is played at Cardiff Arms Park, between the Wanderers Club and Glamorgan 2nd XV.
- Newport RFC and Swansea RFC are founded
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# 1875 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1875** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Charles Morgan, 1st Baron Tredegar (until 16 April); Joseph Bailey, 1st Baron Glanusk (from 11 June)
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- William Cornwallis-West
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Hugh Robert Hughes
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 4th Baron Kensington
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- John Walsh, 1st Baron Ormathwaite (until 21 April); Arthur Walsh, 2nd Baron Ormathwaite (from 21 April)
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```
- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Joshua Hughes
- Bishop of St Davids -- Basil Jones
## Events
- August - First publication of *The Usk Gleaner and Monmouthshire Record*.
- December - South Wales miners, led by William Abraham, come to agreement on a sliding scale of wages in relation to prices and profits.
- 4 December - In a mining accident at Old Pit, New Tredegar, 22 men are killed.
- 5 December - In a mining accident at Llan Colliery, Pentyrch, twelve men are killed.
- *unknown dates*
- The first imports of North American wheat come through Cardiff.
- The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service recognises Welsh as a distinct nationality - the first official body ever to do so.
- Ordnance Survey publishes the first complete maps of Wales.
- David Davies Llandinam is elected treasurer of the University of Wales.
- Major eisteddfod held at Pwllheli. Future archdruid Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn) is a leading adjudicator.
- Francis Wallace Grenfell takes part in the expedition which claims Griqualand West (site of the Kimberley diamond fields) for the UK.
- Bodnant Garden is begun by Baron Aberconway.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot buys James Milo Griffith\'s *Summer Flowers* for Margam Castle.
### New books {#new_books}
#### English language {#english_language}
- Hugh Owen Thomas - *Diseases of the Hip, Knee, and Ankle Joints*
#### Welsh language {#welsh_language}
- William Ambrose - *Gweithiau y Parch. W. Ambrose* (posthumously published)
- David Stephen Davies - *Adroddiad*
- Isaac Foulkes - *Y Ddau Efell, neu Llanllonydd*
- Owen Jones (Meudwy Môn) (ed.) - *Cymru, yn Hanesyddol, Parthedegol, a Bywgraphyddol*
- John Goronwy Mathias - *Y Dywysen Aeddfed*
- Evan Rees (Dyfed) - *Caniadau Dyfedfab*
### Music
- Robert Griffiths becomes the first secretary of the tonic solfa college.
- Joseph Parry composes the music to *Myfanwy*.
- Sarah Edith Wynne marries and retires from her singing career.
## Sport
- Rugby union - Llanelli RFC and Risca RFC are formed.
- Yachting - Bristol Channel Yacht Club is formed in Swansea.
## Births
- 3 January - Cliff Bowen, Wales international rugby player and county cricketer (died 1929)
- 4 January -- William Williams (Crwys), poet and Archdruid (died 1968)
- 19 January -- Thomas Owen Jones, dramatist, actor and producer (died 1941)
- 23 February -- David Brazell, singer (died 1959)
- 4 March -- John Kelt Edwards, cartoonist (died 1934)
- 23 May -- Nathaniel Walters, Wales international rugby player (died 1956)
- 26 May -- Jack Evans, Wales international rugby player (died 1947)
- 31 May -- Daniel Jones, Wales international rugby player (died 1959)
- 11 June -- Will Osborne, Wales international rugby player (died 1942)
- 16 June -- Henry Paget, Lord Paget, eccentric, born in Paris (died 1905)
- 10 September
- John Evans, politician (died 1961)
- Harry Vaughan Watkins, Wales international rugby player (died 1945)
- 26 October -- Sir Lewis Casson, English-born artist (died 1969)
- 20 December (in Shirley, Derbyshire) -- T. F. Powys, Anglo-Welsh writer (died 1953)
- 25 December -- George Davies, international rugby player (died 1959)
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# 1875 in Wales
## Deaths
- 4 January -- Thomas Stephens, historian, literary critic and social reformer (born 1821)
- 4 March -- John Evans (I. D
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# 1876 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1876** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Joseph Bailey, 1st Baron Glanusk
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- William Cornwallis-West
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Hugh Robert Hughes
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 4th Baron Kensington
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- Arthur Walsh, 2nd Baron Ormathwaite
- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Joshua Hughes
- Bishop of St Davids -- Basil Jones
- Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales -- Clwydfardd (first official holder of the position
## Events
- January -- The Argentine government appoints Antonio Oneto as civil authority over the Welsh colony in Patagonia, the population of which numbers 690.
- 9 January -- The death of John Russell, Viscount Amberley, leaves Bertrand Russell an orphan.
- 19 May -- Sir Edmund Buckley, 1st Baronet, files for bankruptcy in Manchester with debts exceeding £500,000, causing his Dinas Mawddwy estate to be put up for sale.
- June -- Francis Kilvert becomes vicar of Saint Harmon, Radnorshire.
- 13 July -- Act of Parliament allows the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways Company to abandon plans for a line between Croesor Junction and Betws-y-Coed.
- 22 July -- Art Treasures & Industrial Exhibition of North Wales & the Border Counties in Wrexham is opened.
- 19 August -- Judge John Johnes is murdered at his home on Dolaucothi Estate by his butler.
- 2 December -- Cardiff RFC plays its first match, against Newport.
- 18 December -- In a mining accident at South Wales Pit, Abertillery, twenty men are killed.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
### New books {#new_books}
- George Thomas Orlando Bridgeman -- *History of the Princes of South Wales*
### Music
- Eos Bradwen -- *Bugeiles yr Wyddfa*
- Joseph Parry composes the hymn tune *Aberystwyth* (published 1879) which becomes the basis of the pan-African anthem *Nkosi Sikelel\' iAfrika*
## Sport
- Football
- 2 February -- Llewelyn Kenrick sets up the Football Association of Wales in a meeting at the Wynnstay Arms hotel in Wrexham, in response to a challenge issued by *The Field* magazine, to organize an international match between Wales and Scotland or Ireland.
- 25 March -- Wales play first international football match, against Scotland in Glasgow, losing 4--0.
- Formation of Caernarfon athletics club, later Caernarfon Town.
- Rugby union -- Aberavon RFC, Cardiff RFC, Cardigan RFC, Llandaff RFC, Merthyr RFC and Pontypridd RFC are established.
## Births
- 7 March -- Edgar Evans, naval petty officer and Antarctic explorer (died 1912)
- 19 June -- Joe Pullman, Wales international rugby union player (died 1955)
- 22 June -- Gwen John, artist (died 1939)
- 15 July
- Jehoida Hodges, Welsh international rugby union player (died 1930)
- Jack Rhapps, Dual-code rugby international (died 1950)
- 24 July -- Viv Huzzey, Welsh international rugby union player (died 1929)
- 18 September -- Charles Kemeys-Tynte, 8th Baron Wharton (died 1934)
- 17 November -- Dicky Owen, Welsh international rugby union player (died 1932)
## Deaths
- 3 January -- Rosser Beynon, musician, 64
- 19 February -- Daniel Davies, Baptist preacher, 78
- 24 February -- Joseph Jenkins Roberts, President of Liberia, son of a Welsh planter, 66
- 23 April (at Karlsruhe) -- Frances Bunsen, painter, 85
- 2 May -- Daniel Thomas Williams (Tydfylyn), poet and musician (born 1820)
- 15 June -- John Ormsby-Gore, 1st Baron Harlech, politician, 60
- 19 July (in the United States) -- George E. Pugh, Welsh-American politician, 53
- 8 August -- Lady Sarah Elizabeth Hay-Williams, English-born artist and illustrator, 75
- 21 August -- C. W
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# Al Wingo
**Absalom Holbrook Wingo** (May 6, 1898 -- October 9, 1964), commonly known by the nickname \"**Red**\", was an American baseball player.
A native of Norcross, Georgia, his older brother Ivey Wingo played 17 years in Major League Baseball starting in 1911. Al \"Red\" Wingo began playing baseball at Oglethorpe University and played professional baseball, primarily as an outfielder, for 15 years from 1918 to 1932. He followed his older brother to the major leagues in 1919 as an outfielder for the Philadelphia Athletics.
He played for the Detroit Tigers from 1924 to 1928 and had the best season of his career in 1925 when he had a .370 batting average and a .456 on-base percentage and finished twelfth in the voting for the American League Most Valuable Player award. He also led the American League\'s left fielders in 1925 with eight double plays turned. In five major league seasons, Wingo compiled a .308 career batting average. He later played for the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League from 1929 to 1931.
## Early years {#early_years}
Wingo was born in Norcross, Georgia, in 1898. He attended Oglethorpe University in suburban Atlanta where he played as a catcher and a pitcher for the Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels baseball team during the 1917 and 1918 seasons. Wingo\'s older brother Ivey Wingo reached the major leagues in 1911 and became a fixture for the St. Louis Cardinals and Cincinnati Reds from 1911 to 1926.
## Professional baseball {#professional_baseball}
### Minor leagues {#minor_leagues}
Wingo began playing professional baseball with the Atlanta Crackers of the Southern Association in 1918. The following year, he played for the Greenville Spinners in the South Atlantic League, compiling a .319 batting average in 360 at bats.
### Philadelphia Athletics {#philadelphia_athletics}
Wingo was acquired by the Philadelphia Athletics late in the 1919 season and made his major league debut on September 9, 1919. He appeared in 15 games for the 1919 Athletics, compiling a .305 batting average in 59 at bats. Despite his strong batting average, Wingo returned to the minor leagues, playing for the Atlanta Crackers in 1920 and 1921 and for the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1922 and 1923. In 1922, he set a new International League record with 34 home runs. He followed up with a .352 batting average and 20 home runs in 1923.
### Detroit Tigers {#detroit_tigers}
On August 20, 1923, the Toronto club sold Wingo to the Detroit Tigers for \$50,000 with the caveat that he need not report to the Tigers until Toronto\'s season was over. In 1924, he appeared in 78 games for the Tigers, mostly as a pinch hitter but also in 30 games as a starter in the outfield.
In 1925, Wingo took over from Heinie Manush as the Tigers\' starting left fielder. He appeared in 130 games and had the best season of his career. He led that American League\'s left fielders with eight double plays turned and ranked among the league leaders with a .370 batting average (fifth), .456 on-base percentage (fifth), 104 runs scored (ninth) and a 5.3 wins above replacement rating for position players (sixth). All three Detroit outfielders in 1925 ranked among the league\'s batting leaders \-- Wingo with a .370 average, Harry Heilmann winning the batting title with a .393 average and Ty Cobb with a .378 average. This was the only time in MLB history that every member of an outfield hit .370 or better. At the end of the 1925 season, Wingo finished twelfth in the American League Most Valuable Player voting.
In 1926, Wingo appeared in 108 games for the Tigers, but lost his job as the team\'s regular left fielder, starting 57 games in left field and 11 in right field, as his batting average dropped by 88 points to .282. His playing time declined to 75 games in 1927 as his batting average dropped further to .234. In his final year in the major leagues, he appeared in 87 games for the 1928 Tigers and compiled a .285 batting average.
In six major league seasons, Wingo appeared in 493 games, scored 224 runs, collected 409 hits (including 115 extra base hits), 191 RBIs, and 211 bases on balls. Boosted by his 1925 season, Wingo had a career .308 batting average, with a .404 on-base percentage and a .423 slugging percentage.
### Minor leagues {#minor_leagues_1}
After the 1928 season, Wingo was acquired on waivers by the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League. The deal was combined with the Tigers\' January 1929 purchase of Roy Johnson with Wingo being given a value of \$7,500 for purposes of the transaction. Wingo played in the outfield for the Seals and compiled batting averages of .350 in 1929, .348 in 1930, and .314 in 1931. In May 1931, he became the first player to hit a home run out of the Seals\' new ballpark. He continued to play for the Chattanooga Lookouts (Southern Association) in 1931 and the Scranton Miners (New York-Penn League) and Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) in 1932.
## Later years {#later_years}
In January 1934, Wingo returned to Detroit and played for the Tivoli club in the Detroit Baseball Federation. After retiring from baseball, he remained in Detroit and worked as a driver and safety inspector for Ford Motor Company. In October 1964, Wingo was involved in a traffic accident in Allen Park, Michigan, in which his truck was struck from behind by a driver who had been drinking. Wingo was thrown from the cab of his truck and dragged under the truck until it hit a fence. He was taken to Outer Park Hospital in Lincoln Park, Michigan, where he died at age 66
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# 1877 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1877** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Joseph Bailey, 1st Baron Glanusk
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- William Cornwallis-West
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Hugh Robert Hughes
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 4th Baron Kensington
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- Arthur Walsh, 2nd Baron Ormathwaite
```{=html}
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```
- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Joshua Hughes
- Bishop of St Davids -- Basil Jones
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```
- Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales -- Clwydfardd
## Events
- 8 March -- In a mining accident at Worcester Colliery, Swansea, seventeen men are killed.
- 11 April -- In a mining accident at Tynewydd Colliery, Rhondda, five men are killed by flooding. Twenty-five of the rescue team are awarded the Albert Medal for bravery.
- 10 July -- Consecration of new Merthyr Synagogue, the oldest surviving synagogue building in Wales.
- 1 August -- Opening of new Llandudno Pier.
- 15 August -- Opening to passengers of the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways from Dinas to Tryfan Junction and Bryngwyn.
- 30 November -- Opening of the new market hall at Builth Wells by Sir Joseph Bailey M.P.
- *unknown dates*
- Opening of Stepaside, Pembrokeshire village school (part of modern-day Stepaside Heritage Park).
- Closure of lead mine at Loggerheads, Denbighshire.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Islwyn wins a bardic chair at Treherbert.
### New books {#new_books}
- Richard Davies (Mynyddog) -- *Y Trydydd Cynnig*
- William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog) -- *Helyntion Bywyd Hen Deiliwr*
### Music
- Joseph Parry resigns from his position as Professor of Music at University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
## Sport
- Football
- The Racecourse Ground at Wrexham hosts Wales\' first ever home international match, making it the world\'s oldest international football stadium still to host international matches.
- The Welsh Cup is inaugurated.
- Rugby union
- 8 November -- Blaenavon RFC play their first game, against Abergavenny
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# 1878 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1878** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales -- Clwydfardd
```{=html}
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```
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Joseph Bailey, 1st Baron Glanusk
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- William Cornwallis-West
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Hugh Robert Hughes
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Edward Herbert, 3rd Earl of Powis
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 4th Baron Kensington
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- Arthur Walsh, 2nd Baron Ormathwaite
```{=html}
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```
- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Joshua Hughes
- Bishop of St Davids -- Basil Jones
## Events
- March
- The \'basic\' process, enabling the use of phosphoric iron ore in steelmaking, developed at the failing Blaenavon Ironworks by Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, is first made public.
- The Swansea Improvements and Tramway Company SITC) opens a street tramway from Gower Street, Swansea, to join up with the Oystermouth Railway.
- 16--17 July -- Spanish seaman Joseph Garcia, just released from Usk Prison, murders all 5 members of the Watkins family at Llangybi, Monmouthshire.
- 17 July -- Swansea tramways are forced by legal action to return to horse-drawn operation after experimenting with steam locomotives.
- 11 September -- In a mining accident at the Prince of Wales Colliery, Abercarn, 268 men are killed.
- Founding of Dr Williams School for Girls at Dolgellau with Eliza Ann Fewings as first head.
- Opening of Marine Drive around the Great Orme at Llandudno.
- A passenger ferry service is established between Bangor and Porthaethwy on the Menai Strait.
- Industrialist John Corbett buys Ynysymaengwyn.
- Slate industry in Wales: The Oakeley quarry at Blaenau Ffestiniog absorbs the previously independently-worked Upper and Middle quarries.
- The prison system in Wales is nationalised and brought under centralised government control.
- Nanteos Cup first exhibited.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
### New books {#new_books}
- Daniel Silvan Evans -- *Celtic Remains*
- William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog) -- *Llythyrau \'Rhen Ffarmwr*
### Music
- John Owen (Owain Alaw) -- *Jeremiah* (oratorio)
## Sport
- Football -- The Welsh Cup competition takes place for the first time, and is won by Wrexham.
