id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
210254
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty
|
Dynasty
|
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. Alternative terms for "dynasty" may include "house", "family" and "clan", among others. The longest surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, otherwise known as the Yamato Dynasty, whose reign is traditionally dated to and historically attested from .
The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house", which may be styled as "imperial", "royal", "princely", "ducal", "comital", "baronial" etc., depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members.
Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as Ancient Egypt (3100 – 30 BC) and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – 1912 AD), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, and also to describe events, trends and artifacts of that period (e.g., "a Ming Dynasty vase"). The word "dynasty" itself is often dropped from such adjectival references (e.g., "a Ming vase").
Until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty: that is, to expand the wealth and power of his family members.
Before the 20th century, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's ruling house. This has changed in some places in Europe, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynasties de jure through a female. For instance, the House of Windsor will be maintained through the children of Queen Elizabeth II, as it did with the monarchy of the Netherlands, whose dynasty remained the House of Orange-Nassau through three successive Queens Regnant. The earliest such example among major European monarchies was in the Russian Empire in the 18th century, where the name of the House of Romanov was maintained through Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna. This also happened in the case of Queen Maria II of Portugal, who married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, but whose descendants remained members of the House of Braganza, per Portuguese law. In Limpopo Province of South Africa, Balobedu determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mother's dynasty when coming into her inheritance. Less frequently, a monarchy has alternated or been rotated, in a multi-dynastic (or polydynastic) system—that is, the most senior living members of parallel dynasties, at any point in time, constitute the line of succession.
Not all feudal states or monarchies were or are ruled by dynasties; modern examples are the Vatican City State, the Principality of Andorra, and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. Throughout history, there were monarchs that did not belong to any dynasty; non-dynastic rulers include King Arioald of the Lombards and Emperor Phocas of the Byzantine Empire. Dynasties ruling subnational monarchies do not possess sovereign rights; two modern examples are the monarchies of Malaysia and the royal families of the United Arab Emirates.
The word "dynasty" is sometimes used informally for people who are not rulers but are, for example, members of a family with influence and power in other areas, such as a series of successive owners of a major company. It is also extended to unrelated people, such as major poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team.
Etymology
The word dynasty derives from Latin , which comes from Ancient Greek (), where it referred to 'power', 'dominion', and 'rule' itself. It was the abstract noun of (), the agent noun of () 'power" or 'ability', from () 'to be able'.
Dynasty
A ruler from a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains a right to succeed to a throne. For example, King Edward VIII ceased to be a dynast of the House of Windsor following his abdication.
In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, their son Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg, was bypassed for the Austro-Hungarian throne because he was not a Habsburg dynast. Even after the abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Duke Maximilian and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position.
The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer to agnatic descendants of a realm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights through cognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, a nephew of Queen Elizabeth II, is in the line of succession to the British crown; making him a British dynast. On the other hand, since he is not a patrilineal member of the British royal family, he is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor.
Comparatively, the German aristocrat Prince Ernst August of Hanover, a male-line descendant of King George III, possesses no legal British name, titles or styles (although he is entitled to reclaim the former royal dukedom of Cumberland). He was born in the line of succession to the British throne and was bound by Britain's Royal Marriages Act 1772 until it was repealed when the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015. Thus, he requested and obtained formal permission from Queen Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco in 1999. Yet, a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time, stipulating that dynasts who marry Roman Catholics are considered "dead" for the purpose of succession to the British throne. That exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts before triggering it by marriage to a Roman Catholic.
A "dynastic marriage" is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, so that the descendants are eligible to inherit the throne or other royal privileges. For example, the marriage of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, making their eldest child, Princess Catharina-Amalia, the heir apparent to the Crown of the Netherlands. However, the marriage of his younger brother, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, in 2003 lacked government support and parliamentary approval. Thus, Prince Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession to the Dutch throne, and consequently lost his title as a "Prince of the Netherlands", and left his children without dynastic rights.
Gallery
Longest-lasting dynasties
Dynasties lasting at least 250 years include the following. Legendary ancient lineages that cannot be historically confirmed are not included.
Extant dynasties ruling sovereign monarchies
There are 43 sovereign states with a monarch as head of state, of which 41 are ruled by dynasties. There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties.
Political dynasties in republics and constitutional monarchies
Though in elected governments, rule does not pass automatically by inheritance, political power often accrues to generations of related individuals in the elected positions of republics, and constitutional monarchies. Eminence, influence, tradition, genetics, and nepotism may contribute to the phenomenon.
Family dictatorships are a different concept in which political power passes within a family because of the overwhelming authority of the leader, rather than informal power accrued to the family.
Some non-monarchical political dynasties:
Street family of Australia
Family of Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh
Family of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Bangladesh
Family of Aung San of Myanmar (Burma)
House of Medici of Florence
Nehru–Gandhi family of India
Family of M. Karunanidhi of India
Jinnah family of Pakistan and India
Bhutto family of Pakistan
Sharif family of Pakistan
Chiang family of the Taiwan
Family of Sukarno of Indonesia
Koirala family of Nepal
Somoza family of Nicaragua
Lee family of Singapore
Family of Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Trudeau family of Canada
Adams family of the United States
Bush family of the United States
Clinton family of the United States
Cuomo family of the United States
Harrison family of Virginia of the United States
Kennedy family of the United States
Kheshgi family of Afghanistan, India and Pakistan
Lee family of the United States
Long family of the United States
Roosevelt family of the United States
Taft family of the United States
Udall family of the United States
Influential and wealthy families
The Agnelli family (Italy)
The Ambani family (India)
The Cheongju Han clan (Korea)
The Anheuser family (United States)
The Arison family (United States)
The Asper family (Canada)
The Astor family (United States and United Kingdom)
The Bamford family (United Kingdom)
The Bacardi family (Cuba and United States)
The Bancroft family (United States)
The Baring family (United Kingdom)
The Bazalgette family (United Kingdom)
The Berenberg-Gossler-Seyler family (Germany)
The Bertarelli family (Italy and Switzerland)
The Bhutto family (Pakistan)
The Botín family (Spain)
The Bonnier family (Sweden)
The Bronfman family (Canada)
The Bulgari family (Italy)
The Bush family (United States)
The Busch family (United States)
The Cabot family (United States)
The Cadbury family (United Kingdom)
The Carnegie family (United States)
The Cholmondeley family (United Kingdom)
The Churchill family / The Spencer-Churchill family (United Kingdom)
The Chung family (South Korea)
The Cojuangco family (Philippines)
The Conran family (United Kingdom)
The Curzon family (United Kingdom)
The Darwin–Wedgwood family (United Kingdom)
The Desmarais family (Canada)
The Disney family (United States)
The Du Pont family (United States)
The Egerton family (United Kingdom)
The Faber-Castell family (Germany)
The Fabergé family (Russia and United Kingdom)
The Fleming family (United Kingdom)
The Florio family (Italy)
The Forbes family (United States)
The Forbes family (publishers) (United States)
The Ford family (United States)
The Forte family (United Kingdom)
The Freud family (Austria and United Kingdom)
The Fugger family (Germany)
The Getty family (United States)
The Goldsmith family (Sweden and United Kingdom)
The Gooderham family (Canada)
The Gough-Calthorpe family (United Kingdom)
The Grosvenor family (United Kingdom)
The Guggenheim family (United States)
The Guinness family (Ireland)
The Gyllenhaal family (Sweden and United States)
The Hearst family (United States)
The Heinz family (United States)
The Harmsworth family (United Kingdom)
The Hilton family (United States)
The Howard family (United Kingdom)
The Irving family (Canada)
The Jinnah family (India and Pakistan)
The Kennedy family (United States)
The Keswick family (East Asia and United Kingdom)
The Kheshgi family (South Asia)
The Kim family (North Korea)
The Koç family (Turkey)
The Koo family (Republic of Korea)
The Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach family (Germany)
The Lascelles family (United Kingdom)
The Latsis family (Greece)
The Lee family (Republic of Korea)
The Lee family (United States)
The Lehman family (United States)
The Li family (China)
The Livingston family (United States)
The Loredan family (Italy)
The Louis-Dreyfus family (France and United States)
The Mason family (United States)
The McCormick family (United States)
The Medici family (Italy)
The Mellon family (United States)
The Mendelssohn family (Europe)
The Merck family (Germany and United States)
The Mirvish family (Canada)
The Mittal family (United Kingdom and India)
The Molson family (Canada)
The Molyneux family (United Kingdom)
The Montefiore family (Morocco, Italy and United Kingdom)
The Morgan family (United States)
The Murdoch family (Australia and United States)
The Newhouse family (United States)
The Oppenheim family (Germany)
The Oppenheimer family (South Africa)
The Packer Family (Australia)
The Pattison family (Canada)
The Peugeot family (France)
The Porsche–Piëch family (Austria)
The Premji family (India)
The Pritzker family (United States)
The Rausing family (Sweden and United Kingdom)
The Redpath family (Canada)
The Roosevelt family (United States)
The Rothschild family (France and United Kingdom)
The Rockefeller family (United States)
The Rupert family (South Africa)
The Sackler family (United States)
The Sainsbury family (United Kingdom)
The Sassoon family (Iraq, India, China and United Kingdom)
The Sawiris family (Egypt)
The Schröder family (United Kingdom)
The Shinawatra family (Thailand)
The Spencer family (United Kingdom)
The Stroganov family (Russia and Eastern Europe)
The Sulzberger family (United States)
The Swire family (East Asia and United Kingdom)
The Taft family (United States)
The Taittinger family (France)
The Tata family (India)
The Thomson family (Canada)
The Thynne family (United Kingdom)
The Thyssen family (Germany)
The Tjin-A-Djie family (Suriname)
The Tolstoy family (Russia and United Kingdom)
The Toyoda family (Japan)
The Trump family (United States)
The Vanderbilt family (United States)
The Villiers family (United Kingdom)
The Wallenberg family (Sweden)
The Walton family (United States)
The Warburg family (Germany)
The Welser family (Germany)
The Weston family (Canada)
The Whitney family (United States)
The Wittgenstein family (Austria)
The Zardari family (Pakistan)
The Zobel de Ayala family (Philippines)
See also
Cadet branch
Commonwealth realm
Conquest dynasty
Dynastic cycle
Dynastic order
Dynastic union
Elective monarchy
Family dictatorship
Family seat
Heads of former ruling families
Hereditary monarchy
Iranian Intermezzo
List of current constituent monarchs
List of current monarchies
List of current monarchs of sovereign states
List of empires
List of family trees
List of kingdoms and royal dynasties
List of largest empires
List of monarchies
List of noble houses
Non-sovereign monarchy
Realm
Royal family
Royal household
Royal intermarriage
Self-proclaimed monarchy
Notes
References
Monarchy
History-related lists
|
[
0.21038886904716492,
-0.243048295378685,
-0.1706819087266922,
0.43164730072021484,
-0.04550517350435257,
-0.007395881228148937,
0.2680202126502991,
0.13574543595314026,
-0.4998156726360321,
-0.36414000391960144,
-0.5150194764137268,
-0.4416329264640808,
-0.050286728888750076,
0.853626012802124,
-0.4690118730068207,
0.19178283214569092,
0.1405024379491806,
0.5186228156089783,
-0.1824534833431244,
-0.1445702463388443,
-0.5961434841156006,
0.3922423720359802,
-0.16054882109165192,
-0.015772046521306038,
-0.017023028805851936,
-0.15107786655426025,
0.5764696002006531,
-0.14490240812301636,
-0.05113008990883827,
0.078928142786026,
-0.05607963725924492,
0.035218074917793274,
0.11030909419059753,
0.18500274419784546,
-0.19272878766059875,
-0.4926462173461914,
0.09713159501552582,
-0.13042199611663818,
-0.17377173900604248,
-1.165988564491272,
0.0542154461145401,
-0.6002471446990967,
0.30171504616737366,
0.1735249161720276,
-0.5110992789268494,
-0.5792269110679626,
-1.2014503479003906,
0.6376368403434753,
-0.30196136236190796,
-0.12350141257047653,
-0.2500242292881012,
0.3412021994590759,
0.26057448983192444,
0.05642596632242203,
0.1549607664346695,
0.19065113365650177,
-0.3866965174674988,
-0.12302688509225845,
0.07287658005952835,
-0.5030152797698975,
0.3579983711242676,
0.03715221583843231,
0.3440314531326294,
-0.01096140407025814,
0.286275178194046,
0.02208372950553894,
0.026562565937638283,
-0.02362764999270439,
-0.6680237650871277,
-0.1929086297750473,
-0.17416733503341675,
-0.21551477909088135,
0.29741421341896057,
0.19306278228759766,
-0.43597322702407837,
-0.32463064789772034,
0.12739728391170502,
0.06218371540307999,
0.3602028489112854,
-0.16302378475666046,
-0.5299498438835144,
0.12472394108772278,
0.036811377853155136,
0.07772427052259445,
0.2948089838027954,
0.45214542746543884,
-0.2786884307861328,
-0.16566063463687897,
-0.5040136575698853,
0.09737221896648407,
-0.1507522463798523,
0.3935171067714691,
0.4765000343322754,
0.22511343657970428,
-0.5243604183197021,
-0.3395918905735016,
0.10686077922582626,
0.07906652241945267,
0.1948346346616745,
-0.05822483450174332,
-0.25164780020713806,
-0.27473387122154236,
0.33461692929267883,
-0.6484829783439636,
-0.44446268677711487,
-0.4896147549152374,
0.25789275765419006,
0.42347243428230286,
-0.22471217811107635,
-0.3480251431465149,
-0.29555776715278625,
0.2290734201669693,
0.2551875114440918,
0.6806110739707947,
-0.12427713721990585,
-0.07212349027395248,
-0.311518132686615,
-0.2525172233581543,
0.16352131962776184,
-0.30709099769592285,
-0.18295221030712128,
0.2959550619125366,
-0.05622932314872742,
-0.10936178267002106,
0.3337290585041046,
0.21788054704666138,
-0.0040511819534003735,
0.16735440492630005,
-0.9617669582366943,
-0.14928968250751495,
0.29098933935165405,
0.5141660571098328,
-0.41100233793258667,
0.3984019458293915,
0.11017496883869171,
-0.05317045748233795,
0.22889865934848785,
0.33803921937942505,
0.6760536432266235,
0.2214256227016449,
-0.915890097618103,
-0.12321852147579193,
-0.21344093978405,
0.03475089743733406,
0.0019449676619842649,
-0.24226917326450348,
0.28613731265068054,
-0.7685366272926331,
-0.15197044610977173,
-0.1814306676387787,
-0.433868408203125,
0.1684708148241043,
-0.017086826264858246,
-0.12458500266075134,
-0.16451595723628998,
0.18706399202346802,
0.2924986183643341,
-0.30553844571113586,
0.5038363933563232,
0.18113462626934052,
-0.16992807388305664,
0.09793123602867126,
0.028003308922052383,
0.1137041226029396,
0.48916611075401306,
-0.38908651471138,
0.2686886489391327,
0.7486535310745239,
-0.45396414399147034,
0.07237735390663147,
-0.11556663364171982,
0.3309170603752136,
-0.173651322722435,
-0.07270139455795288,
-0.5300377011299133,
0.17643296718597412,
0.13523858785629272,
-0.1640230268239975,
0.6752411127090454,
0.12308529764413834,
-0.5653790831565857,
0.5257452130317688,
0.18057741224765778,
-0.056350454688072205,
-0.0842897817492485,
0.09138889610767365,
0.23924560844898224,
-0.07050912082195282,
-0.3326070010662079,
-0.24569171667099,
-0.20648808777332306,
0.24538801610469818,
-0.1935252696275711,
-0.8424907922744751,
0.3907783031463623,
-0.22447270154953003,
-0.3391258120536804,
0.9359315633773804,
-0.2945740222930908,
0.533861517906189,
0.12145938724279404,
-0.2713359296321869,
-0.03322518989443779,
-0.3898712694644928,
0.10018207877874374,
0.3858480453491211,
0.06357952207326889,
0.14836953580379486,
0.4056703746318817,
-0.4276927709579468,
0.08239200711250305,
-0.37238892912864685,
0.32020729780197144,
0.033268269151449203,
0.1779300719499588,
0.34705302119255066,
-0.5347284078598022,
0.0908815786242485,
-0.2117212563753128,
-0.011148881167173386,
0.8366862535476685,
-0.7776514291763306,
-0.19496801495552063,
0.7324775457382202,
0.010406320914626122,
0.23691996932029724,
0.05689398571848869,
0.364120751619339,
0.36498168110847473,
-0.5616546273231506,
-0.3844704329967499,
-0.20625224709510803,
0.4923834800720215,
-0.23671254515647888,
0.06449712812900543,
0.14968635141849518,
-0.002092010574415326,
-0.17009221017360687,
0.22924572229385376,
0.014062892645597458,
-0.007561061531305313,
0.0931883454322815,
-0.06477867811918259,
0.08496734499931335,
0.5504875779151917,
0.038006968796253204,
-0.3689827024936676,
0.27551886439323425,
-0.4415874481201172,
-0.28753116726875305,
0.06840883195400238,
0.2040414959192276,
0.14342175424098969,
-0.26883286237716675,
0.10345454514026642,
-0.48914095759391785,
-0.09309650212526321,
0.07743276655673981,
-0.036869198083877563,
0.015052154660224915,
-0.05817784368991852,
0.2364509403705597,
-0.23339910805225372,
-0.23063595592975616,
0.12482132017612457,
0.17308171093463898,
-0.4975326359272003,
-0.39391961693763733,
0.5830954909324646,
0.2844671308994293,
0.2663121223449707,
-0.025649476796388626,
-0.602105438709259,
-0.4096236824989319,
0.06845054030418396,
-0.6852105855941772,
-0.0009639218333177269,
-0.24380797147750854,
0.09343437105417252,
-0.816917896270752,
-0.24888981878757477,
0.1794893443584442,
0.42255136370658875,
-0.5441974997520447,
-0.09927763044834137,
-0.8679326176643372,
0.10626129806041718,
-0.14171646535396576,
0.5043755173683167,
0.08059580624103546,
0.02027471922338009,
0.44261953234672546,
-0.001037121401168406,
-0.018134359270334244,
0.4472917914390564,
0.45704758167266846,
0.04751350358128548,
0.2856004536151886,
0.06722549349069595,
-0.44690412282943726,
-0.8050589561462402,
-0.08329568058252335,
-0.49044159054756165,
-0.11234243959188461,
0.5195189118385315,
0.38310733437538147,
0.06831064075231552,
0.056456662714481354,
-6.1448655128479,
-0.3475852608680725,
-0.014841532334685326,
-0.441542387008667,
0.19499944150447845,
0.2505282461643219,
0.4708039462566376,
0.08517700433731079,
-0.37424981594085693,
-0.06773290783166885,
0.3481825590133667,
-0.2262929379940033,
0.19524870812892914,
0.11280235648155212,
0.4342358410358429,
-0.0680730938911438,
0.29102393984794617,
0.4232575595378876,
-0.14193953573703766,
-0.026484277099370956,
-0.03764375299215317,
-0.12953613698482513,
0.16424471139907837,
0.5662052631378174,
0.049687985330820084,
-0.301443874835968,
-0.14668795466423035,
-0.07550294697284698,
-0.8219627737998962,
-0.09574630111455917,
-0.24999624490737915,
-0.03254512697458267,
0.32742366194725037,
-0.02219746820628643,
0.1959308534860611,
-0.027228958904743195,
0.5109290480613708,
0.45374876260757446,
0.05989463999867439,
0.022007877007126808,
-0.3402118980884552,
0.3160417079925537,
0.042680613696575165,
-0.024488387629389763,
-0.41446253657341003,
-0.35434380173683167,
-0.026841625571250916,
-0.1775144636631012,
-0.4230748116970062,
0.4330044090747833,
-0.4755444824695587,
0.059893809258937836,
0.8088740110397339,
-0.6085550785064697,
0.0788409560918808,
0.3258158266544342,
-0.025789935141801834,
0.06584523618221283,
-0.7812414765357971,
0.28608354926109314,
0.24523526430130005,
-0.5764563679695129,
0.3164671063423157,
-0.29609203338623047,
0.10660898685455322,
-0.4820362329483032,
-0.9007826447486877,
0.0764462947845459,
0.6441333889961243,
0.24923068284988403,
-0.5850158929824829,
-0.1682482361793518,
0.07537626475095749,
-0.5239174962043762,
0.13496194779872894,
-0.683624267578125,
0.17214034497737885,
0.02893778681755066,
0.38402479887008667,
0.052353084087371826,
0.16264772415161133,
0.5486524105072021,
-0.13599219918251038,
0.15583650767803192,
0.12299623340368271,
0.045233432203531265,
0.30681970715522766,
0.13754303753376007,
-0.10543134808540344,
0.5588377714157104,
0.5350912809371948,
-0.06426923722028732,
0.3128725290298462,
0.4443504214286804,
0.5448076725006104,
0.3678772449493408,
-0.1809007078409195,
-0.5705205798149109,
0.3772651255130768,
-0.7828984260559082,
0.17066413164138794,
-0.3737105131149292,
-0.3018554747104645,
-0.014627701602876186,
-0.1201958954334259,
0.10061939805746078,
-0.18848636746406555,
0.6341630220413208,
0.5880458354949951,
0.1535172313451767,
0.04614396393299103,
0.3234735131263733,
-0.028737233951687813,
-0.9665705561637878,
0.32915639877319336,
-0.11443083733320236,
-0.6676823496818542,
0.5721127986907959,
0.2572760581970215,
0.2908332943916321,
-0.16568854451179504,
0.42439502477645874,
-0.4049627482891083,
0.3920596241950989,
-0.17430289089679718,
-0.21649384498596191,
-0.11743468046188354,
0.07908324897289276,
0.3494361937046051,
-0.636218786239624,
0.5693991780281067,
0.05594872310757637,
0.03795094043016434,
-0.025083620101213455,
-0.0930931493639946,
-0.12706145644187927,
0.12028394639492035,
-0.22013871371746063,
-0.40380677580833435,
-0.6649885177612305,
-0.290923535823822,
-0.3442130982875824,
-0.14885607361793518,
0.33930352330207825,
0.4966111481189728,
-0.0026368440594524145,
-0.33890119194984436,
0.3908035159111023,
0.13759183883666992,
0.7798815965652466,
-0.11676044762134552,
-0.09680492430925369,
0.6894500255584717,
-0.05435873568058014,
-0.30880340933799744,
-0.4807409644126892,
0.4689527451992035,
0.07030215859413147,
0.20850130915641785,
-0.3305965065956116,
-0.24929870665073395,
-0.3592670261859894,
-0.5239566564559937,
0.4050244390964508,
-0.09435254335403442,
0.28278517723083496,
-0.6612194776535034,
0.34579503536224365,
-0.012318406254053116,
0.44347965717315674,
0.33042165637016296,
-0.04638122394680977,
-0.37569770216941833,
-0.6069990396499634,
0.06889991462230682,
0.38044053316116333,
0.25322461128234863,
0.6331625580787659,
-0.28812119364738464,
-0.2970109283924103,
-0.10168763995170593,
0.12068720906972885,
-0.15938608348369598,
0.5303675532341003,
0.04776020720601082,
0.4059687554836273,
0.3018544912338257,
0.3080753684043884,
-0.4782369136810303,
0.1514284312725067,
0.3545279800891876,
0.07184599339962006,
0.15983974933624268,
-0.2790505588054657,
-0.25838565826416016,
-0.00962538830935955,
0.14947226643562317,
0.027702590450644493,
-0.20558500289916992,
-0.1830657422542572,
0.007108509540557861,
0.2631608247756958,
-0.22376284003257751,
-0.12522174417972565,
0.3583058714866638,
-0.34269392490386963,
0.297831267118454,
-0.46629729866981506,
-0.04365083575248718,
0.13369955122470856,
-0.5369216799736023,
-0.7083406448364258,
-0.5438798069953918,
0.26046380400657654,
0.24159935116767883,
-0.35099729895591736,
0.17665690183639526,
-0.5035032629966736,
0.2700415849685669,
-0.476441353559494,
0.8809115886688232,
0.0733412653207779,
-0.018708975985646248,
-0.06328335404396057,
-0.09819792211055756,
0.3227177858352661,
0.047643858939409256,
0.020367775112390518,
0.2105579674243927,
-0.07938910275697708,
0.1340753436088562,
-0.08036468178033829,
-0.20510096848011017,
-0.6245393753051758,
-0.3071484863758087,
-0.2956821620464325,
0.4992372393608093,
-0.08239326626062393,
0.0942971408367157,
-0.2329619824886322,
0.2913129925727844,
0.9251798391342163,
0.45717674493789673,
-0.4738304913043976,
0.14438442885875702,
0.11776598542928696,
0.12530069053173065,
-0.4308037757873535,
-0.05507567152380943,
0.5553743243217468,
0.3722093403339386,
-0.3806802034378052,
-0.2307179570198059,
-0.25209248065948486,
0.5624728798866272,
0.1709478199481964,
0.11548301577568054,
-0.24513928592205048,
0.49076828360557556,
0.3160720467567444,
-0.18941742181777954,
-0.21528883278369904,
-0.12490210682153702,
-0.8347428441047668,
0.380170613527298,
-0.0575125478208065,
-0.34254446625709534,
0.564644992351532,
0.29685917496681213,
-0.38187718391418457,
0.31480899453163147,
-0.3300192356109619,
0.14958591759204865,
0.5263818502426147,
0.6908107399940491,
0.31112727522850037,
-0.11774520576000214,
0.38476109504699707,
-0.29178586602211,
0.46006399393081665,
-0.496794193983078,
-0.5443962812423706,
-0.4328421950340271,
-0.3269953429698944,
0.23890936374664307,
-0.5716747641563416,
0.3181576430797577,
0.20525206625461578,
-0.2508980631828308,
-0.11855051666498184,
-0.7567676305770874,
0.031187565997242928,
0.5047184824943542,
0.9516320824623108,
-0.12061096727848053,
-0.22331015765666962,
0.08600448071956635,
0.6016990542411804,
0.30894842743873596,
0.6529830098152161,
-0.0732584074139595,
-0.1708342730998993,
0.09500925242900848,
-0.4275455176830292,
0.16777388751506805,
0.027685463428497314,
-0.035903338342905045,
-0.6534854173660278,
0.08230975270271301,
0.15575122833251953,
0.2583256661891937,
-0.09847719222307205,
0.7385199069976807,
-0.2468654066324234,
-0.5211800336837769,
0.2015547901391983,
-0.018841661512851715,
-0.28938260674476624,
0.35849714279174805,
-0.1542971432209015,
0.6201823353767395,
0.25575655698776245,
0.09960822016000748,
-0.2347124218940735,
0.47820284962654114,
0.3419477045536041,
-0.2979886829853058,
-0.2671371102333069,
-0.28133878111839294,
-0.11164814233779907,
0.6528307199478149,
0.8800028562545776,
-0.37795206904411316,
-0.10231948643922806,
-0.3174619972705841,
-0.9229775667190552,
-0.08589104562997818,
0.026444407179951668,
0.23132342100143433,
0.68962162733078,
0.2896636724472046,
-0.24043232202529907,
-0.21544034779071808,
0.43616196513175964,
0.1456071436405182,
-0.07806781679391861,
0.09602899104356766,
0.30198508501052856,
0.03884010389447212,
0.29369619488716125,
0.3917374610900879,
-0.25122159719467163,
0.2787841856479645,
-0.07558928430080414,
0.5789645910263062,
-0.3023071587085724,
0.5272009968757629,
0.18438811600208282,
0.6111297607421875,
-0.3268581032752991,
-0.26010435819625854,
0.24859079718589783,
0.05470183491706848,
0.12731431424617767,
0.16666093468666077,
0.0708625391125679,
0.2081110179424286,
-0.22595228254795074,
-0.40130025148391724,
-0.17702257633209229,
0.7786861658096313,
-0.1003548726439476,
-0.23603731393814087,
0.3587717115879059,
0.33066222071647644,
-0.31094789505004883,
0.3111923635005951,
0.4433208703994751,
-0.07158852368593216,
-0.4110914468765259,
0.07342097908258438,
0.09960763156414032,
0.41717490553855896,
-0.7092213034629822,
-0.2607502341270447,
0.4809769093990326,
0.05590329319238663,
0.24200628697872162,
-0.04085661843419075,
0.7676628828048706,
0.35545364022254944,
-0.29668134450912476,
0.08732392638921738,
-0.09981173276901245,
-0.18489964306354523,
0.28059783577919006,
-0.806006133556366,
0.5617086291313171,
0.17421969771385193,
0.05254331976175308,
0.08748678863048553,
0.04572388902306557,
0.02922213263809681,
-0.3224974274635315,
-0.1972905695438385,
0.01669023372232914,
-0.23699361085891724,
-0.24821573495864868,
-0.45222121477127075,
0.5060110092163086,
0.4565083384513855,
-0.7628084421157837,
0.23127861320972443,
0.6383604407310486,
-0.36320188641548157,
-0.2073899656534195,
0.42449575662612915,
-0.34420037269592285,
0.06883460283279419,
-0.6697658896446228,
-0.06979431211948395,
-0.03285903483629227,
0.2623426616191864,
-0.19848714768886566,
-0.4251205325126648,
0.044473178684711456,
0.4162560701370239,
0.7892908453941345,
-0.6846481561660767,
0.6136918663978577,
-0.547038197517395,
-0.054301366209983826,
-0.39133402705192566,
0.06359513849020004,
-0.17114990949630737,
-0.26295870542526245,
0.12540341913700104,
-0.2590079605579376,
0.08558616042137146,
-0.44964316487312317,
-0.033219486474990845,
0.07602516561746597,
0.37608739733695984,
-0.19602175056934357,
-0.47449371218681335,
-0.35638943314552307,
-0.004263981245458126,
0.48336493968963623,
-0.8764664530754089,
0.0038055074401199818,
0.11294326186180115,
0.3813658654689789,
0.3724803924560547,
-0.1156647726893425,
0.12777651846408844,
-0.01564815826714039,
0.23909609019756317,
-0.8210174441337585,
-0.16443757712841034,
0.4172196388244629
] |
210255
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda%20100%20mm%20Model%201916
|
Skoda 100 mm Model 1916
|
The Skoda 100 mm Model 1916 (100 mm M.16) was a mountain howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. The Turks used a 105 mm variant, the M.16(T). The Wehrmacht redesignated this as the 10 cm GebH 16 or 16(ö). Guns acquired from Italy, after 1943, were known as 10 cm GebH 316(i); those acquired from Czechoslovakia were 10 cm GebH 16(t). The Italians referred to weapons gained either through capture or reparations as the Obice da 100/17 modello 16. The gun could be broken into three sections, intended for towing by two animal carts. The gun crew was protected by a gun shield. The Italians used lighter shells than the Czechs, which accounts for the greater range and muzzle velocity of their guns.
Notes
References
Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York: Arco, 1975
Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979
External links
Mountain artillery
World War I mountain artillery
Artillery of Czechoslovakia
World War I howitzers
World War II artillery of Italy
100 mm artillery
World War I artillery of Austria-Hungary
|
[
-0.10535687953233719,
0.6837733387947083,
-0.41063451766967773,
0.08936260640621185,
-0.30753374099731445,
0.635543704032898,
1.4799907207489014,
-0.1833377182483673,
-0.7966738343238831,
-0.17379193007946014,
-0.14237885177135468,
0.02301802858710289,
0.273535817861557,
0.46945181488990784,
0.14767581224441528,
0.5536134243011475,
-0.15227346122264862,
0.6459643244743347,
-0.13119904696941376,
0.09421488642692566,
0.24071918427944183,
-0.243916317820549,
1.0051740407943726,
0.17692531645298004,
-0.8994563817977905,
-0.22243748605251312,
1.0323646068572998,
0.7585023045539856,
0.162814661860466,
0.07331208884716034,
-0.5654661059379578,
0.618226945400238,
-0.11470269411802292,
0.00820840522646904,
0.010940431617200375,
-0.4346405863761902,
0.045070912688970566,
0.42716580629348755,
0.6473405957221985,
-0.640352189540863,
-0.4886052906513214,
0.3716927468776703,
0.28797075152397156,
-0.06243591755628586,
0.3019906282424927,
-1.1133556365966797,
-2.3231418132781982,
-0.18677294254302979,
-0.07340192049741745,
0.2092127650976181,
0.001086125266738236,
0.09848832339048386,
0.7897989153862,
0.6649554371833801,
-0.19054940342903137,
1.0422745943069458,
-0.7792494893074036,
-0.7465007305145264,
0.39936113357543945,
0.5084640383720398,
0.4317159950733185,
-0.46982309222221375,
0.6663058400154114,
-0.5475867986679077,
0.40536028146743774,
-0.05855894833803177,
-0.7680214643478394,
0.7376291155815125,
-0.044714394956827164,
0.21771129965782166,
-0.2634706497192383,
-0.18677596747875214,
1.0522187948226929,
-0.1682485193014145,
0.2462233155965805,
-0.5311923623085022,
-0.2233361005783081,
-0.37361499667167664,
-0.11038822680711746,
-0.5995062589645386,
-0.264095664024353,
-0.3891344964504242,
0.2828221023082733,
0.062288105487823486,
0.30228790640830994,
0.7138170003890991,
-0.5738642811775208,
-0.5074395537376404,
-0.5382041335105896,
0.9099432826042175,
-0.5000658631324768,
-0.8697190880775452,
0.6109338402748108,
1.1206423044204712,
-0.23327398300170898,
0.623941957950592,
-0.9048250913619995,
0.6019002795219421,
-0.35344648361206055,
0.4543614983558655,
0.6638004183769226,
0.9836294651031494,
0.07884258776903152,
0.21007049083709717,
-0.6679868102073669,
0.45775192975997925,
-0.3481389284133911,
-0.6510599255561829,
-0.0711364671587944,
-0.1432914137840271,
-0.21742048859596252,
-0.0622190423309803,
-0.5126233696937561,
-0.23741942644119263,
-0.4582703709602356,
-0.04562588781118393,
0.2624065577983856,
-0.4334847927093506,
0.3641323447227478,
0.33983635902404785,
0.0580330528318882,
0.693030834197998,
-0.9877926707267761,
0.6461318135261536,
-0.3496258556842804,
0.8705175518989563,
0.35295212268829346,
0.5277632474899292,
0.34676823019981384,
0.43198657035827637,
0.9059252142906189,
1.282295823097229,
0.13408470153808594,
-0.1494973599910736,
-0.6897090077400208,
0.21100476384162903,
0.9329636693000793,
0.013005133718252182,
-0.6772093176841736,
0.05383403226733208,
-0.9672738313674927,
-0.5659160017967224,
-0.9630733728408813,
0.23938661813735962,
0.4272555410861969,
0.2777537405490875,
-0.06979156285524368,
-0.12309466302394867,
-0.17350739240646362,
-0.9191705584526062,
0.23448492586612701,
-0.9289231896400452,
0.12498854845762253,
-0.26779836416244507,
-0.011330366134643555,
1.1232333183288574,
-0.9228813052177429,
-0.6586470603942871,
0.49063923954963684,
0.45999985933303833,
0.04579437896609306,
0.5169313549995422,
-0.6777392625808716,
0.3517184555530548,
-0.22548595070838928,
-0.09701847285032272,
0.553029477596283,
-0.2832246720790863,
0.2651914656162262,
-0.19385820627212524,
-0.32253363728523254,
0.0008435543277300894,
0.3458652198314667,
-0.5106799006462097,
0.08029643446207047,
0.5432695746421814,
0.42293861508369446,
0.4850311279296875,
0.7815365791320801,
-0.5579777956008911,
-0.8185073733329773,
0.2598159611225128,
0.47048527002334595,
0.3956662118434906,
0.7908869981765747,
1.1057817935943604,
0.5408948659896851,
0.025318408384919167,
-0.5055223107337952,
-1.0755081176757812,
-0.6992253065109253,
-0.33140283823013306,
-0.016235269606113434,
-0.46012356877326965,
1.8177512884140015,
-0.747276246547699,
-0.8156960010528564,
-0.19501538574695587,
0.36624717712402344,
1.0961164236068726,
0.5877506732940674,
-0.44196224212646484,
0.2467346042394638,
0.147801473736763,
-0.7602596282958984,
0.7335604429244995,
-0.45017242431640625,
-0.17542937397956848,
0.4160718023777008,
1.2874622344970703,
0.431665301322937,
-0.3007843792438507,
-0.29066696763038635,
-0.4520593285560608,
-0.3496394157409668,
0.2486741542816162,
-0.7038397192955017,
0.2541654109954834,
-0.4273374080657959,
0.18991470336914062,
0.8035544157028198,
-0.22942282259464264,
-0.5672001838684082,
0.6993597745895386,
0.06295295804738998,
0.19172120094299316,
0.028554171323776245,
0.8642234802246094,
-1.1169012784957886,
-1.2844927310943604,
0.35207587480545044,
0.09539402276277542,
-0.5284693241119385,
0.10907838493585587,
-0.7308592200279236,
0.4448722004890442,
-0.2582278549671173,
-0.05612316355109215,
-0.12587431073188782,
0.06825518608093262,
0.4810492694377899,
0.8280097842216492,
-0.6845558881759644,
-0.08881397545337677,
-0.3813745975494385,
0.5030244588851929,
0.20992383360862732,
0.6546858549118042,
-0.4709668755531311,
-0.7044205069541931,
0.030607430264353752,
1.0223644971847534,
0.21719789505004883,
-0.6393305063247681,
-0.0915384516119957,
-0.13288947939872742,
0.2007320523262024,
-0.8079314827919006,
-0.021245252341032028,
0.13039742410182953,
0.6484373807907104,
0.36944779753685,
1.0689107179641724,
-0.14806637167930603,
0.5656242370605469,
-0.6232026219367981,
-0.3075457811355591,
-0.32588478922843933,
-0.2566325068473816,
0.0865149274468422,
0.12148313224315643,
-0.2420528084039688,
-0.1557406783103943,
-0.8472971320152283,
0.6382468938827515,
0.15744397044181824,
-0.8489429354667664,
0.24968071281909943,
-1.33262038230896,
0.25246870517730713,
-0.16076259315013885,
1.158079981803894,
-0.11936809122562408,
-0.36795610189437866,
-0.29667362570762634,
0.7937672734260559,
-0.12141064554452896,
-0.07719609886407852,
0.25999876856803894,
-0.6943963766098022,
-0.35999101400375366,
0.3205728232860565,
-0.8910427093505859,
0.2832080125808716,
-0.32928740978240967,
-0.20283915102481842,
-0.3864990472793579,
-0.3212031126022339,
0.47389844059944153,
0.21835173666477203,
-1.3428493738174438,
0.2837888300418854,
-0.0988413393497467,
-0.9571992754936218,
-0.10857787728309631,
-0.3184846341609955,
-0.18824976682662964,
0.7500221133232117,
-3.012002468109131,
-0.07675550132989883,
-0.3060438334941864,
-0.3420848548412323,
-0.02519458532333374,
0.15336811542510986,
0.432907372713089,
0.150884211063385,
-0.7633728384971619,
-0.08625971525907516,
1.1255433559417725,
-0.5732746124267578,
-0.15192686021327972,
0.39702367782592773,
0.8790406584739685,
0.49233564734458923,
0.6610320210456848,
-1.2235840559005737,
0.4646349549293518,
-0.24430349469184875,
-0.4689503014087677,
0.022748515009880066,
-0.6822822093963623,
-0.543838620185852,
1.229529619216919,
-0.3427411913871765,
0.5199605226516724,
0.48256561160087585,
-0.6558067798614502,
0.18697458505630493,
-0.04050001874566078,
-0.44358110427856445,
-0.2358073592185974,
-0.7315563559532166,
-0.34077587723731995,
-0.04627867043018341,
1.1647144556045532,
0.5017721652984619,
0.8450252413749695,
0.01700720377266407,
-0.09106183052062988,
0.2818666100502014,
0.01194772869348526,
0.04174376651644707,
0.4057214558124542,
0.17366938292980194,
-0.25589519739151,
0.1415463238954544,
-0.5745989084243774,
0.4398520886898041,
0.6064169406890869,
-0.9265338182449341,
0.255330890417099,
0.2068716585636139,
0.1732950359582901,
-0.9528303742408752,
0.16774313151836395,
-0.7224767804145813,
-0.39930155873298645,
0.05551031231880188,
0.7667350769042969,
-0.19756381213665009,
-0.19652877748012543,
0.004669688176363707,
-0.08975496143102646,
-1.0898323059082031,
-0.7088857889175415,
0.16826395690441132,
-0.15911467373371124,
0.6538474559783936,
-0.5416697263717651,
1.4644054174423218,
-0.62508225440979,
-0.5824733376502991,
0.7549693584442139,
-0.17294685542583466,
0.0054978965781629086,
-0.18045645952224731,
-0.09106367826461792,
0.6571229100227356,
-0.04544585570693016,
-0.4805176258087158,
-0.9878951907157898,
0.6393787264823914,
0.6341180205345154,
-0.26620179414749146,
0.24979175627231598,
-0.21331076323986053,
-0.4891570806503296,
-0.5417506694793701,
0.4896745979785919,
-0.6928687691688538,
0.6292886734008789,
0.38162511587142944,
-0.6285654902458191,
-0.5597485303878784,
0.16787007451057434,
-0.46884238719940186,
0.2152264267206192,
-0.47039374709129333,
0.37048545479774475,
0.13708055019378662,
0.04200202599167824,
-0.31430619955062866,
-1.197992205619812,
-0.5758028030395508,
-0.4201750159263611,
0.4966101348400116,
0.2625524401664734,
0.3948078751564026,
-0.41704970598220825,
-0.06910587102174759,
-0.8766098022460938,
0.4396269619464874,
1.3826349973678589,
-0.5372776985168457,
0.06265419721603394,
0.7362849116325378,
0.13122302293777466,
0.25452181696891785,
0.20483627915382385,
0.3833256959915161,
-0.022814327850937843,
-1.3165147304534912,
0.012262887321412563,
-0.059480294585227966,
-0.10423387587070465,
0.1953565627336502,
-0.703292727470398,
-0.09832001477479935,
-0.2674260139465332,
0.2913671135902405,
-0.25424763560295105,
0.5342226624488831,
-0.4403034448623657,
-0.4231136739253998,
-0.5107303261756897,
0.6920247077941895,
0.6906871199607849,
-0.23691536486148834,
-0.340656042098999,
-0.09971781075000763,
-0.7044901251792908,
0.19808770716190338,
0.8384018540382385,
0.2633923888206482,
1.1574348211288452,
-0.5448784232139587,
-0.5205349922180176,
0.6759291887283325,
-1.4002467393875122,
-1.3180533647537231,
0.5027478933334351,
-0.39451226592063904,
0.02361815981566906,
0.23261989653110504,
0.40202558040618896,
0.6366848945617676,
-0.34288597106933594,
-1.372260332107544,
-0.19920746982097626,
0.4838095009326935,
-0.6685322523117065,
0.02295113168656826,
0.2731109857559204,
-0.7298423647880554,
0.09148140251636505,
-0.591664731502533,
0.19924446940422058,
0.8600784540176392,
0.08938941359519958,
-0.7003137469291687,
-1.0556325912475586,
-0.33716142177581787,
0.508603572845459,
0.14378038048744202,
-0.1415175497531891,
-0.26711297035217285,
-0.7390902638435364,
-0.357602059841156,
-0.9726195335388184,
0.09428877383470535,
-0.5702976584434509,
0.2417226880788803,
0.5069442987442017,
-0.14317047595977783,
-0.6362808346748352,
0.2379566729068756,
-0.23784014582633972,
-0.3947552442550659,
-0.3171710669994354,
0.13075493276119232,
0.4990399479866028,
0.41888144612312317,
-0.9087729454040527,
-0.7617108225822449,
0.027829084545373917,
0.5119656920433044,
-0.06021350994706154,
-0.3891521394252777,
0.4287145435810089,
0.46205437183380127,
-0.3573480546474457,
0.5325233936309814,
0.1736908257007599,
-0.21275515854358673,
1.1327307224273682,
0.5945960283279419,
-1.066067099571228,
0.7391316294670105,
-0.2293633222579956,
-0.9435654878616333,
-0.01892947591841221,
0.5939387083053589,
-0.6486453413963318,
0.3401297330856323,
0.6870099306106567,
0.6499233841896057,
-1.614656686782837,
-0.47757503390312195,
-0.22477374970912933,
-0.6220781803131104,
-0.3500429093837738,
-0.6035060286521912,
-1.690002202987671,
0.18161819875240326,
-0.26680079102516174,
0.45335519313812256,
0.8163338303565979,
-0.6031011343002319,
-0.11946037411689758,
0.44424667954444885,
0.5821735858917236,
-0.49068158864974976,
0.26189595460891724,
0.5793564915657043,
-0.5333154797554016,
-0.19415828585624695,
-0.06297453492879868,
0.7004535794258118,
0.45344239473342896,
0.9114957451820374,
-0.036302678287029266,
-0.45562848448753357,
-0.7694916129112244,
0.5147668123245239,
0.23519226908683777,
-0.38152554631233215,
-0.45023322105407715,
0.3108038306236267,
0.07095672935247421,
-0.8119403719902039,
-0.751151978969574,
-0.5526551604270935,
0.8923723101615906,
-0.13382606208324432,
-0.661343514919281,
0.656903088092804,
-0.07408086210489273,
0.5224411487579346,
-0.18365000188350677,
1.1564903259277344,
-0.17662185430526733,
0.32839858531951904,
0.8691195845603943,
1.106713056564331,
0.2191687822341919,
-0.35085371136665344,
0.33437255024909973,
0.359777569770813,
-0.3572627604007721,
-0.1280001401901245,
-0.5863040089607239,
-0.2592480778694153,
0.18497924506664276,
-0.09431911259889603,
-0.2608000934123993,
-0.9553682208061218,
0.3468857705593109,
-0.1042870357632637,
-0.09929458051919937,
0.17779827117919922,
0.9888126850128174,
-0.3276291787624359,
-0.6761161088943481,
-0.6355000734329224,
-0.6118505597114563,
0.11251826584339142,
-0.6344006657600403,
0.31072068214416504,
-0.034404173493385315,
-0.08380520343780518,
-0.19601207971572876,
0.2983134090900421,
0.7214367985725403,
0.7842138409614563,
-0.9843668937683105,
0.06425682455301285,
-0.012780588120222092,
1.0170396566390991,
-0.506049633026123,
0.995671808719635,
0.1412028670310974,
-0.37536364793777466,
0.49229395389556885,
0.8373842239379883,
0.33077487349510193,
-0.7040727734565735,
0.2071920484304428,
0.033754508942365646,
-0.14438360929489136,
-0.21620309352874756,
-0.04516490548849106,
0.8097021579742432,
-0.9369930028915405,
-0.11235135793685913,
0.5317292213439941,
0.37660595774650574,
-0.4952993094921112,
-0.3216533064842224,
0.06382698565721512,
0.40918979048728943,
0.7603949308395386,
0.03358522430062294,
-0.500695526599884,
0.38851672410964966,
-0.45276233553886414,
-0.6250226497650146,
0.6502525806427002,
0.49783673882484436,
0.3521448075771332,
0.3712540864944458,
-1.3639066219329834,
1.6538546085357666,
-0.3202866315841675,
0.8237643241882324,
0.476593554019928,
-0.6253283023834229,
0.30243614315986633,
0.5734238624572754,
0.142684668302536,
0.27200600504875183,
-0.3537063002586365,
-0.658735454082489,
-0.656557023525238,
0.39647912979125977,
-0.5166376233100891,
0.2175310105085373,
1.339123010635376,
-0.019570909440517426,
0.5206053853034973,
0.6585162281990051,
0.6287141442298889,
0.04144895449280739,
-0.1931218057870865,
-0.4181060492992401,
0.14331504702568054,
-0.17436601221561432,
-0.44922611117362976,
-0.3128480315208435,
-0.3785974383354187,
-0.28663188219070435,
0.717197060585022,
-0.6678433418273926,
-0.6080662608146667,
0.08811590820550919,
-0.3796822428703308,
0.07906315475702286,
-0.30215317010879517,
0.26054584980010986,
-0.09574548155069351,
-0.6063337326049805,
0.45621058344841003,
0.021260883659124374,
0.8423159718513489,
-0.0189785435795784,
0.10060794651508331,
-0.09092136472463608,
0.028606228530406952,
-0.21433816850185394,
-0.44999822974205017,
0.9500473737716675,
-0.5477262735366821,
-0.9562268257141113,
-0.035385943949222565,
-0.3709349036216736,
-0.2863374650478363,
0.27577346563339233,
0.8795222043991089,
-0.9478313326835632,
0.19302114844322205,
-0.3204598128795624,
0.19143559038639069,
-0.06242465600371361,
-1.3539631366729736,
-0.16707254946231842,
0.1564105600118637,
-0.23828735947608948,
0.038430433720350266,
-0.11325379461050034,
-0.4654834568500519,
0.15589691698551178,
-0.10243859887123108,
0.6666231751441956,
0.33805379271507263,
0.7614738345146179,
-0.767295777797699,
0.5038388967514038,
0.7119616866111755,
0.07533792406320572,
-0.4603593051433563,
0.1483910083770752,
0.16954919695854187,
1.0907561779022217,
-0.45549800992012024,
0.3222772777080536,
1.150779128074646,
-0.5774644613265991,
-0.5920945405960083,
-0.5492187738418579,
0.06371539831161499,
-0.59981369972229,
0.36097410321235657,
-0.15403012931346893,
0.013076238334178925,
-0.8154544830322266,
0.4922003149986267,
-0.33777400851249695,
-0.03559114784002304,
0.501781702041626,
-0.47196727991104126,
0.8220598697662354,
-0.36478468775749207,
-0.44447338581085205,
-0.7813697457313538,
0.34255754947662354,
1.091668725013733,
1.6252412796020508,
0.8228548169136047,
-0.5798357725143433,
-0.0333387665450573,
-0.5838141441345215,
0.8764035105705261,
0.19879034161567688,
-1.2876743078231812,
-0.3261582851409912,
-0.3201991021633148,
-0.19234444200992584,
-0.049908123910427094,
-0.29480230808258057,
0.30644479393959045,
-0.4763953387737274,
0.7545751929283142,
-0.6161923408508301,
0.19524772465229034,
0.8369930982589722,
0.32076793909072876,
-1.0095934867858887,
-0.20588554441928864,
-0.7435638904571533
] |
210256
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian%20War
|
Pomeranian War
|
The Pomeranian War was a theatre of the Seven Years' War. The term is used to describe the fighting between Sweden and Prussia between 1757 and 1762 in Swedish Pomerania, Prussian Pomerania, northern Brandenburg and eastern Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
The war was characterized by a back-and-forth movement of the Swedish and Prussian armies, neither of whom would score a decisive victory. It started when Swedish forces advanced into Prussian territory in 1757, but were repelled and blockaded at Stralsund until their relief by a Russian force in 1758. In the course of the following, renewed Swedish incursion into Prussian territory, the small Prussian fleet was destroyed and areas as far south as Neuruppin were occupied, yet the campaign was aborted in late 1759 when the undersupplied Swedish forces succeeded neither in taking the major Prussian fortress of Stettin (now Szczecin) nor in combining with their Russian allies.
A Prussian counter-attack of Swedish Pomerania in January 1760 was repelled, and throughout the year Swedish forces again advanced into Prussian territory as far south as Prenzlau before again withdrawing to Swedish Pomerania in the winter. Another Swedish campaign into Prussia started in the summer of 1761, but was soon aborted due to shortage of supplies and equipment. The final encounters of the war took place in the winter of 1761/62 near Malchin and Neukalen in Mecklenburg, just across the Swedish Pomeranian border, before the parties agreed on the Truce of Ribnitz on 7 April 1762. When on 5 May a Russo-Prussian alliance eliminated Swedish hopes for future Russian assistance, and instead posed the threat of a Russian intervention on the Prussian side, Sweden was forced to make peace.
The war was formally ended on 22 May 1762 by the Peace of Hamburg between Prussia, Mecklenburg and Sweden. The hopes of the Swedish Hats party to recover territories lost to Prussia in 1720 were thwarted, and the unpopular and costly war contributed to their subsequent downfall.
Background
The main cause for the Swedish intervention in the Seven Years' War was that the Hats faction then in power in Sweden believed Frederick II of Prussia would succumb to his many enemies, thus affording Sweden a risk-free opportunity to recapture its possessions in Pomerania that it had ceded to Prussia in 1720, towards the end of the Great Northern War. Angered and frightened by the attempted monarchial revolution of 1756, the Hats also wanted to cause Frederick's downfall and to humiliate and destroy the Swedish queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, Frederick's sister. The Hats faction was also encouraged to declare war by France, whose wishes were central to the Hats' actions.
Frederick's invasion of Saxony in 1756 was used as a pretext for war, being denounced by both Sweden and France as a violation of the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648, of which they were both guarantors. On March 21, 1757 the governments of France and Austria agreed to a convention in which Sweden and France explained that they had to maintain Germany's freedom in line with the treaty. France promised financial backing for such a war and in June the same year the decision was made to send 20,000 Swedish troops to Germany to emphasise their commitment. On September 13 that force invaded Prussian Pomerania.
To avoid this invasion appearing as a war of aggression (no war of aggression could be started without the consent of the estates), the Swedes issued no declaration of war and presented the incursion to the German parliament as aimed solely at restoring peace. Only after hostilities had begun did the promised financial support from France and its allies arrive and only then, on 22 September 1757, did the Swedish government state its conditions and declare war.
However, the Hats had seriously overestimated the strength of the Swedish army, as the soldiers were badly trained, poorly equipped, and in every way unprepared for war.
Course
1757–1758
The Swedish army sent to Germany was only sufficient for taking possession of what had already been conquered by the Allies, but made the all necessary preparations to go on the offensive despite not having the necessary funds. The army's very premise, to suppress Frederick, was found false—on being notified of his victory at Rossbach on 5 November 1757, the Swedish commander Marshal Mattias Alexander von Ungern-Sternberg dared not obey the orders from his government and the French agent Marc René de Montalembert to lead his ill-equipped army in a march on Berlin, instead returning in November 1757 to Swedish Pomerania, where the Swedes were being besieged by the Prussians at Stralsund and Rügen.
Von Ungern-Sternberg relinquished command on 21 December 1757 to Gustaf von Rosen, but von Rosen too was forced to lie idle, blockaded by the Prussians. This blockade was lifted by an invading Russian army on 18 June 1758, but von Rosen had grown tired of his thankless task and handed command over to Gustav David Hamilton. Augustin Ehrensvard captured Peenemünde hill on July 27, and Hamilton sent 16,000 men to support the Russians, who were besieging Küstrin. However, after their defeat at Zorndorf he decided instead to march to Saxony to join up with the Austrians. However, he got no further than Neuruppin in Brandenburg. A detachment he sent from there suffered a heavy defeat on 26 September at the Battle of Tornow, but Major was able to reach Fehrbellin with 800 men to defend it from about 5,000 Prussians at a battle fought there on 28 September.
After the failure of the Austrian invasion of Saxony, Hamilton left Neuruppin on 10 October and headed for the River Oder, in the hopes of joining up with the Russians. He failed in this and the Swedish force had to go into winter quarters, with Hamilton returning to Swedish Pomerania. The government blamed him for the force's failure and pressured him into resigning his command, which Hamilton did on 23 November 1758. Hamilton was replaced as commander on 19 December the same year with Jacob Albrecht von Lantingshausen.
1759
Early in 1759, a superior Prussian force forced him to retreat to Stralsund, losing the garrisons at Demmin, Anklam and Peenemünde after hard fighting. The Russian advance in May liberated Swedish Pomerania, but lack of money and supplies meant the Swedish commander could only start campaigning that August. His goal was to besiege Stettin and in preparation for this Lantingshausen allowed Axel von Fersen to take 4,000 men to capture Usedom and Wollin—this objective was met after the Battle of Frisches Haff ensured Swedish naval supremacy in September—while Lantingshausen took the main body of the army to advance deep into Prussian Pomerania, where he then remained still for a long while. However, due to a lack of cooperation from his allies, he was unable to besiege Stettin and in late autumn withdrew into Swedish Pomerania.
1760–1762
The Prussians then invaded Swedish Pomerania on 20 January 1760, but this time they were repulsed and on 28 January Swedish troops penetrated as far as Anklam and captured the Prussian general Heinrich von Manteuffel. However, despite these successes and despite the Prussian army's attention mainly being elsewhere, Lantingshausen and his 15,000 troops were under-supplied and only able to invade Prussia in August, mainly in order to find supplies. He pushed forward to Prenzlow (now Prenzlau) in Brandenburg with his main force of 6,000 troops, leaving Augustin Ehrensvard with a detachment in Pasewalk. There he was attacked by the enemy and fought back bravely, but Ehrensvard was wounded and had to resign his command.
Then many officers left to participate in parliament and the resulting shortage of officers forced Lantingshausen to return to Swedish Pomerania, where he remained for the whole winter without being attacked by the Prussians. Although his commands exceeded any expectations, Lantingshausen tired of the immense difficulties and in June 1761 resigned. Only in July was his successor Augustin Ehrensvard able to raise 7,000 men to invade the enemy's country. Although superior to the Prussian army that tried to prevent his advance, they were so poorly equipped that the advance did not get far and the campaign saw only minor engagements. In September he sent two regiments under count Frederick William von Hessenstein to support the Russians, who had been besieging Kolberg since 1759. However, Hessenstein soon had to withdraw and in October the whole Swedish force returned to Swedish Pomerania. When the Prussians began to worry about their borders, he sent Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten with light troops (the so-called Sprengtportenska) to Mecklenburg and on 23 December defeated a Prussian force at Malchin on 23 December. However, there he was surrounded by a superior Prussian force, though Ehrensvard was able to break through and rescue him. An advance guard under De Carnall defeated the Prussians at Neukalen (2 January 1762) who were trying to block the road and Ehrensvard marched into Malchin. However, he then immediately returned to Swedish Pomerania and on 7 April came to a truce on his own initiative—this truce of Ribnitz lasted until the peace.
Results
In Sweden, the unpopularity of this costly and futile war meant that the Hats' control on government began to falter and the confusion the war caused led to a deficit which resulted in their fall in 1765. The death of Elizabeth of Russia in January 1762 changed the whole political situation in Europe. A Russo-Prussian alliance, formalized on 5 May, threatened to make Russia an enemy not an ally of Sweden. The secret committee thus decided on March 13 that year that Sweden would seek a separate peace. Via the queen's mediation, the Swedes signed the peace of Hamburg with Prussia and Mecklenburg on 22 May, accepting their defeat—Prussia and Sweden were restored to the status quo ante bellum.
