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# Joseph Matthäus Aigner
**Joseph Matthäus Aigner** (18 January 1818, Vienna`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}19 February 1886, Vienna) was an Austrian portrait painter, who studied under Friedrich von Amerling and Carl Rahl. He painted portraits of Franz Joseph I of Austria and his wife Elizabeth, Franz Grillparzer, Friedrich Halm, Nikolaus Lenau, and Maximilian I of Mexico.
In 1847 he married actress Fanny Matras (1828--1878).
As commander of the Academic Legion during the 1848 revolutions in Vienna, Aigner was court-martialed for high treason and condemned to death. However, Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz pardoned him.
According to Ripley\'s Believe It or Not!, a Capuchin friar, whose name Aigner never knew, saved his life three times, when he attempted to hang himself at ages 18 and 22 and when he was sentenced to death. Aigner killed himself with a pistol in Vienna in 1886, and the same friar presided over his funeral
| 147 |
Joseph Matthäus Aigner
| 0 |
11,088,523 |
# Glyn Davies (economist)
**Glyn Davies** (22 May 1919 -- 6 January 2003) was a Welsh economist, best known for his 1994 book, *A History Of Money From Ancient Times To The Present Day*.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Davies was educated at Llandrindod Wells and Tonypandy, and studied economics at University of Wales, Cardiff. His studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II; he served in the Royal Dragoons and was present at the Battle of El Alamein. He also took part in the Normandy invasions of 1944.
After the war, Davies became a primary school teacher before completing his degree in economics and going on to postgraduate study.
Davies lectured at the University of Strathclyde and became an advisor to George Thomas, Viscount Tonypandy, when the latter was Secretary of State for Wales. In 1970 he became the first Sir Julian Hodge Professor of Banking and Finance at UWIST, Cardiff, a post he held until his retirement in 1985.
## Personal
Davies was born in Aberbeegnear Abertillery, where his father was a miner.
Davies met his Danish wife Grethe while on active service, and they married in 1947. He and his wife had four children - Roy, John Eric (born 1952), Kenneth, and Lisa Wise
| 209 |
Glyn Davies (economist)
| 0 |
11,088,535 |
# Levyraati
***Levyraati*** (\"Record Panel\") is a Finnish television show which ran from the 1961--1992 originally on YLE and starting from 1992 on MTV3. It is based on the British *Juke Box Jury*.
The show was originally hosted by Jaakko Jahnukainen and for a brief period by Vesa Nuotio (in 1980). However, the show was most famously hosted by Jukka Virtanen from 1980 till 1997 when the show went on a five-year hiatus. For its 2002--2003 run it was hosted by Raakel Lignell and later by Ruben Stiller. The show has been on unspecified hiatus since 2005.
In the program Finnish celebrities (mostly musicians) would rate recordings and, in later years, music videos with a score from 1 to 10. With four guests in the panel the maximum score was 40 and the winning song or video would be performed during the ending credits. One of the panel members was a frequent guest placed among three weekly guests.
Today *Levyraati* has also become a popular game practiced amongst friends and family who form the panel and play music from personal collections. The rating-system varies.
In 2023, channel MTV3 revealed that the program would make its return in January 2024, and the version premiered on 20 January. The new presenter is Jenni Pääskysaari, with regular panelists Asko Kallonen, Lina Schiffer, Väinö Karjalainen (son of J. Karjalainen) and Mikko Kosonen.
## Similar programmes {#similar_programmes}
- *Videoraati*, MoonTV\'s take on the popular format, hosted by Wallu Valpio.
- *Runoraati* was a version of the show on YLE in which a panel rates poems sent by amateur poets
| 264 |
Levyraati
| 0 |
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# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1983
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1983** took place in St. Konrad, Austria
| 22 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1983
| 0 |
11,088,592 |
# 2007 FIA GT Tourist Trophy
The **2007 FIA GT RAC Tourist Trophy** was the second race of the 2007 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at Silverstone Circuit on May 6, 2007. It was the third time the RAC Tourist Trophy was held as a round of the FIA GT Championship.
## Official results {#official_results}
Class winners in **bold**. Cars failing to complete 75% of winner\'s distance marked as Not Classified (NC). Cars with a **C** under their class are running in the Citation Cup, with the winner marked in ***bold italics***.
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| Pos | Class | No | Team | Drivers | Chassis | Tyre | Laps |
+==========+=========+==========+=============================================================+=========================================================+===============================+======+==========+
| Engine | | | | | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 1 | GT1 | 1 | Vitaphone Racing Team | Mika Salo\ | Maserati MC12 GT1 | | 66 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Thomas Biagi | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Maserati 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 2 | GT1 | 5 | Carsport Holland\ | Mike Hezemans\ | Chevrolet Corvette C6.R | | 66 |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEU}}`{=mediawiki} Phoenix Racing | `{{flagicon|CHE}}`{=mediawiki} Jean-Denis Délétraz | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Chevrolet 7.0L V8 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 3 | GT1 | 4 | PK Carsport | Anthony Kumpen\ | Chevrolet Corvette C5-R | | 66 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} Bert Longin | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Chevrolet 7.0L V8 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 4 | GT1 | 33 | Jetalliance Racing | Karl Wendlinger\ | Aston Martin DBR9 | | 66 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Ryan Sharp | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Aston Martin 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 5 | GT1 | 11 | Scuderia Playteam Sarafree | Andrea Bertolini\ | Maserati MC12 GT1 | | 66 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Andrea Piccini | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Maserati 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 6 | GT1 | 2 | Vitaphone Racing Team | Miguel Ramos\ | Maserati MC12 GT1 | | 65 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|SMR|1862}}`{=mediawiki} Christian Montanari | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Maserati 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 7 | GT1 | 23 | Aston Martin Racing BMS | Jamie Davies\ | Aston Martin DBR9 | | 65 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Fabio Babini | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Aston Martin 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 8 | GT1 | 12 | Scuderia Playteam Sarafree | Giambattista Giannoccaro\ | Maserati MC12 GT1 | | 65 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Alessandro Pier Guidi | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Maserati 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 9 | GT1 | 7 | All-Inkl.com Racing | Marc Basseng\ | Lamborghini Murcielago R-GT | | 65 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|DEU}}`{=mediawiki} Stefan Mücke | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Lamborghini 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 10 | GT1 | 17 | Barwell Motorsports | Piers Johnson\ | Aston Martin DBR9 | | 65 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Jonathan Cocker | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Aston Martin 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 11 | GT1 | 36 | Jetalliance Racing | Lukas Lichtner-Hoyer\ | Aston Martin DBR9 | | 64 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Robert Lechner | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Aston Martin 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 12 | GT1 | 22 | Aston Martin Racing BMS | Enrico Toccacelo\ | Aston Martin DBR9 | | 64 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Ferdinando Monfardini | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Aston Martin 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 13 | GT1 | 19 | PSI Experience | Luke Hines\ | Chevrolet Corvette C6.R | | 64 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Philipp Peter | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Chevrolet 7.0L V8 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 14 | GT2 | 50 | AF Corse Motorola | Toni Vilander\ | Ferrari F430 GT2 | | 63 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|DEU}}`{=mediawiki} Dirk Müller | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| ***15*** | ***GT1\ | ***18*** | ***`{{flagicon|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} Selleslagh Racing Team*** | ***`{{flagicon|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} Tom Cloet\ | ***Chevrolet Corvette C5-R*** | | ***62*** |
| | C*** | | | `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Pertti Kuismanen*** | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | ***Chevrolet 7.0L V8*** | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 16 | GT2 | 52 | Racing Team Edil Cris | Paolo Ruberti\ | Ferrari F430 GT2 | | 62 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Damien Pasini | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 17 | GT2 | 53 | Racing Team Edil Cris | Matteo Cressoni\ | Ferrari F430 GT2 | | 62 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Michele Rugolo | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 18 | GT2 | 97 | BMS Scuderia Italia | Emmanuel Collard\ | Porsche 997 GT3-RSR | | 62 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Matteo Malucelli | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Porsche 3.8L Flat-6 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 19 | GT2 | 62 | Scuderia Ecosse | Tim Mullen\ | Ferrari F430 GT2 | | 62 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Andrew Kirkaldy | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 20 | GT2 | 99 | Tech9 Motorsport | Leo Machitski\ | Porsche 997 GT3-RSR | | 62 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Sean Edwards | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Porsche 3.8L Flat-6 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 21 | GT2 | 63 | Scuderia Ecosse | Chris Niarchos\ | Ferrari F430 GT2 | | 61 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Nigel Mansell | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 22 | GT1\ | 16 | JMB Racing | Joe Macari\ | Maserati MC12 GT1 | | 60 |
| | C | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Ben Aucott | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Maserati 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 23 | GT1\ | 15 | JMB Racing | Dirk Waaijenberg\ | Maserati MC12 GT1 | | 59 |
| | C | | | `{{flagicon|NLD}}`{=mediawiki} Peter Kutemann | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Maserati 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 24 | GT1\ | 14 | Solution F | François Jakubowski\ | Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello | | 59 |
| | C | | | `{{flagicon|CHE}}`{=mediawiki} François Labhardt | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 5.9L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 25 | G2\ | 102 | Red Racing | Sébastien Carcone\ | Chrysler Viper GTS-R | | 58 |
| | C | | | `{{flagicon|LUX}}`{=mediawiki} Thierry Stepec | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Chrysler 8.0L V10 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 26\ | GT2 | 51 | AF Corse Motorola | Gianmaria Bruni\ | Ferrari F430 GT2 | | 44 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|BRA}}`{=mediawiki} Jaime Melo | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 4.0L V8 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 27\ | GT1\ | 21 | Kessel Racing | Loris Kessel\ | Ferrari 575-GTC Maranello | | 43 |
| DNF | C | | | `{{flagicon|CHE}}`{=mediawiki} Massimo Cattori | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Ferrari 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 28\ | G2 | 101 | Belgian Racing | Bas Leinders\ | Gillet Vertigo Streiff | | 41 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} Renaud Kuppens | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Alfa Romeo 3.6L V6 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 29\ | GT2 | 74 | Ebimotors | Emanuele Busnelli\ | Porsche 997 GT3-RSR | | 32 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Marcello Zani | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Porsche 3.8L Flat-6 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| 30\ | GT1 | 8 | All-Inkl.com Racing | Jos Menten\ | Lamborghini Murcielago R-GT | | 26 |
| DNF | | | | `{{flagicon|NLD}}`{=mediawiki} Peter Kox | | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
| | | | | | Lamborghini 6.0L V12 | | |
+----------+---------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------+----------+
## Statistics
- Pole Position -- #5 Carsport Holland -- 1:43.504
- Average Speed -- 167
| 1,558 |
2007 FIA GT Tourist Trophy
| 0 |
11,088,677 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1985
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1985** took place in Szczyrk, Poland. This was the first time the championships did not take place either in Austria or in Italy
| 38 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1985
| 0 |
11,088,701 |
# Lotfi Nasib
**Lotfi Nasib** (né *Nasibullen/Nasibulla,* Tatar*:* Лотфи Насыйбуллин/Насыйбулла; *Lotfi Nasıybullin/Nasıybulla;* 13 May 1926 - 28 March 2011) was a Finnish ice hockey player who played in SM-sarja as an attacker during 1943-1954, where he represented the Tampere-based team *Ilves* and won six championships. Nasib also played in two World Championships and 24 national matches. Nasib operated as the captain of Ilves during 1950-1951 season. Nasib was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985, as number 15.
In 1952, Nasib joined the German hockey team Harvestehuder THC Hamburg. He was paid by the team and therefore can be considered one of the first Finnish hockey players that got compensated abroad.
Lotfi was a part of the Finnish Tatar community. His parents were Neuman and Mahira Nasibullen/Nasibulla. Brother of Lotfi, Naim, and his son Erkan Nasib also played for Ilves
| 143 |
Lotfi Nasib
| 0 |
11,088,709 |
# Matilda Awards
**The Matilda Awards** recognise excellence in cabaret, dance, theatre, and performance in southeast Queensland.
## History
Established in 1987 by Alison Cotes and Sue Gough, the awards are an annual event held in February or March. The awards are voted by a panel of industry personnel and critics and membership of the panel has changes over time.
In 2012 Silver and Gold Matilda statuettes were introduced, awarded for either a single work or a body of work over time. There were five Gold Awards each year but in 2015 only one was awarded as a result of industry advice.
In 2013 the Award for the Best Emerging Artist was changed to Bille Brown Award for Best Emerging Artist, named after the late actor.
At the 2015 awards co-founder Alison Cotes was farewelled after 25 years on the committee. She later wrote:
> \"In spite of many changes over its 29 year history, and the often bitter political rows about format and judges, the Matilda Awards are still going strong, and with the backing of Arts Queensland will continue to develop, even if they do annoy many people along the way and attract plenty of criticism.\"
At the 2015 awards the Gold Matilda was awarded posthumously to Carol Burns. She was renowned in Brisbane theatre and the audience responded with a standing ovation.
Over the years awards have been won by productions from many theatre companies including Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts, Fractal Theatre Company, Harvest Rain, Judith Wright Arts Centre, La Boite, Grin \'n\' Tonic, little red company, Metro Arts, Monsters Appear, Oscar Theatre Company, Queensland Theatre Company (QTC), shake & stir, The Escapists, Wax Lyrical, and Zen Zen Zo Physical Theatre.
## Hall of Fame {#hall_of_fame}
In 2011, the Matilda Awards created a Hall of Fame which recognises performers/craftsmen for a body of work. `{{as of|June 2017}}`{=mediawiki}, the inductees were Sven Swenson, Sue Rider, Eugene Gilfedder, David Walters, Bill Haycock, Dale Ferguson, Andrew Buchanan, Caroline Kennison, Michael Futcher, Helen Howard, Greg Clarke, Hayden Spencer, Helen Cassidy, and Jennifer Flowers.
| 344 |
Matilda Awards
| 0 |
11,088,709 |
# Matilda Awards
## Awards
Winners are listed on the Matilda Awards website.
Award Winner Award Winner Award Winner
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
***1988***
**Award Winner** Jennifer Flowers: performances *Hedda Gabler*, *The Lady Aoi*, *Butts in the Borsht* **Award Winner** Sue Rider: devising and directing *The Matilda Women* **Award Winner** Eugene Gilfedder: versatile contribution to theatre, musical composition and direction, performance *Hamlet*
**Award Winner** Robert Arthur: directing *Too Young For Ghosts*, *Hamlet* **Award Winner** David Walters: lighting *Les Liaisons Dangeureuses*, *The Sentimental Bloke*, *A Different Drummer* **Commendation** Anna Pike: performance
**Commendation** Sally McKenzie: performance **Commendation** Russell Kiefel: performance **Commendation** Bill Haycock: stage design
**Commendation** Rick Billinghurst: directing **Commendation** Anthony Phelan: performance
***1989***
**Award Winner** David Brown: acting *Romeo and Juliet*, *The Perfectionist* **Award Winner** Jim Vilè: vital contribution to the enrichment of pro-am theatre in Brisbane **Award Winner** Rod Wissler: performance *Who\'s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?*
**Award Winner** Mark Radvan: directing *Equus* **Commendation** Veronica Neave: performance as Juliet **Commendation** Ian Leigh-Cooper: solid contribution to Brisbane theatre as director and actor
**Commendation** David Clendinning: extraordinary versatility in performance **Commendation** Christen O\'Leary: refreshing new talent in Brisbane theatre *The Threepenny Opera*, *Tokyo Rose* **Commendation** Errol O\'Neill: interpretation of The Christian Brothers
**Special Commendation** Queensland Performing Arts Trust: *The Soldier\'s Tale*
***1990***
**Award Winner** David Clendinning: translating *A Month In The Country*, performances *The Venetian Twins*, *Lost Weekend* **Award Winner** Dale Ferguson: stage design *Top Silk*, *A Month In The Country* **Award Winner** Bill Haycock: stage design *Legend*, *The Glass Menagerie*, *Brief Lives*
**Award Winner** Aubrey Mellor: contribution to the development of Queensland theatre **Award Winner** Anthony Phelan: performance *A Month In The Country*, *Top Silk* **Commendation** Beth Armstron : performance
**Commendation** David Bell: directing **Commendation** Sally McKenzie: performance **Commendation** Veronica Neave: performance
**Commendation** David Walter: lighting **Commendation** Rod Wissler: performance **Commendation** Joss McWilliam: - performance
**Special Commendation** Queensland Performing Arts Trust: *Legend*
***1991***
**Award Winner** David Bell: directing *The Game of Love and Chance,* *Bouncers* **Award Winner** Aubrey Mellor: directing *Money and Friends* **Award Winner** Bryan Nason: artistic direction (Grin \'n\' Tonic), directing *Gilgamesh*
**Award Winner** Anthony Phelan: performance Essington Lewis *I Am Work*, *The Game of Love and Chance* **Award Winner** Sue Rider: directing *Mrs Klein*, devising and directing *Dancing on the Walls Of Paris* **Commendation** Charles Barry: performance
**Commendation** Jennifer Flowers:: performance **Commendation** Eugene Gilfedder: performance **Commendation** Bill Haycock: stage design
**Commendation** Sally McKenzie: performance **Commendation** Veronica Neave: performance **Commendation** Christen O\'Leary: performance
**Commendation** Seymour Productions: body of work **Special Commendation** Babette Stephens: a lifetime of service to Queensland theatre
***1992***
**Award Winner** Bille Brown: performance *Twelfth Night* **Award Winner** Jonathan Hardy: performance *Twelfth Night* **Award Winner** Jennifer Flowers: performance *A Cheery Soul*, *Twelfth Night*, *Hotel Sorrento*, directing \'\'The Idiot
**Award Winner** Veronica Neave: performance *Twelfth Night*, *The Idiot* **Award Winner** David Berthold: directing *The Heidi Chronicles*, co-directing *Hotel Sorrento* **Commendation** Andrew Buchanan: performance *The Adman*
**Commendation** Anthony Phelan: performance **Commendation** Peter Lamb: performance *The Idiot* **Commendation** Jennifer Blocksidge: performance
**Commendation** David Walters: lighting **Commendation** Dale Ferguson (designer): stage design **Commendation** Bill Haycock: stage design
**Special Commendation** John Kotzas and Queensland Performing Arts Trust *Out of the Box* **Special Commendation** La Boite Theatre: *The Idiot*
***1993***
**Award Winner** Brenna Lee-Cooney: establishment Fractal Theatre Company, directing *The Orestaeia* **Award Winner** Sue Rider: directing *Vita!* **Award Winner** Dale Ferguson: stage design *Romeo & Juliet*, *The Shaughraun*
**Award Winner** Andrew Buchanan: performance *Romeo & Juliet*, *Summer of the Aliens*, *The Waking Hour* **Award Winner** Jonathan Hardy: performance *Romeo & Juliet*, *The Shaughraun* **Commendation** Angie Quick
**Commendation** David Clendinning **Commendation** Eugene Gilfedder **Commendation** Caroline Kennison: performance *Vita: A Fantasy*
**Commendation** Siobhan Lawless: performance *Diving For Pearls* **Special Commendation** David Bell, David Walters and Bill Haycock creating *The Waking Hour* for Queensland Performing Arts Trust
***1994***
**Award Winner** Andrew Buchanan: performance *The Taming of the Shrew*, *Cosi* **Award Winner** Michael Futcher: performance *Grendel* **Award Winner** Kevin Hides: performance *Cosi*, *Cyrano de Bergerac*
**Award Winner** Caroline Kennison: performance *Dancing at Lughnasa* **Award Winner** Peter Lamb: performance *Coriolanus*, *Theo An Illumination of the Life of Van Gogh* **Highly Commended** Hilary Beaton: script *No Strings Attached*
**Highly Commended** Irena Haze: performances *Coriolanus*, *The Fall of the House of Usher*, *The Romance of Orpheus* **Highly Commended** Charles Barry: performance *The Taming of the Shrew* **Highly Commended** Karen Crone: performances *Cosi*, *No Strings Attached*
**Highly Commended** Leah Purcell: performance *Low* **Highly Commended** Christopher Morris: performance *Low* **Outstanding Contribution to the Local Scene** John Kotzas: artistic director *Out of the Box*
**Outstanding Contribution to the Local Scene** Sue Rider: consistent high standards for la Boite theatre **Special Award for Services to the Qld Theatre Industry** Alan Edwards
***1995***
**Award Winner** Andrew Buchanan: performance *Hamlet* **Award Winner** John Batchelor: performance *Christmas at Turkey Beach*, *Mill Fire* **Award Winner** Elise Greig: performance *Mill Fire*, *Honour*
**Award Winner** Philip Dean: script *Long Gone Lonesome Cowgirls* **Award Winner** Jacqui Carroll: leadership and direction Frank Theatre **Commendation** Gael Ballantyne: performance *The Cavalcaders*
**Commendation** Deborah Mailman: performance *The Seven Stages of Grieving* **Commendation** Peter Lamb: performance **Commendation** Andrew McGahan: script *Bait*
**Commendation** Liz Buchanan: performance *Long Gone Lonesome Cowgirls* **Commendation** Barbara Fordham: performance *Long Gone Lonesome Cowgirls* **Most Exciting Production** The Dark, Rock \'n\' Roll Circus
**Sustained Contribution to Queensland Theatre** Sean Mee: recognition 20 years in Queensland theatre **Special Commendation** Bryan Nason, Grin & Tonic Theatre Troupe and its repertory season of four Shakespeare plays **Special Commendation** Michael Futcher & Helen Howard Matrix Theatre
**Special Commendation** Metro Arts, Experimetro programme
***1996***
**Award Winner** Caroline Kennison: performance *Skylight*, *Simpatico* **Award Winner** Jennifer Flowers: performance *Supermarket Pavane* **Award Winner** Glenn Francis: design *Skylight*, *Love Child*, *There Goes The Neighbourhood*, *Supermarket Pavane*, *The Dreamers*, *Romeo& Juliet*
**Award Winner** Lewis Jones: direction *Someone To Watch Over Me*, *Bouncers* **Award Winner** Danny Murphy: *Olenna*, *Abigail\'s Party*, *There Goes The Neighbourhood* **Commendation** Michael Futcher
**Commendation** Charles Barry **Commendation** Bill Haycock **Commendation** Rachel Konyi
**Commendation** Matt Scott **Best Production** *Sweeney Todd* Queensland Theatre Company **Commended** Brisbane Festival\'s community programme for supporting and promoting local theatre
***1997***
**Award Winner** Elaine Acworth: playwright *Solitary Animals* **Award Winner** John Batchelor: performance *Sweet Phoebe*, *Oz Shorts* *\'Award Winner* Greg Clarke: design *Oz Shorts*
**Award Winner** Paul Denny: performance *Scar* **Award Winner** Robyn Nevin: performance *Masterclass*, directing *Summer Rain*, *After The Ball* **Commendation** Anna Yen: writing, directing, performance
**Commendation** Deborah Mailman: performance **Commendation** Lorraine Dalu: performance **Commendation** Elise Greig: performance
**Commendation** Stephen Davis: writing **Commendation** Anthony Weigh: performance **Special Commendation** Wesley Enoch, services to indigenous theatre
**Special Commendation** John Kotzas, Stage X Festival
***1998***
**Award Winner** Helen Howard & Michael Futcher: writing *A Beautiful Life* **Award Winner** Dale Ferguson (designer): design *The Marriage of Figaro* **Award Winner** David Brown: writing, directing *Kill Everything You Love*
**Award Winner** Nicola Scott: performance *Sweet Panic* **Award Winner** Russell Dykstra: performance & writing *Children of the Devil* **Commendation** Margery Forde: writing *X-Stacy*
***1999***
**Award Winner** Bille Brown: performance *The Judas Kiss* **Award Winner** Brenna Lee-Cooney: directing *Decadence*, *Dracula* **Award Winner** Wesley Enoch: books, lyrics, directing *The Sunshine Club*
**Award Winner** Eugene Gilfedder: performance *Decadence*, *The Tempest*, *Vertigo* and *The Virginia*, *Dracula* **Award Winner** Kate Stewart: set design *Hamlet*, *He Died With A Felafel In His Hand* **Commendation** Angela Campbell: performance, directing, performance *Vertigo and the Virginia*
**Commendation** Jennifer Flowers: performance *Georgia* **Commendation** Damien Garvey: performance *The Big Picture* **Commendation** Stephen Grives: performance *Antigone*
**Commendation** Roxanne McDonald: performance *Romeo and Juliet*, *Goin\' To The Island*, *The Sunshine Club* **Commendation** Jill Shearer: writing *Georgia* **Commendation** Kaye Stevenson: performance *Hildegard*
**Special Award** Jim Vilè and Katie Williams, directing and producing Cathedrals Week **Special Award** Queensland Theatre Company, developing and producing *The Sunshine Club* by Wesley Enoch and John Rodgers
***2000***
**Award Winner** Julie Eckersley: performance *The Secret Death of Salvador Dali*, *As You Like It* **Award Winner** Mark Bromilow: directing *Clark In Sarajevo* **Award Winner** Margery & Michael Forde: writing *Milo\'s Wake*
**Award Winner** Yalin Ozucelik: performance *After January* **Award Winner** Sean Mee: directing *Box The Pony*, performance *Milo\'s Wake* **Commendation** Stacey Callaghan: writing & performance *When I Was A Boy*
**Commendation** Sarah Kennedy: performance *Sylvia* **Commendation** Geoff Squires: lighting *Closer*, *Clark In Sarajevo*, *Redemption* **Commendation** Lisa O\'Neill: performance *Three Frank Women*, *Rashamon*
**Commendation** Elizabeth Navratil: performance *Ca Ca Courage* **Commendation** Alison Ross: stage design *The Secret Death Salvador Dali* **Trust Award for Excellence** Leah Purcell: *Box The Pony*
**Special Commendation** Sue Rider, for her sustained contribution to Queensland theatre; her development and presentation of new local and Australian work; her encouragement of Queensland Artistes; and her development of La Boite into a professional centre of excellence
***2001***
**Award Winner** Michael Dorman: performance *48 Shades of Brown* **Award Winner** Elise Greig: performance *Alive at Williamstown Pier*, *The Caucasian Chalk Circle*, *Secret Bridesmaids\' Business* **Award Winner** Helen Howard: performance *Molly Sweeney*
**Award Winner** Matt Scott: lighting *The Forest*, *Richard III*, *Love\'s Labour\'s Lost*, *Buried Child* **Award Winner** Hayden Spencer: performance *Small Mercies*, *Alive At Williamstown Pier*, *The Caucasian Circle*, *Buried Child* **Commendation** Andrew Buchanan: directing *Love\'s Labour\'s Lost*, *The Caucasian Chalk Circle*, performance *Love\'s Labour\'s Lost*, *Secret Bridesmaids\' Business*
**Commendation** Damien Cassidy: performance *The Pitchfork Disney* **Commendation** Christine Johnston: devising, directing, performance *Decent Spinster* **Commendation** Jean-Marc Russ: directing *48 Shades of Brown*, *Rashamon*, performance *Fred*
**Commendation** Sven Swenson: writing *In Lieu of Flowers* **Commendation** David Walters: lighting *Molly Sweeney* **Special Commendation** Michael Gow and Queensland Theatre Company, promoting local writing in their groundbreaking production of *Dirt*
**MEAA Best Emerging Artist** Michael Dorman **In Memory of Ashley Wilkie, A Special One-off Award for Outstanding Contribution to Theatre Public Relations** Rosemary Herbert (Walker), La Boite Theatre **Backstage Award for Ongoing Excellence in Backstage Work (chosen by Brisbane theatre directors)** Tiffany Noake
**The Actors Benevolent Fund Award for Long-time Commitment to Queensland Theatre** Leo Wockner **QPAT Award** Stephen Page: Bangarra Dance Company
***2002***
**Award Winner** Carol Burns: performance *Bill and Mary*, *Bag O\' Marbles*, directing *Road To Mecca* **Award Winner** Greg Clarke: designs *Dogs In The Roof* productions *Emma\'s Nose*, *Salt*, *Macbeth* **Award Winner** Jon Halpin: directing*The Messiah*, *Bill and Mary*, *Bash*
**Award Winner** Bryan Nason: adaptation, directing, producing *Monkey* **Award Winner** David Walters: lighting *Black Chicks Talking*, *Still Standing* **Commendation** Eugene Gilfedder: performances *My Love Had A Black Speed Stripe*, *Emma\'s Nose,* *Macbeth*
**Commendation** Alison Ross: designs *Cooking With Elvis*, *Road To Mecca*, *Bash*, *Mad Hercules*, *The Holden Plays* **Commendation** Jean-Marc Russ: performance*Cooking With Elvis*, *The Messiah* **Special Commendation** Sue Benner and Metro Arts, promoting local artists and producing consistently good work in the inaugural Metro Arts Year of Independents
**Special Commendation** Queensland Theatre Company, supporting emerging artists through its inaugural repertory program, and for the excellent body of work by its ensemble of actors; Chris Beckey, Melinda Butel, Sarah Kennedy and Jason Klarwein **Special Commendation** Bryan Nason, his unparalleled contribution to Brisbane theatre - spanning five decades - through his company Grin \'n\' Tonic Theatre Troupe **Trust Award for Excellence** Margery Forde, outstanding contribution to theatre in Queensland and Australia
**Actors and Entertainers\' Benevolent Fund (Qld) Inc. now the Alan Edwards Memorial Award for Lifetime Contribution to the Performing Art in Brisbane** Carol Burns **MEAA Awards Best Emerging Actor** Jason Klarwein
***2003***
**Award Winner** Paul Denny: performance *A Day In The Death of Joe Egg*, *The Removalists* **Award Winner** Bill Haycock: set design *Half and Half* **Award Winner** Caroline Kennison: performance *A Day In The Death of Joe Egg*, *Cosi*
**Award Winner** Hayden Spencer: performances *Half and Half*, *The Lonesome West* **Award Winner** Sven Swenson: writing *Road To The She-Devil\'s Salon* **Commendation** Karen Crone: performance *Cosi*
**Commendation** Linda Hassell: writing *Post Office Rose* **Commendation** Jason Klarwein: performance *Half and Half* **Commendation** Bryan Probets: performances *The Lonesome West*, *Road To The She-Devil\'s Salon*
**Commendation** Jean-Marc Russ: directing *A Conversation* performance *We Were Dancing* **Commendation** Scott Witt:directing*Road To The She-Devil\'s Salon* excellence in fight choreography **Special Commendation** Dawn Albinger, Artistic Direction of the Magdalena Australia Festival and work with *Sacred Cow*
**Special Commendation** Una Hollingworth, ongoing contribution to costume design at Brisbane Arts Theatre **The Actors Benevolent Fund Alan Edwards Lifetime Achievement Award** Errol O\'Neill **La Boite Backstage Award** Tony Marr
**MEAA Emerging Artist Award** Bryan Probets **QPAC Award for Excellence to an Individual or Ensemble** Bryan Nason
***2004***
**Award Winner** Hayden Spencer **Award Winner** Melinda Butel **Award Winner** Caroline Kennison
**Award Winner** Jean-Marc Russ **Award Winner** Bill Haycock **Best Male Actor in a Lead Role** Hayden Spencer: *The Real Inspector Hound / Black Comedy*, *Eating Ice Cream With Your Eyes Closed*
**Best Female Actor in \[Lead\] Role** Melinda Butel: *Proof* **Best Female Actor in \[Lead\] Role** Caroline Kennison: *Wit* **Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role** Sandro Colarelli: *The Odyssey*, *The Venetian Twins*
**Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role** Carita Farrer: *Proof*, *The Venetian Twins* **Best Director** Jean-Marc Russ: *Eating Ice Cream With Your Eyes Closed* **Best Design** Bill Haycock: *The Odyssey*
**Best Sound Design** Brett Collery: *God is a DJ* **Best Lighting Design** David Walters: *The Odyssey*, *Wicked Bodies* **Best Production** *Eating Ice Cream With Your Eyes Closed* (QTC)
**Alliance Award for Emerging Artist** Emily Tomlins **Backstage Award** Gayle MacGregor **Alan Edwards Lifetime Achievement Award** Kaye Stevenson
**QPAC Award for Excellence in the Performing Arts** Bille Brown
***2005***
**The Interactive Theatre of Australia Award for Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Lead Role** Steven Grives: *The Drowning Bride* **The Interactive Theatre of Australia Award for Best Performance by a Female Actor in a Lead Role** Sarah Kennedy: Hitchcock Blonde **The Ben Parkinson Award for Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role** Daniel Murphy: *The Dance of Jeremiah*
**The Actors\'Workshop Award for Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role** Helen Cassidy: *The Drowning Bride* **The QUT Precincts Award for Best Director** Michael Futcher: *The Drowning Bride* **The Toadshow Award for Best Designer** Jonathan Oxlade: *A Christmas Carol*, *The Dance of Jeremiah*, *Bitin\' Back*, *Creche and Burn*
**The Booknook Award for Best Playwright** Helen Howard and Michael Futcher: *The Drowning Bride* **Queensland Performing Arts Centre Award** Gayle MacGregor: for Outstanding Contribution to Theatre Costume Design and Wardrobe Management **The MEAA Backstage Award** Anika Vilée
***2006***
**Gold Matilda Award Winner** Margi Brown-Ash: performance *The Knowing of Mary Poppins* **Gold Matilda Award Winner** Brett Collery: sound design *Away*, *Constance Drinkwater and the Final Days of Somerset* **Gold Matilda Award Winner** Michael Gow: direction *Away*, *Private Lives*, *Absurd Person Singular*
**Gold Matilda Award Winner** Robert Kemp: set *Away*, *Private Lives* **Gold Matilda Award Winner** Steven Tandy: performance *Last Drinks* **Best New Australian Work** *New Royal* Marcel Dorney
**Best Actress** Barbara Lowing: *Away* **Best Supporting Actress** Helen Howard: *Last Drinks* **Best Supporting Actor** Lucas Stibbard: *New Royal*
**Emerging Artist** Ross Balbuziente **Emerging Artist** Michael Balk **Emerging Artist** Dirk Hoult: *Assassins*
**Emerging Artist** Christopher Sommers
***2007***
**Best New Australian Work** *The Kursk* Sasha Janowicz **Best Mainstage Production** *The Narcissist* (La Boite Theatre Company) **Best Mainstage Production** *The Glass Menagerie* (QTC)
**Best Director** Michael Futcher: *The Kursk* **Best Actress** Helen Cassidy: *The Glass Menagerie* **Best Actor** Barry Otto: *Heroes*
**Best Supporting Actress** Helen Cassidy: *Post Office Rose* **Best Supporting Actor** James Stewart: *The Glass Menagerie* **Best Newcomer** Jessica Veurman-Betts: *Post Office Rose*
**Best Independent Production** The Kursk: (Metro Arts Independents) **Best Technical Design** David Walters: *The Glass Menagerie* **Best Musical Production** *Tom Waits for No Man*, Brisbane Cabaret Festival
**Best Design** Greg Clarke: *The Glass Menagerie*
***2008***
**Best Mainstage Production** *Anatomy Titus Fall of Rome* (QTC) **Best Independent Production** *Hoods* (Real TV) **Best Direction** Michael Futcher: *Rabbit Hole* (QTC)
**Best Direction** Michael Futcher: *The Wishing Well* (La Boite) **Best Actress in a Lead Role** Helen Howard: *Rabbit Hole* (QTC) **Best Actor in a Lead Role** Jean-Marc Russ: *I am my own wife* (QTC)
**Best Actress in a Supporting Role** Kaye Stevenson: *Summer of the Seventeenth Doll* (La Boite) **Best Actor in a Supporting Role** Andrew Buchanan: *Female of the Species* (QTC) **Best New Australian Work** *Attack of the Attacking Attackers*: Matthew Ryan
**Best Emerging Artist** Kathryn Marquet: *Jane Eyre, Bronte, Risk* **Best Design** Jonathon Oxlade: *Attack of the Attacking Attackers* (La Boite) **Best Technical Design** David Walters: *August Moon* (QTC)