## Births
- 4 January -- Augustus John, painter (died 1961)
- 30 January -- Reg Skrimshire, Wales and British Lions rugby union player (died 1963)
- 24 February -- Lou Phillips, Wales international rugby player (killed in action 1916)
- 3 March -- Edward Thomas, poet (killed in action 1917)
- 12 March -- Mary Sophia Allen, women\'s rights activist (died 1964)
- 15 March -- Thomas Richards, historian and librarian (died 1962)
- 21 March -- Edwin Thomas Maynard, Wales international rugby player (died 1961)
- 16 April -- Owen Thomas Jones, geologist (died 1967)
- 26 May -- Abel J
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# 1879 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year **1879** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales -- Clwydfardd
```{=html}
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```
- Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey -- William Owen Stanley
- Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire -- Joseph Bailey, 1st Baron Glanusk
- Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire -- Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire -- Edward Pryse
- Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire -- John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor
- Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire -- William Cornwallis-West
- Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire -- Hugh Robert Hughes
- Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan -- Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot
- Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire -- Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire -- Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
- Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire -- Edward Herbert, 3rd Earl of Powis
- Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire -- William Edwardes, 4th Baron Kensington
- Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire -- Arthur Walsh, 2nd Baron Ormathwaite
```{=html}
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```
- Bishop of Bangor -- James Colquhoun Campbell
- Bishop of Llandaff -- Alfred Ollivant
- Bishop of St Asaph -- Joshua Hughes
- Bishop of St Davids -- Basil Jones
## Events
- 13 January -- In a mining accident at Dinas Colliery, Llantrisant in the Rhondda, 63 men are killed.
- 22--23 January -- Rorke\'s Drift is successfully defended by 139 British soldiers from the South Wales Borderers against an assault by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors.
- 2 May -- Eleven Victoria Crosses are awarded to soldiers active in the defence of Rorke\'s Drift, the recipients including Privates John Williams and Robert Jones.
- 1 September -- The ballroom of the Lord Nelson Hotel in Milford Haven becomes the first in the UK to be lit by electricity.
- 22 September -- In a mining accident at Waunllwyd, Ebbw Vale, 84 men are killed.
- 3 October -- Pryce Pryce-Jones opens his Royal Welsh Warehouse at Newtown, Montgomeryshire.
- 17 October -- Official opening of the Severn Railway Bridge in Gloucestershire (destroyed in 1960).
- 29 November -- Stradey Park opens as the home of Llanelli RFC. It remains the home for Llanelli RFC for nearly 130 years, and later for the regional side Scarlets, but closes in November 2008 when the teams\' new home, *Parc y Scarlets*, opens in nearby Pemberton.
- *date unknown*
- Railway engine drivers and firemen from Griffithstown form a craft union which becomes the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen.
- The Croesor Tramway becomes the Portmadoc, Croesor and Beddgelert Tram Railway.
- Butter (General) Market in Wrexham opens.
- Welsh draper D H Evans opens his shop in London\'s Oxford Street.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
### New books {#new_books}
#### English language {#english_language}
- D. Walter Thomas & Edward Hughes -- *The Cymric language*
- Brinley Richards -- *The Songs of Wales (Royal Edition)*
#### Welsh language {#welsh_language}
- Beriah Gwynfe Evans -- *Owain Glyndwr* (play)
- Daniel Owen -- *Offrymau Neilltuaeth*
### Music
- Joseph Parry
- \"Aberystwyth\" (first published)
- \"Man of Sorrows\"
- Edward Stephen -- *Ail Lyfr Tonau ac Emynau* (\"The Second Book of Tunes and Hymns\")
## Sport
- Football
- 18 January -- Wales play England for the first time, at Kennington Oval. Wales lose 2--1, but see their first international goal, scored by William Davies.
- Newtown win the Welsh Cup in the second year of its existence.
- Rugby union
- 18 January -- Treherbert RFC play Cardiff for the first time.
- Brecon RFC and Ebbw Vale RFC are founded.
- Tennis -- The first tennis club in Wales is formed by the Newport Athletic Club.
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# 1879 in Wales
## Births
- 1 January
- Ernest Jones, psychiatrist (died 1958)
- Willie Llewellyn, Wales international rugby union (died 1973)
- 15 March -- David John Thomas, Wales international rugby union (died 1925)
- 7 April -- Philip Turnbull, hockey player (died 1930)
- 23 June -- Percy Bush, Wales international rugby union player (died 1955)
- 8 August -- Arthur Harding, Wales international rugby union captain (died 1947)
- 28 August -- E. E. Clive, actor and director (died 1940 in Hollywood)
- 29 August -- Donough O\'Brien, cricketer (died 1953)
- 3 September -- Illtyd Buller Pole-Evans, botanist (died 1968)
- 4 September -- Eliot Crawshay-Williams, politician and writer (died 1962)
- 12 September -- Rupert Davies, Welsh-Canadian politician (died 1967)
- 2 October -- Idris Bell, papyrologist (died 1967)
- 6 November -- George Daggar MP, politician (died 1950)
- 9 November -- S. O
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# Bristol Observer
The ***Bristol Observer*** started out as the *Kingswood and Keynsham Observer*, a weekly paper, but at this time it was a paid for publication. In 1981 it became part of the Bristol Observer series and was distributed free.
It underwent changes in editorial format and style, including a trashy sensationalist incarnation edited by Peter J. O\'Reilly for a few years in the early 2000s. It subsequently largely comprised a small selection of bland \"repurposed\" material from its sister *Bristol Post*, with *Post* editor Michael Norton also notionally overseeing the *Observer*.
In 2012, Local World acquired owner Northcliffe Media from Daily Mail and General Trust.
In 2017 the *Bristol Observer* was quietly closed, with no warning or announcement to readers. Its final publication was dated 30 November
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# Cory Bird
**Cory James Bird** (born August 10, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Indianapolis Colts from 2001 to 2004. Bird played college football at Virginia Tech and was selected in the third round of the 2001 NFL draft.
Bird was known for his ability to make open field tackles in crucial situations. At Virginia Tech, Bird was a three-time winner of the best conditioned athlete award, though his professional career was cut short with injuries. He attended Oakcrest High School in Hamilton Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey, where he was a standout wide receiver and wrestler. He lives with his wife and four children in Atlantic County, New Jersey.
Bird also is partial owner of Bird Electric in Mays Landing, New Jersey and former owner of a barbershop known as the \"41 Spot\"
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# Trio → Live
***Trio → Live*** is a live album by Pat Metheny, released in 2000, recorded with Bill Stewart and Larry Grenadier. It was recorded as a live complement to the trio's studio album *Trio 99→00*, released the same year. The album covers a mixture of standards, older pieces by Metheny (such as the title track from his debut album *Bright Size Life*) and recent compositions. It was recorded live during 1999 and 2000 on tour in Europe, Japan and the United States, and was co-produced by Steve Rodby
| 91 |
Trio → Live
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# Joyce Thies
**Joyce Thies** is an American writer of romance novels. She began her writing career as a coauthor with Janet Bieber, writing under the names Janet Joyce and Jenna Lee Joyce; together they wrote more than fifteen romances. Now, she writes romance novels under her real name
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# Dunn's lark
**Dunn\'s lark** (***Eremalauda dunni***) is a small passerine bird of the lark family. It is a desert bird which is found across parts of the Sahara from Mauritania to central Sudan.
## Taxonomy and systematics {#taxonomy_and_systematics}
Dunn\'s lark was originally described as belonging to the genus *Calendula* and has also been classified by some authorities as belonging to the genus *Ammomanes*.
Stark\'s lark was formerly also classified in the genus *Eremalauda*; it has since been moved to *Spizocorys*, leaving Dunn\'s lark as the only species in the genus *Eremalauda*.
The Arabian lark (*E. eremodites*) of the Arabian Peninsula was formerly considered conspecific, but was classified as a distinct species by the Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive and by Birdlife International, and later by the International Ornithological Congress.
## Description
Dunn\'s lark is a stocky bird with a large head and broad wings. It is 14 to 15 cm long with a wingspan of 25 to 30 cm. The upperparts are pale sandy-brown with darker streaks. The underparts are whitish with some dark streaks on the breast. There is a pale stripe over the eye and a pale ring around it. Birds have dark moustachial and malar stripes and a dark mark under the eye. The short, broad tail is black below while the upperside is black with rusty-brown central feathers and pale outer feathers. The bill is large, heavy and pale pinkish or yellowish in colour. After moulting, the birds become gradually duller and the dark markings fainter as the plumage becomes more worn.
The song is a scratchy warbling with short whistling phrases. Males sing either from the ground or in flight, hovering 30 metres or more above the ground.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
In Africa, the species has a scattered range from Mauritania through Mali, Niger and Chad to Sudan.
Dunn\'s larks are found in flat, arid areas with light vegetation such as grass and scattered bushes.
## Behaviour and ecology {#behaviour_and_ecology}
### Breeding
The nest is a scrape on the ground which is lined with vegetation. Two or three eggs are laid and are incubated for 13 to 16 days. They are white with blackish and lavender spots.
### Food and feeding {#food_and_feeding}
The diet mainly includes seeds and insects. Birds feed on the ground and sometimes dig for food with their bills. They typically feed in flocks outside the breeding season, moving nomadically in response to rainfall
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# Eremalauda
***Eremalauda*** is a genus of larks in the family Alaudidae
| 12 |
Eremalauda
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# Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association
The **Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association** is a trade union in the Leeward Islands and is registered in both Antigua and Barbados.
Currently, all of LIALPA\'s members fly for LIAT, a regional airline based in Antigua and owned by several eastern the Caribbean governments and organisations
| 52 |
Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association
| 0 |
11,090,484 |
# Star 69 (Fatboy Slim song)
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Error at (line 80, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Australia|23|artist=Fatboy Slim|song=Star 69|rowheader=true|access-date=16 July 2016}}
^
``
| 25 |
Star 69 (Fatboy Slim song)
| 0 |
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# Samuel C. Phillips
**Samuel Cochran Phillips** (19 February 1921 -- 31 January 1990) was a United States Air Force general who served as Director of NASA\'s Apollo program from 1964 to 1969, as commander of the Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO) from 1969 to 1972, as the seventh Director of the National Security Agency from 1972 to 1973, and as commander of the Air Force Systems Command from 1973 to 1975.
A 1942 graduate of the University of Wyoming, Phillips was commissioned in the Army through the Reserve Officers Training Corps. He transferred to the Army Air Corps, qualified as a fighter pilot, and flew two tours of duty in World War II with the Eighth Air Force\'s 364th Fighter Group. After the war he was an electronics officer during Operation Greenhouse nuclear weapon tests at Eniwetok Atoll, and served in project officer assignments with the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bomber, AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missile, and Bomarc surface-to-air missile programs. He helped negotiate the agreement with the United Kingdom for the deployment and use of the American Thor nuclear-armed intermediate-range ballistic missiles. In 1958, he was assigned to the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division of the Air Research and Development Command, as the Director of the Minuteman Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Program. As such, he oversaw the first deployments of Minuteman missiles in 1962.
In 1964, Phillips was seconded to NASA as the director of the Apollo program. He brought in Air Force personnel to fill project management positions, and instituted common procedures, documentation and terminology, to prevent potentially catastrophic failures and oversights. An *Apollo Configuration Management Manual* was issued in 1964, which was largely copied from the Air Force Systems Command\'s manual. Phillips proposed a system of design reviews and change control that would give managers both the authority and the information necessary to manage the project. Daily reports were sent to headquarters, where they were kept by a central control room he modeled on the one that he had used on the Minuteman project. The Apollo program\'s mission was accomplished in July 1969 with the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and Phillips returned to the Air Force.
## Early years and education {#early_years_and_education}
Phillips was born on 19 February 1921 in Springerville, Arizona, where his father was an electrician, and his mother was a schoolteacher. He was the oldest of six children; he had three brothers and two sisters. He attended public schools in Denver, Colorado, and Cheyenne, Wyoming, where he graduated from Cheyenne High School in 1938. He was interested in electricity and electrical equipment, and acquired an amateur radio license. There was a Civil Aeronautics Authority radio station at the airport, which was not far from Cheyenne High School, and Phillips learned about radio and aviation there. He secured a scholarship to the University of Wyoming, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1942. He was a member of Kappa Sigma fraternity. During his summer break in 1941, he earned his private pilot license.
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# Samuel C. Phillips
## Military service {#military_service}
On graduation from the University of Wyoming, where the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) was compulsory, Phillips was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the infantry. He sat a competitive examination for a regular commission, and was accepted. By the time he graduated, the United States had entered World War II. He then entered active military service, and in June 1942 went to Fort Benning, Georgia, where he received infantry officer training. He transferred to the Army Air Corps, attended flying school and earned his pilot wings. He married Betty Anne Brown, who was also from Cheyenne, at Fort Benning in August 1942. They had three daughters: Dana, Janie, and Kathleen.
Phillips was given basic flight training in PT-17 biplanes by civilian instructors at Rankin Field in Tulare, California, and then at Lemoore Army Airfield in Lemoore, California in PT-15 biplanes. This was followed by advanced training at Williams Army Airfield in Arizona in the P-322, a training version of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning. He was then assigned to the 364th Fighter Group, which was successively based at Glendale Airport, Van Nuys Airport, Ontario Army Airfield and Santa Maria Army Air Field in California, before moving to the UK, where it was based at RAF Honington as part of the Eighth Air Force. The 364th Fighter Group converted to the North American P-51 Mustang in the summer of 1944. The group\'s main role was escorting Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers on long-range bombing missions. Phillips completed two combat tours of duty in the European Theater of Operations. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with an oak leaf cluster, Air Medal with seven oak leaf clusters, and the French Croix de Guerre.
After the war, Phillips was assigned to the European Theater headquarters in Frankfurt, West Germany, where he served on the G-1 staff, which was responsible for personnel, and was headed by Major General James M. Brevans. In July 1947, he was transferred to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. Phillips\'s research and development assignments included six years with the Engineering Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio; duty as an electronics officer with the nuclear weapons experiments at Eniwetok Atoll during Operation Greenhouse; and in project officer assignments with the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bomber, the AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missile, and the Bomarc surface-to-air missile programs. He earned a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan in 1950.
Phillips returned to England in 1956, where he served with the 7th Air Division of the Strategic Air Command. He participated in the negotiation of the agreement with the United Kingdom for the deployment and use of the American Thor nuclear-armed intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM), which earned him the Legion of Merit. He returned to the United States in 1958, and was assigned to the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division of the Air Research and Development Command, in Los Angeles, California, as the Director of the Minuteman Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) program. He was promoted to brigadier general in April 1961. This made him the youngest general officer in the US armed forces at the time.
In July 1960, Phillips froze the design of Minuteman, precluding further design changes, even though he knew that its range was 1,000 mi short of its specified requirement. It was estimated that it would take between six months and a year of further development to achieve this. Given a choice between meeting the specification and meeting the schedule, he chose the latter. In 1962, the first Minuteman missiles were based at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana, from whence they could still reach their targets even with the reduced range. The increased range was achieved in time for the second Minuteman wing to be equipped with the longer-range version. He also decided, on his own authority, to install field maintenance points on the missile so maintenance could be performed in the field. This was contrary to the original design, but based on his experience with the B-52, Phillips believed that it was necessary.
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# Samuel C. Phillips
## NASA service {#nasa_service}
In 1963, George E. Mueller, NASA\'s incoming Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, was confronted by projects with large cost overruns and scheduling slippages that threatened the Apollo program\'s goal of putting a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Congress accepted that this would be very expensive, and was willing to pay the price to win the Space race, but took a dim view of repeated requests for additional funding simply because of NASA\'s poor forecasting. Mueller thought this was due to poor management skills; NASA had expanded rapidly, and its engineers had not worked on projects as large as Apollo. Mueller had worked for Ramo-Wooldridge on the Minuteman project, and he was aware of how Phillips had managed its schedule and costs, although they had not worked together. Mueller asked the head of the Air Force Systems Command (AFSC), General Bernard Schriever, if Phillips could be seconded to NASA as the program controller in the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF). Although Schriever was reluctant to part with one of his top ICBM project managers, he considered that the Air Force\'s Dyna-Soar and Manned Orbiting Laboratory programs could benefit from NASA experience. He agreed to Phillips\'s secondment to NASA, but only on the condition that Phillips was hired as the director of the Apollo program rather than as a mere underling. In December 1963, this was accomplished, and Phillips was assigned to NASA.
The following month, Phillips wrote to Schriever requesting that Air Force personnel be provided to fill program control positions in the OMSF. The AFSC sent two officers. Phillips then asked for 55 more. Such a large request prompted negotiations between NASA and the Air Force. The United States Secretary of the Air Force, Eugene M. Zuckert, agreed to consider the request, subject to NASA providing position statements so that he could ensure that the work would benefit their careers. The Air Force agreed that it would provide officers for tours of duty lasting at least three years. Phillips ultimately requested and received the assignment of 128 more officers, most of whom were based at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in Houston, Texas. The officers assigned included Brigadier General David M. Jones, who became his deputy; Colonel Edmund F. O\'Connor, as director of MSFC Industrial Operations; Colonel Samuel Yarchin, who became the deputy director of the Saturn V Project Office; and Colonel Carroll H. Bolender, who became the Apollo mission director. Phillips was promoted to the rank of major general in February 1964.