References
Seven Years' War
Wars involving Sweden
Wars involving Prussia
Conflicts in 1757
Conflicts in 1758
Conflicts in 1759
Conflicts in 1760
Conflicts in 1761
Conflicts in 1762
|
[
-0.125930055975914,
-0.1823636293411255,
-0.12879431247711182,
0.11350192874670029,
-0.821557879447937,
-0.01587844267487526,
0.9534751176834106,
-0.04420165345072746,
-0.8489059805870056,
-0.23872071504592896,
0.06503693014383316,
-0.2228754162788391,
-0.27018967270851135,
1.0350929498672485,
-0.3952232599258423,
0.6106375455856323,
0.7293455004692078,
0.280892550945282,
0.14054733514785767,
-0.9324884414672852,
-0.26221832633018494,
-0.3776467740535736,
0.38153010606765747,
0.3268105685710907,
0.003713715123012662,
-0.1588834524154663,
0.5963551998138428,
0.3528039753437042,
0.11652091145515442,
-0.36716699600219727,
0.03580498322844505,
0.3114221394062042,
-0.6241130828857422,
0.09106314927339554,
-0.2039588987827301,
-0.012903017923235893,
-0.007254047319293022,
-0.34144407510757446,
-0.6490457653999329,
-0.6154898405075073,
-0.047969620674848557,
0.21874156594276428,
0.08789853751659393,
0.4525853097438812,
0.07836432009935379,
-0.3276197910308838,
-1.2402135133743286,
0.2179676592350006,
0.08968395739793777,
-0.6034181714057922,
-0.363945335149765,
-0.0949169397354126,
0.7014321088790894,
0.6063393950462341,
-0.12970991432666779,
0.4061904847621918,
-0.509820818901062,
-0.18116188049316406,
0.28953197598457336,
-0.6123636364936829,
0.6008260250091553,
0.3325907588005066,
0.4276212155818939,
-0.15402966737747192,
0.14001397788524628,
-0.5430203676223755,
0.2639724314212799,
1.1207497119903564,
0.06152750179171562,
-1.1466399431228638,
0.1312081217765808,
-0.036500293761491776,
0.2557831406593323,
-0.11883029341697693,
0.033415526151657104,
-0.74870765209198,
0.06034151092171669,
-0.5177075266838074,
0.02212519384920597,
-0.005717183463275433,
-0.011813554912805557,
-0.36584004759788513,
0.8399345874786377,
-0.35137060284614563,
1.0290902853012085,
0.0008950337651185691,
0.10877073556184769,
0.02687685564160347,
-0.768932580947876,
-0.20148567855358124,
0.09552289545536041,
-0.13392232358455658,
0.24714098870754242,
-0.01924380101263523,
-0.05873286351561546,
0.011761214584112167,
0.2875225841999054,
0.41770854592323303,
-0.15659146010875702,
0.6563628911972046,
-0.09289045631885529,
0.7016655802726746,
0.2313053160905838,
0.37743663787841797,
-0.8411180377006531,
-0.6585693359375,
0.25281959772109985,
-0.40160074830055237,
-0.44361165165901184,
0.063048355281353,
-0.1594735085964203,
-0.4431401193141937,
-0.34614458680152893,
-0.2609245181083679,
-0.425030916929245,
0.3708043098449707,
0.20096881687641144,
-0.2305157482624054,
0.5342302918434143,
0.3993360996246338,
-0.036274515092372894,
0.6204379200935364,
-0.673076868057251,
0.565501868724823,
-0.3158194422721863,
0.2810833752155304,
0.3035050928592682,
0.02967001311480999,
-0.6522749662399292,
0.2270611822605133,
-0.08130349963903427,
0.9173427820205688,
-0.10953083634376526,
0.018049370497465134,
0.156063973903656,
-0.41574186086654663,
0.2686900794506073,
0.4543948173522949,
-0.5128067135810852,
-0.5823718905448914,
-0.7629206776618958,
-0.7328158617019653,
-0.4805296063423157,
0.04336165636777878,
0.10376566648483276,
-0.33953189849853516,
-0.1843462884426117,
-0.37415117025375366,
0.0688147023320198,
-0.45281317830085754,
0.19492948055267334,
0.5466575622558594,
-0.687092125415802,
0.3244982659816742,
-0.4330728054046631,
0.29833221435546875,
0.6437214016914368,
-0.21890318393707275,
0.8158504962921143,
0.3937378525733948,
0.29826584458351135,
0.7370965480804443,
0.060932040214538574,
0.28648707270622253,
0.08344795554876328,
-0.10593583434820175,
0.3004319369792938,
0.21127218008041382,
-0.023829719051718712,
-0.42679551243782043,
-0.43790867924690247,
0.3342437744140625,
-0.024493621662259102,
0.02799048274755478,
0.2696757912635803,
0.17854541540145874,
1.0215826034545898,
-0.04152810201048851,
0.34703388810157776,
-0.6047434210777283,
-0.5003827810287476,
0.11578519642353058,
0.1767578125,
-0.13595589995384216,
0.47652238607406616,
0.9469373822212219,
-0.05154072493314743,
-0.02326507493853569,
-0.20484064519405365,
-0.31411242485046387,
0.3691822290420532,
-0.6258034706115723,
0.10395047813653946,
-0.33492618799209595,
1.383737564086914,
-0.23584824800491333,
-0.4158575236797333,
-0.00195652199909091,
0.5344935655593872,
0.4803973436355591,
-0.249201238155365,
-0.425855427980423,
0.1563221663236618,
0.4437982738018036,
-0.004551773890852928,
0.5784420967102051,
-0.36456453800201416,
0.1313508003950119,
0.3439251184463501,
0.6029176115989685,
-0.08467183262109756,
-0.025074928998947144,
0.15883535146713257,
-0.19668984413146973,
-0.246973916888237,
-0.12456683814525604,
-0.5042338371276855,
0.4983595311641693,
0.26263427734375,
-0.1397627741098404,
0.44999265670776367,
-0.6339453458786011,
-0.4092939496040344,
1.0319920778274536,
0.04033486172556877,
0.3472985327243805,
-0.1683521270751953,
0.42015963792800903,
-0.040120821446180344,
-1.157932996749878,
0.12954287230968475,
0.5892776846885681,
-0.3434982895851135,
-0.30488428473472595,
-0.23472489416599274,
0.09762632101774216,
-0.2613278925418854,
-0.14270906150341034,
0.19167488813400269,
-0.15127718448638916,
0.010552339255809784,
0.26504412293434143,
-0.029786884784698486,
0.7275565266609192,
-0.192276269197464,
0.29457762837409973,
-0.22140803933143616,
-0.11694483458995819,
-0.28381791710853577,
-0.27882885932922363,
-0.296618789434433,
-0.14234504103660583,
-0.4131137728691101,
-0.5721753835678101,
-0.14064490795135498,
-0.6732425093650818,
0.2801138758659363,
-0.9894840121269226,
0.09496943652629852,
0.15354032814502716,
0.35494330525398254,
-0.12682397663593292,
0.0212131105363369,
0.16304580867290497,
0.5304810404777527,
-0.2164212167263031,
-0.5065050721168518,
-0.19417589902877808,
0.22303076088428497,
0.12271349877119064,
0.46257251501083374,
-0.3656386137008667,
0.22299498319625854,
-0.7944592833518982,
0.2705461084842682,
-0.3381507396697998,
-0.31310245394706726,
0.31197088956832886,
-0.24368925392627716,
-0.018188994377851486,
-0.0329861119389534,
0.38753122091293335,
-0.02037883922457695,
-0.3949223756790161,
-0.48757636547088623,
0.23704642057418823,
0.03350247070193291,
-0.23718814551830292,
-0.19048646092414856,
0.08474575728178024,
-0.19338645040988922,
0.0625029057264328,
-0.6670409440994263,
0.617205023765564,
-0.28724318742752075,
0.5279224514961243,
-0.42238542437553406,
0.04735017567873001,
0.6986808776855469,
-0.6226340532302856,
-0.6407248377799988,
0.4764675498008728,
-0.7398666739463806,
-0.24832797050476074,
-0.025858283042907715,
-0.5374714136123657,
-0.8950712084770203,
0.270101398229599,
-5.54503059387207,
-0.4738294184207916,
-0.641217052936554,
0.25360819697380066,
-0.13750019669532776,
0.03264128416776657,
0.3026469349861145,
-0.14522458612918854,
0.3508038818836212,
0.6752747893333435,
0.5151261687278748,
-0.2169378250837326,
-0.5444774627685547,
0.30925875902175903,
0.7143760323524475,
0.10939392447471619,
0.5664734840393066,
-0.648044228553772,
0.6365846395492554,
-0.516757607460022,
-0.007447888143360615,
0.4195135533809662,
-0.059085261076688766,
0.3585183620452881,
0.5789973735809326,
0.3854076862335205,
-0.2973857820034027,
-0.14719581604003906,
-0.3728797137737274,
0.23071683943271637,
-0.609336256980896,
-0.588932454586029,
0.5181063413619995,
-0.24437232315540314,
0.1046210303902626,
-0.18225052952766418,
0.7420027852058411,
0.8755830526351929,
0.042918454855680466,
-0.32538747787475586,
0.1256689429283142,
0.3661637604236603,
-0.5535421371459961,
0.24373948574066162,
0.8083939552307129,
-0.4385490417480469,
-0.3835783302783966,
0.37928861379623413,
-0.7174433469772339,
0.6023023128509521,
0.1327999085187912,
0.2499839961528778,
0.10285788774490356,
0.1602267175912857,
0.23262909054756165,
-0.009376303292810917,
0.22202052175998688,
-0.27250078320503235,
-0.5463159084320068,
0.17376184463500977,
0.08135849982500076,
0.0066926018334925175,
-0.25023239850997925,
-0.1152113750576973,
0.335368275642395,
-0.14031365513801575,
0.23192225396633148,
-0.356641948223114,
0.08980470895767212,
0.0034240582026541233,
0.09042508900165558,
0.6317693591117859,
-0.023652588948607445,
-0.9946368932723999,
0.6514525413513184,
-0.06797415763139725,
-0.4195237159729004,
-0.11822216957807541,
0.7160389423370361,
-0.15324869751930237,
-0.3364763855934143,
-0.30895477533340454,
0.05912945792078972,
0.2294687032699585,
0.7541651725769043,
-0.08302562683820724,
-0.01834298111498356,
-0.13091523945331573,
-0.4456546902656555,
0.19565477967262268,
0.7669383883476257,
-0.6882562041282654,
0.043543729931116104,
0.43272581696510315,
0.17550542950630188,
0.9571307301521301,
-0.2090415060520172,
-0.029162390157580376,
0.6382453441619873,
-0.36398810148239136,
0.4913569390773773,
-0.22891826927661896,
0.03302394971251488,
-0.5965631008148193,
0.2556132376194,
-0.28392651677131653,
0.0300718042999506,
0.07127907127141953,
1.1203721761703491,
0.20256778597831726,
0.15277987718582153,
0.13581953942775726,
-0.1613696664571762,
-0.15957340598106384,
0.4055830240249634,
-0.40314313769340515,
0.06351739168167114,
0.8310652375221252,
0.5717812180519104,
-0.21949362754821777,
-0.1252625584602356,
-0.28491610288619995,
-0.13247887790203094,
0.12035952508449554,
0.6472257375717163,
-0.038796763867139816,
-0.43770506978034973,
0.2547597587108612,
-0.756277322769165,
0.9549123644828796,
0.11358404904603958,
-0.22638383507728577,
-0.11746661365032196,
-0.1704172044992447,
0.1628420650959015,
0.06428467482328415,
-0.32251477241516113,
-0.596518337726593,
0.5982016324996948,
0.4478876292705536,
0.04005647823214531,
-0.2759314179420471,
-0.17903707921504974,
0.32181787490844727,
-0.27399060130119324,
0.39910659193992615,
0.2221977561712265,
-0.5597552061080933,
0.07246296107769012,
0.5016794800758362,
-0.8031630516052246,
0.31458643078804016,
0.28053078055381775,
0.16686218976974487,
0.044730789959430695,
-0.14393053948879242,
0.6010244488716125,
0.4230215847492218,
-0.18007513880729675,
-0.14267830550670624,
-0.2237587869167328,
-0.20250332355499268,
-0.6745677590370178,
-0.08238913118839264,
0.2925129532814026,
-0.7550196051597595,
-1.1010143756866455,
-0.2132415622472763,
-0.019063271582126617,
0.5191782116889954,
0.401843786239624,
0.22405901551246643,
-0.7851854562759399,
0.4413706064224243,
0.31012943387031555,
-0.17788171768188477,
-0.7807738780975342,
0.05313445255160332,
-0.1901576668024063,
-0.1825883686542511,
0.1968751847743988,
0.38025805354118347,
-0.4170188307762146,
0.2587103843688965,
0.1383836567401886,
-0.13488847017288208,
-0.33120396733283997,
-0.11207985132932663,
-0.03275291621685028,
0.5790455937385559,
-0.06351166218519211,
0.07001355290412903,
-0.17059949040412903,
-0.05408202111721039,
-0.6854265332221985,
-0.9645155072212219,
0.09458301216363907,
0.2444050908088684,
0.07988875359296799,
-0.6213713884353638,
0.4076967239379883,
0.5428647994995117,
-0.5912880301475525,
-0.22029279172420502,
-0.3459555208683014,
-0.6346973776817322,
0.5315834879875183,
0.2609022557735443,
-0.10576911270618439,
0.3415839672088623,
-0.24353303015232086,
-0.3089171051979065,
-0.7170904278755188,
0.7843548059463501,
-0.46681755781173706,
-0.04575686156749725,
0.22614480555057526,
-0.029410839080810547,
-0.42803436517715454,
-0.05047209560871124,
-0.32764238119125366,
-0.2918298840522766,
-0.8151746988296509,
-0.5109012126922607,
-0.865669310092926,
0.14913447201251984,
0.1354566514492035,
-0.5056009292602539,
0.03243175148963928,
0.001962002832442522,
0.46076056361198425,
-0.12570728361606598,
0.353020578622818,
0.2317119836807251,
0.1839851289987564,
-0.3950463533401489,
0.4100574254989624,
-0.3761983811855316,
0.23407353460788727,
0.9098473787307739,
0.9986823797225952,
0.8488270044326782,
0.26532885432243347,
0.022679468616843224,
0.47628986835479736,
-0.0316506065428257,
0.4358985126018524,
-0.14738887548446655,
-0.40736424922943115,
-0.03480006381869316,
-0.6132534146308899,
-0.11351766437292099,
-0.7047829031944275,
-0.6414603590965271,
0.8189940452575684,
-0.3357515037059784,
-0.10589286684989929,
0.6024323105812073,
0.05706414952874184,
0.10254459828138351,
-0.6233678460121155,
0.17333534359931946,
-0.32913848757743835,
-0.10612613707780838,
-0.02840277925133705,
0.011389896273612976,
-0.6778550744056702,
-0.2363765388727188,
-0.9102759957313538,
-0.09872445464134216,
0.22240102291107178,
-0.41654080152511597,
0.6797773838043213,
0.0729701817035675,
0.7890990376472473,
0.1340002715587616,
-0.25952237844467163,
-0.2641589939594269,
0.669205367565155,
-0.15136919915676117,
0.019668126478791237,
-0.20457133650779724,
-0.26622143387794495,
-0.49016863107681274,
-0.029973888769745827,
-0.975665807723999,
-0.7028939723968506,
-0.021632501855492592,
-0.07540566474199295,
0.2654220461845398,
0.0688077062368393,
-0.04487066715955734,
-0.17991580069065094,
0.18045271933078766,
0.23435765504837036,
0.31184616684913635,
-0.19197629392147064,
0.21321265399456024,
-0.1628558188676834,
0.6915475130081177,
-0.6044785976409912,
0.5665415525436401,
-0.2412673681974411,
-0.3944738805294037,
0.30401286482810974,
0.13715194165706635,
-0.12795774638652802,
0.08719273656606674,
-0.35303959250450134,
-0.09062733501195908,
0.9724368453025818,
-0.059629421681165695,
-0.3120623826980591,
-0.05285234376788139,
-0.3285263776779175,
0.20716312527656555,
0.9935814142227173,
-0.5127778053283691,
0.11653106659650803,
-0.15017671883106232,
0.29015424847602844,
-0.2668789029121399,
0.388258695602417,
0.4013020396232605,
-0.054626841098070145,
0.4407898187637329,
-0.18955841660499573,
0.0770614817738533,
0.0744052529335022,
-0.1703784018754959,
0.02968483604490757,
-0.04348902404308319,
-0.7444949150085449,
0.27726179361343384,
-0.2863636314868927,
0.07967277616262436,
0.4706411361694336,
-0.5127981305122375,
-0.46420490741729736,
0.9779903888702393,
0.41155335307121277,
0.2253708839416504,
-0.047527559101581573,
-0.09539817273616791,
0.06527673453092575,
0.4352576732635498,
-0.11952810734510422,
0.14462636411190033,
0.5056648850440979,
0.40626060962677,
0.9186829328536987,
-0.10110427439212799,
0.18719513714313507,
-0.6539349555969238,
0.546850860118866,
-0.10052324086427689,
0.32052963972091675,
-0.3444371819496155,
-0.06418412178754807,
-0.8458362817764282,
-0.1746174544095993,
-0.9256715774536133,
0.10696884989738464,
0.20503169298171997,
-0.29814064502716064,
0.2842874825000763,
-0.16744191944599152,
0.1582568883895874,
0.10671846568584442,
0.031073369085788727,
0.5869650840759277,
-0.8069730401039124,
0.4322105646133423,
-0.055162299424409866,
0.06572818011045456,
-0.09365386515855789,
0.4310867488384247,
-0.2857154607772827,
0.4069797694683075,
0.145809143781662,
-0.31086692214012146,
0.5821248292922974,
-0.0306985005736351,
-0.1165894865989685,
-0.15697766840457916,
-0.7590010166168213,
0.09725073724985123,
-0.03386768326163292,
0.13784267008304596,
-0.6568213701248169,
-0.2052610069513321,
-0.2453276664018631,
0.05204077437520027,
-0.26208585500717163,
-0.6273675560951233,
-0.14271432161331177,
-0.1854075789451599,
0.2943932116031647,
0.19469019770622253,
-0.4781537353992462,
0.05946263298392296,
0.2818489372730255,
0.1124371588230133,
0.14137044548988342,
-0.13038350641727448,
0.6492257714271545,
-0.3566191494464874,
0.03391091525554657,
0.33151891827583313,
0.3331531584262848,
0.03444082289934158,
0.2098873406648636,
-0.1250501275062561,
0.13325034081935883,
-0.15151797235012054,
0.07479411363601685,
0.47565987706184387,
-0.5589084625244141,
-0.04149250686168671,
0.13673536479473114,
-0.16211998462677002,
-0.27253973484039307,
0.36213868856430054,
-0.05501290410757065,
0.17589226365089417,
-0.477017879486084,
0.20891177654266357,
0.2654563784599304,
0.4496496021747589,
0.4222058951854706,
-0.4038664698600769,
-0.443953275680542,
-0.1617516577243805,
-0.04242371395230293,
-0.2979936897754669,
0.2282342165708542,
0.7207419276237488,
0.6984321475028992,
1.285510778427124,
-0.6002458333969116,
-0.11364050209522247,
-0.5950477719306946,
0.794413685798645,
-0.011699041351675987,
-0.5692406892776489,
-0.5636690855026245,
0.4038400650024414,
-0.3998699188232422,
0.22457817196846008,
0.4429652988910675,
0.28475221991539,
-0.05420580878853798,
0.6805322766304016,
-0.3790636956691742,
-0.05599336698651314,
0.013358978554606438,
-0.0921855941414833,
-0.539819598197937,
-0.1986895501613617,
0.12712009251117706
] |
210264
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Pro-Cathedral
|
St Mary's Pro-Cathedral
|
St Mary's Church (), known also as St Mary's Pro-Cathedral or simply the Pro-Cathedral, the Chapel in Marlborough Street or the Pro, is a pro-cathedral and is the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland.
Status as "pro-cathedral"
The city of Dublin possesses two cathedrals, but unusually, both belong to one church, the minority Church of Ireland, which had been the Established Church in Ireland until 1871. In contrast, the majority religion in Ireland, Roman Catholicism, has no cathedral in the Republic of Ireland's capital city and has not had one since the Protestant Reformation. As the official church, the Church of Ireland took control of most church property, including the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity (generally known as Christchurch) and St Patrick's Cathedral.
These two churches had long shared the role of cathedral of Dublin, controversially at first, then under an agreement of 1300, Pacis Compositio, which gave Christchurch formal precedence, including the right to enthrone the Archbishop and to hold his cross, mitre and ring after death, but with deceased Archbishops of Dublin to be buried alternately in each of the two cathedrals, unless they personally willed otherwise, and the two cathedrals to act as one, and "shared equally in their freedoms".
Even though Christchurch has been in possession of the Church of Ireland for nearly five hundred years, it is still viewed by the Roman Catholic Church as the primary official Dublin cathedral, since it was so designated by the pope at the request of the then Archbishop of Dublin, St Laurence O'Toole in the 12th century. Unless the pope either formally revokes Christchurch's designation or grants cathedral status to another church, the main Roman Catholic church in Dublin will continue to be designated a "pro-cathedral" (meaning in effect acting cathedral), a title officially given to St Mary's Church in 1886, though it used that title unofficially since the 1820s.
History
The Pro-Cathedral owes its origins to the Penal Laws which restricted Catholicism (and other non-Church of Ireland faiths) until the early nineteenth century. For centuries, Roman Catholics could not celebrate Mass or the sacraments in public and were subject to severe penalties (hence the word penal). While these laws ebbed and flowed in terms of the severity with which they were applied, Catholic churches if they were built at all, were built down narrow, difficult to find roadways. By the early nineteenth century, many of the Penal Laws had either been repealed or were no longer enforced; an unsuccessful attempt had already been made to grant Catholic Emancipation. As a result, Catholicism began to abandon its previous status as an "underground" religion.
In 1803, a committee formed by then Archbishop John Thomas Troy bought Lord Annesley's townhouse on the corner of Marlborough Street and Elephant Lane (now called Cathedral Street), within sight of the city's premier thoroughfare, Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street) as the location for the planned new pro-cathedral, pending the erection, when funds and the law allowed, of a full Roman Catholic cathedral. In 1814 a public competition had been announced by Archbishop Troy, inviting designs for the new church.
In June 1814 the demolition of the house took place. Constructed between 1815 and 1825, pro-cathedral combines a number of styles. The exterior is in Greek revival style, while the interior is more Renaissance style, based on the Church of Saint-Philippe du Roule of Paris. Archbishop of Dublin, Daniel Murray, celebrated the new pro-cathedral's completion on 14 November 1825, the feast of Dublin's patron saint, St Laurence O’Toole.
Though not a full cathedral, the new building became a symbol of the Irish nationalist spirit in the era following the ending of the Penal Laws. Daniel O'Connell, the leader of Irish nationalism and the first Roman Catholic MP elected to the British House of Commons, was present at a special thanksgiving High Mass in the Pro-Cathedral in 1829 following the granting of Catholic Emancipation, which among other things had allowed Catholics to be elected to parliament. In 1841, as the first Catholic Lord Mayor of Dublin in centuries, O'Connell formally celebrated his election by travelling in state to "the Pro" for High Mass. After he died in 1847, his remains were laid in state on a great catafalque in the Pro-Cathedral.
St Mary's baptism register contains quite a few entries for children born in the nearby Rotunda hospital; they were probably baptised quite quickly due to the feared infant mortality rates of the 19th century.
Plans for a full cathedral
The Pro-Cathedral was never intended to be other than a temporary acting cathedral, pending the availability of funds to build a full cathedral. Various locations for the new cathedral were discussed. W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State (prime minister) from 1922 to 1932 and a deeply religious Catholic, suggested that the burnt out shell of the General Post Office, the location of the 1916 Rising, be turned into a cathedral, but the idea was not acted on, and the GPO was restored for use as a post office.
John Charles McQuaid, who served as Archbishop from the 1940s to the early 1970s, bought the gardens in the centre of Merrion Square and announced plans to erect a cathedral there, but to the relief of Dubliners, who preferred a garden in the center of the city, his plans never came to pass and the gardens were eventually handed over by his successor to Dublin Corporation and opened to the public. While it is suggested periodically that the Church of Ireland, which has a relatively small membership, might hand over one of its cathedrals to the Catholic Church, no serious proposals have been made for such an arrangement. The Church of Ireland did offer one of the cathedrals to the Catholic church in the late 20th century but the offer was declined by the Catholic hierarchy apparently due to the projected cost of maintaining the building. (The Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral (which serves as the "national cathedral" of the Church of Ireland - Christchurch is treated as the diocesan cathedral of Dublin) did suggest allowing Catholic Masses to be celebrated in St. Patrick's but the idea was dropped after opposition within the Church of Ireland.) Though theoretically the possibility of erecting a new Catholic cathedral remains on the agenda, in reality most of the funds collected for the building of a new cathedral have been spent erecting new churches in what was for a lengthy period a rapidly growing archdiocese.
State ceremony in the Pro-Cathedral
The Pro-Cathedral remains a focal point of religious and state ceremonial activity. Up until 1983, incoming presidents of Ireland traditionally attended, prior to their civil inauguration, a religious ceremony in either St Patrick's Cathedral (if they were members of the Church of Ireland) or the Pro-Cathedral (if they were Roman Catholic). Whereas up to 1973, those ceremonies were exclusively denominational, the ceremonies for the inaugurations of President Childers in 1973, President Ó Dálaigh in 1974 and President Hillery in 1976, were multidenominational, with representatives of the Roman Catholic, Church of Ireland, Presbyterian, Methodist and the Jewish faith taking part in the ceremony. (In 1973 it took place in St Patrick's, in 1974 and 1976 in the Pro-Cathedral.) In 1983 a multidenominational service was included as part of the civil inauguration in Dublin Castle.
The major faiths held religious ceremonies in their main cathedral or pro-cathedral to mark the beginning of the law term or a session of parliament, which would be attended by the President of Ireland, the Taoiseach, ministers, the opposition, parliamentarians and members of the Diplomatic Corps. State funerals of major figures including Michael Collins and former presidents Seán T. O'Kelly, Éamon de Valera, Patrick Hillery and Lord Mayor of Dublin Kathleen Clarke took place there. A painting of the funeral of Michael Collins hangs in Áras an Uachtaráin, the president's residence.
Pope Francis visited the Pro-Cathedral on 25 August 2018 during an apostolic visit to Ireland.
Layout
Internally, the Pro-Cathedral is dramatically different from the two main cathedrals of Dublin. Its mixture of Greek and Roman styles has proved controversial, being variously described as an artistic gem and an eyesore. Its main aisle leads up to an altar, behind which a stained glass window of the Blessed Virgin Mary (the Saint Mary of its name) is visible. For most of its existence it possessed a massive Victorian altar and reredos by Peter Turnerelli, a Belfast born sculptor of Italian parentage. In the late 1970s this was removed, as part of a re-ordering to bring its sanctuary in line with changes that followed the introduction of the revision of the Mass. The reredos was completely removed, leaving just the tabernacle, though the front panel of the original altar was reinstated in the new altar, which was moved to the centre of a new paved area in an expanded sanctuary. The altar rails were also removed. The pulpit was moved as well, and is currently sitting unused in a corner of the building. A large contingent of Italian artisans were employed by the church, to decorate the interior of the Cathedral.
The Pro-Cathedral caught fire in the early 1990s. Though the fire was extinguished before it caught hold of the building, considerable smoke damage was done to one corner of the building around the monument to Cardinal Cullen, perhaps the most famous of all the nineteenth-century Archbishops, and the first Archbishop of Dublin to be made a cardinal.
Organ of the Pro-Cathedral
The original organ in the Pro-Cathedral was built by the Dublin organbuilder, John White, in the late 19th century, and the present instrument contains some of White's original pipework. The present facade of the organ dates from William Hill's rebuild of in the organ around 1900. Subsequent work was carried out by Henry Willis & Co. in the 1930s, before J.W. Walker's major rebuild of 1971 under the administrator Monsignor John Moloney and the most recent refurbishment of the instrument, by the same firm which was completed in the autumn of 1995. The newly refurbished instrument was inaugurated in a gala concert given by Olivier Latry on 20 March 1996.
The swell of the organ is built into the back wall of the Church. The shutters of the swell are in line with the rest of the wall. The organ console itself was moved in a general redevelopment of the church in 1995. This was to facilitate the direction of the choir.
This organ has become regarded as one of the finest examples in Ireland of the late nineteenth-century grand Romantic organ, and has since its original installation featured prominently in the many great liturgical occasions which have graced the pro-cathedral church. More recently many of the great organ recitalists of our time have performed on it: Daniel Chorzempa, Xavier Darasse, Sir David Lumsden, Daniel Roth, Dame Gillian Weir, Arthur Wills, Olivier Latry, and others. The current Titular Organist of Saint Mary's Pro-Cathedral is Professor Gerard Gillen who has held this position since 1976. David Grealy was appointed Associate Organist in September, 2017.
A chancel organ built by the Dublin organbuilder, John White, is located on the epistle (right) side of the High Altar. It fell into disuse on the reordering of the sanctuary c.1980. Its mechanism and pipework are stored in the bowels of the Pro-Cathedral. In the early 2000s a three-stop portable continuo organ was acquired, which provides accompaniment for sanctuary services such as Vespers/Evening Prayer, and is also used for continuo purposes in appropriate choral and orchestral repertoire.
Music of the Pro-Cathedral
Music has always been a central ministry in Saint Mary's Pro-Cathedral. The Church is noted for its Palestrina Choir, the resident choir of Saint Mary's Pro-Cathedral. It had its origins in a boys' choir formed in the 1890s by Vincent O'Brien, then a music teacher at St Mary's Place Christian Brothers School in Dublin. It was at a performance of Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli at St Teresa's Carmelite Church in Clarendon Street in 1898 that this choir came to the attention of Edward Martyn, their founding sponsor.
Martyn wished to promote the music of Palestrina which was espoused by Pope Pius X as a standard to which liturgical music should aspire. The Palestrina Choir was constituted and installed in the Pro-Cathedral on 1 January 1903 with O'Brien as director.
In the century since its foundation, the Choir has had seven directors. Vincent O'Brien, director until 1946, was succeeded by his son, Oliver. In 1978, Fr Seán O hEarcaigh took over the baton from Oliver O'Brien. He was succeeded in 1982, by Ite O'Donovan and in 1996 by Comdt Joseph Ryan. Órla Barry was the director from the end of 1996 to 2001. The current director is Blánaid Murphy, who is widely recognised as one of Ireland's pre-eminent choral educators, particularly of children's voices. Over the years the Palestrina Choir has attracted singers of high renown. John McCormack was a member of the Choir from 1904 to 1905. Many recent members are now distinguished soloists, most notably Emmanuel Lawler, who began his singing career as a boy soprano in the Choir. In recent years, the Choir has travelled widely, singing at many cathedrals and venues throughout Ireland, Europe, and North America.
During the school term the Palestrina Choir sing at Sunday morning Solemn Latin Mass (Novus Ordo), Friday evening Vespers & Benediction of the Most Blessed Sacrament (5.15pm) and Mass (5.45pm).
A girls' choir was formed in 2009. The choir currently sing the 10am Mass on Sundays and the 5.45pm evening Mass on Tuesdays. Cantors and visiting choirs frequently assist with the musical liturgies in the Cathedral.
Another permanent group is the Pro Nuova group, which sings contemporary liturgical music at the Sunday evening Mass.
Burials
John Thomas Troy, Archbishop of Dublin (1786–1823)
Daniel Murray, Archbishop of Dublin (1823–1852)
Edward Joseph Byrne, Archbishop of Dublin (1921–1940)
John Charles McQuaid, Archbishop of Dublin (1940–1972)
Dermot Ryan, Archbishop of Dublin (1972–1984)
Kevin McNamara, Archbishop of Dublin (1984–1987)
Desmond Connell, Archbishop of Dublin (1988–2004)
The interior
Notes
See also
Roman Catholic Marian churches
Diarmuid Martin - Archbishop of Dublin
References
External links
Saint Mary's Pro-Cathedral site
Palestrina Choir site
Neoclassical architecture in Ireland
Roman Catholic cathedrals in the Republic of Ireland
Mary's Pro-Cathedral
Cathedrals in Dublin (city)
Roman Catholic churches in Dublin (city)
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1825
Greek Revival buildings
Greek Revival church buildings
Greek Revival architecture in Ireland
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Ireland
|
[
-0.3679259419441223,
0.07386398315429688,
0.1840382069349289,
-0.6446712613105774,
-0.4698396325111389,
1.142678141593933,
0.7040851712226868,
0.7192731499671936,
-0.3195035755634308,
-0.28876563906669617,
-0.739914059638977,
0.43085777759552,
-0.30117836594581604,
-0.18168297410011292,
0.5573301911354065,
0.05208348110318184,
1.0597996711730957,
0.3895637094974518,
0.48353320360183716,
-0.6781767010688782,
-0.31474268436431885,
-0.028310826048254967,
0.07610004395246506,
0.18465010821819305,
0.21148116886615753,
-0.1587139517068863,
0.42940130829811096,
-0.013893182389438152,
-0.635097324848175,
0.09878460317850113,
0.5098012089729309,
0.18676337599754333,
0.10333980619907379,
-0.4599364697933197,
0.13696357607841492,
-0.15089794993400574,
0.38549327850341797,
-0.2207605391740799,
-0.6535050272941589,
0.11456499993801117,
-0.47174713015556335,
-0.4343542158603668,
-0.10355737805366516,
0.3072913587093353,
-0.18914762139320374,
-0.14509014785289764,
-0.9901565909385681,
0.6138095855712891,
-1.0653330087661743,
0.6972063779830933,
-0.593421995639801,
0.024630587548017502,
-0.23914562165737152,
0.02170698344707489,
0.16859230399131775,
0.5127174854278564,
-0.9335111975669861,
0.4368933141231537,
0.04710295796394348,
-0.9071130156517029,
-0.4720799922943115,
0.8601194024085999,
-0.19704757630825043,
0.634124755859375,
-0.1778145283460617,
-0.3759637176990509,
0.06941822916269302,
0.029286189004778862,
-0.9540243744850159,
-0.4676799476146698,
0.0018631528364494443,
-0.0687413141131401,
0.13567693531513214,
0.01867150329053402,
-0.341519296169281,
-0.4294269382953644,
-0.1965670883655548,
0.2903141677379608,
0.2853067219257355,
-0.28575265407562256,
0.43105751276016235,
-0.12695881724357605,
0.6585185527801514,
0.5775719285011292,
0.4435391128063202,
0.08718013018369675,
-0.5690320134162903,
-0.21214500069618225,
-0.3253674805164337,
0.7024246454238892,
-0.3349619209766388,
0.34036827087402344,
-0.054936785250902176,
-0.013735661283135414,
-0.0930541381239891,
0.01072703767567873,
0.25697359442710876,
0.02342081069946289,
0.07730381190776825,
-0.16156542301177979,
-0.5912854075431824,
0.03205372020602226,
-0.025995051488280296,
-0.3016182482242584,
-0.3573801815509796,
0.0895758867263794,
-0.4020631015300751,
-0.09600314497947693,
-0.0950305387377739,
0.18601110577583313,
-0.7749149203300476,
0.17454470694065094,
-0.0577046163380146,
0.12703505158424377,
0.5457220077514648,
-0.3744008243083954,
0.1006191074848175,
-0.18345792591571808,
-0.7046532034873962,
-0.3377956748008728,
0.09558127075433731,
0.28484052419662476,
0.3082006573677063,
0.37694379687309265,
-0.2955690324306488,
0.05615014210343361,
0.6044175028800964,
0.821755588054657,
-0.16361311078071594,
0.11419892311096191,
-0.14106591045856476,
0.49176132678985596,
-0.1319660097360611,
0.1887705773115158,
0.06866315752267838,
-0.5171341300010681,
-0.0993393138051033,
-0.5888707637786865,
0.8742080330848694,
0.5309536457061768,
-0.6210174560546875,
-0.1420435905456543,
0.25440606474876404,
-0.4804569482803345,
0.8322425484657288,
-0.11446276307106018,
-0.25442367792129517,
-0.2457532286643982,
-0.23243066668510437,
-0.5726767778396606,
0.13888110220432281,
0.33866244554519653,
-0.0781058520078659,
-0.5205077528953552,
-0.15243472158908844,
0.6696420907974243,
0.6960231065750122,
0.26891666650772095,
-0.5538125038146973,
0.6797743439674377,
-0.31024596095085144,
0.12474580854177475,
0.3450735807418823,
0.32241004705429077,
0.382068932056427,
0.23826107382774353,
0.5282819271087646,
0.0699184462428093,
0.047943323850631714,
-0.3965742886066437,
-0.6450678706169128,
0.09222336113452911,
0.38805586099624634,
0.19033150374889374,
-0.4209350347518921,
0.06553372740745544,
0.751594603061676,
0.06705877184867859,
0.15208807587623596,
-0.5651536583900452,
-0.4898345470428467,
0.30520376563072205,
0.16029828786849976,
0.2590917944908142,
0.2525979280471802,
0.15121740102767944,
0.3844648599624634,
-0.22379553318023682,
-0.24688024818897247,
-0.27429383993148804,
-0.514793336391449,
-0.21996046602725983,
-0.0015125381760299206,
-0.2848760485649109,
0.9480048418045044,
0.10820604115724564,
-0.5867775678634644,
0.268331378698349,
-0.056038033217191696,
1.2080233097076416,
0.19569382071495056,
-0.3599430024623871,
-0.1181357204914093,
-0.2661835849285126,
-0.7786877751350403,
0.2739281952381134,
0.31200110912323,
-0.06048419699072838,
0.5942161083221436,
0.36089733242988586,
0.1830962598323822,
-0.44708022475242615,
0.24980002641677856,
0.4644772708415985,
-0.17746084928512573,
-0.4561944603919983,
-0.5070036053657532,
-0.7744227647781372,
0.20181328058242798,
-0.47719958424568176,
0.8861753344535828,
0.002726539969444275,
0.5592212080955505,
0.5758207440376282,
-0.3826252520084381,
0.12140130996704102,
-0.07650803029537201,
0.3321029543876648,
0.0678384006023407,
-0.3358187973499298,
0.3511481285095215,
0.5438674092292786,
0.08335325866937637,
-0.23311759531497955,
0.07575701922178268,
-0.16286319494247437,
-0.07666242867708206,
0.05071160942316055,
0.36420735716819763,
-0.27037379145622253,
-0.09906689822673798,
0.2774036228656769,
-0.045293331146240234,
0.762607753276825,
-0.12470077723264694,
0.2728472054004669,
0.4421945810317993,
0.1653977334499359,
-0.05628250911831856,
0.05475644767284393,
0.41568589210510254,
-0.5203852653503418,
0.36502745747566223,
0.3380831480026245,
0.4727262258529663,
-0.014330818317830563,
0.09022888541221619,
0.383684366941452,
-0.34498313069343567,
0.41243159770965576,
-0.6267595291137695,
-0.2237858921289444,
0.16691675782203674,
0.5886476039886475,
-0.24116821587085724,
-0.37410545349121094,
0.04363218694925308,
-0.2825130820274353,
0.37960943579673767,
-0.002719452138990164,
-0.40724247694015503,
-0.5308668613433838,
-0.6878764033317566,
0.04354889318346977,
-0.391446977853775,
0.16487348079681396,
-0.32789143919944763,
0.2546953856945038,
-0.41871190071105957,
-0.41057753562927246,
-0.041568879038095474,
0.4820069670677185,
-0.13756369054317474,
-0.15263687074184418,
-0.5101683139801025,
-0.07889493554830551,
-0.2876002788543701,
-0.34137246012687683,
-0.7125002145767212,
-0.30208083987236023,
-0.6361554265022278,
-0.2690279483795166,
0.26367032527923584,
-0.3841409981250763,
-0.2517537772655487,
0.10178714990615845,
0.6803767681121826,
-0.12356363981962204,
-0.10366473346948624,
-0.3931193947792053,
-0.32925498485565186,
0.22083555161952972,
0.6372460722923279,
0.361905574798584,
0.6434692144393921,
-0.3863593339920044,
-0.3491847515106201,
0.0008951671188697219,
-5.701526165008545,
0.08067286014556885,
-0.2591499388217926,
-0.02572079747915268,
0.7098573446273804,
-0.5595256686210632,
0.1713894009590149,
-0.5925684571266174,
0.3773445785045624,
-0.9587891697883606,
-0.294206827878952,
0.3104320466518402,
-0.2950243055820465,
0.4958067834377289,
0.7767621278762817,
0.3792373239994049,
0.680285632610321,
-0.6051828265190125,
0.4048442244529724,
-0.2652818262577057,
-0.5100505948066711,
0.05236945301294327,
0.4512537717819214,
0.40903934836387634,
0.5498290061950684,
0.9652607440948486,
-0.5151907205581665,
0.156483992934227,
-0.06689789891242981,
-0.18002153933048248,
0.2925476133823395,
0.09282668679952621,
-0.0324830487370491,
-0.4635826349258423,
-0.21654963493347168,
0.2090863734483719,
0.7640275359153748,
-0.06319356709718704,
0.1751304268836975,
-0.9811820983886719,
0.8442332744598389,
0.2033214569091797,
0.3704131245613098,
-0.29418179392814636,
-0.007032676134258509,
-0.8635823130607605,
-1.0112625360488892,
0.20797573029994965,
-0.3348274827003479,
0.8824487924575806,
-0.5578023195266724,
0.19064438343048096,
0.2901415526866913,
0.29416319727897644,
0.4374171495437622,
-0.5485832691192627,
0.6430436968803406,
0.008290180005133152,
-0.10821835696697235,
0.04855096712708473,
0.03750971704721451,
-0.9348534941673279,
-0.7213188409805298,
-0.2027580291032791,
-0.09108739346265793,
0.1611487716436386,
-0.41382652521133423,
0.7072191834449768,
0.20010291039943695,
-0.00042986174230463803,
-0.02356189861893654,
-0.18448001146316528,
-0.26138797402381897,
-0.9669218063354492,
-0.16767796874046326,
-0.18145957589149475,
-0.30540865659713745,
-0.19149720668792725,
0.41190335154533386,
0.07049663364887238,
-0.4159983992576599,
-0.22640657424926758,
-0.35042378306388855,
0.08716286718845367,
-0.00933216605335474,
-0.14711901545524597,
0.07222705334424973,
0.6978399157524109,
-0.6100915670394897,
-0.4907780885696411,
0.23364850878715515,
-0.6354014277458191,
0.3988972008228302,
0.379067063331604,
0.3808346688747406,
0.509509265422821,
0.31879860162734985,
0.1296129822731018,
0.032976843416690826,
0.14413999021053314,
0.11648204922676086,
-0.10511530190706253,
0.07431376725435257,
0.07654482871294022,
-0.01219745073467493,
-0.22337912023067474,
-0.22932124137878418,
0.25418201088905334,
0.07427357137203217,
-0.40932348370552063,
0.7227598428726196,
-0.4713612198829651,
-0.4477204978466034,
-0.3551138937473297,
0.16976694762706757,
0.16408571600914001,
-0.42612800002098083,
0.38448643684387207,
0.4695446789264679,
-0.06672098487615585,
0.2413865625858307,
-0.18068768084049225,
-0.14978018403053284,
0.7124779224395752,
-1.086970567703247,
0.4575232267379761,
0.259702205657959,
0.1578705608844757,
-0.04539957642555237,
-0.26465651392936707,
0.25982558727264404,
-0.36625054478645325,
0.034467436373233795,
-0.11975489556789398,
0.2044159471988678,
0.10115405172109604,
0.3382769227027893,
-0.19855906069278717,
-0.02717054821550846,
0.29480236768722534,
0.489289790391922,
-0.17765887081623077,
-0.6082512140274048,
0.1476895660161972,
0.04703037813305855,
0.6849429607391357,
-0.48026612401008606,
0.3570981025695801,
0.12019646167755127,
0.06919695436954498,
-0.5203158259391785,
-0.18451988697052002,
0.19170008599758148,
-0.5465027093887329,
0.20469191670417786,
0.038853079080581665,
-0.31031742691993713,
0.20769432187080383,
-0.35475510358810425,
0.040745340287685394,
0.09479869157075882,
-0.49453622102737427,
-0.7511212825775146,
-0.4343227446079254,
0.41967496275901794,
-0.21225294470787048,
0.3320775032043457,
-0.586787223815918,
-0.6556763648986816,
0.4906347393989563,
0.21427159011363983,
0.24413874745368958,
-0.38165923953056335,
0.05020979419350624,
0.09279149025678635,
-0.013933321461081505,
-0.056922949850559235,
0.569075345993042,
0.08263233304023743,
0.23032906651496887,
0.133156880736351,
-0.06098023056983948,
0.4256865978240967,
0.3994952440261841,
0.8709900975227356,
-0.3796041011810303,
-0.8400578498840332,
0.0077065154910087585,
0.4971334636211395,
0.20414118468761444,
-0.17213696241378784,
0.3091157376766205,
-0.31326067447662354,
0.18467596173286438,
-0.2968501150608063,
-1.0454143285751343,
-0.2514888048171997,
0.15646213293075562,
-0.027745159342885017,
-0.07191000878810883,
-0.16912823915481567,
0.5387579202651978,
-0.6193006038665771,
0.4828125834465027,
0.4816524088382721,
-0.15310509502887726,
0.7892393469810486,
-0.1499483734369278,
0.06960918754339218,
0.26471269130706787,
0.13406410813331604,
-0.22130970656871796,
0.12951143085956573,
0.8068203330039978,
-0.7594171762466431,
-0.5058888792991638,
-0.3805449903011322,
-0.053982459008693695,
-0.5451784133911133,
-0.21603600680828094,
-0.45320919156074524,
-0.7120353579521179,
-0.20664925873279572,
0.5690793991088867,
-0.08596209436655045,
0.46418455243110657,
0.44237571954727173,
-1.1262634992599487,
0.28478798270225525,
-0.2282686084508896,
-0.13324680924415588,
0.1314851939678192,
0.19188235700130463,
0.6221125721931458,
0.39503568410873413,
-0.01807571016252041,
0.08447381854057312,
0.14018294215202332,
-0.6027809977531433,
0.10776226967573166,
-0.14073339104652405,
1.1447150707244873,
-0.3572801947593689,
-0.29791349172592163,
-0.17135630548000336,
0.024775132536888123,
-0.3044998049736023,
-0.11025888472795486,
-0.5224266052246094,
0.44453945755958557,
0.19110678136348724,
0.32978639006614685,
0.008156112395226955,
-0.018724318593740463,
-0.22823023796081543,
-0.9296470284461975,
-0.09505483508110046,
0.01740771345794201,
-0.2760196030139923,
0.3105522394180298,
0.337969571352005,
-0.8380697965621948,
0.0261819027364254,
0.107591412961483,
0.15110108256340027,
-0.5109773278236389,
-0.17844995856285095,
-0.7471252679824829,
0.09110449254512787,
0.2694118022918701,
-0.19090883433818817,
-0.05948525294661522,
0.3980135917663574,
0.05918143317103386,
-0.395626038312912,
-0.019045069813728333,
-0.22333689033985138,
-0.3330437242984772,
0.6800507307052612,
0.012889974750578403,
-0.2841680943965912,
0.0026932084001600742,
-0.18722939491271973,
-0.3316635489463806,
-0.06818657368421555,
-0.6665956377983093,
0.12980327010154724,
0.3229604661464691,
-0.40230831503868103,
0.09545539319515228,
-0.2126319855451584,
-0.33791401982307434,
-0.1695975512266159,
-0.15966206789016724,
-0.2622690200805664,
0.41931256651878357,
0.10406096279621124,
0.12177000194787979,
0.1283757984638214,
-0.2638193666934967,
-0.48756858706474304,
-0.008926194161176682,
0.2819826304912567,
-0.13546444475650787,
-0.14710816740989685,
0.1563607156276703,
-0.12592461705207825,
-0.38335081934928894,
-0.39849650859832764,
-0.3910970985889435,
0.09076399356126785,
0.05884785205125809,
0.7860730886459351,
0.1515851616859436,
-0.307129442691803,
0.4656480848789215,
0.5468870401382446,
-0.6850101947784424,
-0.3121936619281769,
0.3028663694858551,
-0.048005521297454834,
0.20825715363025665,
0.14442171156406403,
0.1453334093093872,
0.09609869122505188,
0.2507353127002716,
-0.3913203179836273,
-0.1739293485879898,
0.5555602312088013,
0.6687242984771729,
0.11583291739225388,
-0.12454976886510849,
-0.8682158589363098,
0.767188310623169,
-0.29654422402381897,
-1.0216996669769287,
0.08317237347364426,
-0.6758661270141602,
0.06606747955083847,
0.012834588065743446,
0.723500669002533,
0.6531399488449097,
-0.3884536623954773,
0.08907383680343628,
-0.3522351086139679,
-0.10127527266740799,
0.37089037895202637,
-0.402910977602005,
-0.6175187230110168,
0.20372626185417175,
0.03625411167740822,
-0.06292647123336792,
0.020107483491301537,
0.5870267748832703,
0.3817823827266693,
0.3370184600353241,
-0.17890599370002747,
-0.18780776858329773,
-0.20770910382270813,
-0.236146479845047,
-0.5637033581733704,
0.0751085951924324,
0.24518099427223206,
-0.18750792741775513,
-0.5521388649940491,
0.017480393871665,
0.5951992869377136,
0.04030030593276024,
0.044096868485212326,
0.4444248080253601,
-0.08057237416505814,
0.47360849380493164,
0.05979761853814125,
-0.2696991264820099,
0.20632323622703552,
0.5119526982307434,
0.4695431590080261,
0.08314192295074463,
0.3422921895980835,
-0.2382856011390686,
-0.48691657185554504,
-0.2671861946582794,
-0.05570261925458908,
-0.5132983326911926,
0.13786794245243073,
-0.2052566409111023,
0.08115091174840927,
0.047198258340358734,
-0.5547665357589722,
-0.1082230657339096,
0.36491551995277405,
0.11298555880784988,
0.6112510561943054,
0.12621109187602997,
0.11089678108692169,
-0.19753408432006836,
0.03941449522972107,
0.45931240916252136,
0.5600661635398865,
0.8548200726509094,
0.17888642847537994,
0.2979792058467865,
-0.3934793472290039,
0.25916194915771484,
0.027699794620275497,
0.3307768404483795,
0.06914883106946945,
-0.5648934841156006,
-0.22387351095676422,
-0.3954506814479828,
0.03545905649662018,
-0.028448747470974922,
-0.2968118488788605,
0.441464900970459,
-0.4829544425010681,
0.6399188041687012,
0.29321035742759705,
0.3947067856788635,
0.04665381461381912,
-0.07976479828357697,
-0.14556752145290375,
0.4268268942832947,
0.4405979812145233,
0.6794045567512512,
0.27292829751968384,
-0.41988661885261536,
-0.0722108855843544,
0.10402423143386841,
-0.7828408479690552,
-0.037790242582559586,
0.11152081936597824,
0.14685049653053284,
-0.1856924593448639,
0.4058253765106201,
-0.4671533405780792,
0.7294033765792847,
0.027032826095819473,
0.49627408385276794,
0.009563841857016087,
-0.22326335310935974,
-0.3029104173183441,
0.19331520795822144,
0.4321630299091339,
0.07955752313137054,
0.0215684212744236,
0.4401755928993225,
-0.3635653555393219,
-0.3287782669067383,
-0.6035094261169434,
0.05949470028281212,
0.37695688009262085,
-0.6267529726028442,
0.7084493637084961,
-0.33089953660964966,
0.03235534951090813,
-0.2803731858730316,
0.4278048872947693,
-0.28804507851600647,
0.09096503257751465,
0.7598002552986145
] |
210265
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage%20Pail%20Kids
|
Garbage Pail Kids
|
Garbage Pail Kids is a series of sticker trading cards produced by the Topps Company, originally released in 1985 and designed to parody the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls, which were popular at the time.
Each sticker card features a Garbage Pail Kid character having some comical abnormality, deformity, and/or suffering a terrible painful fate/death with a humorous word play character name such as Adam Bomb or Blasted Billy. Two versions of each card were produced, with variations featuring the same artwork but a different character name, denoted by an "a" or "b" letter after the card number. The sticker fronts are die-cut so that just the character with its nameplate and the GPK logo can be peeled from the backing. Many of the card backs feature puzzle pieces that form giant murals, while other flip-side subjects vary greatly among the various series, from humorous licenses and awards to comic strips and, in more recent releases, humorous Facebook profiles.
15 original series (OS) of regular trading cards were released in the United States, with various sets released in other countries. Two large-format card editions were also released, as well as a set of fold-out posters. All-New Series (ANS) sets were introduced in 2003, Flashback re-releases began in 2010 and a Brand-New Series (BNS) was announced for 2012 with Brand New Series 2, Chrome S1, and BNS3 following in 2013. A new format was released in 2014 using the year to designate the edition, followed by the release name of Series 1, which had an Olympics-style format. In 2016, the format was changed again to themed sets that spoofed different pop culture topics.
History
The series was the brainchild of Topps consultant and Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Art Spiegelman, who came up with the product idea after the success of his earlier creations Garbage Can-dy and Wacky Packages. The concept originally began as an unreleased Wacky Packages sticker for a 1985 series, but the management at Topps thought it would be a good idea for a separate spin-off series. Spiegelman and fellow cartoonist Mark Newgarden worked together as the editors and art directors of the project, Len Brown was the manager and the first run of the cards was drawn exclusively by artist John Pound. They were first issued in 1985. Following the initial success of the cards, several additional artists and writers were brought in to contribute to the series, including Jay Lynch, Tom Bunk and James Warhola, among others.
In 2020, Topps licensed Garbage Pail Kids to GPK Nation. Created by Louis Uncle Louie Gregory and Adam F. Goldberg, the company created limited edition high end collectible coins and were award the coveted 2020 Licensee of the year award.
International versions
The cards were also known as Bukimi Kun [/Mr. Creepy] in Japan, The Garbage Gang in Australia and New Zealand, [The Garbage Gang] in Spain, Havurat Ha-Zevel [/The Garbage Gang] in Israel, [Trashlings] in Latin America, / [Trash Gang/Crazymania] in Brazil, [Snotlings] in Italy, [The Filthies] in France and Belgium and [The Totally Broken Kids] in Germany.
Variations
A smaller-sized card format was released in Australia and New Zealand. Each pack contained three stickers and the "peel here" arrow pointed to the top left area, since there was no die-cut scoring. Initially in New Zealand, a Series 6 of the Garbage Pail Kids was released as a market test (this version was a mix of the United States Series 6 and 7). After this success, Series 1 was released in Australia and New Zealand known as The Garbage Gang and was identical to the United States version (albeit smaller in size). The first series was released in Australia and New Zealand in 1989 with different versions: the Australian stickers were darker, had a different banner and some of the names were changed to reflect cultural differences. From Series 2 onward, the same version was released in Australia and New Zealand. Series 4 was the last release of The Garbage Gang.
Commercial success
The commercial success of the trading cards led to the production of a live-action movie, The Garbage Pail Kids Movie, in 1987. An animated television series was also created in 1987, but its initial scheduled broadcast in the U.S. was postponed due to parental complaints. The show did make a brief appearance on U.S. television years after it was originally intended to air and was also briefly aired in Europe. The movie was released on DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on July 12, 2005 (the original VHS had been distributed by Paramount) and the animated TV series was later also released on DVD by CBS Home Entertainment on April 4, 2006 (again with distribution by Paramount). A similar set of 160 trading cards, called The Sloppy Slobs, was released in Italy in 1993.
Controversies and lawsuit
School ban
During the height of the cards' popularity, Garbage Pail Kids were banned in many schools. One of the main reasons for the ban was that teachers cited them as distractions during class.
Mexico ban
Since 1988, any export and import of Garbage Pail Kids is banned on Mexico due to the approval of a reform to the Export and Import Law, banning all representations of minors "in a degrading or ridiculous manner, in attitudes of incitement to violence, self-destruction or in any other form of behavior antisocial", citing Garbage Pail Kids as an example.
Trademark infringement lawsuit
Topps was sued by the rightsholders of Cabbage Patch Kids, Original Appalachian Artworks, for trademark infringement. As part of the out-of-court settlement, Topps agreed to modify the appearance of the Garbage Pail Kids to remove the resemblance between the characters and to change the logo design. Production of the cards themselves continued, but by 1988 sales had dwindled and a planned Series 16 was never produced.
BTS Bruisers
In March 2021, Topps released a sticker card depicting a Whac-A-Mole game with members of K-pop group BTS being severely beaten with a Grammy award. After public backlash due to the card's perceived anti-Asian tone, the company apologized and withdrew the card.
All-New Series sets
In 2003, Topps reintroduced Garbage Pail Kids with all-new artwork, dubbed the All-New Series (ANS). ANS1 was entirely made up of artwork intended for release in the 1980s as Series 16, but 2004's ANS2 featured brand-new and original concepts. Unique numbers on the backs of silver foil and gold foil insert cards could be redeemed online at the official Garbage Pail Kids website, where visitors could build and "gross out" their own Garbage Pail Kids; as the number of unique code numbers applied to the character increased, the more gross it became. Less than six months later, ANS3 was released.
In 2005, Topps celebrated the 20th anniversary of the GPK franchise with special Sketch Card original art inserts for its ANS4 set. These were limited to one randomly inserted card per hobby-exclusive box (available only from specialty retailers) and featured original artwork by series regulars John Pound, Tom Bunk and Jay Lynch, as well as guest artists Strephon Taylor, John Czop, Don Perlin and Justin Green. Although a regular to the series with over 35 paintings, Luis Diaz was not involved in the sketch cards due to a previous financial dispute with Topps from years earlier.
In 2006, ANS5 was released with 40 more new kids (each with an a/b twin), followed by ANS6 in early 2007. January 2008 saw the release of ANS7 which expanded the base set to 55 new characters and was the last set to feature new artwork until 2010's Flashback Series 1 subset of six previously unpublished "lost" kids.
The ANS cards differ from the original series (OS) in a number of ways, the most obvious being the upgraded quality of the card stock with a glossy protective surface. The ANS releases also changed the card numbering format: OS cards used a continuous numbering pattern so that each new set would pick up where the last one ended (e.g. OS1 ended at #41a/b and OS2 picked up at #42a/b, while ANS reset the numbering back to #1a/b with each subsequent release). Each ANS also featured special chase cards randomly inserted in packs; for example, foil cards show characters from the original series (with modified artwork due to the lawsuit), Scratch 'n Stink cards, collectible card game cards, temporary tattoos, 3D pop-up cards, alphabet cards, activity cards, magnets, lenticular Loco Motion cards and die-cut jigsaw puzzle cards, along with special bonus cards available only at participating retailers in either "bonus boxes" or rack-packs; these bonus stickers were the first cards not to have a twin set.
Flashback re-releases
Topps released a 25th anniversary Flashback set on February 24, 2010, featuring reprints of characters from the original 1985–87 GPK series (eight each from OS1 to OS8) plus six previously unpublished "lost" characters and 10 Where Are They Now? cards, the latter showing classic GPKs drawn as they would have appeared if they had been released at that time. Packs contained randomly inserted chase cards, including lenticular Loco Motion cards, authentic printing plates, four levels of parallels and hand-drawn artist sketches by pop-culture artists, including Layron DeJarnette, Brent Engstrom, Dave Gross, Mark Pingitore, Joe Simko, Colin Walton, Neil Camera, Fred Wheaton, Jeff Zapata and veteran GPK artists Tom Bunk and Jay Lynch.
A second Flashback set was released on February 23, 2011, with 65 more OS reprints from Series 1 to 9 plus five more "lost" kids, 10 new Where Are They Now? cards, five 3D cards (resembling holograms but in full color), unique artist sketches and 10 Adam Mania cards showing variants of Adam Bomb's iconic mushroom cloud, plus parallels of the base and Adam Mania sets.
GPK Flashback Series 3 followed on November 2, 2011, with 65 OS reprints, four more "lost" kids, 10 new WATN? cards, five more 3D cards, 10 more Adam Mania cards, plus artist sketches and parallels.
Book
Topps and Abrams Books recently released a hardcover book that showcases the first five series. The cover depicts a pack from the very first series released back in 1985. Each card is displayed with the "a" name and the "b" name on the bottom corner of the page. It also included four new chase cards that were wrapped in cellophane and adhered to the inside back cover of the book, but were easily removable without running the risk of damaging the book.
Brand-New Series sets
In 2012, Topps announced it would reboot the Garbage Pail Kids franchise with new character and content themes more reminiscent of the original 1980s series in a set called Brand-New Series 1 (BNS1). The set was released on October 24, 2012. BNS1 features 55 new GPK characters, a reality TV subset, motion cards, mix 'n' match stickers, parallels, artist sketch cards and code cards redeemable for a chance to be painted as a GPK in the next BNS. BNS2 was released in March and features 55 new characters, 18 reimagined characters, lenticular cards, glow in the dark cards and folded cards. Unlike the All-New Series set and like the old series sets, the numbering of BNS continues where the previous series ended. They have now announced that there will be a BNS3 released in the middle of October, after the release of the Chrome edition in August.
Chrome Series sets
In October 2013, Topps re-released the original Series 1 as a metallic chromium card set containing all 41 kids, plus 14 previously unpublished "lost" kids.
On July 30, 2014, Topps re-released 1985's original Series 2 set, plus 13 returning characters from Series 2 characters that have been reimagined in previous Garbage Pail Kids sets also as a set of metallic chromium cards. Chrome Series cards are thicker than the original cards and are not stickers.
2014 Series 1
Topps released a series of all-new cards with brand-new artwork for 2014. Like the older cards, these have activities on the back of the cards, including checklists, puzzles and Fakebook profiles.
30th Anniversary Series
In July 2015, Topps released the 30th Anniversary Series with 110 a/b cards (220 cards total). The numbering differed from previous series in that, instead of ranging from #1–110a/b, it had several themed subsets, each of which started at #1 a/b with the subsets being checklist cards featuring variations of Adam Bomb (#1–2a/b), including Adam Bomb: Don't Push My Button, featuring classic GPK characters pressing Adam Bomb's button (#1–10a/b), Artistic Impression, featuring historical art as GPK characters (#1–10a/b), Artistic Interpretation, featuring characters drawn by guest artists (#1–5a/b), Comic Book Covers, featuring art from the comic books (#1–7a/b), Cutting Room Floor, featuring rejected concepts (#1–5a/b), Garbage Pail Kids' Kids, featuring the children of classic GPKs (#1–10a/b), Garbage Pail Pets, featuring animals as Garbage Pail Kids (#1–10a/b), Garbage Pail Presidents, featuring 10 former U.S. Presidents as Garbage Pail Kids (#1–10a/b), Lost Original Art, featuring the original paintings of classic GPKs which were never before published (#1–6a/b), Zoom Out, featuring zoomed-out GPKs showing what happened in the background (#1–10a/b) and '80s Spoofs, featuring parodies of things that were popular in the 1980s (#1–25a/b).
Yearly themed series
After the 30th Anniversary Series, Topps began using a new formula that structured each series with an overall theme divided into subsets focusing on particular topics. In January 2016, As American as Apple Pie In Your Face! put GPKs in situations that parodied American culture. A second 2016 series followed in April called Prime Slime Trashy TV with humorous takes on popular television shows. The first series for 2017 was January's Adam-geddon, which put the Garbage Pail Kids (including some classic kids) in perilous end-times scenarios. Topps announced that the second series for 2017 will arrive in October and be called Battle of the Bands, caricaturing popular music acts and album covers.