**Best Musical Production** *The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee* (Oscar Theatre Co.)
***2009***
**Matilda Awards Winner** Michael Gow; Richard Jordan; Metro Arts; Michelle Miall; Sven Swenson **Matilda Awards Winner** Richard Jordan **Matilda Awards Winner** Metro Arts
**Matilda Awards Winner** Michelle Miall **Matilda Awards Winner** Sven Swenson **Best New Australian Play** *25 Down*: Richard Jordan (QTC)
**Best Independent Production** The Tempest - in the raw (Zen Zen Zo Physical Theatre) **Best Mainstage Production** *The Crucible* (QTC) **Best Director** Michelle Miall: *The Pillowman* (QTC)
**Best Actor in a Lead Role** Steven Rooke: *The Pillowman* (QTC) **Best Actress in a Main Role** Stace Callaghan: *The White Earth* **Best Actor in a Supporting Role** Chris Vernon: *The Pillowman* (QTC)
**Best Actress in a Supporting Role** Andrea Moor: *The Crucible* **Best Designer** Jaxzyn (Jen Jackson): video design - The Pineapple Queen **Best Emerging Artist** Michelle Miall: *The Pillowman* (QTC)
***2010***
**Matilda Award Winner** Leon Cain for his performance in *I Love You, Bro* **Matilda Award Winner** The Escapists for devising and producing *boy girl wall* **Matilda Award Winner** Eugene Gilfedder for his body of performance work in 2010 including *Grimm Tales, Hamlet and The Chairs*
**Matilda Award Winner** Leah Purcell for her artistic direction of the Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts and directing and acting in *The Story of the Miracles at Cookies Table* **Matilda Award Winner** David Berthold for his repositioning of La Boite and directing*Hamlet* and *I Love You, Bro* **Best Mainstage Production** *Hamlet* (La Boite)
**Best Independent Production** *boy girl wall* (The Escapists at Metro) **Best Direction** Michael Futcher: *Grimm Tales* **Best Female Actor in a Lead Role** Leah Purcell: *The Story of The Miracles at Cookie\'s Table*
**Best Male Actor in a Lead Role** Leon Cain in *I Love You, Bro* **Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role** Melanie Zanetti: *The Little Dog Laughed* **Best Male Actor in Supporting Role** Dan Crestani: *Grimm Tales\'\'*
**Best New Australian Work** *The Bitterling* by Sven Swenson **Best Emerging Artist** Amy Ingram: (acting) *Fat Pig* and *Single Admissions* **Best Design (Set, lighting, sound or costume)** Greg Clarke (design) on *Grimm Tales*
***2011***
**Matilda Award Winner** Simone de Haas for her artistic direction of *Mixed Company* and commitment to producing quality self-funded independent theatre across three decades, including directing, designing and acting in its body of work **Matilda Award Winner** Steven Rooke for his outstanding body of performance work in 2011, including *No Man\'s Land*, *Julius Caesar* and *The Removalists* **Matilda Award Winner** Josh McIntosh for his prolific body of work for independent theatre companies in 2011, including shake & stir\'s *Animal Farm* and set and costume designs for *Harvest Rain*
**Matilda Award Winner** Marcel Dorney for his accomplishment as a playwright in researching and rendering the script of *Fractions* **Matilda Award Winner** Melanie Zanetti for her radiant performance as Eliza Doolittle in *Pygmalion* **Best Mainstage Production** *Pygmalion* (QTC)
**Best Independent Production** *Animal Farm* (Shake & Stir) **Best Independent Production** *Amadeus* (4MBS Festival of Classics) **Best New Play** *Fractions* by Marcel Dorney
**Best Musical** *Cabaret* (Zen Zen Zo Physical Theatre) **Best Director** Michael Futcher *Animal Farm* **Best Director** Michael Gow *No Man\'s Land*
**Best Male Actor in a Leading Role** Paul Bishop: Edward Gant\'s *Amazing Feats of Loneliness* **Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role** Steven Rooke: *No Man\'s Land* **Best Female Actor in a Leading Role** Melanie Zanetti: *Pygmalion*
**Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role** Carol Burns: *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof* **Best Emerging Artist** Anna McGahan: *Julius Caesar* **Best Design (Set, lighting, sound or costume)** Renee Mulder: (set design) Edward Gant\'s *Amazing Feats of Loneliness*
***2012***
**Gold Matilda Award Winner** Bryan Probets **Gold Matilda Award Winner** Simone Romaniuk **Gold Matilda Award Winner** Helen Howard
**Gold Matilda Award Winner** David Walters **Gold Matilda Award Winner** Margi Brown Ash **Silver Matilda Best Mainstage Production** *Kelly* (QTC)
**Best New Australian Work** *A Tribute of Sorts*: Benjamin Schostakowski **Best Independent Production** *A Tribute of Sorts* (La Boite & Monsters Appear) **Best Male Actor in a Leading Role** Dash Kruck: *A Tribute of Sorts*
**Best Female Actor in a Leading Role** Emily Curtin: *A Tribute of Sorts* **Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role** Bryan Probets: *As You Like It* **Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role** Louise Brehmer: *Thérèse Raquin*
**Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role** Luisa Prosser: *Thérèse Raquin* **Best Director** Helen Howard: *Thérèse Raquin* **Best Design** Simone Romaniuk: *Kelly*
**Best Emerging Artist** Lizzie Ballinger: *Thérèse Raquin*
***2013***
**Gold Matilda Award** Barbara Lowing for performances in *The China Incident*, *Tequila Mockingbird*, and *Motherland* **Gold Matilda Award** Jason Glenwright for lighting *Rumour Has It*, *Sixty Minutes Inside Adele*, *Out Damn Snot*, *Blood Brothers*, *Oklahoma!*, *Next to Normal*, and *Tequila Mockingbird* **Gold Matilda Award** Andrea Moor for directing *Venus in Fur*
**Gold Matilda Award** shake & stir theatre co
| 3,450 |
Matilda Awards
| 1 |
11,088,713 |
# KhTZ Stadium
**KhTZ Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium and a city company located within Industrialnyi District, Kharkiv, commonly known as KhTZ. Near the closest Kharkiv Metro stations Imeni O.S. Maselskoho, it serves as a home soil to rugby clubs RC Olуmp and RC TEX-A-C and is sometimes used for athletics tournaments of domestic importance. The stadium also is a home to the Olympia sports school of the Olympic reserve.
## History
The stadium was built in Soviet times as a primary fitness centre for workers of the Kharkiv Tractor Plant. The stadium is a home to FC Torpedo Kharkiv and women\'s team WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv
KhTZ Stadium has seven tennis courts, a light athletics hall, a boxing ring and a cycling track. Across from the stadium there is located the Hart swimming center, formerly Trudovi Rezervy
| 137 |
KhTZ Stadium
| 0 |
11,088,716 |
# Albrecht Agthe
**Wilhelm Johann Albrecht Agthe** (14 April 1790 -- 8 October 1873) was a German music teacher.
Agthe was born in Ballenstedt to Karl Christian Agthe, a court organist and composer. He studied under Michael Gotthard Fischer in Erfurt, and in 1810 became a music teacher in Leipzig and a member of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. In 1823, he began teaching using Logier\'s method in Dresden; from 1826 in Posen (where he taught Theodor Kullak); from 1830 in Breslau; and from 1832 in Berlin, where he directed a music school for 13 years
| 95 |
Albrecht Agthe
| 0 |
11,088,722 |
# Esko Niemi
**Esko Ilmari Niemi** (11 June 1934 in Tampere, Finland -- 8 November 2013) was a professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Tappara and TPS. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985
| 45 |
Esko Niemi
| 0 |
11,088,739 |
# Thodoros Papadimitriou
**Theodoros Papadimitriou** (Greek: Θεόδωρος Παπαδημητρίου; 1931 -- 8 June 2018), also known simply as **Theodoros** (Θόδωρος), was a Greek sculptor who achieved international recognition.
## Biography
He was born in Agrinio in 1931 where he passed his childhood years and came into the years. His family descended from the mountainous village of Agios Vlassios. He fininsed the gymnasium at Agrinio in 1949 and left for Athens where in 1951 he entered the arts school. After his studies in Athens and his years in the military, he moved for Paris where he spend three years at the Εcole S. Des Beaux-Arts. He remained for several years in Paris where he became famous as a sculptor. When the dictatorship known as the Regime of the Colonels, he fled and left for San Francisco in the United States nearly the other side of Greece and taught at the California State University. After several years in France and the United States, he returned to Greece where he lives since after the fall of the dictatorship and in 1980 he became a professor of plastic in the architect school.
## Works
He made dozens of sculptures in Greece and worldwide, and won several awards. One of his most popular works include the sculptures at the Syntagma of the Athens Metro
| 218 |
Thodoros Papadimitriou
| 0 |
11,088,743 |
# Keep the Fire (song)
\"**Keep The Fire**\" is a song by American artist Kenny Loggins. It was released in 1980 as the second and final single from the album of the same name. This track reached number 36 in the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart in April that year. The song was written by Kenny Loggins and Eva Ein Loggins.
## Chart positions {#chart_positions}
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1980) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+=====================================+==========+
| Canada Top Singles (*RPM*) | 52 |
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 | 36 |
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| U.S
| 96 |
Keep the Fire (song)
| 0 |
11,088,762 |
# Ganagobie Abbey
**Ganagobie Abbey** (*Abbaye Notre-Dame de Ganagobie*) is a Benedictine monastery in Ganagobie in the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France. It is part of the Solesmes Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation and as such focuses on Gregorian chant.
## A Cluniac Priory {#a_cluniac_priory}
The first monastic foundation on this remote and mountainous site appears to date from the 9th or 10th century. Among the first documentary records is a bull of Pope Stephen VIII in 939 confirming the possessions of Cluny Abbey, among them the monastery at Ganagobie. It was suppressed in 1789 under the Ancien Régime and sold off in 1791 during the course of the French Revolution, after which large parts of the buildings were demolished.
## Gift to Marseilles Priory {#gift_to_marseilles_priory}
In 1865 the Benedictines of Solesmes under Dom Prosper Guéranger founded the **Priory of St. Madeleine** in Marseilles, or **Marseilles Priory**. In 1891 the Comte de Malijay, by that time the owner of the priory site at Ganagobie, made a gift of to the Marseilles Priory. In the course of repair and restoration work on the new property, important medieval mosaics were discovered in 1898.
## A Dependency of Hautecombe Abbey {#a_dependency_of_hautecombe_abbey}
In 1901 however the community at Marseilles were forced by the Association Laws to leave France. They took refuge in Italy and did not return until 1922, when they took up residence at Hautecombe Abbey, of which Ganagobie was from then on a priory, of one or two monks only.
## A Benedictine Abbey {#a_benedictine_abbey}
In 1987, after decades of restoration work, the whole community of Hautecombe decided to move to Ganagobie, which they did in 1992
| 274 |
Ganagobie Abbey
| 0 |
11,088,765 |
# Pertti Nieminen
**Pertti Ilmari Nieminen** (9 December 1936 -- 8 November 2016) was a Finnish professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. Born in Hämeenlinna, Finland, he played for HPK and TPS. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985
| 47 |
Pertti Nieminen
| 0 |
11,088,781 |
# United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa
The **United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa** (in case citations, **N.D. Iowa**) has jurisdiction over fifty-two of Iowa\'s ninety-nine counties. It is subject to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).
The United States District Court for the District of Iowa, established on March 3, 1845, by `{{USStat|5|789}}`{=mediawiki}, was subdivided into the current Northern and Southern Districts on July 20, 1882, by `{{USStat|22|172}}`{=mediawiki}.
Presently, the court has two district judges, Chief Judge Leonard T. Strand and Judge C. J. Williams, one senior judge, Linda R. Reade, and two magistrate judges, Kelly Mahoney and Mark A. Roberts.
The court is headquartered in Cedar Rapids, with a satellite courthouse in Sioux City.
, the **acting United States attorney** is Timothy T. Duax.
## Jurisdiction
thumb\|upright=2\|Federal judicial districts and divisions in Iowa. `{{div col}}`{=mediawiki} **Northern District of Iowa** `{{Legend|#67001f|Western Division}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Legend|#d6604d|Central Division}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Legend|#fddbc7|Eastern Division}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Legend|#b2182b|Cedar Rapids Division}}`{=mediawiki} **Southern District of Iowa** `{{Legend|#d1e5f0|Western Division}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Legend|#053061|Central Division}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Legend|#4393c3|Davenport Division}}`{=mediawiki} `{{div col end}}`{=mediawiki} The Northern District of Iowa has four court divisions, each covering the following counties:
The **Cedar Rapids Division**, covering Benton, Cedar, Grundy, Hardin, Iowa, Jones, Linn, and Tama counties.
The **Central Division**, covering Butler, Calhoun, Carroll, Cerro Gordo, Emmet, Franklin, Hamilton, Hancock, Humboldt, Kossuth, Palo Alto, Pocahontas, Webster, Winnebago, Worth, and Wright counties.
The **Eastern Division**, covering Allamakee, Black Hawk, Bremer, Buchanan, Chickasaw, Clayton, Delaware, Dubuque, Fayette, Floyd, Howard, Jackson, Mitchell, and Winneshiek counties.
The **Western Division**, covering Buena Vista, Cherokee, Clay, Crawford, Dickinson, Ida, Lyon, Monona, O\'Brien, Osceola, Plymouth, Sac, Sioux, and Woodbury counties.
## Current judges {#current_judges}
`{{As of|2024|02|12|df=US}}`{=mediawiki}: `{{start U.S. judgeship Current}}`{=mediawiki} `{{U.S. judgeship row Current
| index = 13
| title = Chief Judge
| name = [[C. J. Williams (judge)|C. J. Williams]]
| duty station = [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]]
| born = 1963
| term = 2018–present
| chief term = 2024–present
| senior term = —
| appointer = [[List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump|Trump]]
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{U.S. judgeship row Current
| index = 12
| title = District Judge
| name = [[Leonard T. Strand]]
| duty station = [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]|
| born = 1965
| term = 2016–present
| chief term = 2017–2024
| senior term = —
| appointer = [[List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama|Obama]]|
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{U.S. judgeship row Current
| index = 11
| title = Senior Judge
| name = [[Linda R. Reade]]
| duty station = [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]]|
| born = 1948
| term = 2002–2017
| chief term = 2007–2017
| senior term = 2017–present
| appointer = [[List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush|G.W. Bush]]
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{end U.S. judgeship Current}}`{=mediawiki}
## Former judges {#former_judges}
## Chief judges {#chief_judges}
## Succession of seats {#succession_of_seats}
## U.S. Attorneys {#u.s._attorneys}
- Maurice D. O\'Connell 1883-86
- Timothy P. Murphy 1886-90
- Maurice D. O\'Connell 1890-94
- Cato Sells 1894-98
- [Horace G. McMillan](https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mcmillan.html#341.74.17) 1898-1907
- Frederick F. Faville 1907-13
- [Anthony Van Wagenen](https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/vanwagenen-vaudain.html#899.48.26) 1913-14
- [Frank A. O\'Connor](https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/oconnor.html#620.03.85) 1914-21
- Guy P. Linville 1921-27
- Bennett E. Rhinehart 1927-31
- Harry M. Reed 1931-34
- [Edward G. Dunn](https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dunn.html#152.79.16) 1934-40
- [Tobias E. Diamond](https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dey-dichman.html#568.83.65) 1940-52
- [Michael L. Mason](https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mason.html#983.38.15) 1952-53
- F. G. Van Alstine 1953-61
- Donald E. O\'Brien 1961-67
- Steve Turner 1967
- Asher E. Schroeder 1967-69
- Evan L. Hultman 1969-77
- James H. Reynolds 1977-82
- Evan L. Hultman 1982-86
- Robert L. Teig 1986
- Charles W. Larson, Sr. 1986-93
- Robert L. Teig 1993
- Stephen J. Rapp 1993-2001
- Charles W. Larson, Sr. 2001-2006
- Judith A. Whetstine 2007
- Matt M. Dummermuth 2007-2009
- Stephanie M. Rose 2009-2012
- Sean R. Berry 2012-2014
- Kevin W. Techau 2014-2017
- Peter Deegan 2017-2021
- Sean R. Berry 2021-2022
- Timothy T
| 662 |
United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa
| 0 |
11,088,787 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1987
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1987** took place in Jesenice, Yugoslavia
| 21 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1987
| 0 |
11,088,791 |
# Valley High School (Sacramento, California)
**Valley High School** is a 9th-12th-grade college preparatory high school located in Sacramento, California, near the city limits of Elk Grove, California. The school was established in 1977 as part of the Elk Grove Unified School District. Valley\'s mascot is the Viking and their cross town rivals are Elk Grove High School and Florin High School.
## History
Valley was Elk Grove\'s second comprehensive and traditional high school. The new school was built to serve the northern part of the huge 320 sqmi district, which covered a large portion of south Sacramento. The name chosen for the high school was intended to reflect the Valley Hi community, which was then one of the newer subdivisions in the south area.
## Academics
The school has increased the number of students completing A-G requirements from 21 percent in 2005 to 30 percent in 2007. The number of Valley High School students who successfully completed CSU applications rose by 56 percent from 2005 to 2007. The number of students taking the PSAT rose from a 4 percent participation rate in 2005--2006 to 80 percent in 2007--2008. During the same time period, the EGUSD participation rate rose from 16 percent to 79 percent in 2007--2008. The numbers of students participating are now far higher than the state level at 34 percent and the nation at 37 percent.
In 2013, the Health TECH Academy launched the state\'s first high school-based community health worker training program. Health TECH chw trainees participate in various community events and serve as paid interns with health providers.
### Academic competitions {#academic_competitions}
#### National History Day {#national_history_day}
In the National History Day program, participants from Valley High have reached the national finals a number of times. In 1997, a student won second place in the Senior Individual Exhibit category. In 1998, a group won third in the Senior Group Exhibit, and one student won third in Senior Individual Exhibit. In 2007, three students won second place in the Senior Group Exhibit category.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
### Athletics
- Robert Awalt - NFL, tight end
- Rae Carruth - NFL, wide receiver. convicted murderer
- Jerry DeLoach - NFL, defensive tackle
- Keith Lewis - NFL, safety
- Charles Mann - NFL, defensive tackle Super Bowl Champion
- Jamie Nieto - 3-time Olympic high jumper
- Jeremiah Pharms - college football player
- Marshall Sperbeck - football coach
- Fernando Viña - MLB, infielder
- Damen Wheeler - American football player
### Politics
- George A
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Valley High School (Sacramento, California)
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11,088,795 |
# FC Olimpik Donetsk
**FC Olimpik Donetsk** (*«Олімпік» Донецьк* `{{IPA|uk|oˈl⁽ʲ⁾impiɡ doˈnɛtsʲk|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Ukrainian inactive football team based in Donetsk, Ukraine. The club currently doesn\'t play in any Ukrainian competition due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Since its promotion to Ukrainian Premier League in 2014, it played its games in Kyiv due to the war in Donbas. During the 2016--17 Ukrainian Premier League, there were attempts to move the club either to Sumy or Cherkasy, which were never realized.
On 21 June 2023 the 31st PFL Conference excluded several clubs that did not compete in the 2022--23 season and did not renew their membership.
## History
The football club Olimpik Donetsk was formed in 2001 along with a charity regional fund of football development.
The club was meant to rely on players from its academy. Olimpik Donetsk entered the professional competition in 2004. After six seasons Druha Liha Olympik became champions in the 2010--11 season and were promoted to the Persha Liha. Olympik became the champions of the 2013--14 Ukrainian First League and earned promotion to the Ukrainian Premier League. They play at their stadium \"Olimpik\".
The clubs has several youth teams that play in youth competitions under the name \"Olimpik-UOR\" (Olimpik -- Uchylyshche of Olympiyskoho Rezervu). Since 2009, UOR Donetsk and Olimpik have agreement about mutual training of young footballers.