Phillips aggressively took on the job with constant daily meetings, phone contact, and visits to contractor sites which kept him on the road 75 per cent of the time. He described the job to *New York Times* reporter John Noble Wilford this way:
Through the institution of common procedures, documentation and terminology, Phillips hoped to prevent potentially catastrophic failures and oversights, and to head off criticism from the media, Congress and the Government Accountability Office. An important step was the issuance of the *Apollo Configuration Management Manual* in 1964, which was largely copied from the AFSC\'s manual. Phillips proposed a system of design reviews and change control that would give managers both the authority and the information necessary to manage the project. Daily reports were sent to headquarters, where they were kept by a central control room he modeled on the one that he had used on the Minuteman project.
In November 1965, Phillips personally took a tiger team to North American Aviation (NAA) in Downey, California, the prime contractor for the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) and the Saturn V\'s S-II second stage, to investigate problems of delays, quality shortfalls and cost overruns. On 19 December, he wrote a memo to NAA president Lee Atwood with a copy of a report of his findings and some recommended fixes, which he also sent to Mueller. Mueller also sent Atwood a follow-on letter strongly expressing his disappointment with the CSM and S-II problems, requiring a response by the end of January 1966 and a follow-on visit of Phillips\'s team in March. Phillips privately wrote to Mueller recommending that the president of NAA\'s Space and Information Systems Division, Harrison Storms, be replaced. Atwood brought Robert Greer, a retired Air Force major general, in to manage the S-II project at NAA.
Phillips was also concerned about cost and schedule overruns at Grumman, which was building the Apollo Lunar Module (LM), and he sent a management review team headed by Wesley L. Hjornevik to Grumman headquarters in Bethpage, New York. The review team found fault with Grumman\'s management and procedures. Grumman adopted a system of \"work packages\", under which the project was broken down into discrete tasks, each with its own personnel, budget and manager, but this did not resolve all of its problems. In February 1967, Thomas J. Kelly was replaced as project manager by Grumman vice president George F. Titterton, who was sent back from the executive suites to the factory building to manage the project.
When the Apollo 1 fire killed three astronauts in a ground test on 27 January 1967, just before what was to have been the first manned Apollo mission, a Congressional investigation uncovered the existence of what came to be known as \"the Phillips Report\". NASA Administrator James E. Webb was called before Congress and when questioned by Senator Walter Mondale, he testified that he was unaware of the existence of the report. He only found out about it from Phillips and Mueller after the hearing. However, Congress found no fault with Phillips\'s management system. Webb now insisted that NAA remove Storms, and he was replaced by William D. Bergen.
The fire led Phillips to institute stricter measures to ensure quality and safety. Safety offices were established at every NASA field center in September 1967, and the following month the MSC created the Spacecraft Incident Investigation and Reporting Panel. The design of the first CSM and LM was frozen in October 1967, except for essential changes, which had to be approved by the MSC senior management board. Software changes were also restricted in February 1968. By this time, Phillips felt that restrictions had gone too far, and in October managers were permitted to approve minor changes, although any affecting schedules still had to be approved by the senior management board.
With the Apollo project moving again, but seriously behind schedule, Phillips prevailed upon Webb to authorize sending Apollo 8 on a mission to orbit the Moon. At a small dinner party before the launch of Apollo 10 in May 1969, Wernher von Braun, the director of the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, praised Phillips as the one most responsible for pulling the many pieces of the Apollo program together and making them work on time.
During the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969 which achieved the program\'s manned landing goal, Phillips announced his intention to leave NASA and return to Air Force duty. During his NASA service, he was promoted to lieutenant general.
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# Samuel C. Phillips
## Return to Air Force duties {#return_to_air_force_duties}
In September 1969, Phillips assumed command of the Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO), of the Air Force Systems Command in Los Angeles. In August 1972, he was appointed the seventh Director of the National Security Agency (DIRNSA) and the Chief of the Central Security Service. After two years in those positions, he was assigned as the commander of the Air Force Systems Command at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, in August 1973. He retired from the Air Force in 1975 as a general.
In the wake of the 1986 Space Shuttle *Challenger* disaster, NASA Administrator James C. Fletcher asked Phillips to lead a team to report on NASA\'s management. Phillips found that it had decayed since the days of Project Apollo, with the centers asserting their independence. He recommended strengthening NASA headquarters\' control, and placing both the Space Shuttle and Space Station *Freedom* under a single manager.
## Death
Phillips died of cancer in Palos Verdes, California, on 31 January 1990. He was buried in the United States Air Force Academy Cemetery in Colorado Springs, Colorado, with military honors. His papers are in the Library of Congress.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
Phillips was a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He was selected for a fellowship by that organization in October 1969 for \"notable and valuable contributions to sciences and technology.\" In addition, Phillips was a fellow of the American Astronautical Society; an honorary member of the national business fraternity, Alpha Kappa Psi; a member of the Board of Governors of the \"National Space Club\"; a member of the board of directors of the United Services Automobile Association, and the president of the Military Benefit Association.
Phillips was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal in September 1969 for his service with NASA, and again in July 1972 for his service as the Commander of SAMSO. He also was awarded two NASA Distinguished Service Medals by that agency, in 1968 and 1969, for his leadership of the Apollo program, and he was given an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Wyoming in June 1963.
On 26 September 1971, Phillips was awarded the Smithsonian Institution\'s Langley Gold Medal in aviation and space exploration for his contributions to the Apollo Program from 1964 to 1969. He was the 14th recipient of the Langley Medal since the award was first presented to the Wright Brothers in 1909. In April 1971, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for his leadership and his direction of the Minuteman missile Program and of the Apollo Program. Phillips received the General Thomas D. White U.S. Air Force Space Trophy on 11 September 1972 and the Flying Tiger Pilot Trophy (awarded by the American Volunteer Group) on 7 July 1973
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# ShowBusiness: The Road to Broadway
***ShowBusiness: The Road to Broadway*** is a 2005 American documentary film, the first feature film directed by Dori Berinstein, a Broadway Producer, Writer and filmmaker. Berinstein completed the film in 2005. The film premiered at the 2005 Tribeca Film Festival. The film was named one of the top 5 films of 2006 by the IDA (International Documentary Association) and received the Grand Jury Prize for Best Documentary at the 2006 Florida Film Festival. The film was released commercially in 2007, with the first such showings on 11 May 2007 in New York City.
## Production
Berinstein filmed each principal musical on Broadway for her project during the 2003-2004 season, for about 600 hours of initial film footage. She focused the film on four musicals, through the difficulties of pre-production, their openings, attendant publicity around the shows, and their reviews, through the 2004 Tony Award competition. The four musicals, three of which were nominated for Best Musical at the Tony Awards that season, were:
- *Wicked*
- *Taboo*
- *Caroline, or Change*
- *Avenue Q*
The film climaxes with the 2004 Tony Awards ceremony at which *Avenue Q* won Best Musical over *Wicked* and *Caroline, or Change*. In addition to coverage of the musicals themselves, the movie includes interviews with New York theatre critics, and footage of several theatre critics discussing in a restaurant the various musicals and their predictions for the Tony Award winners.
## Cast
- Alan Cumming
- Boy George
- Idina Menzel
- Rosie O\'Donnell
- Kristin Chenoweth
- Raul Esparza
- Euan Morton
- George C. Wolfe
- Tonya Pinkins
- Robert Lopez
- Jeff Marx
- Tony Kushner
- Stephen Schwartz
- Stephanie D\'Abruzzo
## Reception
### Critical response {#critical_response}
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 89% based on 54 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The website\'s critics consensus states: \"Made with obvious care and attention, Showbusiness is an entertaining, insightful look into Broadway.\" `{{MC film|73|14|ref=yes|access-date=June 9, 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Theatre critic Michael Riedel received harsh criticism from actors and songwriters who were subjects of the film, after seeing his comments in the film.
### Release
*ShowBusiness: The Road to Broadway* premiered at the 2005 Tribeca Film Festival. The film was released on DVD on October 16, 2007 by Liberation Entertainment
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# Art Bleeds
***Art Bleeds*** is the first album by Italian technical death metal band Gory Blister. Originally an Independent record, it was re-issued by Sekhmet Records in November 2003.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Primordial Scenery\" -- 4:01
2. \"As Blood Moves\" -- 3:25
3. \"Art Bleeds\" -- 3:09
4. \"Mermaids Beloved\" -- 1:21
5. \"Anticlimax\" -- 3:13
6. \"Cognitive Sinergy\" -- 3:49
7. \"Snowfall\" -- 3:03
8. \"A Gout From the Scar\" -- 3:25
9. \"Comet\... and Her Trail of Spiritual Dust\" - 3:54
10
| 87 |
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| 0 |
11,090,592 |
# Janet Joyce
**Janet Joyce** is a pseudonym used for the partnership of American writers Janet Bieber and Joyce Thies. Together they have written more than 15 romance novels
| 29 |
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| 0 |
11,090,603 |
# Cuban Academy of Sciences
The **Cuban Academy of Sciences** (*Academia de Ciencias de Cuba*) is an official institution of the Cuban state, with headquarters in the National Capitol building in Havana. It is described as the oldest active national academy of sciences outside Europe. The Academy is with a national scope, independent and consultative in the area of science, and the successor of the former Royal Academy of Medicine, Physical and Natural Sciences of Havana, and is also attached to the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment.
The Academy represents the fields of Agrarian and Fisheries Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, Exact, and Natural Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities, and Technical Sciences. Its members are nominated by scientific research institutions, universities, scientific societies as well as various other national organizations.
## History
Cuba\'s first Academy of Sciences was founded by decree of Queen Isabella II of Spain on May 19, 1861, as the Royal Academy of Medical, Physical, and Natural Sciences of Havana. Its original headquarters now houses the Carlos J. Finlay Historical Museum of Sciences. In 1902 with the establishment of the Republic of Cuba, the word Royal was dropped from its title. In 1962 the Cuban government created the National Commission for the Academy of Sciences of Cuba, and in 1976 the Academy of Sciences of Cuba was established as a National Institute. In 1980 the Academy acquired the rank of a Ministry, encompassing all of the country\'s scientific and technological activity. In April 1996 it was established in its present form with a mission as follows: \"to foster Cuban science, to disseminate national and universal scientific progress, to recognize the scientific research of excellence in the country, to raise ethic professional standards and social recognition of science, and to strengthen links between scientists and their organizations, both among themselves, with society at large, and with the rest of the world.\"
Over the last few decades, the Cuban Academy has worked with the U.S. Smithsonian Institution on scientific exchanges despite frayed political relations between the two nations.
## Awards
The Cuban Academy of Sciences presents the following awards:
- Award of the Academy of Sciences of Cuba
- Award of the Third World Academy of Sciences for Cuban Scientific Youth (TWAS)
| 373 |
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| 0 |
11,090,611 |
# Tim Carter (basketball)
**Tim Carter** (born June 13, 1956) is the former head men\'s basketball coach at South Carolina State University. He was previously the head coach at the University of Texas at San Antonio, where he is the all-time winningest coach in the university\'s history. Carter became the head coach at South Carolina State in 2007, and finished 13-20 in his debut season. He then posted back-to-back winning seasons, and the 2009-10 season reached the MEAC final. In February 2013, Carter abruptly resigned, as his team was mired in a 26-game conference losing streak
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| 0 |
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# Clasp-knife response
**Clasp-knife response** is a Golgi tendon reflex with a rapid decrease in resistance when attempting to flex a joint, usually during a neurological examination. It is one of the characteristic responses of an upper motor neuron lesion. It gets its name from the resemblance between the motion of the limb and the sudden closing of a claspknife after sufficient pressure is applied.
## Cause
When a joint is passively flexed, the resisting force comes from the stretch reflex (or sometimes called tendon reflex) resulting from the extensor muscle being stretched. In upper motor neuron lesions, muscle tonus may increase and resistance of muscle to stretch increases. However, if sufficient force is applied, limb resistance suddenly decreases, presumably mediated by the Golgi tendon reflex (also call autogenic inhibition).
## Mechanism
This reflex is observed in patients with upper motor neuron lesions. It was frequently attributed to the action of the golgi tendon organ, likely because of early studies showing that tendon organs are activated by strong muscle stretch and inhibit motor neurons of the stretched muscle. It was thought that this was a protective reflex, preventing application of so much force that muscles become damaged. More recent work strongly suggests that tendon organs are not involved in the clasp knife reflex, but that other sensory receptors in muscles are responsible.
## Example
Passive flexion of elbow meets immediate resistance due to stretch reflex in the triceps muscle. Further stretch activates inverse stretch reflex. The resistance to flexion suddenly collapses, and the elbow flexes. Continued passive flexion stretches the muscle and the sequence may be repeated.
As the muscle tone increases, resistance against flexion of the limb increases as well. However, when flexion is continued, further stretching of the triceps muscle activates an inverse stretch reflex that relaxes the muscle due to autogenic inhibition
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# Suntetsu
The `{{nihongo|'''''suntetsu'''''|寸鉄}}`{=mediawiki} is a Japanese concealed weapon. A suntetsu is a metal rod/spike about 15 cm in length with a ring attached to it. The middle finger is inserted into the ring and the suntetsu rests in the hand by various grips. Suntetsu are small, easy to conceal and relatively simple to learn how to use. Suntetsu are used for stabbing, poking, pinching, striking, smashing, scraping and throwing. Suntetsu can be used alone or as a pair
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# Rodney L. Johnson
Brigadier General **Rodney L. Johnson** (13 April 1955`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}24 December 2023) was a senior officer of the United States Army as the 9th Commanding General of the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command and the 12th Provost Marshal General of the Army.
## Biography
Johnson was born in Atkinson, Nebraska and raised in the rural area of Burke, South Dakota. He graduated from South Dakota State University in May 1977, and subsequently received a Reserve Army commission as a second lieutenant in the Military Police Corps. The source of his commissioned service was the Reserve Officer Training Corps. Johnson died on 24 December 2023.
### Military assignments {#military_assignments}
- Commander, 545th Division MP Company (1st Cav Div), Fort Hood Texas;
- S3, 720th MP Battalion, Fort Hood, Texas;
- Chief, Plans Branch, Office of the Provost Marshal, HQ USAREUR;
- Executive Officer, 97th MP Battalion in the Federal Republic of Germany (1989--1994);
- Commander, 720th MP Battalion, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and Fort Hood, Texas;
- Chief, Current Operations, Department of Military Support, ODCSOPS, Washington, DC;
- Commander, 14th Military Police Brigade, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri;
- Executive Officer, Director of the Army Staff, Washington, DC,
- Executive Officer, Commanding General TRADOC, Fort Monroe, Virginia.
- Commandant, United States Army Military Police School -- 28 June 2004 to July 7, 2006
- Provost Marshal General of the Army and commanding general, United States Army Criminal Investigation Command -- 14 July 2006.
## Education
Johnson had a Bachelor of Science degree in sociology from South Dakota State University; a Master of Science degree in Police Science and Public Administration from Wichita State University; and a Master of Science degree in National Security Strategy from the National War College. His military education included the MP Officer Basic Course, the MP Officer Advanced Course, the Combined Arms Services Staff School, the Command and General Staff College, the DoD Emergency Preparedness Course, and the National War College. He was also a graduate of the FBI National Academy.
## Honors and awards {#honors_and_awards}
- Army Distinguished Service Medal
- Legion of Merit (with 3 Oak Leaf Clusters)
- Defense Meritorious Service Medal
- Meritorious Service Medal (with 4 Oak Leaf Clusters)
- Army Commendation Medal (with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters)
- Army Achievement Medal
- Parachutist Badge
- Army Staff Identification Badge
Other decorations and awards include: National Defense Service Medal (Bronze Star), Humanitarian Service Medal, Military Outstanding Volunteer Service Medal (OLC), Armed Forces Reserve Medal, Army Service Ribbon, Overseas Service Medal, Airborne Wings. Additionally, he wears the Joint Meritorious Unit Award (OLC), the Army Superior Unit Award (OLC), and the Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation; and is an MPOA Distinguished Honor Graduate, USAMPS Distinguished Instructor, CGSC Military Police Honor Graduate; and recipient of the Military Police Regimental Association\'s Order of The Marechaussee
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# University of Peloponnese
The **University of** (**the**) **Peloponnese** (**UoP**; *Πανεπιστήμιο Πελοποννήσου*, ΠΑΠΕΛ, **PAPEL**) is a Greek tertiary educational institution, composed of campuses in Tripoli, Corinth, Kalamata, Nafplio, Sparta, and Patras.