35th Anniversary Blockchain Series
In April 2020, Topps announced they will celebrate the 35th anniversary by bringing digital collectible Garbage Pail Kids cards to the Blockchain. Topps chose to partner with the WAX blockchain. The WAX blockchain uses the EOS.IO smart contract platform. On May 12, 2020, the Garbage Pail Kids card packs launched on the WAX blockchain and were sold out in 28 hours. Each card is certified authentic, unique and can never be altered. This is a limited edition series and only a finite number of cards will ever be created (110,000). The cards come in one of four rarities:
Base: Standard static cards featuring both the “A” and “B” names of all 41 characters from the original Series 1. Base cards are included in every pack.
Prism: Uncommon cards, these cards feature a prismatic sheen effect; “A” and “B” names of all 41 characters.
Sketch: Rare cards that feature an animated transition from original sketches to final art; “A” and “B” names of all 41 characters.
Collector’s Edition: Super rare cards with special animations; four characters available in “A” and “B” names.
The first buyers of Garbage Pail Kids card packs on WAX were automatically entered to win an Ultra-Rare Golden Card. Only 100 of these Golden Cards will ever be minted. Golden Cards come in the original 41 characters, each with an "A" name and a "B" name. The Garbage Pail Kids on the WAX card series feature the original 41 characters, each with an “A” name and a “B” name.
Collectors can trade their digital cards with others, showcase their inventory on social media and gift their cards to friends. Trades are instant and free on the WAX blockchain and every card's complete trading history and ownership records are stored on the WAX blockchain.
Movies
The Garbage Pail Kids Movie
On August 21, 1987, a live-action film based on the card characters was released. Its campy production made it both a critical and commercial flop, opening poorly in 374 theaters with initial receipts of $661,512 and total gross receipts of $1,576,615, barely making back its $1,000,000 budget. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 0% critic rating. The film is considered one of the worst films ever made. Topps featured advertisements for the movie on the original Series 9 and 10 box-topper poster and variant wrapper.
Cancelled remake
On March 12, 2012, it was announced that Michael Eisner's Tornante Company would be producing a new movie based on the Garbage Pail Kids, likely with computer-generated character imagery. Michael Vukadinovich was hired to write the screenplay for the film and PES has been hired to direct.
Television
In May 2021, it was announced that a new animated series is in the works at HBO Max, and would be co-produced by Topps, Tornante Company and Danny McBride and his production company Rough House Pictures.
See also
Wacky Packages
Hollywood Zombies
Madballs
The Trash Pack
Meanies
References
External links
Geepeekay
GPK World
GPK News
Wayne's GPK references
30 Years of Garbage
GPK Underground
1980s toys
Trading cards
Black comedy
Topps franchises
Mass media franchises introduced in 1985
1980s fads and trends
Obscenity controversies
Parodies of advertising
Comedy franchises
Splatterpunk
|
[
0.2772682309150696,
0.015220453031361103,
-0.038731567561626434,
0.6099220514297485,
-0.11054375022649765,
0.12322624772787094,
-0.17324642837047577,
1.0599828958511353,
-0.1492384821176529,
-0.01719723828136921,
0.034331243485212326,
-0.23388855159282684,
-0.45949065685272217,
0.16776198148727417,
-0.4834226667881012,
0.041156869381666183,
0.2134530395269394,
1.0353938341140747,
-0.6573532819747925,
-0.1675015538930893,
-0.22126950323581696,
-0.8670504689216614,
0.26243218779563904,
-0.43505436182022095,
0.009997256100177765,
0.47444474697113037,
0.44622552394866943,
-0.02017696388065815,
0.07286664843559265,
0.5463709831237793,
0.21950098872184753,
0.6197021007537842,
1.0731961727142334,
-0.6671303510665894,
-0.4674043655395508,
-0.16649796068668365,
-0.4347321391105652,
0.0577029325067997,
0.24030938744544983,
-0.7125110626220703,
0.42742928862571716,
0.21379539370536804,
-0.18626044690608978,
-0.31167176365852356,
-0.0835944339632988,
-0.3964616656303406,
-1.1943877935409546,
0.3431393504142761,
-0.8143953680992126,
-0.25996264815330505,
-0.26422616839408875,
0.9762859344482422,
-0.4661538302898407,
0.41076651215553284,
0.20052120089530945,
0.21732522547245026,
-0.11394809186458588,
-0.43442443013191223,
0.036350589245557785,
0.012135191820561886,
0.09809830784797668,
0.2550106644630432,
0.37295737862586975,
-0.03680460527539253,
0.18027791380882263,
0.2680816352367401,
-0.30826935172080994,
1.3609590530395508,
-0.10283906012773514,
-1.18038809299469,
0.2625012695789337,
-0.46707960963249207,
0.19297446310520172,
-0.18002858757972717,
0.5621368288993835,
0.053713586181402206,
0.47422337532043457,
0.09785805642604828,
0.0023434495087713003,
0.38344907760620117,
-0.36176246404647827,
0.3236415982246399,
1.0975522994995117,
0.22076933085918427,
0.37436529994010925,
0.16711558401584625,
0.03675709292292595,
0.42166000604629517,
-0.24440452456474304,
0.4100920855998993,
-0.11771727353334427,
-0.1756563037633896,
0.5249195098876953,
0.07714468985795975,
-0.13009445369243622,
-0.6922553181648254,
-0.614517092704773,
0.1478777527809143,
0.5199213027954102,
-0.14348378777503967,
0.07749011367559433,
0.4735310673713684,
0.5722736120223999,
0.09790093451738358,
-0.531134843826294,
-0.282292902469635,
0.6821182370185852,
-0.4114800989627838,
0.5139200687408447,
0.15566422045230865,
-0.014795827679336071,
0.31243619322776794,
0.10368914157152176,
0.2903030812740326,
0.3610977530479431,
0.44620412588119507,
0.32326048612594604,
-0.3708553910255432,
-0.7838843464851379,
0.2609722316265106,
-0.40418481826782227,
0.3127293288707733,
0.17156708240509033,
-0.21506616473197937,
0.5339997410774231,
0.551628828048706,
-0.04840662702918053,
0.6322645545005798,
-0.15175504982471466,
0.3489311635494232,
0.4668886363506317,
1.041980504989624,
0.13806498050689697,
-0.4693130552768707,
-0.198205828666687,
-0.3100162148475647,
0.3423737585544586,
0.22936034202575684,
0.20413455367088318,
-0.24652616679668427,
-0.5837685465812683,
0.28888139128685,
-0.3442996144294739,
-0.39660412073135376,
-0.0208438728004694,
-0.16830766201019287,
0.0021003959700465202,
-0.05422750115394592,
-0.2978236973285675,
-0.23198924958705902,
0.4480903148651123,
-0.9317601919174194,
0.19456546008586884,
-0.5672243237495422,
0.04570211097598076,
0.17677251994609833,
-0.11188910901546478,
0.07581068575382233,
-0.09252684563398361,
0.07005837559700012,
-0.1270870715379715,
0.0557943731546402,
-0.8806602954864502,
-0.07621616125106812,
-0.07873550802469254,
0.197546124458313,
0.04705920070409775,
0.14038240909576416,
0.39790666103363037,
0.5482553243637085,
-0.11098003387451172,
-0.03626248985528946,
0.22118347883224487,
0.1327042281627655,
0.5002011060714722,
-0.3784635066986084,
0.9346831440925598,
0.24683359265327454,
0.5819422006607056,
-0.11944340169429779,
-0.6144260168075562,
0.08491446822881699,
0.19117559492588043,
-0.04265931248664856,
0.08081525564193726,
0.0001816892036003992,
0.3518347442150116,
-0.33920818567276,
-0.25219208002090454,
-0.24939343333244324,
-1.0542519092559814,
-0.273822546005249,
0.6341913938522339,
-0.2734886407852173,
1.0017906427383423,
0.6681223511695862,
-0.9218018651008606,
0.3501422107219696,
0.3702312111854553,
0.445260226726532,
-0.3185810148715973,
0.23567132651805878,
0.8745452165603638,
-0.024863405153155327,
-0.6122871041297913,
0.13532805442810059,
-0.34485310316085815,
0.10954061895608902,
0.4366636276245117,
0.14187751710414886,
0.2528136372566223,
-0.5324954986572266,
0.20636694133281708,
0.27416226267814636,
-0.2708023190498352,
0.23982930183410645,
0.014648089185357094,
0.18563023209571838,
0.31356459856033325,
-0.626789927482605,
-0.0423034206032753,
-0.14164648950099945,
-0.4981023669242859,
-0.1713813841342926,
-0.1829582154750824,
1.1701250076293945,
0.06116446480154991,
-0.15423846244812012,
0.7418149709701538,
-0.5062105655670166,
0.04820147156715393,
0.4715975821018219,
0.1358320266008377,
-0.46461740136146545,
-0.49305757880210876,
-0.09019370377063751,
0.27781111001968384,
-0.6264694333076477,
0.19480837881565094,
0.4910781681537628,
-0.08469955623149872,
-0.04610748216509819,
-0.6249387264251709,
-0.3809986114501953,
0.13991975784301758,
-0.03781629726290703,
-0.729045569896698,
0.387234628200531,
0.2587607204914093,
-0.16517463326454163,
0.3872011601924896,
0.8932075500488281,
-0.45856165885925293,
-0.16395138204097748,
0.4596405327320099,
0.7340889573097229,
-0.5938042998313904,
0.004774696193635464,
0.6209922432899475,
0.08655530959367752,
-0.3496108651161194,
0.38018909096717834,
-0.22529888153076172,
0.3737676441669464,
-0.11414332687854767,
-0.9804525375366211,
-0.4482077956199646,
0.4239922761917114,
-0.3178597688674927,
0.14568975567817688,
0.4044620990753174,
-0.20656348764896393,
-0.5295608639717102,
0.14277617633342743,
0.14387445151805878,
-0.5151093006134033,
-0.09113622456789017,
0.36082544922828674,
-0.44362571835517883,
-1.2616183757781982,
-0.10931486636400223,
1.0400944948196411,
0.25307580828666687,
-0.4240361452102661,
0.09474726766347885,
-0.1306799203157425,
0.7345257997512817,
-0.3575041592121124,
-0.5019074082374573,
-0.6387069225311279,
0.18397866189479828,
0.45945945382118225,
-0.5672110319137573,
0.5246734023094177,
-0.11023197323083878,
0.5669457912445068,
-0.12824013829231262,
0.20925724506378174,
0.5675268769264221,
0.11340847611427307,
0.0562916025519371,
-0.040235504508018494,
-0.4676274359226227,
-0.11321540921926498,
-0.22143365442752838,
-0.1793987900018692,
-0.00005356920519261621,
-0.7208808064460754,
-5.413287162780762,
0.5773621797561646,
-0.29049912095069885,
0.10371433198451996,
0.4258130192756653,
0.6269522905349731,
0.6117540001869202,
-0.49323272705078125,
0.23776628077030182,
0.18917223811149597,
-0.25616568326950073,
-0.09272681176662445,
-0.0968170315027237,
-0.12012261152267456,
0.3495516777038574,
-0.20648185908794403,
0.8312441110610962,
-0.39233696460723877,
-0.13927042484283447,
-0.6287094354629517,
0.054372530430555344,
0.12765157222747803,
-0.11724432557821274,
0.5550530552864075,
0.03642692044377327,
1.215242624282837,
0.050683483481407166,
0.10124792158603668,
-0.37208589911460876,
0.011306645348668098,
0.04925784096121788,
-0.9329672455787659,
-0.08184265345335007,
-0.19263002276420593,
-0.8854365348815918,
-0.4423992931842804,
0.8617040514945984,
0.17472736537456512,
0.15739397704601288,
-0.547039270401001,
-0.3067014515399933,
0.20513150095939636,
-0.033187467604875565,
-0.4906505346298218,
0.5855197310447693,
-0.05700140818953514,
-0.2590632438659668,
-1.2191375494003296,
-0.2063048630952835,
0.4289243221282959,
0.9114328026771545,
-0.29473671317100525,
0.009678923524916172,
0.28609439730644226,
-0.004272562451660633,
-0.22982631623744965,
-0.2450636774301529,
0.25682657957077026,
-1.0526732206344604,
0.053049441426992416,
0.7476211190223694,
-0.19955739378929138,
-0.10331681370735168,
-0.2520231306552887,
-0.14348724484443665,
-0.1892833411693573,
-0.5847686529159546,
-0.3354863226413727,
0.36257404088974,
0.14518235623836517,
0.03863390535116196,
-0.08241254836320877,
-0.441660612821579,
-0.7503379583358765,
0.3896353840827942,
-0.04845007136464119,
0.07963138818740845,
0.21411727368831635,
-0.3334784507751465,
0.14132876694202423,
-0.09469615668058395,
-0.6377453804016113,
-0.2999817132949829,
0.2298995554447174,
-0.6398385167121887,
-0.6637532711029053,
-0.4909151792526245,
0.12026424705982208,
-0.36240801215171814,
0.19483448565006256,
0.9092708826065063,
0.21621905267238617,
-0.15108518302440643,
0.24013492465019226,
0.16437946259975433,
0.3600582778453827,
0.6820034980773926,
0.31528839468955994,
-0.4171110987663269,
0.17136797308921814,
0.10332348942756653,
-0.02670612372457981,
0.19536423683166504,
-0.8126924633979797,
-0.4462970793247223,
-0.17524930834770203,
-0.20027001202106476,
0.47416868805885315,
0.31537410616874695,
-0.0168530885130167,
-0.09551116079092026,
-0.048049695789813995,
-0.6525360345840454,
-0.46854570508003235,
0.20785196125507355,
0.0440688282251358,
0.5851956605911255,
0.3945702314376831,
0.3828183710575104,
-0.12722580134868622,
0.24892617762088776,
0.5045442581176758,
-0.33083468675613403,
-0.5005684494972229,
-0.3933596909046173,
-0.24615433812141418,
0.1696590930223465,
0.17685920000076294,
0.7006716728210449,
-0.31365153193473816,
-0.02733231522142887,
0.005115267354995012,
0.07723614573478699,
-0.2637934386730194,
0.15478400886058807,
-0.4234127104282379,
-0.842557430267334,
-0.8778351545333862,
-0.2633838951587677,
-0.08196771889925003,
-0.07871264964342117,
-0.4057755768299103,
0.2394942343235016,
-0.15231788158416748,
0.36990031599998474,
-0.028443701565265656,
0.04864620789885521,
-0.37297606468200684,
-0.14604027569293976,
0.2387820929288864,
-0.07605795562267303,
-0.20578570663928986,
0.2826353907585144,
-0.016625339165329933,
0.0059647392481565475,
0.37083980441093445,
0.061300016939640045,
0.19804666936397552,
0.09729275852441788,
-0.69931960105896,
0.5081614255905151,
-0.5998319387435913,
-1.1031471490859985,
0.28884461522102356,
-0.4335815906524658,
0.21011090278625488,
0.21639439463615417,
-0.937799334526062,
-0.27102425694465637,
0.5333051681518555,
0.19923220574855804,
0.06873924285173416,
-0.06253786385059357,
0.49234339594841003,
0.5165704488754272,
0.12258711457252502,
0.23194260895252228,
-0.7179643511772156,
0.03913794085383415,
-0.48881345987319946,
-0.7399417757987976,
-0.2822020649909973,
-0.7013143301010132,
-0.012717229314148426,
0.7894411087036133,
-0.4810628592967987,
-0.3536333441734314,
0.7100250124931335,
-0.6618908643722534,
-0.048858970403671265,
-0.025227781385183334,
0.06944961845874786,
0.4934181869029999,
0.40207913517951965,
-1.1042991876602173,
-0.313999742269516,
-0.15321718156337738,
0.797848105430603,
-0.483721524477005,
-0.5764387249946594,
-0.27461719512939453,
0.0875045657157898,
-0.12722806632518768,
-0.3333809971809387,
-0.05109367519617081,
-0.7667644619941711,
0.031110277399420738,
-0.29222971200942993,
-0.34647679328918457,
0.14802774786949158,
-0.19039411842823029,
0.020913321524858475,
-0.06044277176260948,
0.04500482603907585,
-0.2912377417087555,
-0.27390536665916443,
-0.35718482732772827,
-0.23382049798965454,
0.24663345515727997,
-0.2509567141532898,
-0.7012425661087036,
-0.036084480583667755,
-0.8407124280929565,
-0.06384662538766861,
-0.42725417017936707,
0.8567993640899658,
0.32884085178375244,
-1.2332141399383545,
0.3071161210536957,
-0.38095805048942566,
0.391640841960907,
-0.456198513507843,
0.03734252601861954,
0.48267272114753723,
0.033235739916563034,
0.8523433208465576,
0.33122026920318604,
0.4736119508743286,
-0.031493064016103745,
0.4837632179260254,
0.48080024123191833,
0.03854331746697426,
0.10213383287191391,
-0.5353343486785889,
0.3346409201622009,
0.06524531543254852,
0.18766243755817413,
-0.2155301421880722,
-0.6638392210006714,
0.4310826361179352,
-0.018301334232091904,
-0.1896962821483612,
-0.27933746576309204,
0.12009814381599426,
1.2451667785644531,
-0.7031489610671997,
-0.4913727939128876,
-0.220587819814682,
0.3412269353866577,
-0.013197007589042187,
-0.21851028501987457,
0.6847836375236511,
-0.48968347907066345,
0.6026213765144348,
0.3777674436569214,
0.3460441827774048,
0.28162649273872375,
-0.10826227068901062,
0.20130644738674164,
-0.24647530913352966,
0.21652038395404816,
0.29116091132164,
0.5349805355072021,
0.6723385453224182,
-0.27020078897476196,
-0.6112197041511536,
0.44010022282600403,
-0.8152648210525513,
-0.2264724224805832,
-0.13078689575195312,
-0.7975862622261047,
0.3125762641429901,
0.008857237175107002,
0.01743963174521923,
0.030643146485090256,
-0.5421626567840576,
-0.14892831444740295,
0.35527631640434265,
-0.18672795593738556,
0.26446324586868286,
-0.7437898516654968,
0.7569742798805237,
-0.48418232798576355,
-0.37101858854293823,
0.3802014887332916,
0.2658061981201172,
0.23862653970718384,
0.19165918231010437,
-0.18438217043876648,
-0.30679458379745483,
-0.8249884843826294,
0.2669273614883423,
0.25107142329216003,
-0.6884921193122864,
0.48660433292388916,
0.360138475894928,
0.04968761280179024,
0.40109989047050476,
-0.7078892588615417,
0.36866018176078796,
0.2257496565580368,
-0.8218066692352295,
-0.0739426463842392,
0.19258306920528412,
-0.27573737502098083,
-0.08975467085838318,
0.6854712963104248,
-0.7214112877845764,
-0.2732205092906952,
0.22562266886234283,
0.15004070103168488,
0.3491819202899933,
0.060003612190485,
0.3377356231212616,
-0.9228222370147705,
0.36202478408813477,
-0.2552819848060608,
-0.1091168150305748,
1.0107789039611816,
-0.08369668573141098,
0.2438662201166153,
-0.057566311210393906,
-0.14960522949695587,
0.02558864653110504,
0.08976111561059952,
-0.28565505146980286,
-0.3536379933357239,
-0.4438348710536957,
0.1196727454662323,
0.8271101713180542,
-0.3115880787372589,
0.18082264065742493,
0.08640581369400024,
-0.4353741705417633,
-0.13908840715885162,
0.32074275612831116,
0.41438356041908264,
-0.509981095790863,
1.173205018043518,
0.19660556316375732,
-0.18830178678035736,
-0.054583098739385605,
-0.41676822304725647,
-0.34617680311203003,
0.625193178653717,
-0.6290469765663147,
-0.254481703042984,
-0.1660919040441513,
-0.2430543750524521,
0.07180913537740707,
-0.02834356762468815,
0.6215631365776062,
-0.020534362643957138,
-0.1232171580195427,
0.12026101350784302,
0.3644557595252991,
-0.07546645402908325,
-0.10109008103609085,
0.15758013725280762,
0.33395516872406006,
0.3365350067615509,
0.04296300187706947,
-0.18470871448516846,
0.90119868516922,
-0.22808654606342316,
0.5132760405540466,
0.45307907462120056,
0.811444878578186,
0.10789215564727783,
0.4698760509490967,
-0.2630988657474518,
-0.13088606297969818,
-0.3648616373538971,
-0.03871791064739227,
0.8273734450340271,
0.09919410943984985,
0.22152414917945862,
0.06093518063426018,
0.3234485983848572,
-0.25527864694595337,
-0.2276332974433899,
-0.8971801400184631,
-0.7233253717422485,
0.30492520332336426,
0.19803424179553986,
-0.007037991192191839,
-0.2644282281398773,
0.9492557048797607,
-0.4323112368583679,
0.16925811767578125,
0.10134118050336838,
-0.3058914244174957,
0.24296218156814575,
0.33435317873954773,
-0.6399452090263367,
0.5456122756004333,
-0.3972441256046295,
-0.2973874807357788,
-0.48533180356025696,
0.7752023339271545,
0.3383995592594147,
0.5360562801361084,
0.08383369445800781,
-0.30943432450294495,
-0.6450717449188232,
-0.7539920210838318,
0.4725249707698822,
-0.3068811893463135,
-0.3717259168624878,
-0.2943359911441803,
0.11189348250627518,
-0.5716275572776794,
-0.006747084204107523,
0.6324793696403503,
-0.23433345556259155,
-0.18339291214942932,
0.3033149242401123,
-0.30538928508758545,
-0.4972095191478729,
0.2953917682170868,
-0.1798311173915863,
0.05617337301373482,
-0.2626834213733673,
-0.1801607608795166,
-0.08321265876293182,
0.26908040046691895,
0.448917031288147,
0.27664175629615784,
0.7661211490631104,
-0.3417004942893982,
0.6201027631759644,
-0.5273802876472473,
0.0847189798951149,
-0.12465053796768188,
-0.05563254654407501,
0.4137832522392273,
0.5591093301773071,
0.2742162346839905,
-0.501112163066864,
0.5037180781364441,
-0.602342426776886,
0.24857451021671295,
-0.1858735978603363,
-0.29031768441200256,
-0.08108740299940109,
0.0002837963111232966,
-0.09654470533132553,
0.09075243771076202,
-0.1647835075855255,
0.08134036511182785
] |
210267
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda%20100%20mm%20Model%2016/19
|
Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19
|
The Škoda 100 mm Model 16/19 (100 mm M.16/19) was a mountain howitzer modified by Škoda Works from the design of the M.16, and its most notable difference was the longer barrel. It is unclear if they were newly built, or rebuilt from older howitzers. The Czechoslovak Army used this gun in both its 100 mm and 105 mm variants. After 1938, the guns were used by the Wehrmacht as 10 cm GebH 16/19(t) and 10.5 cm GebH(t). In addition, some of these guns were also used by Italy and Turkey, although this needs confirmation. The gun broke down into 3 loads for transport. The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.
Notes
References
Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York: Arco, 1975
Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939–1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979
Hogg, Ian Twentieth-Century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Nobles, 2000
Mountain artillery
World War II mountain artillery
Artillery of Czechoslovakia
100 mm artillery
|
[
-0.2377239465713501,
0.4459807872772217,
-0.33702945709228516,
-0.1972697675228119,
-0.6336550712585449,
0.5498215556144714,
1.2184126377105713,
0.25971147418022156,
-0.7567694187164307,
0.02272142842411995,
-0.01807444728910923,
0.20432589948177338,
0.06541146337985992,
0.34996306896209717,
0.34105029702186584,
0.36691686511039734,
-0.12190557271242142,
0.9608774781227112,
0.11740893125534058,
0.21485361456871033,
0.35743215680122375,
-0.12613719701766968,
0.999733030796051,
-0.1310419738292694,
-1.0388203859329224,
-0.5938789248466492,
1.1781162023544312,
0.5849184989929199,
0.2866491377353668,
-0.2018287479877472,
-0.3581019937992096,
1.0382319688796997,
-0.23519061505794525,
0.05744391679763794,
0.6814387440681458,
0.0502241849899292,
0.6558420658111572,
0.1767456978559494,
0.788612961769104,
-0.15270763635635376,
-0.3641999661922455,
0.21324965357780457,
0.28101804852485657,
0.03247380629181862,
0.6215994954109192,
-1.1158708333969116,
-1.9701725244522095,
-0.2463223934173584,
-0.14929206669330597,
-0.14050523936748505,
0.004611748270690441,
0.3123285472393036,
0.774249792098999,
0.5538640022277832,
0.08021263033151627,
0.9230531454086304,
-0.41985151171684265,
-0.17096368968486786,
0.8309845924377441,
0.8748575448989868,
0.2260836958885193,
0.12714332342147827,
0.4414606988430023,
-0.04461211338639259,
0.22130487859249115,
0.5801324248313904,
-0.9427290558815002,
0.7440494894981384,
0.005113552324473858,
0.400875061750412,
-0.9460324048995972,
-0.19323207437992096,
1.079170823097229,
0.004097025841474533,
0.3042471706867218,
-0.41408851742744446,
-0.3827150762081146,
-0.6690044403076172,
-0.22801977396011353,
-0.471243292093277,
-0.15809625387191772,
0.12789659202098846,
0.6317018866539001,
0.1371249258518219,
0.8940654397010803,
0.6043468713760376,
-0.7414968609809875,
-0.6267073750495911,
-0.2093791663646698,
0.864948570728302,
-0.5650110244750977,
-0.5050503611564636,
0.3704012930393219,
0.9204578399658203,
-0.40206605195999146,
0.3063260614871979,
-1.2604920864105225,
0.6631395816802979,
-0.230085089802742,
0.7172577381134033,
0.6138526201248169,
1.1170966625213623,
0.23477524518966675,
-0.06926234066486359,
-0.8121756911277771,
-0.24702292680740356,
-0.6105438470840454,
-1.1292144060134888,
-0.29612889885902405,
-0.7610809803009033,
-0.4167548418045044,
-0.11173360794782639,
-0.308867871761322,
-0.5368515253067017,
-0.44022879004478455,
0.05457393452525139,
0.4237433969974518,
-0.6444505453109741,
0.48128658533096313,
0.563447892665863,
0.23516316711902618,
0.5249301791191101,
-0.9953991770744324,
0.5129122138023376,
-0.03689461573958397,
0.7373989820480347,
0.573672890663147,
0.5363094806671143,
0.6459853053092957,
0.6254023313522339,
0.7432606220245361,
1.4219990968704224,
-0.30835047364234924,
-0.3208828270435333,
-0.18574607372283936,
0.31549057364463806,
0.92369145154953,
0.20887382328510284,
-0.045710086822509766,
-0.03895716369152069,
-1.0467877388000488,
-0.5959563851356506,
-1.9376249313354492,
-0.20490440726280212,
0.729561448097229,
0.5853058099746704,
-0.39082247018814087,
-0.07550325244665146,
-0.0618385449051857,
-0.3980397880077362,
0.27045929431915283,
-1.2715520858764648,
0.554497480392456,
-0.04324868321418762,
-0.46983054280281067,
0.5587911605834961,
-0.1746591329574585,
-0.3439445495605469,
0.4727087914943695,
0.510805070400238,
0.3615955114364624,
0.10124219954013824,
-0.4504520297050476,
0.36552852392196655,
-0.5389788746833801,
-0.10946667194366455,
0.6207833290100098,
-0.37488967180252075,
0.22076599299907684,
0.05309213325381279,
-0.33343929052352905,
0.20791126787662506,
0.43458226323127747,
-0.8958228230476379,
0.2595820128917694,
0.050532836467027664,
0.38061779737472534,
0.7440192699432373,
0.6158691048622131,
-0.6274494528770447,
-0.7366592288017273,
0.12116646766662598,
0.3059772849082947,
0.9402397274971008,
0.5797101259231567,
0.6380007266998291,
0.8268120884895325,
-0.07265466451644897,
-0.45548152923583984,
-0.3928476572036743,
-0.7733277678489685,
-0.5355318188667297,
0.4720878303050995,
-0.038960833102464676,
1.1356325149536133,
-0.706231415271759,
-0.5638920664787292,
-0.397591769695282,
0.1786535233259201,
1.513596773147583,
-0.047486525028944016,
-0.2709798216819763,
-0.11784518510103226,
0.37612369656562805,
-0.9334127306938171,
1.4467058181762695,
-0.5468811988830566,
-0.36967554688453674,
0.510948896408081,
1.2563422918319702,
0.17121271789073944,
-0.920343816280365,
-0.08065056800842285,
-0.30257388949394226,
-0.7332800626754761,
-0.19064682722091675,
-0.5426263213157654,
0.3791409432888031,
-0.5492905378341675,
0.09375710040330887,
0.8128970861434937,
-0.1525689959526062,
-0.6353563070297241,
0.49382689595222473,
-0.3201330900192261,
-0.2881382703781128,
-0.005719962529838085,
1.2458295822143555,
-0.9004749655723572,
-1.5449854135513306,
0.8172157406806946,
-0.16400140523910522,
-0.2734215259552002,
0.27409058809280396,
-1.02125883102417,
0.2875060737133026,
-0.6243932843208313,
-0.4163936376571655,
0.13269871473312378,
-0.046075042337179184,
0.3113696575164795,
1.0754759311676025,
-0.7817484140396118,
0.06588924676179886,
-0.5902923345565796,
0.4725452661514282,
0.23814766108989716,
0.5057514905929565,
0.3598329722881317,
-0.600985586643219,
0.40705642104148865,
0.5541484355926514,
0.2962659001350403,
-0.8939002752304077,
-0.594843327999115,
-0.46302422881126404,
0.4541829526424408,
-0.22959208488464355,
-0.24947589635849,
0.06293387711048126,
0.05333835259079933,
-0.05570945516228676,
0.9057167172431946,
-0.42721205949783325,
-0.20702041685581207,
-1.2515937089920044,
-0.5467369556427002,
-0.07430563122034073,
-0.4153749644756317,
0.0003115312720183283,
-0.0636005699634552,
-0.40152785181999207,
-0.030890896916389465,
-1.7811964750289917,
0.31139570474624634,
-0.011240784078836441,
-0.3943561911582947,
0.24175478518009186,
-1.679312825202942,
0.2801121473312378,
0.2184440791606903,
0.9789316654205322,
0.16508840024471283,
-0.1510959267616272,
-0.7162125110626221,
1.0013960599899292,
0.3126356899738312,
0.45518773794174194,
0.12357772141695023,
-0.5685974955558777,
-0.20231671631336212,
-0.10550358146429062,
-0.5512958765029907,
0.3845505714416504,
-0.4741785228252411,
0.12371749430894852,
-0.12127599865198135,
-0.0837402418255806,
0.6997548341751099,
0.1324199140071869,
-1.076918363571167,
0.06740597635507584,
-0.9981107711791992,
-0.8613907694816589,
-0.48148006200790405,
-0.13416223227977753,
-0.30377835035324097,
0.3978930115699768,
-1.9857672452926636,
0.12153126299381256,
-1.0323703289031982,
-0.34461018443107605,
-0.06129381060600281,
-0.05757240206003189,
0.7989891767501831,
-0.029468877241015434,
-1.19586181640625,
0.2105645388364792,
0.7362455129623413,
-0.5055230855941772,
-0.19653616845607758,
0.7464909553527832,
0.6990516185760498,
0.834100067615509,
0.671855628490448,
-0.5641390085220337,
0.7019035220146179,
-0.28720831871032715,
-0.4242595136165619,
-0.003952131140977144,
-0.6601308584213257,
-0.3860940933227539,
1.17311692237854,
0.6315699219703674,
0.45917394757270813,
-0.006738936062902212,
-0.7175859808921814,
0.269999235868454,
-0.46729767322540283,
-0.4475433826446533,
-0.22652922570705414,
-0.20466630160808563,
-0.3288640081882477,
-0.16920441389083862,
0.852465033531189,
0.6401486992835999,
0.976745069026947,
-0.18686197698116302,
-0.09367331117391586,
0.5626949667930603,
0.2807767987251282,
0.569027841091156,
0.4717092216014862,
0.36133426427841187,
-0.5727107524871826,
-0.1271912306547165,
-0.19727985560894012,
1.0416847467422485,
-0.28868746757507324,
-0.7466530799865723,
0.6543854475021362,
0.4252803325653076,
0.06346482783555984,
-0.9048355221748352,
0.6470744609832764,
-0.6424958109855652,
-0.19156017899513245,
-0.12034714967012405,
0.5708497166633606,
-0.4731179475784302,
-0.4355790615081787,
-0.1883905529975891,
0.023882785812020302,
-0.8310521841049194,
-0.2981860041618347,
-0.2577442526817322,
0.26293614506721497,
0.34163782000541687,
-0.6256871819496155,
1.4281553030014038,
-0.6637204885482788,
-0.6108953356742859,
0.44314104318618774,
0.044233787804841995,
-0.08829369395971298,
-0.3215790390968323,
-0.14017564058303833,
0.4271809160709381,
0.05135054886341095,
-0.2675565481185913,
-1.3533904552459717,
1.1117842197418213,
0.10574501752853394,
-0.4460616409778595,
0.11338026076555252,
-0.150575190782547,
-0.6439272165298462,
-0.3199717700481415,
0.2853739261627197,
-0.30007466673851013,
0.3564588129520416,
0.27746230363845825,
-1.0168284177780151,
-0.6198546290397644,
0.28937408328056335,
-0.6726970076560974,
-0.11117883771657944,
-1.0460234880447388,
0.1774926781654358,
-0.3400050103664398,
-0.138236865401268,
-0.34252282977104187,
-0.9349345564842224,
-0.1907181590795517,
-0.38863712549209595,
0.5272490978240967,
-0.0815688893198967,
0.4516642093658447,
-0.20852608978748322,
-0.2322358787059784,
-0.13038115203380585,
0.10437291860580444,
1.136579990386963,
-0.6395968794822693,
-0.06861196458339691,
0.9423507452011108,
0.03194887563586235,
0.4830605387687683,
0.3469761610031128,
0.47931647300720215,
-0.4861627519130707,
-1.4087063074111938,
-0.3890318274497986,
-0.03396172076463699,
0.24583923816680908,
-0.20738232135772705,
-0.8318408131599426,
-0.12001983076334,
-0.574566662311554,
0.15416795015335083,
-0.059409257024526596,
-0.02041042596101761,
-0.4419231116771698,
-0.6191309094429016,
-0.5728402733802795,
0.6456729769706726,
0.5846269130706787,
-0.24827522039413452,
-0.04522613435983658,
0.4013315737247467,
-0.5410064458847046,
0.06386025995016098,
0.7364981174468994,
0.4413972795009613,
1.1405686140060425,
-0.513134777545929,
-1.0799118280410767,
0.9017834663391113,
-0.9465221762657166,
-1.5064998865127563,
0.5018479228019714,
-0.8682749271392822,
0.07738180458545685,
-0.0032468519639223814,
0.15365615487098694,
0.33024778962135315,
0.2189171314239502,
-0.8872536420822144,
-0.30293911695480347,
0.37119266390800476,
-0.7399793267250061,
0.42144444584846497,
0.5252246260643005,
-0.7432346343994141,
0.09812325984239578,
-0.7466084361076355,
-0.7412373423576355,
1.126855731010437,
0.010951768606901169,
-0.49494361877441406,
-0.759723961353302,
-0.2799623906612396,
0.6270033121109009,
-0.11035846918821335,
-0.23350824415683746,
-0.12350556999444962,
-0.3874662220478058,
-0.346505731344223,
-0.9897012114524841,
0.12031407654285431,
-0.8498824238777161,
0.34333956241607666,
0.0884021446108818,
-0.6613231301307678,
-0.5599619746208191,
-0.2350204735994339,
-0.40909287333488464,
-0.4189789295196533,
-0.16406936943531036,
0.46593019366264343,
0.7950249314308167,
0.15453515946865082,
-1.1281006336212158,
-0.7688179016113281,
0.06519994884729385,
0.46173420548439026,
0.20538924634456635,
-0.7092124223709106,
0.881799578666687,
0.8918123841285706,
-0.32336515188217163,
0.6419389247894287,
0.3919103145599365,
-0.5904902219772339,
1.3556188344955444,
0.8934712409973145,
-1.124324917793274,
0.8653274178504944,
-0.05991092324256897,
-0.837837815284729,
-0.16429674625396729,
0.5796675086021423,
-0.6455244421958923,
0.07197318226099014,
1.1198558807373047,
0.28361958265304565,
-0.9765664339065552,
-0.6317875385284424,
-0.49400585889816284,
-0.5436906814575195,
-0.4507848620414734,
-0.6202608942985535,
-1.7976652383804321,
0.1812668740749359,
-0.032306596636772156,
-0.05002901703119278,
0.6012163162231445,
-0.5045883059501648,
0.11931435763835907,
0.09646426886320114,
0.4886370301246643,
-0.165549635887146,
-0.12174298614263535,
0.7485566735267639,
-0.8446348905563354,
0.04160122200846672,
0.02638622559607029,
0.7463953495025635,
0.5434088706970215,
0.8650267124176025,
0.11155884712934494,
-0.2148747444152832,
-0.6878361701965332,
-0.12484817206859589,
0.4635186493396759,
-0.581771194934845,
-0.466065376996994,
0.05961030721664429,
0.08373308926820755,
-0.41745731234550476,
-1.0286588668823242,
-0.8112792372703552,
1.024787187576294,
-0.09856364130973816,
-0.4898484945297241,
0.3512815237045288,
-0.08294408023357391,
0.4245220124721527,
-0.05925442650914192,
0.7600513696670532,
-0.33288219571113586,
0.9264750480651855,
0.8675509691238403,
0.9852722883224487,
0.6066102981567383,
0.005651666317135096,
0.512957751750946,
0.17022715508937836,
-0.5586682558059692,
0.023775596171617508,
-0.16169936954975128,
-0.25090986490249634,
-0.3240104019641876,
0.046077702194452286,
0.029479334130883217,
-0.9269360303878784,
0.20384202897548676,
-0.31657713651657104,
0.42924752831459045,
0.514153778553009,
0.9057554006576538,
-0.4501001238822937,
-0.14393924176692963,
-0.4597266614437103,
-0.6573262214660645,
0.14839814603328705,
-0.6602705717086792,
0.2554363012313843,
-0.12667156755924225,
-0.5945373177528381,
-0.39129501581192017,
0.7001671195030212,
0.5096530914306641,
0.9718961715698242,
-0.9106746912002563,
-0.5556475520133972,
-0.2863317131996155,
0.8592134118080139,
-0.8749613165855408,
0.7956202626228333,
0.20550237596035004,
0.17217674851417542,
0.6381165981292725,
0.2749115228652954,
-0.03482039272785187,
-0.5224525332450867,
-0.008965004235506058,
0.21868884563446045,
-0.32382234930992126,
-0.03503335639834404,
0.21087084710597992,
1.0165163278579712,
-0.6185644865036011,
0.24218136072158813,
0.6629736423492432,
-0.10284915566444397,
-0.7287937998771667,
-0.39279359579086304,
-0.09346438944339752,
-0.2160709947347641,
0.7146801948547363,
0.1573624312877655,
-0.43413078784942627,
0.997955322265625,
-0.5087331533432007,
-0.34858205914497375,
1.0843896865844727,
0.3337334096431732,
0.2723017930984497,
0.03922862559556961,
-1.3542718887329102,
1.4032987356185913,
-0.14294826984405518,
0.47223591804504395,
0.1677880436182022,
-0.5612581968307495,
0.1691349595785141,
0.41687333583831787,
0.24681289494037628,
0.6603152751922607,
-0.24918699264526367,
-0.8954147100448608,
-0.501383364200592,
0.6925613284111023,
-0.11310085654258728,
0.4574981927871704,
1.0334727764129639,
-0.23031549155712128,
0.28863731026649475,
0.3795497417449951,
0.7396965622901917,
0.47331753373146057,
-0.06542973965406418,
0.004353955388069153,
0.22075048089027405,
-0.1555231511592865,
-0.6117236018180847,
-0.6924954652786255,
-0.36611366271972656,
-0.17198719084262848,
0.6343579888343811,
-0.5379294753074646,
-0.16522520780563354,
-0.41602641344070435,
-0.07772720605134964,
-0.12221107631921768,
-0.030792780220508575,
0.38730987906455994,
0.35488760471343994,
0.05852128565311432,
0.9954755902290344,
0.0863809809088707,
1.1911323070526123,
0.44404730200767517,
0.4223502576351166,
-0.21832989156246185,
-0.06806985288858414,
-0.08090238273143768,
-0.6334996819496155,
0.9768587350845337,
-0.10692871361970901,
-1.1853564977645874,
0.14323845505714417,
-0.020728932693600655,
-0.16762012243270874,
0.2092086672782898,
1.2102175951004028,
-0.6454706192016602,
-0.10770918428897858,
-0.06767404079437256,
-0.10141752660274506,
0.011959189549088478,
-1.0737050771713257,
-0.30903536081314087,
-0.22460828721523285,
-0.07085312902927399,
-0.16520044207572937,
0.1813899725675583,
-0.15482021868228912,
0.5605640411376953,
-0.11351781338453293,
0.8376502990722656,
0.11768088489770889,
0.5219815373420715,
-0.7583611011505127,
1.1409257650375366,
-0.02728455513715744,
0.32743245363235474,
-0.4850390553474426,
-0.23252364993095398,
0.3107107877731323,
1.0031588077545166,
-0.23860816657543182,
0.029663661494851112,
0.6050823926925659,
-0.9527419209480286,
-0.707431435585022,
-0.5188631415367126,
0.060682106763124466,
-0.7403316497802734,
0.23802044987678528,
0.11864054948091507,
-0.11882399022579193,
-0.5680102109909058,
0.4263286590576172,
-0.26469165086746216,
0.05925364047288895,
0.29882997274398804,
-0.22968535125255585,
1.160323977470398,
0.061672456562519073,
-0.5593166351318359,
-0.6166993379592896,
0.669509768486023,
0.620661735534668,
1.6092100143432617,
0.6969855427742004,
-0.517642080783844,
-0.06947305053472519,
-0.8049693703651428,
0.7436839938163757,
0.5332380533218384,
-2.975276231765747,
-0.7251392602920532,
-0.9207482933998108,
-0.5783709287643433,
-0.0037742957938462496,
0.05646577477455139,
0.20701755583286285,
-0.3078743517398834,
0.4983355402946472,
-0.8378838896751404,
0.07265464961528778,
0.8260663151741028,
0.18970251083374023,
-0.7682963609695435,
-0.164644256234169,
-0.5972617864608765
] |
210269
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral%20disc
|
Intervertebral disc
|
An intervertebral disc (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together, and to function as a shock absorber for the spine.
Structure
Intervertebral discs consist of an outer fibrous ring, the anulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis, which surrounds an inner gel-like center, the nucleus pulposus. The anulus fibrosus consists of several layers (laminae) of fibrocartilage made up of both type I and type II collagen. Type I is concentrated toward the edge of the ring, where it provides greater strength. The stiff laminae can withstand compressive forces. The fibrous intervertebral disc contains the nucleus pulposus and this helps to distribute pressure evenly across the disc. This prevents the development of stress concentrations which could cause damage to the underlying vertebrae or to their endplates. The nucleus pulposus contains loose fibers suspended in a mucoprotein gel. The nucleus of the disc acts as a shock absorber, absorbing the impact of the body's activities and keeping the two vertebrae separated. It is the remnant of the notochord.
There is one disc between each pair of vertebrae, except for the first cervical segment, the atlas. The atlas is a ring around the roughly cone-shaped extension of the axis (second cervical segment). The axis acts as a post around which the atlas can rotate, allowing the neck to swivel. There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the neck (cervical) region, 12 in the middle back (thoracic) region, and 5 in the lower back (lumbar) region Discs are named by the vertebral body above and below. For example, the disc between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae is designated "C5-6".
Development
During development and at birth, vertebral discs have some vascular supply to the cartilage endplates and the anulus fibrosus. These quickly deteriorate leaving almost no direct blood supply in healthy adults.
Intervertebral disc space
The intervertebral disc space is typically defined on an X-ray photograph as the space between adjacent vertebrae. In healthy patients, this corresponds to the size of the intervertebral disc. The size of the space can be altered in pathological conditions such as discitis (infection of the intervertebral disc).
Function
The intervertebral disc functions to separate the vertebrae from each other and provides the surface for the shock-absorbing gel of the nucleus pulposus. The nucleus pulposus of the disc functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each intervertebral disc under compressive loads. The nucleus pulposus consists of large vacuolated notochord cells, small chondrocyte-like cells, collagen fibrils, and aggrecan, a proteoglycan that aggregates by binding to hyaluronan. Attached to each aggrecan molecule are glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate. Increasing the amount of negatively charged aggrecan increases oncotic pressure, resulting in a shift of extracellular fluid from the outside to the inside of the nucleus pulposus. The amount of glycosaminoglycans (and hence water) decreases with age and degeneration.
Clinical significance
Anything arising from the intervertebral disc may be termed discogenic in particular when referring to associated pain as discogenic pain.
Herniation
A spinal disc herniation, commonly referred to as a slipped disc, can happen when unbalanced mechanical pressures substantially deform the anulus fibrosus, allowing part of the nucleus to obtrude. These events can occur during peak physical performance, during traumas, or as a result of chronic deterioration, typically accompanied with poor posture and has been associated with a Propionbacterium acnes infection. Both the deformed anulus and the gel-like material of the nucleus pulposus can be forced laterally or posteriorly, distorting local muscle function and putting pressure on the nearby nerve. This can give the symptoms typical of nerve root entrapment. These symptoms can vary between paresthesia, numbness, chronic and/or acute pain, either locally or along the dermatome served by the entrapped nerve, loss of muscle tone and decreased homeostatic performance . The disc is not physically slipped; it bulges, usually in just one direction. Risk of Cauda Equina.
Another kind of herniation, of the nucleus pulposus, can also happen as a result of the formation of Schmorl's nodes on the intervertebral disc. This is referred to as vertical disc herniation.
Degeneration
Before age 40, approximately 25% of people show evidence of disc degeneration at one or more levels. Beyond age 40, more than 60% of people show evidence of disc degeneration at one or more levels on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These degenerative changes are a normal part of the ageing process and do not correlate to pain.
One effect of aging and disc degeneration is that the nucleus pulposus begins to dehydrate and the concentration of proteoglycans in the matrix decreases, thus limiting the ability of the disc to absorb shock. This general shrinking of disc size is partially responsible for the common decrease in height as humans age. The anulus fibrosus also becomes weaker with age and has an increased risk of tearing. In addition, the cartilage endplates begin thinning, fissures begin to form, and there is sclerosis of the subchondral bone. Since the fissures are formed in the anulus fibrosus due to osteo-arthritic bones or degeneration in general, the inner nucleus pulposus can seep out and put pressure on any number of vertebral nerves. A herniated disc can cause mild to severe pain such as sciatica and treatment for herniated discs range from physical therapy to surgery. Other degeneration of the vertebral column includes diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) which is the calcification or ossification of the ligaments surrounding the vertebrae. This degeneration causes stiffness and sometimes even curvature in the lumbar and thoraco-lumbar spinal region.
Burgeoning evidence suggests that long-term running may mitigate age-related degeneration within lumbar intervertebral discs
Scoliosis
While this may not cause pain in some people, in others it may cause chronic pain. Other spinal disorders can affect the morphology of intervertebral discs. For example, patients with scoliosis commonly have calcium deposits (ectopic calcification) in the cartilage endplate and sometimes in the disc itself.
Herniated discs are also found to have a higher degree of cellular senescence than non-herniated discs. In addition to scoliosis, which is the lateral 'S' curvature of the spine, the fused vertebrae can also experience other abnormalities such as kyphosis (hunchback) which shows in old age, or lordosis (swayback), which is often present in pregnancy and obesity.
Etymology
The Latin word anulus means "little ring"; it is the diminutive of anus ("ring"). The misspelling annulus is also common.
Additional images
See also
Back pain
Degenerative disc disease
Spinal decompression
Lumbar spinal stenosis
References
External links
Intervertebral Discs
Spinal Disc Summary
|title=Backache: From Occiput to Coccyx
Skeletal system
Soft tissue
Back anatomy
Bones of the vertebral column
|
[
0.16422607004642487,
0.25034645199775696,
0.2038838118314743,
0.38360729813575745,
-0.4695778489112854,
0.2972314953804016,
0.34400463104248047,
0.5037862062454224,
-0.16569460928440094,
-0.7737956047058105,
0.04148562625050545,
0.5130730867385864,
-0.052216339856386185,
-0.2141503542661667,
-0.07653398811817169,
0.5584791898727417,
0.3449326157569885,
0.3815891444683075,
-0.26424655318260193,
-0.46382367610931396,
0.3457152545452118,
-0.22229328751564026,
0.7337914109230042,
-1.0946983098983765,
0.2609112560749054,
0.3553207218647003,
-0.35427871346473694,
0.3199670910835266,
-0.12112004309892654,
-0.41961392760276794,
-0.3309148848056793,
0.9569651484489441,
-0.34185221791267395,
-0.6061862707138062,
0.22029927372932434,
-0.43783578276634216,
0.8079050183296204,
-1.0267341136932373,
0.18450476229190826,
-1.0463120937347412,
0.2189307063817978,
0.0027235683519393206,
0.29999300837516785,
0.30669957399368286,
-1.0289918184280396,
-0.22856156527996063,
-0.9477786421775818,
0.8585849404335022,
-0.6367414593696594,
0.44338005781173706,
-0.3659243583679199,
0.00101668038405478,
0.45221439003944397,
0.5031651854515076,
0.3382510840892792,
0.5228081941604614,
-1.1290303468704224,
-0.38026559352874756,
0.5305015444755554,
-0.0031818512361496687,
0.0491672158241272,
0.5179635286331177,
-0.39297086000442505,
-0.004613114520907402,
0.5194389224052429,
0.6127992272377014,
0.013696867041289806,
0.10921499878168106,
-0.3861450254917145,
-0.07548552006483078,
-0.5726181864738464,
-0.2710636556148529,
0.459957093000412,
0.6487687826156616,
-0.8345715999603271,
-0.11171338707208633,
-0.49475541710853577,
-0.010994615964591503,
0.2778986394405365,
-0.2983860671520233,
-0.13187259435653687,
0.35550788044929504,
0.3548886179924011,
-0.17949910461902618,
-0.3655175268650055,
-0.08740714937448502,
-1.3432999849319458,
-0.24579516053199768,
-1.0216575860977173,
0.22872339189052582,
-0.4637525677680969,
-0.871170163154602,
0.17976152896881104,
0.7756960988044739,
-0.07222647964954376,
-0.4862461984157562,
0.3220241665840149,
-0.2530790865421295,
0.3334463834762573,
0.3283041715621948,
-0.04036174714565277,
-0.004488774575293064,
0.6506112813949585,
-0.42155230045318604,
-0.13980485498905182,
-0.12569084763526917,
-1.071791648864746,
-0.4099620282649994,
-0.3142247498035431,
0.2656288146972656,
-0.5038120746612549,
0.004667321220040321,
-0.15697315335273743,
-0.24843774735927582,
-0.18637347221374512,
0.3698771595954895,
0.3958510458469391,
0.011128450743854046,
-0.13064168393611908,
-0.9108065366744995,
-0.30187487602233887,
0.2876511812210083,
0.10167594999074936,
-0.6209661960601807,
-0.49380025267601013,
0.15784220397472382,
0.11325717717409134,
0.31798696517944336,
-0.448621928691864,
0.380023717880249,
-0.44557520747184753,
0.952521800994873,
-0.11127544939517975,
0.2850620448589325,
0.0048592835664749146,
-0.7342160940170288,
0.062445659190416336,
0.2808952033519745,
0.6695418953895569,
0.29551640152931213,
-0.6012370586395264,
-0.49269989132881165,
-1.6989363431930542,
-0.6518762111663818,
0.6471251249313354,
-0.433428019285202,
-0.5275075435638428,
0.11854280531406403,
-0.3931911885738373,
0.025523634627461433,
0.5571213960647583,
-0.41824936866760254,
-0.12218061834573746,
-0.2203378826379776,
0.005628481507301331,
-0.3729551434516907,
0.9453158378601074,
0.19393327832221985,
0.09833231568336487,
0.19839729368686676,
-0.06257259845733643,
0.20879554748535156,
-0.05071552097797394,
0.3354104161262512,
0.08948767185211182,
-0.22329628467559814,
0.7530692219734192,
0.16221076250076294,
-0.19610802829265594,
0.3989686369895935,
-0.21100373566150665,
-0.2827189564704895,
0.46648266911506653,
0.11259908974170685,
-0.1030162051320076,
0.36448797583580017,
0.36529621481895447,
0.6239193677902222,
0.6061315536499023,
-0.740790843963623,
-0.7222933173179626,
0.3895653486251831,
-0.18809916079044342,
0.002335457829758525,
-0.24746987223625183,
-0.04980071634054184,
0.504265546798706,
0.6654679775238037,
-0.5947101712226868,
-0.05634830892086029,
0.16417069733142853,
-0.2696392834186554,
-0.2554120123386383,
-0.7520238161087036,
1.234936237335205,
0.13119736313819885,
0.06064433604478836,
-0.3853006660938263,
0.8178015351295471,
0.7562391757965088,
-0.46798866987228394,
0.22675789892673492,
0.33890753984451294,
-0.19422750174999237,
-0.21001559495925903,
1.9110941886901855,
0.6239603161811829,
0.10779935121536255,
0.8492814898490906,
0.016034945845603943,
0.4539187252521515,
-0.24357199668884277,
0.07835769653320312,
-0.4502906799316406,
-0.16411739587783813,
-0.5225523114204407,
-0.41048935055732727,
0.7794402241706848,
-0.3044254779815674,
-0.6377378106117249,
0.6145315766334534,
-0.13488923013210297,
0.11436568200588226,
0.7626298666000366,
-0.5862000584602356,
0.9616487622261047,
-0.04159975424408913,
0.22579067945480347,
0.21596260368824005,
-0.8484227061271667,
0.12719951570034027,
-0.5109778642654419,
0.16948004066944122,
0.1854589879512787,
-0.4619825780391693,
0.13527575135231018,
0.21483884751796722,
-0.9349245429039001,
1.080110788345337,
-0.2850894629955292,
-0.16606268286705017,
0.06094178184866905,
-1.075878381729126,
-0.1325436532497406,
0.5051730871200562,
0.332662433385849,
0.18575194478034973,
0.2686931788921356,
-0.40111786127090454,
0.4069632291793823,
0.28760677576065063,
0.24545851349830627,
0.16461509466171265,
-0.6538076400756836,
0.4656687080860138,
-0.05417346954345703,
0.10504704713821411,
0.1987207680940628,
0.5214052200317383,
-0.03803683817386627,
-0.5195826888084412,
0.03925854340195656,
0.6204224228858948,
-0.10246514528989792,
-0.5247052311897278,
-0.06564177572727203,
-0.14567595720291138,
0.10673285275697708,
0.8798011541366577,
-0.21195779740810394,
0.025327816605567932,
0.43645429611206055,
-0.8653932809829712,
0.43296119570732117,
-0.6816067099571228,
0.33722564578056335,
-0.5760303139686584,
0.16561172902584076,
-0.5118058919906616,
-0.019317716360092163,
0.015450036153197289,
0.3398180305957794,
0.636806070804596,
-0.36177828907966614,
-0.32543525099754333,
0.15824495255947113,
0.5013264417648315,
-0.5241249203681946,
-0.3421367108821869,
-1.468797206878662,
-0.48450276255607605,
-0.746235191822052,
0.11281557381153107,
0.754197895526886,
-0.531440019607544,
0.4641939699649811,
0.3836493492126465,
-0.23334164917469025,
0.24178360402584076,
-0.9317904710769653,
-0.4086128771305084,
0.265144407749176,
-0.116707943379879,
-0.3587472438812256,
0.4027072489261627,
0.3709976375102997,
-0.12328608334064484,
0.11503586918115616,
-4.584229946136475,
0.4918164610862732,
-0.2578076720237732,
-0.4691038727760315,
0.5509379506111145,
0.28832826018333435,
0.45288750529289246,
-0.4722336530685425,
-0.49070051312446594,
0.31076779961586,
-0.08583616465330124,
-0.08133744448423386,
0.03293611481785774,
0.5818535089492798,
0.2139909416437149,
-0.09859351068735123,
-0.569174587726593,
-0.15229420363903046,
-0.4348086714744568,
0.28689202666282654,
-0.1544535607099533,
0.2682033181190491,
0.32847464084625244,
0.023649223148822784,
0.3171575963497162,
-0.2860000729560852,
-0.4926043450832367,
0.07239513099193573,
-0.1241380125284195,
-0.02494252473115921,
0.16756021976470947,
0.21675853431224823,
0.35801705718040466,
-0.0871642455458641,
-0.108194999396801,
0.17705531418323517,
0.6794461607933044,
0.2424047291278839,
1.062109112739563,
-0.6020036935806274,
-0.9680386781692505,
0.22932979464530945,
0.6866129040718079,
-0.24354051053524017,
0.9704806804656982,
-0.4303632378578186,
-0.21055392920970917,
0.14603359997272491,
-0.023105429485440254,
0.9619420766830444,
0.12247783690690994,
0.1912340223789215,
0.5474167466163635,
0.1605978161096573,
-0.002385316416621208,
0.028214512392878532,
0.5710450410842896,
-0.07624095678329468,
-1.135771632194519,
-0.1994054615497589,
0.3083811402320862,
-0.8795896172523499,
-1.0216995477676392,
-0.5268241763114929,
0.3644028604030609,
-0.3566569685935974,
-0.4676473140716553,
0.45331302285194397,
0.5657545924186707,
0.5107877850532532,
-0.5147924423217773,
0.8774587512016296,
-0.1807880848646164,
-0.8333390355110168,
0.9253519177436829,
-0.8512754440307617,
0.15923376381397247,
0.12025365978479385,
0.08838076144456863,
0.48562437295913696,
-0.003869222942739725,
0.3170519173145294,
-0.9325235486030579,
0.8538177013397217,
-0.16562026739120483,
-0.16844913363456726,
0.3148892819881439,
0.019545767456293106,
-0.655959963798523,
-0.27695760130882263,
0.6752885580062866,
0.14444293081760406,
-0.2678779065608978,
0.20381949841976166,
-0.6385086178779602,
0.16239620745182037,
0.29661813378334045,
0.6441952586174011,
0.6502045392990112,
-0.3261452615261078,
1.1695976257324219,
-0.6042008399963379,
-0.328681081533432,
-0.2442106157541275,
-0.46858468651771545,
-0.5264040231704712,
-0.3844495415687561,
0.36613255739212036,
0.6504883766174316,
0.040170781314373016,
-0.08660603314638138,
0.11302298307418823,
-0.3882054090499878,
-0.36078524589538574,
0.2491811066865921,
-0.3630602955818176,
-0.6465252041816711,
0.20138955116271973,
1.3632065057754517,
-0.31994256377220154,
0.5004634261131287,
0.14747416973114014,
-0.369144469499588,
0.14854057133197784,
-0.5407056212425232,
0.6290574073791504,
-0.11429393291473389,
-0.06503477692604065,
-0.5686127543449402,
-0.45285138487815857,
-0.32709240913391113,
-0.0427011176943779,
-0.349441260099411,
0.27311277389526367,
-0.49766120314598083,
-0.5240945219993591,
-0.401715487241745,
0.6454327702522278,
-0.162727490067482,
-0.5298271179199219,
0.7694493532180786,
-0.01758679561316967,
-0.4840523898601532,
-0.1053071841597557,
0.7783606648445129,
0.8322468400001526,
-0.3432598412036896,
0.2806519567966461,
-0.7814490795135498,
1.0129505395889282,
0.0155340526252985,
-0.7725354433059692,
0.047908566892147064,
-0.7294153571128845,
0.29885077476501465,
0.34282398223876953,
-0.396939754486084,
0.557464599609375,
-0.11655087023973465,
-0.7841440439224243,
0.14462433755397797,
0.24265192449092865,
-0.7071057558059692,
-0.0041255648247897625,
0.1899637132883072,
-0.24459610879421234,
-0.5465492606163025,
-0.9696031212806702,
-0.5145364999771118,
0.11275463551282883,
0.10590001195669174,
-0.05661678686738014,
0.04330889508128166,
-0.8253664374351501,
0.01856120489537716,
-0.27655407786369324,
-0.6382908821105957,
0.5165393948554993,
0.4090651869773865,
-0.2878916561603546,
-0.504261314868927,
0.47657155990600586,
0.8328433632850647,
0.3778938949108124,
0.8638192415237427,
-0.4590494930744171,
-0.36946144700050354,
-0.5919618010520935,
-0.35380446910858154,
-0.2018606960773468,
0.027566254138946533,
0.47670406103134155,
0.3911610543727875,
-0.5094509124755859,
-0.12400662899017334,
-0.3282060921192169,
-0.7846663594245911,
0.7379712462425232,
-0.5952107310295105,
-0.8310640454292297,
0.31098249554634094,
0.15145668387413025,
-0.36871203780174255,
0.8808520436286926,
0.3486708998680115,
0.17090657353401184,
0.9215636253356934,
-0.37930554151535034,
-1.0516793727874756,
0.47338050603866577,
0.15915577113628387,
-0.4134063124656677,
-0.20378458499908447,
0.08565229177474976,
0.05931323021650314,
-0.35791298747062683,
0.1711220145225525,
-0.48592403531074524,
-0.6144506931304932,
-0.09393876045942307,
0.41626089811325073,
0.012405901215970516,
0.5664820671081543,
-0.4265143871307373,
-0.7252711653709412,
-0.09926221519708633,
-0.32775577902793884,
-0.6720688343048096,
1.1689163446426392,
-0.4077988862991333,
-0.11945687979459763,
0.2262295037508011,
0.30992811918258667,
-0.31148436665534973,
-0.9469250440597534,
0.15376685559749603,
-0.8321042656898499,
-0.3395701050758362,
-0.6304757595062256,
-0.09382611513137817,
0.8332297205924988,
1.2429733276367188,
-0.09170319139957428,
-0.19486375153064728,
-0.1534060388803482,
0.3436785042285919,
-0.03134750947356224,
-0.594309389591217,
-0.34149882197380066,
0.11945251375436783,
0.5807207822799683,
0.007885172963142395,
-1.0330846309661865,
-0.4843228757381439,
0.46884462237358093,
0.2416544407606125,
-0.32264444231987,
-0.411384254693985,
0.0842771828174591,
0.13414134085178375,
0.7773098349571228,
0.16737423837184906,
-0.017977457493543625,
-0.004090228118002415,
-0.24227873980998993,
0.0521138496696949,
-0.07589182257652283,
0.37642061710357666,
0.7793987989425659,
-0.6048619747161865,
0.37505510449409485,
-0.29410162568092346,
0.39439916610717773,
-0.5915395021438599,
-0.47804024815559387,
0.2595696449279785,
0.33241787552833557,
-0.03883258253335953,
0.2887459397315979,
-0.3452237546443939,
-0.08671359717845917,
0.11941137909889221,
0.08128075301647186,
-0.07566285878419876,
-0.013691071420907974,
-0.3425939381122589,
-0.5026769042015076,
0.30224934220314026,
-0.3610857427120209,
0.3117299973964691,
-0.09349974244832993,
-0.5575453042984009,
-0.12325330823659897,
0.35033097863197327,
0.8968746662139893,
0.4651787579059601,
-0.27488046884536743,
0.8642325401306152,
0.006830462720245123,
0.5675666332244873,
-1.310396671295166,
0.5389699935913086,
0.2992318570613861,
-1.514055848121643,
0.07845049351453781,
0.5358088612556458,
0.006360113155096769,
-0.5385971665382385,
-0.19384372234344482,
-0.3073437213897705,
0.15046004951000214,
0.17329192161560059,
-0.02619057707488537,
0.6306329965591431,
-0.4254501760005951,
-0.1955188363790512,
0.9602102637290955,
-0.337651789188385,
-0.3394209146499634,
1.239939570426941,
0.16937026381492615,
-0.1280543953180313,
0.5746354460716248,
-0.17804643511772156,
-0.8606997728347778,
-0.06186220422387123,
-0.6891443729400635,
-0.17308390140533447,
-0.17190715670585632,
0.48891955614089966,
0.7533950209617615,
0.34941548109054565,
-0.7109360098838806,
0.477114200592041,
-0.14453241229057312,
-0.33930879831314087,
0.6761735081672668,
-0.19701817631721497,
-0.2643487751483917,
1.1093014478683472,
0.08318724483251572,
0.8052752017974854,
0.1665385365486145,
-0.00798207987099886,
-0.2546897530555725,
0.11275061964988708,
-0.023841924965381622,
0.203561931848526,
0.7388631105422974,
0.22064761817455292,
0.46284231543540955,
-0.46276870369911194,
0.9142975807189941,
0.07145882397890091,
0.07195315510034561,
0.08278550952672958,
0.3546590805053711,
0.08896782249212265,
-0.5368914604187012,
-0.08367776870727539,
-1.1447885036468506,
0.5544822812080383,
0.22344601154327393,
-0.22913508117198944,
0.1303316205739975,
-0.13201755285263062,
0.9788246750831604,
-0.10198139399290085,
0.02440168708562851,
0.07550028711557388,
0.4431340992450714,
0.6180666089057922,
-0.7967060804367065,
-0.13721156120300293,
0.13451842963695526,
0.09617191553115845,
-0.5369533896446228,
0.45133447647094727,
-0.09033874422311783,
0.02384231798350811,
-0.7177895307540894,
0.3302496671676636,
-0.3174818158149719,
-0.8090072274208069,
0.35902222990989685,
0.013974222354590893,
0.6061392426490784,
0.16169750690460205,
0.8332895040512085,
-0.2098107635974884,
0.36551037430763245,
-0.6703276634216309,
0.14748795330524445,
-0.5203069448471069,
-0.9390628337860107,
-0.3741293251514435,
-0.48391759395599365,
0.6726827621459961,
0.6795706152915955,
-0.5838075876235962,
0.1321900188922882,
0.6990283727645874,
-0.047833021730184555,
-0.15822839736938477,
0.13370977342128754,
0.4854232966899872,
0.17135892808437347,
0.43562260270118713,
-0.5453177094459534,
-0.13715073466300964,
0.005636774934828281,
0.047777313739061356,
-0.39870554208755493,
0.5989152193069458,
-0.012714213691651821,
-0.13141049444675446,
0.0546567477285862,
-0.199076309800148,
-0.11361293494701385,
-0.3332914412021637,
-0.13111811876296997,
0.33045050501823425,
0.18693925440311432,
0.9241901636123657,
-0.2572866678237915,
-0.35567954182624817,
0.6215406060218811,
0.21560730040073395,
-0.6707297563552856,
0.1511055827140808,
-0.4139591157436371,
0.24335108697414398,
-0.6137462258338928,
-0.0082929115742445,
-0.3284946382045746,
-0.36484071612358093,
0.21888354420661926,
0.7787135243415833,
0.27141454815864563,
0.1454039067029953,
0.6910156011581421,
-0.27228182554244995,
0.03903687000274658,
0.6855331063270569,
-0.7804461717605591,
-0.15084446966648102,
-0.4357256293296814,
-0.39929041266441345,
-0.21777202188968658,
-0.03683975711464882,
0.6739856600761414,
-0.19941814243793488,
0.22899672389030457,
-0.0038221152499318123,
-0.6141291856765747,
0.28239303827285767,
-0.11568126827478409,
-0.0682341530919075,
-0.035689827054739,
1.170754313468933
] |
210273
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial
|
Biennial
|
Biennial means (an event) lasting for two years or occurring every two years. The related term biennium is used in reference to a period of two years.