Since its promotion to the Ukrainian Premier League in 2014, the club is forced to play its games in Kyiv.
The Olimpik Donetsk participation in the 2019--20 season was under question because both of its youth teams (U-21 and U-19) were expelled from the Ukrainian Premier League due to match fixing, and are banned from competitions until the end of 2019--20 season. One of the conditions to receive a season license in UPL was presence of youth teams in a club. The league members voted to keep Olimpik\'s senior team in the league, yet final decision was reserved for the UAF (formerly FFU) Executive Committee. On 18 June 2019, the UAF Executive Committee approved the League\'s decision about Olimpik and later explained that it made changes to its regulations where clubs will not be penalized for having its youth teams banned from the UPL competitions as long as the club will sponsor other youth teams. On 9 July 2019 Olimpik filed a lawsuit against UAF to the Court of Arbitration for Sport about falsification of a case against the club and sanctions that were introduced against the club. At the end of July in media appeared information that the club might have withdrawn its lawsuit from the CAS.
In July 2021, the president of the club Vladyslav Helzin announced that the club is withdrawing from all competitions for the 2021/22 season and suspends its activities.
## Infrastructures
The main ground in Sports Complex Olimpik in Donetsk, but due to the war in Donbas, from 2014 until 2016 the team was moved to Bannikov Stadium in Kyiv. From August 2016 until December 2016 the team played in the Yuvileiny Stadium in Sumy. In 2016, due to COVID-19 pandemic the team played in Stadion Yuri Gagarin in Chernihiv and then to Lobanovsky Dynamo Stadium, Kyiv in the same year. On 5 October 2021 the club played in Yunist Stadium in Chernihiv for the Ukrainian First League for the season 2021-22 in the option to play all season.
## Honours
- **Ukrainian First League**
- **Winners:** 2013--14
- **Ukrainian Second League -- Group B**
- **Winners:** 2010--11
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# FC Olimpik Donetsk
## League and cup history {#league_and_cup_history}
ImageSize = width:900 height:60 PlotArea = left:10 right:10 bottom:30 top:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2004 till:01/01/2022 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2004 Colors =
` id:bl1 value:rgb(0.5,0.8,0.5)`\
` id:bl2 value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.3)`\
` id:rs value:rgb(0.8,0.6,0.6)`\
` id:rn value:rgb(0.9,0.1,0.1)`
PlotData=
` bar:Position width:15 color:white align:center`
` from:01/01/2004 till:01/07/2004 shift:(0,-4) text:4`\
` from:01/01/2004 till:01/01/2005 shift:(15,-4) text:11`\
` from:01/01/2005 till:01/01/2006 shift:(0,-4) text:5`\
` from:01/01/2006 till:01/01/2007 shift:(0,-4) text:10`\
` from:01/01/2007 till:01/01/2008 shift:(0,-4) text:6`\
` from:01/01/2008 till:01/01/2009 shift:(0,-4) text:6`\
` from:01/01/2009 till:01/01/2010 shift:(0,-4) text:5`\
` from:01/01/2010 till:01/01/2011 shift:(0,-4) text:1`\
` from:01/01/2011 till:01/01/2012 shift:(0,-4) text:12`\
` from:01/01/2012 till:01/01/2013 shift:(0,-4) text:11`\
` from:01/01/2013 till:01/01/2014 shift:(0,-4) text:1`\
` from:01/01/2014 till:01/01/2015 shift:(0,-4) text:8`\
` from:01/01/2015 till:01/01/2016 shift:(0,-4) text:9`\
` from:01/01/2016 till:01/01/2017 shift:(0,-4) text:4`\
` from:01/01/2017 till:01/01/2018 shift:(0,-4) text:9`\
` from:01/01/2018 till:01/01/2019 shift:(0,-4) text:9`\
` from:01/01/2019 till:01/01/2020 shift:(0,-4) text:9`\
` from:01/01/2020 till:01/01/2021 shift:(0,-4) text:13`\
` from:01/01/2021 till:01/01/2022 shift:(0,-4) text:11`
` from:01/01/2004 till:01/07/2004 color:rn shift:(0,13) text: "Amateurs"`\
` from:01/07/2004 till:01/01/2011 color:rs shift:(0,13) text: "Druha Liha"`\
` from:01/01/2011 till:01/01/2014 color:bl2 shift:(0,13) text: "Persha Liha"`\
` from:01/01/2014 till:01/01/2021 color:bl1 shift:(0,13) text: "Premier Liha"`\
` from:01/01/2021 till:01/01/2022 color:bl2 shift:(0,13) text: "Persha Liha"`
: {\|class=\"wikitable\"
! Season ! Div. ! Pos. ! Pl. ! W ! D ! L ! GS ! GA ! P !Domestic Cup !colspan=2\|Europe !Notes \|-bgcolor=SteelBlue \|align=center\|2004 \|align=center\|4th (1st round)\
*(Amatory)* \|align=center\|**4** \|align=center\|6 \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|2 \|align=center\|3 \|align=center\|9 \|align=center\|14 \|align=center\|**5** \|align=center bgcolor=grey rowspan=2\| \|align=center bgcolor=grey colspan=2 rowspan=12\| \|align=center\|obtained professional status during season \|-bgcolor=PowderBlue \|align=center\|2004--05 \|align=center rowspan=7\|3rd \"B\"\
*(Druha Liha)* \|align=center\|**11** \|align=center\|28 \|align=center\|8 \|align=center\|3 \|align=center\|17 \|align=center\|33 \|align=center\|54 \|align=center\|**27** \|align=center\| \|-bgcolor=PowderBlue \|align=center\|2005--06 \|align=center\|**5** \|align=center\|24 \|align=center\|13 \|align=center\|2 \|align=center\|9 \|align=center\|42 \|align=center\|28 \|align=center\|**41** \|align=center\|1/32 finals \|align=center\| \|-bgcolor=PowderBlue \|align=center\|2006--07 \|align=center\|**10** \|align=center\|28 \|align=center\|8 \|align=center\|8 \|align=center\|12 \|align=center\|35 \|align=center\|41 \|align=center\|**32** \|align=center\|1/16 finals \|align=center\| \|-bgcolor=PowderBlue \|align=center\|2007--08 \|align=center\|**6** \|align=center\|34 \|align=center\|19 \|align=center\|6 \|align=center\|9 \|align=center\|66 \|align=center\|41 \|align=center\|**63** \|align=center\|1/16 finals \|align=center\| \|-bgcolor=PowderBlue \|align=center\|2008--09 \|align=center\|**6** \|align=center\|34 \|align=center\|16 \|align=center\|9 \|align=center\|9 \|align=center\|55 \|align=center\|32 \|align=center\|**57** \|align=center\|1/32 finals \|align=center\| \|-bgcolor=PowderBlue \|align=center\|2009--10 \|align=center\|**5** \|align=center\|26 \|align=center\|15 \|align=center\|4 \|align=center\|7 \|align=center\|45 \|align=center\|28 \|align=center\|**49** \|align=center\|1/64 finals \|align=center\| \|-bgcolor=PowderBlue \|align=center\|2010--11 \|align=center bgcolor=gold\|**1** \|align=center\|22 \|align=center\|17 \|align=center\|2 \|align=center\|3 \|align=center\|45 \|align=center\|15 \|align=center\|**53** \|align=center\|1/32 finals \|align=center bgcolor=lightgreen\|Promoted \|-bgcolor=LightCyan \|align=center\|2011--12 \|align=center rowspan=3\|2nd\
*(Persha Liha)* \|align=center\|**12** \|align=center\|34 \|align=center\|11 \|align=center\|7 \|align=center\|16 \|align=center\|38 \|align=center\|44 \|align=center\|**40** \|align=center\|1/32 finals \|align=center\| \|-bgcolor=LightCyan \|align=center\|2012--13 \|align=center\|**11** \|align=center\|34 \|align=center\|15 \|align=center\|4 \|align=center\|15 \|align=center\|34 \|align=center\|37 \|align=center\|**49** \|align=center\|1/32 finals \|align=center\| \|-bgcolor=LightCyan \|align=center\|2013--14 \|align=center bgcolor=gold\|**1** \|align=center\|30 \|align=center\|16 \|align=center\|7 \|align=center\|7 \|align=center\|45 \|align=center\|33 \|align=center\|**55** \|align=center\|1/32 finals \|align=center bgcolor=lightgreen\|Promoted \|- \| align=\"center\" \|2014--15 \| align=\"center\" rowspan=7\|1st\
*(Premier Liha)* \| align=\"center\" \|**8** \| align=\"center\" \|26 \| align=\"center\" \|7 \| align=\"center\" \|5 \| align=\"center\" \|14 \| align=\"center\" \|24 \| align=\"center\" \|64 \| align=\"center\" \|**26** \|align=center bgcolor=tan\|1/2 finals \| align=\"center\" \| \|- \| align=\"center\" \|2015--16 \| align=\"center\" \|**9** \| align=\"center\" \|26 \| align=\"center\" \|6 \| align=\"center\" \|7 \| align=\"center\" \|13 \| align=\"center\" \|22 \| align=\"center\" \|35 \| align=\"center\" \|**25** \| align=\"center\" \|1/8 finals \| align=\"center\" \| \| align=\"center\" \| \| align=\"center\" \| \|- \| align=\"center\" \|2016--17 \| align=\"center\" \|**4** \| align=\"center\" \|32 \| align=\"center\" \|11 \| align=\"center\" \|11 \| align=\"center\" \|10 \| align=\"center\" \|33 \| align=\"center\" \|44 \| align=\"center\" \|**44** \| align=\"center\" \|1/16 finals \| align=\"center\" \| \| align=\"center\" \| \| align=\"center\" \| \|- \| align=\"center\" \|2017--18 \| align=\"center\" \|**9** \| align=\"center\" \|32 \| align=\"center\" \|9 \| align=\"center\" \|9 \| align=\"center\" \|14 \| align=\"center\" \|29 \| align=\"center\" \|38 \| align=\"center\" \|**36** \| align=\"center\" \|`{{frac|1|8}}`{=mediawiki} finals \| align=\"center\" \|EL \| align=\"center\" \|3Q \| align=\"center\" \| \|- \| align=\"center\" \|2018--19 \| align=\"center\" \|**9** \| align=\"center\" \|32 \| align=\"center\" \|7 \| align=\"center\" \|13 \| align=\"center\" \|12 \| align=\"center\" \|41 \| align=\"center\" \|48 \| align=\"center\" \|**34** \| align=\"center\" \|`{{frac|1|8}}`{=mediawiki} finals \| align=\"center\" \| \| align=\"center\" \| \| align=\"center\" \| \|- \| align=\"center\" \|2019--20 \| align=\"center\" \|**9** \| align=\"center\" \|32 \| align=\"center\" \|10 \| align=\"center\" \|6 \| align=\"center\" \|16 \| align=\"center\" \|32 \| align=\"center\" \|47 \| align=\"center\" \|**36** \| align=\"center\" \|`{{frac|1|8}}`{=mediawiki} finals \| align=\"center\" \| \| align=\"center\" \| \| align=\"center\" \| \|- \| align=\"center\" \|2020--21 \| align=\"center\" \|**13** \| align=\"center\" \|26 \| align=\"center\" \|6 \| align=\"center\" \|4 \| align=\"center\" \|16 \| align=\"center\" \|28 \| align=\"center\" \|48 \| align=\"center\" \|**22** \| align=\"center\" \|`{{frac|1|16}}`{=mediawiki} finals \| align=\"center\" \| \| align=\"center\" \| \|align=center bgcolor=pink\|Relegated \|-bgcolor=LightCyan \|align=center\|2021--22 \|align=center\|2nd\
*(Persha Liha)* \|align=center\|**11** \|align=center\|19 \|align=center\|7 \|align=center\|2 \|align=center\|10 \|align=center\|19 \|align=center\|23 \|align=center\|**23** \|align=center\|`{{frac|1|32}}`{=mediawiki} finals \|align=center\| \|align=center\| \|align=center\| All football competitions were suspended or abandoned on April 26 due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
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| 1 |
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# Seppo Nikkilä
**Seppo Tapani Nikkilä** (born December 23, 1936, in Tampere, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for KOOVEE. He competed in the men\'s tournament at the 1964 Winter Olympics. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986
| 52 |
Seppo Nikkilä
| 0 |
11,088,829 |
# Nerve guidance conduit
A **nerve guidance conduit** (also referred to as an **artificial nerve conduit** or **artificial nerve graft**, as opposed to an autograft) is an artificial means of guiding axonal regrowth to facilitate nerve regeneration and is one of several clinical treatments for nerve injuries. When direct suturing of the two stumps of a severed nerve cannot be accomplished without tension, the standard clinical treatment for peripheral nerve injuries is autologous nerve grafting. Due to the limited availability of donor tissue and functional recovery in autologous nerve grafting, neural tissue engineering research has focused on the development of bioartificial nerve guidance conduits as an alternative treatment, especially for large defects. Similar techniques are also being explored for nerve repair in the spinal cord but nerve regeneration in the central nervous system poses a greater challenge because its axons do not regenerate appreciably in their native environment.
The creation of artificial conduits is also known as **entubulation** because the nerve ends and intervening gap are enclosed within a tube composed of biological or synthetic materials. Whether the conduit is in the form of a biologic tube, synthetic tube or tissue-engineered conduit, it should facilitate neurotropic and neurotrophic communication between the proximal and distal ends of the nerve gap, block external inhibitory factors, and provide a physical guidance for axonal regrowth. The most basic objective of a nerve guidance conduit is to combine physical, chemical, and biological cues under conditions that will foster tissue formation.
Materials that have been used to make biologic tubes include blood vessels and skeletal muscles, while nonabsorbable and bioabsorbable synthetic tubes have been made from silicone and polyglycolide respectively. Tissue-engineered nerve guidance conduits are a combination of many elements: scaffold structure, scaffold material, cellular therapies, neurotrophic factors and biomimetic materials. The choice of which physical, chemical and biological cues to use is based on the properties of the nerve environment, which is critical in creating the most desirable environment for axon regeneration. The factors that control material selection include biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical integrity, controllability during nerve growth, implantation and sterilization.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Scaffold topography {#scaffold_topography}
In tissue engineering, the three main levels of scaffold structure are considered to be:
- the superstructure, the overall shape of the scaffold;
- the microstructure, the cellular level structure of the surface; and
- the nanostructure, the subcellular level structure of the surface.
### Superstructure
The superstructure of a conduit or scaffold is important for simulating *in vivo* conditions for nerve tissue formation. The extracellular matrix, which is mainly responsible for directing tissue growth and formation, has a complex superstructure created by many interwoven fibrous molecules. Ways of forming artificial superstructure include the use of thermo-responsive hydrogels, longitudinally oriented channels, longitudinally oriented fibers, stretch-grown axons, and nanofibrous scaffolds.
#### Thermo-responsive hydrogels {#thermo_responsive_hydrogels}
In traumatic brain injury (TBI), a series of damaging events is initiated that lead to cell death and overall dysfunction, which cause the formation of an irregularly-shaped lesion cavity. The resulting cavity causes many problems for tissue-engineered scaffolds because invasive implantation is required, and often the scaffold does not conform to the cavity shape. In order to get around these difficulties, thermo-responsive hydrogels have been engineered to undergo solution-gelation (sol-gel) transitions, which are caused by differences in room and physiological temperatures, to facilitate implantation through in situ gelation and conformation to cavity shape caused, allowing them to be injected in a minimally invasively manner.
Methylcellulose (MC) is a material with well-defined sol-gel transitions in the optimal range of temperatures. MC gelation occurs because of an increase in intra- and inter-molecular hydrophobic interactions as the temperature increases. The sol-gel transition is governed by the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), which is the temperature at which the elastic modulus equals the viscous modulus. The LCST must not exceed physiological temperature (37 °C) if the scaffold is to gel upon implantation, creating a minimally invasive delivery. Following implantation into a TBI lesion cavity or peripheral nerve guidance conduit, MC elicits a minimal inflammatory response. It is also very important for minimally invasive delivery that the MC solution has a viscosity at temperatures below its LCST, which allows it to be injected through a small gauge needle for implantation in *in vivo* applications. MC has been successfully used as a delivery agent for intra-optical and oral pharmaceutical therapies. Some disadvantages of MC include its limited propensity for protein adsorption and neuronal cellular adhesion making it a non-bioactive hydrogel. Due to these disadvantages, use of MC in neural tissue regeneration requires attaching a biologically active group onto the polymer backbone in order to enhance cell adhesion.
Another thermo-responsive gel is one that is formed by combining chitosan with glycerophosphate (GP) salt. This solution experiences gelation at temperatures above 37 °C. Gelation of chitosan/GP is rather slow, taking half an hour to initially set and 9 more hours to completely stabilize. Gel strength varies from 67 to 1572 Pa depending on the concentration of chitosan; the lower end of this range approaches the stiffness of brain tissue. Chitosan/GP has shown success *in vitro*, but the addition of polylysine is needed to enhance nerve cell attachment. Polylysine was covalently bonded to chitosan in order to prevent it from diffusing away. Polylysine was selected because of its positive nature and high hydrophilicity, which promotes neurite growth. Neuron survival was doubled, though neurite outgrowth did not change with the added polylysine.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Scaffold topography {#scaffold_topography}
### Superstructure
#### Longitudinally oriented channels {#longitudinally_oriented_channels}
Longitudinally oriented channels are macroscopic structures that can be added to a conduit in order to give the regenerating axons a well-defined guide for growing straight along the scaffold. In a scaffold with microtubular channel architecture, regenerating axons are able to extend through open longitudinal channels as they would normally extend through endoneurial tubes of peripheral nerves. Additionally, the channels increase the surface area available for cell contact. The channels are usually created by inserting a needle, wire, or second polymer solution within a polymer scaffold; after stabilizing the shape of the main polymer, the needle, wire, or second polymer is removed in order to form the channels. Typically multiple channels are created; however, the scaffold can consist of just one large channel, which is simply one hollow tube.
A molding technique was created by Wang et al. for forming a nerve guidance conduit with a multi-channel inner matrix and an outer tube wall from chitosan. In their 2006 study, Wang et al. threaded acupuncture needles through a hollow chitosan tube, where they are held in place by fixing, on either end, patches created using CAD. A chitosan solution is then injected into the tube and solidified, after which the needles are removed, creating longitudinally oriented channels. A representative scaffold was then created for characterization with 21 channels using acupuncture needles of 400 μm in diameter. Upon investigation under a microscope, the channels were found to be approximately circular with slight irregularities; all channels were aligned with the inner diameter of the outer tube wall. It was confirmed by micro-CT imaging that the channels went through the entire length of the scaffold. Under water absorption, the inner and outer diameters of the scaffold became larger, but the channel diameters did not vary significantly, which is necessary for maintaining the scaffold shape that guides neurite extension. The inner structure provides an increase in compressive strength compared to a hollow tube alone, which can prevent collapse of the scaffold onto growing neurites. Neuro-2a cells were able to growth on the inner matrix of the scaffold, and they oriented along the channels. Although this method has only been tested on chitosan, it can be tailored to other materials.
lyophilizing and wire-heating process is another method of creating longitudinally oriented channels, developed by Huang et al. (2005). A chitosan and acetic acid solution was frozen around nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) wires in a liquid nitrogen trap; subsequently the wires were heated and removed. Ni-Cu wires were chosen because they have a high resistance level. Temperature-controlled lyophilizers were used to sublimate the acetic acid. There was no evidence of the channels merging or splitting. After lyophilizing, scaffold dimensions shrunk causing channels to be a bit smaller than the wire used. The scaffolds were neutralized to a physiological pH value using a base, which had dramatic effects on the porous structure. Weaker bases kept the porous structure uniform, but stronger base made it uncontrollable. The technique used here can be slightly modified to accommodate other polymers and solvents.
Another way to create longitudinally oriented channels is to create a conduit from one polymer with embedded longitudinally oriented fibers from another polymer; then selectively dissolve the fibers to form longitudinally oriented channels. Polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers were embedded in a (Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate (HEMA) scaffold. PCL was chosen over poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), because it is insoluble in HEMA but soluble in acetone. This is important because HEMA was used for the main conduit material and acetone was used to selectively dissolve the polymer fibers. Extruded PCL fibers were inserted into a glass tube and the HEMA solution was injected. The number of channels created was consistent from batch to batch and the variations in fiber diameter could be reduced by creating a more controlled PCL fiber extrusion system. The channels formed were confirmed to be continuous and homogeneous by examination of porosity variations. This process is safe, reproducible and has controllable dimensions. In a similar study conducted by Yu and Shoichet (2005), HEMA was copolymerized with AEMA to create a P(HEMA-co-AMEA) gel. Polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers were embedded in the gel, and then selectively dissolved by acetone with sonication to create channels. It was found that HEMA in mixture with 1% AEMA created the strongest gels. When compared to scaffolds without channels, the addition of 82--132 channels can provide an approximately 6--9 fold increase in surface area, which may be advantageous for regeneration studies that depend on contact-mediated cues.
Itoh et al. (2003) developed a scaffold consisting of a single large longitudinally oriented channel was created using chitosan tendons from crabs. Tendons were harvested from crabs (Macrocheira kaempferi) and repeatedly washed with sodium hydroxide solution to remove proteins and to deacetylate the tendon chitin, which subsequently became known as tendon chitosan. A stainless steel bar with triangular-shaped cross-section (each side 2.1 mm long) was inserted into a hollow tendon chitosan tube of circular-shaped cross-section (diameter: 2 mm; length: 15 mm). When comparing the circular-shaped and triangular-shaped tubes, it was found that the triangular tubes had improved mechanical strength, held their shape better, and increased the surface area available. While this is an effective method for creating a single channel, it does not provide as much surface area for cellular growth as the multi-channel scaffolds.
Newman et al. (2006) inserted conductive and non-conductive fibers into a collagen-TERP scaffold (collagen cross-linked with a terpolymer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm) ). The fibers were embedded by tightly wrapping them on a small glass slide and sandwiching a collagen-TERP solution between it and another glass slide; spacers between the glass slides set the gel thickness to 800 μm. The conductive fibers were carbon fiber and Kevlar, and the nonconductive fibers were nylon-6 and tungsten wire. Neurites extend in all directions in thick bundles on the carbon fiber; however with the other three fibers, neurites extended in fine web-like conformations. The neurites showed no directional growth on the carbon and Kevlar fibers, but they grew along the nylon-6 fibers and to some extent along the tungsten wire. The tungsten wire and nylon-6 fiber scaffolds had neurites grow into the gel near the fiber-gel interface in addition to growing along the surface. All fiber gels except Kevlar showed a significant increase in neurite extension compared to non-fiber gels. There was no difference in the neurite extension between the non-conductive and the conductive fibers.
In their 2005 study, Cai et al. added Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) microfilaments to hollow poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and silicon tubes. The microfiber guidance characteristics were inversely related to the fiber diameter with smaller diameters promoting better longitudinally oriented cell migration and axonal regeneration. The microfibers also promoted myelination during peripheral nerve repair.
#### Stretch-grown axons {#stretch_grown_axons}
Mature axon tracts has been demonstrated to experience growth when mechanically stretched at the central portion of the axon cylinder. Such mechanical stretch was applied by a custom axon stretch-growth bioreactor composed of four main components: custom-designed axon expansion chamber, linear motion table, stepper motor and controller. The nerve tissue culture is placed within the expansion chamber with a port for gas exchange and a removable stretching frame, which is able to separate two groups of somas (neuron cell bodies) and thus stretch their axons. Collagen gel was used to promote the growth of larger stretch-grown axon tracts that were visible to the unaided eye. There are two reasons for the growth enhancement due to the collagen coating: 1) the culture became hydrophobic after the collagen dried, which permitted a denser concentration of neurons to grow, and 2) the collagen coating created an unobstructed coating across the two elongation substrates. Examination by scanning electron microscope and TEM showed no signs of axon thinning due to stretch, and the cytoskeleton appeared to be normal and intact. The stretch-grown axon tracts were cultured on a biocompatible membrane, which could be directly formed into a cylindrical structure for transplantation, eliminating the need to transfer axons to a scaffold after growth was complete. The stretch-grown axons were able to grow at an unprecedented rate of 1 cm/day after only 8 days of acclimation, which is much greater than the 1 mm/day maximal growth rate as measured for growth cone extension. The rate of 1 mm/day is also the average transport speed for structural elements such as neurofilaments.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Scaffold topography {#scaffold_topography}
### Superstructure
#### Nanofibers scaffolds {#nanofibers_scaffolds}
Research on nanoscale fibers attempts to mimic the *in vivo* extracellular environment in order to promote directional growth and regeneration. Three distinct methods for forming nanofibrous scaffolds are self-assembly, phase separation and electrospinning. However, there are many other methods for forming nanofibrous scaffolds.
Self-assembly of nanofibrous scaffolds is able to occur only when the fibers themselves are engineered for self-assembly. One common way to drive the self-assembly of scaffold fibers is to use amphiphilic peptides so that in water the hydrophobic moiety drives the self-assembly. Carefully calculated engineering of the amphiphilic peptides allows for precise control over the self-assembled matrix. Self-assembly is able to create both ordered and unordered topographies. Phillips et al. (2005) developed and tested *in vitro* and *in vivo* a self-aligned collagen-Schwann cell matrix, which allowed DRG neurite extension alignment *in vitro*. Collagen gels have been used extensively as substrates for three-dimensional tissue culture. Cells are able to form integrin-mediated attachments with collagen, which initiates cytoskeleton assembly and cell motility. As cells move along the collagen fibers they generate forces that contract the gel. When the collagen fibers are tethered at both ends, cell-generated forces create uniaxial strain, causing the cells and collagen fibers to align. The advantages of this matrix are its simplicity and speed of preparation. Soluble plasma fibronectin can also self-assemble into stable insoluble fibers when put under direct mechanical shearing within a viscous solution. Phillips et al. (2004) investigated a new method of shear aggregation that causes an improved aggregation. The mechanical shearing was created by dragging out a 0.2 ml bolus to 3 cm with forceps; fibronectin aggregates into insoluble fibers at the rapidly moving interface in an ultrafiltration cell. The proposed mechanism for this fiber aggregation is protein extension and elongation under mechanical shear force, which leads to lateral packing and protein aggregation of fibers. Phillips et al. showed that mechanical shear produced by stretching a high viscosity fibronectin gel causes substantial changes in its structure and that when applied through uniaxial extension, a viscous fibronectin gel forms oriented fibrous fibronectin aggregates; additionally, the fibrous aggregates have a decreased solubility and can support the various cell types in vitro.
Phase separation allows for three-dimensional sub-micrometre fiber scaffolds to be created without the use of specialized equipment. The five steps involved in phase separation are polymer dissolution, phase separation and gelation, solvent extraction from the gel, freezing and freeze drying in water. The final product is a continuous fiber network. Phase separation can be modified to fit many different applications, and pore structure can be varied by using different solvents, which can change the entire process from liquid--liquid to solid--liquid. Porosity and fiber diameter can also be modified by varying the initial concentration of the polymer; a higher initial concentration leads to less pores and larger fiber diameters. This technique can be used to create networks of fibers with diameters reaching type I collagen fiber diameters. The fibrous network created is randomly oriented and so far work has not been done to attempt to organize the fibers. Phase separation is a widely used technique for creating highly porous nanofibrous scaffolds with ease.