The University of Peloponnese offers 22 undergraduate study programs that grant corresponding titles (Bachelor or Integrated Master) and 36 postgraduate study programs. Patras houses the Polytechnic School of the University of Peloponnese, which houses the departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering.
The emblem of the institution is Pelops.
## History
The University of Peloponnese was founded in 2000 by Presidential Decree 13/2000. It has its headquarters in Tripoli and is developing at the level of integrated Schools in the capitals of the Prefectures of the Peloponnese Region, Tripoli, Kalamata, Sparta, Nafplio and Corinth as well as in Patras.
The operation of the University was inaugurated on September 20, 2002 with the opening of the Department of Computer Science and Technology and the Department of Telecommunications Science and Technology of the Faculty of Science and Technology.
In May 2019 with the Law 4610 on Synergies of Universities and TEI, both the former TEI of Peloponnese in the city of Kalamata as well as the School of Technological Applications of the former TEI of Western Greece in the city of Patras, joined the Peloponnese University.
The aim of the establishment and operation of the University of Peloponnese is to make a creative contribution to the development of higher education in the Greek region, with high-quality standards that meet the requirements of a modern University with national, European and international scope.
The University of Peloponnese refers to Greece and Hellenism, aspiring to acquire strong ties with the Greek diaspora and to become a pole of cooperation and intellectual creation for Greeks everywhere.
The Rectorate of the University is housed near the city center, in the house where the poet Kostas Karyotakis was born.
## Schools and departments {#schools_and_departments}
The University of Peloponnese offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral studies, as well as post-doctoral research and educational lifelong learning activities.
## Undergraduate programs {#undergraduate_programs}
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Schools | Departments |
+===============================================================================================================================+==========================================================================+
| [School of](https://www.uop.gr/en/school-economics-and-technology) Economics and Technology | - Department of Informatics and Telecommunications |
| | - Department of Economics |
| | - Department of Management Science and Technology |
| | - Department of Digital Systems |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [School of](https://www.uop.gr/en/school-humanities-and-cultural-studies) Humanities and Cultural Studies | - Department of Philology |
| | - Department of History, Archaeology and Cultural Resources Management |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [School of](https://www.uop.gr/en/school-social-and-political-sciences) Social and Political Sciences | - Department of Political Science and International Relations |
| | - Department of Social and Education policy |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [School of](https://www.uop.gr/en/school-arts) Fine Arts | - Department of Theatre Studies |
| | - Department of Performing and Digital Arts |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [School of](https://www.uop.gr/en/school-human-movement-and-quality-life-science) Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences | - Department of Sports Organization and Management |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [School of](https://www.uop.gr/en/school-agriculture-and-food) Agriculture and Food | - Department of Agriculture |
| | - Department of Food Science and Technology |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [School of](https://www.uop.gr/en/school-management) Management | - Department of Accounting and Finance |
| | - Department of Business and Organization Administration |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [School of](https://www.uop.gr/en/school-health-sciences) Health Sciences | - Department of Nursing |
| | - Department of Physiotherapy |
| | - Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics |
| | - Department of Speech Therapy |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [School of](https://www.uop.gr/en/school-engineering) Engineering | - Department of Mechanical Engineering |
| | - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering |
| | - Department of Civil Engineering |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
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# University of Peloponnese
## Postgraduate programs {#postgraduate_programs}
36 postgraduate programs (5 in English and 8 in collaboration with Greek and foreign universities):
### Department of Philology {#department_of_philology}
- Ancient and Modern Greek Philology.
- The Byzantine World: Its Relationship with Antiquity and Modern Hellenism (in collaboration with the Institute for Byzantine Culture Research (IN.E.B.Y.P.), E.P.I. of the University of Peloponnese).
### Department of Political Science and International Relations {#department_of_political_science_and_international_relations}
- Governance and Public Policies.
- Mediterranean Studies (Joint Graduate Program of the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the University of Peloponnese and the Department of Economics and Finance of Neapolis University Pafos, Cyprus).
- Global Challenges and Systems Analysis.
- Local and Regional Development and Governance (in collaboration with the Department of Business Administration of the University of Piraeus and the Department of Economics of the University of Thrace).
### Department of Informatics and Telecommunications {#department_of_informatics_and_telecommunications}
- Space Science, Technologies, and Applications.
### Department of Theatre Studies {#department_of_theatre_studies}
- Dramatic Art and Performing Arts in Education and Lifelong Learning.
- Theatre and Society: Theory, Stage Practice, and Didactics.
### Department of Informatics and Telecommunications {#department_of_informatics_and_telecommunications_1}
- Computer Science.
- Modern Wireless Communications.
- Space Science, Technologies, and Applications (in collaboration with the National Observatory of Athens).
- Data Science (in collaboration with the National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\").
### Department of Economics {#department_of_economics}
- Organization and Management of Public Services, Public Organizations, and Enterprises.
### Department of Accounting and Finance {#department_of_accounting_and_finance}
- Accounting and Finance.
- Management and Financial Planning for Public and Private Sector Executives.
### Department of Sports Organization and Management {#department_of_sports_organization_and_management}
- Organization and Management of Sports Activities for People with Disabilities (PwD).
- Management of Sports Organizations and Enterprises.
- Olympic Studies, Olympic Education, Organization, and Management of Olympic Events.
- Ethics and Integrity in Sports (within the Erasmus Mundus program in collaboration with Swansea University (United Kingdom), Katholieke University (Belgium), Pompeu Fabra University (Spain), Charles University (Czech Republic), Johannes Gutenberg University (Germany)).
### Department of History, Archaeology, and Cultural Heritage Management {#department_of_history_archaeology_and_cultural_heritage_management}
- Cultural Heritage Materials and Technologies (in collaboration with the National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\" and the National Observatory of Athens).
- Modern and Contemporary History: New Perspectives and Prospects.
### Department of Social and Educational Policy {#department_of_social_and_educational_policy}
- Educational Policy: Design, Development, and Administration.
- Social Policy.
- Higher Education Policy: Theory and Practice (in collaboration with the Department of Education Sciences and Social Work of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Patras and the Department of Primary Education of the University of the Aegean).
### Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering {#department_of_electrical_and_computer_engineering}
- Technologies and Services of Intelligent Information and Telecommunications Systems.
- Modern Applications of Electric Power Systems.
### Department of Mechanical Engineering {#department_of_mechanical_engineering}
- Mechanical Design with Digital Technologies.
### Department of Civil Engineering {#department_of_civil_engineering}
- Protection of Structures from Natural Disasters
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# University of Peloponnese
## Doctoral Studies {#doctoral_studies}
The third study cycle of the University of Peloponnese concerns the organization of Doctoral Study Programs (D.P.S.), with a minimum duration of three (3) academic years, the successful completion of which leads to level eight (8) of the National and European Qualifications Framework , in accordance with Article 47 of Law 4763/2020.
The doctoral studies in the Departments of University of Peloponnese aim to promote original scientific research and to make a substantial contribution to the development of knowledge in at least one (1) scientific field and lead to the acquisition of a doctoral degree after the preparation and successful support of a doctoral thesis.
The third-cycle study programs in the Departments of University of Peloponnese include the mandatory preparation of a doctoral thesis in a subject related to the scientific area of the Department and may include an independent course program for doctoral studies, which consists of attending and successfully completing a comprehensive course or other educational or research activities, corresponding to a minimum of thirty (30) credits (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System ECTS).
## Research
About 200 competitive research projects are in progress.
- Participation in 7 Horizon2020 and 20 Erasmus+ projects
- 95 internationally funded projects
- 85 nationally funded projects
## Outward orientation {#outward_orientation}
- Collaboration with 8 national and 13 foreign Universities
- Collaboration with 30 national and 3 international organizations (Ministries, Regions, Municipalities, Chambers, Institutes, Research centres, Charity organizations, etc.)
Social contribution via:
- The collaboration with the Region of Peloponnese
- Staff, students and alumni involvement in a wide range of activities
## Erasmus+ and UoP {#erasmus_and_uop}
250 Interinstitutional Agreements in 26 countries
Students' Mobility
- 306 students have studied and 221 have trained abroad
- 171 students have studied and 99 have trained in Greece
Teaching Staff Mobility
- 103 members of teaching staff have gained new teaching experiences in an international context and 119 came to the University of Peloponnese
Administrative Staff Mobility
- 89 members of administrative staff have undertaken learning and/or professional experience in other countries and 66 came to the University of Peloponnese.
## Academic evaluation {#academic_evaluation}
In 2016 the external evaluation committee gave University of Peloponnese a positive evaluation.
An external evaluation of all academic departments in Greek universities was conducted by the Hellenic Quality Assurance and Accreditation Agency (HQAA).
## Modern Greek classes {#modern_greek_classes}
The university offers summer Greek classes in the Kalamata campus. The program is directed at Greeks living abroad, especially in the United States, Canada, Australia and the UK. For people of Greek descent who have at least one grandparent from the Messenia province, the classes are free as are room and food during the one-month program. The World Council of Messenians Abroad provides the funding for the scholarship program.
## Erasmus programme {#erasmus_programme}
The University of Peloponnese participates in LLP Erasmus Program (Studies and Placement). They welcome students from:
- Member -- states of the European Union `{{Flag|European Union}}`{=mediawiki}
- States -- members of the European Economic Area: `{{Flag|Iceland}}`{=mediawiki},`{{Flag|Norway}}`{=mediawiki}
-
-
## Student life {#student_life}
Modern, multidisciplinary, regional and multi-campus university
- Reunions -- annual gathering of alumni held the weekend before graduation
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# The Love Experience
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{{album chart|Billboard200|46|artist=Raheem DeVaughn|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 22, 2023|refname="Billboard200"}}
^
``
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# José María Eguren
**José María Eguren Rodríguez** (July 7, 1874, Lima -- April 19, 1942, Lima) was a Peruvian writer. Although principally known for his poetry, Eguren was also a journalist, painter, photographer and an inventor.
Very much a post-modernist writer, notable works include *Simbólicas* (1911) and *La canción de las figuras* (1916).
## Biography
Source:
Eguren was born in Lima on July 7, 1874. His parents were Eulalia Rodríguez Hercelles and José María Eguren y Cáceda, who had him baptized on the same day of his birth in the San Sebastián parish. Due to health problems, he was weak and sickly since he was little. As a kid and teenager, he would spend much of his time out in the fields, such as the ranches of Chuquitanta and Pro, which his father managed, and where his family fled to in order to escape the wreckage caused by the War of the Pacific, and above all, the Occupation of Lima. It is possible that these experiences provided him with a closeness to nature that refined his senses, which was later reflected in his poetry. In his youth, Eguren belatedly began to attend school, starting his studies in 1884 at the age of ten in the Colegio de la Inmaculada run by Jesuits, and then in the Scientific Institute of Lima. A while later, he abandoned his conventional studies and instead took to teaching himself, with the help of his older brother and mentor Jorge.
In 1897, after the death of both his parents and the splitting up`{{clarify|date=November 2023|reason=what is splittng up referring to here?}}`{=mediawiki} of his family, he moved to the district of Barranco with his older sisters Susan and Angelica (who remained single for the rest of their lives), with whom he would continue to live for the rest of his life. Barranco was a serene seaside town close to Lima, and Eguren resided there in peace and tranquility for more than thirty years, where his friends and apprentices such as fellow poets Martín Adán and Emilio Adolfo Westphalen would come to visit.
For persisting health reasons, Eguren compensated for his lack of formal education by reading extensively, at first, the works of romantic and modernist writers and poets like Julio Herrera y Reissig, and later on, the works of European decadent and symbolist poets, primarily French ones, like Baudelaire, Verlaine, Mallarmé, but also D\'Annunzio and Edgar Allan Poe. He also read children\'s literature (Brothers Grimm, Andersen), and works from the masters of Preraphaelism and English Aestheticism (Ruskin, Rossetti, Wilde). Each of these writers left some sort of impression on Eguren, but a well-absorbed and very personal one nonetheless, that influenced his creativity and aesthetic beliefs.
Eguren died on April 19, 1942, at the age of 67.
## Features of symbolism {#features_of_symbolism}
José María Eguren is a great representative of symbolism in Peru.
- **Musicality**: The words are worth more for their noise level, which by its semantic content.
- **The suggestion:** The word must denote not only connote
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# For Django
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``
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# Ligustrum obtusifolium
***Ligustrum obtusifolium*** (**border privet** or **Amur privet**) is a species of privet, native to Japan, Korea and northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang). The species is considered invasive in parts of the United States. It has become very common in southern New England, the mid-Atlantic States, and the Great Lakes regions, with scattered occurrences in the South, the Great Plains, and Washington state. With *Ligustrum ovalifolium* it is a parent of the widespread hybrid *Ligustrum × ibolium*.
*Ligustrum obtusifolium* is a deciduous shrub growing to 3 m tall. The leaves are 1 to long and 4 to broad.
There are three subspecies:
- *Ligustrum obtusifolium* subsp. *obtusifolium*. Japan.
- *Ligustrum obtusifolium* subsp. *microphyllum* (Nakai) P.S.Green. Eastern China, Korea, Japan.
- *Ligustrum obtusifolium* subsp. *suave* (Kitagawa) Kitagawa. Northeastern China.
## Etymology
*Ligustrum* means 'binder'. It was named by Pliny and Virgil
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# Orison Swett Marden
`{{NewThought}}`{=mediawiki} Dr. **Orison Swett Marden** (1848--1924) was an American inspirational author who wrote about achieving success in life and founded *Success* magazine in 1897. His writings discuss common-sense principles and virtues that make for a well-rounded, successful life. Many of his ideas are based on New Thought philosophy.
His first book, *Pushing to the Front* (1894), became an instant best-seller. Marden later published fifty or more books and booklets, averaging two titles per year.
## Biography
### The \"Bound Out\" Orphan {#the_bound_out_orphan}
Marden was born 11 June 1848 in Thornton Gore, New Hampshire, to Lewis and Martha Marden. When he was three years old, his mother died at the age of 22, leaving Orison and his two sisters in the care of their father, who was a farmer, hunter, and trapper. When Orison was seven years old, his father died from injuries incurred while in the woods. Consequently, the children were shuttled from one guardian to another, with Orison working for five successive families as a \"hired boy\" to earn his keep.
During his early to mid-teens, Marden discovered a book entitled *Self-Help* by Scottish author Samuel Smiles in an attic. The book marked a turning point in his life, inspiring him to improve himself and his circumstances. Marden valued the book as if it were \"worth its weight in diamonds\" and virtually committed its contents to memory. He developed a deep respect and admiration for the author, whose work instilled in him a desire to inspire others as Samuel Smiles had done for him.
Marden\'s young manhood was marked by remarkable energy and unbroken achievement. By his early thirties, he had earned his academic degrees in science, arts, medicine and law. During his college years he supported himself by working in a hotel and afterward by becoming the owner of several hotels and a resort. He remained a successful hotel owner till his early forties (see \"Timeline\" for dates and other details).
### *Pushing to the Front* (1894) {#pushing_to_the_front_1894}
At age 44, Marden switched careers to professional authorship. It was a bold decision to which he had given careful thought, having suffered repeated business reversals and a hotel fire. His fervent sense of idealism along with an urgent sense of \"now or never\" in middle life spurred him onward in his new goal.
Margaret Connolly, a contemporary who worked for Marden\'s publishing firm in the early 1900s, describes the incident of the hotel fire, his narrow escape from death, and the loss of his original manuscript, which he later re-wrote and entitled *Pushing to the Front.* Marden\'s unwavering determination to start from scratch after this devastating loss was characteristic of the man and his writings. Connolly writes:
: *Over five thousand pages of manuscripts -- the fruit of all the spare time he had been able to snatch from nearly fifteen crowded years of business life -- had gone up in smoke\...*
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: *Having nothing but his nightshirt on when he escaped from the fire, he went down the street to provide himself with necessary clothing. As soon as this had been attended to, he bought a twenty-five-cent notebook, and, while the ruins of the hotel were still smoking, began to rewrite from memory the manuscript of his dream book.*
Overwhelmed and heartbroken, Marden picked himself up and started all over again. With little money, but with much time on his hands, he decided to rewrite the manuscript. He took a train for Boston, boarded an inexpensive little room, and threw himself energetically into his work. In a short time, he finished writing not only his dream book - *Pushing to the Front* - but also a second book, *Architects of Fate*. He then made three manuscripts of *Pushing to the Front* and submitted them to three Boston publishing firms for approval. All three firms wanted to publish the book upon a first reading of the manuscript. Ultimately, it was published by Houghton, Mifflin & Company (Boston) and presented to the public on December 1, 1894.