In particular, it can refer to:
Biennial plant, a plant which blooms in its second year and then dies
Biennale, the Italian word for "biennial" and a term used within the art world to describe an international exhibition of contemporary art, stemming from the use of the phrase for the Venice Biennale. (The English form, "biennial", is also commonly used to describe these art events.)
See also
Biannual, meaning twice a year
Biennial bearing trees, which produce fruit once every two years
Units of time
|
[
0.3263070285320282,
-0.01911315694451332,
0.1098000556230545,
0.02648160606622696,
-0.43389028310775757,
-0.14777478575706482,
0.2088146209716797,
0.9339187145233154,
-0.7815717458724976,
-0.39927399158477783,
-0.5191757678985596,
-0.20934033393859863,
0.12098024785518646,
0.5579994916915894,
-0.22912921011447906,
0.5761818885803223,
-0.03574901819229126,
-0.02882862463593483,
-0.5834459662437439,
0.009385303594172001,
-0.05030246451497078,
0.13103044033050537,
0.22116047143936157,
-0.7395926713943481,
0.14641517400741577,
-0.31585821509361267,
0.17441891133785248,
0.04197597876191139,
-0.17985305190086365,
-0.05853438377380371,
-0.6282793283462524,
0.5798563361167908,
-0.07957760244607925,
0.09566377103328705,
0.29122573137283325,
-0.14656203985214233,
-0.1535681188106537,
-0.15374140441417694,
-0.3186468482017517,
-0.9491644501686096,
0.23958322405815125,
0.0038859390188008547,
0.10474394261837006,
-0.15406322479248047,
-0.6288461089134216,
-0.0777978003025055,
-1.2946234941482544,
0.18384572863578796,
-0.23388496041297913,
0.318006694316864,
-0.6766035556793213,
-0.26417669653892517,
0.5883923172950745,
0.18708181381225586,
-0.1806795746088028,
0.533148467540741,
-0.6480185389518738,
0.10820614546537399,
-0.4465625286102295,
0.24235239624977112,
0.12787915766239166,
-0.30700743198394775,
-0.5402942299842834,
0.3919653296470642,
0.06907438486814499,
-0.26718947291374207,
-0.16554224491119385,
0.3078027069568634,
0.21409735083580017,
-0.4944356679916382,
-0.5840883255004883,
0.0208190456032753,
0.10859930515289307,
0.2877269387245178,
-0.3133253753185272,
-0.5147286653518677,
0.05798695236444473,
-0.4130999743938446,
-0.7102642059326172,
0.24354241788387299,
-0.42014917731285095,
0.1974935382604599,
0.39456889033317566,
-0.3987293541431427,
0.6068888902664185,
-0.2374243438243866,
-0.5561046004295349,
-0.03188943490386009,
-0.5471323132514954,
0.590305745601654,
0.32795363664627075,
-0.14926959574222565,
0.9973319172859192,
-0.17116853594779968,
0.14867886900901794,
0.20691576600074768,
-0.2230042666196823,
-0.14966975152492523,
0.2030363380908966,
-0.04958450049161911,
0.046404995024204254,
0.35027340054512024,
0.3294321894645691,
0.21888040006160736,
-0.5126816630363464,
-0.5334987640380859,
0.06322139501571655,
-0.6779129505157471,
0.4564359784126282,
-0.33544445037841797,
-0.0714900940656662,
0.04567612335085869,
0.6139138340950012,
0.13356202840805054,
0.48438581824302673,
0.27586430311203003,
0.15243679285049438,
-0.04614673927426338,
0.011034056544303894,
-0.1408064365386963,
0.26109737157821655,
0.6741843223571777,
0.22805018723011017,
-0.5884020328521729,
-0.1018076241016388,
0.1995893120765686,
0.3110710680484772,
0.3469812870025635,
-0.5622360110282898,
-0.6404112577438354,
-0.5038394927978516,
0.20080792903900146,
-0.4696296751499176,
-0.14076866209506989,
0.34656980633735657,
-0.3333318531513214,
0.2138887643814087,
0.3581872582435608,
0.31627148389816284,
0.5140551924705505,
-0.5933821797370911,
0.14459644258022308,
-0.31639957427978516,
-0.21262383460998535,
0.4527589678764343,
0.21276216208934784,
0.00211046589538455,
-0.9236741662025452,
-0.23550651967525482,
-0.013835183344781399,
-0.1309417188167572,
0.3228965699672699,
0.17943978309631348,
0.2710748016834259,
-0.519830584526062,
-0.24234841763973236,
0.04832768067717552,
0.29055479168891907,
0.026448655873537064,
0.033847589045763016,
-0.33620816469192505,
-0.08582700788974762,
0.2233656644821167,
0.027273910120129585,
-0.11956128478050232,
0.12587220966815948,
0.2623761296272278,
0.6757857203483582,
-0.01943177916109562,
-0.25194811820983887,
0.3327731490135193,
-0.23501166701316833,
0.341982364654541,
-0.08932753652334213,
-0.12315866351127625,
-0.005994229111820459,
0.8170070648193359,
0.33878207206726074,
0.6215338706970215,
0.37022849917411804,
-0.48099491000175476,
0.4457142949104309,
0.10987112671136856,
0.3271503746509552,
0.421661913394928,
-0.8943172097206116,
-0.05781073123216629,
-0.003004457103088498,
0.1581999808549881,
0.2892608046531677,
0.1024460569024086,
0.35354331135749817,
-0.42448127269744873,
-0.7573633193969727,
0.5400487184524536,
0.13114093244075775,
-0.046352557837963104,
0.40826940536499023,
0.1349640190601349,
0.852519154548645,
-0.14569173753261566,
0.10544469207525253,
-0.007133494131267071,
-0.038104161620140076,
-0.0005696500884369016,
0.4925718307495117,
0.39476582407951355,
0.16535519063472748,
0.35808178782463074,
0.12463942915201187,
-0.19814574718475342,
-0.3395155668258667,
1.0695991516113281,
0.1324996054172516,
0.05652621015906334,
0.24556726217269897,
-0.22675831615924835,
0.21310554444789886,
-0.2166575789451599,
-0.25363361835479736,
0.6141871809959412,
-0.007733721751719713,
-0.021083582192659378,
0.6264338493347168,
-0.04722343012690544,
0.2722235321998596,
0.2194744199514389,
-0.07336939126253128,
0.6085895299911499,
-0.949390172958374,
0.3727191090583801,
-0.12278564274311066,
0.10582210123538971,
0.15410807728767395,
0.009197370149195194,
0.22669640183448792,
0.0041165584698319435,
-0.43504825234413147,
0.0794188380241394,
-0.5321427583694458,
-0.18782085180282593,
0.37911516427993774,
0.08273184299468994,
0.7202134132385254,
0.19144009053707123,
0.6713706254959106,
0.1310300976037979,
0.22549104690551758,
-0.6927515864372253,
-0.17907878756523132,
0.4767330586910248,
0.4133324921131134,
0.2977856695652008,
-0.3449357748031616,
-0.7796605825424194,
-0.3896997272968292,
-0.382930189371109,
-0.18694162368774414,
1.0153703689575195,
0.4907999634742737,
-0.2621336579322815,
-0.16930891573429108,
0.34071171283721924,
-0.4716010093688965,
-0.40418344736099243,
-0.4079737365245819,
-0.31150561571121216,
-0.5534436702728271,
-0.6234145164489746,
0.08398350328207016,
0.14909973740577698,
0.28855809569358826,
-0.3584282696247101,
-0.11815119534730911,
-0.20918399095535278,
-0.11234484612941742,
0.2438499927520752,
-0.21354694664478302,
-0.3604280352592468,
-0.3125486373901367,
-0.293693482875824,
0.2932901680469513,
0.08362680673599243,
-0.6204277873039246,
-0.14335325360298157,
-0.6121353507041931,
-0.409378319978714,
-0.43359845876693726,
0.30713358521461487,
-0.615012526512146,
-0.2267337590456009,
0.07121498137712479,
0.0886838436126709,
0.46092885732650757,
0.3887719511985779,
0.12634390592575073,
-0.17534542083740234,
-0.41181930899620056,
0.22492168843746185,
-0.033522576093673706,
-0.5155671834945679,
-0.5039927363395691,
-0.18462100625038147,
0.09709944576025009,
-0.231496199965477,
-0.25239187479019165,
-0.5521536469459534,
-0.09448863565921783,
-5.868971347808838,
-0.3024832010269165,
-0.5160306096076965,
-0.3486735224723816,
-0.2587730288505554,
-0.0009806464659050107,
0.8969453573226929,
0.10415935516357422,
-0.05405423045158386,
0.2547686696052551,
-0.07325845956802368,
0.026313437148928642,
-0.31734544038772583,
0.6810612082481384,
0.4782150089740753,
-0.05458175390958786,
0.08663267642259598,
-0.3973855972290039,
-0.3268013000488281,
0.04447612538933754,
-0.25514349341392517,
0.3075057566165924,
0.1825571358203888,
0.4752116799354553,
0.5161690711975098,
-0.24477456510066986,
-0.14612255990505219,
-0.446201354265213,
-0.06507673859596252,
0.32409578561782837,
-0.2224925458431244,
-0.24882759153842926,
0.49241697788238525,
0.05127013102173805,
0.24840357899665833,
0.3656136691570282,
0.47004565596580505,
0.23343834280967712,
0.22689203917980194,
-0.4873884618282318,
0.20643101632595062,
0.2201426476240158,
0.37687134742736816,
0.23664981126785278,
-0.05364561080932617,
0.07056750357151031,
-0.0031660946551710367,
-0.13652563095092773,
-0.4658811688423157,
0.5635321736335754,
0.1574932485818863,
0.17822101712226868,
0.5482720136642456,
-0.909591019153595,
-0.2742270231246948,
0.11187958717346191,
0.9260345697402954,
-0.58846116065979,
-0.6644640564918518,
-1.0285353660583496,
0.27296942472457886,
-0.23924289643764496,
0.2995544970035553,
-0.1496649831533432,
-0.37840601801872253,
-0.3639014661312103,
-1.0515820980072021,
0.22117850184440613,
0.6550369262695312,
0.32830068469047546,
-0.5985163450241089,
-0.023978818207979202,
-0.03262395039200783,
-0.7280690670013428,
0.03369743749499321,
-0.10072675347328186,
-0.002227336633950472,
0.4260997474193573,
0.1189059466123581,
-0.23908349871635437,
-0.339102178812027,
-0.1718551367521286,
-0.18797804415225983,
0.7224070429801941,
0.5474275946617126,
0.01311287097632885,
0.39785704016685486,
0.1555641144514084,
-0.3381304442882538,
-0.03443435952067375,
0.9802985787391663,
0.10189861059188843,
0.7387892603874207,
-0.13064157962799072,
0.6615554690361023,
0.3933680057525635,
0.46861162781715393,
-0.28218981623649597,
0.23402319848537445,
-0.5588153004646301,
0.5208703279495239,
-0.17508260905742645,
-0.37081480026245117,
-0.19614572823047638,
-0.8169696927070618,
0.06829402595758438,
-0.510284960269928,
0.3057578206062317,
0.905131995677948,
0.5068506002426147,
0.08124175667762756,
0.449447363615036,
0.25351327657699585,
-0.36205118894577026,
-0.1082666739821434,
-0.058862749487161636,
-0.43944770097732544,
1.0475285053253174,
0.46810463070869446,
0.11786742508411407,
-0.2921028435230255,
0.3874101936817169,
-0.7891830205917358,
0.03132524713873863,
-0.49270957708358765,
0.1469435840845108,
-0.42696186900138855,
-0.2721481919288635,
0.3854256570339203,
0.13264133036136627,
0.2951134145259857,
0.24407847225666046,
0.21914969384670258,
-0.19341018795967102,
-0.08044174313545227,
0.18116024136543274,
-0.08082664012908936,
0.18425410985946655,
-0.3508482277393341,
-0.8174322843551636,
0.6921768188476562,
-0.22051140666007996,
-0.010428348556160927,
0.007565624080598354,
0.007198052480816841,
0.18174272775650024,
-0.1857554316520691,
-0.4708186984062195,
-0.22199951112270355,
0.4991253614425659,
0.3717338442802429,
-0.5567387342453003,
0.11546164005994797,
0.11331046372652054,
-0.5109236240386963,
0.04836956784129143,
-0.6331245303153992,
-0.020783964544534683,
0.34409838914871216,
-0.44463691115379333,
-0.49817731976509094,
-0.4918540120124817,
-0.7475359439849854,
-0.3589005768299103,
0.4849475622177124,
-0.11864813417196274,
0.15459392964839935,
0.3020309805870056,
0.07881331443786621,
0.9151758551597595,
0.23403741419315338,
-0.45489850640296936,
-0.3486102223396301,
-0.6094085574150085,
-0.02935660071671009,
0.03129979595541954,
0.7735424041748047,
-0.13238154351711273,
-0.3000074326992035,
-0.07014784216880798,
0.3278488516807556,
-0.2715596854686737,
-0.3603997230529785,
0.8127481937408447,
0.33449336886405945,
-0.4995913803577423,
-0.10899730026721954,
-0.13343064486980438,
-0.4509928822517395,
0.2163539081811905,
0.5796912312507629,
0.38476184010505676,
0.46786564588546753,
-0.3787027597427368,
-0.22762665152549744,
-0.682417631149292,
0.2920590043067932,
0.4637928009033203,
-0.6057532429695129,
-0.24582956731319427,
0.44962501525878906,
0.1326482892036438,
-0.4793470501899719,
0.15739966928958893,
0.22678469121456146,
-0.5432882905006409,
-0.1121760681271553,
-0.6251662373542786,
-0.38600948452949524,
-0.3967331051826477,
-0.5628030896186829,
0.24262374639511108,
-0.28404679894447327,
-0.037937089800834656,
0.20950151979923248,
0.2539568841457367,
-0.10542643070220947,
-0.4262476861476898,
0.09333984553813934,
-0.24624910950660706,
0.6649854779243469,
0.7205216884613037,
-0.3088357746601105,
-0.5615087747573853,
0.4859260618686676,
0.26618966460227966,
0.48450973629951477,
-0.3209168612957001,
-0.2234787493944168,
-0.6746249198913574,
0.3546057343482971,
-0.523728609085083,
-0.4193418622016907,
-0.17645131051540375,
-0.2263401299715042,
-0.5766056776046753,
-0.019228694960474968,
-0.012290201149880886,
0.009501752443611622,
0.4740617871284485,
-0.032792117446660995,
0.3491840064525604,
0.014248354360461235,
-0.09846485406160355,
-0.6569046974182129,
-0.0882144570350647,
-0.04679959639906883,
-0.8409995436668396,
-0.7076785564422607,
0.5483999252319336,
0.0844063013792038,
-0.2813775837421417,
-0.6161071062088013,
-0.34912192821502686,
0.7114261388778687,
-0.03854045644402504,
-0.05827071890234947,
0.1384211927652359,
0.5224005579948425,
-0.2796901762485504,
0.19096966087818146,
0.016687748953700066,
-0.18911080062389374,
-0.44329604506492615,
0.21058611571788788,
0.19242846965789795,
-0.4324493408203125,
0.18034730851650238,
0.31125542521476746,
-0.2891959249973297,
0.048287589102983475,
-0.15735742449760437,
0.5051474571228027,
0.028478296473622322,
0.961058497428894,
-0.2625197470188141,
-0.32244181632995605,
-0.18927030265331268,
0.09125757962465286,
-0.15708568692207336,
0.10800136625766754,
-0.08602143824100494,
-0.19704028964042664,
0.07893134653568268,
0.4247589111328125,
-0.6295077204704285,
0.23857806622982025,
-0.500457763671875,
-0.3826386630535126,
-0.29959744215011597,
0.15134844183921814,
-0.012153960764408112,
0.09204414486885071,
0.23318642377853394,
-0.6033676266670227,
0.3115534782409668,
-0.03841531276702881,
0.4528595209121704,
-0.30201008915901184,
0.39720645546913147,
-0.5833759307861328,
0.5995129942893982,
0.49359002709388733,
-0.7449009418487549,
0.08291848003864288,
-0.04150155559182167,
0.32569462060928345,
-0.4297485947608948,
-0.22591575980186462,
-0.15165919065475464,
0.4082583785057068,
0.6024518609046936,
0.3776746392250061,
0.4280560314655304,
-0.4137389361858368,
-0.024525191634893417,
0.4924471378326416,
-0.21406741440296173,
0.14796462655067444,
0.2507795989513397,
0.5411730408668518,
-0.11717091500759125,
0.2360878884792328,
-0.21095076203346252,
-0.10322492569684982,
0.0012901637237519026,
-0.1846763789653778,
-0.6500429511070251,
-0.3196928799152374,
-0.24335555732250214,
0.6429073810577393,
0.42093637585639954,
-0.05318110063672066,
0.00442916713654995,
-0.049201600253582,
-0.15270009636878967,
-0.14015734195709229,
-0.3310043215751648,
-0.4180602431297302,
0.424632728099823,
1.1889550685882568,
0.9362503290176392,
0.15054097771644592,
0.2128656655550003,
0.4209962487220764,
-0.24837322533130646,
-0.04441267251968384,
-0.1531599909067154,
0.0793609693646431,
0.24116240441799164,
1.0552444458007812,
-0.25703713297843933,
0.3085300028324127,
-0.2553767263889313,
0.026622097939252853,
-0.5766462683677673,
0.5028098821640015,
0.13332995772361755,
0.37931859493255615,
-0.2133578509092331,
0.07762067019939423,
0.6463657021522522,
-0.06900421530008316,
0.14007554948329926,
0.49943506717681885,
-0.6444773077964783,
0.4219198226928711,
-0.014136246405541897,
-0.5207628011703491,
0.25618183612823486,
0.5068758130073547,
0.13644374907016754,
-0.5169240832328796,
0.24316786229610443,
0.4006296694278717,
-0.001062071300111711,
0.29081183671951294,
0.08195453882217407,
-0.09931332617998123,
0.11583897471427917,
-0.25988268852233887,
-0.21803028881549835,
-0.032001763582229614,
-0.6276978850364685,
-0.17966200411319733,
-0.14102523028850555,
0.33388036489486694,
0.4427372217178345,
-0.6554100513458252,
0.18126751482486725,
0.5367538928985596,
0.0816883072257042,
0.20226417481899261,
-0.22876013815402985,
-0.8762741684913635,
-0.1349412053823471,
-0.3924528658390045,
0.7387083768844604,
0.014907843433320522,
-0.10616526007652283,
0.2148415893316269,
-0.5642978549003601,
-0.022862277925014496,
-0.2046641856431961,
-0.1634327471256256,
0.22228679060935974,
0.21855182945728302,
0.011276978068053722,
-0.2084217071533203,
0.7284159660339355,
0.5674881935119629,
-0.09100185334682465,
-0.12222642451524734,
0.08181799948215485,
-0.408319890499115,
0.08124177902936935,
0.24148647487163544,
-0.6605767607688904,
0.3801592290401459,
-0.667783796787262,
0.07958395034074783,
0.0630481168627739,
0.3468727171421051,
0.4696570336818695,
-0.1716422736644745,
-0.43207550048828125,
0.580292820930481,
0.29063481092453003,
0.3825353682041168,
0.012602045200765133,
-0.04475122690200806,
0.1903512179851532,
-0.4301221966743469,
0.4097326099872589,
-0.4803701341152191,
-0.18126000463962555,
-0.07316882163286209,
0.12473650276660919,
0.1953631192445755,
-0.1618465930223465,
0.35434383153915405,
-0.14883051812648773,
0.016992978751659393,
-0.528760552406311,
-0.317613422870636,
0.20385760068893433,
0.4138595163822174,
0.5347918272018433,
-0.6658709645271301,
0.4526836574077606,
0.36021462082862854,
-0.47381889820098877,
0.2513734996318817,
0.08061129599809647,
0.11138968914747238,
0.26201558113098145,
-0.06412766128778458,
-0.323430597782135,
0.29253748059272766,
0.6532495021820068
] |
210279
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati
|
Makati
|
( ), officially the (), is a in the of the .
Makati is the financial center of the Philippines; it has the highest concentration of multinational and local corporations in the country. Major banks, corporations, department stores as well as foreign embassies are based in Makati. The biggest trading floor of the Philippine Stock Exchange used to be situated along the city's Ayala Avenue, before the stock exchange moved their headquarters to the Bonifacio Global City in Taguig. Makati is also known for being a major cultural and entertainment hub in Metro Manila.
According to the , it has a population of people making it as the 17th most populous city in the country and ranked as the 41st most densely populated city in the world with 19,336 inhabitants per square kilometer. Although its population is just half a million, the daytime population of the city is estimated to be more than one million during a typical working day because of the large number of people who go to the city to work, shop, and do business.
History
Parts of the city were once subject to the pre-Hispanic Kingdom of Namayan, whose capital is now in the Santa Ana district of Manila. Established as a town in 1670 under the name San Pedro Macati out of the southern barangays of the then town of Santa Ana, it acquired its current name in 1914.
In 1851, Don José Bonifacio Róxas (an ancestor of the Zóbel de Ayala family) purchased the Jesuit estate of "Hacienda San Pedro de Macati" for 52,800 pesos. Since then, the development of Makati has remained linked with the Zóbel de Ayala family and their company, Ayala Corporation.
Post-war
After the destruction Second World War had brought upon Manila, and the subsequent closure of Nielson Field, the town grew rapidly, and real estate values boomed. The first of the planned communities (in what are now the barangays Forbes Park, Urdaneta, San Lorenzo and Bel-Air) were established in the 1950s with the efforts of its landowner, Ayala y Compañía. At the same time, Fort McKinley, then renamed Fort Bonifacio, and the then Philippine Army headquarters, became the starting point for the building up of seven more communities by military families who worked in the base area. The first office buildings were built on what is now the Makati Central Business District. Since the late 1960s, Makati has transformed into the financial and commercial capital of the country.
In 1975, Makati was separated from Rizal province along with Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Quezon City, Marikina, San Juan, Pasig, Mandaluyong, Pateros, Taguig, Pasay, Parañaque, Las Piñas, and Muntinlupa, to become part of the National Capital Region as a component municipality.
1970s-1980s
Makati was the setting of what is believed to be the single biggest case of involuntary disappearance during martial law – the case of the "Southern Tagalog 10" – ten activists from the nearby Southern Tagalog region, mostly in their twenties, who were abducted in late July 1977 at the Makati Medical Center.
Following the assassination of opposition senator Benigno Aquino Jr. on 21 August 1983, Makati became a nexus for protests against the dictatorship of President Ferdinand E. Marcos. Known as the Confetti Revolution, the demonstrations held in the central business district were led partly by employees of major corporations based in the area, culminating in the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled Marcos’ 20-year authoritarian regime. His political rival and successor, Corazon C. Aquino–the wife of the deceased senator Aquino–became the eleventh and first female president of the Philippines.
After the death of Mayor Yabut had become ill in February 1986, and eventually died on February 25, coinciding with the last day of the People Power Revolution. Aquino appointed Jejomar Binay as acting mayor of the town of Makati two days later; he was subsequently elected as mayor in 1988.
In the early 1990s, the first skyscrapers were built during his term as Mayor.
Cityhood
On January 2, 1995, President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act No. 7854 "An Act Converting the Municipality of Makati into a Highly-Urbanized City to be known as the City of Makati", making Makati the seventh city in Metro Manila. The law approved by a plebiscite one month later, on February 2, 1995, by majority of voters.
Contemporary history
On May 17, 2000, at 5:02 p.m., the Glorietta Mall located inside the Ayala Center was bombed, injuring 13 persons. According to local authorities, the homemade bomb originated from a restroom of a restaurant a video arcade. The bombing was said to be the precursor of the May 21, 2000 SM Megamall bombing and the Rizal Day bombings. On October 19, 2007, an explosion in Glorietta 2 left eleven people dead and injured more than a hundred. Initially, authorities said that it was caused by a liquefied petroleum gas explosion at a restaurant, but later began investigating the possibility that the explosion may have been a C-4 bomb.
Geography
Makati is located within the circle of 14′40″ °north and 121′3″ °E right at the center of Metro Manila. The city is bounded on the north by the Pasig River, facing Mandaluyong, on the northeast by Pasig, on the southeast by the municipality of Pateros and Taguig, on the northwest by the city of Manila, and on the southwest by Pasay. Makati has a total land area of .
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification system, the city features a tropical monsoon climate. Together with the rest of the Philippines, Makati lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the equator means that the temperature range is very small, rarely going lower than or going higher than . However, humidity levels are usually very high which makes it feel much warmer. It has a distinct, albeit relatively short dry season from January through May, and a relatively lengthy wet season from June through December.
Cityscape
Demographics
Makati has a population of as of the . Makati ranks ninth in population size within Metro Manila municipalities. 88.9% of Makati residents identified their religious affiliation as Roman Catholic. Other groups having large number of members in the city are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ang Dating Daan, Iglesia ni Cristo, Protestantism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism.
Based on the city's Transport and Traffic Improvement Plan 2004–2014, the city's daytime population is estimated to be 3.7 million during weekdays, owing to the large number of people who come to work, do business, or shop.
The daily influx of people into the city provides the skilled labor force that allows Makati to handle the service requirements of domestic as well as international transactions; it also serves as the base of a large consumer market that fuels the retail and service trade in the city. At the same time, however, the large tidal population flows exert pressure on Makati's environment, services, and utilities, most noticeably causing large traffic volumes along the major road corridors leading to the city as well as within and at the periphery of the central business district.
Economy and infrastructure
The city of Makati remains the richest local government unit (LGU) in the Philippines in terms of income from local sources and on a per capita basis. As of end-2012, Makati had registered over 62,000 business enterprises, which are engaged in financial services, wholesale/retail, services, real estate, export/import, and manufacturing. Makati also boasts of having the highest number of BPO offices in Metro Manila at 1,159 companies to date, as well as the highest number of PEZA-accredited IT Parks and Buildings. The city government of Makati has not increased its tax rates since its new Revenue Code took effect in 2006. The city has been free of deficit for 26 years.
The Ayala Triangle is a sub-district of the Makati CBD, comprising the parcel of land between Ayala Avenue, Makati Avenue and Paseo de Roxas, as well as the buildings on those streets. Many multinational companies, banks, and other major businesses are located within the triangle. A few upscale boutiques, restaurants, and a park called Ayala Triangle Gardens are also located in the area. Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas also have the distinction of being the runways of the former Nielson Field, Metro Manila's main airport in the 1930s.
The Makati Business Club has over 800 chief executive officers and senior executives, which represents 450 of the country's biggest corporations.
Most of the tallest skyscrapers in Metro Manila and the Philippines are located in Makati such as the PBCom Tower, Gramercy Residences in Century City and G.T. International Tower.
PBCom Tower along Ayala Avenue is the country's tallest office building. It is the headquarters of the Philippine Bank of Communications, or PBCom. The PBCom Tower is an office skyscraper ranked officially as the tallest building in the Philippines from 2001 to 2017. It has a total ground-to-architectural-top height of , with 52 stories including an 8-level radio tower.
Shopping centers
Makati is one of the most well-known shopping hubs of Metro Manila. Various shopping centers, offering both international and local retail shops, high-end boutiques, dining outlets and entertainment facilities can be found around the city.
The Ayala Center is a major commercial development operated by Ayala Land located in the Makati CBD. The center is known for its wide array of shopping, entertainment, and cultural offerings, making it a premier shopping and cultural district in the metropolis. It is a vast walkable complex with high-end malls that houses cinemas, local and international shops, homegrown restaurants and international food chains. The shopping malls that are located at the Ayala Center include Greenbelt, Glorietta, Park Square, and The Link. The Ayala Center is also home to 3 department stores namely, SM Makati, Rustan's, and The Landmark.
Education
The University of Makati, a public, non-profit university, is the city's flagship university. Other institutions of higher education located in the city include the Asian Institute of Management (AIM), iAcademy, Asian Seminary of Christian Ministries (ASCM), Don Bosco Technical Institute of Makati, Assumption College San Lorenzo, Saint Paul College of Makati, Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary, and Asia Pacific College.
Several higher education institutions headquartered outside the city have established branch or satellite campuses in Makati. These include the Ateneo de Manila University (Ateneo Professional Schools), De La Salle University, Far Eastern University, Mapúa Institute of Technology, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Centro Escolar University, and AMA Computer College Colleges, among others.
Australian Catholic University, a foreign institution, maintains an extension program in Makati.
Culture and sports
Makati is home to a number of fine art museums, colonial-era churches and recreation areas. Along the south-eastern border of Makati beyond Forbes Park are the Manila Golf Club and the Manila Polo Club. The Manila Golf Club features an 18-hole golf course. The Manila Polo Club counts among its polo enthusiasts some of the country's wealthiest people. The Makati Sports Club in Salcedo Village is another popular place for sports. The Makati Coliseum is another famous sports landmark in the city, where some of the biggest sports gatherings are held.
The University of Makati Stadium was the home venue of Philippines Football League club Kaya F.C.–Iloilo, prior to their move to Iloilo City. In the northwest, Circuit Makati's Gatorade-Chelsea Blue Pitch is a multi-use stadium, used not just for football games but since 2017 serves as the primary hub of the Philippine-American Football League.
The Ayala Museum is a private fine arts and history museum housing various exhibitions such as the "Gold of Ancestors," an exhibition of more than one thousand golden pre-Hispanic artifacts. Other popular museums also in Makati also include the Yuchengco Museum and the Museo ng Makati.
Makati has several Spanish-era churches, such as the Our Lady of Guadalupe and the Nuestra Señora de Gracia Church (Our Lady of Grace) in the old town. At the Greenbelt Park stands the modern domed chapel of the Santo Niño de la Paz. Between Forbes Park and Dasmariñas Village is the Santuario de San Antonio, a popular church for weddings in the Makati area. The National Shrine of the Sacred Heart is located in San Antonio Village. Makati also houses the country's only Jewish synagogue, Beth Yaacov.
There is a red-light district around Padre Burgos Street.
Future development
Ayala Land and the Makati Tourism Foundation launched a year-long campaign titled "Make It Happen, Make it Makati" to increase Makati's visibility as an arts and culture destination. The campaign is part of Ayala's ongoing US$1.5 billion redevelopment masterplan for Makati, which began in 2011 and divides the city into six distinct hubs for business, lifestyle, entertainment and transport.
Transportation
Major roads in Metro Manila surround Makati, such as Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), located in the southeast part of the city, the South Luzon Expressway (SLEX), which intersect EDSA at the Magallanes Interchange, and the Skyway which is built on top of SLEX and Osmeña Highway.
Land
Two of Metro Manila's main arteries pass through Makati. The Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) pass along the city's southeast part and connects it with the cities of Mandaluyong and Pasay. The South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) starts in southwestern Makati and connects it with southern Metro Manila and Southern Luzon. The Skyway is an elevated expressway that connects with NLEX and SLEX, providing residents coming from Northern Luzon, Northern Metro Manila, Southern Luzon and other cities of Southern Metro Manila a fast way to reach Makati. SLEX and EDSA intersect at the Magallanes Interchange, which is the most complex system of elevated roadways in Metro Manila.
Buses plying the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA/C-4) route from Parañaque to Quezon City and Caloocan pass through the central business/financial district daily, as well as buses to and from Alabang in Muntinlupa and Biñan and Santa Rosa in Laguna. Jeepneys ply Makati's inner roads and connect the city to its surrounding towns and cities.
The country's first-ever e-jeepney and hybrid bus services were piloted in Makati. The buses are parallel electric hybrids, powered by an electric motor and a Euro 3 diesel motor. The hybrid buses ply the route from Gil Puyat Avenue (Tramo/LRT-1 Taft) to Kalayaan Avenue (C-5), which are considered among the busiest in the city's central business district, cutting through other major roads like South Superhighway; Chino Roces, Ayala and Makati Avenues; Paseo de Roxas and EDSA.
Other major roads in the city include Gil Puyat Avenue, which connects EDSA and SLEX in the north; Ayala Avenue, an important street that runs through the Makati CBD; Osmeña Highway, which connects SLEX to the city of Manila; and Makati Avenue, which connects Ayala Avenue with Gil Puyat Avenue, also extending north to cross the Pasig River to Mandaluyong. At the center of Makati is the Ayala Triangle, a park built on the former Nielsen Air Base.
Railways
Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3 (MRT Line 3) on EDSA has four stations located in Makati: Guadalupe, Buendia, Ayala and Magallanes.
The Philippine National Railways has three stations in the city: Dela Rosa, Pasay Road and EDSA.
In 2013, the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) worked on a feasibility study for a $1.75 billion monorail project. The proposed 12.56-kilometer elevated monorail is envisioned to connect Makati, Bonifacio Global City and Pasay through the Line 3 as well as the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The present alignment being considered starts from the Guadalupe MRT Station, enters Bonifacio Global City through the north gate and ends at Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 3. If approved, the monorail project can be completed by 2016.
In 2015, the NEDA (National Economic Development Authority) approved the Public-Private Partnership project for the Makati-Pasay-Taguig Mass Transit System Loop which will have stations at key points in Makati namely Buendia MRT station, Ayala-EDSA, Ayala Triangle, Makati Post Office and PNR-Buendia which was later shelved and partially revived in 2018 as the Makati Intra-City Subway which inherits most of the stations in Makati and its designation as Line 5.
Airport
The city is 20 minutes away from the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
Water
The Pasig River is located north of Makati. The Pasig River Ferry Service has two stations: Guadalupe and Valenzuela.
Local government
The current mayor for the 2019–2022 term is Abby Binay, the daughter of former mayor and former Vice President Jejomar Binay. Monique Yazmin Q. Lagdameo is the city's incumbent vice mayor. The vice mayor heads a legislative council consisting of 18 members: 8 councilors from the 1st District, 8 councilors from the 2nd District, the President of the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council) Federation, representing the youth sector, and the President of the Association of Barangay Chairmen (ABC) as barangay sectoral representative. The council is in charge of creating the city's policies in the form of Ordinances and Resolutions. Current district representatives of the city are Romulo "Kid" Peña Jr., representing the 1st district and Luis Jose Angel Campos Jr., husband of Abby Binay, for the 2nd district.
Barangays
Makati is divided into 33 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handles governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into two congressional districts where each district is represented by a congressman in the country's House of Representatives. Congressional District I is composed of the barangays straddling EDSA, the barangays to the north and west of them, while excluding Guadalupe Viejo and Pinagkaisahan, while District II are to the south and east of District I, including the two aforementioned baragays. The districts used to elect the members of the city council are coextensive with the congressional districts.
Mayors
Seal of Makati
The Seal of Makati, adopted in August 1995, composes of the outline map of Makati containing 33 rays, green buildings, and a church.
The map of Makati is in golden yellow color which represents wealth and prosperity. The rays represent the 33 barangays of Makati which are described to be "surging forward to a brighter future". The color of the buildings symbolizes life which is described to reflect a "new progressive" Makati. The church represents the oldest church of Makati, the Nuestra Señora de Gracia, which was used by Filipino revolutionaries against the Spaniards in 1896 and the Americans in 1898. The waves represent the tide which came from the phrase "Makati na, Kumakati na" which means ebbing tide.
International relations
Diplomatic missions
Most of the diplomatic missions to Manila by foreign countries in the Philippines have their chanceries located in Makati:
|valign=top|
(Taipei Economic and Cultural Office)
(Consulate)
Sister cities
Makati's sister city is Los Angeles, California. Makati is also twinned with Ramapo, New York and Vladivostok, Russia.
See also
List of renamed cities and municipalities in the Philippines
Tourism in Manila
References
60. http://urbansdgplatform.org/profile/profile_caseView_detail.msc?no_case=281#:~:text=The%20establishment%20of%20a%20unified,launching%20of%20the%20Makatizen%20Card.
External links
Makati Website
https://www.makati.gov.ph/makatizen
[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
West Valley Fault in Pasig and Makati – 3230 III 17B Pasig
West Valley Fault in Makati and Taguig – 3230 III 22a Taguig
1670 establishments in the Philippines
Cities in Metro Manila
Highly urbanized cities in the Philippines
Populated places established in 1670
Populated places on the Pasig River
|
[
-0.3605234622955322,
-0.19452854990959167,
0.17760011553764343,
0.13125479221343994,
-0.5437334775924683,
0.325280100107193,
0.07041021436452866,
0.3986267149448395,
-0.6059356331825256,
-0.2914191782474518,
-0.10808110982179642,
0.4273630380630493,
-0.4314993917942047,
-0.568477988243103,
-0.15104420483112335,
-0.003875003894791007,
0.8515973687171936,
0.4877721667289734,
-0.14625237882137299,
-0.6902804374694824,
-0.384319931268692,
-0.3769076466560364,
0.014814719557762146,
0.4792416989803314,
0.5572323203086853,
-0.02815799042582512,
-0.04819439724087715,
0.416848748922348,
0.639991819858551,
-0.026301780715584755,
-0.17328587174415588,
0.1985287070274353,
0.16196799278259277,
0.4243849813938141,
0.299054890871048,
-0.16630367934703827,
-0.29265305399894714,
-0.3985555171966553,
-0.16120602190494537,
0.2680870294570923,
-0.1559370905160904,
-0.25598740577697754,
-0.18489526212215424,
0.1442221999168396,
0.27879589796066284,
-0.4105105400085449,
-1.9018144607543945,
0.138114333152771,
-0.644989550113678,
0.11706358194351196,
-0.9916507601737976,
0.40515458583831787,
-0.15974707901477814,
0.5345064997673035,
-0.0481761209666729,
0.4811370372772217,
-0.2541781961917877,
-0.031562067568302155,
-0.5023882389068604,
0.32527390122413635,
-0.16841618716716766,
-0.156317338347435,
0.2607879042625427,
0.043949104845523834,
-0.2538374960422516,
0.29130157828330994,
0.3604066073894501,
-0.3897663354873657,
-0.306214302778244,
-0.6481708288192749,
-0.1490495800971985,
0.32309064269065857,
-0.4188792407512665,
-0.2149883508682251,
-0.5280490517616272,
-0.3833124339580536,
-0.4998176097869873,
0.08755464851856232,
-0.5950776934623718,
0.7436635494232178,
-0.5043110847473145,
-0.015890175476670265,
0.18452009558677673,
-0.23074911534786224,
0.41793370246887207,
-0.25611749291419983,
0.0977582111954689,
0.18419648706912994,
0.12476148456335068,
0.7045784592628479,
-0.13064102828502655,
-0.27186182141304016,
0.3321591019630432,
-0.5178510546684265,
-0.23269030451774597,
-0.2354256510734558,
-0.27748969197273254,
0.09918568283319473,
0.2569296061992645,
0.17769980430603027,
-0.3698295056819916,
0.11182145774364471,
0.2902626097202301,
0.32524242997169495,
-0.6579293608665466,
-0.7468274831771851,
-0.42826902866363525,
0.13925166428089142,
-0.602418065071106,
-0.1830369085073471,
-0.06593964993953705,
-0.4549154043197632,
0.5143272280693054,
-0.06569260358810425,
0.18427695333957672,
-0.23505499958992004,
0.4334750473499298,
-0.06421543657779694,
-0.03171214088797569,
-0.6025876402854919,
0.0785931795835495,
0.26869818568229675,
0.13299907743930817,
0.31410473585128784,
0.8394368886947632,
-0.17157427966594696,
0.7461161613464355,
0.1268160194158554,
-0.42051106691360474,
0.2527596056461334,
-0.25031983852386475,
0.2569252550601959,
-0.18297453224658966,
0.32785123586654663,
0.4908168613910675,
-0.4212658107280731,
-0.3026043474674225,
0.36843714118003845,
-0.006795341148972511,
-0.16503378748893738,
-0.5259396433830261,
0.10508948564529419,
-0.3324994146823883,
0.024003518745303154,
0.008870074525475502,
0.12677477300167084,
-0.40922337770462036,
-0.8098711371421814,
-0.35602909326553345,
-0.5385730862617493,
0.217232808470726,
0.3131888508796692,
-0.05893447622656822,
0.42176684737205505,
-0.5646100640296936,
-0.2213912308216095,
0.8149011731147766,
0.1127082109451294,
0.11570029705762863,
0.4624587595462799,
-0.3893469274044037,
-0.40515777468681335,
0.15584716200828552,
-0.31486776471138,
0.030031174421310425,
0.008244339376688004,
0.0032706977799534798,
0.8299262523651123,
0.47365784645080566,
0.15641486644744873,
0.1105291098356247,
-0.7503727078437805,
-0.11589635908603668,
-0.15282347798347473,
0.06429698318243027,
-0.7943976521492004,
0.1828264743089676,
0.122042216360569,
-0.16616690158843994,
-0.09897945821285248,
-0.5106246471405029,
0.3284142017364502,
-0.16058646142482758,
0.23352384567260742,
0.060346249490976334,
0.19444261491298676,
0.19698894023895264,
0.40335556864738464,
-0.12345357984304428,
0.3070095181465149,
0.16056689620018005,
-0.22968414425849915,
-0.340038537979126,
-0.20946519076824188,
-0.17522300779819489,
0.17495758831501007,
-0.2139165699481964,
0.5416913032531738,
0.39600685238838196,
0.48650288581848145,
-0.23404520750045776,
-0.1928407847881317,
0.7462267279624939,
-0.10174848884344101,
-0.4909175932407379,
0.42258748412132263,
-0.09625405073165894,
0.6422558426856995,
0.11825001239776611,
0.9720423817634583,
-0.045139580965042114,
-0.022218581289052963,
-0.18065901100635529,
0.2455589324235916,
0.4326302111148834,
-0.4685855209827423,
-0.2018219530582428,
-0.10058333724737167,
0.29608193039894104,
0.2792969048023224,
0.44547238945961,
-0.23159201443195343,
-0.25062018632888794,
0.5596414804458618,
0.24589209258556366,
0.9020882248878479,
0.31604695320129395,
0.18188591301441193,
0.7670323848724365,
-0.23567724227905273,
0.30166134238243103,
-0.2960624694824219,
0.32898807525634766,
-0.4512711763381958,
-0.35021448135375977,
0.13697364926338196,
0.021432848647236824,
-0.26385489106178284,
0.23845990002155304,
-1.0785009860992432,
-0.13002897799015045,
0.22042830288410187,
-0.20483073592185974,
-0.013813318684697151,
0.5775993466377258,
0.32394012808799744,
-0.5502462983131409,
-0.6156916618347168,
0.26516085863113403,
0.4398759603500366,
0.25300395488739014,
0.06756051629781723,
0.07556946575641632,
-0.2844405174255371,
-0.2076088935136795,
-0.2530212998390198,
-0.2192458212375641,
-0.2921122908592224,
0.36795446276664734,
-0.10997741669416428,
-0.11049280315637589,
-0.09972178190946579,
0.0025587582495063543,
0.35600414872169495,
-0.46899348497390747,
-0.565514862537384,
0.2837389409542084,
-0.0622311532497406,
-0.21527625620365143,
-0.14185699820518494,
-0.09189710021018982,
-0.4460124969482422,
-0.19249971210956573,
-0.3435242474079132,
-0.058853864669799805,
-0.1985553503036499,
0.03876900300383568,
0.5750949382781982,
-0.2697007656097412,
-0.6192585229873657,
-0.006926823873072863,
0.32131171226501465,
-0.1312241554260254,
-0.45209723711013794,
-0.32809120416641235,
-0.034511663019657135,
0.07863050699234009,
-0.8591997027397156,
-0.09945999830961227,
0.12601932883262634,
0.06366569548845291,
-0.23382702469825745,
-0.24818122386932373,
0.14689528942108154,
0.1550205498933792,
-0.6235277056694031,
-0.31948235630989075,
0.501364529132843,
0.1751071661710739,
-0.7502816915512085,
-0.10179413855075836,
0.28577882051467896,
-0.30911463499069214,
-0.1147899255156517,
0.17085565626621246,
-0.25298982858657837,
-0.5237603783607483,
0.29219865798950195,
-6.078611373901367,
0.07703763246536255,
0.003071913029998541,
-0.2763613760471344,
-0.13865461945533752,
-0.06845314800739288,
0.13959965109825134,
-0.1983640044927597,
0.8590509295463562,
0.15111152827739716,
0.31261754035949707,
-0.0985335111618042,
0.05729282274842262,
0.10348455607891083,
0.2477794587612152,
0.06207973137497902,
-0.21820953488349915,
-0.28590917587280273,
0.07579436898231506,
-0.1087617352604866,
0.1641034632921219,
-0.11200763285160065,
-0.13562600314617157,
0.7522590756416321,
0.11219269037246704,
0.015157445333898067,
0.014842540957033634,
-0.15124566853046417,
-0.5284544825553894,
0.023082884028553963,
-0.26257020235061646,
0.17238670587539673,
0.2196715772151947,
0.28639960289001465,
-0.1526559740304947,
-0.09442409127950668,
0.9072750806808472,
0.14197376370429993,
0.05929071828722954,
-0.4314799904823303,
0.24229755997657776,
-0.0527777299284935,
0.16245566308498383,
-0.38392528891563416,
0.30121910572052,
0.2400498390197754,
-0.6135019659996033,
-0.6784322261810303,
-0.5903763175010681,
0.39862823486328125,
0.23558498919010162,
0.44997933506965637,
-0.050573959946632385,
-0.1811455339193344,
0.4689893126487732,
0.23588870465755463,
0.4296821057796478,
-0.3771260678768158,
-0.6151002049446106,
0.1885685920715332,
0.5374121069908142,
0.32754644751548767,
-0.5502763986587524,
0.16060717403888702,
-0.07655540108680725,
0.11777804046869278,
-0.17894046008586884,
-0.3203778862953186,
0.5802890658378601,
-0.0646652951836586,
-0.6739120483398438,
-0.24095039069652557,
0.004444802645593882,
-0.8462890982627869,
0.014080113731324673,
-0.08855763077735901,
-0.6531864404678345,
0.27703210711479187,
0.10662778466939926,
-0.0607670359313488,
-0.3605256676673889,
-0.08820939064025879,
0.4398302733898163,
0.49475961923599243,
-0.10853905975818634,
-0.0517287515103817,
-0.08994653820991516,
0.04137163609266281,
0.028077352792024612,
0.39056453108787537,
0.076484315097332,
-0.5831561088562012,
0.2752636969089508,
0.11799176037311554,
0.45354557037353516,
0.2675391733646393,
-0.00013091208529658616,
0.057221509516239166,
0.07002916932106018,
-0.6229072213172913,
1.0058223009109497,
-0.013515639118850231,
-0.2851680517196655,
0.1541363149881363,
0.19793327152729034,
0.010498062707483768,
-0.03976945951581001,
0.2265956699848175,
-0.06274531036615372,
-0.28216975927352905,
-0.2558141350746155,
-0.05942269042134285,
-0.09094107896089554,
-0.5294914245605469,
0.49029871821403503,
-0.1411590874195099,
-0.5069423317909241,
-0.006546818185597658,
-0.20690694451332092,
-0.03267254680395126,
-0.19622555375099182,
0.37653401494026184,
0.00007422176713589579,
0.6843288540840149,
0.09706433117389679,
-0.23753641545772552,
-0.6637789011001587,
0.3961425721645355,
0.0016342620365321636,
0.2532972991466522,
0.7581380009651184,
-0.14106912910938263,
0.9426214694976807,
-0.24743029475212097,
0.19098632037639618,
0.08428733050823212,
-0.1241452693939209,
-0.1397312879562378,
0.3323593735694885,
-0.4459332227706909,
-0.03475227579474449,
0.06832997500896454,
-0.3128125071525574,
-0.11068946868181229,
0.4085977077484131,
-0.34950217604637146,
-0.3746711015701294,
-0.7446793913841248,
-0.2949279248714447,
-0.17054763436317444,
0.05238915607333183,
-0.5975469946861267,
0.4762168228626251,
0.02713869884610176,
-0.3720153868198395,
-0.4238598048686981,
-0.0665334165096283,
0.09045905619859695,
0.12897706031799316,
0.037504907697439194,
0.4592588543891907,
-0.6342991590499878,
-1.0815764665603638,
-0.07776358723640442,
-0.054445695132017136,
-0.415688693523407,
-0.1336211860179901,
-0.05269293859601021,
0.019406506791710854,
0.5488871335983276,
0.7430073618888855,
-0.6983014345169067,
-0.4689435660839081,
0.30495399236679077,
0.19224493205547333,
-0.6411634087562561,
0.12498749792575836,
0.41159364581108093,
-0.12687771022319794,
0.6669222116470337,
0.0537010133266449,
-0.339685320854187,
-0.2668534815311432,
0.6460634469985962,
0.2637849450111389,
0.36010563373565674,
-0.007995023392140865,
-0.22121794521808624,
-0.08872078359127045,
0.3252187967300415,
0.1846758872270584,
-0.02332530915737152,
0.008426125161349773,
0.4905216097831726,
-0.3936694264411926,
-0.15312527120113373,
-0.04035859555006027,
0.011847264133393764,
-0.017269931733608246,
0.30046752095222473,
-0.4573128819465637,
0.20536714792251587,
-0.48327016830444336,
0.12709535658359528,
0.1613484025001526,
0.295229971408844,
0.22454939782619476,
0.21338072419166565,
-0.1522115021944046,
-0.5303862690925598,
-0.26491278409957886,
-0.18049432337284088,
-0.2025306671857834,
0.19397784769535065,
-0.275876522064209,
0.06545156240463257,
0.13613933324813843,
-0.08227971941232681,
0.11996585875749588,
-0.6400315761566162,
-0.4102063775062561,
0.46404653787612915,
0.009148212149739265,
-0.1474883109331131,
0.5936985611915588,
0.9913038611412048,
0.04123879224061966,
-0.5185343623161316,
0.10614463686943054,
0.22238221764564514,
-0.004309522919356823,
-0.14579661190509796,
0.6795724630355835,
0.5681791305541992,
-0.3929397761821747,
-0.08095739781856537,
-0.39872321486473083,
0.23434379696846008,
0.2623724639415741,
0.29312756657600403,
-0.10260356217622757,
0.4549846053123474,
-0.3455025851726532,
-0.4822416305541992,
-0.15059417486190796,
0.11105397343635559,
0.28511345386505127,
-0.3766222298145294,
-0.11832799017429352,
0.18490645289421082,
0.08213534206151962,
-0.05112464725971222,
0.270507276058197,
-0.007379583083093166,
0.4529924690723419,
-0.35045188665390015,
-0.14595146477222443,
0.26185452938079834,
0.4188379645347595,
-0.0710114911198616,
-0.4060996174812317,
-0.3534110486507416,
-0.4788127541542053,
0.006687988992780447,
-0.08416386693716049,
0.05625797435641289,
-0.540176510810852,
-0.04264529421925545,
-0.28852349519729614,
0.22081714868545532,
-0.4673086702823639,
-0.5593317151069641,
0.08089196681976318,
-0.46871218085289,
0.5307868719100952,
-0.15650305151939392,
-0.19251218438148499,
-0.027765566483139992,
0.2156520038843155,
0.052434708923101425,
-0.6446224451065063,
-0.13805854320526123,
-0.5204347968101501,
-0.2710978090763092,
0.17545023560523987,
-0.15245185792446136,
0.06358014047145844,
0.3405381143093109,
-0.33132290840148926,
0.32571941614151,
-0.016195151954889297,
0.11425457894802094,
-0.11642052233219147,
0.08837151527404785,
-0.34376996755599976,
-0.12965653836727142,
0.4302370548248291,
0.41628921031951904,
0.22836877405643463,
0.1683473289012909,
-0.6202632188796997,
-0.053061485290527344,
0.26835086941719055,
0.1076061874628067,
0.06176222488284111,
-0.47291305661201477,
0.19052790105342865,
-0.1588849425315857,
-0.213418647646904,
0.01955535262823105,
0.136921226978302,
0.15422964096069336,
0.3131779432296753,
0.6485654711723328,
-0.6070050597190857,
0.8704840540885925,
0.8665253520011902,
-0.2580874562263489,
0.35794076323509216,
0.49090805649757385,
0.47669750452041626,
-0.6462072134017944,
0.0207405686378479,
0.8393040299415588,
-0.3803521692752838,
0.4223470985889435,
0.23640809953212738,
-0.27965277433395386,
0.5983980298042297,
-0.06942634284496307,
0.44257473945617676,
-0.022891327738761902,
-0.035891905426979065,
-0.1999165266752243,
-0.3165697753429413,
-0.4412213861942291,
-0.01375484373420477,
-0.308239609003067,
-0.3509351313114166,
0.28068965673446655,
0.8020647168159485,
0.6924170255661011,
-0.742479681968689,
0.21249182522296906,
0.4295410215854645,
0.015677491202950478,
0.627920389175415,
-0.11012289673089981,
0.1307881623506546,
-0.056138280779123306,
0.5370970368385315,
0.42603805661201477,
0.1155262216925621,
-0.03885090351104736,
0.12075519561767578,
0.25140637159347534,
-0.23304767906665802,
-0.43116819858551025,
-0.037383951246738434,
-0.444125771522522,
0.31818655133247375,
-0.07968147099018097,
0.182980015873909,
0.4357410967350006,
-0.32735541462898254,
-0.4132993817329407,
0.07587239146232605,
0.38040998578071594,
-0.5007119178771973,
0.05041369050741196,
-0.2787490785121918,
0.3494778275489807,
-0.41110101342201233,
-0.006431929301470518,
-0.05156645551323891,
0.37046846747398376,
0.16980423033237457,
0.1904515027999878,
-0.3290118873119354,
0.27154672145843506,
0.08389165997505188,
0.05421334505081177,
0.08725707232952118,
-0.7939484119415283,
0.005230790004134178,
0.5058656930923462,
0.3967907726764679,
0.2019738107919693,
-0.6196377873420715,
0.5182045698165894,
-0.256106436252594,
0.5733477473258972,
0.08187727630138397,
0.37955114245414734,
-0.15983642637729645,
0.21302281320095062,
-0.18062803149223328,
0.6795732975006104,
0.6117116212844849,
0.10987944900989532,
0.12489283829927444,
-0.29975834488868713,
0.05575333908200264,
0.04187704995274544,
0.2061985433101654,
-0.3134368360042572,
-0.1774579882621765,
0.21234218776226044,
-0.4718319773674011,
-0.04646722227334976,
0.442747563123703,
0.600727379322052,
-0.16353826224803925,
-0.011838707141578197,
-0.26232799887657166,
0.5613150000572205,
0.5581178665161133,
-0.2054380476474762,
0.2760426104068756,
0.05375489220023155,
0.43495702743530273,
-0.4621307849884033,
0.18887637555599213,
0.6803125739097595,
0.08560793101787567,
-0.37628957629203796,
-0.05399341881275177,
0.24653634428977966,
-0.7799815535545349,
0.33130478858947754,
0.14757892489433289,
-0.2842579782009125,
-0.33127906918525696,
0.5163809657096863,
0.14410783350467682,
0.3471398651599884,
0.2780994474887848,
0.1624821126461029,
0.47556445002555847,
0.028731156140565872,
0.03174956887960434,
-0.11677301675081253,
-0.15140177309513092,
-0.1544816642999649,
-0.31859487295150757,
-0.4310727119445801,
0.1937285214662552,
0.23568196594715118,
-0.393612802028656,
0.10833653062582016,
0.43274936079978943,
-0.14073172211647034,
0.4152200222015381,
0.05860554054379463,
-0.0900658443570137,
0.0643753856420517,
0.560995876789093,
-0.11773369461297989,
0.42353445291519165,
0.22440899908542633
] |
210280
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure%20value
|
Exposure value
|
In photography, exposure value (EV) is a number that represents a combination of a camera's shutter speed and f-number, such that all combinations that yield the same exposure have the same EV (for any fixed scene luminance). Exposure value is also used to indicate an interval on the photographic exposure scale, with a difference of 1 EV corresponding to a standard power-of-2 exposure step, commonly referred to as a stop.