Electrospinning provides a robust platform for development of synthetic nerve guidance conduits. Electrospinning can serve to create scaffolds at controlled dimensions with varying chemistry and topography. Furthermore, different materials can be encapsulated within fibers including particles, growth factors, and even cells. Electrospinning creates fibers by electrically charging a droplet of polymer melt or solution and suspending it from a capillary. Then, an electric field is applied at one end of the capillary until the charge exceeds the surface tension, creating a polymer jet that elongates and thins. This polymer jet discharges as a Taylor cone, leaving behind electrically charged polymers, which are collected on a grounded surface as the solvent as the solvent evaporates from the jets. Fibers have been spun with diameters ranging from less than 3 nm to over 1 μm. The process is affected by system parameters such as polymer type, polymer molecular weight, and solution properties and by process parameters such as flow rate, voltage, capillary diameter, distance between the collector and the capillary, and motion of the collector. The fibrous network created is unordered and contains a high surface-to-volume ratio as a result of a high porosity; a large network surface area is ideal for growth and transport of wastes and nutrients in neural tissue engineering. The two features of electrospun scaffolds that are advantageous for neural tissue engineering are the morphology and architecture, which closely mimics the ECM, and the pores, which are the correct range of sizes that allows nutrient exchange but prevents in growth of glial scar tissue (around 10 μm). Random electrospun PLLA scaffolds have been demonstrated to have increased cell adhesion, which may be due to an increased surface roughness. Chemically modified electrospun fiber mats have also been shown to influence neural stem cell differentiation and increase cell proliferation. In the past decade, scientists have also developed numerous methods for production of aligned nanofiber scaffolds, which serve to provide additional topographic cues to cells. This is advantageous because large scale three-dimensional aligned scaffolds cannot be created easily using traditional fabrication techniques. In a study conducted by Yang et al. (2005), aligned and random electrospun poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) microfibrous and nanofibrous scaffolds were created, characterized, and compared. Fiber diameters were directly proportional to the initial polymer concentration used for electrospinning; the average diameter of aligned fibers was smaller than that of random fibers under identical processing conditions. It was shown that neural stem cells elongated parallel to the aligned electrospun fibers. The aligned nanofibers had a longer average neurite length compared to aligned microfibers, random microfibers, and random nanofibers. In addition, more cells differentiated on aligned nanofibers than aligned microfibers. Thus, the results of this study demonstrated that aligned nanofibers may be more beneficial than nonaligned fibers or microfibers for promoting nerve regeneration.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Scaffold topography {#scaffold_topography}
### Microstructure and nanostructure {#microstructure_and_nanostructure}
Microstructure and nanostructure, along with superstructure are three main levels of scaffold structure that deserve consideration when creating scaffold topography. While the superstructure refers to the overall shape of the scaffold, the microstructure refers to the cellular level structure of the surface and the nanostructure refers to the subcellular level structure of the surface. All three levels of structure are capable of eliciting cell responses; however, there is significant interest in the response of cells to nanoscale topography motivated by the presence of numerous nanoscale structures within the extracellular matrix. There are a growing number of methods for the manufacture of micro- and nanostructures (many originating from the semiconductor industry) allowing for the creation of various topographies with controlled size, shape, and chemistry.
#### Physical cues {#physical_cues}
Physical cues are formed by creating an ordered surface structure at the level of the microstructure and/or nanostructure. Physical cues on the nanoscale have been shown to modulate cell adhesion, migration, orientation, contact inhibition, gene expression, and cytoskeletal formation. This allows for the direction of cell processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and spreading. There are numerous methods for the manufacture of micro- and nanoscale topographies, which can be divided into those that create ordered topographies and those that create unordered topographies.
**Ordered topographies** are defined as patterns that are organized and geometrically precise. Though there are many methods for creating ordered topographies, they are usually time-consuming, requiring skill and experience and the use of expensive equipment.
**Photolithography** involves exposing a light source to a photoresist-coated silicon wafer; a mask with the desired pattern is place between the light source and the wafer, thereby selectively allowing light to filter through and create the pattern on the photoresist. Further development of the wafer brings out the pattern in the photoresist. Photolithography performed in the near-UV is often viewed as the standard for fabricating topographies on the micro-scale. However, because the lower limit for size is a function of the wavelength, this method cannot be used to create nanoscale features. In their 2005 study, Mahoney et al. created organized arrays of polyimide channels (11 μm in height and 20--60 μm in width) were created on a glass substrate by photolithography. Polyimide was used because it adheres to glass well, is chemically stable in aqueous solution, and is biocompatible. It is hypothesized that the microchannels limited the range of angles that cytoskeletal elements within the neurite growth cones could accumulate, assemble, and orient. There was a significant decrease in the number of neurites emerging from the soma; however, there was less decrease as the range of angles over which the neurites emerged was increased. Also, the neurites were on average two times longer when the neurons were cultured on the microchannels versus the controls on a flat surface; this could be due to a more efficient alignment of filaments.
In **electron beam lithography** (EBL), an electron-sensitive resist is exposed to a beam of high-energy electrons. There is the choice of a positive or negative type resist; however, lower feature resolution can be obtained with negative resists. Patterns are created by programming the beam of electrons for the exact path to follow along the surface of the material. Resolution is affected by other factors such as electron scattering in the resist and backscattering from the substrate. EBL can create single surface features on the order of 3--5 nm. If multiple features are required over a large surface area, as is the case in tissue engineering, the resolution drops and features can only be created as small as 30--40 nm, and the resist development begins to weigh more heavily on pattern formation. To prevent dissolution of the resist, ultrasonic agitation can be used to overcome intermolecular forces. In addition, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) helps develop high-density arrays. EBL can become a quicker and less costly process by replicating nanometer patterns in polymeric materials; the replication process has been demonstrated with polycaprolactone (PCL) using hot embossing and solvent casting. In a study conducted by Gomez et al. (2007), microchannels 1 and 2 μm wide and 400 and 800 nm deep created by EBL on PDMS were shown to enhance axon formation of hippocampal cells in culture more so than immobilized chemical cues.
**X-ray lithography** is another method for forming ordered patterns that can be used to investigate the role that topography plays in promoting neuritogenesis. The mask parameters determine the pattern periodicity, but ridge width and depth are determined by the etching conditions. In a study, ridges were created with periods ranging from 400 through 4000 nm, widths ranging from 70 through 1900 nm, and a groove depth of 600 nm; developing neurites demonstrated contact guidance with features as small as 70 nm and greater than 90% of the neurites were within 10 degrees of parallel alignment with the ridges and grooves. There was not a significant difference in orientation with respect to the feature sizes used. The number of neurites per cell was constrained by the ridges and grooves, producing bipolar rather than branching phenotypes.
**Unordered topographies** are generally created by processes that occur spontaneously during other processing; the patterns are random in orientation and organization with imprecise or no control over feature geometry. The advantage to creating unordered topographies over ordered is that the processes are often less time-consuming, less expensive, and do not require great skill and experience. Unordered topographies can be created by polymer demixing, colloidal lithography and chemical etching.
In **polymer demixing**, polymer blends experience spontaneous phase separation; it often occurs during conditions such as spin casting onto silicon wafers. Features that can be created by this method include nanoscale pits, islands, and ribbons, which can be controlled to an extent by adjusting the polymer ratio and concentration to change the feature shape and size, respectively. There is not much control in the horizontal direction, though the vertical direction of the features can be precisely controlled. Because the pattern is very unordered horizontally, this method can only be used to study cell interactions with specific height nanotopographies.
**Colloidal lithography** is inexpensive and can be used to create surfaces with controlled heights and diameters. Nanocolliods are used as an etch mask by spreading them along the material surface, and then ion beam bombardment or film evaporation is used to etch away around the nanocolliods, creating nanocolumns and nanopits, respectively. The final surface structure can be controlled by varying the area covered by colloids and the colloid size. The area covered by the colloids can be changed by modifying the ionic strength of the colloid solution. This technique is able to create large patterned surface areas, which is necessary for tissue engineering applications.
**Chemical etching** involves soaking the material surface in an etchant such as hydrofluoric acid (HF) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) until the surface is etched away to a desired roughness as created by pits and protrusions on the nanometer scale. Longer etch times lead to rougher surfaces (i.e., smaller surface pits and protrusions). Structures with specific geometry or organization cannot be created by this rudimentary method because at best it can be considered a surface treatment for changing the surface roughness. The significant advantages of this method are ease of use and low cost for creating a surface with nanotopographies. Silicon wafers were etched using HF, and it was demonstrated that cell adhesion was enhanced only in a specified range of roughness (20--50 nm).
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Scaffold topography {#scaffold_topography}
### Microstructure and nanostructure {#microstructure_and_nanostructure}
#### Chemical cues {#chemical_cues}
In addition to creating topography with physical cues, it can be created with chemical cues by selectively depositing polymer solution in patterns on the surface of a substrate. There are different methods for depositing the chemical cues. Two methods for dispensing chemical solutions include stripe patterning and piezoelectric microdispensing.
**Stripe-patterned polymer films** can be formed on solid substrates by casting diluted polymer solution. This method is relatively easy, inexpensive, and has no restriction on the scaffold materials that can be used. The procedure involves horizontally overlapping glass plates while keeping them vertically separated by a narrow gap filled with a polymer solution. The upper plate is moved at a constant velocity between 60 and 100 μm/s. A thin liquid film of solution is continuously formed at the edge of the sliding glass following evaporation of the solvent. Stripe patterns prepared at speeds of 60, 70, and 100 μm/s created width and groove spacings of 2.2 and 6.1 μm, 3.6 and 8.4 μm, and 4.3 and 12.7 μm, respectively; the range of heights for the ridges was 50--100 nm. Tsuruma, Tanaka et al. demonstrated that embryonic neural cells cultured on film coated with poly-L-lysine attached and elongated parallel to poly(ε-caprolactone)/chloroform solution (1g/L) stripes with narrow pattern width and spacing (width: 2.2 μm, spacing: 6.1 μm). However, the neurons grew across the axis of the patterns with wide width and spacing (width: 4.3 μm, spacing: 12.7 μm). On average, the neurons on the stripe-patterned films had less neurites per cell and longer neurites compared to the neurons on non-patterned films. Thus, the stripe pattern parameters are able to determine the growth direction, the length of neurites, and the number of neurites per cell.
**Microdispensing** was used to create micropatterns on polystyrene culture dishes by dispensing droplets of adhesive laminin and non-adhesive bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions. The microdispenser is a piezoelectric element attached to a push-bar on top of a channel etched in silicon, which has one inlet at each end and a nozzle in the middle. The piezoelectric element expands when voltage is applied, causing liquid to be dispensed through the nozzle. The microdispenser is moved using a computer-controlled x-y table. The micropattern resolution depends on many factors: dispensed liquid viscosity, drop pitch (the distance between the centre of two adjacent droplets in a line or array), and the substrate. With increasing viscosity the lines become thinner, but if the liquid viscosity is too high the liquid cannot be expelled. Heating the solution creates more uniform protein lines. Although some droplet overlap is necessary to create continuous lines, uneven evaporation may cause uneven protein concentration along the lines; this can be prevented through smoother evaporation by modifying the dispensed solution properties.
For patterns containing 0.5 mg/mL laminin, a higher proportion of neurites grew on the microdispensed lines than between the lines. On 10 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL BSA protein patterns and fatty-acid free BSA protein patterns a significant number of neurites avoided the protein lines and grew between the lines. Thus, the fatty-acid-containing BSA lines were just as non-permissive for neurite growth as lines containing BSA with fatty acids. Because microdispensing does not require direct contact with the substrate surfaces, this technique can utilitze surfaces with delicate micro- or nanotopology that could be destroyed by contact. It is possible to vary the amount of protein deposited by dispensing more or less droplets. An advantage of microdispensing is that patterns can be created quickly in 5--10 minutes. Because the piezoelectric microdispenser does not require heating, heat-sensitive proteins and fluids as well as living cells can be dispensed.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Scaffold material {#scaffold_material}
The selection of the scaffold material is perhaps the most important decision to be made. It must be biocompatible and biodegradable; in addition, it must be able to incorporate any physical, chemical, or biological cues desired, which in the case of some chemical cues means that it must have a site available for chemically linking peptides and other molecules. The scaffold materials chosen for nerve guidance conduits are almost always hydrogels. The hydrogel may be composed of either biological or synthetic polymers. Both biological and synthetic polymers have their strengths and weaknesses. It is important to note that the conduit material can cause inadequate recovery when (1) degradation and resorption rates do not match the tissue formation rate, (2) the stress-strain properties do not compare well to those of neural tissue, (3) when degrading swelling occurs, causing significant deformation, (4) a large inflammatory response is elicited, or (5) the material has low permeability.
### Hydrogel
Hydrogels are a class of biomaterials that are chemically or physically cross-linked water-soluble polymers. They can be either degradable or non-degradable as determined by their chemistry, but degradable is more desirable whenever possible. There has been great interest in hydrogels for tissue engineering purposes, because they generally possess high biocompatibility, mechanical properties similar to soft tissue, and the ability to be injected as a liquid that gels. When hydrogels are physically cross-linked they must rely on phase separation for gelation; the phase separation is temperature-dependent and reversible. Some other advantages of hydrogels are that they use only non-toxic aqueous solvents, allow infusion of nutrients and exit of waste products, and allow cells to assemble spontaneously. Hydrogels have low interfacial tension, meaning cells can easily migrate across the tissue-implant boundary. However, with hydrogels it is difficult to form a broad range of mechanical properties or structures with controlled pore size.
### Synthetic polymer {#synthetic_polymer}
A synthetic polymer may be non-degradable or degradable. For the purpose of neural tissue engineering degradable materials are preferred whenever possible, because long-term effects such as inflammation and scar could severely damage nerve function. The degradation rate is dependent on the molecular weight of the polymer, its crystallinity, and the ratio of glycolic acid to lactic acid subunits. Because of a methyl group, lactic acid is more hydrophobic than glycolic acid causing its hydrolysis to be slower. Synthetic polymers have more wieldy mechanical properties and degradation rates that can be controlled over a wide range, and they eliminate the concern for immunogenicity. There are many different synthetic polymers currently being used in neural tissue engineering. However, the drawbacks of many of these polymers include a lack of biocompatibility and bioactivity, which prevents these polymers from promoting cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Synthetic conduits have only been clinically successful for the repair of very short nerve lesion gaps less than 1--2 cm. Furthermore, nerve regeneration with these conduits has yet to reach the level of functional recovery seen with nerve autografts.
#### Collagen-terpolymer {#collagen_terpolymer}
Collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix, and it is found in the supporting tissues of peripheral nerves. A terpolymer (TERP) was synthesized by free radical copolymerization of its three monomers and cross-linked with collagen, creating a hybrid biological-synthetic hydrogel scaffold. The terpolymer is based on poly(NIPAAM), which is known to be a cell friendly polymer. TERP is used both as a cross-linker to increase hydrogel robustness and as a site for grafting of bioactive peptides or growth factors, by reacting some of its acryloxysuccinimide groups with the --NH2 groups on the peptides or growth factors. Because the collagen-terpolymer (collagen-TERP) hydrogel lacks a bioactive component, a study attached to it a common cell adhesion peptide found in laminin (YIGSR) in order to enhance its cell adhesion properties.
#### Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) family {#poly_lactic_co_glycolic_acid_family}
The polymers in the PLGA family include poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (glycolic acid) (PGA), and their copolymer poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). All three polymers have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for employment in various devices. These polymers are brittle and they do not have regions for permissible chemical modification; in addition, they degrade by bulk rather than by surface, which is not a smooth and ideal degradation process. In an attempt to overcome the lack of functionalities, free amines have been incorporated into their structures from which peptides can be tethered to control cell attachment and behavior.
#### Methacrylated dextran (Dex-MA) copolymerized with aminoethyl methacrylate (AEMA) {#methacrylated_dextran_dex_ma_copolymerized_with_aminoethyl_methacrylate_aema}
Dextran is a polysaccharide derived from bacteria; it is usually produced by enzymes from certain strains of leuconostoc or Streptococcus. It consists of α-1,6-linked D-glucopyranose residues. Cross-linked dextran hydrogel beads have been widely used as low protein-binding matrices for column chromatography applications and for microcarrier cell culture technology. However, it has not been until recently that dextran hydrogels have been investigated in biomaterials applications and specifically as drug delivery vehicles. An advantage of using dextran in biomaterials applications include its resistance to protein adsorption and cell-adhesion, which allows specific cell adhesion to be determined by deliberately attached peptides from ECM components. AEMA was copolymerized with Dex-MA in order to introduce primary amine groups to provide a site for attachment of ECM-derived peptides to promote cell adhesion. The peptides can be immobilized using sulfo-SMMC coupling chemistry and cysteine-terminated peptides. Copolymerization of Dex-MA with AEMA allowed the macroporous geometry of the scaffolds to be preserved in addition to promoting cellular interactions.
#### Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) {#polyglycerol_sebacate_pgs}
A novel biodegradable, tough elastomer has been developed from poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) for use in creation of a nerve guidance conduit. PGS was originally developed for soft tissue engineering purposes to specifically mimic ECM mechanical properties. It is considered an elastomer because it is able to recover from deformation in mechanically dynamic environments and to effectively distribute stress evenly throughout regenerating tissues in the form of microstresses. PGS is synthesized by a polycondensation reaction of glycerol and sebacic acid, which can be melt processed or solvent processed into the desired shape. PGS has a Young\'s modulus of 0.28 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength greater than 0.5 MPa. Peripheral nerve has a Young\'s modulus of approximately 0.45 MPa, which is very close to that of PGS. Additionally, PGS experiences surface degradation, accompanied by losses in linear mass and strength during resorption. Following implantation, the degradation half-life was determined to be 21 days; complete degradation occurred at day 60. PGS experiences minimal water absorption during degradation and does not have detectable swelling; swelling can cause distortion, which narrows the tubular lumen and can impede regeneration. It is advantageous that the degradation time of PGS can be varied by changing the degree of crosslinking and the ratio of sebacic acid to glycerol. In a study by Sundback et al. (2005), implanted PGS and PLGA conduits had similar early tissue responses; however, PLGA inflammatory responses spiked later, while PGS inflammatory responses continued to decreases.
#### Polyethylene glycol hydrogel {#polyethylene_glycol_hydrogel}
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels are biocompatible and proven to be tolerated in many tissue types, including the CNS. Mahoney and Anseth formed PEG hydrogels by photopolymerizing methacrylate groups covalently linked to degradable PEG macromers. Hydrogel degradation was monitored over time by measuring mechanical strength (compressive modulus) and average mesh size from swelling ratio data. Initially, the polymer chains were highly cross-linked, but as degradation proceeded, ester bonds were hydrolyzed, allowing the gel to swell; the compressive modulus decreased as the mesh size increased until the hydrogel was completely dissolved. It was demonstrated that neural precursor cells were able to be photoencapsulated and cultured on the PEG gels with minimal cell death. Because the mesh size is initially small, the hydrogel blocks inflammatory and other inhibitory signals from surrounding tissue. As the mesh size increases, the hydrogel is able to serve as a scaffold for axon regeneration.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Scaffold material {#scaffold_material}
### Biological polymers {#biological_polymers}
There are advantages to using biological polymers over synthetic polymers. They are very likely to have good biocompatibility and be easily degraded, because they are already present in nature in some form. However, there are also several disadvantages. They have unwieldy mechanical properties and degradation rates that cannot be controlled over a wide range. In addition, there is always the possibility that naturally-derived materials may cause an immune response or contain microbes. In the production of naturally-derived materials there will also be batch-to-batch variation in large-scale isolation procedures that cannot be controlled. Some other problems plaguing natural polymers are their inability to support growth across long lesion gaps due to the possibility of collapse, scar formation, and early re-absorption. Despite all these disadvantages, some of which can be overcome, biological polymers still prove to be the optimal choice in many situations.
#### Polysialic acid (PSA) {#polysialic_acid_psa}
Polysialic acid (PSA) is a relatively new biocompatible and bioresorbable material for artificial nerve conduits. It is a homopolymer of α2,8-linked sialic acid residues and a dynamically regulated posttranslational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Recent studies have demonstrated that polysialylated NCAM (polySia-NCAM) promotes regeneration in the motor system. PSA shows stability under cell culture conditions and allows for induced degradation by enzymes. It has also been discovered recently that PSA is involved in steering processes like neuritogenesis, axonal path finding, and neuroblast migration. Animals with PSA genetically knocked out express a lethal phenotype, which has unsuccessful path finding; nerves connecting the two brain hemispheres were aberrant or missing. Thus PSA is vital for proper nervous system development.
#### Collagen Type I/III {#collagen_type_iiii}
Collagen is the major component of the extracellular matrix and has been widely used in nerve regeneration and repair. Due to its smooth microgeometry and permeability, collagen gels are able to allow diffusion of molecules through them. Collagen resorption rates are able to be controlled by crosslinking collagen with polypoxy compounds. Additionally, collagen type I/III scaffolds have demonstrated good biocompatibility and are able to promote Schwann cell proliferation. However, collagen conduits filled with Schwann cells used to bridge nerve gaps in rats have shown surprisingly unsuccessful nerve regeneration compared to nerve autografts. This is because biocompatibility is not the only factor necessary for successful nerve regeneration; other parameters such as inner diameter, inner microtopography, porosity, wall thickness, and Schwann cell seeding density will need to be examined in future studies in order to improve the results obtained by these collagen I/III gels.
#### Spider silk fiber {#spider_silk_fiber}
Spider silk fibers are shown to promote cellular adhesion, proliferation, and vitality. Allmeling, Jokuszies et al. showed that Schwann cells attach quickly and firmly to the silk fibers, growing in a bipolar shape; proliferation and survival rates were normal on the silk fibers.
They used spider silk fibers to create a nerve conduit with Schwann cells and acellularized xenogenic veins. The Schwann cells formed columns along the silk fibers in a short amount of time, and the columns were similar to bands of Bungner that grow *in vivo* after PNS injury. Spider silk has not been used in tissue engineering until now because of the predatory nature of spiders and the low yield of silk from individual spiders. It has been discovered that the species Nephila clavipes produces silk that is less immunogenic than silkworm silk; it has a tensile strength of 4 x 109 N/m, which is six times the breaking strength of steel. Because spider silk is proteolytically degraded, there is not a shift in pH from the physiological pH during degradation. Other advantages of spider silk include its resistance to fungal and bacterial decomposition for weeks and the fact that it does not swell. Also, the silk\'s structure promotes cell adhesion and migration. However, silk harvest is still a tedious task and the exact composition varies among species and even among individuals of the same species depending on diet and environment. There have been attempts to synthetically manufacture spider silk. Further studies are needed to test the feasibility of using a spider silk nerve conduit *in vitro* and *in vivo*.
#### Silkworm silk fibroin {#silkworm_silk_fibroin}
In addition to spiders, silkworms are another source of silk. Protein from Bombyx mori silkworms is a core of fibroin protein surrounded by sericin, which is a family of glue-like proteins. Fibroin has been characterized as a heavy chain with a repeated hydrophobic and crystallizable sequence: Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly-X (X stands for Ser or Tyr). The surrounding sericin is more hydrophilic due to many polar residues, but it does still have some hydrophobic β-sheet portions. Silks have been long been used as sutures due to their high mechanical strength and flexibility as well as permeability to water and oxygen. In addition, silk fibroin can be easily manipulated and sterilized. However, silk use halted when undesirable immunological reactions were reported. Recently, it has been discovered that the cause of the immunological problems lies solely with the surrounding sericin. Since this discovery, silk with the sericin removed has been used in many pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Because it is necessary to remove the sericin from around the fibroin before the silk can be used, an efficient procedure needs to be developed for its removal, which is known as degumming. One degumming method uses boiling aqueous Na~2~CO~3~ solution, which removes the sericin without damaging the fibroin. Yang, Chen et al. demonstrated that the silk fibroin and silk fibroin extract fluid show good biocompatibility with Schwann cells, with no cytotoxic effects on proliferation.
#### Chitosan
Chitosan and chitin belong to a family of biopolymers composed of β(1--4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine subunits. Chitosan is formed by alkaline N-deacetylation of chitin, which is the second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose. Chitosan is a biodegradable polysaccharide that has been useful in many biomedical applications such as a chelating agent, drug carrier, membrane, and water treatment additive. Chitosan is soluble in dilute aqueous solutions, but precipitates into a gel at a neutral pH. It does not support neural cell attachment and proliferation well, but can be enhanced by ECM-derived peptide attachment. Chitosan also contains weak mechanical properties, which are more challenging to overcome.
Degree of acetylation (DA) for soluble chitosan ranges from 0% to 60%, depending on processing conditions. A study was conducted to characterize how varying DA affects the properties of chitosan. Varying DA was obtained using acetic anhydride or alkaline hydrolysis. It was found that decreasing acetylation created an increase in compressive strength. Biodegradation was examined by use of lysozyme, which is known to be mainly responsible for degrading chitosan *in vivo* by hydrolyzing its glycosidic bonds and is released by phagocytic cells after nerve injury. The results reveal that there was an accelerated mass loss with intermediate DAs, compared with high and low DAs over the time period studied. When DRG cells were grown on the N-acetylated chitosan, cell viability decreased with increasing DA. Also, chitosan has an increasing charge density with decreasing DA, which is responsible for greater cell adhesion. Thus, controlling the DA of chitosan is important for regulating the degradation time. This knowledge could help in the development of a nerve guidance conduit from chitosan.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Scaffold material {#scaffold_material}
### Biological polymers {#biological_polymers}
#### Aragonite
Aragonite scaffolds have recently been shown to support the growth of neurons from rat hippocampi. Shany et al. (2006) proved that aragonite matrices can support the growth of astrocytic networks *in vitro* and *in vivo*. Thus, aragonite scaffolds may be useful for nerve tissue repair and regeneration. It is hypothesized that aragonite-derived Ca^2+^ is essential for promoting cell adherence and cell--cell contact. This is probably carried out through the help of Ca^2+^-dependent adhesion molecules such as cadherins. Aragonite crystalline matrices have many advantages over hydrogels. They have larger pores, which allows for better cell growth, and the material is bioactive as a result of releasing Ca^2+^, which promotes cell adhesion and survival. In addition, the aragonite matrices have higher mechanical strength than hydrogels, allowing them to withstand more pressure when pressed into an injured tissue.
#### Alginate
Alginate is a polysaccharide that readily forms chains; it can be cross-linked at its carboxylic groups with multivalent cations such as Cu^2+^, Ca^2+^, or Al^3+^ to form a more mechanically stable hydrogel. Calcium alginates form polymers that are both biocompatible and non-immunogenic and have been used in tissue engineering applications. However, they are unable to support longitudinally oriented growth, which is necessary for reconnection of the proximal end with its target. In order to overcome this problem, anisotropic capillary hydrogels (ACH) have been developed. They are created by superimposing aqueous solutions of sodium alginate with aqueous solutions of multivalent cations in layers. After formation, the electrolyte ions diffuse into the polymer solution layers, and a dissipative convective process causes the ions to precipitate, creating capillaries. The dissipative convective process results the opposition of diffusion gradients and friction between the polyelectrolyte chains. The capillary walls are lined with the precipitated metal alginate, while the lumen is filled with the extruded water.
Prang et al. (2006) assessed the capacity of ACH gels to promote directed axonal regrowth in the injured mammalian CNS. The multivalent ions used to create the alginate-based ACH gels were copper ions, whose diffusion into the sodium alginate layers created hexagonally structured anisotropic capillary gels. After precipitation, the entire gel was traversed by longitudinally oriented capillaries. The ACH scaffolds promoted adult NPC survival and highly oriented axon regeneration. This is the first instance of using alginates to produce anisotropic structured capillary gels. Future studies are need to study the long-term physical stability of the ACH scaffolds, because CNS axon regeneration can take many months; however, in addition to being able to provide long-term support the scaffolds must also be degradable. Of all the biological and synthetic biopolymers investigated by Prang et al. (2006), only agarose-based gels were able to compare with the linear regeneration caused by ACH scaffolds. Future studies will also need to investigate whether the ACH scaffolds allow for reinnervation of the target *in vivo* after a spinal cord injury.