*Pushing to the Front* (1894) became the single greatest runaway classic in the history of personal development books at that time. American presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, as well as England\'s Prime Minister William Gladstone, praised the book. People like Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, Harvey Firestone and J. P. Morgan cited it as inspiration. In summing up the scope and impact of Marden\'s first literary effort, Connolly states that \"\[t\]wo hundred and fifty editions of *Pushing to the Front* have so far \[in 1925\] been published in this country alone. It is known and read in practically every country in the world.\" Marden went on to write 50 or more books and booklets during his career. Each of his books has produced dozens of famous quotes, and he is considered the base and inspiration of dozens of modern authors of self-help and motivation.
### *Success* Magazine (1897) {#success_magazine_1897}
Founded in 1897, Marden\'s *Success* magazine eventually grew to a circulation of about half a million subscribers. The publication had its own building and printing plant in New York and was backed by a workforce of two hundred or more employees. For his magazine, Marden wrote articles that focused on self-culture, personal development and principles of success. Other articles featured personal interviews of successful men and women. Notable public figures included the late president Teddy Roosevelt, the poet Julia Ward Howe, inventors Thomas Alva Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, and leading industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie. Over fifty of these interviews were later compiled into book form. The magazine is still published today by Dallas-based SUCCESS Partners.
Marden served as editor-in-chief in supervising the publication of the *Consolidated Encyclopedic Library* (1903, 1906, 1907), a collaborative work of nineteen volumes written for the benefit of the general public and young people in particular. He was also a regular contributor to Elizabeth Towne\'s New Thought magazine, *Nautilus,* during the first two decades of the twentieth century. During this time he served as the first president of the early New York City-based New Thought organization League for the Larger Life.
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# Orison Swett Marden
## Biography
### Timeline
Note: Information condensed from Margaret Connolly\'s *The Life Story of Orison Swett Marden* (1925) and Wende Marden Sinnaeve\'s *Out of the Ashes - The Life Story of Orison Swett Marden* (2004). Those marked with an asterisk are plausible approximates where no exact year was found. Events where no approximate year can be ascertained are marked (\--). `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- 1848 - Orison Marden is born in New Hampshire
- 1853\* - Martha Marden, mother of Orison, dies at age twenty-two
- 1856 (January) - Lewis Marden, father of Orison, dies from an accident in his early thirties
- 1856-57\* - Orison and his two sisters, Mary and Rose, are briefly taken into the home of their grandmother
- 1857\* - Orison is \"bound out\" to his first home (the Glover family) by his guardian, Herod Fifield
- 1857\* - Orison goes out on an errand and runs from a wildcat, fends off a bear and evades a catamount
- 1858\* - Orison is removed from the Glover family and placed in his second home (Mr and Mrs Strong, a Baptist couple)
- 1862\* - Orison is transferred to his third home (Mr and Mrs Chapman)
- 1864\* - After two years at the Chapman home, Orison runs away to serve a new master at his fourth home (the Foss family)
- (\--) In his early to mid-teens, Orison discovers Samuel Smiles\' book, *Self-Help*, in a dilapidated condition in an attic
- (\--) Orison takes residence on the land of a neighboring farmer, which probably became his fifth home
- (\--) Attends Colby Academy, a preparatory school in New London, New Hampshire
- (\--) Works for General Luther McCutchins during the summer where he earns his board for Colby Academy
- (\--) Teaches in a schoolhouse attended by unruly boys
- (\--) Attends New Hampton Institute, New Hampshire
- (\--) Secures a position as waiter at the Crawford House hotel during the summer
- 1873-74\* - Attends Andover Theological Seminary in Massachusetts to become a clergyman.
- 1874\* - Abandons his studies for the ministry, on the conviction that he was better suited for something else.
- 1877\* - Graduates *Bachelor of Arts* (B.A.), Boston University
- 1877 - Becomes second assistant clerk at Ocean View Hotel, Block Island, Rhode Island, during the summer season after graduation.
- 1877 - Promoted to hotel manager at Ocean View hotel by the end of the summer season.
- (\--) Graduates *Bachelor of Science* (B.S.), Boston University
- 1879 - Graduates *Bachelor of Oratory* (possible degree for B.O., see footnote) with honors, Boston University
- 1879 - Graduates *Master of Arts* (A.M.), Boston University
- 1881 - Graduates *Doctor of Medicine* (M.D.), Harvard Medical School
- 1882 - Graduates *Bachelor of Laws* (LL.B.), Boston University Law School
- 1882 - Sails for Europe (number of months is not given) and visits France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Great Britain and Ireland.
- (\--) Becomes owner of the Hotel Manisses, Block Island
- (\--) Becomes proprietor of the Palmer House, Grand Island, Nebraska
- (\--) Becomes proprietor of Midway Hotel, Kearney, Nebraska
- (\--) Elected as President of the Board of Trade in Kearney, Nebraska
- (\--) Becomes treasurer of the Fort George Island Company in Florida
- 1892 - Helps open a new hotel in South Dakota; manages the hotel, fits it up and buys furniture for it.
- 1893\* - Marden\'s hotel in Kearney, Nebraska, burns down along with his original manuscript for *Pushing to the Front.*
- 1893 - After business reversals, Marden was again working as a hotel manager, in Chicago, during the time that the World\'s Columbian Exposition was attracting visitors to that city from all over the world.
- 1894\* - Resolves to devote his efforts to professional authorship
- 1894\* - Takes a train for Boston and boards a cheap room where he writes *Pushing to the Front* and *Architects of Fate*
- 1894 - Publishes *Pushing to the Front*
- 1897 - *Success* magazine launched in Boston
- (\--) *Success* publishing firm becomes established in New York
- 1903 - At age 55 marries Clair Evans of Louisville, Kentucky. They have three children - Orison Jr., Mary Newell and Laura Fletcher.
- 1905\* - Buys a farm in Glen Cove, Long Island, soon after marriage, which serves as the homeplace of Dr. Marden and his family.
- 1912\* - *Success* publishing firm suffers from financial loss and collapses
- 1917 (or 1918) - Frederick C. Lowrey, a prominent Chicago businessman, helps Marden revive the *Success* publishing firm
- 1918 (January) - The first issue of the new *Success* magazine appears
- 1924 (January 26) - Honored by his staff of the *Success* firm in New York who see him for the last time
- 1924 (March 10) - Dr. Marden dies at age 75
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# Orison Swett Marden
## Philosophy and style {#philosophy_and_style}
### Philosophy
In addition to Samuel Smiles, Marden cited as influences on his thinking the works of Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and Ralph Waldo Emerson, both of whom were influential forerunners of what, by the 1890s, was called the New Thought Movement.
Like many proponents of the New Thought philosophy, Marden believed that our thoughts influence our lives and our life circumstances. Writing, \"We make the world we live in and shape our own environment.\" Yet although he is best known for his books on financial success, he always emphasized that this would come as a result of cultivating one\'s personal development: \"The golden opportunity you are seeking is in yourself. It is not in your environment; it is not in luck or chance, or the help of others; it is in yourself alone.\"
### Literary style {#literary_style}
Marden wrote in an energetic and readable style that used simple, yet lucid vocabulary. He favoured the \"bold headline\" approach and presented his ideas with brevity, directness and clarity. He also carried a distinctive American tone and syntax that modern readers may easily relate to.
Among the many subjects to be found in his writings, perhaps his strongest were in business, salesmanship and the art of balanced living. Other interests include literature, history, philosophy, biography, fine art, education, psychology, and physical health. Like Samuel Smiles, he expounded upon many of the virtues that make up success, such as self-reliance, perseverance, and hard work. His writings breathe a spirit of \"lofty austerity\" and focus on themes of adversity and triumph, defeat and victory, failure and success."
Marden often kept his writings simple, concrete, and grounded in reality. Indeed, he advises young writers to \"Live, Then Write\" and to \"Keep Close to Life.\" Yet along with this simplicity, his writings also displayed a remarkable talent for rhetorical flight. Marden made frequent use of metaphors and similes in conveying ethical principles and moral lessons. Objects or scenes observable in nature such as rocks, marbles, streams, trees, snows, and tempests imparted a sublime, poetic depth to his writing:
: *The frost, the snows, the tempests, the lightnings, are the rough teachers that bring the tiny acorn to the sturdy oak\...Obstacles, hardships are the chisel and mallet which shape the strong life into beauty
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# Leonora Baroni
**Leonora Baroni** (December 1611 -- 6 April 1670) was an Italian singer, theorbist, lutenist, viol player, and composer of the Baroque period.
## Biography
### Life and Career {#life_and_career}
Leonora Baroni was the daughter of Adriana Basile, a *virtuosa* singer, and Mutio Baroni. She was born at the Gonzaga court in Mantua. From 1624 to 1633. Baroni sang alongside her mother and sister Caterina at court and across Italy, including cities such as Naples, Genoa, and Florence. She was admired not only for her skill as a musician, in which she almost overshadowed her mother, but also for her learning and refined manners. She was even known to speak many different languages. Baroni was a gifted singer as well as a gifted instrumentalist on both the theorbo and viol. Baroni\'s mother performed on the *lira*, while her sister played the harp. In 1633, Baroni moved with her mother to Rome, where she sang at many salons in the Palazzo Barberini as a member of the Accademia degli Umoristi. She was considered a superior Italian chamber singer, and had success performing by herself as well as with her mother and sister.
After a series of poem were published about Baroni in 1639, her social position rose greatly. This fame sparked jealousy, leading to the vandalism of her families home later that year. In response, the Baroni family and their allies released a collection of improvised verses titled *L\'idea della veglia*. On 27 May 1640, Baroni married Giulio Cesare Castellani, Cardinal Francesco Barberini\'s personal secretary. In February 1644, Baroni moved to the French court of Anne of Austria briefly, but by April 1645 she was back in Rome, where she was a chamber singer. During her voyage back to Rome, Baroni stayed at the court of Christine of Savoy with whom she maintained a relationship sending vocal music throughout the following decade. Apparently she was not admired in Paris, perhaps because her Italian style of ornamented singing was too foreign to the court there. However, the queen regent did grant her a large sum of money as well as jewels. If her health had allowed, Baroni might have returned to France at a later time.
After returning to Rome in 1645, Baroni continued her life as a salon host within noble society. She continued performing even after her husband\'s death in 1662. She would typically accompany herself on the lute or theorbo. Her artistic reputation remained strong, especially due to her close relationship with Pope Clement IX (Monsignor Giulio Rospigliosi). Baroni died in 1670 in Rome.
### Legacy
Baroni is respected as a leading figure among female vocal soloists during the Baroque period. She was recognized as both a musician and composer while maintaining a prominent role within society. Baroni hosted prestigious social and political gatherings through her musical presence, leading her to become an glamorized noblewoman. This influence was especially seen during the papal election of Clement IX. Baroni soon became the subject of many tribute poems that highlight her as a symbol of the ideal court lady.
Baroni was honored by poets such as Fulvio Testi and Francesco Bracciolini, who addressed poems to her, as did some nobles, such as Annibale Bentivoglio and then-cardinal Pope Clement IX. These poems were collected and published as *Applausi poetici alle glorie della Signora Leonora Baroni* in 1639 and reprinted in 1641. John Milton later wrote a series of epigrams to her, entitled *Ad Leonoram Romae canentem (1639)*.Bertini/Parisi
Others praised Baroni for her challenging yet moving musical performances.
## Music
None of Baroni\'s compositions survive, but the French traveller and viol player André Maugars mentioned her compositions while praising the musical understanding of her singing. It is understood that Baroni was active in composition during the 17th century and composed strophic variations. She composed both music and verse, but there are no known compositions accredited to her. However, one of her sonnets appears in the *Applausi poetici*, and seven of her poems are included in *L\'idea della veglia*.
It can be assumed that Baroni\'s repertoire consisted mostly of solo songs, cantatas, and arias where she accompanied herself. This included both sacred and secular works. She sang in the Italian style, and was skilled in the emerging \'Stile recitativo\' which included text interpretation and more speak-like singing. Baroni was proficient in both enharmonic and chromatic techniques, demonstrating her training in contemporary and traditional musical styles
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# Morishima
**Morishima** (written: 森嶋 or 森島 lit. \"forest island\") is a Japanese surname
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# Egyptair Cargo
**Egyptair Cargo** is the cargo division of the Egyptian national airline Egyptair. It operates using both its own dedicated aircraft and the cargo-carrying capacity of its sister passenger airline. Its main base is Cairo International Airport.
## History
Egyptair Cargo was formed in 2002 from the existing cargo activities of Egyptair, on the creation of The Egyptair Holding Company, as one of its subsidiaries. The company is a member of IATA\'s *Cargo 2000* initiative.
In 2008 the airline introduced a modified logo with larger Egyptair Cargo titles, however sister company Egyptair introduced a new livery and logo later that year that has been applied to the cargo fleet as well.
## Corporate affairs {#corporate_affairs}
### Ownership and structure {#ownership_and_structure}
Egyptair Cargo is a wholly owned subsidiary of Egyptair Holding Company, a state-owned company, 100% owned by the Government of Egypt.
### Business trends {#business_trends}
Trends for recent years for Egyptair Cargo are shown below (for years ending 30 June):
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
----------------------------------------------------------- --------- ------ ------ ------ --------- ------
Turnover (`{{EGP|link=yes}}`{=mediawiki} m) 962 573 596 603 652 587
Net Profits (`{{EGP}}`{=mediawiki} m) 73 80 49 18 75 39
Number of employees \>1,000 n/a n/a n/a \>1,400 n/a
Cargo handled (freighter and passenger aircraft) (tons m) 186 168 198 184 203 188
Number of aircraft (at year end) 4 4 4 4 4 4
*Notes/sources*
## Destinations
As of November 2021, Egyptair Cargo operates flights to:
Country City Airport Notes Refs
---------------------- ---------------- --------------------------------------------------- ------- ------
Belgium Brussels Brussels Airport
Ostend Ostend--Bruges International Airport
Chad N\'Djamena N\'Djamena International Airport
Egypt Cairo Cairo International Airport
Germany Cologne/Bonn Cologne Bonn Airport
Frankfurt Frankfurt--Hahn Airport
Ghana Accra Kotoka International Airport
Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong International Airport
India Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
Italy Milan Milan Malpensa Airport
Jordan Amman Queen Alia International Airport
Kenya Nairobi Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwait International Airport
Libya Tripoli Mitiga International Airport
Benghazi Benina International Airport
Misrata Misrata International Airport
Mauritius Plaine Magnien Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport
Nigeria Kano Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport
Lagos Murtala Muhammed International Airport
Saudi Arabia Damman King Fahd International Airport
Riyadh King Khalid International Airport
South Africa Johannesburg O. R. Tambo International Airport
Sudan Khartoum Khartoum International Airport
Thailand Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport
Turkey Istanbul Istanbul Airport
Istanbul Atatürk Airport
United Arab Emirates Dubai Al Maktoum International Airport
Sharjah Sharjah International Airport
United States New York City John F
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# Landings at Cape Torokina
The **Landings at Cape Torokina** (1--3 November 1943), also known as **Operation Cherryblossom**, took place at the beginning of the Bougainville campaign in World War II. The amphibious landings were carried out by elements of the United States Marine Corps in November 1943 on Bougainville Island in the South Pacific, as part of Allied efforts to advance towards the main Japanese base around Rabaul under Operation Cartwheel. Coming in the wake of Allied successes at Guadalcanal and in the central Solomons, the landings were intended to secure a beachhead with the purpose of establishing several bases from which to project air and naval power closer towards Rabaul, in an effort to neutralize the large Japanese force that had been established there.
In the months leading up to the operation, Japanese airpower on Bougainville was degraded by Allied air strikes, while small parties of Allied reconnaissance forces landed around Bougainville and the surrounding islands to gather intelligence. On 1 November, a landing force based around the US 3rd Marine Division, reinforced with various supporting elements, landed at Empress Augusta Bay, on the western side of Bougainville. Situated well away from the main Japanese troop concentrations, the landing was met with only limited resistance on the ground. Japanese aircraft from Rabaul attempted to interdict the landing force, but their attacks proved ineffective and they were largely fought off by US and New Zealand fighters. By the end of the first day, a small perimeter had been established and the majority of the first wave of transports had unloaded their stores over the beachhead.
A strong Japanese naval force was dispatched in response from Rabaul in an effort to disrupt the landing operations and, overnight on 1/2 November, clashed with a force of US cruisers and destroyers during the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay. Heavy losses resulted for the Japanese and the force eventually returned to Rabaul. Meanwhile, on the second day, the remaining stores and equipment were unloaded from the transports. Over the course of the two days following the landing, the US troops ashore consolidated their beachhead and began patrolling operations as they worked to secure the perimeter. This was firmly established by 3 November, when Torokina Island was occupied.