The EV concept was developed by the German shutter manufacturer in the 1950s (Gebele 1958; Ray 2000, 318). Its intent was to simplify choosing among equivalent camera exposure settings by replacing combinations of shutter speed and f-number (e.g., 1/125 s at f/16) with a single number (e.g., 15).
On some lenses with leaf shutters, the process was further simplified by allowing the shutter and aperture controls to be linked such that, when one was changed, the other was automatically adjusted to maintain the same exposure. This was especially helpful to beginners with limited understanding of the effects of shutter speed and aperture and the relationship between them. But it was also useful for experienced photographers who might choose a shutter speed to stop motion or an f-number for depth of field, because it allowed for faster adjustment—without the need for mental calculations—and reduced the chance of error when making the adjustment.
The concept became known as the Light Value System (LVS) in Europe; it was generally known as the Exposure Value System (EVS) when the features became available on cameras in the United States (Desfor 1957).
Because of mechanical considerations, the coupling of shutter and aperture was limited to lenses with leaf shutters; however, various automatic exposure modes now work to somewhat the same effect in cameras with focal-plane shutters.
The proper EV was determined by the scene luminance and film speed; it was intended that the system also include adjustment for filters, exposure compensation, and other variables. With all of these elements included, the camera would be set by transferring the single number thus determined.
Exposure value has been indicated in various ways. The ASA and ANSI standards used the quantity symbol Ev, with the subscript v indicating the logarithmic value; this symbol continues to be used in ISO standards, but the acronym EV is more common elsewhere. The Exif standard uses Ev (CIPA 2016).
Although all camera settings with the same EV nominally give the same exposure, they do not necessarily give the same picture. The f-number (relative aperture) determines the depth of field, and the shutter speed (exposure time) determines the amount of motion blur, as illustrated by the two images at the right (and at long exposure times, as a second-order effect, the light-sensitive medium may exhibit reciprocity failure, which is a change of light sensitivity dependent on the irradiance at the film).
Formal definition
Exposure value is a base-2 logarithmic scale defined by (Ray 2000, 318):
where
N is the f-number
t is the exposure time ("shutter speed") in seconds
EV 0 corresponds to an exposure time of 1 s and an aperture of f/1.0.
If the EV is known, it can be used to select combinations of exposure time and f-number, as shown in Table 1.
Each increment of 1 in exposure value corresponds to a change of one "step" (or, more commonly, one "stop") in exposure, i.e., half as much exposure, either by halving the exposure time or halving the aperture area, or a combination of such changes. Greater exposure values are appropriate for photography in more brightly lit situations, or for higher ISO speeds.
Alternate form:
Camera settings vs. luminous exposure
"Exposure value" indicates combinations of camera settings rather than the luminous exposure (aka photometric exposure), which is given by (Ray 2000, 310)
where
H is the luminous/photometric exposure
E is the image-plane illuminance
t is the exposure time ("shutter speed")
The illuminance E is controlled by the f-number but also depends on the scene luminance. To avoid confusion, some authors (Ray 2000, 310) have used camera exposure to refer to combinations of camera settings. The 1964 ASA standard for automatic exposure controls for cameras, ASA PH2.15-1964, took the same approach, and also used the more descriptive term camera exposure settings.
Common practice among photographers is nonetheless to use "exposure" to refer to camera settings as well as to photometric exposure.
Relationship of camera settings to luminous exposure
The image-plane illuminance is directly proportional to the area of the aperture, and hence inversely proportional to the square of the lens f-number; thus
for constant lighting conditions, the exposure is constant as long as the ratio t/N2 is constant. If, for example, the f-number is changed, an equivalent exposure time can be determined from
Performing this calculation mentally is tedious for most photographers, but the equation is easily solved with a calculator dial on an exposure meter (Ray 2000, 318) or a similar dial on a standalone calculator. If the camera controls have detents, constant exposure can be maintained by counting the steps as one control is adjusted and counting an equivalent number of steps when adjusting the other control.
Representing camera settings: EV
The ratio t/N2 could be used to represent equivalent combinations of exposure time and f-number in a single value. But for many such combinations used in general photography, the ratio gives a fractional value with a large denominator; this is notationally inconvenient as well as difficult to remember. Inverting this ratio and taking the base-2 logarithm allows defining a quantity Ev such that
resulting in a value that progresses in a linear sequence as camera exposure is changed in power-of-2 steps. For example, beginning with 1 s and f/1, decreasing exposure
gives the simple sequence
0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 14, 15, ...
The last two values shown frequently apply when using ISO 100 speed imaging media in outdoor photography.
This system provides its greatest benefit when using an exposure meter (or table) calibrated in EV with a camera that allows settings to be made in EV, especially with coupled shutter and aperture; the appropriate exposure is easily set on the camera, and choosing among equivalent settings is made by adjusting one control.
Current cameras do not allow direct setting of EV, and cameras with automatic exposure control generally obviate the need for it. EV can nonetheless be helpful when used to transfer recommended exposure settings from an exposure meter (or table of recommended exposures) to an exposure calculator (or table of camera settings).
EV as an indicator of camera settings
Used as an indicator of camera settings, EV corresponds to actual combinations of shutter speed and aperture setting. When the actual EV matches that recommended by the light level and the ISO speed, these settings should result in the "correct" exposure.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" id="Table1"
|+ Table 1. Exposure times, in seconds or minutes (m), for various exposure values and f-numbers (ISO 100)
! rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | EV
! colspan="13" | f-number
|-
! 1.0 !! 1.4 !! 2.0 !! 2.8 !! 4.0 !! 5.6 !! 8.0 !! 11 !! 16 !! 22 !! 32 !! 45 !! 64
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −6
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 32 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 64 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 128 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 256 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 512 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1024 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2048 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4096 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −5
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 32 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 64 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 128 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 256 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 512 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1024 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2048 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 32 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 64 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 128 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 256 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 512 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1024 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −3
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 32 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 64 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 128 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 256 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 512 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 32 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 64 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 128 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 256 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 32 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 64 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 128 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 0
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 32 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 64 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 32 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 3
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 5
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 m
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 6
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 60
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 7
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 30
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 9
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 10
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 11
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 12
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 13
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 14
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/16000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/32000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/16000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/32000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/16000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/15
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 17
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/32000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/16000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/30
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 18
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/32000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/16000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/60
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 19
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/32000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/16000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/125
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 20
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/32000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/16000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/250
|-
! style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 21
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/32000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" |1/16000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/8000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/4000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/2000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/1000
| style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1/500
|-
! rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | EV
! 1.0 !! 1.4 !! 2.0 !! 2.8 !! 4.0 !! 5.6 !! 8.0 !! 11 !! 16 !! 22 !! 32 !! 45 !! 64
|-
! colspan="13" | f-number
|-
|}
Relationship of EV to lighting conditions
"Correct" exposure is obtained when the f-number and exposure time match those “recommended" for given lighting conditions
and ISO speed; the relationship is given by the exposure equation prescribed by ISO 2720:1974:
where
N is the relative aperture (f-number)
t is the exposure time ("shutter speed") in seconds
L is the average scene luminance
S is the ISO arithmetic speed
K is the reflected-light meter calibration constant
Applied to the right-hand side of the exposure equation, exposure value is
If the common value of is used, an EV of zero (e.g., an aperture of f/1 and a shutter time of 1 sec) for corresponds to a luminance of (). At EV = 15 (the "sunny sixteen" amount of light) the luminance is ().
Camera settings also can be determined from incident-light measurements, for which the exposure equation is
where
E is the illuminance
C is the incident-light meter calibration constant
In terms of exposure value, the right-hand side becomes
When applied to the left-hand side of the exposure equation, EV denotes actual combinations of camera settings; when applied to the right-hand side, EV denotes combinations of camera settings required to give the nominally "correct" exposure. The formal relationship of EV to luminance or illuminance has limitations. Although it usually works well for typical outdoor scenes in daylight, it is less applicable to scenes with highly atypical luminance distributions, such as city skylines at night. In such situations, the EV that will result in the best picture often is better determined by subjective evaluation of photographs than by formal consideration of luminance or illuminance.
For a given luminance and film speed, a greater EV results in less exposure, and for fixed exposure (i.e., fixed camera settings),
a greater EV corresponds to greater luminance or illuminance.
Illuminance is measured using a flat sensor; if the common value of is used, an EV of zero (e.g., an aperture of f/1 and a shutter time of 1 sec) for corresponds to an illuminance of (). At EV = 15 (the "sunny sixteen" amount of light) the illuminance is (). For general photography, incident-light measurements are usually taken with a hemispherical sensor; the readings cannot be meaningfully related to illuminance.
Tabulated exposure values
An exposure meter may not always be available, and using a meter to determine exposure for some scenes with unusual lighting distribution may be difficult. However, natural light, as well as many scenes with artificial lighting, is predictable, so that exposure often can be determined with reasonable accuracy from tabulated values.
Table 2. Exposure values (ISO 100) for various lighting conditions{| class="wikitable" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em; text-align: left"
|-
! Lighting condition || EV100
|-
! colspan="2" | Daylight
|-
| | Light sand or snow in full or slightly hazy sunlight (distinct shadows)a
| style="text-align: center;" | 16
|-
| | Typical scene in full or slightly hazy sunlight (distinct shadows)a, b
| style="text-align: center;" | 15
|-
| | Typical scene in hazy sunlight (soft shadows)
| style="text-align: center;" | 14
|-
| | Typical scene, cloudy bright (no shadows)
| style="text-align: center;" | 13
|-
| | Typical scene, heavy overcast
| style="text-align: center;" | 12
|-
| | Areas in open shade, clear sunlight
| style="text-align: center;" | 12
|-
! colspan="2" | Outdoor, natural light
|-
| colspan="2" | Rainbows
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Clear sky background
| style="text-align: center;" | 15
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Cloudy sky background
| style="text-align: center;" | 14
|-
| colspan="2" | Sunsets and skylines
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Just before sunset
| style="text-align: center;" | 12–14
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | At sunset
| style="text-align: center;" | 12
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Just after sunset
| style="text-align: center;" | 9–11
|-
| colspan="2" | The Moon,c altitude > 40°
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Full
| style="text-align: center;" | 15
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Gibbous
| style="text-align: center;" | 14
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Quarter
| style="text-align: center;" | 13
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Crescent
| style="text-align: center;" | 12
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Blood
| style="text-align: center;" | 0 to 3
|-
| colspan="2" | Moonlight, Moon altitude > 40°
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Full
| style="text-align: center;" | −3 to −2
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Gibbous
| style="text-align: center;" | −4
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Quarter
| style="text-align: center;" | −6
|-
| colspan="2" | Aurora borealis and australis
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Bright
| style="text-align: center;" | −4 to −3
|-
| style="padding: 0.1em 1.5em;" | Medium
| style="text-align: center;" | −6 to −5
|-
| | Milky Way galactic center
| style="text-align: center;" | −11 to −9
|-
! colspan="2" | Outdoor, artificial light
|-
| | Neon and other bright signs
| style="text-align: center;" | 9–10
|-
| | Night sports
| style="text-align: center;" | 9
|-
| | Fires and burning buildings
| style="text-align: center;" | 9
|-
| | Bright street scenes
| style="text-align: center;" | 8
|-
| | Night street scenes and window displays
| style="text-align: center;" | 7–8
|-
| | Night vehicle traffic
| style="text-align: center;" | 5
|-
| | Fairs and amusement parks
| style="text-align: center;" | 7
|-
| | Christmas tree lights
| style="text-align: center;" | 4–5
|-
| | Floodlit buildings, monuments, and fountains
| style="text-align: center;" | 3–5
|-
| | Distant views of lighted buildings
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
|-
! colspan="2" | Indoor, artificial light
|-
| | Galleries
| style="text-align: center;" | 8–11
|-
| | Sports events, stage shows, and the like
| style="text-align: center;" | 8–9
|-
| | Circuses, floodlit
| style="text-align: center;" | 8
|-
| | Ice shows, floodlit
| style="text-align: center;" | 9
|-
| | Offices and work areas
| style="text-align: center;" | 7–8
|-
| | Home interiors
| style="text-align: center;" | 5–7
|-
| | Christmas tree lights
| style="text-align: center;" | 4–5
|}
Values for direct sunlight apply between approximately two hours after sunrise and two hours before sunset, and assume front lighting. As a rough general rule, decrease EV by 1 for side lighting, and decrease EV by 2 for back lighting.
This is approximately the value given by the sunny 16 rule.
These values are appropriate for pictures of the Moon taken at night with a long lens or telescope, and will render the Moon as a medium tone. They will not, in general, be suitable for landscape pictures that include the Moon. In a landscape photograph, the Moon typically is near the horizon, where its luminance changes considerably with altitude. Moreover, a landscape photograph usually must take account of the sky and foreground as well as the Moon. Consequently, it is nearly impossible to give a single correct exposure value for such a situation.
Exposure values in Table 2 are reasonable general guidelines, but they should be used with caution. For simplicity, they are rounded to the nearest integer, and they omit numerous considerations described in the ANSI exposure guides from which they are derived. Moreover, they take no account of color shifts or reciprocity failure. Proper use of tabulated exposure values is explained in detail in the ANSI exposure guide, ANSI PH2.7-1986.
The exposure values in Table 2 are for ISO 100 speed ("EV100"). For a different ISO speed , increase the exposure values (decrease the exposures) by the number of exposure steps by which that speed is greater than ISO 100, formally
For example, ISO 400 speed is two steps greater than ISO 100:
To photograph outdoor night sports with an ISO 400–speed imaging medium, search Table 2 for "Night sports" (which has an EV of 9 for ISO 100), and add 2 to get .
For lower ISO speed, decrease the exposure values (increase the exposures) by the number of exposure steps by which the speed is less than ISO 100. For example, ISO 50 speed is one step less than ISO 100:
To photograph a rainbow against a cloudy sky with an ISO 50–speed imaging medium, search Table 2 for "Rainbows-Cloudy sky background" (which has an EV of 14), and subtract 1 to get .
The equation for correcting for ISO speed can also be solved for EV100:
For example, using ISO 400 film and setting the camera for EV 11 allows shooting night sports at a light level of EV100 = 9, in agreement with the example done the other way around above. An online calculator that implemented this calculation was available at dpreview.com.
Setting EV on a camera
On most cameras, there is no direct way to transfer an EV to camera settings; however, a few cameras, such as some Voigtländer and Braun models or the Kodak Pony II shown in the photo, allowed direct setting of exposure value.
Some medium-format cameras from Rollei (Rolleiflex, Rolleicord models) and Hasselblad allowed EV to be set on the lenses. The set EV could be locked, coupling shutter and aperture settings, such that adjusting either the shutter speed or aperture made a corresponding adjustment in the other to maintain a constant exposure (Ray 2000, 318). On some lenses the locking was optional, so that the photographer could choose the preferred method of working depending on the situation. Use of EV on some meters and cameras is discussed briefly by Adams (1981, 39). He notes that, in some cases, the EV indication from the meter may need to be adjusted for film speed.
Exposure compensation in EV
Many current cameras allow for exposure compensation, and usually state it in terms of EV (Ray 2000, 316). In this context, EV refers to the difference between the indicated and set exposures. For example, an exposure compensation of +1 EV (or +1 step) means to increase exposure, by using either a longer exposure time or a smaller -number.
The sense of exposure compensation is opposite that of the EV scale itself. An increase in exposure corresponds to a decrease in EV, so an exposure compensation of +1 EV results in a smaller EV; conversely, an exposure compensation of −1 EV results in a greater EV. For example, if a meter reading of a lighter-than-normal subject indicates EV 16, and an exposure compensation of +1 EV is applied to render the subject appropriately, the final camera settings will correspond to EV 15.
Meter indication in EV
Some light meters (e.g., Pentax spot meters) indicate directly in EV at ISO 100. Some other meters, especially digital models, can indicate EV for the selected ISO speed. In most cases, this difference is irrelevant; with the Pentax meters, camera settings usually are determined using the exposure calculator, and most digital meters directly display shutter speeds and -numbers.
Recently, articles on many web sites have used light value (LV) to denote EV at ISO 100. However, this term does not derive from a standards body, and has had several conflicting definitions.
EV and APEX
The Additive system of Photographic EXposure (APEX) proposed in the 1960 ASA standard for monochrome film speed, ASA PH2.5-1960, extended the concept of exposure value to all quantities in the exposure equation by taking base-2 logarithms, reducing application of the equation to simple addition and subtraction. In terms of exposure value, the left-hand side of the exposure equation became
where Av (aperture value) and Tv (time value) were defined as:
and
with
A the relative aperture (f-number)
T the exposure time ("shutter speed") in seconds
Av and Tv represent the numbers of stops from 1 and 1 second, respectively.
Use of APEX required logarithmic markings on aperture and shutter controls, however, and these never were incorporated in consumer cameras. With the inclusion of built-in exposure meters in most cameras shortly after APEX was proposed, the need to use the exposure equation was eliminated, and APEX saw little actual use.
Though it remains of little interest to the end user, APEX has seen a partial resurrection in the Exif standard, which calls for storing exposure data using APEX values. See Use of APEX values in Exif for additional discussion.
EV as a measure of luminance and illuminance
For a given ISO speed and meter calibration constant, there is a direct relationship between exposure value and luminance (or illuminance). Strictly, EV is not a measure of luminance or illuminance; rather, an EV corresponds to a luminance (or illuminance) for which a camera with a given ISO speed would use the indicated EV to obtain the nominally correct exposure. Nonetheless, it is common practice among photographic equipment manufacturers to express luminance in EV for ISO 100 speed, as when specifying metering range (Ray 2000, 318) or autofocus sensitivity. And the practice is long established; (Ray 2002, 592) cites Ulffers (1968) as an early example. Properly, the meter calibration constant as well as the ISO speed should be stated, but this seldom is done.
Values for the reflected-light calibration constant K vary slightly among manufacturers; a common choice is 12.5 (Canon, Nikon, and Sekonic). Using , the relationship between EV at ISO 100 and luminance L is then
Values of luminance at various values of EV based on this relationship are shown in Table 3. Using this relationship, a reflected-light exposure meter that indicates in EV can be used to determine luminance.
As with luminance, common practice among photographic equipment manufacturers is to express illuminance in EV for ISO 100 speed when specifying metering range.
The situation with incident-light meters is more complicated than that for reflected-light meters, because the calibration constant C depends on the sensor type. Two sensor types are common: flat (cosine-responding) and hemispherical (cardioid-responding). Illuminance is measured with a flat sensor; a typical value for C is 250 with illuminance in lux. Using , the relationship between EV at ISO 100 and illuminance E is then
Values of illuminance at various values of EV based on this relationship are shown in Table 3. Using this relationship, an incident-light exposure meter that indicates in EV can be used to determine illuminance.
Although illuminance measurements may indicate appropriate exposure for a flat subject, they are less useful for a typical scene in which many elements are not flat and are at various orientations to the camera. For determining practical photographic exposure, a hemispherical sensor has proven more effective. With a hemispherical sensor, typical values for C are between 320 (Minolta) and 340 (Sekonic) with illuminance in lux. If illuminance is interpreted loosely, measurements with a hemispherical sensor indicate "scene illuminance".
Exposure meter calibration is discussed in detail in the Light meter article.
Table 3. Exposure value vs. luminance (ISO 100, K = 12.5) and illuminance (ISO 100, C = 250)'{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | EV100
! colspan="2" | Luminance
! colspan="2" | Illuminance
|-
! cd/m2
! fL
! lx
! fc
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −4 || 0.008 || 0.0023 || 0.156 || 0.015
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −3 || 0.016 || 0.0046 || 0.313 || 0.029
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −2 || 0.031 || 0.0091 || 0.625 || 0.058
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | −1 || 0.063 || 0.018 || 1.25 || 0.116
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 0 || 0.125 || 0.036 || 2.5 || 0.232
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 1 || 0.25 || 0.073 || 5 || 0.465
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 2 || 0.5 || 0.146 || 10 || 0.929
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 3 || 1 || 0.292 || 20 || 1.86
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 4 || 2 || 0.584 || 40 || 3.72
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 5 || 4 || 1.17 || 80 || 7.43
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 6 || 8 || 2.33 || 160 || 14.9
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 7 || 16 || 4.67 || 320 || 29.7
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 8 || 32 || 9.34 || 640 || 59.5
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 9 || 64 || 18.7 || 1280 || 119
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 10 || 128 || 37.4 || 2560 || 238
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 11 || 256 || 74.7 || 5120 || 476
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 12 || 512 || 149 || 10,240 || 951
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 13 || 1024 || 299 || 20,480 || 1903
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 14 || 2048 || 598 || 40,960 || 3805
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 15 || 4096 || 1195 || 81,920 || 7611
|-
| style="text-align: right; padding: 0.1em 0.5em;" | 16 || 8192 || 2391 || 163,840 || 15,221
|}
See also
APEX system
Exposure compensation
Exposure meter calibration
High-dynamic-range imaging
Notes
References
Adams, Ansel. 1981. The Negative. Boston: New York Graphic Society.
ANSI PH2.7-1973. American National Standard Photographic Exposure Guide. New York: American National Standards Institute. Superseded by ANSI PH2.7-1986
ANSI PH2.7-1986. American National Standard for Photography — Photographic Exposure Guide. New York: American National Standards Institute.
ASA PH2.5-1960. American Standard Method for Determining Speed of photographic Negative Materials (Monochrome, Continuous Tone). New York: United States of America Standards Institute.
ASA PH2.15-1964 (R1976). American Standard: Automatic Exposure Controls for Cameras. New York: United States of America Standards Institute.
"Camera and Imaging Products Association". 2016. Exchangeable image file format for digital still cameras: Exif Version 2.31 (PDF).
Canon. n.d. "Camera settings: Shooting modes". Canon Professional Network. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
CIPA. See Camera and Imaging Products Association.
Davis, Phil. 1999. Beyond the Zone System, 4th ed. Boston: Focal Press.
Desfor, Irving. 1957. "F-Stops On Cameras Discarded; Pick Number From 4 To 18". Arizona Republic, September 1.
Gebele, Kurt. 1958. Photographic Shutter. US Patent 2,829,574, filed 2 November 1953, and issued 8 April 1958.
Jones, Loyd A., and H. R. Condit. 1941. "The Brightness Scale of Exterior Scenes and the Computation of Correct Photographic Exposure". Journal of the Optical Society of America 31:11, Nov. 1941, 651–678.
Jones, Loyd A., and H. R. Condit. 1948. "Sunlight and skylight as determinants of Photographic exposure. I. Luminous density as determined by solar altitude and atmospheric conditions". Journal of the Optical Society of America 38:2, Feb. 1948, 123–178.
Jones, Loyd A., and H. R. Condit. 1949. "Sunlight and skylight as determinants of Photographic exposure. II. Scene structure, directional index, photographic efficiency of daylight, safety factors, and evaluation of camera exposure". Journal of the Optical Society of America 39:2, Feb. 1949, 94–135.
Ray, Sidney F. 2000. "Camera Exposure Determination". In The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging, 9th ed. Ed. Ralph E. Jacobson, Sidney F. Ray, Geoffrey G. Atteridge, and Norman R. Axford. Oxford: Focal Press.
Ray, Sidney F. 2002. Applied Photographic Optics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Focal Press.
Ulffers, D. 1968. "Sensitivity Specifications of Exposure Meters". British Journal of Photography 115, 47.
Further reading
Eastman Kodak Company. Existing-Light Photography'', 3rd ed. Rochester, NY: Silver Pixel Press, 1996.
External links
Doug Kerr, "Setting Camera Exposure in Terms of Ev" (PDF)
Fred Parker, table of exposure values for various lighting situations
Science of photography
Photometry
Units of illuminance
|
[
0.5821444392204285,
0.07045727968215942,
0.1933346539735794,
0.05065591633319855,
0.125163733959198,
0.1947636902332306,
0.0071881902404129505,
-0.6368192434310913,
-0.25804418325424194,
-0.33666011691093445,
-0.013891534879803658,
0.8499864935874939,
-0.4151152968406677,
0.034107815474271774,
0.11976753175258636,
0.1694522649049759,
0.7277472615242004,
0.28040769696235657,
-0.46876394748687744,
-0.16591738164424896,
-0.0033074093516916037,
0.11622154712677002,
0.3846012055873871,
-0.7239540815353394,
-0.2927517592906952,
-0.393707811832428,
-0.03891534358263016,
-0.07177891582250595,
0.39072221517562866,
-0.06508930772542953,
-0.13028232753276825,
0.4528651535511017,
-0.6452758312225342,
0.24947361648082733,
0.08383043855428696,
-0.0649997815489769,
0.3634995222091675,
-0.12858133018016815,
0.008347881026566029,
-0.034010495990514755,
-0.28201156854629517,
-0.6029368042945862,
-0.09389723837375641,
0.06975241005420685,
-0.35336002707481384,
-1.1069004535675049,
-1.355734944343567,
-0.12400708347558975,
0.05886325240135193,
0.4207383096218109,
0.2023128867149353,
0.31216633319854736,
-0.09785827249288559,
0.7301036715507507,
-0.015605194494128227,
0.9080827236175537,
-0.5591503977775574,
-0.21391598880290985,
-0.029016057029366493,
-0.18282710015773773,
0.20999377965927124,
-0.6636337041854858,
-0.20526136457920074,
0.3135405480861664,
0.07504208385944366,
0.6758291721343994,
0.18498224020004272,
0.14159031212329865,
0.05383799225091934,
-0.38617560267448425,
-0.26391029357910156,
-0.38215363025665283,
-0.13319911062717438,
0.36586883664131165,
-0.3062601387500763,
-0.20613659918308258,
-0.12762820720672607,
-0.22084364295005798,
-0.0646907165646553,
0.1442883461713791,
0.3831009864807129,
0.12484686076641083,
0.43358924984931946,
-0.296203076839447,
-0.053718049079179764,
0.1648251861333847,
-0.30813848972320557,
0.033873721957206726,
-0.22906412184238434,
0.6639812588691711,
0.6847147941589355,
-0.23169372975826263,
0.6984794735908508,
0.12811970710754395,
0.01571321301162243,
0.2823229134082794,
0.018218429759144783,
-0.13666915893554688,
0.07085739076137543,
0.467879980802536,
0.17872099578380585,
-0.2676115036010742,
-0.024318799376487732,
-0.0748186856508255,
-0.43681421875953674,
-0.034100744873285294,
-0.239122673869133,
-0.41893506050109863,
-0.09916213154792786,
0.12789222598075867,
-0.9698392748832703,
0.3939695358276367,
-0.2515818476676941,
-0.313961923122406,
-0.874354898929596,
-0.5104163289070129,
-0.10332620143890381,
-0.3238108456134796,
0.22164036333560944,
0.13929051160812378,
0.06568323820829391,
0.7461865544319153,
0.3730580806732178,
0.0923769548535347,
0.004421503748744726,
0.42968299984931946,
0.3154447376728058,
1.0402323007583618,
-0.2518232762813568,
-0.11620910465717316,
-0.3986307382583618,
0.3499583601951599,
-0.04830430820584297,
-0.04958224669098854,
-0.39760613441467285,
-0.21709389984607697,
-0.19058282673358917,
-0.12276631593704224,
-0.4247458279132843,
-0.24248288571834564,
-0.26007208228111267,
-0.9002077579498291,
-0.4406079649925232,
-0.29678478837013245,
0.35488268733024597,
-0.5188351273536682,
0.24880222976207733,
-0.3313109278678894,
-0.19126532971858978,
-0.027647260576486588,
0.19701020419597626,
0.10444618761539459,
-0.2634168565273285,
-0.27496960759162903,
-0.4807952344417572,
-0.13341571390628815,
-0.005567473825067282,
0.20032548904418945,
-0.32115399837493896,
0.12626691162586212,
0.3365212678909302,
0.047515977174043655,
-0.6301266551017761,
0.37023159861564636,
0.5217775702476501,
-0.17273500561714172,
0.5714722871780396,
0.6098091006278992,
-0.041747789829969406,
-0.08672919869422913,
-0.12592382729053497,
-0.03037935122847557,
-0.1583106368780136,
0.1350804567337036,
-0.5498297214508057,
0.6696474552154541,
0.5884479880332947,
0.4627947509288788,
0.5699963569641113,
-0.009607217274606228,
-0.6336213946342468,
-0.20839206874370575,
0.16814714670181274,
0.19066394865512848,
0.30409112572669983,
-0.4854171574115753,
0.42075100541114807,
-0.19563286006450653,
0.14460177719593048,
0.061917610466480255,
-0.6448350548744202,
0.1328207552433014,
-0.2218756228685379,
-1.1537761688232422,
0.8749629259109497,
-0.651242196559906,
-0.37479108572006226,
0.7384405732154846,
-0.21563546359539032,
0.6460311412811279,
-0.30740031599998474,
-0.14523720741271973,
0.10004399716854095,
0.09032921493053436,
-0.8016787767410278,
0.12466497719287872,
0.27781614661216736,
0.6787779331207275,
-0.36081573367118835,
0.36567384004592896,
0.5947175621986389,
0.3097864091396332,
0.11497452855110168,
-0.37576186656951904,
0.14271248877048492,
0.4423350691795349,
-0.9303195476531982,
0.09581645578145981,
-0.12380531430244446,
0.17139208316802979,
0.1925322264432907,
-0.24038226902484894,
-0.04969218745827675,
0.16749787330627441,
-0.30242919921875,
0.4244936406612396,
0.6204010844230652,
0.23737892508506775,
0.7036103010177612,
-1.1324803829193115,
0.5376330018043518,
-0.6043124794960022,
0.2662856876850128,
0.24675863981246948,
-0.349573016166687,
0.48402440547943115,
0.13536791503429413,
0.09307269006967545,
0.5647502541542053,
-1.0005027055740356,
0.7169561982154846,
0.3448503911495209,
0.2875598669052124,
0.2070656567811966,
0.3337758183479309,
0.08842287212610245,
0.36763283610343933,
-0.04870070889592171,
-0.4793703854084015,
-0.18191710114479065,
0.351512610912323,
0.00980429258197546,
0.2924758791923523,
-0.10026534646749496,
-0.014111037366092205,
-0.5774651169776917,
0.5492534041404724,
-0.14013482630252838,
0.3348459303379059,
0.1407776027917862,
0.3545191287994385,
-0.09714071452617645,
0.5594937205314636,
-0.10232830047607422,
-0.13787491619586945,
-0.39876675605773926,
-0.6826185584068298,
-0.18422004580497742,
0.22388698160648346,
0.6125391125679016,
-0.06376434862613678,
0.9046971797943115,
-0.34577637910842896,
0.0573626309633255,
-0.23896801471710205,
-0.5696577429771423,
0.8401864171028137,
0.5038508176803589,
-0.6735112071037292,
0.348715215921402,
0.05972788482904434,
-0.09161907434463501,
0.6633782982826233,
-0.23752272129058838,
-0.22307206690311432,
-1.0004404783248901,
-0.3147231340408325,
-0.12827211618423462,
-0.660250723361969,
-0.3261541724205017,
-0.237162783741951,
0.23150449991226196,
0.5132871270179749,
-0.12247202545404434,
0.14205855131149292,
0.060812998563051224,
-0.22828233242034912,
0.08572491258382797,
0.3538459539413452,
-0.42050087451934814,
-0.21845386922359467,
-0.3973763585090637,
0.008276831358671188,
-0.27012524008750916,
-0.3336864411830902,
-0.1036001592874527,
0.12546606361865997,
0.14348305761814117,
-5.662692546844482,
0.34560883045196533,
-0.3323139548301697,
0.015733182430267334,
-0.8618873357772827,
0.01219404861330986,
0.9413766860961914,
0.061479996889829636,
-0.13815076649188995,
-0.2323482781648636,
-0.0645284354686737,
-0.30959203839302063,
0.4006669521331787,
0.6052486896514893,
0.2970602810382843,
0.4789666533470154,
0.7540259957313538,
0.31653109192848206,
0.2195555567741394,
0.8030228018760681,
-0.011588679626584053,
-0.13060954213142395,
-0.04040442034602165,
0.4192580580711365,
0.08787672966718674,
-0.3080625534057617,
-0.024388428777456284,
-0.002727251034229994,
-0.2713165283203125,
-0.01096323411911726,
0.29210013151168823,
-0.33825862407684326,
0.06171588972210884,
-0.1922568678855896,
0.3200637400150299,
0.1938699632883072,
0.7252855896949768,
-0.13744550943374634,
-0.3377936780452728,
-0.4811556339263916,
0.14576199650764465,
1.0312341451644897,
0.1342727541923523,
0.13729695975780487,
0.3028809130191803,
-0.10479609668254852,
-0.12114439904689789,
0.4940209686756134,
-0.1986941546201706,
0.21139325201511383,
-0.25406700372695923,
0.12925361096858978,
0.15835058689117432,
-0.04618685320019722,
-0.3632998764514923,
0.051432546228170395,
0.14884230494499207,
0.27624884247779846,
-0.033896554261446,
0.23820874094963074,
-0.07766178995370865,
-0.6048839688301086,
-0.2477618008852005,
-0.05584556981921196,
-0.18763813376426697,
-0.08105660229921341,
-0.47509267926216125,
-0.5702292919158936,
-0.24046044051647186,
0.5482551455497742,
-0.24022358655929565,
0.1824849545955658,
0.12481014430522919,
-0.7339705228805542,
-0.39738497138023376,
-0.009602503851056099,
0.8784971237182617,
0.0963573083281517,
-0.3715587854385376,
0.39793160557746887,
-0.4837144911289215,
-0.536702036857605,
-0.1847703456878662,
0.46215134859085083,
-0.0840994343161583,
-0.012063227593898773,
-0.039000336080789566,
0.016846466809511185,
0.27565446496009827,
-0.048046402633190155,
0.8653076887130737,
0.08080721646547318,
0.30786460638046265,
-0.02358434349298477,
-0.1969105750322342,
0.14445829391479492,
0.6598855257034302,
-0.11684180796146393,
0.4188603162765503,
-0.2703137695789337,
-0.03370260074734688,
0.28172609210014343,
0.23032544553279877,
-0.8924212455749512,
-0.3909834325313568,
0.10823111236095428,
-0.3228759765625,
0.12402966618537903,
0.8594838976860046,
-0.23658229410648346,
-0.35910698771476746,
0.01165062002837658,
-0.12339411675930023,
0.18693749606609344,
0.6105952858924866,
-0.8400839567184448,
-0.017999043688178062,
0.46855929493904114,
0.39276525378227234,
-0.2563084363937378,
-0.5060995817184448,
0.17918182909488678,
-0.7673637270927429,
-0.3902636766433716,
-0.7665413022041321,
-0.14342617988586426,
-0.2339782565832138,
0.21593676507472992,
-0.44167786836624146,
0.10453752428293228,
0.029495619237422943,
0.9596574306488037,
-0.29487359523773193,
0.5054295063018799,
0.30401527881622314,
-0.6649718880653381,
0.2444518357515335,
0.21354861557483673,
0.2594643831253052,
-0.5807286500930786,
0.22202400863170624,
0.09632466733455658,
0.051509395241737366,
-0.34503263235092163,
0.7652763724327087,
0.7192727327346802,
-0.3383386433124542,
-0.6614943742752075,
-0.5227558016777039,
0.18398988246917725,
0.05910256505012512,
-0.42503952980041504,
-0.3215740919113159,
-0.2037414014339447,
0.16533902287483215,
0.14059509336948395,
-0.4237454831600189,
-0.12948490679264069,
-0.06769818067550659,
-0.5679029226303101,
0.7039587497711182,
0.28829464316368103,
-0.902369499206543,
-0.5502269268035889,
0.1420173943042755,
0.08220701664686203,
-0.4964461028575897,
-0.09578842669725418,
0.304770827293396,
0.5292160511016846,
-0.33125025033950806,
-0.1288725733757019,
-0.184512659907341,
-1.053996205329895,
0.008584631606936455,
0.179326131939888,
0.053885918110609055,
0.040375661104917526,
-0.3164992034435272,
-0.39590898156166077,
0.5278548002243042,
-0.24077725410461426,
-0.6955268979072571,
0.40004411339759827,
0.5033091902732849,
-0.29480627179145813,
-0.11008930951356888,
0.06258895993232727,
-0.41454237699508667,
-0.29397791624069214,
0.49282610416412354,
0.15826721489429474,
-0.257840096950531,
-0.5520637631416321,
-0.17744293808937073,
-0.9790543913841248,
-0.35510411858558655,
0.4109828770160675,
0.0007508194539695978,
-0.2700408101081848,
-0.1641472578048706,
0.7438995242118835,
-0.6575278043746948,
0.39819902181625366,
-0.19667640328407288,
-0.20278628170490265,
0.23137041926383972,
0.48739519715309143,
-0.4988243877887726,
0.37744203209877014,
-0.6213769912719727,
-0.9871835112571716,
-0.7969926595687866,
-0.04001845791935921,
0.44523048400878906,
0.6611893773078918,
0.09239747375249863,
-0.34057214856147766,
0.29017555713653564,
-0.6607584357261658,
0.6973028779029846,
0.3166479766368866,
-0.01949160546064377,
0.17822080850601196,
0.20986035466194153,
-0.30872848629951477,
0.39111918210983276,
0.02439340576529503,
0.38479897379875183,
0.1761465221643448,
-0.313917875289917,
0.09116378426551819,
-0.1355675309896469,
-0.0757846012711525,
-0.35967883467674255,
-0.22628416121006012,
-0.7893343567848206,
0.2695445716381073,
0.21163254976272583,
-0.006416356191039085,
-0.2701759934425354,
0.875594973564148,
-0.032284099608659744,
0.06512756645679474,
0.03970508649945259,
0.3365092873573303,
0.31714656949043274,
-0.765138566493988,
-0.6178449988365173,
0.32661089301109314,
-0.5439282655715942,
-0.41006892919540405,
-0.7501918077468872,
-0.29470211267471313,
0.37699028849601746,
0.05745045840740204,
0.12792129814624786,
-0.43128734827041626,
-0.11781634390354156,
0.7191863059997559,
-0.1848282665014267,
-0.6390082836151123,
-0.47330304980278015,
-0.0064266761764883995,
0.4696928560733795,
0.3776547312736511,
0.025539161637425423,
-0.18543261289596558,
0.47609707713127136,
-0.33308902382850647,
0.7638034820556641,
0.14226987957954407,
0.40943339467048645,
0.6249191164970398,
0.3628331422805786,
0.43385231494903564,
-0.2393890619277954,
0.3991774916648865,
-0.5400245189666748,
-0.4985935091972351,
0.24223588407039642,
-0.4794497489929199,
0.647239089012146,
-0.09141460061073303,
-0.1961047202348709,
0.0645214393734932,
0.6203193664550781,
-0.3282208740711212,
-0.5944237112998962,
0.20950786769390106,
-0.22797401249408722,
0.07199107855558395,
0.08594463020563126,
0.29563629627227783,
-0.3033283054828644,
0.3752728998661041,
0.29523107409477234,
0.4371880888938904,
-0.40544047951698303,
-0.16167175769805908,
-0.1630859225988388,
0.5745370984077454,
0.23469321429729462,
-0.38890665769577026,
0.18279804289340973,
-0.5575711131095886,
0.34941038489341736,
-0.38023635745048523,
-0.4549926817417145,
0.20356041193008423,
0.1861419528722763,
0.19833967089653015,
0.11211040616035461,
0.33826544880867004,
0.14630956947803497,
-0.2319922000169754,
0.8735676407814026,
-0.0225889440625906,
0.1274028718471527,
0.13052774965763092,
-0.193107008934021,
0.238298699259758,
0.48872971534729004,
-0.4864414930343628,
-0.7653546929359436,
0.26356568932533264,
-0.49644866585731506,
0.5168843269348145,
0.3121362626552582,
0.4231623411178589,
1.203278660774231,
0.028034154325723648,
-0.6137478351593018,
0.8575745224952698,
-0.5773719549179077,
-0.05475325882434845,
0.06378261744976044,
-0.615959644317627,
-0.44522568583488464,
0.16434107720851898,
1.1223214864730835,
1.3378673791885376,
0.5886896252632141,
0.18804584443569183,
-0.11128229647874832,
0.10151234269142151,
-0.03536023944616318,
0.13616444170475006,
-0.2995329797267914,
-0.07748696953058243,
0.40999433398246765,
-0.4126705527305603,
0.30022189021110535,
-0.12260990589857101,
-0.07636969536542892,
0.39211609959602356,
0.31306278705596924,
-0.24180759489536285,
-0.06922218203544617,
0.20736093819141388,
-0.16603662073612213,
0.35345160961151123,
0.16044044494628906,
-0.574440598487854,
-0.5133926868438721,
-0.36681997776031494,
0.35275956988334656,
0.05561935156583786,
-0.1379936784505844,
-0.06963830441236496,
0.09647238254547119,
0.697654128074646,
0.180362269282341,
0.023706946521997452,
0.3551258146762848,
-0.29661139845848083,
0.42853859066963196,
0.41716012358665466,
-0.19987261295318604,
-0.25414377450942993,
-0.1832394152879715,
0.34050753712654114,
-0.5269445180892944,
-0.7271810173988342,
-0.13706208765506744,
-0.36371490359306335,
-0.11491753906011581,
0.14979487657546997,
0.06425289064645767,
-0.4914560317993164,
0.4989408254623413,
-0.4089793562889099,
0.000025691399059724063,
-0.058058399707078934,
0.14358463883399963,
0.07950033992528915,
-0.039156895130872726,
0.692101001739502,
0.5627579092979431,
0.4070410430431366,
-0.11858575791120529,
-0.11328989267349243,
-0.10946567356586456,
0.07502805441617966,
-0.34058770537376404,
0.7595945000648499,
-0.11183378100395203,
0.6709994077682495,
-0.2997150719165802,
0.23497053980827332,
0.8330690860748291,
-1.1252732276916504,
0.35578453540802,
0.39427316188812256,
-0.26429951190948486,
0.30727559328079224,
0.6581615805625916,
-0.2044491022825241,
0.0010095160687342286,
-0.8952735066413879,
-0.35308966040611267,
-0.5416643023490906,
0.1309158056974411,
-0.13190527260303497,
-0.23435664176940918,
0.0804089829325676,
0.3413204848766327,
-0.023386165499687195,
0.24444274604320526,
0.21308006346225739,
-0.44045013189315796,
0.015226914547383785,
-0.19533920288085938,
0.4994344711303711,
-0.8257066607475281,
-0.49813681840896606,
0.022753003984689713,
0.41271090507507324,
0.16537323594093323,
-0.13292530179023743,
-0.1167270764708519,
-0.007258655037730932,
-0.22901667654514313,
0.4092100262641907,
-0.13043448328971863,
0.5721263885498047,
-0.9448994398117065,
-0.2721045911312103,
-0.40763071179389954,
0.33008527755737305,
0.16711442172527313,
-0.7646245956420898,
0.19774501025676727,
-0.022762011736631393,
-0.6420329809188843,
0.11902113258838654,
0.37028390169143677,
-0.5837211608886719,
-0.15242117643356323,
-0.16900959610939026
] |
210282
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential%20system
|
Semi-presidential system
|
A semi-presidential system, or dual executive system, is a system of government in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two responding to the legislature of the state. It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state who is more than a ceremonial figurehead, and from the presidential system in that the cabinet, although named by the president, responds to the legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign through a motion of no confidence.
While the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and Finland (from 1919 to 2000) exemplified an early semi-presidential system, the term "semi-presidential" was actually first introduced in a 1959 article by journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry, and popularized by a 1978 work written by political scientist Maurice Duverger, both of whom intended to describe the French Fifth Republic (established in 1958).
Definition
Maurice Duverger's original definition of semi-presidentialism stated that the president had to be elected, possess significant power, and serve for a fixed term. Modern definitions merely declare that the head of state has to be elected, and that a separate prime minister that is dependent on parliamentary confidence has to lead the executive.
Subtypes
There are two distinct subtypes of semi-presidentialism: premier-presidentialism and president-parliamentarism.
Under the premier-presidential system, the prime minister and cabinet are exclusively accountable to parliament. The president may choose the prime minister and cabinet, but only the parliament may approve them and remove them from office with a vote of no confidence. This system is much closer to pure parliamentarism. This subtype is used in: Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, East Timor, France, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Mongolia, Niger, Georgia (2013–2018), Poland (de facto, however, according to the Constitution, Poland is a parliamentary republic), Portugal, Romania, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sri Lanka, and Ukraine (since 2014; previously, between 2006 and 2010).
Under the president-parliamentary system, the prime minister and cabinet are dually accountable to the president and to the parliament. The president chooses the prime minister and the cabinet, but must have the support of a parliamentary majority for his choice. In order to remove a prime minister, or the whole cabinet, from power, the president can either dismiss them, or the parliament can remove them through a vote of no confidence. This form of semi-presidentialism is much closer to pure presidentialism. It is used in: Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Russia, and Taiwan. It was also used in Ukraine (first between 1996 and 2005; then from 2010 to 2014), Georgia (from 2004 to 2013), South Korea under the Fourth and Fifth republics, and in Germany during the Weimar Republic.
Division of powers
The distribution of power between the president and the prime minister can vary greatly between countries.
In France, for example, in the case of cohabitation (when the president and the prime minister come from opposing parties), the president oversees foreign policy and defense policy (these are generally called les prérogatives présidentielles, presidential prerogatives) and the prime minister is in charge of domestic policy and economic policy. In this case, the division of responsibilities between the prime minister and the president is not explicitly stated in the constitution, but has evolved as a political convention based on the constitutional principle that the prime minister is appointed (with the subsequent approval of a parliament majority) and dismissed by the president. On the other hand, whenever the president and the prime minister represent the same political party, which leads the cabinet, they tend to exercise de facto control over all fields of policy via the prime minister. However, it is up to the president to decide how much autonomy is left to said prime minister.
Cohabitation
Semi-presidential systems may sometimes experience periods of time in which the president and the prime minister are from different political parties. This event is called "cohabitation", a term which originated in France after the situation first arose in the 1980s. Cohabitation can either create an effective system of checks and balances, or a period of bitter and tense stonewalling, depending on the attitudes of the two leaders, the ideologies of themselves/their parties, and the demands of their supporters.
In most cases, cohabitation results from a system in which the two executives are not elected at the same time or for the same term. For example, in 1981, France elected both a Socialist president and legislature, which yielded a Socialist premier. But while the president's term of office was for seven years, the National Assembly only served for five. When, in the 1986 legislative election, the French people elected a right-of-centre assembly, Socialist president François Mitterrand was forced into cohabitation with right-wing premier Jacques Chirac.
However, in 2000, amendments to the French constitution reduced the length of the French president's term to five years. This has significantly lowered the chances of cohabitation occurring, as parliamentary and presidential elections may now be conducted within a shorter span of each other.
Advantages and disadvantages
The incorporation of elements from both presidential and parliamentary republics can bring certain advantageous elements; however, it also creates disadvantages, often related to the confusion produced by mixed authority patterns.
Advantages
Parliament has the ability to remove an unpopular prime minister, therefore maintaining stability throughout the president's fixed term.
In most semi-presidential systems, important segments of bureaucracy are taken away from the president, creating additional checks and balances where the running of the day-to-day government and its issues are somewhat separate from the head of state where issues tend to be looked at on their own merits with their ebbs and flows and not necessarily always being tied to the head of state and who the head of state is.
Disadvantages
The system provides cover for the president, as unpopular policies could be blamed on the prime minister, who runs the day-to-day operations of the government.
It creates a sense of confusion towards accountability, as there is no relatively clear sense of who is responsible for policy successes and failures.
It creates both confusion and inefficiency in the legislative process, since the capacity of votes of confidence makes the prime minister respond to the parliament.
Republics with a semi-presidential system of government
Italics indicate states with limited recognition.
Premier-presidential systems
The president has the authority to choose the prime minister and the cabinet, but only the parliament may remove them from office through a vote of no confidence. However, even though the president does not have the power to directly dismiss the prime minister or the cabinet, they can dissolve parliament.
(de facto; de jure a parliamentary republic)
(de facto; de jure a parliamentary republic)
President-parliamentary systems
The president chooses the prime minister without a confidence vote from the parliament. In order to remove a prime minister, or the whole cabinet, from power, the president can either dismiss them, or the parliament can remove them through a vote of no confidence. The president also has the authority to dissolve the parliament.
(Nominally a parliamentary republic; the semi-presidential system is based on temporary additional articles)
Former semi-presidential republics
(1991–1998, 2013–2018)
(1990–2000)
(1940–1976)
(1919–2000)
(2004–2018)
(1919–1933)
(1991–1995)
(2007–2013)
(1990–2001)
(1985–1997), (2003–2010)
(1981–1986)
(1991)
(1990–1991)
(1972–1988)
(1991–1995)
See also
List of countries by system of government
Parliamentary system
Presidential system
Semi-parliamentary system
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Elgie, Robert (2011). Semi-Presidentialism: Sub-Types And Democratic Performance. Comparative Politics. (Oxford Scholarship Online Politics), Oxford University Press
External links
Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations. (Presidential, Parliamentary and Hybrid Systems), United Nations Development Programme (n.d.).
The Semi-Presidential One, blog of Robert Elgie
Presidential Power blog with posts written by several political scientists, including Robert Elgie.