#### Hyaluronic acid hydrogel {#hyaluronic_acid_hydrogel}
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a widely used biomaterial as a result of its excellent biocompatibility and its physiologic function diversity. It is abundant in the extracellular matrix (ECM) where it binds large glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans through specific HA-protein interactions. HA also binds cell surface receptors such as CD44, which results in the activation of intracellular signaling cascades that regulate cell adhesion and motility and promote proliferation and differentiation. HA is also known to support angiogenesis because its degradation products stimulate endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Thus, HA plays a pivotal role in maintaining the normal processes necessary for tissue survival. Unmodified HA has been used in clinical applications such as ocular surgery, wound healing, and plastic surgery. HA can be crosslinked to form hydrogels. HA hydrogels that were either unmodified or modified with laminin were implanted into an adult central nervous system lesion and tested for their ability to induce neural tissue formation in a study by Hou et al.. They demonstrated the ability to support cell ingrowth and angiogenesis, in addition to inhibiting glial scar formation. Also, the HA hydrogels modified with laminin were able to promote neurite extension. These results support HA gels as a promising biomaterial for a nerve guidance conduit.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Cellular therapies {#cellular_therapies}
In addition to scaffold material and physical cues, biological cues can also be incorporated into a bioartificial nerve conduit in the form of cells. In the nervous system there are many different cell types that help support the growth and maintenance of neurons. These cells are collectively termed glial cells. Glial cells have been investigated in an attempt to understand the mechanisms behind their abilities to promote axon regeneration. Three types of glial cells are discussed: Schwann cells, astrocytes, and olfactory ensheathing cells. In addition to glial cells, stem cells also have potential benefit for repair and regeneration because many are able to differentiate into neurons or glial cells. This article briefly discusses the use of adult, transdifferentiated mesenchymal, ectomesenchymal, neural and neural progenitor stem cells.
### Glial cells {#glial_cells}
Glial cells are necessary for supporting the growth and maintenance of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. Most glial cells are specific to either the peripheral or central nervous system. Schwann cells are located in the peripheral nervous system where they myelinate the axons of neurons. Astrocytes are specific to the central nervous system; they provide nutrients, physical support, and insulation for neurons. They also form the blood brain barrier. Olfactory ensheathing cells, however, cross the CNS-PNS boundary, because they guide olfactory receptor neurons from the PNS to the CNS.
#### Schwann cells {#schwann_cells}
Schwann cells (SC) are crucial to peripheral nerve regeneration; they play both structural and functional roles. Schwann cells are responsible for taking part in both Wallerian degeneration and bands of Bungner. When a peripheral nerve is damaged, Schwann cells alter their morphology, behavior and proliferation to become involved in Wallerian degeneration and Bungner bands. In Wallerian degeneration, Schwann cells grow in ordered columns along the endoneurial tube, creating a band of Bungner (boB) that protects and preserves the endoneurial channel. Additionally, they release neurotrophic factors that enhance regrowth in conjunction with macrophages. There are some disadvantages to using Schwann cells in neural tissue engineering; for example, it is difficult to selectively isolate Schwann cells and they show poor proliferation once isolated. One way to overcome this difficulty is to artificially induce other cells such as stem cells into SC-like phenotypes.
Eguchi et al. (2003) have investigated the use of magnetic fields in order to align Schwann cells. They used a horizontal type superconducting magnet, which produces an 8 T field at its center. Within 60 hours of exposure, Schwann cells aligned parallel to the field; during the same interval, Schwann cells not exposed oriented in a random fashion. It is hypothesized that differences in magnetic field susceptibility of membrane components and cytoskeletal elements may cause the magnetic orientation. Collagen fibers were also exposed to the magnetic field, and within 2 hours, they aligned perpendicular to the magnetic field, while collagen fibers formed a random meshwork pattern without magnetic field exposure. When cultured on the collagen fibers, Schwann cells aligned along the magnetically oriented collagen after two hours of 8-T magnetic field exposure. In contrast, the Schwann cells randomly oriented on the collagen fibers without magnetic field exposure. Thus, culture on collagen fibers allowed Schwann cells to be oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field and oriented much quicker.
These findings may be useful for aligning Schwann cells in a nervous system injury to promote the formation of bands of Bungner, which are crucial for maintaining the endoneurial tube that guides the regrowing axons back to their targets. It is nearly impossible to align Schwann cells by external physical techniques; thus, the discovery of an alternative technique for alignment is significant. However, the technique developed still has its disadvantages, namely that it takes a considerable amount of energy to sustain the magnetic field for extended periods.
Studies have been conducted in attempts to enhance the migratory ability of Schwann cells. Schwann cell migration is regulated by integrins with ECM molecules such as fibronectin and laminin. In addition, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is known to enhance Schwann cell motility *in vitro*. NCAM is a glycoprotein that is expressed on axonal and Schwann cell membranes. Polysialic acid (PSA) is synthesized on NCAM by polysialyltransferase (PST) and sialyltransferase X (STX). During the development of the CNS, PSA expression on NCAM is upregulated until postnatal stages. However, in the adult brain PSA is found only in regions with high plasticity. PSA expression does not occur on Schwann cells.
Lavdas et al. (2006) investigated whether sustained expression of PSA on Schwann cells enhances their migration. Schwann cells were tranduced with a retroviral vector encoding STX in order to induce PSA expression. PSA-expressing Schwann cells did obtain enhanced motility as demonstrated in a gap bridging assay and after grafting in postnatal forebrain slice cultures. PSA expression did not alter molecular and morphological differentiation. The PSA-expressing Schwann cells were able to myelinate CNS axons in cerebellar slices, which is not normally possible *in vivo*. It is hopeful that these PSA-expressing Schwann cells will be able to migrate throughout the CNS without loss of myelinating abilities and may become useful for regeneration and myelination of axons in the central nervous system.
#### Astrocytes
Astrocytes are glial cells that are abundant in the central nervous system. They are crucial for the metabolic and trophic support of neurons; additionally, astrocytes provide ion buffering and neurotransmitter clearance. Growing axons are guided by cues created by astrocytes; thus, astrocytes can regulate neurite pathfinding and subsequently, patterning in the developing brain. The glial scar that forms post-injury in the central nervous system is formed by astrocytes and fibroblasts; it is the most significant obstacle for regeneration. The glial scar consists of hypertrophied astrocytes, connective tissue, and ECM. Two goals of neural tissue engineering are to understand astrocyte function and to develop control over astrocytic growth. Studies by Shany et al. (2006) have demonstrated that astrocyte survival rates are increased on 3D aragonite matrices compared to conventional 2D cell cultures. The ability of cell processes to stretch out across curves and pores allows for the formation of multiple cell layers with complex 3D configurations.
The three distinct ways by which the cells acquired a 3D shape are:
1. adhering to surface and following the 3D contour
2. stretching some processes between 2 curvatures
3. extending processes in 3D within cell layers when located within multilayer tissue
In conventional cell culture, growth is restricted to one plane, causing monolayer formation with most cells contacting the surface; however, the 3D curvature of the aragonite surface allows multiple layers to develop and for astrocytes far apart to contact each other. It is important to promote process formation similar to 3D *in vivo* conditions, because astrocytic process morphology is essential in guiding directionality of regenerating axons. The aragonite topography provides a high surface area to volume ratio and lacks edges, which leads to a reduction of the culture edge effect. Crystalline matrices such as the aragonite mentioned here are allowed for the promotion of a complex 3D tissue formation that approaches *in vivo* conditions.
#### Olfactory ensheathing cells {#olfactory_ensheathing_cells}
The mammalian primary olfactory system has retained the ability to continuously regenerate during adulthood. Olfactory receptor neurons have an average lifespan of 6--8 weeks and therefore must be replaced by cells differentiated from the stem cells that are within a layer at the nearby epithelium\'s base. The new olfactory receptor neurons must project their axons through the CNS to an olfactory bulb in order to be functional. Axonal growth is guided by the glial composition and cytoarchitecture of the olfactory bulb in addition to the presence of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs).
It is postulated that OECs originate in the olfactory placode, suggesting a different developmental origin than other similar nervous system microglia.
Another interesting concept is that OECs are found in both the peripheral and central nervous system portions of the primary olfactory system, that is, the olfactory epithelium and bulb.
OECs are similar to Schwann cells in that they provide an upregulation of low-affinity NGF receptor p75 following injury; however, unlike Schwann cells they produce lower levels of neurotrophins. Several studies have shown evidence of OECs being able to support regeneration of lesioned axons, but these results are often unable to be reproduced. Regardless, OECs have been investigated thoroughly in relation to spinal cord injuries, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Researchers suggest that these cells possess a unique ability to remyelinate injured neurons.
OECs have properties similar to those of astrocytes, both of which have been identified as being susceptible to viral infection.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Cellular therapies {#cellular_therapies}
### Stem cells {#stem_cells}
Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew for a prolonged time and still maintain the ability to differentiate along one or more cell lineages. Stem cells may be unipotent, multipotent, or pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into one, multiple, or all cell types, respectively. Pluripotent stem cells can become cells derived from any of the three embryonic germ layers. Stem cells have the advantage over glial cells because they are able to proliferate more easily in culture. However, it remains difficult to preferentially differentiate these cells into varied cell types in an ordered manner. Another difficulty with stem cells is the lack of a well-defined definition of stem cells beyond hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Each stem cell \'type\' has more than one method for identifying, isolating, and expanding the cells; this has caused much confusion because all stem cells of a \'type\' (neural, mesenchymal, retinal) do not necessarily behave in the same manner under identical conditions.
#### Adult stem cells {#adult_stem_cells}
Adult stem cells are not able to proliferate and differentiate as effectively *in vitro* as they are able to *in vivo*. Adult stem cells can come from many different tissue locations, but it is difficult to isolate them because they are defined by behavior and not surface markers. A method has yet to be developed for clearly distinguishing between stem cells and the differentiated cells surrounding them. However, surface markers can still be used to a certain extent to remove most of the unwanted differentiated cells. Stem cell plasticity is the ability to differentiate across embryonic germ line boundaries. Though, the presence of plasticity has been hotly contested. Some claim that plasticity is caused by heterogeneity among the cells or cell fusion events. Currently, cells can be differentiated across cell lines with yields ranging from 10% to 90% depending on techniques used. More studies need to be done in order to standardize the yield with transdifferentiation. Transdifferentiation of multipotent stem cells is a potential means for obtaining stem cells that are not available or not easily obtained in the adult.
#### Mesenchymal stem cells {#mesenchymal_stem_cells}
Mesenchymal stem cells are adult stem cells that are located in the bone marrow; they are able to differentiate into lineages of mesodermal origin. Some examples of tissue they form are bone, cartilage, fat, and tendon. MSCs are obtained by aspiration of bone marrow. Many factors promote the growth of MSCs including: platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor β, and insulin-like growth factor-1. In addition to their normal differentiation paths, MSCs can be transdifferentiated along nonmesenchymal lineages such as astrocytes, neurons, and PNS myelinating cells. MSCs are potentially useful for nerve regeneration strategies because:
1. their use is not an ethical concern
2. no immunosuppression is needed
3. they are an abundant and accessible resource
4. they tolerate genetic manipulations
Keilhoff et al. (2006) performed a study comparing the nerve regeneration capacity of non-differentiated and transdifferentiated MSCs to Schwann cells in devitalized muscle grafts bridging a 2-cm gap in the rat sciatic nerve. All cells were autologous. The transdifferentiated MSCs were cultured in a mixture of factors in order to promote Schwann cell-like cell formation. The undifferentiated MSCs demonstrated no regenerative capacity, while the transdifferentiated MSCs showed some regenerative capacity, though it did not reach the capacity of the Schwann cells.
#### Ectomesenchymal stem cells {#ectomesenchymal_stem_cells}
The difficulty of isolating Schwann cells and subsequently inducing proliferation is a large obstacle. A solution is to selectively induce cells such as ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) into Schwann cell-like phenotypes. EMSCs are neural crest cells that migrate from the cranial neural crest into the first branchial arch during early development of the peripheral nervous system. EMSCs are multipotent and possess a self-renewing capacity. They can be thought of as Schwann progenitor cells because they are associated with dorsal root ganglion and motor nerve development. EMSC differentiation appears to be regulated by intrinsic genetic programs and extracellular signals in the surrounding environment. Schwann cells are the source for both neurotropic and neurotrophic factors essential for regenerating nerves and a scaffold for guiding growth. Nie, Zhang et al. conducted a study investigating the benefits of culturing EMSCs within PLGA conduits. Adding foskolin and BPE to an EMSC culture caused the formation of elongated cell processes, which is common to Schwann cells *in vitro*. Thus, foskolin and BPF may induce differentiation into Schwann cell-like phenotypes. BPE contains the cytokines GDNF, basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, which cause differentiation and proliferation of glial and Schwann cells by activating MAP kinases. When implanted into the PLGA conduits, the EMSCs maintained long-term survival and promoted peripheral nerve regeneration across a 10 mm gap, which usually demonstrates little to no regeneration. Myelinated axons were present within the grafts and basal laminae were formed within the myelin. These observations suggest that EMSCs may promote myelination of regenerated nerve fibers within the conduit.
#### Neural progenitor cells {#neural_progenitor_cells}
Inserting neurons into a bioartificial nerve conduit seems like the most obvious method for replacing damaged nerves; however, neurons are unable to proliferate and they are often short-lived in culture. Thus, neural progenitor cells are more promising candidates for replacing damaged and degenerated neurons because they are self-renewing, which allows for the *in vitro* production of many cells with minimal donor material. In order to confirm that the new neurons formed from neural progenitor cells are a part of a functional network, the presence of synapse formation is required. A study by Ma, Fitzgerald et al. is the first demonstration of murine neural stem and progenitor cell-derived functional synapse and neuronal network formation on a 3D collagen matrix. The neural progenitor cells expanded and spontaneously differentiated into excitable neurons and formed synapses; furthermore, they retained the ability to differentiate into the three neural tissue lineages. It was also demonstrated that not only active synaptic vesicle recycling occurred, but also that excitatory and inhibitory connections capable of generating action potentials spontaneously were formed. Thus, neural progenitor cells are a viable and relatively unlimited source for creating functional neurons.
#### Neural stem cells {#neural_stem_cells}
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the capability to self-renew and to differentiate into neuronal and glial lineages. Many culture methods have been developed for directing NSC differentiation; however, the creation of biomaterials for directing NSC differentiation is seen as a more clinically relevant and usable technology. One approach to develop a biomaterial for directing NSC differentiation is to combine extracellular matrix (ECM) components and growth factors. A very recent study by Nakajima, Ishimuro et al. examined the effects of different molecular pairs consisting of a growth factor and an ECM component on the differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes and neuronal cells. The ECM components investigated were laminin-1 and fibronectin, which are natural ECM components, and ProNectin F plus (Pro-F) and ProNectin L (Pro-L), which are artificial ECM components, and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). The neurotrophic factors used were epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). The pair combinations were immobilized onto matrix cell arrays, on which the NSCs were cultured. After 2 days in culture, the cells were stained with antibodies against nestin, β-tubulin III, and GFAP, which are markers for NSCs, neuronal cells, and astrocytes, respectively. The results provide valuable information on advantageous combinations of ECM components and growth factors as a practical method for developing a biomaterial for directing differentiation of NSCs.
## Neurotrophic factors {#neurotrophic_factors}
Currently, neurotrophic factors are being intensely studied for use in bioartificial nerve conduits because they are necessary *in vivo* for directing axon growth and regeneration. In studies, neurotrophic factors are normally used in conjunction with other techniques such as biological and physical cues created by the addition of cells and specific topographies. The neurotrophic factors may or may not be immobilized to the scaffold structure, though immobilization is preferred because it allows for the creation of permanent, controllable gradients. In some cases, such as neural drug delivery systems, they are loosely immobilized such that they can be selectively released at specified times and in specified amounts. Drug delivery is the next step beyond the basic addition of growth factors to nerve guidance conduits.
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# Nerve guidance conduit
## Biomimetic materials {#biomimetic_materials}
Many biomaterials used for nerve guidance conduits are biomimetic materials. Biomimetic materials are materials that have been design such that they elicit specified cellular responses mediated by interactions with scaffold-tethered peptides from ECM proteins; essentially, the incorporation of cell-binding peptides into biomaterials via chemical or physical modification.
## Synergism
Synergism often occurs when two elements are combined; it is an interaction between two elements that causes an effect greater than the combined effects of each element separately. Synergism is evident in the combining of scaffold material and topography with cellular therapies, neurotrophic factors, and biomimetic materials. Investigation of synergism is the next step after individual techniques have proven to be successful by themselves. The combinations of these different factors need to be carefully studied in order to optimize synergistic effects.
### Optimizing neurotrophic factor combinations {#optimizing_neurotrophic_factor_combinations}
It was hypothesized that interactions between neurotrophic factors could alter the optimal concentrations of each factor. While cell survival and phenotype maintenance are important, the emphasis of evaluation was on neurite extension. A combination of NGF, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was presented to Dorsal root ganglion cultures *in vitro*. One factor from each neurotrophic family was used. It was determined that there is not a difference in individual optimal concentration and combinatorial optimal concentration; however, around day 5 or 6 the neurites ceased extension and began to degrade. This was hypothesized to be due to lack of a critical nutrient or of proper gradients; previous studies have shown that growth factors are able to optimize neurite extension best when presented in gradients. Future studies on neurotrophic factor combinations will need to include gradients.
### Combination of neural cell adhesion molecules and GFD-5 {#combination_of_neural_cell_adhesion_molecules_and_gfd_5}
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and neurotrophic factors embedded together into biocompatible matrices is a relatively new concept being investigated. CAMs of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), which includes L1/NgCAM and neurofascin, are particularly promising, because they are expressed in the developing nervous system on neurons or Schwann cells. They are known to serve as guidance cues and mediate neuronal differentiation. Neurotrophic factors such as NGF and growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5), however, are well established as promoters of regeneration *in vivo*. A recent study by Niere, Brown et al. investigated the synergistic effects of combining L1 and neurofascin with NGF and GDF-5 on DRG neurons in culture; this combination enhanced neurite outgrowth. Further enhancement was demonstrated by combining L1 and neurofascin into an artificial fusion protein, which improves efficiency since factors are not delivered individually. Not only can different cues be used, but they may even be fused into a single \'new\' cue.
### Topography in synergy with chemical and biological cues {#topography_in_synergy_with_chemical_and_biological_cues}
The effect of presenting multiple stimuli types such as chemical, physical, and biological cues on neural progenitor cell differentiation has not been explored. A study was conducted in which three different stimuli were presented to adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPCs): postnatal rat type-1 astrocytes (biological), laminin (chemical), and micropatterned substrate (physical). Over 75% of the AHPCs aligned within 20° of the grooves compared to random growth on the non-patterned substrates. When AHPCs were grown on micropatterned substrates with astrocytes, outgrowth was influenced by the astrocytes that had aligned with the grooves; namely, the AHPCs extended processes along the astrocytic cytoskeletal filaments. However, the alignment was not as significant as that seen by the AHPCs in culture alone with the micropatterned substrate. In order to assess the different phenotypes expressed as a result of differentiation, the cells were stained with antibodies for class III β-tubulin (TuJI), receptor interacting protein (RIP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which are markers for early neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, respectively. The greatest amount of differentiation was seen with AHPCs cultured on patterned substrates with astrocytes
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# Henry Harford
**Henry Harford** (5 April 1758 -- 8 December 1834), 5th Proprietor of Maryland, was the last proprietary owner of the British colony of Maryland. He was born in 1758; the eldest --- but illegitimate --- son of Frederick Calvert 6th Baron Baltimore and his mistress Mrs. Hester Whelan. Harford inherited his father\'s estates in 1771, at the age of thirteen, but by 1776, events in America had overtaken his proprietary authority and he would soon lose all his wealth and power in the New World, though remaining wealthy thanks to his estates in England.
## Background
Harford\'s father was Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore, fourth and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. The Calvert family had been granted a royal charter to the Maryland colony in the 17th century. Since then, successive Lords Baltimore had increased the family holdings and their wealth: the Calverts owned shares in the Bank of England as well as a large family seat at Woodcote Park, in Surrey. Although Frederick Calvert exercised almost feudal power in the Province of Maryland, he never once set foot in the colony and, unlike his father, he took little interest in politics, treating his estates, including Maryland, largely as sources of revenue to support his extravagant and often scandalous lifestyle. In 1768, he was accused of abduction and rape by Sarah Woodcock, a noted beauty who kept a milliner\'s shop at Tower Hill. The jury acquitted Calvert but he left England soon afterwards, and never recovered from the public scandal which surrounded the trial. He had many mistresses, including Hester Whelan, Henry Harford\'s mother.
## Early life {#early_life}
Henry Harford was born in Bond Street, London, on 5 April 1758, the fruit of an extra-marital union between Lord Baltimore and his mistress Mrs. Hester Whelan. He was educated at Eton College and later Exeter College, Oxford. When the last Lord Baltimore died in Naples in 1771 at the age of 39, the thirteen-year-old Henry became heir to all of Frederick\'s estates, including those in Britain, as the eldest son of the deceased peer. However, Harford was not entitled to ascend to the peerage or inherit his father\'s title as, like his sister Frances, he was born out of wedlock and was therefore illegitimate. Despite this, a suit was brought forth in an attempt to continue the title Lord Baltimore.
## Maryland and the American Revolution {#maryland_and_the_american_revolution}
Despite his illegitimacy, the people of Maryland initially supported Harford and welcomed him as their new Lord Proprietor, even naming Harford County, Maryland after him in 1773. However, Governor Robert Eden disputed Harford\'s inheritance, and in 1774 tried to claim a part of the estate on behalf of his wife Caroline Calvert, sister of the deceased Baron Baltimore, and a legitimate daughter of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore.
Before the English courts could rule on the case, the American Revolution broke out. Maryland, initially the most Loyalist colony of the original thirteen, soon found its revolutionary spirit growing. Eden, the figurehead of English presence in the colony and a well-liked man as well as a good governor, left for England in June 1776, his authority having been fatally undermined by the Maryland Convention and the rapid erosion of British rule.
In England, Harford succeeded in his claim to his father\'s inheritance; the rents from the Calvert estates in Britain were awarded to Harford by an act of Parliament -- Lord Baltimore\'s Estate Act 1781 (21 Geo. 3. c. *35* `{{small|Pr.}}`{=mediawiki}). However, events in America moved against his interests, and in 1781, the new State of Maryland confiscated all of Henry Harford\'s estates and used their income to help finance the cash-strapped revolutionary government and its militia. On 3 September 1783, the Treaty of Paris at last brought a formal end to the war.
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# Henry Harford
## Journey to Maryland {#journey_to_maryland}
In 1783, Harford travelled with Sir Robert Eden to Maryland, where Henry attempted to reclaim his land and estates lost during the Revolutionary War, following British defeat at the hands of the Revolutionaries. Harford believed his claim to be a good one, especially as the English courts had already settled his inheritance in his favor, but he soon learned that his claims would be strongly resisted. In 1785, Harford formally petitioned the Maryland General Assembly, claiming lost rents from 1771 (the date of his father\'s death) until the Declaration of Independence in 1776. His total claim was for £327,441.
Harford\'s petition to the assembly included a letter in which he recognized the \"free state\" of Maryland, but appealed to \"the dictates of equity and the feelings of humanity,\" and further argued that his need for the restoration of his land was great, citing the \"relief of his financial situation to avoid further embarrassments.\"
In the end, he had no success in retrieving his land or his lost rents, despite the fact that both Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Samuel Chase argued in his favor. In 1786, the case was decided by the Maryland General Assembly. Although it passed in the House, the Senate unanimously rejected it. In their reasoning for this rejection, the Senate cited Henry\'s absence during the war (though he was but a child), and his father Frederick\'s alienation of his subjects, as major factors.
In reality, the Assembly was in no position financially to honour Harford\'s claims. In 1780, the new state had issued bills of exchange backed by the Lord Proprietor\'s confiscated property. If the Assembly were to return the land to Harford, the bills of exchange could not be redeemed. In addition, the Treaty of Paris, which brought an end to the Revolutionary War, was vague on the subject of loyalists and their property claims against the new United States of America. Seen from Harford\'s point of view, the American Revolution must have seemed little more than an assault on private property, whereby a new class of landowners became wealthy at the expense of the former ruling elite.
Despite these difficulties, Harford found himself easily accepted into Maryland society. He was a witness to George Washington\'s resignation of command at Annapolis. He and Eden were invited to stay at the home of Dr. Upton Scott, a descendant of Sir Ian Percy-Hutton, Lord of Lyons, and his nephew, Francis Scott Key.
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# Henry Harford
## Return to England {#return_to_england}
Harford found himself empty-handed in Maryland, so he returned to England and attempted to win compensation at home. Following the Revolutionary War, the British Parliament created a system for compensating Loyalists who had suffered losses during the war. Harford was recognized in Class VIII of those who had suffered losses, claiming £400,000 sterling. In the end Harford received more than £100,000, the second highest award given.
## Family life {#family_life}
In 1792, Harford married Louisa Pigou, who was a granddaughter of Frederick Pigou, director of the British East India Company. Her father, Peter Pigou, had been in partnership with Benjamin Booth in the tea trade in New York City and was therefore indirectly involved in events leading up to the Boston Tea Party.
The couple had five children:
- Henry, born about 1793, died in infancy.
- Louisa Ann, born about 1794
- Frances, born about 1796
- Fredericka Louisa Elizabeth. born about 1797
- Frederick Paul, born about 1802, father of Frederick Henry Harford, whose daughter Violet Evelyn married John Dalrymple, 12th Earl of Stair
Louisa died in 1803. Three years later, in 1806, Harford married Esther Ryecroft. They too had five children:
- George, born about 1807
- Charlotte Penelope, born about 1808
- Esther, born about 1810
- Charles, born about 1811
- Emily, born about 1814
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Henry Harford died in 1835. His estates were left to his oldest surviving son, Frederick Paul Harford.
Henry Harford\'s claim to Maryland was exploited for years after his death in 1835. The last major case was the United States Supreme Court case Morris v. United States, in 1899, in which one of Harford\'s descendants attempted to claim a part of the Potomac River from the District of Columbia.
Harford County is named in his honor
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# Kalevi Numminen
**Veijo Kalevi Numminen** (born 31 January 1940 in Tampere, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Tappara. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986, and inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2011.
Numminen has also coached the national team of Finland in 1973-1974 and then again 1977-1982.
Kalevi\'s two sons, Teemu Numminen and Teppo Numminen are professional ice hockey players, with Teppo playing over 1,000 career games in the National Hockey League
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# List of Puerto Rican songwriters
This is a list of Puerto Rican songwriters. It includes people who were born in Puerto Rico, people who are of Puerto Rican ancestry, and many long-term residents or immigrants who have made Puerto Rico their home, and who are recognized for their songwriting work. Entries are in alphabetical order by first name
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# Mauno Nurmi
**Mauno Nurmi** (23 December 1936 -- 12 July 2018) was a professional football and ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for TPS (ice hockey) and TPS (football). He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986. He was born in Turku, Finland. In football, he played as a forward and made five appearances for the Finland national team between 1959 and 1966
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# Bloodbrothers (Price novel)
***Bloodbrothers*** is a novel by Richard Price, published in 1976. It recounts the story of an eighteen-year-old boy growing up in a working-class environment. It was adapted into a film of the same title in 1978.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*New York* wrote that \"Price intensifies the themes of *The Wanderers*---the end of adolescent freedom, the cruelty of parents who despise what they've become and take it out on their kids, the paralyzing fear that comes with choosing a future among meager options.\" *Kirkus Reviews* wrote that \"although the characters draw their only life from the frenetic, stabbing speechways echoing down Price\'s mean streets, this does not diminish the validity or impact of men on the march to nowhere
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# Mycobacterium wolinskyi
***Mycobacterium wolinskyi*** is a rapidly growing mycobacterium most commonly seen in post-traumatic wound infections, especially those following open fractures and with associated osteomyelitis. *Mycobacterium wolinskyi* is clearly clinically significant, and occurs in the same settings as *Mycobacterium smegmatis* and members of the *Mycobacterium fortuitum* complex; they differ from members of the *Mycobacterium fortuitum* complex in the type of chronic lung disease they produce, with essentially all cases occurring in the setting of chronic lipoid pneumonia, either secondary to chronic oil ingestion or chronic aspiration (usually achalasia). Etymology: Wolinsky, named after Emanuel Wolinsky in honour of, and in recognition for, significant contributions to the study of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
- *Mycobacterium wolinskyi* was previously known as *Mycobacterium smegmatis* group 3.