In the aftermath, the US perimeter was slowly expanded and further echelons arrived to unload stores as base development operations began. By late November, an airstrip had been established inside the perimeter. This became fully operational in early December. Throughout the remainder of 1943, the perimeter was expanded further, allowing the establishment of several more airfields. These later played a key role in the neutralization of Rabaul from the air. Throughout 1944 and 1945, follow-on forces from the US Army and then the Australian Army arrived as the Allies conducted operations to secure the rest of the island. This was only partially completed by the time the war came to an end in August 1945.
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# Landings at Cape Torokina
## Background
Geographically part of the Solomon Islands, but administratively part of the Territory of New Guinea at the time of the battle, Bougainville lies at the northwestern end of the Solomon Islands chain. Roughly shaped like a fiddle, the island is 125 mi long and, at its widest point, 38 mi across. It is dominated by thick jungle and large mountain peaks in its interior, with narrow beaches around the west coast. Situated south-east of New Britain, Bougainville offered the Allies another step in their advance through the Solomons towards the main Japanese base that had been established around Rabaul. The reduction and isolation of this base was a key Allied objective of the Operation Cartwheel. Seizure of Bougainville offered the Allies the ability to establish forward airfields from which to launch attacks against Rabaul, as well as anchorages around Empress Augusta Bay and Soraken, which could be utilized for Allied shipping.
The Japanese had invaded Bougainville in early 1942, and had established several airfields on the island, with key bases being constructed around Buka, at Kahili and Kieta, and on the Bonis Peninsula. From these bases, the Japanese had struck south towards Guadalcanal, in an effort to sever sea lanes of communication between the United States and Australia. Japanese air and naval movements around Bougainville had been monitored by a small group of Allied Coastwatchers, who were able to gain considerable intelligence through the native population of the island. However, by early 1943, with the conclusion of the Guadalcanal Campaign in the Allies\' favor, and a string of defeats in the central Solomons, the Japanese had sought to consolidate their hold on Bougainville. They had slowly cleared the Coastwatchers from Bougainville, with the remaining personnel being withdrawn by the US submarine `{{USS|Gato|SS-212|6}}`{=mediawiki} in March 1943.
Initially, Allied planners had intended to capture Choiseul Island, at the northern end of New Georgia Sound; the Shortland Islands, off the southern coast of Bougainville; and, the Japanese airbase at Kahili, at the southern end of Bougainville. The fierce Japanese defense of the airfields at Munda Point forced them to reconsider. Leading up to the battle for Vella Lavella, a strategic decision, ultimately successful, had been made to bypass a large concentration of Japanese troops on the island of Kolombangara, between Guadalcanal and Vella Lavella. This caused the Allies to consider and adopt an indirect approach towards Rabaul. It was decided to bypass the Shortland Islands and Kahili, and to seize a lodgment on Bougainville, with the view to establishing an airbase from which to project airpower towards Rabaul. Under this plan Choiseul would not be captured, but would instead be raided as part of a diversion to draw Japanese attention away from Bougainville. The operation to secure a beachhead on Bougainville was codenamed \"Cherryblossom\" by the Allies.
Intelligence gathered by Coastwatchers and landing parties had determined that there were few suitable landing beaches. The only viable options were located in Empress Augusta Bay, around Cape Torokina on the western coast of Bougainville. However, the area around Cape Torokina was less than ideal for airfield construction, as it was largely swamp and it would require significant development to make construction viable. The bay was also open to the sea and was considered a \"poor anchorage\". It would be exposed during the coming monsoon. The location though, did have the advantage of isolation from the main Japanese concentrations around Buka and Buin in the north and south of the island, which would help Allied troops avoid a protracted battle while still enabling the neutralization of the Japanese airfields. US planning staff predicted that it would take the Japanese three months to launch a counterattack on Torokina due to the terrain and the distance from their main troop concentrations. If they did, the Torokina area formed an excellent defensive position that could be held by the forces available. It was bordered by natural obstacles: the Laruna and Torokina Rivers, and the mountains.
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# Landings at Cape Torokina
## Opposing forces {#opposing_forces}
### Japanese
The Japanese forces defending Bougainville were part of General Harukichi Hyakutake\'s 17th Army, with the main infantry forces being drawn from the experienced 6th Division, under Lieutenant General Masatane Kanda. This formation had previously fought in China, including the Battle of Nanking. It was supported by the 4th South Seas Garrison Unit. In addition, elements of the 17th Division were scheduled to reinforce northern Bougainville in mid-November, and ultimately they played no part in repelling the landings at Cape Torokina on 1--3 November. The forces on Bougainville reported to the Eighth Area Army, under General Hitoshi Imamura, at Rabaul.
According to US Army historian John Miller, Allied intelligence estimated the strength of Japanese forces on Bougainville and the nearby islands were \"37,500 soldiers and 20,000 sailors\", while US Marine historians Henry Shaw, Douglas Kane and John Rentz, variously provide estimates of between 35,000 and 44,000 Japanese troops on Bougainville. The main concentrations of Japanese troops were estimated as follows: 17,000 in the southern part of the island; 5,000 around Buka, in northern Bougainville; 5,000 around Kieta on the eastern coast; 5,000 to 6,000 on the Shortland Islands; 3,000 in the vicinity of Ballale; and about 1,000 at Mosigetta, which was about 12 mi inland from the southern end of Empress Augusta Bay. The 20,000 naval personnel were based in southern Bougainville where they formed part of Vice Admiral Tomoshige Samejima\'s 8th Fleet. These estimates were based on Ultra, augmented by documents captured in the Central Solomons, and by interrogation of prisoners of war. Post war, Japanese sources have indicated that Allied estimates of Japanese strength were close.
There were eighteen pillboxes concealed in the vicinity of the eventual landing area, but these were not fully manned. Troops in the immediate area of Cape Torokina numbered around 270 men, drawn mainly from a single company of the 1st Battalion, 23rd Infantry Regiment. They were supported by a single 75 mm field gun emplaced inside a log bunker, positioned in depth and surrounded smaller supporting bunkers and trenches. In addition, each bunker had two machine guns positioned to provide mutual support, and there were several mortars. The total strength included smaller positions on Torokina Island (held by a squad) and Puruata Island (held by a platoon). These troops had occupied Cape Torokina a few weeks prior to the landing.
There were six airfields on Bougainville located in the north, the south, and along the eastern coast. Allied air operations had heavily degraded Japanese air operations and air bases around Bougainville. Consequently, aircraft of the 11th Air Fleet were withdrawn from southern Bougainville to Rabaul in October. About 200 aircraft from the 11th Air Fleet were located around Rabaul at the time of the landings at Cape Torokina. A further 173 carrier aircraft were planned to arrive in late October, in preparation for a planned air offensive as part of Operation RO. This operation envisaged severing Allied lines of communication to inflict delay on the forces advancing towards Rabaul, while the Japanese reduced and consolidated their defensive perimeter in the Southwest and Central Pacific, in consequence of a decision made in September 1943. The carrier aircraft arrived at Rabaul over the course of 1 and 2 November, arriving too late to be employed by the Japanese around Cape Torokina in the first few days of the landing. On the first day only 120 aircraft of the 11th Air Fleet were used over the landing area. The attention of the carrier aircraft at Rabaul was largely diverted away from Empress Augusta Bay on 2 November, by heavy US air attacks on Rabaul, which continued into mid-November.
### American
The Bougainville invasion was the ultimate responsibility of Admiral William F. Halsey, commander South Pacific Area, at his headquarters at Nouméa, New Caledonia. The landings were under the personal direction of Rear Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson, commander III Amphibious Force, aboard his flagship, attack transport `{{USS|George Clymer|APA-27|6}}`{=mediawiki}. Also aboard was Lieutenant General Alexander A. Vandegrift, commander I Marine Amphibious Corps. Loaded aboard eight attack transports (APAs) and four attack cargo transports (AKAs), organized into three transport divisions, were the men of the 3rd Marine Division (reinforced), Major General Allen H. Turnage commanding. The fighting on Bougainville would be the division\'s first action of the war.
With Turnage aboard the `{{USS|Hunter Liggett|APA-14|6}}`{=mediawiki} was Commodore Lawrence F. Reifsnider, who had responsibility for the transports and attack cargo ships. The transport divisions were escorted by a screen consisting of 11 destroyers and were supported by various fleet tugs, minesweepers and minelayers. Anti-aircraft guns from the 3rd Marine Defense Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Edward H. Forney and several field artillery batteries from the 12th Marine Regiment under Colonel John B. Wilson were assigned to the operation to provide support to ground troops once ashore.
Direct air cover for the landing was provided by Major General Nathan Twining\'s AirSols command, which included aircraft from the US Army Air Forces (USAAF), the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF). Lieutenant General George Kenney\'s Fifth Air Force was also tasked with supporting operations around Bougainville by conducting raids on Japanese air and naval assets around Rabaul.
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# Landings at Cape Torokina
## Prelude
upright=2.0\|thumb\|right\|Landing beaches near Cape Torokina \|alt=Map depicting a coastline, ships and landing beaches
Beginning in August 1943, Allied intelligence gathering activities began working to identify the disposition of Japanese troops as well as gathering key geographic and hydrographic information. Several parties of US and Australian personnel were landed around Bougainville and the surrounding areas throughout the months preceding the operation. These parties were inserted by a variety of means (motor boat, submarine, or seaplane) to carry out patrols, study the terrain, and gather intelligence from locals, while aerial reconnaissance was also undertaken to the north and south of Bougainville. Submarines were employed to survey coastal areas and collect hydrographic information.
In the month prior to the landings, Allied aircraft assigned to AirSols launched over 3,200 sorties against Japanese airfields surrounding the proposed landing site and the wider Bougainville area in an effort to reduce the ability of the Japanese to interfere with the landings from the air. On the day of the landing, a naval task force, Task Force 39 under Rear Admiral Aaron S. Merrill, including several cruisers and destroyers, bombarded the airfields around Buka and the Bonis Peninsula. Proceeding south, a fire mission on the Shortlands followed, as part of a diversionary plan to take Japanese attention away from Cape Torokina.
Elsewhere, the Treasury Islands were secured by New Zealand and US forces in the days prior to the landings at Cape Torokina, to secure anchorages around Blanche Harbor and establish a radar station to support air operations over Bougainville. A battalion of Paramarines also launched a raid on Choiseul to divert Japanese attention from Bougainville. In response, the Japanese sent thousands of reinforcements to Choiseul.
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# Landings at Cape Torokina
## Battle
The three transport divisions began forming at different locations throughout late October: Transdiv \"A\" at Espiritu Santo, Transdiv \"B\" at Guadalcanal and Transdiv \"C\" at Efate. Troops were embarked at each location between 28 and 30 October, and in an effort to hide their intentions different approach routes were taken by each division. On the morning of 31 October the three divisions rendezvoused at sea and began their approach to Bougainville from southwest of the Solomons. To confuse Japanese reconnaissance aircraft, the convoy conducted a feint towards the Shortland Islands until night fell. Pre-war charts of Bougainville proved to be quite inaccurate, and although aerial reconnaissance and information gathered from submarine patrols had been used to update these, they remained imperfect, particularly with respect to longitude. The charts were also missing details of underwater obstructions and, as a result, the escorting minesweepers hit several uncharted shoals during the approach, while the APA *American Legion* later ran aground on an uncharted shoal.
After the transports arrived at the transport area off Empress August Bay at 07:10 on 1 November, the first wave disembarked and went ashore aboard a large number of LCVPs. The landing was at 12 pre-designated beaches along an 8,000 yd front northwest of and including Cape Torokina and Puruata Island, extending as far as Koromokina Lagoon. As the Marines came ashore, a force of 31 US Marine aircraft, staging out of Munda, attacked Japanese positions on the landing beaches. Meanwhile, overhead a force of 40 USAAF and RNZAF fighters provided cover, while bombers attacked the Japanese airfields at Kahili and Kara. Heavy but ultimately ineffective naval gunfire was also brought down ahead of the assault. The 9th Marines assaulted the northwestern beaches while the 3rd Marines took the southeastern beaches and the cape. The 3rd Marine Raider Battalion, under Lieutenant Colonel Fred D. Beans, captured Puruata Island, about 1,000 yd northwest of the cape, against a well entrenched Japanese force. After being ejected from their pillboxes and trenches, the survivors escaped into the interior of the island. Mopping up operations began on 2 November.
Because of the possibility of an immediate Japanese counterattack by air units, the assault was planned to ensure a smooth landing that would allow the transports to withdraw quickly. Some difficulty was experienced in landing southeast of the cape, while the three beaches directly to its northeast were found to be unsuitable for landing craft to get ashore. Heavier than expected seas also hampered the initial waves, resulting in the loss of a large number of landing craft. Nevertheless, the initial assault wave, which consisted of 7,500 Marines, proceeded relatively smoothly and landed successfully by 07:30. These troops pushed ashore through small dry corridors of land and began clearing defenders from the dense scrub. The 2nd Marine Raider Battalion used search dogs to locate Japanese troops hiding in the undergrowth, and by 11:00 the Marines had seized the lightly defended area. Some resistance continued until nightfall, by which time the beachhead was firmly secured.
During the landing, fire from the Japanese mortars and artillery briefly held up the Marines and resulted in some disorganization amongst those coming ashore. Shelling from the Japanese 75 mm gun destroyed four landing craft and damaged ten others until a lone effort from a Marine restored the situation for the Americans. At the cost of his life, Sergeant Robert A. Owens from Company A, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, approached the gun emplacement, entered it through the fire port, and drove the crew out the back door. Owens was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for this action.
In response to the landing, a large force of Japanese aircraft (44 fighters and 9 dive bombers) was scrambled from Rabaul, arriving over Empress Augusta Bay at 07:35. These were intercepted by New Zealand and US Marine fighter aircraft from Munda and Vella Lavella. They also met with heavy anti-aircraft fire from the escorting US destroyers. The overall result was 26 Japanese aircraft shot down. During the attack, unloading was halted and the transports began defensive maneuvers for two hours. After this first effort was repulsed, unloading on the beaches resumed. A second attack of 100 aircraft was launched from New Britain in the early afternoon. These were met by 34 AirSols fighters under direction from the destroyer `{{USS|Conway|DD-507|6}}`{=mediawiki}. Only 12 Japanese aircraft managed to penetrate the AirSols fighter screen. Arriving over the transport area, their attack proved largely ineffective, though they did manage to inflict a near miss on the destroyer `{{USS|Wadsworth|DD-516|6}}`{=mediawiki}, resulting in two killed and five wounded.
By 17:30, despite the earlier interruptions, 8 of the 12 transports had completed unloading. In the space of 8 hours, Wilkinson\'s flotilla unloaded about 14,000 men and 6,200 tons of supplies. This was achieved largely by short-loading each vessel---each vessel was loaded to between one quarter to a half of its capacity to reduce unloading times. Utilizing some of the combat troops ashore also assisted unloading over the beach. Experience in earlier campaigns had shown that it was preferable to completely unload partially loaded ships than to partially unload completely loaded ships. The supplies landed would then be properly balanced, and there would be no shortages of certain critical items.
The process was further expedited by employing cargo nets to move cargo unbroken from the ships to the beach. Once unloading was completed, Wilkinson then took his ships out of the area for fear of an overnight attack by Japanese surface ships. The unloading continued the following day under air attack and ground fire from Japanese in the beachhead area. The Japanese airbases at Kahili, Kieta, Buka, and Balalae had been knocked out before the invasion but were quickly repaired and used for night bombing attacks. The shallow water prevented LSTs from beaching closer than 75 ft from the shore. Ramps had to be constructed to allow them to unload.
Meanwhile, the aircraft carriers `{{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{USS|Princeton|CVL-23|2}}`{=mediawiki} of Rear Admiral Frederick C. Sherman\'s Task Force 38 launched further airstrikes against the airfields around the Buka Passage on 1--2 November. A Japanese naval response to the landings was expected by the Allies. On the night of 1/2 November an American force of four light cruisers and eight destroyers from Merrill\'s task force, having been alerted by reconnaissance aircraft, intercepted a Japanese force of two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and six destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Sentaro Omori. This force had been dispatched from Rabaul along with five destroyer transports carrying 1,000 reinforcements for a counterlanding. The two naval forces clashed in the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay that night (morning of 2 November), resulting in the Japanese force being turned back. The counterlanding was delayed for several days, allowing the forces ashore to consolidate their position. Throughout 2 and 3 November, the Marines began patrolling the area around their beachhead and secured Torokina Island without loss on 3 November. This completed the establishment of the US beachhead.