Political systems
Semi-presidential
Republicanism
Separation of powers
1950s neologisms
|
[
0.11357222497463226,
-0.11347108334302902,
-0.17705993354320526,
0.41837024688720703,
-0.1853165328502655,
0.07518768310546875,
0.48491451144218445,
0.5069515705108643,
-0.40674546360969543,
-0.36136630177497864,
-0.9556227326393127,
-0.06389560550451279,
-0.4891997277736664,
0.5207807421684265,
-0.0611812025308609,
0.157138854265213,
0.30154016613960266,
0.5082768201828003,
-0.034450139850378036,
0.11216104030609131,
-0.21086442470550537,
0.6478791236877441,
-0.03897036239504814,
-0.2982727289199829,
-0.23358416557312012,
0.030082140117883682,
0.942677915096283,
-0.45685455203056335,
-0.24406921863555908,
0.2882170081138611,
0.21796345710754395,
0.04094909876585007,
-0.14630301296710968,
0.5040993094444275,
0.2754466235637665,
-0.3527844250202179,
-0.14728888869285583,
-0.27372467517852783,
-0.26160603761672974,
-0.6072746515274048,
0.053727470338344574,
-0.43071478605270386,
0.3794116973876953,
-0.09127958863973618,
-0.9331295490264893,
-0.5920122861862183,
-1.2710669040679932,
0.35258740186691284,
-0.8215840458869934,
-0.16815602779388428,
-0.6415826678276062,
-0.10277507454156876,
0.2484201341867447,
0.6765741109848022,
0.2182845026254654,
0.381953626871109,
0.0833219513297081,
-0.0769568383693695,
-0.32414010167121887,
-0.42691636085510254,
0.48333656787872314,
0.33443424105644226,
-0.35291773080825806,
0.13419529795646667,
0.312572717666626,
-0.10835897922515869,
0.054715704172849655,
0.2742445766925812,
-0.7987115383148193,
-0.233027845621109,
-0.6965906620025635,
0.10091987997293472,
0.6450369358062744,
-0.06993366777896881,
-0.5482293963432312,
-0.3138620853424072,
0.2982179820537567,
0.14791591465473175,
0.1964111030101776,
-0.3286588191986084,
-0.6103366613388062,
0.06959135085344315,
0.09732042253017426,
0.1735536903142929,
-0.0002175032568629831,
-0.036191657185554504,
-0.24507413804531097,
-0.03851316124200821,
-0.09113506972789764,
0.44226589798927307,
-0.17470157146453857,
0.19279488921165466,
0.31485363841056824,
0.1461632251739502,
-0.2092321664094925,
-0.14872245490550995,
0.06506500393152237,
-0.027902977541089058,
0.32571983337402344,
-0.07828210294246674,
-0.2045985460281372,
-0.32148969173431396,
0.2533775866031647,
-0.07443290203809738,
-0.37136808037757874,
-0.41459134221076965,
-0.7073042988777161,
-0.501583993434906,
-0.24468515813350677,
0.14444613456726074,
-0.6488264799118042,
0.1710507869720459,
0.454553484916687,
0.23891139030456543,
-0.5028579831123352,
-0.24867132306098938,
-0.33121776580810547,
-0.3093856871128082,
-0.12437514215707779,
-0.07404149323701859,
0.4302982985973358,
0.21707278490066528,
0.31853142380714417,
-0.61184161901474,
0.46270376443862915,
-0.2042142152786255,
-0.015302296727895737,
0.24231062829494476,
-0.6621230244636536,
0.012470229528844357,
0.40532222390174866,
0.5449322462081909,
-0.4911365211009979,
0.6097270846366882,
-0.1603170484304428,
-0.715667188167572,
0.2815372347831726,
0.016848815605044365,
0.7989858984947205,
0.44531720876693726,
-0.6653519868850708,
0.1392846703529358,
-0.23590655624866486,
-0.06174381077289581,
0.331012487411499,
-0.042282599955797195,
0.2276732176542282,
-0.18489518761634827,
-0.30560624599456787,
-0.3513439893722534,
-0.5616361498832703,
-0.17360565066337585,
0.2232498675584793,
-0.11776255816221237,
0.025877470150589943,
0.35636618733406067,
0.496933251619339,
-0.4129255414009094,
0.6364195942878723,
0.38325926661491394,
0.12568049132823944,
0.05126259848475456,
-0.25821733474731445,
0.0807240679860115,
0.18483608961105347,
-0.07860700786113739,
0.10460950434207916,
0.4517422616481781,
0.19330842792987823,
-0.11795488744974136,
-0.003652996616438031,
0.3810758590698242,
0.23097440600395203,
-0.4857136905193329,
-0.3186294138431549,
-0.23181097209453583,
0.29333600401878357,
0.03803691640496254,
1.0263671875,
-0.30293887853622437,
-0.5980250239372253,
-0.11869720369577408,
0.28774023056030273,
0.2923678755760193,
-0.22432491183280945,
-0.17712557315826416,
0.20153407752513885,
0.08155789226293564,
0.1545705646276474,
-0.4551481306552887,
-0.21978114545345306,
-0.03272206336259842,
-0.10026731342077255,
-0.6146523952484131,
0.23413652181625366,
-0.002699245698750019,
-0.3430522084236145,
1.228517770767212,
-0.10690782219171524,
0.09331437200307846,
0.027494773268699646,
-0.5274236798286438,
0.008859451860189438,
0.06755539774894714,
0.2380451261997223,
0.7850577235221863,
0.5168920159339905,
-0.007557972799986601,
-0.030080264434218407,
0.05854865536093712,
0.3413257598876953,
-0.899357259273529,
0.34696951508522034,
-0.007550670765340328,
0.02261970564723015,
0.23473985493183136,
-0.6276803612709045,
-0.2220788449048996,
-0.12505926191806793,
0.06985980272293091,
1.1749026775360107,
-0.5468609929084778,
-0.23126965761184692,
0.8981075882911682,
-0.18277858197689056,
0.062465909868478775,
0.3238804340362549,
-0.004612050950527191,
0.2864157259464264,
0.12502259016036987,
0.08135757595300674,
-0.21932974457740784,
0.6015832424163818,
-0.29598984122276306,
0.2327883392572403,
0.14856164157390594,
-0.3697342276573181,
-0.5716756582260132,
0.11905263364315033,
0.019446659833192825,
-0.005933169275522232,
-0.08338294923305511,
-0.1693539321422577,
0.04259517416357994,
0.1774345189332962,
-0.05053365230560303,
-0.8880162835121155,
0.32748177647590637,
-0.03513457253575325,
0.14066366851329803,
0.31548169255256653,
-0.11768338084220886,
0.2372528612613678,
-0.5695057511329651,
0.3375498354434967,
0.08397142589092255,
-0.11755793541669846,
0.3824233412742615,
-0.014389218762516975,
-0.22623033821582794,
-0.4070715606212616,
0.3046838343143463,
-0.6854663491249084,
-0.2881718575954437,
-0.08176146447658539,
-0.005728912074118853,
-0.47475698590278625,
-0.021539311856031418,
-0.24513162672519684,
0.4767740070819855,
0.49047842621803284,
0.16778172552585602,
-0.6341937184333801,
0.10970693081617355,
-0.3294450342655182,
0.06876567006111145,
0.01839291676878929,
0.22277580201625824,
-0.49577194452285767,
-0.9218325018882751,
-0.026964031159877777,
0.09159064292907715,
0.28352224826812744,
-0.8598886728286743,
-0.6687194108963013,
-0.9274395704269409,
0.19066385924816132,
-0.293811559677124,
0.024437813088297844,
-0.16715481877326965,
-0.326847106218338,
0.5483823418617249,
0.10295224189758301,
0.009956945665180683,
-0.13021063804626465,
0.58376145362854,
-0.11365468800067902,
0.1361588090658188,
0.31991198658943176,
-0.24688869714736938,
-0.21589483320713043,
-0.2084319144487381,
0.2808021306991577,
-0.16216960549354553,
0.764384925365448,
-0.08060093224048615,
0.08104361593723297,
0.22144651412963867,
-5.8973822593688965,
-0.3296501636505127,
-0.2637109160423279,
-0.37540701031684875,
0.9105063676834106,
0.31731629371643066,
0.33471980690956116,
-0.1678580492734909,
-0.2932422459125519,
0.151932030916214,
-0.11587759107351303,
0.08015376329421997,
0.04416140541434288,
0.662153422832489,
0.23259878158569336,
-0.09875209629535675,
0.5422767400741577,
0.3994203507900238,
-0.21731893718242645,
0.10817507654428482,
0.07489418238401413,
0.2508864104747772,
0.47784528136253357,
0.2547202408313751,
0.31523728370666504,
-0.06224697828292847,
-0.5110703110694885,
-0.1504172384738922,
0.12067287415266037,
-0.41451701521873474,
-0.13987551629543304,
0.005560868885368109,
-0.08505329489707947,
-0.2559453547000885,
0.3220689594745636,
0.05878760293126106,
0.4398128092288971,
0.5496587157249451,
0.34995168447494507,
-0.2660575807094574,
0.06250729411840439,
0.41417068243026733,
0.2570924460887909,
0.47340288758277893,
-0.18021385371685028,
-0.27655211091041565,
-0.05730446055531502,
-0.06106940656900406,
-0.7361118793487549,
0.544585645198822,
-0.43008092045783997,
0.6522188186645508,
0.615443229675293,
0.29402658343315125,
0.19820629060268402,
-0.05992608889937401,
0.16644501686096191,
0.1166713535785675,
-0.8224849700927734,
0.1279631108045578,
0.2569151222705841,
-0.3895915150642395,
-0.33161836862564087,
-0.6016493439674377,
0.1121954694390297,
-0.5392393469810486,
-0.7208266258239746,
0.13336025178432465,
1.2451703548431396,
0.5361305475234985,
-0.3430107533931732,
-0.017501570284366608,
0.5505994558334351,
-0.6630620360374451,
0.6229445934295654,
-0.6398940086364746,
0.0440964512526989,
-0.3306412696838379,
0.20415765047073364,
0.40073245763778687,
-0.14596234261989594,
0.6010535955429077,
-0.14174151420593262,
0.12116169184446335,
0.2039288729429245,
-0.039754848927259445,
0.36612820625305176,
0.7963142395019531,
-0.014595487155020237,
0.011478208936750889,
0.18712259829044342,
-0.21570570766925812,
0.7891859412193298,
-0.10252703726291656,
0.5811253786087036,
0.6491939425468445,
-0.665142297744751,
-0.15593256056308746,
0.05527571961283684,
-0.3525985777378082,
0.25049588084220886,
-0.44488954544067383,
-0.47624072432518005,
-0.38617780804634094,
0.045213326811790466,
0.3853738307952881,
-0.3568227291107178,
0.30002447962760925,
-0.06977865844964981,
0.07582253962755203,
-0.024585310369729996,
0.19667229056358337,
0.11194651573896408,
-0.5626925230026245,
0.07831170409917831,
0.4039994776248932,
-0.7172871828079224,
0.4138508141040802,
0.06264247000217438,
0.35863786935806274,
0.09409065544605255,
0.6260601878166199,
-0.2898242175579071,
-0.007226048968732357,
-0.6360149383544922,
0.016982674598693848,
-0.02276546321809292,
-0.4699245095252991,
0.6362030506134033,
-0.04537813365459442,
0.7709689140319824,
0.0637279599905014,
-0.17601794004440308,
-0.3520687520503998,
0.2813445031642914,
-0.059732090681791306,
0.3427697718143463,
0.11827973276376724,
-0.5454343557357788,
-0.7543874382972717,
0.3047894537448883,
-0.4110119342803955,
0.22918953001499176,
-0.13603751361370087,
-0.09015996009111404,
-0.3380599021911621,
-0.3528294861316681,
0.2542044520378113,
-0.12756207585334778,
0.7466330528259277,
-0.2512732446193695,
-0.7372353076934814,
0.32038596272468567,
-0.7933864593505859,
-0.10677851736545563,
-0.6034952998161316,
0.4591943323612213,
0.02828269451856613,
0.2723585367202759,
-0.5832917094230652,
-0.12853959202766418,
-0.93784099817276,
-0.7497553825378418,
0.23069120943546295,
0.39928290247917175,
0.6622946262359619,
-0.7853367924690247,
-0.10909474641084671,
-0.1275167018175125,
0.8597007989883423,
-0.034953463822603226,
-0.4062620997428894,
-0.1219826191663742,
-0.27758947014808655,
0.2537650167942047,
-0.15403367578983307,
0.47390374541282654,
0.5188944339752197,
-0.3544073700904846,
-0.30428487062454224,
-0.33195796608924866,
0.12157219648361206,
-0.2881794571876526,
0.05621666833758354,
0.1444445699453354,
-0.11997999250888824,
-0.07208973914384842,
0.32177335023880005,
-0.20256522297859192,
-0.18893945217132568,
0.455627977848053,
0.3228603005409241,
0.7890723943710327,
-0.41151154041290283,
-0.28255048394203186,
-0.16978004574775696,
-0.21852660179138184,
0.23312559723854065,
0.06380131840705872,
-0.3148114085197449,
0.4357658922672272,
0.06345239281654358,
-0.45854854583740234,
0.10412594676017761,
0.18944591283798218,
-0.15960253775119781,
0.13065315783023834,
-0.3606010973453522,
0.21697232127189636,
0.13648010790348053,
-0.7067123651504517,
-0.38966473937034607,
-0.27381420135498047,
0.4736686944961548,
-0.621171772480011,
-0.3066462576389313,
-0.059189584106206894,
-0.46575427055358887,
-0.38111069798469543,
-0.09348547458648682,
0.3501296937465668,
-0.4338392913341522,
-0.09040628373622894,
-0.007929502055048943,
-0.05459476262331009,
0.3694034516811371,
0.16847187280654907,
-0.1464325338602066,
0.2683437764644623,
0.09603327512741089,
0.14017228782176971,
-0.24639886617660522,
-0.050833746790885925,
-0.5405020117759705,
-0.15767604112625122,
-0.39593544602394104,
0.21827900409698486,
-0.034085217863321304,
-0.3267594277858734,
-0.23507244884967804,
0.006200806703418493,
0.991592526435852,
0.5170947909355164,
-0.8200895190238953,
-0.5880504846572876,
0.2010696679353714,
0.588715672492981,
-0.4669855535030365,
-0.33062049746513367,
0.6238476634025574,
0.729365348815918,
-0.32386514544487,
-0.45384249091148376,
-0.19334851205348969,
0.6867284774780273,
0.046072326600551605,
0.07960402965545654,
0.14753004908561707,
0.40238651633262634,
0.6383470892906189,
0.14738249778747559,
-0.21331746876239777,
-0.1438552588224411,
-0.5853539109230042,
-0.043083738535642624,
-0.49356669187545776,
-0.013430176302790642,
0.23333266377449036,
0.3779512345790863,
-0.5464684367179871,
0.4732787609100342,
0.11605066806077957,
0.12899109721183777,
0.1833888292312622,
0.7561001181602478,
0.1775328367948532,
-0.029052117839455605,
0.33952653408050537,
-0.16608434915542603,
0.22829551994800568,
-0.5276011228561401,
-0.04015237092971802,
-0.6183323264122009,
-0.6040620803833008,
0.6302511096000671,
-0.9205724000930786,
0.19103799760341644,
-0.0627148225903511,
-0.35696277022361755,
-0.3546229302883148,
-0.3555561304092407,
-0.025680338963866234,
0.2311413288116455,
0.30757588148117065,
-0.6366557478904724,
0.0059394859708845615,
-0.01805158145725727,
0.471612811088562,
0.1564914584159851,
0.11848155409097672,
0.1804964542388916,
0.2970387935638428,
0.0021923459134995937,
0.006029706448316574,
-0.12965255975723267,
-0.296038955450058,
-0.3059881925582886,
-0.9933182001113892,
0.2270900011062622,
-0.3619438111782074,
0.15257816016674042,
0.29124897718429565,
0.8632693290710449,
0.22592110931873322,
-0.29541754722595215,
0.17296236753463745,
0.07728499174118042,
-0.33757665753364563,
-0.00030148852965794504,
0.33430904150009155,
0.7896103262901306,
-0.19649676978588104,
-0.18367384374141693,
-0.3736853003501892,
0.7043259739875793,
0.35621803998947144,
0.17129449546337128,
-0.3320069909095764,
0.17922857403755188,
0.17191047966480255,
0.7167194485664368,
0.5582144260406494,
-0.3567063808441162,
-0.09212159365415573,
-0.20768193900585175,
-0.6859237551689148,
-0.037354178726673126,
-0.4549097418785095,
0.02493290603160858,
0.5997405648231506,
0.10816216468811035,
0.03979125991463661,
-0.44167888164520264,
-0.11117615550756454,
0.0889059454202652,
0.027611618861556053,
0.013639077544212341,
0.13077230751514435,
-0.2780487835407257,
0.28037169575691223,
0.44740137457847595,
-0.507296621799469,
-0.12366397678852081,
0.1695231944322586,
0.23239019513130188,
-0.8949599266052246,
0.6220486760139465,
-0.06406030803918839,
0.2773370146751404,
-0.34529125690460205,
-0.1278342306613922,
0.4201306402683258,
0.15708515048027039,
-0.01556365191936493,
0.21088837087154388,
-0.15810620784759521,
0.4421382248401642,
-0.23376068472862244,
-0.2614538073539734,
-0.2681652307510376,
0.3875087797641754,
0.14965085685253143,
0.11352751404047012,
0.5644556879997253,
0.5597554445266724,
-0.07889313995838165,
0.25111228227615356,
0.5008453726768494,
-0.05725692957639694,
-0.15058617293834686,
0.27110162377357483,
0.055824071168899536,
0.14510710537433624,
-0.8991913199424744,
-0.15385517477989197,
0.33320826292037964,
-0.03929850831627846,
0.3843761682510376,
0.006366475485265255,
0.6251348853111267,
0.2926810681819916,
0.05176062509417534,
0.08971929550170898,
0.10176166892051697,
0.06227346509695053,
0.030715452507138252,
-0.24555504322052002,
0.7572475075721741,
0.4763735830783844,
-0.010667900554835796,
0.23287001252174377,
0.5218712091445923,
-0.22540627419948578,
-0.038377150893211365,
-0.23081035912036896,
0.04061106592416763,
0.1799604296684265,
-0.146915003657341,
-0.3100234568119049,
0.2353215515613556,
0.3803044855594635,
-0.7526698112487793,
0.08096379041671753,
0.8623653054237366,
0.1908150315284729,
0.7033784985542297,
0.7181589007377625,
-0.39769041538238525,
0.14140428602695465,
-0.4332558512687683,
0.4110196530818939,
-0.263568639755249,
0.32194066047668457,
0.17218506336212158,
-0.12356600165367126,
-0.35537347197532654,
0.40117934346199036,
0.15840287506580353,
-0.5963990092277527,
0.8694801926612854,
-0.536888599395752,
-0.2619882822036743,
-0.42935770750045776,
0.11418996006250381,
-0.6519818902015686,
-0.11277522146701813,
0.08818762004375458,
0.3476179838180542,
-0.12107906490564346,
-0.8691993951797485,
-0.4370534121990204,
0.09922448545694351,
0.2401006519794464,
-0.1933750957250595,
0.06262058019638062,
0.02520964853465557,
-0.17470765113830566,
0.30856743454933167,
0.07348273694515228,
-0.3675682544708252,
0.03908859193325043,
0.11497404426336288,
0.12573814392089844,
-0.19125626981258392,
-0.12668927013874054,
-0.24402748048305511,
0.20397254824638367,
-0.6804361343383789,
-0.01114020124077797,
0.7487396597862244
] |
210283
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDD
|
DDD
|
DDD or Triple D may refer to:
Science and medicine
Defined daily dose, a World Health Organization statistical measure of drug use
Degenerative disc disease, a common disorder of the lower spine
Dense deposit disease, the preferred name for Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type II
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, a breakdown product of DDT
Dual pacing, dual sensing and dual response modes of a pacemaker
Computers and technology
Data Display Debugger or GNU DDD, a popular graphical user interface for command-line debuggers
Digital Divide Data, a social enterprise providing disadvantaged youths in Cambodia, Laos and Kenya with IT education and training
Direct distance dialing, a method for telephone subscribers to call long-distance numbers without operator assistance
DDD, the SPARS code for a CD that was recorded, mixed, and mastered digitally
Domain-driven design, a methodology and set of priorities for programming
Developer! Developer! Developer!, a series of community conferences for software developers
3D Systems (DDD), a company that makes devices for stereolithography or 3D printing
Entertainment and popular culture
Music
DDD (album), a 2000 album by Poster Children named after the pure digital SPARS code
"DDD" (Koda Kumi song), 2005
"DDD" (EXID song), 2017
Television
Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, an American food television series
Organizations
Delta Delta Delta, a national collegiate sorority
Denali Destroyer Dolls, roller derby league based in Wasilla, Alaska
Other uses
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, an academic reference work
DDD, a brassiere cup size
Die-deterioration doubling, a minting error on coins
Direct digital democracy
Dongotono language, a language of Southern Sudan
Doe Triple-D tractor
Dhaalu Airport, Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives (IATA code DDD)
The first "Three D's" of pruning: Damaged, Diseased and Dead
See also
King Dedede, fictional character in Nintendo's Kirby video-game series
3D (disambiguation)
D3 (disambiguation)
DDDD, the four D's of pruning
Science disambiguation pages
Technology and engineering disambiguation pages
|
[
0.4566551148891449,
0.3182012438774109,
-0.2884504497051239,
0.17482700943946838,
-0.5475069284439087,
0.1353447288274765,
0.4220195412635803,
-0.28698116540908813,
0.07509752362966537,
-0.2894532382488251,
-0.06647370755672455,
0.5143252611160278,
-0.25774434208869934,
0.3235127031803131,
0.17007127404212952,
0.741904616355896,
0.8320971727371216,
0.01667008176445961,
-0.32373738288879395,
-0.26223817467689514,
-0.41490694880485535,
-0.4308483302593231,
-0.0376223661005497,
-0.44310256838798523,
-0.048440076410770416,
0.4679378867149353,
-0.12010762840509415,
0.07822864502668381,
-0.3881921172142029,
0.1465337723493576,
0.46112194657325745,
0.3390945792198181,
0.09365743398666382,
0.12328563630580902,
0.2782759964466095,
0.8467974662780762,
-0.628479540348053,
-0.43689367175102234,
-0.028837913647294044,
-0.42503035068511963,
0.06978903710842133,
-0.5930131673812866,
0.2307666838169098,
-0.15441448986530304,
-0.8813179135322571,
0.09084045886993408,
-2.080277681350708,
0.17798855900764465,
-0.3458949327468872,
0.024651840329170227,
0.30019497871398926,
0.6526843309402466,
-0.17660099267959595,
0.3693642318248749,
0.1378718614578247,
0.10886142402887344,
-0.14566798508167267,
-0.17166617512702942,
0.20425745844841003,
-0.6199748516082764,
0.30799752473831177,
-0.3452495038509369,
-0.3454737663269043,
0.5327295660972595,
-0.29646825790405273,
0.13809898495674133,
-0.2045201063156128,
0.4854329526424408,
-0.8425573110580444,
-0.39312052726745605,
0.03286970034241676,
-0.3120446503162384,
0.02240855246782303,
0.1965961903333664,
-0.3406333327293396,
-0.04604529216885567,
-0.250160813331604,
-0.5235363245010376,
0.08213067799806595,
0.1383218765258789,
-0.29039156436920166,
0.6535109281539917,
0.7973109483718872,
-0.21659748256206512,
0.3847324848175049,
-0.06052021682262421,
-0.10903953015804291,
1.0646737813949585,
-1.0553545951843262,
0.1420152485370636,
0.17705589532852173,
-0.18830859661102295,
0.39554300904273987,
-0.4979666471481323,
-0.6334206461906433,
0.10123686492443085,
0.3149528503417969,
-0.27787911891937256,
0.5234069228172302,
-0.05047103017568588,
0.34887588024139404,
-0.2112269401550293,
0.21712671220302582,
0.05004556104540825,
-0.24468767642974854,
-0.01292022317647934,
-0.15728837251663208,
-0.5849711894989014,
-0.35900238156318665,
0.27217650413513184,
-0.4155798852443695,
0.2993338704109192,
-0.20544348657131195,
-0.15831507742404938,
-0.13269993662834167,
-0.07257898896932602,
-0.13692551851272583,
0.3638402223587036,
-0.02344178967177868,
0.31483474373817444,
0.24325405061244965,
-0.15326547622680664,
0.05364178866147995,
0.057872846722602844,
0.230195090174675,
0.011640147306025028,
0.11620080471038818,
0.12421233206987381,
-0.4267366826534271,
0.1690523773431778,
0.562476396560669,
0.31136372685432434,
0.1607826054096222,
-0.02054031565785408,
-0.18907229602336884,
-0.4393227696418762,
0.2988019585609436,
-0.37957680225372314,
0.3031364679336548,
-0.10492672026157379,
-0.3168275058269501,
-0.012863445095717907,
-0.8778787851333618,
-0.4490971267223358,
0.10868704319000244,
-0.12691856920719147,
0.21363301575183868,
0.5294276475906372,
0.03664448857307434,
-0.04024288058280945,
-0.04953555762767792,
-0.006463759113103151,
0.004005750175565481,
-0.12191863358020782,
-0.08778626471757889,
0.19085632264614105,
-0.6048356294631958,
-0.08581443876028061,
0.031328629702329636,
0.148802250623703,
-0.0803297758102417,
0.6085137724876404,
-0.5491085648536682,
0.3691251277923584,
-0.18187794089317322,
-0.4207581579685211,
0.14214739203453064,
0.505865752696991,
-0.4298698306083679,
-0.17326635122299194,
-0.45786380767822266,
-0.054373349994421005,
0.07019426673650742,
0.025038573890924454,
0.31468233466148376,
0.41378018260002136,
0.2673707902431488,
0.07104318588972092,
0.4058930575847626,
0.06367556750774384,
-0.7266484498977661,
-0.1709788590669632,
0.534450352191925,
-0.33810022473335266,
0.1078961193561554,
-0.2918146550655365,
0.758281946182251,
-0.026793789118528366,
0.3348888158798218,
0.32952821254730225,
-1.0519410371780396,
0.03875308483839035,
-0.015130441635847092,
-0.09666470438241959,
1.0452747344970703,
-0.18218934535980225,
-0.6205577254295349,
0.6007670164108276,
-0.05661017820239067,
0.2398192286491394,
-0.06268399208784103,
0.021491196006536484,
0.6230018734931946,
-0.5232505798339844,
-0.2526105046272278,
0.07800185680389404,
0.289305180311203,
-0.3379921317100525,
-0.11289169639348984,
0.05171630159020424,
0.39129331707954407,
-0.870045006275177,
0.22198261320590973,
-0.0010904232040047646,
0.2240350842475891,
-0.11490295082330704,
-0.36282670497894287,
-0.031053170561790466,
-0.3775636851787567,
0.06139463558793068,
-0.04362192004919052,
-0.24074707925319672,
-0.6157000660896301,
0.6631073355674744,
-0.3431733548641205,
0.6822213530540466,
0.40882495045661926,
0.4793560802936554,
0.6416523456573486,
-0.6221177577972412,
0.11329192668199539,
0.0694037526845932,
-0.011048959568142891,
-0.20537827908992767,
0.4747115969657898,
0.5652517676353455,
0.23016031086444855,
-0.25001341104507446,
0.2840396761894226,
-0.6774923801422119,
0.0695754736661911,
-0.4294993281364441,
-0.050785038620233536,
-0.07461544871330261,
0.3163045346736908,
-0.041341353207826614,
0.39947012066841125,
0.09341764450073242,
-0.44718024134635925,
0.02377692237496376,
0.06741059571504593,
0.8835538029670715,
-0.035711511969566345,
-0.09444970637559891,
0.37845921516418457,
0.06714425981044769,
0.39540454745292664,
0.040364865213632584,
-0.15864022076129913,
-0.21352678537368774,
-0.9035710096359253,
0.11867711693048477,
0.20065106451511383,
-0.22766326367855072,
0.05673929676413536,
-0.6128828525543213,
-0.29116928577423096,
0.37824463844299316,
0.5856674313545227,
0.21662841737270355,
-0.15007160604000092,
0.1947556734085083,
-0.706557035446167,
0.17290404438972473,
-1.1258995532989502,
-1.0621943473815918,
0.5449965000152588,
0.058342818170785904,
-0.4789269268512726,
-0.42237231135368347,
0.1128396987915039,
0.165566548705101,
0.6002561450004578,
-0.7828813195228577,
-0.12604409456253052,
0.2422398179769516,
-0.18118472397327423,
-0.33864131569862366,
-0.23826053738594055,
-0.3608138859272003,
-0.37341538071632385,
0.2042199820280075,
0.0015414421213790774,
0.0379251204431057,
0.23978964984416962,
-0.2852911949157715,
0.23152074217796326,
-0.1403430849313736,
0.4734477698802948,
0.09268444031476974,
0.11880847811698914,
-0.0796927809715271,
-0.14947816729545593,
0.4664904475212097,
0.321605920791626,
-0.2761952877044678,
-0.0923851951956749,
0.3398573696613312,
-5.8653883934021,
-0.011340038850903511,
0.14202193915843964,
-0.009240473620593548,
0.49003350734710693,
0.44186529517173767,
0.6299536228179932,
0.128249853849411,
-0.334310919046402,
-0.39436930418014526,
-0.11583653837442398,
0.25301826000213623,
0.0864635556936264,
-0.03794987127184868,
0.274309366941452,
-0.1545531153678894,
0.5125498175621033,
0.021140245720744133,
-0.3093574345111847,
0.44969937205314636,
0.3050435483455658,
0.22911116480827332,
0.2344193011522293,
0.9223971366882324,
-0.37806999683380127,
-0.2808113098144531,
-0.2504144310951233,
0.2985549569129944,
-0.38688987493515015,
-0.2769562304019928,
0.2082383930683136,
0.09952437877655029,
-0.03995729237794876,
0.2812393605709076,
-0.0779387503862381,
0.30562880635261536,
0.7706912755966187,
-0.21757766604423523,
0.022176722064614296,
-0.5246003866195679,
0.2997870445251465,
0.3308025002479553,
0.28727492690086365,
-0.7693020701408386,
0.29098814725875854,
0.43124163150787354,
-0.11588585376739502,
0.08393653482198715,
-0.4120499789714813,
0.5537712574005127,
-0.12721940875053406,
-0.33119526505470276,
-0.08143246918916702,
0.3840532600879669,
0.2645719349384308,
-0.2847461402416229,
0.0015522977337241173,
0.26984748244285583,
-0.008058886975049973,
0.2940010726451874,
0.40645632147789,
-0.17202746868133545,
-0.6058961749076843,
-0.8055914044380188,
-0.1452145278453827,
0.050561487674713135,
-0.09998597204685211,
-0.3204992413520813,
0.35521653294563293,
0.7690529227256775,
-0.3358629047870636,
0.4054017663002014,
0.11626151204109192,
-0.8684659004211426,
0.26685312390327454,
-0.4315412938594818,
0.10511107742786407,
-0.1362457275390625,
-0.15662477910518646,
0.5807269215583801,
-0.07578125596046448,
0.005684697534888983,
0.18207979202270508,
-0.2864041328430176,
0.16706623136997223,
-0.9122768044471741,
-0.47645917534828186,
0.33465415239334106,
0.20505240559577942,
0.21555599570274353,
0.37161508202552795,
0.015664955601096153,
0.11833047866821289,
0.17341069877147675,
0.10417473316192627,
0.5476093292236328,
-0.17270205914974213,
1.0116175413131714,
0.05040479078888893,
-0.41864317655563354,
0.5764454007148743,
-0.14924117922782898,
0.19252052903175354,
-0.6345076560974121,
-0.26615336537361145,
-0.4739784896373749,
-0.32532328367233276,
0.04416714981198311,
0.2709798514842987,
-0.48791661858558655,
-0.42401644587516785,
0.32453715801239014,
-0.2019188553094864,
-0.25624942779541016,
0.7078729867935181,
0.03791308403015137,
-0.11344404518604279,
0.41625431180000305,
0.35071247816085815,
-0.2764303684234619,
0.16700443625450134,
0.41635560989379883,
-0.516229510307312,
-0.4732959270477295,
0.17995019257068634,
0.11516456305980682,
-0.010601111687719822,
0.2035631537437439,
0.37869924306869507,
-0.006964671425521374,
0.3892555832862854,
0.24691958725452423,
0.19142046570777893,
0.2289084941148758,
-0.2422572523355484,
-0.8220236897468567,
-0.748098611831665,
0.6115750670433044,
-0.6103547811508179,
-0.13057032227516174,
0.5717372298240662,
-0.322510302066803,
-0.12213641405105591,
-0.12526746094226837,
0.7581197023391724,
0.2763410210609436,
-0.15314531326293945,
-0.40487101674079895,
0.4232693016529083,
0.050282105803489685,
0.3550856411457062,
-0.030316675081849098,
0.5007150769233704,
-0.5767338871955872,
-0.23163893818855286,
0.14601834118366241,
0.272506982088089,
0.11542854458093643,
0.35319405794143677,
-0.8600627779960632,
-0.041301291435956955,
-0.03540433570742607,
-1.2589735984802246,
-0.2640296518802643,
0.23500122129917145,
0.3200453817844391,
0.028168167918920517,
-0.7443809509277344,
0.09380577504634857,
0.0815352350473404,
-0.20833991467952728,
-0.30624279379844666,
-0.35310685634613037,
0.23629413545131683,
0.06386912614107132,
0.3855767250061035,
0.14588958024978638,
0.022468456998467445,
0.25863105058670044,
0.12391865998506546,
-0.13835769891738892,
-0.49996915459632874,
0.06965374201536179,
0.3111514449119568,
0.6185894012451172,
-0.41082140803337097,
-0.21392303705215454,
0.10788042843341827,
-0.545494019985199,
0.06497887521982193,
0.23443084955215454,
-0.01821673847734928,
0.7382947206497192,
-0.0012174734147265553,
0.20233182609081268,
-0.4359203279018402,
0.14969882369041443,
0.9178487658500671,
-0.25685492157936096,
-0.25376608967781067,
0.2653725743293762,
0.5479198694229126,
-0.38885560631752014,
0.07180816680192947,
0.5998435020446777,
-0.4927123785018921,
0.38485953211784363,
0.2456466406583786,
-0.2886192798614502,
-0.18266889452934265,
-0.13866539299488068,
-0.1488925665616989,
-0.20313358306884766,
-0.2965191602706909,
-0.03384057432413101,
-0.050957005470991135,
-0.01980082504451275,
-0.9532090425491333,
-0.2208390235900879,
-0.5012893080711365,
0.2704344391822815,
-0.3172365128993988,
-0.29507794976234436,
0.5650127530097961,
-0.37212371826171875,
-0.5967521667480469,
0.1026427373290062,
-0.9564643502235413,
0.030339201912283897,
0.46256840229034424,
-0.49718794226646423,
0.02755613811314106,
-0.10104791820049286,
0.20825693011283875,
-0.5315911173820496,
-0.27677714824676514,
0.055470459163188934,
0.44607964158058167,
0.12673480808734894,
-0.3105594217777252,
0.02710133232176304,
0.4497111439704895,
-0.03341717645525932,
-0.292734831571579,
0.08140379935503006,
0.2993951141834259,
0.4644738733768463,
-0.7005600929260254,
-0.5543604493141174,
0.5992461442947388,
0.19268694519996643,
0.0472506582736969,
-0.38616469502449036,
-0.28629687428474426,
0.5052076578140259,
-0.4783177375793457,
-0.29882800579071045,
-0.939529538154602,
0.013950257562100887,
0.7445757985115051,
-0.4445534348487854,
0.258056104183197,
-0.1519838124513626,
-0.0023217257112264633,
0.11577495187520981,
0.13033044338226318,
-0.44598639011383057,
-0.656744122505188,
0.38056695461273193,
-0.7995066046714783,
-0.2908765375614166,
0.3630266785621643,
0.6419654488563538,
0.5814563035964966,
0.4827211797237396,
0.14703097939491272,
0.1181725561618805,
-0.5088981986045837,
-0.12106111645698547,
0.05867224559187889,
-0.04654344171285629,
-0.11776705831289291,
0.24938929080963135,
-0.31207168102264404,
0.3531501591205597,
-0.542436420917511,
-0.19845174252986908,
-0.25072720646858215,
-0.25547727942466736,
-0.18013139069080353,
0.08324810862541199,
0.39299848675727844,
-0.18811315298080444,
0.25329333543777466,
-0.5652085542678833,
0.24147085845470428,
-0.11330629140138626,
-0.23173634707927704,
-0.19864755868911743,
-0.5727272033691406,
-0.03480229899287224,
0.1254783272743225,
0.30144578218460083,
-0.729550302028656,
0.4294974207878113,
0.32775917649269104,
0.5439898371696472,
-0.30898743867874146,
0.2359359711408615,
0.07987982779741287,
0.6930577158927917,
-0.20995596051216125,
0.19006165862083435,
0.7925394773483276,
0.194854274392128,
0.27764347195625305,
0.4392346739768982,
0.3729870319366455,
0.28317204117774963,
0.39932960271835327,
0.45901623368263245,
0.5869269967079163,
0.5553115606307983,
-0.34545645117759705,
-0.2587982416152954,
0.34324556589126587,
0.01985454559326172,
-0.18343892693519592,
0.6226933002471924,
0.3914867639541626,
0.89513099193573,
-0.08769501000642776,
0.10722842067480087,
0.3430933356285095,
0.11001960933208466,
-0.2971809506416321,
-0.04684987664222717,
-0.0491861067712307,
-0.06810006499290466,
-0.03802623599767685,
0.3099544048309326,
0.08319473266601562,
0.021415086463093758,
0.6115555167198181,
0.19853468239307404,
0.7489489912986755,
0.462106317281723,
-0.1995081901550293,
-0.10681971162557602,
0.0014391951262950897,
-0.19151604175567627,
0.1668470799922943,
0.12772245705127716,
0.36846786737442017,
0.03738638386130333,
-0.5149204730987549,
0.20943263173103333,
-0.41491565108299255,
0.07829703390598297,
-0.14567707479000092,
-0.2582271099090576,
-0.009599775075912476,
0.10185324400663376,
0.23199009895324707,
-0.1823272854089737,
-0.4151335656642914,
0.31589770317077637,
-0.23684903979301453,
0.10139475017786026,
-0.046279843896627426,
0.03803127259016037,
0.009188376367092133,
-0.5467249155044556,
0.10739296674728394,
0.036835093051195145,
-0.8758365511894226,
0.7355742454528809,
0.24103468656539917,
-0.12442624568939209,
0.2940467894077301,
-0.49439600110054016,
-0.2950883209705353,
-0.06263089179992676,
-0.4904436767101288,
0.4831591248512268,
0.16621461510658264,
-0.43425726890563965,
-0.04814637824892998,
-0.0707789734005928,
0.31636178493499756,
0.35013341903686523,
-0.44465383887290955,
-0.5540993213653564,
-0.3474726974964142,
0.2721158564090729,
-0.0326591394841671,
0.08411873131990433,
0.8123997449874878,
0.04533777013421059,
0.17382855713367462,
-0.10395968705415726,
-0.02672695741057396,
-0.03342938423156738,
-0.20273031294345856,
-0.7849876880645752,
0.25506266951560974,
-0.545640766620636,
0.5665301084518433,
-0.666290819644928,
0.638176441192627,
0.7214767932891846,
0.3708153963088989,
-0.02673444338142872,
0.6254951357841492,
-0.2655169665813446,
-0.1625525951385498,
0.6793263554573059,
-0.21336017549037933,
0.26717063784599304,
-0.6480211615562439,
0.046903062611818314,
0.4147716462612152,
0.22174644470214844,
0.02222539857029915,
-0.3048035800457001,
-0.1914772391319275,
0.4070797860622406,
0.21871063113212585,
-0.7837201356887817,
0.5750463604927063,
0.029645053669810295,
-0.08495482057332993,
-0.24747954308986664,
-0.0076598841696977615,
-0.7014971375465393,
-0.13452941179275513,
-0.39809590578079224,
0.7093668580055237,
-0.19117635488510132,
-0.44270065426826477,
-0.016386717557907104,
0.05678752809762955,
-0.587689995765686,
-0.1321174055337906,
-0.32927384972572327,
-0.1688445806503296,
-0.34801262617111206,
-0.7209120392799377,
-0.10550414025783539,
0.1181330606341362,
0.4641542434692383,
-0.24362443387508392,
-0.3992792069911957,
0.0039829411543905735,
0.21544651687145233,
-0.13269780576229095,
-0.04170804098248482,
-0.030266277492046356,
0.03451436385512352,
0.002262929454445839
] |
210284
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20Display%20Debugger
|
Data Display Debugger
|
Data Display Debugger (GNU DDD) is a graphical user interface (using the Motif toolkit) for command-line debuggers such as GDB, DBX, JDB, HP Wildebeest Debugger, XDB, the Perl debugger, the Bash debugger, the Python debugger, and the GNU Make debugger. DDD is part of the GNU Project and distributed as free software under the GNU General Public License.
Technical details
DDD has GUI front-end features such as viewing source texts and its interactive graphical data display, where data structures are displayed as graphs.
DDD is used primarily on Unix systems, and its usefulness is complemented by many open source plug-ins available for it.
Notes & references
References
Notes
See also
Debugger front-end
KDbg, a KDE debugger front-end
ups (debugger)
External links
Source code
Debuggers
GNU Project software
Unix programming tools
Software that uses Motif (software)
|
[
0.1807340681552887,
-0.009996729902923107,
-0.08849182724952698,
0.22470533847808838,
-0.4829261600971222,
-0.25026974081993103,
0.13130410015583038,
-0.022260360419750214,
-0.18291985988616943,
-0.3969157934188843,
-0.3947086036205292,
0.4982249140739441,
-0.6127268671989441,
0.3308354318141937,
0.1593363732099533,
0.37425023317337036,
0.4042516350746155,
0.1504032164812088,
-0.24782271683216095,
-0.3825416564941406,
0.14573435485363007,
-0.6271411776542664,
-0.6612167358398438,
-0.6790599822998047,
0.033574849367141724,
0.31298115849494934,
0.6141152381896973,
0.36205029487609863,
-0.7472358345985413,
0.14688171446323395,
0.12401320785284042,
0.34001898765563965,
0.5368968844413757,
0.22801442444324493,
0.05848916620016098,
0.14655490219593048,
-0.27621951699256897,
-0.28051385283470154,
0.08348620682954788,
-0.6105255484580994,
-0.2820276916027069,
-0.537071168422699,
0.43159759044647217,
0.4425584375858307,
-0.15388979017734528,
0.04922760650515556,
-1.333743691444397,
-0.11238645017147064,
-0.39143651723861694,
-0.07267344743013382,
-0.6442236304283142,
0.4016213119029999,
0.12412690371274948,
0.39030933380126953,
0.3067839741706848,
-0.5863776803016663,
-0.16110651195049286,
-0.498548299074173,
0.44536226987838745,
-0.26458731293678284,
0.39014673233032227,
-0.30858027935028076,
-0.09997554868459702,
0.43914270401000977,
-0.14138194918632507,
0.027765100821852684,
-0.5710452795028687,
0.6959483623504639,
-0.9057948589324951,
-0.39992663264274597,
0.23008888959884644,
-0.37676841020584106,
-0.27237123250961304,
0.2156333327293396,
-0.06039334461092949,
0.461398720741272,
0.042059216648340225,
-0.4338260293006897,
0.1410108059644699,
0.051297686994075775,
-0.05680156871676445,
0.6024456024169922,
0.7558972239494324,
-0.30844518542289734,
0.6080873012542725,
-0.06686845421791077,
-0.08457599580287933,
0.3527486026287079,
-1.0038437843322754,
0.6462012529373169,
0.09253782778978348,
0.1634775698184967,
0.1986571103334427,
0.33983954787254333,
-0.11694605648517609,
-0.1471240520477295,
-0.2027953565120697,
-0.15073852241039276,
0.6317276358604431,
0.4995339810848236,
-0.44609734416007996,
0.06065279617905617,
-0.08195485174655914,
0.3391158878803253,
-0.48080652952194214,
-0.07684434950351715,
-0.8130999207496643,
-1.0070964097976685,
-0.4567422866821289,
1.022871971130371,
-0.2100718915462494,
0.0720716193318367,
-0.038081780076026917,
-0.42878177762031555,
-0.12370207160711288,
0.16657638549804688,
0.20174065232276917,
0.02725481241941452,
0.10937774181365967,
0.13447827100753784,
0.4997848570346832,
0.9268691539764404,
0.07578328996896744,
0.17361006140708923,
0.25668400526046753,
0.12370552867650986,
0.33920419216156006,
0.6142253279685974,
-0.12547217309474945,
0.16154558956623077,
0.6112825870513916,
0.8403830528259277,
0.5089554786682129,
-0.23315446078777313,
-0.30295878648757935,
-0.7764922976493835,
0.7306395173072815,
-0.4383016526699066,
-0.10439126938581467,
-0.5393630266189575,
-0.329231858253479,
-0.29071298241615295,
-0.5578622817993164,
-0.15201081335544586,
0.4845460057258606,
0.017948966473340988,
-0.16954836249351501,
0.16767098009586334,
-0.8433184027671814,
0.53449547290802,
-0.44980064034461975,
0.3974524736404419,
-0.052003875374794006,
0.024509867653250694,
-0.45724329352378845,
0.6263105869293213,
0.026786526665091515,
-0.40289872884750366,
-0.18796855211257935,
0.4948410093784332,
0.5761191844940186,
0.09259188175201416,
-0.7467840313911438,
-0.0991654172539711,
0.5380639433860779,
-0.7496864199638367,
0.17864635586738586,
-0.007789533119648695,
-0.13440342247486115,
-0.17049521207809448,
-0.42343026399612427,
0.00029814886511303484,
-0.044370733201503754,
-0.16025331616401672,
0.48429590463638306,
0.47074320912361145,
0.4288962483406067,
-0.3190634548664093,
0.8901336193084717,
0.2453901618719101,
-0.8339366912841797,
-0.403298556804657,
0.48187029361724854,
-0.10204729437828064,
0.2579665184020996,
0.2747666835784912,
0.4533783793449402,
-0.4157505929470062,
0.4122774600982666,
-0.0009750138269737363,
-1.093354344367981,
-0.31124255061149597,
0.2668170928955078,
-0.2855623662471771,
1.1245590448379517,
-0.07725206762552261,
-0.7959704399108887,
0.7452572584152222,
0.06453732401132584,
0.15681971609592438,
0.0356157086789608,
0.24301816523075104,
0.618646502494812,
-0.4271232485771179,
0.12104355543851852,
-0.13732211291790009,
0.055406354367733,
0.02295302227139473,
-0.6098041534423828,
0.4724140465259552,
0.10328706353902817,
-0.29368212819099426,
0.3488641083240509,
-0.021182939410209656,
0.3918660283088684,
-0.1834608018398285,
-0.2302018254995346,
-0.3289603292942047,
-0.24290451407432556,
-0.0250967126339674,
0.538379967212677,
-0.17980408668518066,
-0.9138368368148804,
0.6668784022331238,
-0.475254088640213,
0.9168118834495544,
0.3441104590892792,
0.8027722835540771,
1.029582142829895,
-0.21103985607624054,
0.08241993933916092,
0.41384342312812805,
0.22240951657295227,
-0.6237363815307617,
0.20721377432346344,
0.06961757689714432,
0.32100117206573486,
-0.02891361340880394,
0.719929039478302,
0.06666083633899689,
0.5647962689399719,
-0.040274351835250854,
-0.42695799469947815,
-0.3526654839515686,
-0.03804657980799675,
-0.198337584733963,
0.17004843056201935,
0.4130512475967407,
-0.33591553568840027,
0.14906810224056244,
0.623857319355011,
0.6230837106704712,
0.06505899876356125,
-0.7700909376144409,
0.3224603831768036,
0.6206265687942505,
-0.3569369316101074,
-0.6595475673675537,
-0.5603524446487427,
0.5577378273010254,
-0.6467097401618958,
0.06471582502126694,
-0.6314769387245178,
0.052713364362716675,
-0.047863446176052094,
-0.63779217004776,
0.18780924379825592,
0.4267443120479584,
0.2394731491804123,
0.30619487166404724,
-0.3382904827594757,
-0.12749136984348297,
-0.5311139822006226,
-0.0063564470037817955,
-0.8392062783241272,
-0.9293863773345947,
0.5933465361595154,
0.47210338711738586,
-0.6682364344596863,
-1.0806838274002075,
-0.23498289287090302,
-0.04074601083993912,
0.6965948939323425,
-0.018592914566397667,
-0.03219142556190491,
-0.12929284572601318,
0.16247324645519257,
-0.48920488357543945,
-1.001107096672058,
-0.1108277216553688,
-0.5096836686134338,
0.8026976585388184,
0.05311744660139084,
0.28579217195510864,
-0.45749375224113464,
0.44871559739112854,
-0.3020251989364624,
0.1028708815574646,
0.3116927444934845,
0.07505517452955246,
0.013364138081669807,
0.23654747009277344,
0.02657310850918293,
-0.328013151884079,
0.2748188376426697,
-0.5080167651176453,
-0.5840628147125244,
0.37456387281417847,
-5.482435703277588,
0.16973114013671875,
-0.30713751912117004,
0.1492558717727661,
-0.39282193779945374,
0.17814187705516815,
0.5961968302726746,
0.054049666970968246,
0.1957552433013916,
-0.3447690010070801,
-0.11502182483673096,
-0.15034863352775574,
-0.22585950791835785,
0.05671270191669464,
0.3816491663455963,
0.33687064051628113,
1.1300110816955566,
-0.3163469433784485,
0.31574195623397827,
0.4243127405643463,
0.26776987314224243,
0.13866624236106873,
0.12385235726833344,
0.3943265676498413,
0.08326006680727005,
-0.041050463914871216,
-0.80352383852005,
0.23567791283130646,
-0.20417088270187378,
-0.36809632182121277,
0.6535045504570007,
-0.01987188123166561,
-0.45223262906074524,
0.21515867114067078,
-0.15287141501903534,
0.5216833353042603,
0.5989748239517212,
0.09058334678411484,
-0.2717944383621216,
-0.798865020275116,
0.8020853400230408,
0.3848213851451874,
-0.1884077787399292,
-0.07499130815267563,
0.5753486752510071,
-0.14176355302333832,
-0.4882984459400177,
-0.021044978871941566,
-0.18639987707138062,
0.5755754113197327,
-0.29299741983413696,
-0.17281650006771088,
-0.19191820919513702,
0.5278034210205078,
0.11755696684122086,
-0.4703059792518616,
0.4202139675617218,
0.26927727460861206,
-0.542121410369873,
0.31199419498443604,
0.49306023120880127,
-0.39819571375846863,
0.0368674173951149,
-0.9399716258049011,
-0.2278672307729721,
-0.0010674363002181053,
-0.435760498046875,
-0.48245900869369507,
0.5039317607879639,
0.4454556107521057,
-0.8458410501480103,
0.5902013778686523,
-0.020063649863004684,
-0.9194071888923645,
1.0068830251693726,
-0.6404828429222107,
0.10849491506814957,
-0.4585323631763458,
-0.07204461842775345,
-0.30417177081108093,
0.18504542112350464,
-0.8152501583099365,
-0.0559721440076828,
0.032289858907461166,
-0.493408203125,
-0.9737989902496338,
-0.16785719990730286,
0.06396061927080154,
0.31040090322494507,
0.13734787702560425,
0.49093085527420044,
-0.005981500260531902,
0.09154099971055984,
0.4353090226650238,
0.20047782361507416,
0.521843433380127,
0.6927940845489502,
0.3421832025051117,
-0.13282160460948944,
-0.08941924571990967,
0.49090567231178284,
-0.39242398738861084,
-0.31594640016555786,
-0.7532792687416077,
0.22786793112754822,
0.17416930198669434,
-0.41872137784957886,
-0.0379326157271862,
0.3789254426956177,
0.06217203289270401,
-0.0973542183637619,
0.3392731547355652,
-0.3685581386089325,
-0.2959553897380829,
0.4099474549293518,
0.2169053554534912,
0.03175925090909004,
0.33924585580825806,
0.07201047986745834,
-0.3383733928203583,
0.06925836950540543,
0.3680192232131958,
-0.7149568796157837,
-0.037337832152843475,
-0.03364064171910286,
-0.5594944953918457,
0.175763800740242,
0.2015085369348526,
0.13762614130973816,
-0.383578360080719,
0.40442511439323425,
0.11246313899755478,
-0.15060362219810486,
-0.1317274421453476,
0.103401780128479,
-0.9530582427978516,
-0.3606637418270111,
0.3079192042350769,
0.1924019157886505,
-0.3272034525871277,
0.2597132623195648,
-0.16782300174236298,
-0.11765838414430618,
-0.03125131502747536,
0.47125548124313354,
-0.02615479752421379,
0.33120107650756836,
0.01451533380895853,
0.1400408148765564,
0.5871243476867676,
-0.058651238679885864,
-0.18758715689182281,
0.46383947134017944,
-0.09970035403966904,
-0.22224485874176025,
-0.07337776571512222,
0.2214733064174652,
0.520237386226654,
0.5817373394966125,
-0.8314286470413208,
0.1575842648744583,
0.11414208263158798,
-0.6811584830284119,
0.007741278037428856,
0.15717454254627228,
-0.23994401097297668,
-0.3737645745277405,
-0.17848210036754608,
0.12657363712787628,
0.13894152641296387,
-0.5489228963851929,
-0.04067834094166756,
-0.3343726098537445,
0.1892174780368805,
0.7568714618682861,
-0.03188692033290863,
0.17559321224689484,
0.3126179575920105,
0.2611294984817505,
0.21071301400661469,
-0.08624530583620071,
-0.24403654038906097,
-0.31087926030158997,
0.1611136645078659,
0.4933210015296936,
-0.13346393406391144,
-0.40591323375701904,
0.45880430936813354,
-0.15968090295791626,
-0.4101398289203644,
-0.00043412696686573327,
0.28626054525375366,
0.6420953869819641,
0.11414662003517151,
-0.17804519832134247,
-0.8583683967590332,
0.2526034414768219,
1.0618914365768433,
0.2634478807449341,
-1.4310781955718994,
-0.20053139328956604,
0.6958227753639221,
-0.917495608329773,
0.6945227980613708,
-0.06843899935483932,
-0.3019533157348633,
0.6870647072792053,
-0.3257420063018799,
0.2500193417072296,
0.019360823556780815,
0.19194144010543823,
-0.227860227227211,
-0.21070002019405365,
-0.5217289328575134,
-0.06161114200949669,
-0.3215232193470001,
0.08423592895269394,
-0.7292798161506653,
-0.1965809017419815,
0.11290829628705978,
-0.10664631426334381,
-0.4309481084346771,
0.01778450421988964,
0.8779198527336121,
-0.3827700614929199,
0.02384226582944393,
0.41075700521469116,
-0.7669951915740967,
0.1835961490869522,
0.07067181915044785,
0.0573834553360939,
-0.036013104021549225,
0.05504147708415985,
0.5157151222229004,
-0.5711818933486938,
-0.5172876119613647,
-0.6659092307090759,
0.6260086894035339,
0.1157221570611,
-0.03014322742819786,
0.45528000593185425,
0.719292938709259,
-0.347993403673172,
-0.9011956453323364,
0.4362261891365051,
-0.090721495449543,
-0.1751219928264618,
-0.43064355850219727,
-0.7909020185470581,
0.31788405776023865,
0.30629971623420715,
-0.07180239260196686,
-0.38983622193336487,
-0.34920603036880493,
0.745050311088562,
-0.18212711811065674,
-0.39327868819236755,
-0.7990016341209412,
-0.305561363697052,
0.6147323250770569,
0.3864332139492035,
0.5336005091667175,
-0.18202775716781616,
0.016241751611232758,
-0.034359999001026154,
-0.10518568754196167,
-0.12496151030063629,
-0.6187827587127686,
0.31805258989334106,
-0.6986331343650818,
-0.4826572835445404,
0.17142951488494873,
0.5830991864204407,
1.0682371854782104,
0.38970014452934265,
-0.3554784655570984,
-0.08041450381278992,
-0.3667356073856354,
0.18066373467445374,
0.26482006907463074,
-0.35268232226371765,
-0.6296482682228088,
0.4499078691005707,
-0.4919283390045166,
0.02654924802482128,
-0.431831032037735,
0.07422132790088654,
0.09416563808917999,
0.02218087762594223,
-0.3312244713306427,
-0.43633097410202026,
0.83230060338974,
-0.12423797696828842,
-0.07536392658948898,
-0.4040670692920685,
0.38650569319725037,
0.34441298246383667,
-0.15297459065914154,
0.051858820021152496,
-0.3234393894672394,
-0.18099170923233032,
0.8813339471817017,
0.7503625154495239,
-0.6193234324455261,
0.922354519367218,
0.012106182985007763,
0.012728715315461159,
-0.20051926374435425,
-0.2780868411064148,
0.07810285687446594,
0.2196643054485321,
-0.1610853374004364,
0.2971169054508209,
0.4329296052455902,
-0.15661004185676575,
-0.05636555328965187,
0.28871122002601624,
0.31590431928634644,
0.39650431275367737,
-0.05719205364584923,
-0.016768362373113632,
0.15975165367126465,
0.5965188145637512,
0.183616504073143,
-0.44274845719337463,
0.16933347284793854,
-0.05463280528783798,
-0.17671248316764832,
0.7310889959335327,
-0.2955746650695801,
0.49927714467048645,
-0.21162328124046326,
-0.30925214290618896,
0.2112104445695877,
-0.29226282238960266,
0.020093323662877083,
-0.13244998455047607,
0.2515634298324585,
-0.18105852603912354,
-0.18599404394626617,
0.26424115896224976,
0.40814265608787537,
-0.27247676253318787,
-0.21932905912399292,
-0.4296577572822571,
0.5488542318344116,
-0.0811215490102768,
0.15462811291217804,
-0.03449438512325287,
1.0319604873657227,
0.21482503414154053,
-0.22384117543697357,
0.1637834757566452,
-0.06151411309838295,
-0.07680285722017288,
-0.26569464802742004,
0.41391822695732117,
0.06103749945759773,
0.037054866552352905,
0.49331194162368774,
0.09390834718942642,
0.28015807271003723,
-0.2836420238018036,
0.13768132030963898,
-0.8083951473236084,
0.24033713340759277,
0.4185679852962494,
-0.12166155874729156,
0.04712003096938133,
-0.04884636774659157,
0.16197919845581055,
0.25571709871292114,
-0.2160933017730713,
1.0341249704360962,
-0.08207710832357407,
-0.5799911618232727,
0.4592951536178589,
0.15109577775001526,
-0.2252027988433838,
0.17487432062625885,
-0.33193010091781616,
-0.3294140696525574,
-0.10588330030441284,
-0.5614427328109741,
0.16526652872562408,
-0.27917587757110596,
-0.33803659677505493,
0.17645396292209625,
0.05122844874858856,
-0.17010994255542755,
-0.4721049666404724,
-0.43944236636161804,
-0.19183869659900665,
-0.1443154364824295,
-0.1182895377278328,
0.08987919241189957,
-0.3008781671524048,
1.2074660062789917,
0.18514399230480194,
0.20398478209972382,
-0.3983979821205139,
0.6478391289710999,
0.1423395574092865,
0.44580569863319397,
-0.41262102127075195,
0.11028483510017395,
-0.717328667640686,
-0.11284969002008438,
-0.9312593340873718,
0.6122680306434631,
0.3495633900165558,
-0.09343801438808441,
-0.27660298347473145,
0.25544363260269165,
-0.3617854714393616,
0.21360483765602112,
0.6848763227462769,
-0.4395696222782135,
0.2516515254974365,
-0.04561949148774147,
-0.7356052994728088,
-0.1917809247970581,
0.21498459577560425,
-0.17813950777053833,
0.017805812880396843,
0.13071101903915405,
0.42191654443740845,
0.3444267213344574,
-0.42346954345703125,
0.4282090365886688,
0.06505250185728073,
-0.5876510739326477,
-0.579190731048584,
0.8161572217941284,
-0.9821340441703796,
0.08040221780538559,
-0.08378320932388306,
1.165522575378418,
0.17521151900291443,
-0.5577235221862793,
-0.3353266417980194,
-0.2626877725124359,
-0.022608861327171326,
-0.16091987490653992,
-0.4219528138637543,
-0.07184191048145294,
-0.021241001784801483,
-0.26893100142478943,
-0.6712309122085571,
0.49848654866218567,
0.7528766989707947,
-0.21458040177822113,
-0.4065132141113281,
-0.45462843775749207,
-0.017479579895734787,
0.41075339913368225,
0.30387526750564575,
-0.40325719118118286,
-0.04924511909484863,
0.17284943163394928
] |
210286
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth%20certificate
|
Birth certificate
|
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a person. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth. Depending on the jurisdiction, a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by such as a midwife or doctor.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 17, an integral part of the 2030 Agenda, has a target to increase the timely availability of data regarding age, gender, race, ethnicity, and other relevant characteristics which documents like a birth certificate has the capacity to provide.
History and contemporary times
The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization. The original purpose of vital statistics was for tax purposes and for the determination of available military manpower. In England, births were initially registered with churches, who maintained registers of births. This practice continued into the 19th century. The compulsory registration of births with the United Kingdom government is a practice that originated at least as far back as 1853. The entire United States did not get a standardized system until 1902.
Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In all countries, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, hospital administrator, or the parent(s) of the child to see that the birth is properly registered with the appropriate government agency.
The actual record of birth is stored with a government agency. That agency will issue certified copies or representations of the original birth record upon request, which can be used to apply for government benefits, such as passports. The certification is signed and/or sealed by the registrar or other custodian of birth records, who is commissioned by the government.
The right of every child to a name and nationality, and the responsibility of national governments to achieve this are contained in Articles 7 and 8 in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: "The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality..." (CRC Article 7) and "States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations..." (CRC Article 8).
Despite 191 countries ratifying the convention, the births of millions of children worldwide go unregistered. By their very nature, data concerning unregistered children are approximate. About 29% of countries don't have available or sufficient data to assess global progress towards the SDG goal of universal coverage. However, from the data that is available, UNICEF estimates that more than a quarter of children under 5 worldwide are unregistered. The lowest levels of birth registration are found in sub-Saharan Africa (43 percent). This phenomenon disproportionately impacts poor households and indigenous populations. Even in many developed countries, it contributes to difficulties in fully accessing civic rights.
Birth registration opens the door to rights to children and adults which many other human beings take for granted: to prove their age; to prove their nationality; to receive healthcare; to go to school; to take exams; to be adopted; to protection from under-age military service or conscription; to marry; to open a bank account; to hold a driving licence; to obtain a passport; to inherit money or property; and to vote or stand for elected office.
There are many reasons why births go unregistered, including social and cultural beliefs and attitudes; alternative documents and naming ceremonies; remote areas, poor infrastructure; economic barriers; lack of office staff, equipment and training; legal and political restrictions; fear of discrimination and persecution; war, conflict and unrest or simply the fact that there is no system in place.
Retrospective registration may be necessary where there is a backlog of children whose births have gone unregistered. In Senegal, the government is facilitating retrospective registration through free local court hearings and the number of unregistered children has fallen considerably as a result.
In Sierra Leone, the government gave the National Office of Births and Deaths special permission to issue birth certificates to children over seven. In Bolivia, there was a successful three-year amnesty for the free registration of young people aged between 12 and 18.
Statelessness, or the lack of effective nationality, impacts the daily lives of some 1112 million people around the world. Perhaps those who suffer most are stateless infants, children, and youth. Although born and raised in their parents' country of habitual residence, they lack formal recognition of their existence.
Australia
States and territories of Australia are responsible for the issuance of birth certificates, through agencies generally titled "Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages" or similar.
Initially registering a birth is done by a hospital through a "Birth Registration Statement" or similar, signed by appropriately licensed and authorized health professionals, and provided to the state or territory registry. Home births are permitted, but a statement is required from a registered midwife, doctor or 2 other witnesses other than the parent(s). Unplanned births require in some states that the baby be taken to a hospital within 24 hours. Once registered, a separate application (sometimes it can be done along with the Birth Registration Statement) can be made for a birth certificate, generally at a cost. The person(s) named or the parent(s) can apply for a certificate at any time. Generally, there is no restriction on re-applying for a certificate at a later date, so it could be possible to legally hold multiple original copies.
The Federal government requires that births be also registered through a "Proof of Birth Declaration" similarly signed as above by a doctor or midwife. This ensures the appropriate benefits can be paid, and the child is enrolled for Medicare.
The state or territory issued birth certificate is a secure A4 paper document, generally listing: Full name at birth, sex at birth, parent(s) and occupation(s), older sibling(s), address(es), date and place of birth, name of the registrar, date of registration, date of issue of certificate, a registration number, with the signature of the registrar and seal of the registry printed and or embossed. Most states allow for stillbirths to be issued a birth certificate. Some states issue early pregnancy loss certificates (without legal significance if before 20 weeks). Depending on the state or territory, amendments on the certificate are allowed to correct an entry, add ascendant, recognize same-sex relationship, changing the sex of the holder is possible in all states and territories.
The full birth certificate in Australia is an officially recognized identity document generally in the highest category. The birth certificate assists in establishing citizenship. Shorter and/or commemorative birth certificates are available; however, they are not generally acceptable for identification purposes.
Birth certificates in Australia can be verified online by approved agencies through the Attorney-General's Department Document Verification Service and can be used to validate identity digitally, e.g. online.
Canada
In Canada, the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the provinces and territories. In 2008, provinces and territories started rolling out new polymer certificates to new applicants.
Canadian birth certificates may be obtained from the following:
Alberta – A registry agent authorised by the Province
British Columbia – British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency
Manitoba – Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency
New Brunswick – Service New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador – Service NL
Northwest Territories – Health Services Administration Office
Nova Scotia – Access Nova Scotia
Nunavut – Registrar-General of Vital Statistics
Ontario – ServiceOntario
Prince Edward Island – Vital Statistics Registry
Quebec – Director of Civil Status (Directeur de l'état civil)
Saskatchewan – eHealth Saskatchewan
Yukon – Vital Statistics, Government of Yukon
Types issued
There are three forms of birth certificates issued:
Certified true copy/photostat – contains all information available on the birth of a person.
Long-form – contains name, place and date of birth, parental information, date of issue, date of registration, registration number, certificate number, and authorised signature(s).
Short-form – as with long-form, except for parental information. Previously in card format.
Residents of Quebec born elsewhere can have their non-Quebec birth record inserted into Quebec's birth register. Quebec birth certificates issued with regard to a birth that occurred outside of Quebec are referred to as "semi-authentic" under paragraph 137 of the Civil Code of Québec, until their full authenticity is recognised by a Quebec court. Inserting one's birth record into the Quebec register is a prerequisite for anyone born outside of Quebec to apply for a legal name and/or legal gender change in the province. Semi-authentic birth certificates are issued in the long-form only.
Languages
Depending on the province, certificates are in English, French or both languages. Birth certificates from Canadian territories are in English and French, as well as Inuktitut in Nunavut (though individual data is in the Roman alphabet only, not in Inuktitut syllabics). The Northwest Territories previously issued certificates bearing Inuktitut.
DND 419 birth certificates
In 1963, the Department of National Defence started issuing birth certificates to dependents of Canadian Forces members born overseas. These certificates were never accorded legal status, but served as a convenient substitute for the original record of birth from the country of birth. In November 1979, production of these certificates ceased.
Today, the DND 419 is recognised as a proof of age, but not of citizenship. At least two Canadians have had Canadian passports withheld on the basis of their DND 419 birth certificates.
China
The People's Republic of China issued its first medical birth certificate on 1 January 1996. Persons born prior to that date can obtain a birth certificate from a Chinese notary public by way of presenting their hukou and other supporting documents. The notary then proceeds to issue a notarial birth certificate based on the information contained in the said documentation. This notarial birth certificate is acceptable for immigration purposes.
The fifth-generation medical birth certificate was adopted nationwide on 1 January 2014. Still, China is amongst those countries with no globally comparable data, presenting challenges to researchers who wish to assess global and regional progress towards universal birth registration.
Cuba
In Cuba, birth certificates are issued by the local civil registries.
With the passage of Extraordinary Official Gazette Number 9 of 2020, issued by the Cuban Ministry of Justice, birth certificates (as with all other vital records, excepting certificates of single status) will no longer expire after a certain amount of time.
Children born to Cuban citizens abroad may have the details of their birth transcribed in a Cuban civil registry through a Cuban overseas mission. This is known as a Birth Certificate Transcript. Because of the considerable difficulty of obtaining Cuban vital records for individuals residing outside of Cuba – even where Cuban overseas missions have been delegated to provide these services – private services such as the Massachusetts-based Cuba City Hall offer retrieval services, wherein they apply for a certificate from a Cuban civil registry on behalf of an overseas individual. These services have been called overpriced.
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic maintains a registry of vital records, including births, of people, regardless of nationality, or birthplace. Every citizen of the Czech Republic will need to register their birth if born abroad, effectively granting a foreign born person two birth certificates. The Czech Republic will also register foreigners in some cases. The office that registers births is colloquially called 'matrika'.
Denmark
In Denmark, the authority responsible for registering births is the Registrar of the Church of Denmark.
There are three types of Danish birth certificates:
Personattest (Certificate of Personal Data): issued to persons born in (or baptised in) Denmark.
Foedsels- og Daabsattest (Birth and Baptism Certificate): issued to persons born in Denmark and baptised in the Church of Denmark.
Foedsels- og Navneattest (Birth and Naming Certificate): issued to persons born in Denmark but not baptised in the Church of Denmark.
France
Civil records in France have been compulsory since the 1539 ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, in which the King Francis I ordered the parishes to record baptisms, marriages and sepultures. Then in 1667 the parishes were asked to issue two registers in two different places in order to avoid the loss of data. Jews and Protestants were allowed to have their own records by Louis XVI in 1787. In 1792, the registers were fully secularized (birth, civil marriage and death replaced baptism, religious marriage and sepulture, plus an official kept the records instead of a priest), and the Code civil did create the compulsory birth certificate in 1804 (in its articles 34, 38, 39 et 57). This document should be completed at one's marriage since 1897, at one's divorce since 1939, at one's death since 1945 and at one's civil union since 2006. A note is added on the certificate for all these events.
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the system is similar to England and Wales, wherein the government keeps a birth register book, and the birth certificate is actually a certified copy of the birth register book entry.
Currently, the Immigration Department is the official birth registrar. All parents need to register their children's birth within 42 days. Birth certificates issued between 1 July 1997 and 27 April 2008 recorded whether or not the child's Hong Kong permanent resident status was established at birth. Birth certificates issued after the latter date record which provision of the Immigration Ordinance the said status has been established under.
India
Traditionally births were poorly recorded in India.
For official purposes, other proofs are accepted in India in lieu of the birth certificate, such as matriculation certificates. Facilities are available to produce a birth certificate from a passport.