## Description
**Microscopy**
- Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods.
**Colony characteristics**
- Smooth to mucoid, off-white to cream coloured and nonpigmented colonies.
- Visible growth in 2 to 4 days on Middlebrook 7H10 agar.
**Physiology**
- No pigment is produced and growth occurs at 30, 35 and 45 °C.
- Isolates grow on MacConkey agar without crystal violet and in the presence of 5% NaCl, are negative for arylsulfatase activity at three days.
- Positive for iron uptake and nitrate reductase.
- They produce low-level semi-quantitative catalase activity that is stable at 68 °C, pH 7±0.
- The type strain is susceptible to amikacin and sulfamethoxazole, intermediately susceptible to doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, variably susceptible to cefmetazole, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol and clarithromycin, and resistant to isoniazid, rifampin and tobramycin.
## Pathogenesis
- *M. wolinskyi* causes human disease and is most commonly seen in post-traumatic wound infections, especially those following open fractures and with associated osteomyelitis.
## Type strain {#type_strain}
- The type strain, ATCC 700010T (MO739), was recovered from a post-surgical facial abscess in Switzerland.
- Strain MO739 = ATCC 700010 = CCUG 47168 = CIP 106348 = DSM 44493 = JCM 13393
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# Aksa Beach
**Aksa Beach** is a popular beach and a vacation spot in Aksa village in Malad, Mumbai, India. It is situated close to Marvé Beach. It is a popular weekend destination and is dotted with many private cottages and hotels, some of which are rented out to tourists and visitors. Aksa beach also happens to be one of the cleanest beaches in the city of Mumbai
Marathi is the most spoken language in this region. East Indian community, Panchkalshi or Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare (SKP) and Koli\'s are the native people of this area.
This beach has INS Hamla (a base of the Indian Navy) at one end and a small beach called \"*Dana Paani\".*
## Transport
It is accessible from Malad (West) station by select BEST buses from Borivali railway station, en route to Madh Island, and also by private transport and auto rickshaws. Cabs services like Ola and Uber are also available. The beach is approximately 9 km from Malad station and 12 km from Borivali. It can also be reached from Andheri (West) railway station. Buses from Andheri Station go to Versova Village. From there a boat takes passengers across the sea to Madh Island. On Madh Island bus numbers 269 and 271 go to Aksa Beach. Visitors often complain about the rush and crowds due to less availability of the BEST busses in the evenings.
## Tourist attractions {#tourist_attractions}
Aksa Beach is not just a place to enjoy the sand and sea but also offers scenic views, especially during sunrise and sunset. The tranquil environment and natural beauty make it a favorite spot for photographers and nature enthusiasts. There are also small shacks and stalls selling snacks, coconut water, and local street food, giving visitors a taste of Mumbai\'s vibrant culinary culture.
## Activities at Aksa Beach {#activities_at_aksa_beach}
While swimming is discouraged due to safety concerns, visitors can enjoy activities such as:
Beach Walks: Perfect for a leisurely stroll along the shore. Photography: Ideal for capturing the serene landscape. Relaxation: Families and couples often use the beach for picnics or simply relaxing under the open sky. Yoga and Meditation: The peaceful setting makes it a great location for mindfulness activities. Best Time to Visit The best time to visit Aksa Beach is during the winter months (November to February), as the weather is pleasant and ideal for outdoor activities. Avoid visiting during the monsoon season, as the tides can be unpredictable, and the beach often becomes unsafe.
## Nearby attractions {#nearby_attractions}
Madh Island: Known for its scenic beauty and fishing villages, just a short boat ride away. Erangal Beach: Another quiet and less crowded beach near Aksa. Global Vipassana Pagoda: A meditation center located a short drive from the beach, offering a peaceful retreat.
## Safety
It is not safe to swim as the currents are strong and the sands of the beach keep shifting because of the waves and people often misjudge them. Warning signs of swimming prohibition have been put on the beach and lifeguards have been appointed, however accidents are common, due to rapidly changing tides, and merging to two tide currents on the rocky beach and people ignoring warning. The beach gets even more dangerous during Monsoon season, though 15,000 people are visiting the beach during weekends. Quicksand is also found in the waters, often causing danger.
## Drowning incident {#drowning_incident}
Aksa Beach, located in Mumbai, India, has been identified as one of the beaches with the highest number of drowning incidents. Records indicate that between 2006 and 2018, an average of 38 people drowned every year due to drowning incidents, while 445 individuals were rescued after near-drowning experiences and 45 lost their lives during 2006-2018. In total, 15 drowning spots have been identified along the beach, with the highest number of incidents occurring in 2007. Pre-monsoon season, which coincides with the peak summer vacation period, is when the beach sees the greatest number of incidents, owing to the large crowds that gather there
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# Brian Jozwiak
**Brian Joseph Jozwiak** (born June 20, 1963) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the West Virginia Mountaineers.
## Early life {#early_life}
Jozwiak was born in Catonsville, Maryland. He began his football career as a defensive tackle in the Baltimore area. Jozwiak earned honorable-mention all-metro player honors while playing for Catonsville High School.
## College career {#college_career}
When enrolling at the West Virginia University, Mountaineers\' coach Don Nehlen moved Jozwiak from defensive tackle to offensive lineman. Jozwiak not only led the way for West Virginia ballcarriers, but blocked for Mountaineer quarterback Jeff Hostetler. In 1985, Jozwiak was named a consensus All-American, the sixth Mountaineer ever such honored at that time. He was also named a second-team All-American by the Associated Press in 1983.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Jozwiak was selected in the first round, seventh overall of the 1986 NFL draft by the Kansas City Chiefs. He played three professional seasons before suffering a career-ending hip injury.
## Post football {#post_football}
As of 2015, Jowziak is residing in North Port, Florida and is a HOPE & PE teacher at North Port High School
| 207 |
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# Marko Palo
**Marko Mikael \"Adder\" Palo** (born 26 September 1967 in Jyväskylä, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Ässät, Espoo Blues, and HPK, and won the 1995 Swedish championship with HV 71. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005. Palo is also known as adder, because of his striped ice hockey socks.
During the 1994--1995 season he made up a fearsome duo together with Esa Keskinen for HV71
| 84 |
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| 0 |
11,088,950 |
# Richard Felder
**Richard M. Felder** (born 1939 in New York City) is the Hoechst Celanese Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering at North Carolina State University.
## Education and career history {#education_and_career_history}
Felder received a BChE degree from the City College of New York in 1962 and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Princeton University in 1966 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled \"Energy distributions of energetic atoms in irradiated media.\" He spent a year as a NATO Postdoctoral Fellow at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (Harwell, England) and then two years as a research engineer at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1969 he joined the chemical engineering faculty at North Carolina State University, and he retired to emeritus status in 1999. He spent sabbatical semesters at the University of Colorado (1982), Georgia Tech (1990), the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (2003), and Smith College (2006).
## Professional contributions {#professional_contributions}
### Engineering research {#engineering_research}
For roughly the first half of his career, Felder carried out research on a variety of topics, starting with his doctoral and postdoctoral research on energy distributions of energetic atoms in irradiated media, progressing through mathematical modeling of mixing and diffusion in chemical reactors, fluidized bed gasification of coal, and diffusion of gases and vapors in polymer membranes, and concluding with stochastic modeling of specialty chemicals manufacturing processes. He has authored or coauthored over 300 papers on chemical process engineering and engineering and science education.
### Introductory chemical engineering textbook {#introductory_chemical_engineering_textbook}
Felder coauthored *Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes*, a text for the introductory chemical engineering course, with Ronald W. Rousseau and (in the fourth edition) Lisa G. Bullard. The book first appeared in 1978 and became the standard textbook for the introductory chemical engineering course in the United States. It has been adopted by more than 90% of all U.S. chemical engineering departments and at many institutions in other countries, and has been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Korean.
### Research and writing on teaching and learning {#research_and_writing_on_teaching_and_learning}
Beginning in the late 1980s, Felder shifted his career focus from disciplinary engineering research to education, including educational research. With Rebecca Brent, he coauthored *Teaching and Learning STEM: A Practical Guide*, a guidebook for instructors of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics courses, and he has authored or coauthored three education-related book chapters and over 120 education related articles and over 100 \"Random Thoughts\" columns in the quarterly journal *Chemical Engineering Education*. His research and publications deal with many aspects of teaching and learning, with his primary emphasis being on student-centered instructional methods including *active learning* (involving students in course-relevant activities during classes rather than relying entirely on lecturing as the medium of instruction) and *cooperative learning* (getting students to complete assignments and projects in teams under conditions that include holding all team members individually accountable for all of the work done). Felder discussed his teaching philosophy in an interview in the *Journal of Science Education* in 2002.
### Faculty development {#faculty_development}
Felder has given over 300 education-related seminars and---with his wife and colleague, Rebecca Brent---over 300 teaching workshops on campuses throughout the United States and abroad. He is the co-founder (with James Stice) of the National Effective Teaching Institute sponsored by the American Society for Engineering Education, and co-directed it from 1991 through 2015.
### Index of Learning Styles {#index_of_learning_styles}
Felder co-developed and validated an on-line instrument called the Index of Learning Styles that assesses students\' preferences on four dimensions of a learning styles model he had previously co-developed with Linda K. Silverman
| 587 |
Richard Felder
| 0 |
11,088,958 |
# Danny K
**Daniel Koppel** (born 8 September 1977), known professionally as **Danny K**, is a South African singer, songwriter and actor.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
He was raised by Jewish parents, Gavin and Pam Koppel in Johannesburg. He is the eldest of their three children and was educated at King David School, a private Jewish Day School in Linksfield. He later graduated from Wits University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Law. He later attended **Wits Business School** at the university and obtained a postgraduate diploma in management.
## Career
Danny has been nominated multiple times for a SAMA (South African Music Award) and has won four times. He has two consecutive Kids Choice Awards, two consecutive Crystal Awards (People\'s Choice Awards), *YOU* magazine Award for Best South African Musician, and The South African STYLE Award. Danny was also voted number 34 in the Heat Magazine\'s Hot 100 for 2007. He was voted by First National Bank\'s national survey as one of South Africa\'s few role models, as well as South Africa\'s most trustworthy 100 public personalities by Reader\'s Digest, where he took 1st place, which saw the pot of R100 000 donated to Compassionate Friends, a grief-counseling service in memory of his late brother.
In 2021, he made a guest appearance, starring as himself in the Jewish-themed South African comedy series, *Tali\'s Baby Diary* on Showmax.
In November 2024, he revealed that he had ended his five-year recording hiatus and was set to release a new single.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
### Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
In 2012, Koppel married Lisa Gundelfinger. The couple have 3 children together.
## Awards
--------------------------------------
Award
Best Pop Album for *Same Difference*
Best Pop Album for *This Is My Time*
Best Collaboration (with Mandoza)
Best S.A. Musician
Best Dressed Male
Best South African Artist
Award
Best Pop
--------------------------------------
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# Danny K
## Discography
### Albums
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Album Information |
+:===================================================================================================================================================+
| *Danny K* -- 2000 |
| |
| - **Track list**: |
| - 1\. You Don\'t Know My Name |
| - 2\. Getting Down |
| - 3\. Hurts So Bad |
| - 4\. Bull\$\*@! |
| - 5\. Cheatin |
| - 6\. My Destiny |
| - 7\. Too Young (To Hurt So Bad) |
| - 8\. Senorita |
| - 9\. So Many Ways (feat. TK) |
| - 10\. Boom Boom |
| - 11\. On My Own |
| - 12\. Where The Wind Goes |
| - 13\. I\'m Yours Tonight |
| - 14\. Getting (feat. Speedy & Loyiso) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *J23* -- 2003 |
| |
| - **Track list**: |
| - 1\. I Could Love U |
| - 2\. One of a kind |
| - 3\. Beautiful |
| - 4\. Who\'s That Girl? (feat Johnny Clegg) |
| - 5\. Unstoppable |
| - 6\. I Just Don\'t Wanna (feat Sid Money)(Written by Danny K, Alexis Faku with Sid Money) |
| - 7\. Murder |
| - 8\. Boogie All Night Long (feat Kabelo & Sid Money) |
| - 9\. Love in the Club |
| - 10\. Soopadoopa |
| - 11\. How Can I Be? |
| - 12\. J23 Interlude |
| - 13\. I Can\'t Imagine |
| - 14\. Strength of a Woman (Written by Danny with Stuart Roslyn and Drew Milligan) |
| - 15\. Serendipity |
| - 16\. Sunshine |
| - 17\. Back in Your Life |
| - 18\. Stay With Me (Live) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Same Difference (with Mandoza)* -- 2005 |
| |
| - **Track list**: |
| - 1\. Mission |
| - 2\. Friday |
| - 3\. Music |
| - 4\. Rollercoaster |
| - 5\. The Last One\'s |
| - 6\. Ooh Child (Ungabaleki) (feat Stagga) |
| - 7\. 4 Koll |
| - 8\. You Wish |
| - 9\. Mzanzi Party |
| - 10\. Free |
| - 11\. Summertime |
| - 12\. Faki Nchayelo |
| - 13\. How We Roll |
| - 14\. Ooh Child (Ungabaleki) Remix |
| - 15\. Music Remix |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *This Is My Time* -- 2006 |
| |
| - **Track list**: |
| - 1\. This Is My Time (featuring Terri Walker & Kabelo) |
| - 2\. Shorty (featuring WhistleJacket) |
| - 3\. Separate Lies |
| - 4\. Clothes Off (featuring BuckShot) |
| - 5\. Real Man |
| - 6\. Outdacontrol |
| - 7\. Knock Me Off (featuring Pro Kid) |
| - 8\. 1000 Sorrys |
| - 9\. I Like Yo Style (featuring Hip Hop Pantsula) |
| - 10\. Everything About It |
| - 11\. One Night (featuring WhistleJacket) |
| - 12\. Unfrozen |
| - 13\. I Love You (featuring 2xl) |
| - 14\. All About You |
| - 15\. It Doesn\'t Matter |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Across The Line* -- 2010 |
| |
| - **Track list**: |
| - 1\. Across The Line |
| - 2\. I Get Up Again |
| - 3\. Made 2 Love You |
| - 4\. Chains |
| - 5\. Wishing Well |
| - 6\. Barricade |
| - 7\. Shades |
| - 8\. Follow Me |
| - 9\. Projecta |
| - 10\. The Borrower |
| - 11\. Lennon |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Good Look -- 2013* |
| |
| 1. Good Look |
| 2. Feels Good to Me |
| 3. I Can\'t Help It |
| 4. Brown Eyes |
| 5. Dream |
| 6. Personal Paradise (featuring Donald) |
| 7. To Life |
| 8. So Fresh (featuring Da Les) |
| 9. Dance the Night Away |
| 10. Body Type |
| 11. Brown Eyes (J23 Remix) \[featuring Kabelo, HHP, Reason & Brickz\] |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Brown Eyes* -- 2013 (single) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Feels Good To Me* -- 2013 (single) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Lit -* 2017 (single)[1](https://music.apple
| 714 |
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# Classics (Kenny Rogers and Dottie West album)
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unexpected '{'
{{album chart|Canada|60|artist=Kenny Rogers|album=Classics|chartid=4499b|rowheader=true|accessdate=20 September 2024}}
^
``
| 26 |
Classics (Kenny Rogers and Dottie West album)
| 0 |
11,088,971 |
# Lalli Partinen
**Lalli Simo Samuli Partinen** (20 August 1941 -- 4 May 2022) was a Finnish professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga.
## Biography
Partinen played for HIFK and SaiPa. He competed in the men\'s tournament at the 1968 Winter Olympics. Partinen also represented Finland at the Hockey World Championships during the years: 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1973. He also won two Finnish championships in seasons 1969--70 and 1973--74. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987.
Partinen died of COVID-19 at a hospital in Lappeenranta on 4 May 2022, aged 80
| 100 |
Lalli Partinen
| 0 |
11,088,972 |
# Proviso Mathematics and Science Academy
**Proviso Mathematics and Science Academy** is a selective enrollment high school in Forest Park, Illinois, United States that opened its doors to 126 freshmen in 2005. It is one of the newest schools in the Proviso Township High Schools District 209. It serves students in many towns in western Cook County including Forest Park, Berkeley, Broadview, Maywood, Melrose Park, Stone Park, Hillside, Bellwood, and Westchester among others. In May 2023, the school was named within the top ten Illinois High Schools, placing 6th in *U.S. News & World Report*.
## Academics and admissions {#academics_and_admissions}
The academy accepts students through an admissions program including standardized tests, grades, and teacher recommendations. Proviso\'s curriculum is informed by that of the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy. The curriculum focuses on science, math, technology, arts, and foreign languages. They also teach Physics First, which introduces freshmen to physics before studying chemistry and biology.
The school mascot is Monty the Python; school colors are purple and black. As there are no sports facilities at the Academy, students play sports including baseball, basketball, football, track and field, softball, volleyball at either Proviso East or Proviso West. Proviso\'s extra curricular activities include: Anime Club, Book Club, Comedy Improv, Chorus, Debate, Newspaper, Theater, Robotics, Student Council and Yearbook.
Much of the 5th floor at the campus houses District 209 administration offices which were formerly located at Proviso East High School.
## Beyond graduation {#beyond_graduation}
Graduates have gone on to four year colleges and universities including University of Chicago, Boston University, Cornell University, Dominican University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, University of Illinois at Urbana--Champaign, Harvard University, Case Western Reserve University, Beloit College and various other prestigious institutes
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Proviso Mathematics and Science Academy
| 0 |
11,088,986 |
# Thriamvos Patras
**Thriamvos Patras** (Greek: ΑΟ Θρίαμβος Πατρών) was founded in 1991 and had athletic clubs including water polo, swimming, synchronized diving, basketball, chess and ping pong.
In 2001, its dodgeball club united with Foinikas Patras and changed its name to AS Ormi Patras, the polo and swimming dissolved in 2006 and OPATHA and it became NE Patras
| 59 |
Thriamvos Patras
| 0 |
11,088,987 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1989
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1989** took place in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- ------------------------------------- ------
Gold (Arnold Luger, Gunther Steinhauser)
Silver (Manfred Graber, E
| 67 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1989
| 0 |
11,088,993 |
# Children Act
**Children Act** (with its variations) is a stock short title used for the legislation in Malaysia and the United Kingdom that relates to children. The Bill for an Act with this short title will usually have been known as a **Children Bill** during its passage through Parliament.
**Children Acts** may be a generic name either for legislation bearing that short title or for all legislation which relates to children
| 72 |
Children Act
| 0 |
11,089,010 |
# Thomas Frei
**Thomas Frei** (born 19 January 1985) is a Swiss road bicycle racer. Frei was Swiss Junior champion in road cycling in 2002. Between 2004 and 2006 he cycled for the Bürgis Cycling Team and won the Mountain Championship for U23 cyclists. In the 2007 and 2008 seasons, Frei rode for UCI ProTour team `{{UCI team code|AST|2007}}`{=mediawiki} before moving to `{{UCI team code|BMC|2009}}`{=mediawiki} for 2009 on a two-year contract. There he was roommate and domestique for future Tour de France champion Cadel Evans.
In his second season with BMC, Frei tested positive for EPO. He was withdrawn from competition by his team in April 2010 during the Giro del Trentino when the doping violation was revealed, before the team released him altogether.
As of August 2011, Frei was training full-time with the intention of returning to professional cycling upon the completion of his two-year suspension from competition
| 149 |
Thomas Frei
| 0 |
11,089,032 |
# Jukka Porvari
**Jukka Veikko Porvari** (born January 19, 1954, in Tampere, Finland) is a Finnish retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga and National Hockey League (NHL). He played for Tappara, TPS, New Jersey Devils, and Colorado Rockies. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1994. He also played at the 1980 Winter Olympics, with 7 goals and 4 assists for a total of 11 points in 7 games
| 77 |
Jukka Porvari
| 0 |
11,089,045 |
# Beata Handra
**Beata Handra** (born January 3, 1977) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With partner and husband Charles Sinek, she is the 1999--2002 U.S. national pewter medalist and placed as high as fourth at the Four Continents Championships.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Handra\'s father is a refugee from the Hungarian revolution in 1956 and her mother is a concert pianist from Japan. She attended the University of California at Berkeley before deciding to focus on skating. Handra and Sinek married in 1996. Their son, Kai Bela Sinek, was born on May 11, 2017.
## Career
Handra completed her senior test in 1991 with skating coaches Suzy Jackson and Paul Spruell when she lived in San Rafael, California. She skated as a solo dancer early in her career and came to the 1995 National Championships looking for a dance partner. Handra teamed up with Charles Sinek when she was 18 years old. In 2000, Handra/Sinek were given their first Grand Prix assignment, Skate America. Three weeks before the event, Sinek developed a staph infection after Handra accidentally cut his right shin in practice. He recovered and they competed at the event, placing sixth.
In the 2001--02 season, Handra/Sinek missed their two Grand Prix assignments due to health issues---in August 2001, Sinek underwent knee surgery which resulted in a blood clot in his calf, and tore his meniscus a second time in September 2001.
Handra/Sinek placed fourth at the 2002 U.S. Championships and were sent to the 2002 Four Continents Championships where they placed a career-best fourth. They were also granted the United States\' second spot to the 2002 Winter Olympics because two teams who ranked above them nationally---Tanith Belbin / Benjamin Agosto and Melissa Gregory / Denis Petukhov---were ineligible for the Olympics due to citizenship problems. Handra/Sinek placed 23rd at the Olympics.
## Programs
(with Sinek)
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Season | Original dance | Free dance |
+=============+=====================================================+==============================================+
| 2001--2002\ | - El Nino Dios\ | - Samson and Delilah\ |
| | by A. Fernandez Diaz, Paco de Lucia | by Camille Saint-Saëns\ |
| | - Fugata\ | performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra |
| | by Astor Piazzolla | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| 2000--2001\ | - Happy Feet\ | - Migra\ |
| | by Paolo Conte | by Carlos Santana |
| | - Botch-A-Me\ | - Revelations\ |
| | by Luigi Astore, Riccardo Morbell, E. Stanley | by Santana and T. Coster |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
## Competitive highlights {#competitive_highlights}
(with Sinek)
International
--------------------
Event
Winter Olympics
Four Continents
Skate America
Skate Canada
National
U.S
| 429 |
Beata Handra
| 0 |
11,089,050 |
# William Bowring (cricketer)
**William Bowring** (14 November 1874 at St John\'s, Newfoundland Colony -- 12 August 1945 at Bay, St Michael, Barbados) was a West Indian cricketer who toured with the first West Indian touring side to England in 1900. He was educated at Sherborne and Marlborough and was the only one of the tourists to have learnt his cricket in England.
He first went to the West Indies in late 1898 and his first big matches were for A.B. St Hill\'s team in 1898-99 and for Barbados in the 1899-1900 Inter-Colonial Tournament but in none of these matches did he have any success.
Despite this he was originally selected as captain of the 1900 tourists. He was eventually replaced in this role by Aucher Warner but agreed to join the side as an ordinary member. He was described before the tour as \"Good bat, hard hitter, makes his runs mostly in front of the wicket by hard drives. Has a good forcing stroke off his legs, and plays very hard, especially on the off. A good field, and safe catch. Member of the Wanderers\' Club\". He was disappointing on the tour and \"except for three innings, did nothing\". His top score was 63 against Hampshire and he scored 33 and 28 against Warwickshire.
He played for Barbados in the 1901-02 Inter-Colonial Tournament and then over three years later was chosen for the combined West Indies team against Lord Brackley\'s team in 1904-05 when he scored 5 and was absent hurt in the second innings.
His first class career therefore consisted of 5 matches with a batting average of under 5
| 272 |
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| 0 |
11,089,071 |
# Neoglaciation
The **neoglaciation** (\"renewed glaciation\") describes the documented cooling trend in the Earth\'s climate during the Holocene, following the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation, the most recent glacial period. Neoglaciation has followed the Hypsithermal or Holocene Climatic Optimum, the warmest point in the Earth\'s climate during the current interglacial stage, excluding the global warming-induced temperature increase starting in the 20th century. The neoglaciation has no well-marked universal beginning, in particular not in the Greenland Icecore temperatures: local conditions and ecological inertia affected the onset of detectably cooler (and wetter) conditions. It is, e.g., clearly visible in the Alpine tree border variation of the Kauner valley, both demonstrated together in the graph of H. J. Holm under Holocene.
Driven inexorably by the Milankovitch cycle, cooler summers in higher latitudes of North America, which would cease to melt the annual snowfall completely, were masked at first by the presence of the slowly disappearing continental ice sheets, which persisted long after the astronomically calculated moment of maximum summer warmth: \"the neoglaciation can be said to have begun when the cooling caught up with the warming\", remarked E. C. Pielou. With the close of the \"Little Ice Age\" (mid-14th to late 19th centuries), neoglaciation appears to have been reversed in the late 20th century, evidently caused by anthropogenic global warming. Neoglaciation had been marked by a retreat from the warm conditions of the Climatic Optimum and the advance or reformation of glaciers that had not existed since the last ice age. In the mountains of western North America, montane glaciers that had melted entirely reformed shortly before 5000 BP. The most severe part of the best documented neoglacial period, especially in Europe and the North Atlantic, is termed the \"Little Ice Age\".
In North America, neoglaciation had ecological effects in the spread of muskeg on flat, poorly drained land, such as the bed of recently drained Lake Agassiz and in the Hudson Bay lowlands, in the retreat of grassland before an advancing forest border in the Great Plains, and in shifting ranges of forest trees and diagnostic plant species (identified through palynology).
In East Asia, the start of neoglaciation coincided with a major weakening of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM)
| 368 |
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| 0 |
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# Charles Sinek
**Charles Sinek** (born December 28, 1968) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With partner and wife Beata Handra, he is the 1999--2002 U.S. national pewter medalist and placed as high as fourth at the Four Continents Championships.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sinek was born on December 28, 1968, in Wilmington, North Carolina. His father, Joachim Sinek, represented Chile at the Olympic Games in the 1950s in fencing.
Charles Sinek and Beata Handra were married in 1996. Their son, Kai Bela Sinek, was born on May 11, 2017.
## Career
Charles Sinek originally skated with his sister, Anne Sinek, for several years. After his sister retired, he skated with Regina Woodward at the senior level and then turned professional.
Sinek competed at the 1994 Gay Games as a last minute replacement partner for Stephane Vachon, a friend whose partner was unable to compete due to illness. Sinek volunteered to skate with Vachon because he already knew the dance. They won the gold medal in the Male/Male Compulsory Dance 4 competition.
Sinek reinstated as an amateur in 1995. He teamed up with 18-year-old Beata Handra. In 2000, Handra/Sinek were given their first Grand Prix assignment, Skate America. Three weeks before the event, Sinek developed a staph infection after Handra accidentally cut his right shin in practice. He recovered and they competed at the event, placing sixth.
In the 2001--02 season, Handra/Sinek missed their two Grand Prix assignments due to health issues---in August 2001, Sinek underwent knee surgery which resulted in a blood clot in his calf, and tore his meniscus a second time in September 2001.
Handra/Sinek placed fourth at the 2002 U.S. Championships and were sent to the 2002 Four Continents Championships where they placed a career-best fourth. They were also granted the United States\' second spot to the 2002 Winter Olympics because two teams who ranked above them nationally---Tanith Belbin / Benjamin Agosto and Melissa Gregory / Denis Petukhov---were ineligible for the Olympics due to citizenship problems. Handra/Sinek placed 23rd at the Olympics.