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# Landings at Cape Torokina
## Aftermath
For the Allies, the landings were successful. The primary objective of securing a beachhead to establish an airfield were achieved in the weeks following the landing. Several secondary objectives were also achieved, including the 3rd Marine Division receiving its first engagement in the war, and the incremental reduction of Japanese air power around Rabaul. Throughout November, the balance of power at sea also began to shift in favor of the Allies, after the actions around Empress Augusta Bay and Cape St. George, as they began to successfully combine improved tactics, technology and resources. Losses during the landings amounted to 78 killed in action and 104 wounded for the assaulting US troops. Against this, most of the 270 Japanese troops opposing the beachhead were killed. During the first three days of the landing, 192 bodies were located.
In the air, the Japanese carried out three separate air attacks, employing 16 dive bombers and 104 fighters. Of these, 19 were destroyed and 10 were damaged. A further 30 aircraft were claimed by Sherman\'s Task Force 38. In the days following the landings, the Japanese carrier aircraft were eventually able to reinforce the 11th Air Fleet, and several attacks were carried out on 5, 8, 11 and 17 November. These achieved some successes against reinforcement convoys but suffered sustained losses to anti-aircraft fire and defending Allied fighter aircraft. This ultimately degraded future Japanese naval air operations, depriving them of precious air assets to respond to Allied operations around Makin and Tarawa.
Following the landings, the Japanese dispatched a sizeable naval force from Truk, reinforcing the surface elements already at Rabaul in preparation for another attack on the Allied landing forces at Bougainville. Although several tankers and transports were interdicted by Allied aircraft on 4 November, the bulk of these reinforcements arrived safely at Rabaul. This included at least seven heavy cruisers, a light cruiser and several destroyers. These posed a significant threat to the lodgment around Cape Torokina. They arrived at a time when the US Navy\'s capital ships were unavailable to respond, having been called back to Pearl Harbor to prepare for the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. As a result, it was decided to neutralize the threat from the air. Throughout November, Allied land-based and carrier-based aircraft launched a series of bombing raids against Rabaul. The main blow fell on 5 November, when aircraft from *Saratoga* and *Princeton* heavily damaged four heavy cruisers. The damaged cruisers had to withdraw to Truk. This ended the threat posed to the Allied forces around Cape Torokina by the Japanese surface fleet.
Throughout November, as part of several subsequent echelons, the remainder of the 3rd Marine Division, the US 37th Infantry Division (under Major General Robert S. Beightler) and Advance Naval Base Unit No. 7, landed at Cape Torokina. They arrived aboard high-speed transports (APDs) and the slower LSTs, which had been held back initially due to fears of air attack. On 13 November, Major General Roy Geiger assumed command of Allied forces on Bougainville from Wilkinson. As late as 25 November, the beachhead was still under hostile fire. As the sixth echelon of the invasion force was unloading, Japanese artillery fired on the landing ships, inflicting casualties. The Marines silenced these guns the following day. On 15 December responsibility for Bougainville passed from I Marine Amphibious Corps to the Army\'s XIV Corps.
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# Landings at Cape Torokina
## Aftermath
### Base development {#base_development}
Throughout November, US forces established a perimeter around Cape Torokina, during which significant base development work was undertaken with eight naval construction battalions (Seabees) and a brigade of New Zealand engineers being deployed. This work included the construction of three airfields and an advanced PT boat base on Puruata Island. Advance parties of the 25th, 53rd, 71st and 75th Naval Construction Battalions arrived on 1 November. The construction of Torokina Airfield, a fighter airstrip, was assigned to the 71st Naval Construction Battalion. Work began on 3 November. Owing to the limited size of the beachhead, the choice of sites was limited, and the area was still under sniper fire. The swampy nature of the terrain required significant drainage work before construction could begin. The 200 by airstrip was completed on 10 December, allowing 18 Vought F4U Corsairs to land, although a Douglas SBD Dauntless had already made an emergency landing on 24 November. Intended to handle 35 fighters or light bombers, Torokina eventually accommodated several times that number. These aircraft would subsequently play an important role, along with forces based in New Guinea, in neutralizing Rabaul as an air and sea base.
Construction of the larger Piva Airfield for bombers was commenced on 29 November by the 36th Naval Construction Battalion, which had arrived three days before. The 300 by was carved out of dense jungle. The first aircraft landed on 19 December, and the airbase became operational on 30 December with the arrival of 10 Army transport aircraft. The runway was found to be too short and had to be extended by another 2000 ft. Construction of 35 hardstands, 7 hangars, and 26 other buildings was undertaken by the 71st Naval Construction Battalion. The 77th Naval Construction Battalion built a 5,000-man camp for the Marine Aircraft Group 24, and the 36th added another 2,000-man camp.
The 77th Battalion arrived on Bougainville on 10 December and began constructing a fighter airfield parallel to the bomber field. This was completed on 3 January, and the first aircraft landed on 9 January. Several weeks later, the 77th Battalion was instructed to extend the strip by 2000 ft. The two airfields were connected by taxiways and shared fuel tank farms and other facilities. The fuel tank farm consisted of a 10000 oilbbl tank and 18 1000 oilbbl tanks, fed from a tanker mooring by a submarine pipeline and 5 mi of overland pipe. The 75th Naval Construction Battalion had the task of repairing breaks in the pipeline caused by Japanese shellfire.
Construction of a PT-boat base on Puruata Island was undertaken by the 75th Naval Construction Battalion, with help from the 71st and 77th Naval Construction Battalions. A wooden pile pier was built, along with crash boat and fueling piers, and 18 small-boat moorings. Base facilities included sleeping quarters, mess halls, five steel-framed warehouses and an emergency hospital. The main medical facility was on Bougainville, built by the 36th Naval Construction Battalion. It consisted of 70 Quonset huts and a 40 by mess hall, with accommodation for 500 patients.
The inland road network was the responsibility of the US Army engineers, particularly the 117th Combat Engineer Battalion. They cut supply roads through the jungle. It was found that underneath the 1 ft deep top soil was volcanic sand, which was suitable for road surfacing. A three-span bridge was built over the Koromokina River. Base development work was completed by July 1944, and the last naval construction battalion, the 36th, departed in August. Construction Battalion Maintenance Units 582 and 586 arrived in May 1944, and took over maintenance of the base facilities.
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# Landings at Cape Torokina
## Aftermath
### Expanding the beachhead {#expanding_the_beachhead}
Meanwhile, several engagements were fought on the periphery throughout the remainder of 1943 as the beachhead was secured. In the first of these, the Battle of Koromokina Lagoon, a Japanese counterlanding by elements of the 17th Division, was repelled. An overland thrust by 6th Division elements from southern Bougainville was defeated at the Battle for Piva Trail shortly afterwards. US forces slowly expanded their perimeter, systematically advancing to several inland defense lines throughout mid- to late-November. At the end of November, they launched an unsuccessful raid on Koiari, to the south of the beachhead.
Beginning on 15 December, the Japanese began an effort to move ground troops from southern Bougainville to the Torokina perimeter by barge. The effort amounted to little gain, with many of the barges losing their way or being intercepted by PT boats. Those troops that did manage to get ashore were attacked by Marine patrols. The last group of troops, having landed on the Magine Islands in Empress Augusta Bay, was destroyed with artillery on 20 December. Japanese nighttime bombing operations began on 15 December and continued for 10 days. Japanese artillery continued firing into the beachhead until they were forced off Hellzapoppin Ridge in mid-December.
The Americal Division started arriving in December to relieve the Marines. On 15 December responsibility for command of the Torokina perimeter was assumed by Major General Oscar Griswold\'s XIV Corps, inheriting a perimeter 15 mi long and 5 mi deep. Units of the 3rd Marine Division began to withdraw from the line on 27--28 December and by 16 January 1944 had withdrawn to Guadalcanal.
Believing that the landing at Torokina was a ruse and would be followed by a further landing around Buka, Imamura reinforced the northern part of Bougainville instead of launching a concerted counterattack with the 15,000 (or more) troops that were stationed in southern Bougainville. By the time it became apparent that this assessment was wrong, the conditions required for a successful counterattack had passed and Hyakutake was ordered to delay his plans. In March 1944, the Japanese launched a counterattack on the US perimeter around Cape Torokina, which was defeated with heavy casualties to their forces.
A lull in the fighting on Bougainville followed until the later part of 1944, when Australian forces took over responsibility for the lodgment at Cape Torokina. Throughout 1944 and into 1945, the Australians worked to secure control of the island from the Japanese. They launched a series of drives to clear the northern, central and southern sectors. Ultimately, these were only partially completed by the time the war came to an end in August 1945. The Australians had advanced to the Bonis Peninsula in the north and had reached a position just short of Buin in the south
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# Bright Moon Song and Dance Troupe
The **Bright Moon Song and Dance Troupe** (Chinese: 明月歌舞团; pinyin: Míngyuè Gēwǔtuán) was a group founded by Li Jinhui from the late 1920s through the 1930s. It is also translated as **Bright Moonlight Song and Dance Troupe**.
## Background
During the Chinese popular music boom era in the early 1930s, Shanghai had a large number of troupes, or music groups, competing for radio broadcasts and other entertainment slots. These groups were composed mostly of sing-song girls.
## Recognition
The troupe merged with Lianhua Film Company in 1931 as the first Chinese popular music group of any sort to become part of the movie industry. The company would later prove to be instrumental in the rise of the first generation of shidaiqu music
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# 2003 Cup of China
The **2003 Cup of China** was third event of six in the 2003--04 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating. It was held at the Capital Gymnasium in Beijing on November 6--9. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men\'s singles, ladies\' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2003--04 Grand Prix Final. The compulsory dance was the Yankee Polka.
This was the Cup of China\'s inaugural year.
## Results
### Men
Rank Name Nation Total points SP
------- --------------------- -------- -------------- ---- -------
**1** Timothy Goebel 205.30 2 67.70
**2** Brian Joubert 199.84 4 65.67
**3** Li Chengjiang 196.24 3 67.30
4 Gao Song 185.90 1 70.25
5 Emanuel Sandhu 185.23 7 59.83
6 Ilia Klimkin 183.80 8 59.60
7 Nicholas Young 178.87 6 61.47
8 Scott Smith 175.06 10 53.05
9 Zhang Min 173.79 5 64.94
10 Andrejs Vlascenko 171.17 9 57.63
11 Vincent Restencourt 130.78 11 43.05
### Ladies
Rank Name Nation Total points SP
------- ------------------------- -------- -------------- ---- -------
**1** Elena Liashenko 153.54 7 51.18
**2** Yoshie Onda 148.79 3 56.48
**3** Fumie Suguri 143.67 1 60.28
4 Ann Patrice McDonough 139.97 2 57.00
5 Tatiana Basova 138.03 5 54.24
6 Amber Corwin 133.97 6 51.56
7 Viktoria Volchkova 132.65 4 55.70
8 Fang Dan 126.15 8 48.68
9 Jennifer Robinson 125.96 10 41.68
10 Liu Yan 116.20 9 42.28
11 Anastasia Gimazetdinova 94.83 11 34.54
### Pairs
Rank Name Nation Total points SP
------- -------------------------------------- -------- -------------- ---- -------
**1** Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo 189.28 1 63.46
**2** Pang Qing / Tong Jian 179.70 2 60.64
**3** Maria Petrova / Alexei Tikhonov 165.58 3 57.92
4 Dorota Zagorska / Mariusz Siudek 158.59 4 56.44
5 Rena Inoue / John Baldwin, Jr. 147.84 5 50.10
6 Nicole Nönnig / Matthias Bleyer 130.92 8 41.48
7 Tatiana Volosozhar / Petr Kharchenko 129.85 7 44.30
8 Ding Yang / Ren Zongfei 126.37 6 48.28
9 Veronika Havlíčková / Karel Štefl 115.90 9 39.36
10 Julia Beloglazova / Andrei Bekh 111.92 10 37.60
### Ice dancing {#ice_dancing}
Rank Name Nation Total points CD OD
------- ----------------------------------------- -------- -------------- ---- ------- ----
**1** Tatiana Navka / Roman Kostomarov 211.36 1 41.52 1
**2** Elena Grushina / Ruslan Goncharov 194.57 2 38.23 3
**3** Isabelle Delobel / Olivier Schoenfelder 187.77 3 37.39 2
4 Melissa Gregory / Denis Petukhov 163.10 4 32.66 4
5 Josée Piché / Pascal Denis 149.07 5 30.18 5
6 Natalia Gudina / Alexei Beletski 138.41 6 29.52 7
7 Nathalie Péchalat / Fabian Bourzat 137.14 7 28.21 6
8 Christina Beier / William Beier 126.07 8 27.28 9
9 Yang Fang / Gao Chongbo 118.30 9 26.97 10
10 Alessia Aureli / Andrea Vaturi 116.32 10 25.15 8
11 Yu Xiaoyang / Wang Chen 104.38 11 22.76 11
12 Wang Jiayue / Meng Fei 98.43 12 22
| 483 |
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| 0 |
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# Battle of Piva Forks
The **Battle of Piva Forks**, also known as the **Battle of Numa--Numa Trail**, was an engagement that took place during the Bougainville campaign in World War II. Occurring between 18 and 25 November 1943 on Bougainville Island in the South Pacific, the battle involved troops from the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army fighting against Imperial Japanese Army forces and took place amidst the context of the expansion of a beachhead that US forces had established around Torokina on the western side of the island.
In response to the US forward movement, the Japanese placed road blocks along the main axes of advance to delay the Americans; finding their way towards the Piva River checked near the junction of the Numa--Numa and East--West Trails, the US forces sought to remove the obstacles by force. After the initial US attack was repulsed, the Japanese counterattacked before the US Marines overcame this and continued their advance towards two forks in the Piva River. By 26 November the battle had subsided following the capture of a knoll overlooking the East--West Trail by US forces. This represented the last of the significant features west of the Torokina, and the conclusion of the battle marked a temporary end to significant Japanese opposition to the US beachhead around Torokina.
## Background
On 1 November 1943, the 3rd Marine Division, under Major General Allen H. Turnage, landed at Cape Torokina near Empress Augusta Bay on the western coast of Bougainville. The landings were undertaken as part of Allied efforts to isolate and reduce the main Japanese base around Rabaul under Operation Cartwheel. On Bougainville, the Marines were opposed by Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake\'s Japanese 17th Army, which formed part of General Hitoshi Imamura\'s 8th Area Army, based at Rabaul. The main infantry forces opposing the Marines were the 6th Division, under Lieutenant General Masatane Kanda.
Following the landing, a counter landing by Japanese troops was turned back around Koromokina Lagoon, while an overland assault was turned back along the Piva Trail. After this, the beachhead was slowly expanded by the Marines while work began to construct several airfields, from which airpower would be projected towards Rabaul. After the Battle of the Coconut Grove on 13--14 November, American patrols reported sporadic contacts with Japanese forces. Documents obtained from a Japanese officer who was killed in an ambush provided US forces with details of Japanese dispositions in the area, showing that a roadblock had been set up by elements of the Japanese 23rd Infantry Regiment on both the Numa--Numa and the East--West Trails. General Roy Geiger, commander of I Marine Amphibious Corps, set in place plans for the expansion of the beachhead perimeter that had been established around Torokina to a new defensive line further inland designated as \"Easy\". Geiger specified that the line was to be obtained by 20 November 1943. On 18 November, US patrols discovered a Japanese roadblock on the Numa--Numa Trail about 1000 yd in front of the beachhead perimeter lines, while another patrol found a roadblock halfway between the two branches of the Piva River along the East--West Trail.
With the roadblocks serving as obstacles to their advance to the Inland Defense Line \"Easy\", preparations were undertaken by US forces to remove these roadblocks. The 3rd Marine Raider Battalion was attached to Colonel George W. McHenry\'s 3rd Marine Regiment for the attack on the East--West Trail roadblock, while the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines---under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Ralph M. King---was detached to attack the Numa--Numa Trail roadblock.
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# Battle of Piva Forks
## Battle
On 19 November, the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment---accompanied by light tanks---took up positions in front of the 129th Infantry Regiment. An artillery barrage by the 12th Marine Regiment preceded the attack; after it had ceased the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment flanked the Japanese position, routing the defenders and forcing them out of their positions. Sixteen Japanese dead were found and almost 100 foxholes located; the size of the position indicated that at least a reinforced company had occupied it. After this, a roadblock and a defensive perimeter were established at the junction of the Numa--Numa Trail and the Piva River to defend against a potential Japanese counterattack. Meanwhile, the 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment and the 1st Battalion, 21st Marine Regiment advanced to the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment roadblock. The 3rd Marine Raiders also moved forward for support and the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment---under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hector de Zayas---moved behind the Numa--Numa Trail roadblock and was sporadically shelled by the Japanese using 90 mm mortars.