By law since 1969, registration of births is compulsory as per provisions of Registration of Births & Deaths Act. Birth certificates are issued by the Government of India or the municipality concerned. Specific rules vary by state, region and municipality.
In Delhi, for example, births must be registered within 21 days by the hospital or institution, or by a family member if the birth has taken place at home. After registration, a birth certificate can be obtained by applying to the relevant authority. Certificates can also be issued under special provisions to adopted children, and undocumented orphans. Overseas births can also be registered.
Some municipalities, such as the Greater Chennai Corporation allow for fully digital birth certificates to be applied for, printed, and verified online.
Indonesia
The current legislation governing the registration of births is the 2006 Act No 23 on the Administration of Civil Status (UU No. 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan), as amended by 2013 Act No 24 on Amendments to 2006 Act No 23.
Births outside Indonesia
Pursuant to Chapter 29 of the Act, Indonesian citizens born overseas must register their births with the local civil registrar using a foreign birth certificate upon returning to Indonesia, and receive a Report of Birth Abroad (Tanda Bukti Laporan Kelahiran). If born in a jurisdiction which does not register the births of non-citizens, they will instead be issued a regular Birth Certificate by the local Indonesian overseas mission.
Births within Indonesia
Within Indonesia, local civil registrars are responsible for issuing birth certificates (akta kelahiran).
The following Staatsbladen (state gazettes), enacted by the Dutch colonial government, were supplanted by the Act:
1849 Staatsblad 25 for persons of European descent
1917 Staatsblad 130 for persons of Chinese descent
1920 Staatsblad 751 for persons of Indigenous descent
1923 Staatsblad 75 for persons of Indigenous descent professing the Christian faith
Prior to 1986, persons not born in any of the above groups had to be registered through court order. This changed by a 1986 decree of the Minister of Home Affairs, resulting in a jolt in the number of births being registered. In 1989, a subsequent decree was effected by the Minister, allowing those born between 1986 and 1989 to have their births registered.
There are several types of birth certificates issued to Indonesian-born individuals, per the Denpasar Civil Registry:
General Birth Certificate (Akta Kelahiran Umum)
Delayed Birth Certificate (Akta Kelahiran Terlambat)
Birth Certificate for a Child Born to a Single Mother (Akta Kelahiran Anak Seorang Ibu)
Pursuant to the Act's domicile principle, a birth certificate is issued by the Civil Registry of the parents' home regency or city, as determined from their Indonesian identity card. This is not always the same place as the actual regency or city of birth of the child.
There is no such thing as a certified copy of the original birth registration form; all Indonesian birth certificates are abstracts in nature and list an individual's nationality, name, place and date of birth, birth order, parents' names and marital status only. Indonesian birth certificates are typically laminated like Malaysian and Singaporean ones; however, unlike Malaysia and Singapore, it is not done at the time of issuance by the civil registry. The Indonesian government recommends against lamination, as it may render the certificate unacceptable for use overseas (laminated certificates cannot be legalised).
In 2019, Indonesian local civil registrars began to issue birth certificates with QR codes in lieu of the traditional authenticating signature and stamp. Widodo, director of civil registry services for the Bengkulu Civil Registry, is quoted as saying that "this is by decree of the Minister of Home Affairs, and will help simplify things for the general public as they will no longer be required to go through the hassle of getting [birth certificates] legalised." In July 2020, Indonesia phased out birth certificates printed on security paper, and started allowing Indonesian-born people to print out their own birth certificates on regular A4 paper; these certificates have the same legal value as birth certificates printed on security paper. The move reportedly helped the central government save 450 billion rupiahs in the 2020 fiscal year.
Iran
A shenasnameh (شناسنامه), or birth certificate is issued by the National Organization for Civil Registration. It includes the name and surname of the infant, place and date of birth, gender, information relating to the parents including their names and residences, and the "registration documentation (witness or physician's certificate). A newer format was introduced in 2015. Those eligible to replication include newborn babies, people who are changing their names, those who have lost their original birth certificates, and those born before 2001 who have reached the age of 15 and need to change their cards to add the photograph. Those applying for a new certificate must show their old certificate.
Japan
In Japan, the household registration document (jp: 戸籍, koseki) is generally used in lieu of a birth certificate.
Since a koseki also acts as proof of Japanese citizenship, only Japanese citizens can hold one. Anyone born in Japan, including children born to non-Japanese parents, can obtain a Certificate of Matters Stated In a Written Notification (jp: 出生届記載事項証明書, shussei todoke kisai jiko shomeisho). A Certificate of Matters Stated In a Written Notification may be obtained from the city/ward/town office the birth was reported to, and is the equivalent of a birth certificate. This is to be distinguished from a Certificate of Acceptance of Birth Notification (jp: 出生届受理証明 書, shussei todoke juri shomeisho), which, according to the Australian Embassy at Tokyo, only constitutes a receipt proving that a birth registration has been lodged with a city/ward/town office.
Birth records for children born to non-Japanese parents in Japan are not maintained permanently; usually only for the duration of ten years from the date of lodgement, but this varies from one city/ward/town office to another.
Malaysia
In Malaysia, the National Registration Department (Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara) is responsible for the registration of births, and for issuing birth certificates (sijil kelahiran).
In 2011, the department started colour-coding birth certificates. Henceforth, citizens at birth would receive a pale-green birth certificate, while those who do not acquire Malaysian citizenship at birth would be given a red birth certificate. Then-director Datin Jariah Mohd Said was reported as saying that "it [would] address the wrong impression among foreign parents that their children automatically become Malaysians by virtue of them having the pale green certificate."
Malaysian birth certificates are laminated at the time of issuance, forming an exception to most countries' need for an unlaminated document (e.g. the United Kingdom when applying for a passport).
Morocco
In Morocco, there are 3 birth documents: the "Extrait d'acte de naissance" (proof of Moroccan citizenship), a "Fiche individuelle de naissance" and an "Acte de naissance". All of them are valid for 3 months. In 2017, the government opened requests for birth certificates online.
New Zealand
The Department of Internal Affairs is responsible for issuing birth certificates in New Zealand. Certain historical records including historical birth certificates are available online in a searchable format on the Birth, Death and Marriage Historical Records website. The available records are for births recorded at least one hundred years ago.
Citizenship information is recorded on New Zealand birth certificates for births after 1 January 2006, as this was when the country formally ended its practice of jus soli.
Nigeria
The birth certificate in Nigeria is a document that entails the date of birth, location (Town, L.G.A and state) and details of the parents. It is issued by the National Population Commission for every child and is usually issued at the hospital where the child is born and it is compulsory for everyone.
The National Population Commission (NPC) formed in 1992, is the only body responsible for registering every newborn and issuing certificates in the country.
A person who didn't get a birth certificate at birth can later apply as long as they are below 18. However, only people between age 18 and below are issued a birth certificate.
People above age 18 are issued 'Age Declaration Affidavit'. Although now in Nigeria, you will have to provide an attestation letter issued by the NPC as the 'Age Declaration Affidavit' is not a sufficient document as it used to be years ago.
An attestation letter is a written document given as backup for the 'Age Declaration Affidavit'.
However, in terms of legal value and effect, the attestation of a birth certificate is equal to a birth certificate.
The NPC Act states that only people born after 1992 are eligible to apply for birth certificate since that was when the NPC was formed. Also only birth certificate issued at birth or 60 days after birth is free any scenario after birth would require you to pay.
Philippines
A birth certificate in the Philippines is a document being issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority and has lifetime validity. In almost all cases, this document is required by other government agencies as a primary requirement for getting service or benefits.
Russia
Russian birth certificates were previously issued in a booklet format, similar to that of internal passports; today, they are issued on numbered and watermarked A4 security paper. They are typically issued in the Russian language only; however, if a birth is recorded in one of the Russian republics with federal subject status, the resulting birth certificate may be bilingual (Russian and the official language of the said republic).
Filling a birth certificate
A Russian birth certificate may either be filled out in type or print. It is then signed and sealed by a qualified officer of the public authority issuing the certificate (a local civil registry or Russian overseas mission). By default, information on the parents' ethnic origins is no longer recorded – however, it may be recorded upon request.
Obtaining a birth certificate
A Russian birth certificate may be applied for by the person named on the certificate if they are of full age, their parents if still vested with parental rights, their guardian(s) and/or caregiver(s). If the certificate is lost, the public authority that issued the original document issues a replacement on application.
Singapore
In Singapore, the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority is the registrar of births. All births in the country must be registered at a gazetted birth registration centre by the parents or by authorised proxy. A Certificate of Registration of Birth is received after the registration of birth; a Certificate of Extract from Register of Births is issued for all subsequent requests for birth certificates.
The ICA annotates birth certificates with citizenship information; a child born without a claim to Singapore citizenship will have a remark on their birth certificate stating "this child is not a citizen of Singapore at the time of birth". Conversely, a child born with a claim to Singapore citizenship will have "this child is a citizen of Singapore at the time of birth" on theirs.
Singaporean birth certificates are laminated at the time of issuance, forming an exception to most foreign countries' need for an unlaminated document (e.g. the United Kingdom when applying for a passport). This practice began on the 1st January 1967.
Somalia
In Somalia, many births go unregistered – owing to the mainly nomadic nature of the populace.
Prior to 1991, the Siad Barre government issued birth certificates (Somali: shahaadada dhalashada or warqadda dhalashada) for events occurring in urban areas. Subsequent to the collapse of said government, Somalia ceased to have a functioning birth registration system. As of January 2014, it has been reported by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs that Somalia has once again started issuing birth certificates, primarily for Somali citizens to be able to obtain the new Somali passport. In Mogadishu, this function is fulfilled by the Mayor of Mogadishu.
Somali autonomous regions, such as Jubaland, Puntland, and Somaliland, have separate, functioning birth registration systems for those born within their respective jurisdictions. In Somaliland, birth certificates are routinely issued only to babies born at a hospital. Home births are registered by way of affidavit with the Somaliland Ministry of Religious Affairs at Hargeisa.
Sweden
Sweden no longer issues birth certificates. Instead, the Swedish Tax Agency will issue a Personbevis (Extract from the Population Register) for individuals born in Sweden. This takes the place of both birth and marriage certificates for international purposes. The Extract contains, inter alia, place and date of birth, parental information, marriage status, and current registered address.
Syria
In Syria, the father is primarily responsible for registering the birth of a child. Due to the ongoing civil war, many births have gone unregistered.
United Kingdom
England and Wales
In England and Wales, the description "birth certificate" is used to describe a certified copy of an entry in the birth register.
Civil registration of births, marriages and deaths in England and Wales started on 1 July 1837. Registration was not compulsory until 1875, following the Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1874, which made registration of a birth the responsibility of those present at the birth. When a birth is registered, the details are entered into the register book at the local register office for the district in which the birth took
place and is retained permanently in the local register office. A copy of each entry in the birth register is sent to the General Register Office (GRO).
Pre-1837 birth and baptism records
Before the government's registration system was created, evidence of births and/or baptisms (and also marriages and death or burials) was dependent on the events being recorded in the records of the Church of England or in those of other various churches – not all of which maintained such records or all types of those records. Copies of such records are not issued by the General Register Office; but can be obtained from these churches, or from the local or national archive, which usually now keeps the records in original or copy form.
Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales
Long-form certificates are copies of the original entry in the birth register, giving all the recorded details. Information includes; name, sex, date, and place of birth of the child, parents' name, place of birth and occupation. Certificates for births registered before 1 April 1969 do not show the parents’ places of birth, and those before 1984 do not show mother's occupation.
Short-form certificates show the child's full name, sex, date, and place of birth. They do not give any detail(s) of the parent(s); they therefore do not prove parentage. Both versions of a certificate can be used in the verification of identity by acting as a support to other information or documentation
provided. Where proof of parentage is required, only a full certificate will be accepted.
The original registrations are required by law to be issued in the form of certified copies to any person who identifies an index entry and pays the prescribed fee. They can be ordered by registered users from the General Register Office Certificate Ordering Service or by postal or telephone ordering from the General Register Office or by post or in person from local registrars. If the birth was registered within the past 50 years, detailed information is required before a certificate will be issued. The General Register Office draws on several registers for the issuance of birth certificates: the Register of Live Births, the Register of Stillbirths, the Abandoned Children Register, the Adopted Children Register, the Parental Order Register, and the Gender Recognition Register (for holders of Gender Recognition Certificates).
The General Register Office also issues birth certificates relating to births on UK-registered aircraft, vessels, and births of Her Majesty's Armed Forces dependents. This authority is delegated to the Office by the Registry of Shipping and Seamen, part of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, for births aboard UK-flagged ships; and by the Civil Aviation Authority for births aboard UK-flagged aircraft.
Rest of the British Isles
In the rest of the British Isles, there are several different birth registration authorities:
In Scotland, the National Records of Scotland.
In Northern Ireland, the General Register Office Northern Ireland (GRONI).
In Guernsey, the Greffe of the Royal Court of Guernsey.
In Jersey, the Office of the Superintendent Registrar.
In the Isle of Man, the Civil Registry. The registration of births became mandated in 1878 on the Isle.
Other cases
Consular birth registration is available for those who establish entitlement to British nationality at birth overseas. This is especially helpful when the jurisdiction in question does not allow multiple citizenship or the registration of an illegitimate child's birth. Prior to 1983, such registrations were accepted as proof of British nationality alone. Pursuant to a Reform Order by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, new consular birth registrations issued for children born after 1 January 1983, and certificates for people born before that date re-issued starting 1 January 2014, are no longer accepted as stand-alone proof of British nationality.
In addition, certificates of birth issued under the Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Special Provisions) Act 1957 (registered on HM Forces bases overseas), are also not recognised as proof of nationality status alone. Such births would also have to be registered in the local authority where the birth took place, and the parents would have to apply for a foreign certificate as proof of citizenship.
British Overseas Territories have their own independent regimes for issuance of a birth certificate. Additionally, as a result of Argentina's claim over the Falkland Islands, Falklander-born people may also apply for an Argentine birth certificate.
United States
In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the vital statistics agency or equivalent of the state, federal district, territory or former territory of birth. Birth in the U.S. typically confers citizenship by birth (non-citizen nationality in American Samoa), so a U.S. birth certificate doubly serves as evidence of United States citizenship or non-citizen nationality. U.S. birth certificates are therefore commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport.
The U.S. State Department issues a Consular Report of Birth Abroad (which does not technically certify birth but often substitutes for a birth certificate) for children born to U.S. citizens or non-citizen nationals (who are also eligible for citizenship or non-citizen nationality), including births on military bases in foreign territory. Children who do not receive the certificate at the time of birth may apply for it anytime until the age of 18. Natural-born citizens of the United States born abroad may receive a USCIS Certificate of Citizenship instead to prove their citizenship status.
The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics. From 1900 to 1946 the U.S. Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates, collected vital statistics on a national basis, and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics. In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U.S. Public Health Service. Unlike the British system of recording all births in "registers", the states file an individual document for each and every birth.
The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics creates standard forms that are recommended for use by the individual states to document births. However, states are free to create their own forms. As a result, neither the appearance nor the information content of birth certificate forms is uniform across states. These forms are completed by the attendant at birth or a hospital administrator, which are then forwarded to a local or state registrar, who stores the record and issues certified copies upon request.
Birth certificates for individuals born in or adopted to the United States
According to the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates. The Inspector General report stated that according to the staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service's Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000.
Short-form birth certificates and acceptance thereof
In the case of applying for a U.S. passport, not all legitimate government-issued birth certificates are acceptable:
The U.S. State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California. There have been reports of a high incidence of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico, and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant. The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal, was no longer considered a secure document, and have not been issued in California since 2001.
Souvenir birth certificates
Most hospitals in the U.S. issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn. However, these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship, and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications. Many Americans believe the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates when, in reality, they hold little legal value.
Birth certificates after adoption
When an adoption is finalized in the U.S., most states and the District of Columbia seal the original birth certificate. In its place, a replacement or amended birth certificate is issued, with the adoptee's new name and adoptive parents listed "as if" the adoptee was born to the adoptive parents. Adopted persons in ten states have an unrestricted right to obtain a copy of the original birth certificate when they are adults: Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Kansas, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, and Rhode Island. The remaining states and the District of Columbia either require a court order to release a copy of the original birth certificate or have other restrictions, such as permission of biological parent(s) or redaction of information upon request of a biological parent.
For foreign-born intercountry adoptees, U.S. jurisdictions may issue a Certificate of Foreign Birth that serves as documentary evidence of the child's birth and the child's legal relationship to the adoptive United States parents. These certificates, however, do not serve as evidence of U.S. citizenship and must be supplemented by another document to prove citizenship, such as a Certificate of Citizenship, a United States passport or a Certificate of Naturalization.
Consular reports of birth for individuals born overseas
Prior to 1990, the Vital Records Section of the Department's Passport Services office was responsible for certifying American births overseas, and issued form FS-545, formally known as a Certification of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America. In 1990, the department changed its policy to make clear that a report issued by them is only supplementary to, and does not substitute for a locally issued birth certificate; the report, however, does serve as prima facie documentary evidence of the acquisition of United States citizenship or non-citizen nationality at birth. The department contends that the issuance of birth certificates is a function that is expressly reserved to local vital statistics authorities and may not be assumed by a consular officer.
Notwithstanding the Department's position, however, a consular report of birth is often the only government-issued record of birth for certain individuals. For example, those born on a U.S. Armed Forces base in Germany do not have their births registered with the local German registrar, but only with the Department of State. Because they cannot receive a German birth certificate, their CRBA is their de facto birth certificate. Between 1990 and December 2010, the department issued form DS-1350, formally known as a Certification of Report of Birth of a United States Citizen; and form FS-240, formally known as the Consular Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America. Since January 2011, the Department of State has issued only form FS-240.
See also
Birth registration in ancient Rome
Birth registration campaign in Liberia
Closed adoption
Death certificate
Identity card
Use of birth cerificates in smart contracts
Marriage certificate
Marriage license
Passport
Vital record
References
Identity documents
Vital statistics (government records)
|
[
0.5619482398033142,
0.6509970426559448,
-0.01249445229768753,
0.2294958531856537,
0.5596128106117249,
0.19714637100696564,
0.1964813470840454,
0.3231078088283539,
-0.2363053411245346,
-0.3741907775402069,
-0.1537996083498001,
0.16375090181827545,
0.3561970889568329,
0.3122687041759491,
-0.426127552986145,
0.022821931168437004,
0.35413360595703125,
0.8759440779685974,
0.38811609148979187,
-0.9030680656433105,
-0.5184677243232727,
-0.6929181814193726,
0.002581012435257435,
-0.050522204488515854,
0.11981533467769623,
0.044055789709091187,
-0.1417704075574875,
-0.4466279447078705,
-0.7221224308013916,
-0.3803291916847229,
-0.08265717327594757,
0.10759430378675461,
0.6530843377113342,
0.20294944941997528,
0.1292584389448166,
-0.08688591420650482,
-0.4568783938884735,
-0.569204568862915,
-0.38718149065971375,
-0.6000568866729736,
-0.5791385769844055,
-0.11570636183023453,
0.1937946230173111,
0.3176879584789276,
-0.4548337161540985,
-0.3319815993309021,
-1.6288176774978638,
0.200875386595726,
-0.48212334513664246,
0.02576436847448349,
-0.16673170030117035,
0.06102323904633522,
0.10026127099990845,
0.6126903295516968,
0.32655543088912964,
0.06737584620714188,
-0.340745747089386,
-0.20149263739585876,
-0.03391178697347641,
-0.02720153145492077,
0.6830303072929382,
-0.3420431911945343,
0.4363061189651489,
0.2922183573246002,
0.8096399307250977,
-0.45599719882011414,
0.08223374933004379,
0.5858556032180786,
-0.2913800776004791,
-0.4183993637561798,
-0.7293357253074646,
-0.23139481246471405,
0.28144001960754395,
-0.11371222883462906,
-0.5120051503181458,
0.2644626796245575,
0.016170086339116096,
-0.379730224609375,
0.07975909113883972,
-0.3490723669528961,
-0.095037542283535,
0.371595561504364,
0.11667060106992722,
0.05749863013625145,
0.4067845046520233,
0.3718859851360321,
-0.3457602262496948,
-0.10799919068813324,
0.05066271126270294,
0.5037190914154053,
0.06852233409881592,
0.41757193207740784,
0.4945724606513977,
-0.10151379555463791,
-0.6580585241317749,
0.10833830386400223,
-0.4216687083244324,
0.1686294972896576,
0.25759899616241455,
0.1723402738571167,
0.27660316228866577,
-0.08297635614871979,
0.5365316271781921,
-0.19724516570568085,
-0.13725942373275757,
-0.3191530406475067,
0.06521373242139816,
0.3765603005886078,
0.23935408890247345,
0.07715678960084915,
0.2715330123901367,
0.3336746394634247,
-0.3417341411113739,
0.07634935528039932,
-0.3466251790523529,
0.7545464038848877,
0.4876607656478882,
-0.20765291154384613,
-0.2172785848379135,
-0.500906765460968,
-0.3257121443748474,
-0.14317923784255981,
-0.06987620890140533,
-0.8052635192871094,
0.039618752896785736,
0.7728050351142883,
0.3750084340572357,
1.0163122415542603,
-0.20671182870864868,
-0.03634104132652283,
-0.43474072217941284,
0.5845714807510376,
0.07253210991621017,
0.033823076635599136,
0.2166670262813568,
0.023989686742424965,
0.13589683175086975,
-0.09139744937419891,
0.5775426030158997,
0.09954117983579636,
-0.6871689558029175,
-0.38914570212364197,
-0.3616347908973694,
0.0671837106347084,
0.44241562485694885,
-0.08449443429708481,
0.1042235866189003,
-0.3313281834125519,
-0.44218477606773376,
0.4055386185646057,
-0.2531226575374603,
0.003144871210679412,
0.20337533950805664,
-0.3068329095840454,
-0.3001652657985687,
0.03502589464187622,
0.26012760400772095,
-0.06993914395570755,
0.013478850945830345,
-0.19940778613090515,
0.28711628913879395,
0.6538423299789429,
-0.42299696803092957,
0.38886067271232605,
-0.21923325955867767,
-0.08912812173366547,
0.30360496044158936,
0.3965500295162201,
0.34334006905555725,
-0.1648596078157425,
-0.3948450982570648,
0.09755788743495941,
-0.17335239052772522,
-0.11738131195306778,
-0.5636162757873535,
0.31077608466148376,
0.4519205391407013,
0.1653575599193573,
0.8669271469116211,
-0.32240381836891174,
-0.5744554400444031,
0.35729387402534485,
0.39859071373939514,
-0.10046854615211487,
-0.08221795409917831,
-0.06350082159042358,
0.051538482308387756,
-0.1668590009212494,
-0.5301865339279175,
-0.32006117701530457,
-0.18715550005435944,
-0.02006751112639904,
0.3307071924209595,
-0.39102622866630554,
0.38071829080581665,
-0.28388410806655884,
0.12333804368972778,
1.3537434339523315,
-0.4321821331977844,
0.21121159195899963,
-0.03503014147281647,
0.40815234184265137,
0.19520998001098633,
-0.08444217592477798,
-0.29597920179367065,
1.056962490081787,
0.7274268865585327,
0.16576290130615234,
0.10987695306539536,
-0.23758003115653992,
0.37490251660346985,
0.42708972096443176,
0.4945194721221924,
0.16958436369895935,
-0.21184471249580383,
0.4837924540042877,
-0.28621768951416016,
0.013651538640260696,
0.2707381546497345,
-0.4505491852760315,
0.6742436289787292,
0.07104475796222687,
0.03972722962498665,
0.387942373752594,
-0.11345283687114716,
0.5997599959373474,
-0.539447009563446,
0.017698442563414574,
0.13849212229251862,
-0.8897234797477722,
0.3665132224559784,
0.1776348054409027,
0.5872214436531067,
0.04120922088623047,
-0.3005654215812683,
0.08810213208198547,
-0.36085793375968933,
-0.5222920179367065,
-0.13734422624111176,
0.49838995933532715,
0.16010801494121552,
-0.11957234144210815,
-0.11868983507156372,
-0.20971274375915527,
0.3020670711994171,
0.054798584431409836,
-0.14788126945495605,
0.28469449281692505,
-0.27883732318878174,
-0.18734057247638702,
0.40242698788642883,
-0.1911831498146057,
0.054476410150527954,
0.17627573013305664,
0.15831102430820465,
-0.712613582611084,
-0.22125525772571564,
0.23459404706954956,
0.0937882587313652,
-0.07672102004289627,
0.20677633583545685,
0.1327040195465088,
0.5737934708595276,
-0.02559582144021988,
-0.32349467277526855,
-0.2520740330219269,
-0.517399787902832,
-0.20620407164096832,
-0.22162248194217682,
0.5927975177764893,
0.7909224033355713,
0.09849093854427338,
-0.30474162101745605,
-0.14191597700119019,
0.11660999059677124,
0.007265927270054817,
0.4732235074043274,
0.17674103379249573,
-0.027095939964056015,
0.27878478169441223,
0.25635918974876404,
0.11187436431646347,
0.08309526741504669,
-0.8325636386871338,
-0.24400855600833893,
-0.7586320638656616,
0.07294225692749023,
-0.09793825447559357,
0.21945825219154358,
-0.36927148699760437,
-0.16245490312576294,
0.5647411942481995,
0.34322717785835266,
-0.1683848649263382,
1.04305899143219,
0.31712889671325684,
0.03369663655757904,
0.3790282607078552,
-0.08076073229312897,
-0.28452563285827637,
-0.20585760474205017,
0.21518225967884064,
-0.015374047681689262,
-0.4398658573627472,
0.4240069091320038,
0.2447172850370407,
0.2610621154308319,
-0.40465033054351807,
-5.9212212562561035,
0.3443470001220703,
-0.3306407332420349,
-0.8870192170143127,
0.3736913204193115,
0.2517969310283661,
1.1924450397491455,
-0.27682796120643616,
-0.04491500183939934,
0.22483856976032257,
-0.018860837444663048,
0.035568512976169586,
0.20887532830238342,
0.3763974606990814,
0.6488104462623596,
0.3524380922317505,
0.3643019199371338,
0.31348004937171936,
0.10041335970163345,
0.5073314309120178,
-0.460742324590683,
-0.1438339501619339,
-0.00839525181800127,
0.4053785800933838,
-0.0864948034286499,
0.07281731069087982,
-0.138348788022995,
-0.18063795566558838,
-0.2544510066509247,
0.3216531574726105,
0.15602245926856995,
-0.02057313360273838,
0.12784311175346375,
-0.472002774477005,
-0.23247206211090088,
0.04966070130467415,
0.337573379278183,
0.44820094108581543,
-0.0668121948838234,
-0.6181631684303284,
-0.31027358770370483,
0.35191163420677185,
0.01250793132930994,
0.23602677881717682,
-0.1258154958486557,
-0.3276214897632599,
-0.2195119708776474,
-0.4838733971118927,
-0.30143293738365173,
0.5703269243240356,
-0.49681809544563293,
-0.09074010699987411,
-0.03211231529712677,
-0.006208852399140596,
-0.37720414996147156,
0.1692788451910019,
0.4104645848274231,
0.2564574182033539,
-0.767747700214386,
0.1314006745815277,
0.015826594084501266,
-0.7487949132919312,
0.25438159704208374,
-0.6148139238357544,
-0.25379979610443115,
-0.09275253862142563,
-0.7322678565979004,
-0.6805359721183777,
-0.07023882865905762,
0.6930383443832397,
-0.1816212385892868,
0.4215826988220215,
-0.01190715841948986,
-0.7872128486633301,
-0.07539936900138855,
-0.9047660827636719,
-0.466168075799942,
-0.1801130771636963,
-0.11028800159692764,
-0.0329475924372673,
-0.07400030642747879,
0.026951970532536507,
-0.3111981451511383,
0.6422390341758728,
0.4346562325954437,
0.2881649136543274,
-0.018222039565443993,
-0.05735160782933235,
-0.14615489542484283,
-0.7192625403404236,
1.070769190788269,
0.27239206433296204,
0.06509970128536224,
0.20476704835891724,
-0.20557311177253723,
0.46712836623191833,
-0.11760382354259491,
0.02250073105096817,
0.5915017127990723,
-0.29444873332977295,
0.6381910443305969,
0.24610212445259094,
0.0051853107288479805,
-0.8190540671348572,
-0.2545800507068634,
-0.1721772700548172,
-0.23456209897994995,
0.2139284610748291,
0.4038551151752472,
-0.4074389636516571,
-0.4965226352214813,
0.36869972944259644,
-0.17183901369571686,
-0.874634325504303,
-0.26337671279907227,
0.03751835227012634,
0.16250573098659515,
0.6299592852592468,
0.7274656295776367,
-0.1287645399570465,
0.5549370050430298,
0.2530272901058197,
-0.377645343542099,
-0.18270285427570343,
-0.39004406332969666,
-0.4004518389701843,
0.13025423884391785,
0.1726018786430359,
-0.11422412097454071,
-0.12211097776889801,
0.2479599565267563,
0.5883796215057373,
0.12625804543495178,
0.2992018163204193,
0.1033494621515274,
-0.05097111314535141,
-0.08044826239347458,
0.07820270210504532,
-0.13320529460906982,
-0.5494551062583923,
0.2567218542098999,
-0.6013606786727905,
-0.16613061726093292,
-0.017931031063199043,
0.8100570440292358,
-0.2751234471797943,
-0.6514868140220642,
0.21421650052070618,
-0.3792058527469635,
0.03823919966816902,
-0.3049430549144745,
-0.8075340986251831,
0.07543949037790298,
0.017291143536567688,
-0.28875625133514404,
-0.12973026931285858,
0.42379674315452576,
0.31515437364578247,
-0.22986046969890594,
-0.4463305175304413,
-0.12300004065036774,
-0.3153562843799591,
-0.41311702132225037,
-0.05216441676020622,
0.06094030663371086,
-0.0011799733620136976,
-0.14934174716472626,
0.15687954425811768,
-0.34727391600608826,
1.1014395952224731,
0.21944954991340637,
-0.23352868854999542,
-0.364383339881897,
-0.4218800961971283,
0.3726995587348938,
0.16512206196784973,
-0.10624898970127106,
0.7012573480606079,
-0.06834613531827927,
-0.3669523000717163,
0.1384713351726532,
-0.4342842400074005,
-0.3217135965824127,
-0.2231651395559311,
0.2755740284919739,
0.11322450637817383,
0.051873303949832916,
-0.052790574729442596,
-0.9909448027610779,
0.00011759245535358787,
0.061548348516225815,
-0.28137725591659546,
0.35265156626701355,
-0.22179926931858063,
-0.3320467472076416,
-0.1462879627943039,
-0.4636731445789337,
0.0382961630821228,
0.2256264090538025,
0.2022271603345871,
0.37841665744781494,
0.01670495606958866,
-0.6242141723632812,
-0.0858791396021843,
-0.07499972730875015,
-0.21469317376613617,
-0.0905609056353569,
0.21184104681015015,
-0.5943715572357178,
0.4451277554035187,
-0.31468212604522705,
-0.4066677391529083,
-0.08495744317770004,
0.43894433975219727,
-0.24465185403823853,
-0.10424666106700897,
-0.11252366006374359,
-0.5873137712478638,
0.19351649284362793,
-0.2542106509208679,
0.24081914126873016,
0.5718753933906555,
0.05137506127357483,
0.2103704959154129,
-0.010689356364309788,
0.10967782139778137,
0.41218987107276917,
-0.07301383465528488,
0.6587004661560059,
-0.025829100981354713,
-0.6079694032669067,
-0.3142145276069641,
0.038692817091941833,
-0.24328148365020752,
-0.7759670615196228,
-0.2756849229335785,
0.1117020919919014,
0.13901621103286743,
0.16694189608097076,
0.20102041959762573,
-0.13488078117370605,
0.9398579001426697,
-0.23431988060474396,
-0.4134058654308319,
0.04150635004043579,
0.09376908838748932,
0.14869622886180878,
-0.38874149322509766,
-0.4426382780075073,
0.9520319700241089,
0.17639774084091187,
0.003923024050891399,
-0.5829290151596069,
-0.37621045112609863,
-0.07847792655229568,
0.3529089093208313,
0.09520594030618668,
0.08085918426513672,
0.08591010421514511,
0.278732568025589,
0.12740543484687805,
-0.4128253161907196,
-0.1679999679327011,
-0.05834377184510231,
0.785190224647522,
-0.41116154193878174,
-0.5107508897781372,
0.5753426551818848,
0.22794118523597717,
-0.08627987653017044,
0.015056070871651173,
-0.08203355967998505,
0.4553212523460388,
0.3048797845840454,
0.43615975975990295,
0.029964305460453033,
0.23850895464420319,
-0.016156941652297974,
0.18843872845172882,
0.39745405316352844,
-0.03921237960457802,
-0.434346079826355,
0.6933147311210632,
-0.33270594477653503,
-0.016387782990932465,
-0.3653075397014618,
0.2933497726917267,
0.06291677802801132,
-0.6066234707832336,
0.018251772969961166,
-0.22123010456562042,
0.09354687482118607,
-0.2727817893028259,
0.6945517659187317,
0.013001049868762493,
0.4190791845321655,
0.04074124991893768,
0.7233629822731018,
0.10693075507879257,
-0.10751012712717056,
-0.15288792550563812,
0.7640669941902161,
-0.08635003119707108,
-0.7277016639709473,
0.5195540189743042,
0.1847390979528427,
-0.012934175319969654,
-0.47970128059387207,
-0.11500413715839386,
0.12837029993534088,
0.018617724999785423,
-0.07929680496454239,
0.42718568444252014,
0.39248260855674744,
-0.2940901815891266,
-0.6393076181411743,
0.6219646334648132,
-0.42273929715156555,
-0.4849551320075989,
0.19357119500637054,
0.1945706009864807,
-0.745658814907074,
0.1345422863960266,
-0.23404106497764587,
-0.2874760925769806,
0.15713097155094147,
0.0667133629322052,
-0.3329378664493561,
0.18606232106685638,
0.09832436591386795,
0.8766738176345825,
-0.020525621250271797,
0.6105872392654419,
0.442672461271286,
-0.3123032748699188,
-0.08218816667795181,
-0.20420362055301666,
-0.7787877321243286,
-0.7389472723007202,
1.293542742729187,
0.3743489384651184,
0.33731314539909363,
0.3074742257595062,
0.22486014664173126,
-0.19808180630207062,
0.5877922177314758,
-0.34321969747543335,
0.708534300327301,
-0.27079206705093384,
-0.08607198297977448,
0.4418044686317444,
-0.22229671478271484,
0.24806642532348633,
0.30708175897598267,
0.10108821094036102,
-0.369424432516098,
0.37284696102142334,
-0.21067827939987183,
-0.3799799084663391,
-0.47800514101982117,
-0.6897396445274353,
0.12463938444852829,
0.6737998127937317,
0.1681409627199173,
0.5550507307052612,
-0.4381229877471924,
0.5654057860374451,
-0.40649670362472534,
0.26419681310653687,
0.03149942681193352,
-0.39622950553894043,
-0.16735468804836273,
-0.652168869972229,
0.353478342294693,
0.2835766673088074,
-0.1597328931093216,
-0.1593862920999527,
0.017512990161776543,
-0.554425060749054,
-0.4686986207962036,
-0.0542178712785244,
-0.4701452851295471,
-0.1597876250743866,
-0.980753481388092,
-0.21419724822044373,
0.07089785486459732,
-0.14933571219444275,
-0.09393878281116486,
0.2567688822746277,
0.21838976442813873,
-0.05097809433937073,
-0.03924278914928436,
0.4364282786846161,
-0.4150436520576477,
-0.49207034707069397,
0.2618155777454376,
-0.1174306869506836,
0.518377423286438,
0.15685029327869415,
-0.3568699359893799,
-0.6831443905830383,
0.3602650761604309,
-0.14465783536434174,
-0.850105345249176,
-0.3798154890537262,
0.23970334231853485,
-0.04255206882953644,
0.6881385445594788,
-0.18807123601436615,
0.3279145359992981,
0.09253021329641342,
-0.32894182205200195,
-0.08728902041912079,
0.16230185329914093,
0.19263850152492523,
0.45630207657814026,
0.8778143525123596,
-0.14088262617588043,
0.011523089371621609,
-0.4675045311450958,
-0.009879682213068008,
-0.08689484000205994,
0.10036353021860123,
-0.12892934679985046,
-0.5954528450965881,
0.233864426612854,
-0.06609097123146057,
0.23269155621528625,
-0.6855692863464355,
0.32720282673835754,
-0.4938862919807434,
0.22548788785934448,
-0.4193475842475891,
0.13656052947044373,
-0.36642715334892273,
0.16518878936767578,
0.2795245051383972,
0.024354225024580956,
0.46402987837791443,
-0.31326472759246826,
-0.07471337169408798,
-0.1708427518606186,
0.38324785232543945,
-0.023146143183112144,
-0.4764314591884613,
-0.5438182353973389,
-0.42133042216300964,
-0.10302215069532394,
-0.28645017743110657,
-0.020366525277495384,
-0.25476303696632385,
-0.05936691164970398,
0.4946253001689911,
-0.19648240506649017,
-0.29518285393714905,
0.07553313672542572,
-0.1535872220993042,
-0.5293220281600952,
-0.20154942572116852,
0.6606882810592651
] |
210294
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna
|
Ulna
|
The ulna (pl. ulnae or ulnas) is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. It runs parallel to the radius, the other long bone in the forearm. The ulna is usually slightly longer than the radius, but the radius is thicker. Therefore, the radius is considered to be the larger of the two.
Structure
The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. It is broader close to the elbow, and narrows as it approaches the wrist.
Close to the elbow, the ulna has a bony process, the olecranon process, a hook-like structure that fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus. This prevents hyperextension and forms a hinge joint with the trochlea of the humerus. There is also a radial notch for the head of the radius, and the ulnar tuberosity to which muscles attach.
Close to the wrist, the ulna has a styloid process.
Near the elbow
Near the elbow, the ulna has two curved processes, the olecranon and the coronoid process; and two concave, articular cavities, the semilunar and radial notches.
The olecranon is a large, thick, curved eminence, situated at the upper and back part of the ulna. It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments: the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus is attached.
The coronoid process is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna. Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength. Its apex is pointed, slightly curved upward, and in flexion of the forearm is received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus. Its upper surface is smooth, concave, and forms the lower part of the semilunar notch. Its antero-inferior surface is concave, and marked by a rough impression for the insertion of the brachialis. At the junction of this surface with the front of the body is a rough eminence, the tuberosity of the ulna, which gives insertion to a part of the brachialis; to the lateral border of this tuberosity the oblique cord is attached. Its lateral surface presents a narrow, oblong, articular depression, the radial notch. Its medial surface, by its prominent, free margin, serves for the attachment of part of the ulnar collateral ligament. At the front part of this surface is a small rounded eminence for the origin of one head of the flexor digitorum superficialis; behind the eminence is a depression for part of the origin of the flexor digitorum profundus; descending from the eminence is a ridge which gives origin to one head of the pronator teres. Frequently, the flexor pollicis longus arises from the lower part of the coronoid process by a rounded bundle of muscular fibers.
The semilunar notch is a large depression, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process, and serving as articulation with the trochlea of the humerus. About the middle of either side of this notch is an indentation, which contracts it somewhat, and indicates the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process. The notch is concave from above downward, and divided into a medial and a lateral portion by a smooth ridge running from the summit of the olecranon to the tip of the coronoid process. The medial portion is the larger, and is slightly concave transversely; the lateral is convex above, slightly concave below.
The radial notch is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius. It is concave from before backward, and its prominent extremities serve for the attachment of the annular ligament.
Body
The body of the ulna at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward. It tapers gradually from above downward, and has three borders and three surfaces.
Borders
The volar border (margo volaris; anterior border) begins above at the prominent medial angle of the coronoid process, and ends below in front of the styloid process. Its upper part, well-defined, and its middle portion, smooth and rounded, give origin to the flexor digitorum profundus; its lower fourth serves for the origin of the pronator quadratus. This border separates the volar from the medial surface.
The dorsal border (margo dorsalis; posterior border) begins above at the apex of the triangular subcutaneous surface at the back part of the olecranon, and ends below at the back of the styloid process; it is well-marked in the upper three-fourths, and gives attachment to an aponeurosis which affords a common origin to the flexor carpi ulnaris, the extensor carpi ulnaris, and the flexor digitorum profundus; its lower fourth is smooth and rounded. This border separates the medial from the dorsal surface.
The interosseous crest (crista interossea; external or interosseous border) begins above by the union of two lines, which converge from the extremities of the radial notch and enclose between them a triangular space for the origin of part of the Supinator; it ends below at the head of the ulna. Its upper part is sharp, its lower fourth smooth and rounded. This crest gives attachment to the interosseous membrane, and separates the volar from the dorsal surface.
Surfaces
The volar surface (facies volaris; anterior surface), much broader above than below, is concave in its upper three-fourths, and gives origin to the flexor digitorum profundus; its lower fourth, also concave, is covered by the pronator quadratus. The lower fourth is separated from the remaining portion by a ridge, directed obliquely downward and medialward, which marks the extent of origin of the pronator quadratus. At the junction of the upper with the middle third of the bone is the nutrient canal, directed obliquely upward.
The dorsal surface (facies dorsalis; posterior surface) directed backward and lateralward, is broad and concave above; convex and somewhat narrower in the middle; narrow, smooth, and rounded below. On its upper part is an oblique ridge, which runs from the dorsal end of the radial notch, downward to the dorsal border; the triangular surface above this ridge receives the insertion of the Anconæus, while the upper part of the ridge affords attachment to the supinator. Below this the surface is subdivided by a longitudinal ridge, sometimes called the perpendicular line, into two parts: the medial part is smooth, and covered by the extensor carpi ulnaris; the lateral portion, wider and rougher, gives origin from above downward to the Supinator, the abductor pollicis longus, the extensor pollicis longus, and the extensor indicis proprius.
The medial surface (facies medialis; internal surface) is broad and concave above, narrow and convex below. Its upper three-fourths give origin to the Flexor digitorum profundus; its lower fourth is subcutaneous.
Near the wrist
The head of ulna presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disc which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and received into the ulnar notch of the radius.
Near the wrist, the ulnar, with two eminences; the lateral and larger is a rounded, articular eminence, termed the head of the ulna; the medial, narrower and more projecting, is a non-articular eminence, the styloid process.
The head presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and received into the ulnar notch of the radius.
The styloid process projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist-joint.
The head is separated from the styloid process by a depression for the attachment of the apex of the triangular articular disk, and behind, by a shallow groove for the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris.
Microanatomy
The ulna is a long bone. The long, narrow medullary cavity of the ulna is enclosed in a strong wall of cortical tissue which is thickest along the interosseous border and dorsal surface. At the extremities the compact layer thins. The compact layer is continued onto the back of the olecranon as a plate of close spongy bone with lamellæ parallel. From the inner surface of this plate and the compact layer below it trabeculæ arch forward toward the olecranon and coronoid and cross other trabeculæ, passing backward over the medullary cavity from the upper part of the shaft below the coronoid. Below the coronoid process there is a small area of compact bone from which trabeculæ curve upward to end obliquely to the surface of the semilunar notch which is coated with a thin layer of compact bone. The trabeculæ at the lower end have a more longitudinal direction.
Development
The ulna is ossified from three centers: one each for the body, the wrist end, and the elbow end, near the top of the olecranon.
Ossification begins near the middle of the body of the ulna, about the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends through the greater part of the bone.
At birth, the ends are cartilaginous. About the fourth year or so, a center appears in the middle of the head, and soon extends into the ulnar styloid process. About the tenth year, a center appears in the olecranon near its extremity, the chief part of this process being formed by an upward extension of the body. The upper epiphysis joins the body about the sixteenth, the lower about the twentieth year.
Function
Joints
The ulna forms part of the wrist joint and elbow joints. Specifically, the ulna joins (articulates) with:
trochlea of the humerus, at the right side elbow as a hinge joint with semilunar trochlear notch of the ulna.
the radius, near the elbow as a pivot joint, this allows the radius to cross over the ulna in pronation.
the distal radius, where it fits into the ulnar notch.
the radius along its length via the interosseous membrane that forms a syndesmosis joint
Muscle attachments
Clinical significance
Fractures
Specific types of ulna fracture include:
Monteggia fracture - a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with the dislocation of the head of the radius
Hume fracture - a fracture of the olecranon with an associated anterior dislocation of the radial head
Conservative management is possible for ulnar fractures when they are located in the distal two-thirds, only involve the shaft, with no shortening, less than 10° angulation and less than 50% displacement. In such cases, a cast should be applied that goes above the elbow.
Other animals
In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb, and the ulna is important primarily for muscular attachment. In many mammals, the ulna is partially or wholly fused with the radius, and may therefore not exist as a separate bone. However, even in extreme cases of fusion, such as in horses, the olecranon process is still present, albeit as a projection from the upper radius.
Gallery
See also
Anatomical terms of bone
Madelung's deformity
Terms for anatomical location
Ulnar artery
Ulnar nerve
References
External links
Bone and Spine : Musculoskeletal-Anatomy
Long bones
Bones of the upper limb
|
[
-0.5111403465270996,
-0.14854289591312408,
0.21477237343788147,
-0.48473402857780457,
-0.5656699538230896,
0.5471283197402954,
0.4383589029312134,
0.8062074184417725,
-0.6392748951911926,
-0.5876835584640503,
0.09403806924819946,
0.3234216868877411,
-0.10357421636581421,
-0.024673009291291237,
0.4543076455593109,
0.5631878972053528,
-0.13042671978473663,
0.6269306540489197,
0.2606658637523651,
0.006944628432393074,
0.07211827486753464,
-0.19566288590431213,
0.12665283679962158,
-0.6274988651275635,
0.5214541554450989,
-0.7004467844963074,
-0.28637582063674927,
0.2753124237060547,
0.20599216222763062,
-0.1574658304452896,
-0.3225138187408447,
0.8218091726303101,
-0.048022110015153885,
0.08032055199146271,
0.4341453015804291,
-0.13065505027770996,
0.28703078627586365,
-0.7175980806350708,
0.39734819531440735,
-0.09467645734548569,
-0.451898455619812,
-0.5458424687385559,
0.15192864835262299,
0.15969036519527435,
0.29526856541633606,
-0.24271152913570404,
-1.8664774894714355,
0.15682131052017212,
-1.0880879163742065,
0.42846885323524475,
0.04802055284380913,
-0.19881606101989746,
0.40023502707481384,
0.38822832703590393,
-0.0013956089969724417,
0.5652636885643005,
-0.6698688864707947,
0.09567049145698547,
0.49935024976730347,
0.4828701615333557,
0.32242080569267273,
0.34092873334884644,
-0.028650157153606415,
-0.04510357603430748,
0.6512447595596313,
0.3308860659599304,
-0.4042986333370209,
0.7348390817642212,
-0.874404788017273,
-0.08711479604244232,
-0.2661392390727997,
0.00005205689012655057,
-0.07509823143482208,
0.22079899907112122,
-0.16513952612876892,
-0.34720465540885925,
-0.04422639310359955,
-0.16557949781417847,
-0.03064114600419998,
0.029731648042798042,
-0.08793658763170242,
0.22508390247821808,
0.5584490895271301,
0.13947437703609467,
0.2877108156681061,
0.3178485929965973,
-0.85763019323349,
-0.3909953534603119,
-0.15240004658699036,
0.6891289353370667,
0.24675509333610535,
-0.49196258187294006,
0.26385095715522766,
0.036506764590740204,
0.5860878825187683,
0.2279970347881317,
-0.1441173553466797,
-0.09270293265581131,
0.044220972806215286,
-0.03848227113485336,
-0.2205284982919693,
0.6282833814620972,
0.454691082239151,
-0.6190146803855896,
-0.2723105847835541,
-0.47204527258872986,
-0.2811763882637024,
-0.4200010597705841,
0.10605745762586594,
-1.6727885007858276,
-0.2945309579372406,
0.5321693420410156,
-0.3948531448841095,
-0.2004403918981552,
-0.05387582629919052,
0.379567950963974,
0.5677266716957092,
-0.019212620332837105,
0.07922608405351639,
-0.011868229135870934,
0.11227875202894211,
0.5252318978309631,
0.39378151297569275,
-0.4404476284980774,
-0.17174693942070007,
0.30081114172935486,
0.33347025513648987,
0.31151825189590454,
0.27228450775146484,
0.2337695211172104,
0.11631377786397934,
0.7811053991317749,
0.0719815269112587,
0.12110117077827454,
0.3645227551460266,
-0.2085876166820526,
0.2015102058649063,
0.5112637281417847,
0.25198760628700256,
0.10020478069782257,
-1.5903751850128174,
-0.5880646705627441,
-1.9451783895492554,
-0.37949690222740173,
1.3349286317825317,
0.11733352392911911,
-0.45063316822052,
0.5113114714622498,
0.060014039278030396,
0.15431278944015503,
0.601865828037262,
-0.5037333369255066,
-0.09831876307725906,
0.6786590814590454,
-0.20328620076179504,
0.17899775505065918,
0.9890864491462708,
-0.10348640382289886,
0.47301799058914185,
0.5329261422157288,
0.291840136051178,
-0.2200220376253128,
-0.134246364235878,
-0.010045911185443401,
-0.15621910989284515,
-0.2762783467769623,
0.20276233553886414,
0.5134570002555847,
-0.2385830134153366,
0.09863173961639404,
-0.43390026688575745,
-0.33158355951309204,
0.1305989772081375,
0.05421797186136246,
0.16943691670894623,
-0.08520139753818512,
0.3540942370891571,
0.3643769919872284,
0.4192909002304077,
-0.008109569549560547,
-0.5374897122383118,
0.2695469558238983,
0.30745646357536316,
0.13278019428253174,
-0.20108510553836823,
0.047134146094322205,
0.6468757390975952,
-0.2782052457332611,
-0.016382453963160515,
0.010713636875152588,
0.1280178278684616,
-0.04717455431818962,
-0.22067898511886597,
0.32922959327697754,
1.0026512145996094,
-0.07030284404754639,
-0.6326836347579956,
-0.2597462236881256,
0.423913836479187,
0.4827422797679901,
-0.058005135506391525,
-0.47122299671173096,
0.044570714235305786,
-0.24313169717788696,
-0.2352219969034195,
2.1982421875,
0.1590428501367569,
-0.2685621380805969,
0.40860605239868164,
0.5502366423606873,
0.30322256684303284,
-0.4190535843372345,
0.34790587425231934,
-0.3935336768627167,
0.12046240270137787,
-0.35509493947029114,
0.06328481435775757,
0.14815732836723328,
-0.06858209520578384,
-0.20754899084568024,
0.5256977081298828,
0.020681709051132202,
-0.09906898438930511,
-0.005002889782190323,
-0.2091027796268463,
0.3565748631954193,
0.2936040759086609,
0.6752288937568665,
-0.260437548160553,
-0.4733366072177887,
0.6358917951583862,
-0.13797003030776978,
-0.044432785362005234,
0.35293591022491455,
-0.4232291579246521,
0.14877690374851227,
-0.12785306572914124,
-0.3637598752975464,
0.29646560549736023,
-0.2272302806377411,
-0.14454491436481476,
0.278829425573349,
-0.5883798599243164,
0.8360923528671265,
-0.2976045608520508,
-0.10979314893484116,
0.4643901288509369,
-0.19019310176372528,
0.5505868792533875,
-0.28415289521217346,
0.18309830129146576,
0.16358967125415802,
-0.33098554611206055,
-0.8017120361328125,
-0.08477151393890381,
-0.14967674016952515,
0.6500300168991089,
0.5878129601478577,
0.198052316904068,
0.09366866946220398,
-0.4388735294342041,
0.421708345413208,
0.6472887992858887,
-0.32532984018325806,
-0.08609773963689804,
-0.30264392495155334,
-0.24054214358329773,
-0.2757217288017273,
0.5071874856948853,
-0.11225572973489761,
0.13272999227046967,
0.23562629520893097,
-0.14477016031742096,
-2.2009565830230713,
-0.4134868085384369,
0.2581560015678406,
-0.039517637342214584,
0.14577719569206238,
-0.8557029366493225,
-0.30952733755111694,
-0.04723962023854256,
-0.09750986844301224,
0.1355423778295517,
-0.26346051692962646,
-0.20395813882350922,
0.007519985549151897,
0.7300598621368408,
-0.1293540745973587,
0.24670836329460144,
-0.5053178668022156,
-0.06225377693772316,
-0.3439669609069824,
-0.1195063367486,
0.6315436363220215,
0.041552282869815826,
0.015157145448029041,
0.42413485050201416,
0.4190365970134735,
-0.051522817462682724,
-0.7799980640411377,
-0.6744837760925293,
0.4451810419559479,
0.0241637472063303,
-0.257962703704834,
-0.4717860817909241,
0.22816920280456543,
-0.15598033368587494,
0.34124326705932617,
-4.4604291915893555,
0.4129876494407654,
-0.5605564713478088,
-0.07378112524747849,
0.17917203903198242,
-0.3402670621871948,
0.04156683757901192,
-0.5848726034164429,
0.3533526062965393,
0.1903485655784607,
0.08748983591794968,
-0.03765716031193733,
-0.4123382866382599,
0.7319471836090088,
0.5169796347618103,
0.2934638261795044,
0.020844263955950737,
0.1259009838104248,
-0.060971710830926895,
-0.16448906064033508,
-0.01571752317249775,
0.7493001818656921,
-0.14859898388385773,
0.08702655136585236,
0.03247324749827385,
0.4299888014793396,
0.26064804196357727,
-0.29565292596817017,
-0.5119812488555908,
-0.1489240974187851,
0.27852076292037964,
-0.19421645998954773,
0.09929680824279785,
-0.3507503271102905,
-0.2657204866409302,
-0.17956604063510895,
1.1792104244232178,
0.4998765289783478,
1.2281831502914429,
-0.19691379368305206,
-0.7289551496505737,
0.4898509085178375,
0.821065366268158,
0.3752141296863556,
0.5248609185218811,
0.1348142772912979,
-0.3449731767177582,
-0.23687703907489777,
-0.13845618069171906,
0.8479886651039124,
-0.09528858214616776,
-0.38504546880722046,
0.5844886898994446,
-0.35486099123954773,
0.671938955783844,
-0.16578906774520874,
0.6046454310417175,
-0.18059146404266357,
0.3487795889377594,
-0.1108258068561554,
0.5633574724197388,
-0.6371650695800781,
-0.23206999897956848,
-0.2845301628112793,
0.08441890776157379,
-0.39259156584739685,
-0.1363724172115326,
-0.059991784393787384,
0.2853528559207916,
0.3510943651199341,
-0.2213728427886963,
0.4624350965023041,
0.18650756776332855,
-0.7390490174293518,
0.10128840804100037,
-0.8807795643806458,
-0.5492002367973328,
0.36464834213256836,
0.4525408446788788,
-0.20337244868278503,
-0.41501328349113464,
0.008776458911597729,
-0.696488082408905,
0.9822980165481567,
-0.17022296786308289,
0.053062133491039276,
-0.00019146883278153837,
-0.30673283338546753,
-0.39044371247291565,
-0.1167605072259903,
0.31063777208328247,
-0.2805754542350769,
0.05203969031572342,
0.14370794594287872,
-0.7683038115501404,
0.621292769908905,
0.47475913166999817,
-0.600296139717102,
0.23407410085201263,
-0.46473830938339233,
0.5050280690193176,
-0.5384917855262756,
-0.47788986563682556,
-0.18777398765087128,
-0.36180204153060913,
-0.3910427391529083,
-0.5915923118591309,
0.371996134519577,
0.44126391410827637,
-0.44187408685684204,
-0.015791520476341248,
0.00795675814151764,
0.018582386896014214,
-0.4561516344547272,
0.2968446612358093,
0.2810526192188263,
-0.08146341890096664,
1.14727783203125,
0.3144340217113495,
-0.08950897306203842,
0.6328372955322266,
0.037323735654354095,
0.11322462558746338,
-0.42658731341362,
-0.7475302815437317,
-0.026167815551161766,
-0.0451873354613781,
-0.1563195139169693,
-0.5071965456008911,
0.4288298189640045,
-0.059018589556217194,
-0.26813414692878723,
0.10695387423038483,
-0.2127438485622406,
-0.2764120101928711,
-0.567808985710144,
-0.3623659312725067,
0.32412564754486084,
0.05320454388856888,
-0.6794966459274292,
-0.1986110806465149,
-0.22279663383960724,
-0.451985627412796,
0.3965410590171814,
-0.22738994657993317,
0.6515817642211914,
-0.033388566225767136,
0.11516168713569641,
-0.8651341795921326,
0.8145400881767273,
0.00388741516508162,
-0.6685407161712646,
0.25842222571372986,
-0.6447614431381226,
-0.08555721491575241,
0.13121244311332703,
0.2205599695444107,
0.11157700419425964,
-0.7810256481170654,
-0.3355708718299866,
-0.24523358047008514,
-0.23600275814533234,
-0.910943865776062,
0.370897501707077,
-0.06310062855482101,
-0.6906898617744446,
0.3192664086818695,
-0.7518423795700073,
-0.9572133421897888,
0.602317214012146,
-0.4351184666156769,
-0.2807333469390869,
-0.6434715986251831,
-0.5340741872787476,
0.1401028037071228,
-0.2685890793800354,
0.21152198314666748,
0.6830446720123291,
-0.07076291739940643,
0.1216428279876709,
-0.3145453929901123,
-0.14110325276851654,
0.1212373897433281,
0.648411214351654,
0.49826228618621826,
-0.5909023284912109,
0.09817260503768921,
-0.302420049905777,
-0.2850804626941681,
0.0014660990564152598,
-0.6448897123336792,
0.26106590032577515,
0.7166174054145813,
-0.5355607867240906,
-0.3272806704044342,
0.2569827735424042,
-0.018486153334379196,
0.6921114921569824,
0.0694589614868164,
-0.41761505603790283,
0.5554620027542114,
0.4113960862159729,
-0.40337905287742615,
0.4938618242740631,
0.22573964297771454,
-0.06111500784754753,
0.9774618744850159,
0.2697027921676636,
-1.337449550628662,
0.36438262462615967,
0.17575258016586304,
-0.8470999002456665,
-0.13503725826740265,
0.2641853392124176,
-0.34785541892051697,
-0.41408517956733704,
0.06979648768901825,
-0.22790247201919556,
-0.42464303970336914,
-0.30214935541152954,
-0.2501573860645294,
-0.3499653935432434,
-0.0576266385614872,
-0.39199283719062805,
-0.11688000708818436,
-0.08658237010240555,
0.21497587859630585,
-0.2779058516025543,
0.7849153876304626,
-0.39551305770874023,
0.5112890601158142,
-0.04787741228938103,
0.4483555257320404,
0.22156821191310883,
0.11760341376066208,
0.13803645968437195,
-0.4547574818134308,
0.12474992871284485,
0.022318009287118912,
0.5316654443740845,
0.6619630455970764,
0.4256238043308258,
0.03646710515022278,
-0.2597377300262451,
-0.6143340468406677,
0.04691873490810394,
0.1653243452310562,
-0.6452105641365051,
-0.5356671214103699,
0.32715630531311035,
0.4243100583553314,
-0.6154000163078308,
-0.9086674451828003,
-0.39090123772621155,
0.4876708984375,
-0.3809460699558258,
0.030324477702379227,
-0.13782764971256256,
0.010283764451742172,
0.370466947555542,
0.25845497846603394,
-0.1110847070813179,
-0.23626741766929626,
0.9049282073974609,
0.35650110244750977,
0.023252714425325394,
-0.2599661648273468,
0.06695806235074997,
0.5721117854118347,
-0.02745041809976101,
-0.5911043882369995,
-0.11679595708847046,
0.10518518835306168,
0.10212060809135437,
0.0009680640650913119,
-0.06970064342021942,
0.20137667655944824,
-0.38973522186279297,
0.5648877024650574,
-0.22510966658592224,
0.1829414665699005,
0.1305643767118454,
0.5333983302116394,
0.09325695782899857,
0.2307349294424057,
-0.026221930980682373,
-0.06533030420541763,
0.5620452165603638,
-0.21060940623283386,
0.1523444652557373,
0.17810919880867004,
-0.1583157181739807,
-0.08603537827730179,
0.2929397523403168,
0.7309153079986572,
0.37752941250801086,
0.1796533167362213,
0.1979667842388153,
0.03262747451663017,
-0.2569027543067932,
-1.3595476150512695,
1.0244275331497192,
0.20610731840133667,
-0.47492071986198425,
0.651421844959259,
0.33235424757003784,
-0.1985141634941101,
-0.2789398729801178,
0.029931914061307907,
-0.14266636967658997,
-0.23387344181537628,
0.3993847072124481,
0.1638103723526001,
1.3475732803344727,
0.2757491171360016,
0.5827184915542603,
0.09977579116821289,
-0.5112291574478149,
-0.31107962131500244,
0.7741027474403381,
0.04211417958140373,
-0.6538718342781067,
0.43032386898994446,
0.24576707184314728,
-0.2951764762401581,
0.45463117957115173,
-0.21515008807182312,
-0.684013307094574,
0.42363691329956055,
-0.03129992261528969,
0.4979178011417389,
-0.18460649251937866,
-0.681882917881012,
0.4733300805091858,
-0.09137783199548721,
-0.3645433187484741,
0.20829270780086517,
-0.575570285320282,
-0.3202945291996002,
0.7323739528656006,
0.35815832018852234,
0.9984890818595886,
-0.19324831664562225,
-0.4431203305721283,
-0.020346244797110558,
0.2767241895198822,
-0.29856303334236145,
-0.3665428161621094,
-0.08874931931495667,
0.021898377686738968,
0.12760420143604279,
0.06758332252502441,
0.166094109416008,
-0.17110133171081543,
-0.014666672796010971,
-0.17169150710105896,
-0.06646812707185745,
-0.4396974742412567,
-0.6532787680625916,
-1.9081084728240967,
-0.10207607597112656,
0.07441017031669617,
0.5066874623298645,
0.14726078510284424,
0.10409639030694962,
-0.4161316156387329,
0.24274800717830658,
-0.18178199231624603,
-0.5579947829246521,
-0.04274481534957886,
0.3022167682647705,
0.00982929952442646,
-0.23038092255592346,
0.10705677419900894,
0.31385338306427,
0.29878148436546326,
-0.24126048386096954,
0.0473664253950119,
-0.10545255988836288,
-0.33105888962745667,
-0.7109416723251343,
-0.3080720603466034,
-0.07923412322998047,
-0.8554573655128479,
-0.01653597690165043,
-0.10388587415218353,
-0.015310333110392094,
-0.11578042805194855,
0.3288656175136566,
0.33549296855926514,
0.13663707673549652,
0.8810269832611084,
0.858298659324646,
-0.07010824233293533,
-0.9218605160713196,
-0.33792033791542053,
-0.19422009587287903,
0.3305310010910034,
0.11104964464902878,
0.10421944409608841,
-0.04830058664083481,
0.2676023840904236,
-0.0727580264210701,
0.3203771114349365,
0.07867064327001572,
-0.17983615398406982,
-0.31669771671295166,
0.34072792530059814,
-0.230119526386261,
-0.25843697786331177,
-0.18337617814540863,
-0.36928924918174744,
-0.06853834539651871,
0.7940634489059448,
-0.16145986318588257,
-0.15856391191482544,
0.6280373930931091,
-0.15874481201171875,
-0.0003539344761520624,
-0.5076355934143066,
0.08587304502725601,
-0.32228726148605347,
0.42286092042922974,
0.8629868030548096,
-0.07422535866498947,
0.14623390138149261,
0.0742838904261589,
0.20193278789520264,
-0.7236696481704712,
-0.08476701378822327,
-0.4357924163341522,
0.7409891486167908,
-0.46872854232788086,
-0.03513338044285774,
0.0706658810377121,
0.5456807613372803,
0.22071000933647156,
0.11961938440799713,
0.24048715829849243,
0.1045970618724823,
0.060706645250320435,
-0.34357011318206787,
0.10729607939720154,
0.943719208240509,
-4.640390396118164,
-0.3051101565361023,
-0.13151419162750244,
-0.5352381467819214,
-0.03979606553912163,
-0.12405357509851456,
-0.06159459426999092,
-0.28948336839675903,
1.0241715908050537,
0.3060263693332672,
-0.3989547789096832,
-0.6795856356620789,
0.40369072556495667,
-0.3263736963272095,
-0.1034589633345604,
1.1159638166427612
] |
210295
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Clemente%20Coliseum
|
Roberto Clemente Coliseum
|
Roberto Clemente Coliseum (Spanish: Coliseo Roberto Clemente) is a sports and concert arena located in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It was, for many years, Puerto Rico's largest indoor event facility, and remains one of the largest.