## Programs
(with Handra)
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Season | Original dance | Free dance |
+=============+=====================================================+==============================================+
| 2001--2002\ | - El Nino Dios\ | - Samson and Delilah\ |
| | by A. Fernandez Diaz, Paco de Lucia | by Camille Saint-Saëns\ |
| | - Fugata\ | performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra |
| | by Astor Piazzolla | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| 2000--2001\ | - Happy Feet\ | - Migra\ |
| | by Paolo Conte | by Carlos Santana |
| | - Botch-A-Me\ | - Revelations\ |
| | by Luigi Astore, Riccardo Morbell, E. Stanley | by Santana and T. Coster |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
## Competitive highlights {#competitive_highlights}
### With Beata Handra {#with_beata_handra}
International
--------------------
Event
Winter Olympics
Four Continents
Skate America
Skate Canada
National
U.S. Championships
GP = Grand Prix
### With Regina Woodward {#with_regina_woodward}
Event 1989
-------------------- ------
U.S
| 480 |
Charles Sinek
| 0 |
11,089,075 |
# Heino Pulli
**Heino Vihtori Pulli** (March 22, 1938 -- April 11, 2015) was a Finnish professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. Born in Sortavala, Finland, he played for TK-V who later became KOOVEE. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1994
| 49 |
Heino Pulli
| 0 |
11,089,087 |
# Idrissa Keita
**Idrissa Keita** (born 10 April 1977) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He also held Spanish citizenship.
## Club career {#club_career}
Keita was born in Abidjan. After starring for Ivory Coast at the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship he, alongside countryman Félix Ettien, was bought by Spanish club Levante UD. The pair struggled mightily during their first months in the new reality, with Keita eventually failing to settle altogether and leaving in January 1999 for La Liga team Real Oviedo, being irregularly used during his stay and starting in 37 of his 48 games in the top division (the Asturians would be relegated in his third season).
In April 2001, Keita was briefly suspended by the Royal Spanish Football Federation for allegedly holding a false French passport. After five years with Oviedo, which included a loan in Portugal, he continued his career in Spain in its second and third tiers, in a stint in the country which spanned over a decade
| 169 |
Idrissa Keita
| 0 |
11,089,089 |
# Taraboura
**Taraboura** (Greek: Ταραμπούρα) is a neighbourhood in the city of Patras. It is named after one of the Albanians in which he lived and had his house in his area. Until 1990, it had a tall for the entrance and exit for carriage wheels and vehicles in Patras. Residential housing arrived in 1980.
Taraboura features a closed arena where Olympiada Patras plays. It is located at 24 Tisonas Street with the postcode 26623. Its capacity is 2,500 people
| 80 |
Taraboura
| 0 |
11,089,104 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1991
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1991** took place in Völs am Schlern, Italy.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------------------------------------------- ------
Gold (Krzysztof Niewiadomski, Oktawian Samulski)
Silver (Roland Niedermair, Hubert Burger)
Bronze (Georg Eberhardter, Walter Mauracher)
Niewiadomski and Samulski become the first non-Austrian or Italian competitors to medal at the natural track European championships
| 92 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1991
| 0 |
11,089,144 |
# Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
***Mycobacterium vanbaalenii*** is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that can use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It was first isolated from petroleum-contaminated estuarine sediments and has been shown by 16S rRNA gene sequencing to be closely related to *Mycobacterium aurum* and *Mycobacterium vaccae*. *M. vanbaalenii* has potential use in the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated environmental sites. Etymology: vanbaalenii of Van Baalen, in memory of Dr Chase Van Baalen, late Professor at The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas Marine Laboratory, Port Aransas, TX, USA.
## Description
**Microscopy**
- Gram-positive, acid-fast rods (1.4 um long and 0.7 um wide)
**Colony characteristics**
- Colonies are smooth and saffron yellow.
**Physiology**
- Can grow well at 24 and 37 °C, with minimal or no growth at 42 °C.
- Classified as a rapidly growing Mycobacterium species
- Cells are aerobic, Catalase- and urease-positive, reduce nitrate to nitrite.
- metabolizes salicylic acid, hydrolyses Tween 80, reduces tellurite and uses pyrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, 1-nitropyrene, 6-nitrochrysene, 3-methylcholanthrene and benzopyrene.
## Pathogenesis
- First isolated from an environmental source, not known to be pathogenic.
## Type strain {#type_strain}
- Strain PYR-1 = DSM 7251 = JCM 13017 = NRRL B-24157
| 199 |
Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
| 0 |
11,089,169 |
# Isograd
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ An **isograd** is a concept used in the study of metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic grade of such a rock is a rough measure of the degree of metamorphism it has undergone, as characterised by the presence of certain index minerals. An isograd is a theoretical surface comprising points all at the same metamorphic grade, and thus separates metamorphic zones whose rocks contain different index minerals.
On geological maps focusing on metamorphic terranes (or landscapes underlain by metamorphic rocks), the boundaries between rocks of different metamorphic grade are commonly demarcated by isograd lines. The garnet isograd, for example, would separate regions containing garnet from those without.
The minerals present in a metamorphic rock are important because laboratory experiments at high pressures and temperatures have provided a lot of information on the pressure and temperature conditions under which certain metamorphic minerals form. For example, with increasing temperature and pressure the first minerals to form from a shale are micas, particularly chlorite and biotite. With increasing temperature and pressure garnet appears, and then kyanite (at relatively high pressure) or sillimanite (at relatively high temperature). The metamorphic zone with chlorite can be referred to as the *chlorite zone*, the zone with garnet as *garnet zone*, and so forth. To communicate this easily, the dominant metamorphic minerals in schists are usually included in the name, as, for example, garnet schist, or garnet-staurolite schist, and so forth
| 234 |
Isograd
| 0 |
11,089,173 |
# Jan Ferguut
**Jan Amandus Van Droogenbroeck** (Sint-Amands, 17 January 1835 - Schaerbeek, 27 May 1902), pseudonym *Jan Ferguut*, was a Flemish poet and writer. He was a teacher and a civil servant.
He was a pupil of Jan Van Beers at the *Normaalschool* in Lier, and a follower of Johan Michiel Dautzenberg. Jan Van Droogenbroeck contributed to the magazines *De Toekomst*, *Noord en Zuid*, and *Het Nederlandsch Tijdschrift*.
Streets were named after him in Schaerbeek and Sint-Amands
| 78 |
Jan Ferguut
| 0 |
11,089,175 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1993
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1993** took place in Stein an der Enns, Austria
| 24 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1993
| 0 |
11,089,203 |
# Tasi
TASI}} **Tasi** (Greek: Τάσι) is an old neighbourhood in the city of Patras. It is located close to the castle in the modern upper city. During the Frankish rule, it contained a square named Tasso. During the Ottoman rule, the area around the square and the neighbourhood of Tasi (an alterration of Tasso) was destroyed. Then the square became the centre and the city market. There it had all of its trade shops of the city. Today, it conjectures that the neighbourhood and the square is located in the present neighbourhood of Pantokratora
| 95 |
Tasi
| 0 |
11,089,213 |
# Expeditionary Strike Group 3
**Expeditionary Strike Group 3** is an expeditionary strike group (ESG) of the U.S. Navy. Expeditionary strike groups combine the capabilities of surface action groups, submarines, and maritime patrol aircraft with those of Amphibious Ready Groups for deployment and maintaining staff proficiencies to provide fleet commanders with a highly flexible, ready fly-away unit. It is capable of projecting expeditionary striking power in the maritime, littoral, and inland environs in support of U.S. national interests.
The mission of Expeditionary Strike Group 3 is to provide amphibious expertise and a deployable staff for combat and contingency operations in support of the nation\'s interests and maritime strategy. The staff advocate for the readiness and employment of U.S. amphibious forces across the full spectrum of military operations.
As Amphibious Group 3, the organization participated in Operations Desert Shield, Restore Hope, Continue Hope and United Shield. Upon reorganization and implementation of the newly developed ESG concept in 2003, it participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
## Expeditionary Strike Group 3 Subordinate Commands {#expeditionary_strike_group_3_subordinate_commands}
- Commander, Amphibious Squadron 1 (COMPHIBRON 1)
- Commander, Amphibious Squadron 3 (COMPHIBRON 3)
- Commander, Amphibious Squadron 5 (COMPHIBRON 5)
- Commander, Amphibious Squadron 7 (COMPHIBRON 7)
- Commander, Naval Beach Group 1 (COMNAVBEACHGRU 1)
- Commander, Tactical Air Control Group 1
## History
Expeditionary Strike Group 3 can trace its origins to Amphibious Group 3 (PHIBGRU 3).
PhibGru 3 was probably active during World War II and was definitely active by 1945; at Eniwetok on 7 September 1945, revised orders directed `{{USS|Bayfield|APA-33}}`{=mediawiki} to Tacloban in the Philippines, where she arrived on 14 September and reported to Commander Amphibious Group 3 for duty in the occupation of Aomori, Japan. On 17 September *Bayfield* embarked soldiers and equipment of the U.S. 81st Infantry Division. The landings at Aomori took place according to schedule on 25 September 1945. With the outbreak of the Korean war in June 1950, `{{USS|Eldorado|AGC-11}}`{=mediawiki} was ordered to the Far East. As flagship for Rear Admiral Lyman A. Thackrey, Commander, Amphibious Group 3, she acted as standby for Mount McKinley (AGC-7) during the invasion of Inchon, Korea, and coordinated and controlled the logistics operations.
In 1978, Amphibious Group Eastern Pacific (PHIBGRUEASTPAC) at San Diego consisted of Amphibious Squadrons 1, 3, 5, and 7, all at San Diego. Early in 1987, the Thirteenth Edition of *Ships and Aircraft* still listed PhibGruEastPac at San Diego with the same four squadrons, but Amphibious Squadron 7 had moved to Long Beach, Ca. PhibGru 3 was reestablished on 1 October 1984 by redesignating Amphibious Group, Eastern Pacific. On 1 August 1986, COMPHIBGRU 3 was reorganized into three assault squadrons and two non-deploying readiness squadrons.
### Operation Desert Shield {#operation_desert_shield}
In December 1990, the 13-ship Amphibious Task Force became the largest to sail from the West Coast since 1965 when it set sail in support of Operation Desert Shield. The Task Force reached the north Arabian Sea and was joined by its East Coast counterpart and together they had a total of 31 amphibious ships, four combat logistics ships and eight supporting merchant ships, thus forming the largest Amphibious assault force since the Korean War. COMPHIBGRU 3 participated in what is considered as the major amphibious operation of the Gulf War when in February 1991, together with the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, it landed more than 6,500 United States Marines at Al Mishab, Saudi Arabia, just south of the Kuwait-Iraq border.
COMPHIBGRU 3 was to participate in numerous humanitarian assistance operations after Operation Desert Storm came to an end.
### Somali Civil War {#somali_civil_war}
During the Somali Civil War, COMPHIBGRU 3 participated in various operations, Operation Restore Hope, Operation Continue Hope and Operation United Shield. In Operation Restore Hope the force acted as a Maritime Prepositioning Force -- based at the Mogadishu Port Facility and in January 1995, the force played the role of Commander, Naval Forces, during the final withdraw of UN forces from Somalia.
### 1995--2000
From 1995 to 1998 COMPHIBGRU 3 participated in various naval exercises. Amongst them Exercise Cooperation from the Sea (1995) with the Russian Navy, exercises with Jordanian forces (1996) embarking landing craft from the United Arab Emirates for the first time in U.S. Navy history, Exercise Native Fury in Kuwait (1998), Exercise Freedom Banner in Korea (In October 1998, the command absorbed Naval Inshore Undersea Warfare Group 1 and redesignated Naval Coastal Warfare Group 1) and in (2000) Exercise Natural Fire in Mombasa, Kenya.
### Operation Iraqi Freedom {#operation_iraqi_freedom}
In 2003, COMPHIBGRU 3 provided the forces and stood up as Commander Task Force 51 to execute a multitude of the Naval Component Commander\'s assigned missions in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In addition to the deployments in support of OIF, CPG-3 also deployed the first expeditionary strike group, Expeditionary Strike Group 1, on board `{{USS|Peleliu|LHA-5|6}}`{=mediawiki} in August 2003. ESG 1 participated directly in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. ESG 1 didn\'t return from the Middle East until March 2004.
In November 2003, Marine Brigadier General Joseph V. Medina took command of Expeditionary Strike Group 3. This event marked the first time in history that a United States Marine Corps officer took command of a naval formation.
In Operation Iraqi Freedom Two (OIF II), included a host of amphibious and maritime ships whose mission was to substitute Marines from the I Marine Expeditionary Force with troops from the United States Army\'s 1st Infantry. To support the OIF II Force Rotation Plan and the First Marine Expeditionary Force\'s deployment to relieve the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 82nd Airborne Division in Iraq, Commander Amphibious Group 3, Rear Adm. W. C. Marsh, and his San Diego--based staff deployed into the Fifth Fleet Area of Operations. Marsh assumed duties as Commander Task Force 51 (CTF 51) and began overseeing amphibious operations in the area.
On 17 April 2007, Amphibious Group 3 was reorganized as Expeditionary Strike Group Three in San Diego. Unlike Commander, Amphibious Group 3, which provided ships with manning, training and material support, ESG 3 was to be strictly operational, preparing ESG forces for deployment and maintaining proficiencies as a staff to provide fleet commanders with a ready fly-away command element that is extremely flexible in mission assignment
| 1,034 |
Expeditionary Strike Group 3
| 0 |
11,089,227 |
# Poikiloblast
A **poikiloblast** is a porphyroblast mineral with small inclusions of the previous rock in it. From the texture (if any) shown in the inclusion, the deformation history of the rock can be interpreted, as the inclusions are always older than the porphyroblast
| 44 |
Poikiloblast
| 0 |
11,089,240 |
# Saumur (wine)
**Saumur** (`{{IPA|fr|somyʁ|-|Fr-Paris--Saumur.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a French wine region located in the Loire Valley. The region is noted for sparkling wines produced by the traditional method, and for red wines made primarily from Cabernet Franc. The main variety in the white wines is Chenin blanc.
The annual *Grandes Tablées du Saumur-Champigny* is a popular annual event held in early August with over 1 km of tables set up in Saumur so people can sample the local foods and wine
| 80 |
Saumur (wine)
| 0 |
11,089,246 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1995
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1995** took place in Kandalaksha, Russia.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Panyutina becomes the first non-Austrian or Italian to medal in this event at the championships and the first Russian to do so as well
| 71 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1995
| 0 |
11,089,288 |
# Yasuei Yakushiji
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unexpected 's'
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center
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``
| 18 |
Yasuei Yakushiji
| 0 |
11,089,309 |
# Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar
Hajjaj}} `{{pp-move}}`{=mediawiki} **`{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar}}`{=mediawiki}** (786--833 CE) was a mathematician and translator.
## Biography
Almost nothing is known about his life, except that he was active in Baghdad, then the capital of the ʿAbbāsid Empire.
He was the first author who translated Euclid\'s *Elements* from Greek into Arabic. His first translation was made for Yaḥyā ibn Khālid, the Vizier of Caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd. He made a second, improved, more concise translation for the Caliph al-Maʾmūn (813--833). Around 829, he translated Ptolemy\'s *Almagest*, which at that time had also been translated by Hunayn Ibn Ishaq and `{{transliteration|ar|ALA|[[Sahl al-Ṭabarī]]}}`{=mediawiki}.
At the beginning of the 12th century CE, Adelard of Bath translated `{{transliteration|ar|ALA|al-Ḥajjāj}}`{=mediawiki}\'s version of Euclid\'s *Elements* into Latin
| 124 |
Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar
| 0 |
11,089,325 |
# Swans Are Dead
***Swans Are Dead*** is the fifth double and seventh overall live album by American experimental rock band Swans. It was released in 1998 and was recorded in 1995 and 1997 on the band\'s final tours, before reuniting in 2010.
The setlists of this era in the Swans live show were probably the most varied in terms of chronology. Although many of the songs performed were taken from *Soundtracks for the Blind*, the band also resurrected songs from much earlier albums, including a re-worked version of \"I Crawled\" from the *Young God* EP (1984).
## Background
Disc one (Black) was recorded during the band\'s Final Tour in 1997: Amsterdam (March 13), New York City (January 24), Trondheim (February 15), Prague (February 27), Brussels (March 14) and Atlanta (January 29). Two other songs were performed on this tour, \"The Man With the Silver Tongue\", which appeared in a revised form on Angels of Light\'s 1999 debut LP *New Mother*; and \"My Birth\", which remained unreleased until it appeared on Swans\'s 2010 album *My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky*. However, neither track was included in the album. Other songs were also sporadically performed, such as \"The Sound\" (at least twice on the American leg of the tour).
The liner notes state that disc two (White) was recorded in Norway on the band\'s 1995 tour (September 20-23). The songs \"In\", \"Alcohol the Seed\", and \"Animus\", that had been played during the tour and also for the Amsterdam concert, did not appear on *Swans Are Dead* (the concert was recorded by the radio station VPRO, \"Animus\" is also cut on that recording).
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*The Rough Guide to Rock* described the album as \"a head-churning final statement\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Credits for *Swans Are Dead* adapted from liner notes
| 308 |
Swans Are Dead
| 0 |
11,089,347 |
# Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
{{ infobox bibliographic database \| title = Ulrich\'s Periodicals Directory \| image = \| caption = \| producer = ProQuest \| country = \| history = 1932--present \| languages = Multi-lingual \| providers = Multi-platform \| cost = Subscription \| disciplines = multidisciplinary (all subjects); \| depth = abstracting and indexing coverage, including print indexes, online indexes, and indexing and citation databases; from more than 400 global sources (including Scopus and ISI Web of Science) \| formats = academic and scholarly journals (all types); open access publications, peer-reviewed titles; popular magazines, newspapers, newsletters; annuals, continuations, conference proceedings; trade publications, consumer magazines, newsletters and bulletins; limited selection of membership directories, comic books, puzzle and game books; titles that have ceased publication since 1974; irregularly published publications, regularly published publications, available free, and available paid subscription only; small publishers, large commercial publishers, scholarly society publishers, independent publishers, and not-for-profit publishers (90,000 publishers). \| temporal = \| geospatial = 215 countries (International-global) \| number = 336,000+ \| updates = daily \| p_title = Ulrich\'s \| p_dates = annual (limited data available compared to web) \| ISSN = 0000-2100 \| web = `{{URL|1=https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/Ulrichsweb}}`{=mediawiki} \| titles = }} **Ulrich\'s Periodicals Directory** (`{{issn|0000-0175}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{ISSN|0000-2100}}`{=mediawiki}) is the standard library directory and database providing information about popular and academic magazines, scientific journals, newspapers and other serial publications.
The print version has been published since 1932, and was founded by Carolyn F. Ulrich, chief of the periodicals division of the New York Public Library as *Periodicals Directory: A Classified Guide to a Selected List of Current Periodicals Foreign and Domestic*.
It is now also supplied on-line as **Ulrichsweb,** which provides web-based and Z39.50 linking to library catalogs. The online version includes over 300,000 active and current periodicals.
Coverage is international, with some emphasis on English-language publications. The information is derived from the publishers and verified by the journal. It includes
- ISSN
- Title and previous titles
- Starting date, place of publication, and publisher
- Cost, availability of electronic versions, subscription terms, and approximate circulation as estimated by the publisher
- Subject information, searchable as subject terms or approximate Dewey Classification, special features, and indexing information
- Indications of whether the publication is available on open access
- Indication of whether the publication is peer-reviewed, which is taken to include professional magazines with equivalent editorial control of quality.
Earlier published by R.R. Bowker, it moved to CSA, a fellow subsidiary of Cambridge Information Group, in 2006. Following the merger of CSA and ProQuest, Ulrich\'s moved to ProQuest subsidiary Serials Solutions. The \"Serials Solutions\" name was retired in 2014
| 435 |
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
| 0 |
11,089,382 |
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1997
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1997** took place in Moos in Passeier, Italy.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Panyutina followed up her silver medal at the previous championships with a gold medal this time
| 65 |
FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1997
| 0 |
11,089,397 |
# Major Matt Mason USA
**Major Matt Mason USA** is the recording project of Matt Roth, an American musician and record producer active in the anti-folk and DIY music scene of New York\'s East Village.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
A native of Shawnee, Kansas, Roth moved to New York in the early 1990s, where Antifolk founder Lach gave him his new name, based on the action figure Major Matt Mason. He established Olive Juice Music, a recording studio, independent record label, and online record shop based in his apartment on the Lower East Side.
Roth has collaborated with Jeffrey Lewis, The Moldy Peaches, Toby Goodshank, Kimya Dawson, LD Beghtol, Rachel Trachtenburg, Adam Green, The Baby Skins, Prewar Yardsale, The Leader, Dan Fishback, Dave End, Elastic No-No Band, and Peter Dizozza. In addition to his work as a solo performer, he is also a member of the bands Schwervon! and Kansas State Flower.
Roth has toured extensively throughout the United States and Europe with Schwervon! and as a solo performer, often supporting members of the anti-folk movement, such as Jeffrey Lewis. He has been the headline act for anti-folk tours throughout the United Kingdom. In 2017, Roth formed a side project, Broken Heart Syndrome, featuring Pat Tomek of The Rainmakers on drums. In 2019, as well as continuing to perform as a solo acoustic artist, Major Matt Mason USA has more recently appeared as a trio featuring electric guitar, bass, and drums.
In 2012, Roth relocated to Shawnee, Kansas.
## Discography
### As solo performer {#as_solo_performer}
- *The Lobster Song/Mr. Mrs. Something* (7-inch single, 1994. HC Records) (as Major Matt Mason)
- *Me Me Me* (1998)
- *Rivington \'94 and the Tower Days* (2001)
- *Honey Are You Ready for the Ballet?* (2002)
- *Bad People Rule the World* (2004)
- *Senile Pie Strive Pip Melancholy* (2007)
### Compilation appearances {#compilation_appearances}
- *Call It What You Want: This Is Antifolk* (2002) - \"Animal Shelter\"
- *Antifolk, Vol
| 327 |
Major Matt Mason USA
| 0 |
11,089,411 |
# Etymology of hippie
According to lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the terms *hipster* and *hippie* derive from the word *hip* and the synonym *hep*, whose origins are disputed. The words *hip* and *hep* first surfaced in slang around the beginning of the 20th century and spread quickly, making their first appearance in the *Oxford English Dictionary* in 1904. At the time, the words were used to mean \"aware\" and \"in the know\". In the late 1960s, African language scholar David Dalby popularized the idea that words used in American slang could be traced back to West Africa. He claimed that *hipi* (a word in the Wolof language meaning \"to open one\'s eyes\") was the source for both *hip* and *hep*. Sheidlower, however, disputes Dalby\'s assertion that the term *hip* comes from Wolof origins.
During the jive era of the late 1930s and early 1940s, African-Americans began to use the term *hip* to mean \"sophisticated, fashionable and fully up-to-date\". Harry Gibson added the term \"the Hipster\" to his Harlem stage act in 1944, and in his later autobiography, says he coined it for that purpose. In the 1970s, Gibson remade his act to appeal to contemporary hippies, and is known as the \'original hippie\'. The form *hippie* is attested in print as jazz slang in 1952, but is agreed in later sources to have been in use from the 1940s. Reminiscing about late 1940s Harlem in his 1964 autobiography, Malcolm X referred to the word *hippy* as a term that African Americans used to describe a specific type of white man who \"acted more Negro than Negroes\".
In Greenwich Village, New York City by the end of the 1950s, young counterculture advocates were widely called *hips* because they were considered \"in the know\" or \"cool\", as opposed to being *square*.
The earliest song to mention the word \"Hippy\" is the 1957 r-n-b (doo-wop) single \"Hippy-Dippy-Daddy\" by The Cookies, followed by the 1959 rock \'n roll single \"Hippy Hippy Shake\" by Chan Romero, which reached #3 in Australia, and was also covered by the Beatles in 1963. One of the earliest print attestations of the term *hippy* is found in the \"Dictionary of Hip Words and Phrases\" included in the liner notes for the 1959 comedy album *How to Speak Hip*, a parody based on the burgeoning Greenwich Village scene. As opposed to the *hipster*, defined as \"A fully paid-up member of Hip society\", a *hippy* is \"A junior member of Hip society, who may know the words, but hasn\'t fully assimilated the proper attitude.\" It also defines *hippie-dip* as \"Derogatory word for hippy.\"
A syndicated newspaper column from 1960 said \"Bobby Darin, a hippie from New York City, Tonsil No. 1, in the \'New Noise\' sweeping America, completely conquered all the New York hippies.\"
Ground-breaking comic host Steve Allen thought that he was \"the first to turn the adjective \'hip\' into the noun \'hippie\' \... about 1960\".
In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth of San Francisco used both the terms *hipster* and *hippies* to refer to young people participating in African American or Beatnik nightlife.
In 1963, the Orlons, an African-American singing group from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania released the soul dance song \"South Street\", which included the lyrics \"Where do all the hippies meet? South Street, South Street \... The hippest street in town\". Some transcriptions read \"Where do all the hippist (*sic*) meet?\" Nevertheless, since many heard it as \"hippies\", that use was promoted. Another 1963 song by the Dovells, \"You Can\'t Sit Down\" also referenced South Street Philadelphia and hippies: \"When you\'re on South Street and the band is really bootin\'. You hear the hippie with the back beat \...\". Another use around the same time was on the 1963 Freddy Cannon single on Swan Records, \"Do What the Hippies Do\". In addition, the Stereos, a doo-wop group who had already released their 1959 single \"Memory Lane\" under the alias \"the Tams\" (not the more famous group the Tams), re-released the recording yet again in 1963 under the name of \"the Hippies\".
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# Etymology of hippie
## Modern use {#modern_use}
In a June 11, 1963 syndicated column by Dorothy Killgallen, she wrote \"New York hippies have a new kick -- baking marijuana in cookies\". The term \"hippie\" appears in a book review in *The New York Times* of April 21, 1964, entitled \"Is The Pentagon Threatened by Civilians on Horseback?\" where it said \"Mr. Raymond felicitously gives us a hippie link between the present and the past.\" The term appeared numerous times in the *Village Voice* on September 10, 1964, in an article entitled \"Baby Beatniks Spark Bar Boom on East Side\". Another early appearance of the term *hippies* was on November 27, 1964, in a *Time* magazine article about a 20-year-old\'s drug use scandalizing the town of Darien, Connecticut: \"The trouble is that in a school of 1,018 pupils so near New York there is bound to be a fast set of hard-shell hippies like Alpert \[the 20-year-old\] who seem utterly glamorous to more sheltered types.\" Shortly afterwards, on December 6, 1964, in an article entitled \"Jean Shepherd Leads His Flock On A Search For Truth\", journalist Bernard Weinraub of *The New York Times* wrote about the Limelight coffeehouse, quoting Shepherd as using the term *hippie* while describing the beatnik fashions that had newly arrived in Greenwich Village from Queens, Staten Island, Newark, Jersey City, and Brooklyn. And the Zanesville *Times Recorder*, on January 1, 1965, ran a story questioning how society could tolerate a new underground New York newspaper started by Ed Sanders called *The Marijuana Times* --- whose first issue (of only two, dated January 30) it directly quoted as saying: \"The latest Pot statistics compiled through the services of the *Hippie* Dope Exchange, will be printed in each issue of the Marijuana Newsletter.\"
Another early appearance was in the liner notes to the Rolling Stones album, *The Rolling Stones, Now!*, released in February 1965 and written by the band\'s then-manager, Andrew Loog Oldham. One sentence of the notes reads, \"Their music is Berry-chuck and all the Chicago hippies\". and another sentence from the same source reads, \"Well, my groobies, what about Richmond, with its grass green and hippy scene from which the Stones untaned.\"
Rev. Howard R. Moody, of the Judson Memorial Church in Greenwich Village, was quoted in the June 6, 1965, *New York Times* as saying \"Every hippy is somebody\'s square. And don\'t you ever forget it.\"
By around this time, \"hippies\" were being noted on the U.S. West Coast as well. The first clearly contemporary use of the word \"hippie\" appeared in print on September 5, 1965. In an article entitled \"A New Haven for Beatniks\", San Francisco journalist Michael Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn coffeehouse, using the term *hippie* to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco. (In a 1969 interview, San Francisco writer Ralph Gleason attributed this move to tourism.) Fallon reportedly came up with the name by condensing Norman Mailer\'s use of the word *hipster* into *hippie*.