On the morning of 20 November, the Japanese counterattacked and attempted to outflank the Marine positions along the Numa--Numa Trail. The attack was driven back, taking up positions and then harassed the Marines with sniper fire and mortar fire. The 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment advanced towards the two forks of the Piva River to clear the threat, and two light tanks were disabled during the close fighting along the trail. The 3rd Marine Raiders took up positions to cover the gap between the 129th Infantry Regiment and the 3rd Marine Regiment as the front expanded.
The 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment advanced across the west fork of the Piva River to capture the Japanese positions between the two forks of the river. A river crossing was made using a hastily constructed bridge of mahogany, constructed by engineers. Moving forward under light opposition from scattered snipers and several machine gun nests, the enemy outposts were discovered to have been abandoned and had been booby-trapped. The 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment set up positions astride the East--West Trail between the two forks of the river. The 21st Marine Regiment took up blocking positions behind the 3rd Marine Regiment.
Late in the afternoon of 20 November, a small, 400 ft high ridge{{#tag:ref\|The ridge was later named \'\"Cibik Ridge\" in honor of First Lieutenant Steve J. Cibik, whose platoon held the ridge against repeated Japanese assaults.\|group=Note}} was discovered that would provide observation of the entire Empress Augusta Bay area and dominated the East--West Trail and the Piva Forks area.{{#tag:ref\|The Japanese name for the Piva Forks was the \"Ake three-forked road\", while the East--West Trail was called the \"Tozai Trail\".\|group=Note}} A platoon---under the command of First Lieutenant Steve J. Cibik---was ordered to occupy the ridge with detachments of signals and a section of heavy machine guns. The trek began with a struggle up the steep ridge late in the afternoon, with signal wire being reeled out as the platoon climbed the ridge. Reaching the summit just before sunset, they set about establishing defensive positions, with machine guns sited along likely avenues of attack.
With daybreak on 21 November, it was discovered that the crest of the ridge was a Japanese outpost position, used during the day as an observation post and abandoned at night. Approaching Japanese soldiers who were preparing to take up positions were fired upon, and they withdrew and fled down the hill. The enemy, having regrouped and having been reinforced, launched numerous attacks against Cibik\'s platoon, which had been reinforced by more machine guns and mortars and was able to hold onto the crest despite fanatical attempts by the Japanese to reoccupy the position.
Geiger\'s expansion of the beachhead to Inland Defense Line \"Easy\" began at 07:30 on 21 November, with the gradual widening of the perimeter allowing the 21st Marine Regiment, under the command of Colonel Evans O. Ames, to set up positions between the 3rd Marine Regiment and the 9th Marine Regiment. The 1st Battalion and 3rd Battalion of the 21st Marine Regiment led the way, crossed the Piva River without difficulty and by early afternoon had reached the designated defense line. On the extreme left flank, a reinforced platoon was attacked by a strong Japanese patrol. The platoon was able to repulse the attack with heavy losses to the enemy; documents discovered on a dead Japanese officer provided the Marines with details about the state of Japanese defenses ahead of them.
Resistance to the 3rd Marine Regiment advance was strong, with all three battalions engaged with the Japanese. The 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment---having crossed the Piva River without trouble---advanced toward a slight rise, and as the lead scouts came over the top of this ridge, the Japanese opened fire from reverse slope positions. Pinned down, the scouts held their positions while the rest of the battalion moved forward with a strong charge over the ridge and cleared the area of Japanese. 90 mm mortar fire then rained down on the Marines, who sheltered in the foxholes that the Japanese had dug throughout the area. Suffering a number of casualties, the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment established itself in a defensive night position.
The 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment made a reconnaissance in force in front of the 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment positions and came along a strong enemy position, with about 18--20 pillboxes, astride the East--West Trail near the east fork of the river. An attack was launched against the roadblock and managed to pass through the first line of bunkers after heavy fighting at close range but could make no further headway. Company E---attempting to flank the enemy positions to relieve the intense fire directed at Company G---was knocked back by the Japanese defenders. As the Japanese position was set out in depth, de Zayas ordered his men to pull back so that an artillery barrage could be brought down to reduce the Japanese defenses.
The withdrawal was completed despite determined efforts by the Japanese to prevent the disengagement. After the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment had reentered the lines of 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, the Japanese attempted a pincer envelopment of the position held by the 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, now under the command of Major Charles J. Bailey, Jr. The Japanese attacked along the obvious routes of approach down the East--West Trail, and the attack was beaten off by the machine guns sited along this route. One machine gun crew killed 74 out of 75 of the Japanese attackers within 20 - of the gun. The 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment then extended to the left toward the ridge occupied by Cibik\'s platoon.
The 9th Marine Regiment crossed the Piva River took up defensive positions about 1000 yd east of the river, between the 21st Marine Regiment and the beach. The 129th Infantry Regiment also moved forward another 1000 yd unopposed. As a result of inaccurate maps, a gap developed between the 21st Marine Regiment and the 3rd Marine Regiment. At this point, US forces paused in their perimeter expansion of the perimeter as Japanese forces were well dug-in to their front. Plans were drawn up to attack the enemy fortifications, and preparations for the 24 November assault were undertaken. As armor and equipment was moved into positions behind the 3rd Marine Regiment, the roads were extended by engineers and Seabees who advanced them as close to the river forks as possible. Operating under fire from Japanese snipers and mortars, they erected bridges across the river, and large quantities of supplies of ammunition, rations, and medical supplies were sent forward via a relay system to the front lines, while wounded were tended to at a medical station that had been set up close to the end of the road prior to evacuation.
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# Battle of Piva Forks
## Battle
The 2nd Marine Raider Battalion was attached to the 3rd Marine Regiment during 22 November and relieved the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, which moved into reserve. The 3rd Marine Regiment\'s positions were: 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment in front, with 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment on the left of the trail and the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment on the right. Cibik\'s reinforced platoon holding the ridge in front of the perimeter, was reinforced with a company of Marine Raiders and a platoon from the 3rd Marines Weapons Company.
On 23 November, the 12th Marine Regiment\'s artillery observers moved to the crest of the ridge occupied by Cibik\'s platoon, in preparation for the attack the next day. As the US artillery and mortars were registered in the area in front of their position, the Marines on the front lines used colored smoke grenades to mark their positions. The Japanese, however, were using the same colors to mark US positions and, as a result the Japanese artillery were able to range in on the forward Marine positions with several rounds. Japanese long-range guns also shelled Torokina Airfield and Landing Ship Tanks that were unloading near Cape Torokina. In response, US forward artillery observers coordinated fire missions against several positions where they believed that the Japanese guns might be located, and shortly after this the firing ceased. Nevertheless, the Japanese artillery fire worried US commanders who were already concerned about reports that the size of Japanese forces defending the area around the village of Kogubikopai-ai was between 1,200 and 1,500.
At 08:35 on 24 November, the seven battalions of the artillery group opened fire on the Japanese positions in front of the 3rd Marine Regiment. The roar of the cannon fire and the sharp blasts of the explosions in the jungle ahead merged into a near-deafening thunder for more than 20 minutes, with more than 5,600 shells from 75 mm and 105 mm howitzers fired at the Japanese positions. Smoke shells were also fired into the hills east of the Torokina River to reduce the ability of the Japanese to observe the Marine positions.
The 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment and 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment began moving forward to the front line in preparation of the launch of the attack. Tanks moved toward the front lines into support positions. Before 09:00, the 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment opened up with close-in mortar concentrations and sustained machine gun fire to prevent the Japanese from seeking protection next to the Marine lines. Just before the attack commenced, Japanese artillery began a counterbarrage which blasted the Marine lines, pounding the 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment positions and the assembly areas of the assault battalions, with the extremely accurate fire threatening to force a halt to the attack plans. The forward observers on the ridge were utilized to discover the location of the Japanese battery and counterbattery fire. Communications were lost, but the break in the signal wire was found and repaired.
The enemy battery was located on the forward slope of a small coconut grove several thousand yards from the Piva River. Counterbattery fire from the 155 mm howitzer battery of the U.S. Army\'s 37th Division began to explode around the grove. Fire was adjusted quickly by direct observation, and shortly afterwards the Japanese battery was knocked out of action. While the artillery duel was underway, the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment and 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment began forming into attack formation behind the line of departure. The preparatory fires ceased at 09:00, and at that time the two attack battalions advanced through the 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment\'s lines.
Moving through the artillery preparation zone, it was obvious that the forward Japanese positions had been neutralized. The shattered and cratered jungle with destroyed Japanese defensive positions was passed without opposition. Shredded and torn bodies of dead Japanese gave evidence of the impact of artillery fire. Dead enemy snipers---lashed into positions in tree tops---draped from shattered branches. Soon afterward, the lull subsided and the surviving Japanese opened fire. Japanese artillery burst along the line, traversing the front of the advancing Marines together with extremely accurate 90 mm mortar fire hit the attacking companies and caused significant casualties.
The 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment suffered 70 casualties in moving only 250 yd. During the morning, the Marines were forced to undertake eight water crossings of the same stream as it zigzagged across their axis of advance. At each bend in the stream, the Japanese had established a number of pillboxes which were set out in triangular formation; before the Americans could advance they had to neutralize each of these. Flame throwers, which had been brought up by engineers attached to the assault companies, were employed in this task. The Japanese---aware of the capabilities of the flame throwers---concentrated their fire on the engineers, inflicting heavy casualties upon them as they attempted to get close enough to direct the flame into the bunkers.
Advancing to the left of the East--West Trail, the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment encountered less resistance and was able to continue its advance without pause. The dazed and shocked survivors of the bombardment were killed before the Japanese could recover from the effects of the artillery fire. The 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment had moved nearly 500 yd before the Japanese could organize a desperate counterattack which was repelled. Without stopping, the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment went straight through the enemy flanking attempt and fought a violent hand-to-hand and tree-to-tree struggle that completely destroyed the Japanese force.
By 12:00, the initial objectives had been reached, and the attack was held up to allow reorganization and to reestablish contact between units. After a short time, the attack started forward again toward the final objective some 400 yd farther on. A further artillery barrage was called down in front of the advancing Marines and 81 mm mortars covered the advance. As this movement began again, the Japanese called in their own mortars to seek out the American crews; the infantry attack continued, while overhead supporting and defensive fire was exchanged.
The 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment came under fire from Japanese machine gun and rifle fire from positions on high ground bordering a swampy area raked through the battalion, forcing them to seek cover in the knee deep mud and slime. Company L---on the extreme left---was under heavy fire and was reinforced quickly with a platoon from the reserve unit, Company K. Company L managed to fight its way through heavy enemy fire to the foot of a small knoll. Company I---with the battalion command group attached---was diverted to help, and together they were able to rush and capture the rising ground. After the Japanese were cleared from the position, the battalion established a defensive perimeter and waited for 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment to move into position beside them.
The 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment\'s advance was slowed by strong Japanese reinforcements as it closed in on the objective. Calling down 60 mm and 81 mm mortar fire in front of their positions, the Marines regained the initiative and moved forward. Although the remaining Japanese made a determined final stand on the objective, the Marines were able to push ahead, and as the resistance subsided the battalion \"mopped up\" before establishing a defensive night position. In the US rear area, behind the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment and 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, sporadic fighting continued during the night as small pockets of Japanese troops, which had been bypassed during the US assault, attacked the Marines\' supply lines, ambushing stretcher bearers and troops bringing up ammunition.
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# Battle of Piva Forks
## Aftermath
The advance to inland defense line \"Easy\" had been carried out successfully by the US forces. Casualties during the battle reflected the intensity with at least 1,071 Japanese killed while the Marines\' casualties were 115 dead and wounded. Such was the intensity of the fighting that the Japanese 23rd Infantry Regiment was almost completely destroyed. First Lieutenant Steve J. Cibik was awarded the Silver Star for his leadership in defending the ridge over four days. Corporal John Logan Jr. and Captain Robert Turnbull were both awarded the Navy Cross posthumously. Such was the intensity of the fighting that during the attack on 24 November, the supporting US artillery fired a total 62 different fire missions including the opening bombardment of the attack. Of these, a total of 52 were in general support of the Marines, while a further nine were fired to support the 37th Division that was also expanding its perimeter. Throughout these missions, over 7,300 rounds were fired: this was made up of 4,131 rounds of 75 mm, 2,534 rounds of 105 mm, and 688 rounds of 155 mm ammunition.
As 24 November was Thanksgiving Day, a large number of turkeys were received at the beachhead, and the division cooks roasted the entire shipment and packed the turkeys for distribution to front line units. The 3rd Marines, exhausted from the fighting and below establishment from casualties and disease, were relieved the following day by the three battalions of the 9th Marine Regiment. Meanwhile, the US advance continued throughout the day until they met heavy Japanese resistance at a knoll dubbed \"Grenade Hill\", which was eventually captured by mid-morning on 26 November. Over the course of 25--26 November fighting around the knoll resulted in a further 32 Japanese killed, while US casualties amounted to five killed and 42 wounded.
By the conclusion of the Piva Forks fighting, US forces were in control of the majority of the key terrain and high features that existed west of the Torokina River. These reduced the Japanese force\'s ability to harass the US beachhead around Torokina, and as a result although the fighting on Bougainville continued with notable actions being fought at Koiari and Hellzapoppin Ridge and Hill 600A, in the words of historian Samuel Morison, \"the Battle of Piva Forks\...was the last serious ground resistance for a long time\". Indeed, it was not until March 1944 that the Japanese were able to make any real attempt at counterattacking when they launched a large-scale offensive on the American perimeter with 15,000 troops drawn from the 6th and 17th Divisions who attacked north and west from Buin and Numa--Numa
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11,090,929 |
# TechNet (computer network)
**TechNet Augusta** was established in 1991 as a closed research and development computer network for academics at the National University of Singapore (NUS). It was set up by the National Science and Technology Board of Singapore (NSTB), providing Singapore\'s first Internet access service.
TechNet\'s international connectivity then was provided by a 128 kbit/s satellite link from JvNCnet.
In March 1995, the Pacific Internet Consortium (SembMedia, ST Computer Systems and SIM) bought TechNet, and commercialised its services in September 1995 when it launched Pacific Internet Corporation Pte Ltd.
TechNet was also responsible for the allocation of IP numbers in Singapore along with Singnet
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11,090,946 |
# Lower motor neuron lesion
A **lower motor neuron lesion** is a lesion which affects nerve fibers traveling from the lower motor neuron(s) in the anterior horn/anterior grey column of the spinal cord, or in the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, to the relevant muscle(s).
One major characteristic used to identify a lower motor neuron lesion is flaccid paralysis -- paralysis accompanied by loss of muscle tone. This is in contrast to an upper motor neuron lesion, which often presents with spastic paralysis -- paralysis accompanied by severe hypertonia.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
- Muscle paresis or paralysis
- Fibrillations
- Fasciculations -- caused by increased receptor concentration on muscles to compensate for lack of innervation.
- Hypotonia or atonia -- Tone is not velocity dependent.
- Hyporeflexia - Along with deep reflexes even cutaneous reflexes are also decreased or absent.
- Strength -- weakness is limited to segmental or focal pattern, Root innervated pattern`{{Clarify | date = October 2019 | reason = Is 'root innervated pattern' the same as focal pattern? }}`{=mediawiki}
The extensor plantar reflex (Babinski sign) is usually absent. Muscle paresis/paralysis, hypotonia/atonia, and hyporeflexia/areflexia are usually seen immediately following an insult. Muscle wasting, fasciculations and fibrillations are typically signs of end-stage muscle denervation and are seen over a longer time period. Another feature is the segmentation of symptoms -- only muscles innervated by the damaged nerves will be symptomatic.
## Causes
The most common causes of lower motor neuron injuries are trauma to peripheral nerves that serve the axons, and viruses that selectively attack ventral horn cells. Disuse atrophy of the muscle occurs i.e., shrinkage of muscle fibre finally replaced by fibrous tissue (fibrous muscle) Other causes include Guillain--Barré syndrome, West Nile fever, *C. botulism*, polio, and cauda equina syndrome; another common cause of lower motor neuron degeneration is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
## Diagnosis
### Differential diagnosis {#differential_diagnosis}
- Myasthenia gravis -- synaptic transmission at motor end-plate is impaired
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- causes death of motor neurons, although exact cause is unknown it has been suggested that abnormal build-up of proteins proves toxic for the neurons
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Lower motor neuron lesion
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