Use of the term *hippie* did not become widespread in the mass media until early 1967, after *San Francisco Chronicle* columnist Herb Caen (the same columnist who had coined the term *beatnik* in 1958) began referring to *hippies* in his daily columns.
*The New York Times* editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from *hippy* to *hippie* to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as *hippy fashions*.
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# Etymology of hippie
## Pejorative use {#pejorative_use}
To the Beat Generation that had been active since the 1940s, the flood of youths in the 1960s adopting beatnik sensibilities appeared as a cheap, mass-produced imitation. By Beat Generation standards, these newcomers were not cool enough to be considered hip, so they used the term *hippie* with disdain. Ronald Reagan, who was governor of California during the height of the hippie movement, described a hippie as a person who \"dresses like Tarzan, has hair like Jane, and smells like Cheeta.\" Others used the term *hippie* in a more personal way to disparage long-haired, unwashed, unkempt drug users. In contemporary conservative settings, the term hippie is often used to allude to slacker attitudes, irresponsibility, participation in recreational drug use, activism in causes considered relatively trivial, and leftist political leanings (regardless of whether the individual was actually connected to the hippie subculture). An example is its use by the *South Park* cartoon character, Eric Cartman
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# William T. Monroe
**William T. Monroe** (born 1950) was the 14th United States Ambassador to Bahrain. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on June 25, 2004, and was sworn in on August 3, 2004. He assumed his responsibilities in Manama on August 24, 2004.
He was succeeded by J. Adam Ereli in 2007.
## Education
Monroe attended Choate Rosemary Hall before receiving his B.A. in history from Stanford University and his M.A. in international relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
## Career
Monroe joined the U.S. Foreign Service in 1978. An economic officer, Monroe worked for three years as an International Trade Specialist at the Department of Commerce before joining the Department of State. In the Department of State, he has worked in the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs and the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. Monroe was the Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy, Islamabad, Pakistan, from April 2002 to June 2004. Prior to that, he was Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait
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# Looking for the Perfect Beat
\"**Looking for the Perfect Beat**\" is a song by Afrika Bambaataa & the Soulsonic Force. The song was produced by Arthur Baker and John Robie and was the follow-up track for the group following \"Planet Rock\". The track took much longer to develop than \"Planet Rock\" with Baker using cocaine and the pressure involved with creating a follow-up single. The group was developed for months in Robie\'s apartment while Afrika Bambaataa and the Soul Sonic Force were touring.
The track was released in December 1982 and was later ranked at number 13 among the \"Tracks of the Year\" for 1983 by the *NME*.
## Production
Producer Arthur Baker recalled that Tommy Boy Records head Tom Silverman decided that \"Planet Rock\" was successful enough that the group should have a follow-up. Following this period, Baker released leftover music from the \"Planet Rock\" sessions titled \"Play At Your Own Risk\" after adding vocals and some more music to it. While the Soulsonic Force was touring, Baker worked on a new track at Robie\'s apartment home and were trying to develop a new track. Baker felt that the group needed a different approach than \"Planet Rock\" as \"everyone was sort of biting off what we had done. I thought there's no way we can do the same thing, we have to do something different.\" and \"we couldn\'t go even close to anything with that kind of tempo or beat.\" The pressure of creating a follow-up led to Baker \"rediscover\[ing\] drugs\" and was \"doing lots of cocaine -- it didn't really help.\"
Baker recalled that the song\'s title arrived to him when developing the track, thinking \"Man, we\'re looking for the perfect beat and we\'ve already found it.\' It quickly dawned on me that this was a good song title\". Soulsonic Force member MC G.L.O.B.E. was tasked with writing the lyrics. Baker performed some vocals on the track that the rappers did not want to perform, including the lines "Beat This" and the "Looking for the per- looking for the per- looking for the perfect." and some barking on the track which the rappers did not want to perform. In 1999, Baker declared that the \"Beat This\" was \"almost a taunt at Sylvia \[Robinson\], because there was definitely competition between us and Sugar Hill. It was like a challenge. It was really adventurous. I didn't wanna do a typical rap record.
## Release
\"Looking for the Perfect Beat\" was released in December 1982. Attempts to get a full-length album for Bambaataa were not possible with Tommy Boy as Silverman\'s contract with him was strictly for singles; re-negotiating the contract proved to be difficult. A full-length album titled *Planet Rock: The Album* was released in 1986, which contained the three other singles \"Planet Rock\", \"Renegades of Funk\", \"Frantic Situation\", and three previously unreleased tracks.
## Reception
From contemporary reviews, J.D. Considine gave the song a four out of five rating, writing in *The Baltimore Sun* that \"Looking for the Perfect Beat\" \"doesn\'t manage the same sense of discovery\" as \"Planet Rock\" but it \"manages to be almost as catchy\" stating that it \"refines the relationship between the vocals and the electronic pulse\" noting that \" the rapping on the song was \"fairly trite, but it makes up for that by always being \"on the one.\".
Critic Robert Palmer placed \"Looking for the Perfect Beat\" as his top single of 1983 declaring it \"The year\'s finest single\" noting it was \"an ingenious small symphony in rap rhythms, and a dance-floor favorite\" noting that it was \"the year\'s most widely imitated new sound.\" \"Looking For the Perfect Beat\" was ranked at number 13 among the \"Tracks of the Year\" for 1983 by *NME*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**12\" single (TB 831)**
1. \"Looking for the Perfect Beat (Vocal)\" -- 6:56
2. \"Bonus Beats II\" -- 2:00
3. \"Looking for the Perfect Beat (Instrumental)\" -- 6:58
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# Looking for the Perfect Beat
## Credits
Credits adapted from the liner notes and expanded with information in the article
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# Barrel barbecue
A **barrel barbecue** is a type of barbecue made from a 55-gallon barrel. Vents are cut into the top and bottom for airflow control. A lid is used to retain heat. A chimney is not needed because the length of the barrel acts as its own chimney and provides a draft. Short horseshoe-like legs are attached for stability.
## Gallery
Image:barrel barbecue.jpg\|Barrel Barbecue Image:barrel barbecue 2.jpg\|Barrel Barbecue different view Image:barrel barbecue 3.jpg\|Barrel Barbecue tall view Image:barrel barbecue 4
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# Mycobacterium tusciae
***Mycobacterium tusciae*** is a slow-growing, scotochromogenic mycobacterium first isolated from a lymph node of an immunocompromised child and subsequently from tap water and from a respiratory specimen of a patient with chronic fibrosis. Etymology: tusciae referring to the Italian region of Tuscany, where the organisms were first isolated.
## Description
**Microscopy**
- Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods.
- Early microscopic morphology on Middlebrook 7H11 agar is characterized by a very elevated centre surrounded by an uneven flat fringe.
**Colony characteristics**
- Colonies are rough and strongly yellow-pigmented.
**Physiology**
- Slow growth on Löwenstein-Jensen medium at temperatures between 25 °C and 32 °C within 4 weeks.
- Growth at 37 °C is inconsistent and requires longer incubation.
- No growth at 42 °C and on MacConkey agar.
- The type strain is susceptible *in vitro* to ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, rifabutin, rifampicin, sparfloxacin and
streptomycin.
- Inhaled silica, (asbestos) can also be a cause.
**Pathophysiology**
- The lymph nodes irritation causes a response by the dust cells/alveolar macrophages, which cause enzymes, complement proteins, and regulatory factors such as interleukin-1 to get produced.
- The macrophages also carry receptors for lymphokines, and lymphokines act as cytokines which further attract T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. The damage produced by the immune response causes the lung tissue to inflame, expand, and swell with fluid then leak.
- Fibrin is then formed in response to the trauma, which is deposited around the wound in the form of a mesh. The fibrin hardens and dries forming a clot that stops leakage of fluid and blood. The macrophages try to remove the clot and the silica, bu just like asbestos, the silica cannot be digested by any of the breakdown mechanisms of the macrophages.
- Macrophages continue to attempt to remove the foreign substance, and unless the silica is removed by mechanical expulsion means of coughing, the immune response continues.
- Continued immune attack by the macrophages results in silicosis, which repeated relapses making the condition chronic. Exposed people usually remain asymptomatic long after the nodules are apparent on chest radiography.
**Differential characteristics**
- Closely related to *Mycobacterium aichiense* and *Mycobacterium farcinogenes*, rapidly growing mycobacteria, by evaluation of 16S rDNA sequences.
## Pathogenesis
- Probably an opportunistic pathogen. First isolated from a lymph node of an immunocompromised child and subsequently from tap water and from a respiratory specimen of a patient with chronic fibrosis.
## Type strain {#type_strain}
- Strain FI-25796 = CCUG 50996 = CIP 106367 = DSM 44338 = JCM 12692
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# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1999
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1999** took place in Szczyrk, Poland. This is the second this city has hosted these championships, doing so previously in 1985.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- ----------------------------------- ------
Gold (Andi Ruetz, Helmut Ruetz)
Silver (Peter Lechner, Peter Braunegger)
Bronze (Armin Mair, David Mair)
The Ruetz-Brothers won their third straight championships at this event
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# Žovnek Castle
**Žovnek Castle** (*Žovnek*, *Sanneck*) is a castle northeast of Braslovče, Slovenia. It lies above Lake Žovnek. The Lords of Žovnek, later Counts of Celje, were named after the castle. The castle was first mentioned in 1278 as *Castrum Sevnekke*, and later as *Sannegg*
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# 2000 Skate America
The **2000 Skate America** was the first event of six in the 2000--01 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the World Arena in Colorado Springs, Colorado on October 26--29. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men\'s singles, ladies\' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2000--01 Grand Prix Final. The compulsory dance was the Westminster Waltz.
## Results
### Men
Guo Zhengxin was assigned to Skate America but did not compete.
Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS
------- --------------------- -------- ------ ---- ----
**1** Timothy Goebel 2.0 2 1
**2** Alexei Yagudin 2.5 1 2
**3** Todd Eldredge 5.5 5 3
4 Emanuel Sandhu 5.5 3 4
5 Alexander Abt 8.0 6 5
6 Vincent Restencourt 9.0 4 7
7 Roman Serov 9.5 7 6
8 Trifun Zivanovic 12.0 8 8
9 Yamato Tamura 14.0 10 9
10 Silvio Smalun 14.5 9 10
11 André Kaden 16.5 11 11
### Ladies
Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS
------- -------------------- -------- ------- ---- ----
**1** Michelle Kwan 1.5 1 1
**2** Sarah Hughes 3.0 2 2
**3** Elena Sokolova 4.5 3 3
4 Viktoria Volchkova 6.0 4 4
5 Angela Nikodinov 6.5 7 6
6 Michelle Currie 9.5 5 7
7 Sabina Wojtala 10.0 10 5
8 Sun Siyin 12.0 6 9
9 Chisato Shiina 12.15 9 8
10 Caroline Gülke 14.0 8 10
11 Arisa Yamazaki 16.5 11 11
### Pairs
Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS
------- ------------------------------------- -------- ------ ---- ----
**1** Jamie Salé / David Pelletier 2.0 2 1
**2** Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo 2.5 1 2
**3** Tatiana Totmianina / Maxim Marinin 4.5 3 3
4 Kyoko Ina / John Zimmerman 6.5 5 4
5 Tiffany Scott / Philip Dulebohn 7.0 4 5
6 Jacinthe Larivière / Lenny Faustino 9.0 6 6
7 Jessica Miller / Jeffrey Weiss 10.5 7 7
WD Mariana Kautz / Norman Jeschke 8
### Ice dancing {#ice_dancing}
Rank Name Nation TFP CD OD FD
------- ----------------------------------------- -------- ------ ---- ---- ----
**1** Barbara Fusar-Poli / Maurizio Margaglio 2.0 1 1 1
**2** Margarita Drobiazko / Povilas Vanagas 4.8 4 2 2
**3** Shae-Lynn Bourne / Victor Kraatz 6.2 2 4 3
4 Galit Chait / Sergey Sakhnovsky 7.8 5 3 4
5 Naomi Lang / Peter Tchernyshev 9.2 3 5 5
6 Beata Handra / Charles Sinek 13.0 7 7 6
7 Alia Ouabdelsselam / Benjamin Delmas 14.0 6 6 8
8 Véronique Delobel / Olivier Chapuis 15.0 8 8 7
9 Anastasia Grebenkina / Vitaly Novikov 18.0 9 9 9
10 Nakako Tsuzuki / Rinat Farkhoutdinov 20.0 10 10 10
11 Nina Ulanova / Alexander Pavlov 22
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# Vigie Beach
\`\`\` `{{Geogroup}}`{=mediawiki}
-----------------------------
{{Location map\|Saint Lucia
-----------------------------
**Vigie Beach** is located 2 km north of Castries District, Saint Lucia, running parallel and immediately adjacent to the George F. L. Charles Airport.
It is a protected white sand beach. Immediately opposite the airport departure lounge are a few small food kiosks.
The following locations are nearby:
- George F. L. Charles Airport, 14.02023 -60.99294 format=dms name=George F.L. Charles Airport
- Vigie Lighthouse, 14.02245 -61.00127 format=dms name=Vigie Lighthouse
- Vigie Point, 14.02383 -61.00481 format=dms name=Vigie Point
- Vigie village, 14.01858 -60
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# Jim Wooldridge
**James Allen Wooldridge** (born August 22, 1955) is an American former college basketball coach and athletics administrator. Wooldridge was head coach at Central Missouri State, Texas State, Louisiana Tech, Kansas State, and UC Riverside. After his coaching career, Wooldridge served as athletic director at UC Riverside and Riverside City College.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born and raised in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Wooldridge played on Putnam City High School\'s class 4A state basketball championship team in 1972. Playing at guard for the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs under head coach Emmett Hendricks from 1974 to 1977, Wooldridge was part of the Louisiana Tech team that won the 1976 Southland Conference regular season title. He earned his bachelor\'s degree in physical education from Louisiana Tech University in 1977 and master\'s degree in education from East Central University in 1979.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Early coaching career (1977--1985) {#early_coaching_career_19771985}
Wooldridge began his coaching career as a graduate assistant at Louisiana Tech in 1977--78 under new head coach J.D. Barnett. His first full time coaching job was at East Central, an NCAA Division II school where he was an assistant coach from 1978 to 1982. From 1982 to 1985, Wooldridge was an assistant coach at Central Missouri State (now Central Missouri) under Lynn Nance.
### Central Missouri State (1985--1991) {#central_missouri_state_19851991}
In 1985, Wooldridge was promoted to head coach. In six seasons as head coach, Wooldridge went 130--49, with three consecutive NCAA tournament appearances from 1989 to 1991. The 1989--90 team went 27--6 for the second most wins in program history.
### Southwest Texas State (1991--1994) {#southwest_texas_state_19911994}
Wooldridge got his first NCAA Division I head coaching job at Southwest Texas State (now Texas State) in 1991. In three seasons, Texas State improved from 7--20 in 1991--92 to 25--7 with the Southland Conference men\'s basketball tournament title in 1993--94. As a result of winning the Southland Tournament, Southwest Texas State qualified for the NCAA tournament for the first time in program history. In three seasons, Wooldridge was 46--40 at Southwest Texas State.
### Louisiana Tech head coach and NBA assistant (1994--2000) {#louisiana_tech_head_coach_and_nba_assistant_19942000}
In 1994, Wooldridge returned to his alma mater to be head coach at Louisiana Tech. After debuting with a 14--13 record, Wooldridge was less successful at Louisiana Tech than his previous two head coaching jobs. In four seasons, Wooldridge went 52--59. From 1998 to 2000, Wooldridge was an assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls of the NBA under former college teammate Tim Floyd.
### Kansas State (2000--2006) {#kansas_state_20002006}
Wooldridge returned to college coaching in 2000 at Kansas State. In six seasons, Wooldridge went 83--90 at Kansas State. Although his last two teams had winning records, none of his teams had more than six wins in Big 12 Conference play or qualified for the NCAA Tournament or NIT. Kansas State fired Wooldridge on March 9, 2006; athletic director Tim Weiser said that an NCAA Tournament invitation was necessary for Wooldridge to keep his job.
Kansas State\'s 59--55 win at rival Kansas on January 14, 2006, was the only win in the Sunflower Showdown rivalry series during the Wooldridge era and Kansas State\'s most recent win at Allen Fieldhouse as of 2024.
### UC Riverside (2007--2013) {#uc_riverside_20072013}
From 2007 to 2013, Wooldridge was head coach at UC Riverside, where he went 70--112. In his second season, Wooldridge led UC Riverside to a 17--13 record in 2008--09, which would end up being his only winning season there. Wooldridge\'s college coaching career concluded in 2013 with a 381--350 record over 25 seasons at five programs.
## Administrative career {#administrative_career}
After stepping down as head coach of UC Riverside basketball, Wooldridge was named interim athletic director at UC Riverside in July 2013 and later named Director of Intercollegiate Athletics in January 2014. After two years in this role, Wooldridge resigned in October 2014. In July 2015, Wooldridge was named interim athletic director at Riverside City College. In the summer of 2016, Wooldridge was elevated to the job long term. On March 30, 2020, Wooldridge announced that he would retire in July
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# Ålder okänd
***Ålder okänd*** (translates to *Age Unknown*) is a 1991 miniseries written and directed by Richard Hobert. The miniseries was shown on Swedish SVT2 in three parts of 50 minutes each.
## Plot
A scientist discovers what he believes to be a way of slowing down the ageing process, and has started to administer the substance to select people
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# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 2002
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 2002** took place in Frantschach, Austria
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# Redmaids' High School
**Redmaids\' High School** is a private day school for girls in Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, England. The school is a member of the Girls\' Schools Association and the Head is a member of the Headmasters\' and Headmistresses\' Conference (HMC).
The school was established under its present name in September 2017, following a merger between Redland High School for Girls (founded 1882) and the Red Maids\' School (founded 1634).
On 2 September 2024 it was announced that the school had joined the Girls Day School Trust.
## History
Red Maids\' school was founded in 1634 from the bequest of John Whitson, Mayor of Bristol 1603--4 and 1615--16 and in November 1605 he was returned to parliament for Bristol at a by-election, subsequently representing the town in the assemblies of 1614, 1621, 1625, and 1626, making it the oldest surviving girls\' school in England. His original Red Maids\' Hospital, on Denmark Street in the centre of Bristol, was founded to provide a secure home for the orphaned or destitute daughters of freemen or burgesses of the City of Bristol, where they were taught to read and sew. The site was irreparably damaged and had to be completely rebuilt in the 1840s. The new school building was designed in 1844 by the architect James Foster.
The entrance lodge of the existing site in Westbury-on-Trym dates from 1830 and has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building. During the First World War, Red Maids\' School was moved to Manor House, which is now part of the University of Bristol, while the school buildings in Westbury were used as a Red Cross hospital.
Redland High School was founded in 1882. The senior school was housed in an old manor-house known as Redland Court which dates from 1732 to 1735. It was built by John Strachan for John Cossins and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II\* listed building, which has undergone many extensions. In October 2006, a building previously belonging to the Junior School was converted into the Music School, expanding the senior school once again. Governors of Redland\'s school included Agnes Beddoe, Elizabeth and Emily Sturge, who were leading suffragists and campaigners for women\'s higher education in Victorian times. There are blue plaques to remind students of their achievements. In September 2020, Paul Dwyer took over as Headteacher on the retirement of Isabel Tobias.
## Archives
Numerous collections of records of Red Maids\' School and John Whitson are held at Bristol Archives, including (Ref. 33041/BMC/6) ([online catalogue](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=33041%2fBMC%2f6&pos=1)) and (Ref. 20193) ([online catalogue](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=20193&pos=1)). There are also a number of records for the former Redland High School for Girls and Red Maids\' School on site in the archive room at Redmaids\' High School in Westbury-on-Trym.
## Founders\' Commemoration Day {#founders_commemoration_day}
Redmaids\' High School Founders\' Commemoration Day is the annual celebration of the life and vision of the founder, John Whitson, and also a day to remember the founders of Redland High School for Girls, Reverend Rose and Urijah Thomas. The event is timed to commemorate the attempted murder of Whitson on 7 November 1626, when Christopher Callowhill stabbed him in the face with a dagger. Whitson survived for two years after this attack before dying after falling from a horse.
On Founders\' Commemoration Day all the girls march through Bristol City centre accompanied by police and a rolling road closure, from Welsh Back to the cathedral, where a service takes place. The girls are then allowed the afternoon off.
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# Redmaids' High School
## Facilities and campus {#facilities_and_campus}
The Junior School and Senior School are separate, but located close together, allowing the junior school full use of the secondary school\'s facilities.
The senior school, set in extensive grounds, consists of three main buildings: Burfield House, the 300 Building (opened in 1934) and Redland Hall --- a high-spec performance space --- which was opened in September 2017. There is also a music block, which houses a Mac suite, and a sports hall which contains a dance studio and large indoor sports space. Attached to Redland Hall is the Sixth Form Centre, which has recently undergone refurbishment. There are also three computer laboratories in the school and extensive textiles and artwork facilities. The junior school site is a house on Grange Court Road. It was extended in 2015 and again in 2017 which included the creation of a brand new adventure playground.
There is an artificial turf (AstroTurf), opened in 2005, an indoor sports hall and two additional netball/tennis courts. Within the grounds of the Senior School there are two former air raid shelters used during World War II which attract visits from local schools as part of their history studies. In 2017 it was announced that the school had purchased a new sports site: The Lawns at Cribbs Causeway. The site is less than 10 minutes\' drive from the School. The 16.7 acre plot includes four full-size grass football pitches, four tennis courts, a 3G all-weather AstroTurf pitch, a large carpark, together with extensive changing and social facilities. The school will be investing in further development to the site over the coming years.
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# Redmaids' High School
## School life {#school_life}
The school is divided into three sections: the junior school (7--11), the senior school (11--16), and the sixth form (16--18).
### Houses
The school has a house system with competitions in activities such as dance, music, hockey, netball and drama. The four houses are named after four of John Whitson\'s major ships:
- Speedwell (Blue)
- Maryflowre (Red)
- Discoverer (Yellow)
- Seabrake (Green)
### Ethos
Each year the school hosts a careers conference for girls from across the south-west of the UK and beyond. In 2017 the theme was #WomenInMedicine and for 2018 the theme was #WomenInSTEM.
### Uniform
The core uniform consists of a red and green checked kilt and red jumper with green piping, with a white blouse. In the Senior School, girls also wear a red blazer. In the Junior School, the girls wear a red showerproof coat. In the summer, the juniors wear a red and white summer dress.
In the Sixth Form, the students wear their own clothes within a published dress code that encourages them to dress for a modern work place in smart, work-ready attire.
## International Baccalaureate {#international_baccalaureate}
From 2009, Red Maids\' sixth formers could study for A-levels or the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma in the Sixth Form. The school was the first independent school in Bristol to offer the IB
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# Tarzan's Three Challenges
***Tarzan\'s Three Challenges*** is a 1963 British-American adventure film filmed in Metrocolor. The twenty-fifth film of the *Tarzan* film series that began with 1932\'s *Tarzan the Ape Man*, it is a follow-up to 1962\'s *Tarzan Goes to India*. The film was Jock Mahoney\'s second and final turn as the apeman, was produced by Sy Weintraub, written by Robert Day and Berne Giler, and directed by Robert Day. The film was released in June 1963, and was followed by *Tarzan and the Valley of Gold* in July 1966.
## Plot
Tarzan, of Africa, is summoned to an unnamed Asian country to protect Kashi (Ricky Der), the youthful heir to the throne, from his evil uncle, Gishi Khan (Woody Strode). Arriving by parachute from a light airplane and armed with a Spanish bolo hunting knife, Tarzan dons monk\'s robes and travels by boat to a monastery.
The first set of three challenges are for Tarzan to prove he is worthy to be accepted into Kashi\'s service. First is an archery contest to test his skill. Then Tarzan stands between two tall posts, grasps handles which are attached to two ropes which run over the top of each post and are attached to buffalo. When the buffalo are driven apart, Tarzan is lifted into the air and stretched to test his strength. He passes the test by not letting go of either handle. Third, he is asked to answer a question designed to test his wisdom.
The second set of three challenges are for the young new leader, Kashi. First he must choose the correct diamond out of three. Second he must choose an empty goblet out of three. Last, he must choose one urn of ashes of the deceased previous leader out of five. After passing all three tests, Khan then comes forward and demands that Kashi take the fourth test of three challenges of life or death combat events called \"The Challenge Of Might\" which haven\'t been invoked in a thousand years. The boy chooses Tarzan as his defender, which Tarzan accepts.
Tarzan and Khan battle each other in two of the challenge events of the fourth test which concludes with the third and final challenge event with each man fighting with swords on a wide mesh net suspended above large vats of boiling oil in which Khan dies by falling through the net into one of the boiling vats.
## Cast
- Jock Mahoney as Tarzan
- Woody Strode as Khan / Dying Leader
- Tsu Kobayashi as Cho San, Prince\'s Nursemaid
- Earl Cameron as Mang
- Jimmy Jamal
- Salah Jamal as Hani
- Anthony Chinn as Tor
- Robert Hu as Nari
- Christopher Carlos as Sechung
- Ricky Der as Kashi
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
A review of the film in *Variety* reported that \"producer Sy Weintraub and his creative unit have gradually converted \[Tarzan\] from the simple ape man to a globetrotting troubleshooter, a kind of one-man Peace Corps in loin cloth,\" and \"in thus broadening the scope, they have stripped the character of much of its distinguishing identity.\" Writing in DVD Talk, John Sinnott noted that \"the settings are a bit bland at times (much to the time they\'re just walking through brush) but the temples and people are authentic,\" that Mahoney is \"a very good Tarzan, but he doesn\'t really look the part,\" and that the film \"features a more cerebral and thoughtful Tarzan
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# Micah Smaldone
**Micah Smaldone** (born 1978) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist based in Maine. He was a member of several New England area bands, and is best known for the solo music made under his given name, Micah Blue Smaldone.
## Career
Growing up in the small town of Kennebunk, Maine, Smaldone developed an interest in punk rock and skateboarding. Smaldone was a founding member of the Pinkerton Thugs, an anarchist street punk band that played an integral part in the mid-1990s Boston punk revival. He played in several other bands of different styles prior to becoming a solo performer around the turn of the century.
Built upon a foundation of fingerstyle Piedmont Blues guitar, Smaldone\'s solo efforts have expanded over the years into full-band accompaniment, both acoustic and electric, and often vivid, harrowing lyrics.
To date he has released four solo studio albums, and has toured regularly across United States and Europe. Now based in South Portland, Maine, Smaldone has started a new punk project called Wake in Fright. He also builds and sells amplifiers.
## Discography
### Micah Blue Smaldone {#micah_blue_smaldone}
- *Some Sweet Day* CD (2004) ( North East Indie Records )
- *Hither & Thither* CD/LP (2005) ( North East Indie Records /Tequila Sunrise)
- *Live In Belgium* CD (2007) ( North East Indie Records )
- *The Red River* CD/LP (2008) (Immune Recordings)
- *split release with Big Blood* LP (2012) (Immune Recordings)
- *Ring of the Rise* CD/LP (2013) (Immune Recordings)
- *Time/Soft Eyes* 7\" single (2013) (2000 Records)
### Collaborations
- *Death Vessel - Stay Close* CD/LP (2005) ( North East Indie Records /Immune Recordings) (guitar, vocals)
- *Jack Rose - Dr
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# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 2004
The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 2004** took place in Hüttau, Austria
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