General information
The Coliseum is named after baseball hall of famer Roberto Clemente, who died in a plane crash off Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina in 1972, while flying with relief articles to be given to victims of the Nicaragua earthquake. Construction of the facility began in the early 1970s, it was finished in January 1973, and inaugurated in February of that year by the Fania All-Stars.
The coliseum has been host to a variety of events, including world championship boxing and basketball, business expos, circus, concerts and other things.
Many Puerto Rican and international performers have been at the arena, among others.
Concerts that have been held there include:
Saga/FM: Silent Knight/City Of Fear Tour
January 10, 1981 (The photo that appears on the Worlds Apart Album was shot there)
Santana: Zebop! Tour - April 18, 1981 and April 19, 1981
Judas Priest: Point Of Entry Tour - December 15, 1981
Quiet Riot: Metal Health Tour - December 3, 1983
Chicago - August 17, 1984
José José - May 10, 1985
Bon Jovi/Ratt: The World Infestation Tour '85 - December 13, 1985
W.A.S.P./Kiss: Asylum Tour - January 12, 1986
John Butcher Axis/Night Ranger: Seven Wishes Tour - February 8, 1986
Hall & Oates - May 16, 1986
Loverboy/Dokken: Under Lock And Key Tour - July 26, 1986
Rough Cutt/Dio: Sacred Heart Tour - October 11, 1986
Cyndi Lauper: True Colors Tour - January 3, 1987
38 Special/Kansas: Drastic Measures Tour - January 31, 1987
Duran Duran: Strange Behavior Tour - August 7/8, 1987
Def Leppard: Hysteria Tour - January 19, 1988
Triumph: A Sport Of Kings Tour - March 25, 1988
Saga - April 22, 1988
R.E.O. Speedwagon/Information Society - January 7, 1989
Jetboy/Stryper: Against The Law Tour - October 20, 1990
Meat Loaf/Extreme: Pornograffitti Tour - January 31, 1992
Chicago - February 29, 1992
Gloria Estefan: Into The Light World Tour - March 14-15, 1992
Sting: Ten Summoner's Tales Tour - March 9, 1993
INXS: Full Moon, Dirty Hearts Tour - March 23, 1994
Gloria Estefan: Evolution World Tour - January 17-18, 1997
Boston: Livin' For You Tour - September 6, 1997
El Reencuentro - 1998
Maná: Sueños Líquidos Tour - April 10, 1998
Simone: Brazil O Show - August, 1998
Mötley Crüe: Greatest Hits Tour - December 12, 1998
Puya/Kiss: Psycho Circus Tour - April 14, 1999
Alanis Morissette: Junkie Tour - December 18, 1999
Christina Aguilera: Christina Aguilera in Concert - January 14, 2001
Sting: Brand New Day Tour - February 3, 2001
Luis Fonsi: Eterno Tour - February 10/11, 2001
Laura Pausini: 2001–2002 World Tour - October 21, 2001
Jennifer Lopez: Let's Get Loud Concert - November 2001
The Cranberries: Wake Up And Smell The Coffee Tour - June 9, 2002
Firehouse/R.E.O. Speedwagon/Journey - May 8, 2004
Boston - August 27, 2004
Stryper - August 19, 2005
Judas Priest: Angel Of Retribution - September 16, 2005
Incubus - December 5, 2005
Firehouse/Slaughter/Poison:20 Years Of Tour - August 31, 2006
Metal Church/Queensryche - August 16, 2008
R.E.O. Speedwagon/Kansas - October 18, 2008
Puya/Sebastian Bach/Guns N'Roses: Chinese Democracy World Tour - April 15, 2010
Air Supply: 2012
Soulfly/Fear Factory: The World Industrialist Tour - August 28, 2012
Stryper/Tesla/Bret Michaels: Get Your Rocks On Tour - October 6, 2012
Van Halen were scheduled to perform during their III Tour on September 20 and December 11, 1998, but the shows were cancelled.
It has been the home of three different BSN professional basketball teams and the BSN has also used it as a neutral site for their most important games, including game 7 of the championship finals, several times.
The Coliseum has also been used by religious leaders for conferences and religious services.
Most of the world championship boxing bouts fought in Puerto Rico during the late 1970s and early 1980s were fought at the Roberto Clemente coliseum, including Roberto Durán's world title defense versus Mexican Leoncio Ortiz, Wilfredo Gómez's knockout win against Carlos Zarate, many of Samuel Serrano's title defenses, and the fight where Muhammad Ali defended his title against Jean Pierre Coopman, the only time a world Heavyweight championship fight has been held in Puerto Rico. George Foreman had his last fight (and experienced the vision that led him to become a born-again Christian in one of its dressing rooms) before announcing his first retirement there, and Julio César Chávez had one of his first important fights there, on the undercard of Edwin Rosario's world Lightweight championship win against José Luis Ramírez. Because of all the boxing action going on during that era, many observers call the period from the middle 1970s to the middle 1980s as the golden age of boxing in Puerto Rico.
The arena also hosted the final phase of the 1974 World Basketball championship.
The Coliseum has also been the place of large political rallies, and Puerto Rico's electoral commission uses its facilities to count votes after each election, and also hosted Miss Universe 2002, won by Oxana Fedorova of Russia. The Van Halen concert was cancelled due to a hurricane. Some days later the band sent a cargo plane with care packages.
Events
Basketball
See also
List of buildings and structures in Puerto Rico.
References
Sports venues in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Indoor arenas in Puerto Rico
Basketball venues in Puerto Rico
Boxing venues in Puerto Rico
Sports venues completed in 1973
1973 establishments in Puerto Rico
|
[
0.29492294788360596,
0.13996541500091553,
0.43155547976493835,
0.3464236557483673,
-0.24176910519599915,
-0.261695921421051,
-0.012394191697239876,
0.960736095905304,
-0.800938069820404,
-0.6619881987571716,
0.36121439933776855,
0.21536055207252502,
0.12741214036941528,
0.3751336634159088,
-0.08343983441591263,
0.41167840361595154,
0.5341234803199768,
0.25655752420425415,
-0.11176810413599014,
-0.4684782326221466,
-0.11083166301250458,
-0.18319591879844666,
0.34650593996047974,
0.45193547010421753,
0.09902135282754898,
0.06551536917686462,
-0.09102288633584976,
0.3244584798812866,
-0.2669796347618103,
0.016052503138780594,
0.33963248133659363,
0.07464300096035004,
-0.06400469690561295,
0.3855955898761749,
0.08876294642686844,
0.4303678572177887,
0.09681015461683273,
-0.5617811679840088,
-0.13044533133506775,
-0.2543458342552185,
-0.03386998176574707,
0.0771070197224617,
-0.09558495879173279,
0.13135665655136108,
-0.013833289965987206,
0.33606013655662537,
-0.6752972602844238,
0.5427839159965515,
-1.5726903676986694,
0.15638689696788788,
-0.5105660557746887,
-0.03397807478904724,
-0.7084954977035522,
0.8622414469718933,
0.33209502696990967,
0.06315935403108597,
-1.0098975896835327,
0.1951570361852646,
-0.1395007073879242,
-0.16765333712100983,
0.3128995895385742,
1.1262238025665283,
-0.13610057532787323,
-0.06217443197965622,
0.2901802659034729,
-0.2020050287246704,
0.7132893204689026,
0.29474201798439026,
0.06953529268503189,
-0.6649243235588074,
-0.25410327315330505,
0.763606071472168,
0.09737787395715714,
-0.25453662872314453,
0.04433167725801468,
-1.098044991493225,
-0.41960087418556213,
0.19698871672153473,
-0.45377597212791443,
0.35425108671188354,
0.3787155747413635,
-0.3333433270454407,
0.5622656345367432,
0.4098145365715027,
0.30839547514915466,
0.24607589840888977,
-0.8736818432807922,
0.11163214594125748,
-0.7229101657867432,
-0.00807243026793003,
-1.286521315574646,
0.0870649591088295,
0.5811558961868286,
0.2603394389152527,
0.16877701878547668,
0.3090130388736725,
0.5746490955352783,
-0.5814745426177979,
0.4606004059314728,
0.2655242681503296,
-0.3250373899936676,
0.24403735995292664,
0.12142080813646317,
-0.2226366549730301,
-0.10338077694177628,
0.005403025541454554,
-0.8734771609306335,
-0.3497783839702606,
-0.19065208733081818,
-0.01119023934006691,
-0.4639395773410797,
-0.18399427831172943,
-0.2928910255432129,
-0.06563891470432281,
0.3220672607421875,
0.17960122227668762,
1.1035832166671753,
-0.37914717197418213,
-0.4569719135761261,
0.07842127233743668,
0.2425728291273117,
0.3596223294734955,
-0.2862177789211273,
0.22557538747787476,
-0.16496022045612335,
0.2645037770271301,
0.16597743332386017,
0.7039076089859009,
-0.11309286952018738,
-0.1933424025774002,
0.19909672439098358,
-0.09091806411743164,
0.10291996598243713,
0.24148991703987122,
0.10206399857997894,
-0.5071255564689636,
-0.0944032147526741,
-0.5251485109329224,
-0.34381842613220215,
-0.11418209969997406,
-0.5092222690582275,
-0.7870656251907349,
-0.27284863591194153,
-0.0863148644566536,
0.1579016149044037,
-0.2121918499469757,
-0.035262759774923325,
-0.4328538179397583,
0.20067931711673737,
-0.009801448322832584,
0.08434251695871353,
0.24200280010700226,
-0.32577261328697205,
-0.19099894165992737,
-0.5228735208511353,
0.49083593487739563,
1.207657814025879,
-0.4232702851295471,
0.07548552006483078,
0.7209820747375488,
-0.07863590866327286,
-0.13118885457515717,
-0.34691599011421204,
0.06461308151483536,
-0.557867705821991,
-0.10891588032245636,
0.801694929599762,
0.3801698386669159,
0.4731236696243286,
-0.2625950276851654,
-0.33260735869407654,
-0.19314536452293396,
0.24025188386440277,
-0.46067333221435547,
-0.44878461956977844,
-0.6450810432434082,
0.5985020399093628,
0.039069220423698425,
-0.019926724955439568,
0.4974466860294342,
-0.5813310146331787,
0.050138749182224274,
0.10292583703994751,
0.5469752550125122,
0.4949391186237335,
-0.2726384103298187,
0.8387754559516907,
0.08209900557994843,
0.21011896431446075,
-0.300167053937912,
-0.26761069893836975,
-0.17711934447288513,
-0.3946325480937958,
-0.10436851531267166,
0.8478549718856812,
-0.2902399003505707,
-0.14879880845546722,
1.0388892889022827,
-0.1406194567680359,
0.5866838097572327,
-0.7094420790672302,
0.4305802881717682,
1.2025014162063599,
-0.2850572466850281,
-0.8005240559577942,
-0.5666331052780151,
0.8361290693283081,
0.12359362840652466,
0.15447930991649628,
0.816994845867157,
0.25226086378097534,
-0.4519680142402649,
0.263376921415329,
0.09611452370882034,
-0.23558951914310455,
-0.8007309436798096,
-0.22058996558189392,
0.11340949684381485,
-0.10195323824882507,
0.0882500559091568,
1.3472052812576294,
0.24027101695537567,
0.14672693610191345,
0.9960422515869141,
-0.6046469211578369,
0.7159442901611328,
-0.42497777938842773,
-0.13781368732452393,
0.4589150846004486,
0.0021009626798331738,
0.0944344624876976,
0.38699012994766235,
0.8317513465881348,
-0.3211747705936432,
0.25011780858039856,
0.48238426446914673,
0.30465710163116455,
-0.6693110466003418,
-0.22394944727420807,
0.03504236787557602,
-0.2307649552822113,
0.030628135427832603,
-0.2360512763261795,
0.01640746183693409,
0.6027685403823853,
-0.11462254077196121,
-0.3624834716320038,
0.49290865659713745,
0.2179158329963684,
-0.16503578424453735,
0.14351749420166016,
-0.04475007206201553,
-0.018130293115973473,
-0.035807862877845764,
0.6873319149017334,
-0.04819999635219574,
0.05149561166763306,
-0.2132907658815384,
0.4609711468219757,
-0.35998621582984924,
-0.2700023949146271,
0.14584866166114807,
0.15079398453235626,
0.39342188835144043,
-0.5572388172149658,
-0.6264763474464417,
0.696395218372345,
-0.05989009141921997,
-0.17175383865833282,
-0.4824531674385071,
0.0024858510587364435,
-0.02336358278989792,
-0.15739619731903076,
-0.07165003567934036,
-0.29000991582870483,
0.2559231221675873,
-0.012824786826968193,
0.0005316914757713675,
-0.4635286033153534,
-0.3414868116378784,
0.05918767303228378,
0.10582186281681061,
-0.06789591163396835,
-0.23360072076320648,
-0.3457091152667999,
0.0820431336760521,
-0.8132101893424988,
-0.9642944931983948,
-0.39305955171585083,
-0.41032254695892334,
-0.5190739631652832,
0.4619479477405548,
-0.5483066439628601,
0.8208276629447937,
-0.1193554475903511,
0.2265390157699585,
0.20065581798553467,
-0.7539118528366089,
0.7973038554191589,
-0.6068120002746582,
-0.26038432121276855,
0.6132433414459229,
-0.09431465715169907,
0.45043066143989563,
0.40704500675201416,
-0.22249244153499603,
-0.06588590145111084,
-0.13056784868240356,
-5.465336322784424,
0.30976805090904236,
-0.2751465141773224,
-0.09665672481060028,
0.36618542671203613,
0.02098935656249523,
0.07062004506587982,
-0.10016218572854996,
0.7176170349121094,
-0.6253946423530579,
0.2473544478416443,
-0.3505348265171051,
0.015751779079437256,
0.875127911567688,
0.58724045753479,
0.6290799379348755,
0.27200639247894287,
0.15802237391471863,
0.017749639227986336,
-0.16413471102714539,
0.09274987876415253,
-0.7487168312072754,
-0.6261513829231262,
0.32080700993537903,
0.333678275346756,
0.16546621918678284,
-0.6977711915969849,
0.04530875012278557,
-0.9635385870933533,
-0.2247553914785385,
0.17530255019664764,
0.28595808148384094,
-0.5643219947814941,
-0.05258536711335182,
-0.3389219641685486,
0.6555607318878174,
0.3454524576663971,
-0.48697367310523987,
-0.2459293007850647,
-0.9078359603881836,
0.2483740597963333,
0.1703735738992691,
0.11289849132299423,
-0.21372103691101074,
0.3109564483165741,
-0.2026706486940384,
-0.1344180554151535,
0.5205087065696716,
-0.2614831328392029,
0.6150259375572205,
0.5131498575210571,
0.1297447681427002,
0.014217887073755264,
0.0509021170437336,
-0.2467842847108841,
-0.1064663976430893,
0.7465020418167114,
0.0067408038303256035,
-0.39977285265922546,
0.6270895004272461,
0.2019205540418625,
-0.3032042384147644,
-0.06166122853755951,
-0.36408835649490356,
-0.1601947546005249,
-0.2517222762107849,
0.23141764104366302,
0.2686488926410675,
0.8078017830848694,
0.38696151971817017,
0.019917432218790054,
1.0345580577850342,
-0.579528272151947,
-0.957318902015686,
0.41565537452697754,
0.4321269392967224,
-0.46465736627578735,
0.2203810065984726,
-0.4180900454521179,
0.22248707711696625,
0.29619070887565613,
-0.42463576793670654,
-0.8514440655708313,
0.15594621002674103,
-0.08327256888151169,
-0.11492253839969635,
0.4310234487056732,
0.4254647493362427,
-0.20215611159801483,
0.17989204823970795,
0.6405041217803955,
-0.6536602973937988,
-0.07405434548854828,
-0.21026137471199036,
-0.6753371357917786,
-0.11589884012937546,
-0.4222595691680908,
0.07693486660718918,
0.014464610256254673,
-0.3565804362297058,
0.7598159909248352,
-0.24726887047290802,
0.6103528738021851,
-0.22578522562980652,
0.03310688957571983,
-0.25533527135849,
0.13542623817920685,
0.5889651775360107,
-0.16725978255271912,
-0.27719974517822266,
0.42610543966293335,
0.24697479605674744,
-0.20540472865104675,
-0.3499999940395355,
0.8621931672096252,
-0.2103801667690277,
-0.2517654597759247,
0.48702988028526306,
0.024485817179083824,
-0.2067701518535614,
0.45037469267845154,
0.5682865381240845,
-0.08745372295379639,
0.09366931021213531,
-0.12918832898139954,
0.1648557037115097,
0.11685018241405487,
0.1904340237379074,
0.2407379001379013,
-0.6173691749572754,
0.244411900639534,
0.3497510254383087,
0.5380949974060059,
0.2982916533946991,
0.06450208276510239,
-0.05802612751722336,
-0.3403618037700653,
-0.30526694655418396,
0.7930206060409546,
-0.00683579221367836,
0.5086332559585571,
-0.252265602350235,
0.05165262892842293,
0.12009421736001968,
-0.13568517565727234,
0.3008846640586853,
-0.6117866039276123,
-0.3069276213645935,
-0.7077654600143433,
0.2221776694059372,
-0.013767455704510212,
-0.7597290873527527,
-0.14383624494075775,
-0.5603625774383545,
0.23820753395557404,
0.17646950483322144,
-0.004849262069910765,
-0.37151074409484863,
0.2376391887664795,
-0.513251781463623,
0.5061109066009521,
0.2361757606267929,
-0.8100161552429199,
0.30924728512763977,
-0.05585808679461479,
-0.09587099403142929,
-0.3831022083759308,
-0.462957501411438,
-0.26806461811065674,
0.5634121298789978,
0.5602245330810547,
-0.7585711479187012,
-0.6331539154052734,
-0.5911616086959839,
0.3123268187046051,
-0.25014668703079224,
-0.2582974433898926,
-0.365377277135849,
0.6653157472610474,
0.07253379374742508,
0.08468426764011383,
-0.08849971741437912,
-0.04640846699476242,
0.19310465455055237,
0.23049595952033997,
-0.8402472138404846,
-0.3045860528945923,
-0.27248528599739075,
0.12889567017555237,
0.25034040212631226,
-0.15300685167312622,
0.09230828285217285,
0.19754336774349213,
-0.09393905103206635,
0.2987637519836426,
-0.5355913043022156,
0.008150103501975536,
0.23979070782661438,
-0.6374789476394653,
-0.43947118520736694,
-0.3750273883342743,
0.5845112204551697,
-0.6209704875946045,
0.6646361947059631,
0.1668289452791214,
-0.39890724420547485,
0.13331039249897003,
0.30708828568458557,
0.13183633983135223,
0.14778119325637817,
-0.9899871945381165,
-0.2983311116695404,
0.4224979877471924,
0.5821837186813354,
-0.30454757809638977,
0.2326982319355011,
-0.5521974563598633,
-0.5840637683868408,
-0.714434027671814,
0.10255518555641174,
-0.36299580335617065,
0.07288946956396103,
0.06589724868535995,
0.00111792900133878,
-0.944526731967926,
0.9249247908592224,
0.21289490163326263,
-0.8613916635513306,
0.3236645758152008,
-0.32498618960380554,
0.4648487865924835,
-0.1461089849472046,
0.2970384359359741,
0.3585098087787628,
-0.08653029799461365,
0.02839643508195877,
-0.17373329401016235,
0.4617067277431488,
0.13385654985904694,
0.3746277689933777,
0.29947972297668457,
0.11170019209384918,
-0.2095174491405487,
-0.438668817281723,
0.10527466982603073,
0.45557859539985657,
0.09828567504882812,
0.3448828160762787,
-0.17773814499378204,
0.14540931582450867,
-0.6321203112602234,
-0.6826964020729065,
-0.10160327702760696,
-0.40213263034820557,
0.4265338182449341,
-0.931460976600647,
0.21345973014831543,
0.1459752321243286,
0.007443470414727926,
-0.4182603061199188,
-0.33141613006591797,
-0.4337673783302307,
-0.3344436585903168,
-0.0918484553694725,
-0.4958537220954895,
-0.28123873472213745,
0.2799733579158783,
-0.4594791829586029,
0.14079047739505768,
0.13355757296085358,
0.16813234984874725,
-0.3517382740974426,
0.07815998047590256,
0.6322026252746582,
-0.3605605363845825,
0.10041701048612595,
-0.1787921041250229,
-0.6482208967208862,
0.0015289519215002656,
-0.41351810097694397,
-0.7766455411911011,
0.046767402440309525,
-0.23368357121944427,
-0.20729468762874603,
-0.2400779128074646,
-0.7249356508255005,
-0.39165034890174866,
0.2735929489135742,
0.06666192412376404,
0.5420300960540771,
-0.3056952953338623,
-0.2781142592430115,
0.02754422463476658,
-0.7486276626586914,
-0.2883366048336029,
0.002870510797947645,
0.1675744205713272,
0.6969168186187744,
-0.13638530671596527,
0.2964926064014435,
-0.8054337501525879,
0.7469001412391663,
-0.2212573140859604,
-0.4274088740348816,
-0.04944610595703125,
-0.39115020632743835,
0.6155807971954346,
-0.08539476990699768,
-0.27468547224998474,
-0.012196549214422703,
-0.6458873152732849,
-0.3995506465435028,
0.37641385197639465,
0.4319246709346771,
-0.8353275656700134,
0.45238757133483887,
0.3557102084159851,
-0.34515851736068726,
-0.17780756950378418,
0.23208415508270264,
-0.15455099940299988,
0.3973638117313385,
0.6557385325431824,
0.029795125126838684,
-0.08364573866128922,
0.7427210211753845,
-0.5465350151062012,
-0.12688423693180084,
0.014132412150502205,
0.06130976229906082,
0.24204710125923157,
-0.4902243912220001,
-0.7806514501571655,
0.3173621594905853,
-0.011683638207614422,
-0.10675027221441269,
-0.07436826080083847,
-1.1397291421890259,
0.3391479253768921,
0.40635788440704346,
0.2670499086380005,
0.5927648544311523,
-0.7455888390541077,
0.4032673239707947,
-0.5367915034294128,
0.28613516688346863,
-0.05115276575088501,
0.30543243885040283,
-0.5098041296005249,
-0.42088231444358826,
0.3201806843280792,
-0.1525210589170456,
0.3402721881866455,
-0.5218475461006165,
0.20206992328166962,
0.40645378828048706,
0.19504781067371368,
-0.3982703983783722,
-0.33857259154319763,
-0.06548523902893066,
0.20702128112316132,
0.005500960163772106,
0.3926386535167694,
-0.08972621709108353,
-0.4450531005859375,
-0.1270381063222885,
0.05658695846796036,
0.37534552812576294,
0.025970589369535446,
-0.2702406942844391,
-0.4208407998085022,
0.2108728438615799,
-0.26029378175735474,
0.8198333382606506,
0.2330714911222458,
0.7040914297103882,
-0.12373495101928711,
0.06328955292701721,
-0.1902308315038681,
0.35969042778015137,
0.3944658935070038,
0.35787221789360046,
-0.319297194480896,
-0.14962631464004517,
-0.547559916973114,
-0.26002487540245056,
0.11032450944185257,
0.08003365248441696,
0.1665586531162262,
0.4929123818874359,
0.05028882250189781,
-0.1626061499118805,
0.704611599445343,
0.33366790413856506,
0.10606849193572998,
-0.37210747599601746,
-0.05556430667638779,
0.07868225127458572,
0.3627282977104187,
0.07764913886785507,
0.07794507592916489,
0.77248215675354,
-0.20015959441661835,
0.2582901418209076,
-0.2087322175502777,
-0.30442020297050476,
-0.2834826111793518,
-0.025311069563031197,
-0.02912878803908825,
0.28358983993530273,
0.08824733644723892,
-0.06329480558633804,
-0.2802119851112366,
-0.3365447521209717,
-0.433381050825119,
0.7936224341392517,
0.31872791051864624,
-0.053336720913648605,
-0.01805146597325802,
0.021504562348127365,
-0.13593484461307526,
-0.7004114985466003,
0.17322947084903717,
0.9185848236083984,
0.3317824900150299,
-0.7801732420921326,
0.6612356901168823,
-0.24585837125778198,
-0.027521636337041855,
0.355401873588562,
0.21243539452552795,
-0.26424628496170044,
-0.7071213722229004,
0.4427756071090698,
-0.6028606295585632,
-1.0873799324035645,
0.12448330968618393,
0.7273663282394409,
0.886515736579895,
-0.34123876690864563,
0.5132415294647217,
0.0727061927318573,
0.4428246021270752,
-0.5073327422142029,
0.7649351954460144,
-0.18976488709449768,
-0.002050969749689102,
-0.032911092042922974,
-0.1053132563829422,
0.4305752217769623,
0.7237359285354614,
-0.18256478011608124,
0.6019598841667175,
0.28730496764183044,
-0.12102416157722473,
-0.050521671772003174,
-0.13154049217700958,
-0.25912511348724365,
0.6207754611968994,
0.1451270878314972
] |
210299
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20value
|
Light value
|
In photography, light value has been used to refer to a "light level" for either incident or reflected light, often on a base-2 logarithmic scale. The term does not derive from a published standard, and has had several different meanings:
An arbitrary value indicated by an exposure meter such as the Weston Master V, discussed in Adams (1948, 14–18). This may have been the origin of the term. The indicated light value was transferred to the meter's exposure calculator, which then was used to determine camera settings. Ray (2000) uses the term, with the acronym 'LV', in this sense. The Honeywell/Pentax 1°/21° spot meter indicated in "light level" ("LL"), with LL essentially exposure value (EV) for ISO 100 film speed. The later Pentax Spotmeter V and Digital Spotmeter indicated directly in EV for ISO 100, but they made no mention of "light level", "light value", or LV.
A synonym for incident light value, from the Additive system of Photographic EXposure (APEX). Zakia and Stroebel (1993) and Stroebel, Compton, Current, and Zakia (2000) used the term in this sense. Curiously, they used the APEX symbol , normally used for luminance value.
An apparent synonym for luminance value, from APEX. Stroebel, Compton, Current, and Zakia (2000) referred to "scene illuminance" in the text of the article, but the example used units of luminance. The defining equation used the symbol . The table at the end of the article used units of illuminance and the symbol , as noted above.
A synonym for exposure value (EV) (e.g., Kyoritsu calibrated light sources, for which the luminance ranges are specified in terms of "LV at ISO 100". Kyoritsu specify the luminance ranges of their multi-function camera testers in EV, presumably at ISO 100).
A synonym for "EV at ISO 100 film speed". This usage appears on many web pages, usually without attribution of an authoritative source. Eads (2000) proposed a revised APEX in which luminance value was equal to EV for ISO 100 speed, but he did not use the term light value.
Literally speaking, the English term light value could be translated as "Lichtwert" in German language, however, this is not what the term Lichtwert, as it was introduced by the German shutter manufacturer in 1954 and defined as Belichtungswert in DIN 19010, is used for in German-speaking countries. Instead, the established term Lichtwert (abbreviated as "LW") describes what became known as exposure value (EV) elsewhere.
In APEX, luminance value and incident light value are numerically equal, so that for a given "light value", either meaning 2 or 3 would result in the same camera settings.
Notes
See also
APEX system
Exposure value
Sunny 16 rule
References
Adams, Ansel. 1948. The Negative: Exposure and Development. Boston: New York Graphic Society.
Eads, Andrew C. 2000. "Simplifying and Understanding Photographic Exposure with the APEx System", PHOTO Techniques, Jan/Feb 2000, 54–59.
Ray, Sidney F. 2000. "Camera Exposure Determination". In The Manual of Photography, 9th ed. Oxford: Focal Press.
Stroebel, Leslie, John Compton, Ira Current, and Richard D. Zakia. 2000. Basic Photographic Materials and Processes, 2nd ed. Boston: Focal Press.
Zakia, Richard D. and Leslie Stroebel, eds. 1993. Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, 3rd ed. Boston: Focal Press.
Science of photography
|
[
0.43225300312042236,
0.04673144221305847,
-0.0251693744212389,
0.124238021671772,
-0.03567181155085564,
0.015616785734891891,
0.17163486778736115,
-0.27013057470321655,
0.02765042334794998,
-0.43711188435554504,
-0.3411928415298462,
0.47499385476112366,
-0.10534553229808807,
0.5290787220001221,
-0.02129676565527916,
0.4098467230796814,
0.7428879737854004,
0.7553005814552307,
-0.36497795581817627,
-0.22137194871902466,
-0.10081017762422562,
0.10548485070466995,
0.3861255943775177,
-0.8422703146934509,
-0.1564154475927353,
-0.2547272741794586,
0.07308308780193329,
0.3795720934867859,
0.2702113687992096,
0.1771828979253769,
-0.0903211459517479,
0.5031684041023254,
-0.36680784821510315,
0.3004001975059509,
0.24543309211730957,
0.2383829951286316,
0.2028619349002838,
-0.2608271539211273,
-0.022087108343839645,
-0.2606736421585083,
-0.014081563800573349,
-0.2646426558494568,
0.4197497069835663,
0.45860755443573,
-0.3636789917945862,
-0.44256433844566345,
-1.5729020833969116,
0.04716106876730919,
-0.456849604845047,
0.38318631052970886,
-0.017832782119512558,
0.35826602578163147,
0.20962004363536835,
0.6496416926383972,
-0.32921266555786133,
0.6310677528381348,
-0.5411024689674377,
0.49173760414123535,
0.3288693130016327,
-0.20190975069999695,
0.5272755026817322,
-0.4783913195133209,
-0.21907229721546173,
0.261928528547287,
0.41177695989608765,
0.1580301821231842,
0.039331529289484024,
0.21812838315963745,
0.049890946596860886,
0.14671720564365387,
0.1071595847606659,
-0.035869717597961426,
0.005168712232261896,
-0.04020548611879349,
-0.8980050683021545,
0.26603272557258606,
-0.08315307646989822,
-0.09400912374258041,
-0.35482257604599,
-0.19424208998680115,
-0.3168981075286865,
0.1799137145280838,
0.5375215411186218,
-0.5448213219642639,
0.05271868780255318,
0.02433382160961628,
-0.2057236135005951,
-0.07624975591897964,
-0.3249856233596802,
0.8757476806640625,
0.43800029158592224,
-0.14106424152851105,
0.549317479133606,
0.35546302795410156,
0.12854959070682526,
0.14440710842609406,
0.12542331218719482,
-0.1015082597732544,
0.12981416285037994,
0.09110551327466965,
0.12753033638000488,
0.1647920459508896,
0.5021545886993408,
-0.04036380723118782,
-0.6414172649383545,
-0.16957716643810272,
-0.3056786060333252,
-0.6977083683013916,
-0.2312287837266922,
-0.14546188712120056,
-0.9691182971000671,
0.3081111013889313,
-0.09334829449653625,
-0.02186216041445732,
-0.3179455101490021,
-0.14864036440849304,
-0.10859432816505432,
0.05619733780622482,
0.1090095043182373,
0.3823770582675934,
0.04736154526472092,
0.6049352884292603,
0.07753543555736542,
-0.27603524923324585,
0.29768046736717224,
0.4113119840621948,
0.8304717540740967,
1.0914942026138306,
-0.08643146604299545,
0.276725172996521,
0.02509406954050064,
0.6781527400016785,
0.27841827273368835,
-0.3344177007675171,
-0.24564050137996674,
-0.22654426097869873,
0.4990755319595337,
-0.2315761297941208,
-0.25157299637794495,
-0.18713657557964325,
-0.3739820718765259,
-0.6801219582557678,
-0.467250257730484,
-0.196731299161911,
0.6393148899078369,
-0.07049652934074402,
0.5177550315856934,
-0.6312496662139893,
-0.33704984188079834,
-0.07491802424192429,
0.1442302167415619,
0.3420838415622711,
-0.18985749781131744,
-0.23814082145690918,
-0.4593096971511841,
-0.2472456991672516,
-0.2111048698425293,
-0.006561572663486004,
-0.5713746547698975,
0.31963881850242615,
-0.05665352940559387,
-0.017036933451890945,
-0.13178953528404236,
0.08588272333145142,
0.19135110080242157,
-0.04973578453063965,
0.22175541520118713,
0.5795225501060486,
-0.10740869492292404,
0.15047530829906464,
0.17427392303943634,
-0.3451375663280487,
-0.24056294560432434,
0.21270790696144104,
-0.15300947427749634,
0.5708531737327576,
0.278312087059021,
0.2560301423072815,
0.39339306950569153,
-0.3979537785053253,
-0.5125728845596313,
0.058702051639556885,
0.2677917182445526,
0.2979019582271576,
0.4287647306919098,
-0.3017938435077667,
0.23127101361751556,
-0.06415612250566483,
0.3626329004764557,
-0.3002135753631592,
-0.4181458652019501,
-0.3426554799079895,
0.1327264904975891,
-1.2312968969345093,
0.7384885549545288,
-0.25177595019340515,
-0.2441824972629547,
0.4559498429298401,
-0.061964865773916245,
0.3933326005935669,
-0.2255953997373581,
0.11083122342824936,
0.011095252819359303,
0.10640700161457062,
-0.6173621416091919,
0.5148166418075562,
0.3643113672733307,
0.6958538293838501,
-0.4495076835155487,
0.04137091338634491,
0.6403254270553589,
-0.11528376489877701,
-0.1427363008260727,
-0.11000407487154007,
0.08380332589149475,
0.07263366132974625,
-0.8217844367027283,
0.20519107580184937,
-0.21506088972091675,
0.18837526440620422,
0.3119691014289856,
-0.18005886673927307,
-0.11437712609767914,
-0.05304758995771408,
-0.29788661003112793,
0.5835973024368286,
0.3172086775302887,
0.4763924777507782,
0.8082378506660461,
-0.9539625644683838,
0.2461894452571869,
-0.43554869294166565,
0.18169152736663818,
0.08234596997499466,
-0.30642759799957275,
0.027704576030373573,
0.3870227336883545,
0.10690492391586304,
0.7952154278755188,
-0.6369419693946838,
0.3112073838710785,
-0.068201445043087,
-0.09056198596954346,
0.15236683189868927,
-0.03822869807481766,
-0.2012297362089157,
-0.13057996332645416,
-0.2530304193496704,
-0.30488187074661255,
-0.24973158538341522,
0.3957793116569519,
0.33342745900154114,
0.133940652012825,
-0.2448454052209854,
-0.1908513307571411,
-0.39052289724349976,
0.06959572434425354,
-0.3646717071533203,
0.21729926764965057,
0.11137734353542328,
0.3868368864059448,
0.11189260333776474,
0.31347084045410156,
-0.3196757137775421,
-0.2930769920349121,
-0.6712290644645691,
-0.7086873054504395,
-0.06196116283535957,
0.24157939851284027,
0.6828704476356506,
0.04684546962380409,
0.5255420207977295,
-0.45219162106513977,
-0.4189092814922333,
-0.40173864364624023,
-0.5227522253990173,
0.9311477541923523,
0.36193612217903137,
-0.6744471788406372,
0.05293702334165573,
0.1718790978193283,
0.33602267503738403,
0.581771194934845,
-0.5540974736213684,
-0.2751140296459198,
-0.7109004855155945,
-0.1861020028591156,
0.07342894375324249,
0.12345830351114273,
-0.31179672479629517,
-0.5649216175079346,
0.3760920763015747,
0.4629164934158325,
0.053982924669981,
0.09288443624973297,
0.22871099412441254,
-0.19375792145729065,
0.03420014679431915,
-0.21005530655384064,
-0.1548004448413849,
-0.03739942982792854,
-0.47108834981918335,
-0.18301023542881012,
-0.34233757853507996,
-0.6604039669036865,
0.23321619629859924,
-0.03212132304906845,
0.1309347301721573,
-5.805956840515137,
0.28773850202560425,
-0.3883592486381531,
-0.1947127729654312,
-0.8791893720626831,
-0.2605205178260803,
0.9637225270271301,
0.23736731708049774,
-0.04613360017538071,
0.1361064612865448,
-0.38679397106170654,
-0.35079362988471985,
0.2943918704986572,
0.6452329158782959,
0.9003162384033203,
-0.24961231648921967,
0.6820387244224548,
0.26456138491630554,
0.38714897632598877,
0.4953279495239258,
-0.3211812674999237,
0.20240212976932526,
0.00753923412412405,
0.4932694435119629,
-0.05434701219201088,
0.06754276901483536,
0.11492402851581573,
-0.18128880858421326,
-0.4641953110694885,
-0.2274412214756012,
0.4252660870552063,
-0.5946424007415771,
-0.23227690160274506,
-0.3689092695713043,
0.5317018628120422,
0.29435107111930847,
0.4712238311767578,
-0.13397878408432007,
-0.23133628070354462,
-0.46051719784736633,
-0.003103298135101795,
1.1374677419662476,
-0.21201594173908234,
0.009812535718083382,
0.7072813510894775,
0.21211594343185425,
-0.19766388833522797,
0.5127536058425903,
-0.2709128260612488,
0.313245952129364,
-0.5957754850387573,
0.08528848737478256,
0.2739240825176239,
-0.2667063772678375,
-0.12031007558107376,
-0.08170115947723389,
0.616102933883667,
-0.054609883576631546,
-0.19519123435020447,
-0.02437400259077549,
0.2612628936767578,
-0.12990467250347137,
0.2172754853963852,
-0.5323424935340881,
-0.04782998934388161,
0.14566448330879211,
-0.5975706577301025,
-0.2795964479446411,
0.039273396134376526,
0.2905472218990326,
-0.044779811054468155,
-0.12841786444187164,
0.06356839835643768,
-0.7711820006370544,
0.03165687620639801,
-0.3211079239845276,
0.4724084734916687,
0.3709275424480438,
0.16062073409557343,
0.1332555115222931,
-0.3956173360347748,
-0.7543100118637085,
-0.23412394523620605,
0.20392295718193054,
-0.2087516039609909,
-0.4261670708656311,
-0.31191954016685486,
-0.010365190915763378,
-0.06992258876562119,
-0.49702805280685425,
0.7608964443206787,
-0.18541300296783447,
0.1863594502210617,
-0.06130628287792206,
0.0967697948217392,
0.369027316570282,
0.6990851759910583,
-0.06426917761564255,
0.20632407069206238,
-0.15321655571460724,
0.16308575868606567,
-0.14601197838783264,
0.33644700050354004,
-0.4550958275794983,
-0.017947379499673843,
0.2094605714082718,
-0.49705031514167786,
0.15750707685947418,
0.746329128742218,
-0.30825120210647583,
-0.06559067964553833,
-0.012246772646903992,
-0.4154396951198578,
0.2678201198577881,
0.6302729249000549,
-0.2183053195476532,
-0.1457446664571762,
0.25149595737457275,
0.20164178311824799,
0.012592204846441746,
-0.09041469544172287,
-0.2007952183485031,
-0.24380768835544586,
-0.451604962348938,
-0.915073037147522,
-0.08933267742395401,
-0.16573843359947205,
0.22641265392303467,
-0.8625859618186951,
-0.071893110871315,
0.44858789443969727,
0.7737616896629333,
-0.001857228809967637,
0.15170106291770935,
0.33297663927078247,
-0.6415836811065674,
0.015060829930007458,
0.2767574191093445,
0.28214338421821594,
-0.5770378112792969,
0.4077785611152649,
0.1828228086233139,
-0.10464847832918167,
-0.2535511255264282,
0.8702381253242493,
0.48939281702041626,
-0.07543771713972092,
-0.8010104298591614,
-0.1935102343559265,
0.6076004505157471,
0.03892563283443451,
-0.45222750306129456,
0.10118936002254486,
-0.2691915035247803,
0.0007608367595821619,
-0.2464442253112793,
-0.16728514432907104,
-0.3594992160797119,
-0.26395660638809204,
-0.48889604210853577,
0.30590757727622986,
0.3433000147342682,
-0.8895384669303894,
-0.26178744435310364,
0.21726244688034058,
-0.38174203038215637,
-0.3378928601741791,
0.376360148191452,
0.6752919554710388,
0.7314478158950806,
-0.09692731499671936,
-0.20523028075695038,
-0.505003035068512,
-0.7073062062263489,
-0.038982827216386795,
0.34302276372909546,
0.1498226821422577,
0.18154335021972656,
0.01262733992189169,
-0.44480404257774353,
0.27474087476730347,
0.0924377515912056,
-0.5380819439888,
0.3553614616394043,
0.6206018924713135,
-0.2103777378797531,
-0.2332988679409027,
0.24168378114700317,
-0.373726487159729,
-0.11653599143028259,
0.5404333472251892,
0.2402971088886261,
0.1661219745874405,
-0.49683910608291626,
-0.22882182896137238,
-0.6204596757888794,
0.1541248857975006,
0.3669828772544861,
-0.16992758214473724,
-0.5855422019958496,
0.1544535607099533,
0.22005660831928253,
-0.9453960657119751,
0.47221532464027405,
0.03126513957977295,
-0.6857848167419434,
0.21361763775348663,
0.4724767804145813,
-0.927588701248169,
-0.009108959697186947,
-0.5988951921463013,
-0.5487288236618042,
-0.4846833646297455,
-0.2609264850616455,
0.18180739879608154,
0.1301192194223404,
0.3305690884590149,
-0.17437833547592163,
0.16805866360664368,
-0.8362637162208557,
0.5709980726242065,
0.26213258504867554,
-0.15152472257614136,
0.15373972058296204,
0.0949951559305191,
-0.34753212332725525,
0.39165470004081726,
0.1927201747894287,
0.3984953463077545,
-0.15374527871608734,
-0.4124262034893036,
0.08856073021888733,
0.21885183453559875,
0.02987574227154255,
-0.06980568915605545,
-0.16619782149791718,
-0.9653763771057129,
0.17403019964694977,
-0.17856165766716003,
0.22919705510139465,
-0.10943236947059631,
0.8305836319923401,
0.054846297949552536,
-0.21480056643486023,
0.03379521146416664,
0.1380351483821869,
0.44046711921691895,
-0.452601820230484,
-0.6446976661682129,
0.02467663772404194,
-0.1537347286939621,
-0.5291638970375061,
-0.5606831908226013,
-0.34139060974121094,
0.7484060525894165,
0.42094239592552185,
0.07793236523866653,
-0.6482489705085754,
0.1998288482427597,
0.6312562227249146,
-0.18494443595409393,
-0.682239294052124,
-0.269047349691391,
0.3962191343307495,
0.514182448387146,
0.3471634089946747,
-0.3470879793167114,
-0.14281758666038513,
0.27145877480506897,
-0.4818582534790039,
1.0542207956314087,
-0.043894339352846146,
0.34675729274749756,
0.28040263056755066,
0.3867546617984772,
0.3447157144546509,
-0.29258742928504944,
-0.16295887529850006,
-0.031063126400113106,
-0.7187978029251099,
0.3291015028953552,
-0.11840455234050751,
0.6724384427070618,
-0.08851932734251022,
-0.03931168466806412,
-0.15743805468082428,
0.5484002828598022,
-0.18281181156635284,
-0.439246267080307,
-0.1474677175283432,
-0.31603166460990906,
0.18678557872772217,
0.033180225640535355,
0.40125739574432373,
-0.03355921432375908,
0.2348370999097824,
0.15996842086315155,
0.35535895824432373,
0.0711422935128212,
-0.39724400639533997,
-0.0031115191522985697,
0.563648521900177,
0.15711453557014465,
-0.5879223346710205,
0.6518759727478027,
-0.3933149576187134,
0.3878609538078308,
-0.2673768401145935,
-0.05867614224553108,
-0.1542814075946808,
0.16861417889595032,
0.6403160691261292,
-0.07028327882289886,
0.19191813468933105,
-0.08947605639696121,
-0.04510000720620155,
0.7388993501663208,
-0.037223514169454575,
0.6100267767906189,
0.2548469305038452,
-0.017123408615589142,
0.05424599349498749,
0.6366218328475952,
-0.020264405757188797,
-0.6091572642326355,
0.449603408575058,
-0.27292823791503906,
0.033502571284770966,
0.46776536107063293,
-0.00995628535747528,
1.2730950117111206,
0.21864886581897736,
-0.678440511226654,
0.5891672968864441,
-0.7548899054527283,
-0.06935949623584747,
0.0774449035525322,
-0.32253846526145935,
-0.7424429655075073,
0.5107470750808716,
0.7494085431098938,
0.7990151047706604,
0.42065465450286865,
0.023052383214235306,
-0.05999540165066719,
0.3908824324607849,
-0.05483525991439819,
0.4022988975048065,
-0.16272814571857452,
-0.1881672888994217,
0.16157427430152893,
-0.43968161940574646,
0.6387814879417419,
-0.31463444232940674,
-0.27487701177597046,
-0.19612190127372742,
0.42082640528678894,
-0.03280254453420639,
-0.5805133581161499,
-0.4111805260181427,
-0.23109659552574158,
0.17021802067756653,
-0.049912191927433014,
-0.26934733986854553,
-0.4785694181919098,
-0.4401247799396515,
0.10961901396512985,
-0.023485520854592323,
-0.10351286828517914,
0.11223017424345016,
0.3540498614311218,
0.7627372145652771,
-0.06570363789796829,
0.5760006308555603,
0.22719977796077728,
-0.2279634326696396,
0.41182923316955566,
0.4546891152858734,
-0.14163780212402344,
0.0588173046708107,
0.04114730283617973,
0.2255706936120987,
-0.35138654708862305,
-0.7032140493392944,
0.02393198199570179,
-0.30618512630462646,
-0.09494554251432419,
0.49194779992103577,
-0.12990480661392212,
-0.3128640949726105,
0.6100722551345825,
-0.4002326726913452,
-0.15868200361728668,
-0.09427861869335175,
-0.4784698784351349,
0.25424373149871826,
-0.11088194698095322,
0.6678332686424255,
0.4687509834766388,
-0.32107746601104736,
-0.19845491647720337,
-0.0001680021669017151,
0.032879434525966644,
0.42110541462898254,
-0.6950222849845886,
0.8807134032249451,
-0.5781238675117493,
0.18565581738948822,
-0.5571708679199219,
0.3346313238143921,
0.6793222427368164,
-0.8670650720596313,
0.29240888357162476,
0.3103025555610657,
-0.3733459711074829,
0.5297132134437561,
0.6369932889938354,
-0.054278042167425156,
-0.015492851845920086,
-0.5685560703277588,
-0.46870967745780945,
-0.49543702602386475,
0.20366565883159637,
0.12467397749423981,
0.033608805388212204,
-0.2814330756664276,
0.061451636254787445,
0.05872480943799019,
0.1134316623210907,
-0.20611433684825897,
-0.2066379189491272,
0.2654089331626892,
-0.3460586965084076,
0.4938793480396271,
-0.6057143211364746,
-0.3888925611972809,
0.1655425876379013,
0.1041473001241684,
0.4342120289802551,
-0.34971117973327637,
-0.655068576335907,
-0.4440150558948517,
-0.24752479791641235,
-0.0722406879067421,
-1.3490512371063232,
0.23543071746826172,
0.023870395496487617,
-0.38055551052093506,
-0.7642984986305237,
0.21723178029060364,
0.05292259156703949,
-0.8301388025283813,
-0.1336205005645752,
-0.1873338669538498,
-0.43539243936538696,
0.11785051971673965,
0.05103207379579544,
-0.43194594979286194,
-0.11565952003002167,
0.24649037420749664
] |
210302
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavia
|
Gavia
|
Gavia may refer to:
Gavia (bird), a genus of birds to which the loons belong
Gavia Pass, in the Italian Alps
Monte Gavia, a mountain of Lombardy, Italy
La Gavia, Guanajuato, Mexico, a populated place
USS Gavia (AM-363), a World War II U.S. Navy minesweeper
Gavia gens, an ancient Roman family
La Gavia (Madrid Metro), a metro station
|
[
0.037600819021463394,
0.1769779473543167,
0.23267582058906555,
0.040013670921325684,
0.1931314468383789,
0.6822904348373413,
0.39041566848754883,
0.7996250987052917,
-0.8370987772941589,
-0.39247140288352966,
-0.3284275531768799,
0.5124276280403137,
-0.20415712893009186,
0.3480756878852844,
-0.4552289843559265,
0.07468633353710175,
0.3816877007484436,
0.4741017818450928,
0.17465975880622864,
-0.4337952733039856,
0.17417822778224945,
-0.28904426097869873,
0.31958839297294617,
-0.2579030394554138,
-0.047593556344509125,
-0.2810872793197632,
0.1435062140226364,
0.7166121006011963,
0.5578901767730713,
0.44200658798217773,
-0.5443133115768433,
0.5044817328453064,
0.041705548763275146,
0.10573285073041916,
-0.30834871530532837,
0.08095315843820572,
0.02457278035581112,
-0.4692184627056122,
-0.426437646150589,
-0.11414416134357452,
0.551192045211792,
-0.25550156831741333,
-0.22294311225414276,
-0.11188323050737381,
-0.4525083899497986,
0.3087940216064453,
-1.3377127647399902,
0.5944108366966248,
0.007744007743895054,
-0.5046344995498657,
-0.6431156992912292,
0.43336740136146545,
-0.3369186818599701,
0.4564080238342285,
-0.06533507257699966,
0.7444610595703125,
-0.7047842741012573,
-0.1692763864994049,
0.3469976484775543,
-0.5417724251747131,
0.19351635873317719,
0.07187564671039581,
-0.14606085419654846,
0.0669870600104332,
-0.29576003551483154,
-0.030431224033236504,
0.47116655111312866,
-0.0754205733537674,
0.07707739621400833,
-0.7109779119491577,
-0.38769248127937317,
-0.41412368416786194,
0.32480165362358093,
-0.08888410776853561,
-0.7601394057273865,
-0.49882012605667114,
-0.45374026894569397,
0.052252672612667084,
0.04124470427632332,
0.01651647314429283,
0.37467482686042786,
0.003968656994402409,
0.9255756735801697,
-0.40205058455467224,
0.10050363838672638,
0.10670740902423859,
-0.6226793527603149,
0.0857759490609169,
-0.5102317929267883,
0.6580924987792969,
-0.5698202848434448,
-0.6418910622596741,
0.5659658908843994,
0.32151439785957336,
0.4102812111377716,
0.11228087544441223,
0.16338469088077545,
0.21733419597148895,
-0.05444216728210449,
0.1741609275341034,
-0.5974960327148438,
0.2915794849395752,
0.6310199499130249,
0.4859130084514618,
-0.15036799013614655,
-0.2953342795372009,
-0.31067195534706116,
0.14163994789123535,
-0.1690361052751541,
0.07430703192949295,
-0.17764243483543396,
-0.062379371374845505,
0.10981859266757965,
0.5067383050918579,
-0.2072186917066574,
-0.1621723473072052,
0.3926573693752289,
-0.06869310140609741,
0.30827653408050537,
0.11147711426019669,
0.7820343971252441,
0.8935492634773254,
-0.13582968711853027,
-0.6012024879455566,
0.19783195853233337,
0.031962912529706955,
0.7796701788902283,
-0.1897605061531067,
-0.6745281219482422,
-0.04182889312505722,
0.13005608320236206,
-0.011401592753827572,
-0.28486037254333496,
0.8733982443809509,
0.07286053150892258,
-0.706811785697937,
-0.27206310629844666,
-0.22053565084934235,
-0.021466510370373726,
0.4634946286678314,
-0.8047767281532288,
-0.09318938851356506,
-0.8147350549697876,
0.03366833180189133,
0.5794346332550049,
0.08225507289171219,
0.11725547909736633,
-0.1418544054031372,
0.01835266873240471,
-0.1757231056690216,
-0.3278760313987732,
-0.47313836216926575,
-0.20119798183441162,
-0.04460049793124199,
-0.3608686327934265,
0.12594598531723022,
0.1904628872871399,
-0.02217889577150345,
0.8206968307495117,
0.0290267001837492,
0.02363056316971779,
0.2812430262565613,
0.19769959151744843,
0.2530161440372467,
-0.2058950662612915,
-0.34849813580513,
0.4966253936290741,
0.6333869695663452,
-0.43698379397392273,
0.04209904000163078,
-0.30969080328941345,
-0.3101005554199219,
0.6475549936294556,
-0.13211920857429504,
-0.5905564427375793,
-0.156992107629776,
0.7614896297454834,
-0.045869529247283936,
-0.03801954165101051,
0.09402577579021454,
-0.40419939160346985,
-0.04923885315656662,
-0.21915960311889648,
0.42689087986946106,
0.1590825319290161,
-0.1859186291694641,
0.318697065114975,
0.13295726478099823,
0.31501516699790955,
-0.12140479683876038,
-0.18033809959888458,
0.004716673865914345,
0.23413456976413727,
-0.3284257650375366,
0.29541847109794617,
0.07905571162700653,
-0.3146692216396332,
0.7298689484596252,
0.2292284071445465,
0.4504670202732086,
-0.48245716094970703,
-0.1188247948884964,
0.7161974906921387,
-0.09323461353778839,
-0.4157795310020447,
0.5155479907989502,
0.006769829895347357,
0.5257164835929871,
0.24087925255298615,
0.8119766116142273,
-0.011948241852223873,
-0.020132359117269516,
0.2711702287197113,
0.23158806562423706,
-0.12113865464925766,
0.29656094312667847,
-0.635530948638916,
-0.24791739881038666,
0.13400781154632568,
-0.4970293939113617,
0.5059345364570618,
0.1308594048023224,
-0.12970542907714844,
0.03385409712791443,
0.06399256736040115,
0.8176270127296448,
0.5413891673088074,
0.49459588527679443,
0.1854066401720047,
-0.6658536791801453,
0.23706473410129547,
0.09737036377191544,
0.061798837035894394,
0.003482099389657378,
0.19213776290416718,
0.3690943717956543,
0.4523547291755676,
-0.32060757279396057,
0.3212641477584839,
-0.15083082020282745,
0.30949848890304565,
-0.018850939348340034,
-0.17371152341365814,
0.21475490927696228,
0.48997247219085693,
0.2790270745754242,
0.3720381557941437,
0.016573376953601837,
-0.10663081705570221,
-0.0995340421795845,
0.044643305242061615,
0.4345743656158447,
0.13758936524391174,
0.4855270981788635,
-0.5871817469596863,
-0.2907540798187256,
0.045864298939704895,
0.02688147872686386,
0.04503636807203293,
-0.1619841605424881,
-0.4805632531642914,
0.09413887560367584,
0.22232891619205475,
0.3353428542613983,
0.18699154257774353,
-0.35411691665649414,
-0.1985636204481125,
-0.8020173907279968,
0.46897295117378235,
-0.02165784128010273,
-0.23148663341999054,
0.3880700170993805,
-0.08888708800077438,
0.17248699069023132,
0.041560206562280655,
0.11453922837972641,
-0.44039130210876465,
-0.2185337096452713,
-0.3404621481895447,
-0.37202444672584534,
-0.2531656324863434,
0.317221999168396,
-0.3983198404312134,
-0.32578393816947937,
-0.6032845377922058,
-0.4586828947067261,
0.34750738739967346,
-0.4229791462421417,
-0.4621258080005646,
0.23419494926929474,
0.04874616488814354,
-0.4715079069137573,
-0.09892287850379944,
0.4353463053703308,
-0.3755047023296356,
-0.19511528313159943,
0.03807540237903595,
-0.45313113927841187,
0.8798022270202637,
-0.4561815559864044,
-0.4925420880317688,
0.8698379397392273,
-0.1703537106513977,
-0.0760529488325119,
0.20814380049705505,
-0.33044376969337463,
-0.00835363194346428,
0.025243468582630157,
-5.8582353591918945,
0.3025263547897339,
0.06216717138886452,
-0.10247265547513962,
-0.2650832533836365,
0.1475284844636917,
0.04309280589222908,
0.059269241988658905,
0.1943875402212143,
-0.2417014092206955,
0.7632883787155151,
-0.057701047509908676,
-0.124684639275074,
0.9997282028198242,
0.3689611554145813,
0.2992708086967468,
-0.06429783999919891,
-0.005153129808604717,
-0.16898560523986816,
-0.27595770359039307,
-0.09067854285240173,
0.19637000560760498,
0.17628797888755798,
0.7717747092247009,
-0.19668662548065186,
0.08337343484163284,
-0.0255142655223608,
-0.27293428778648376,
-0.6719356179237366,
-0.15555696189403534,
-0.00891498290002346,
0.11838120967149734,
-0.5114647150039673,
0.4739131033420563,
-0.19028040766716003,
0.45736274123191833,
0.5969134569168091,
-0.12852908670902252,
0.7111983299255371,
-0.09303759038448334,
0.14050257205963135,
0.4260026216506958,
-0.23133717477321625,
-0.29948002099990845,
0.1914922595024109,
-0.07434442639350891,
-0.5563633441925049,
0.29950234293937683,
0.2630830407142639,
0.47114261984825134,
0.056333258748054504,
-0.27554604411125183,
0.27819639444351196,
0.3242574632167816,
0.16046291589736938,
0.33418452739715576,
0.634981632232666,
0.05988647788763046,
-0.4640617370605469,
0.7121886014938354,
0.6406886577606201,
0.14884603023529053,
-0.1062944233417511,
-1.2568864822387695,
-0.21535760164260864,
0.2945767939090729,
-0.30101025104522705,
0.0326756052672863,
0.3020496964454651,
0.03555665165185928,
-0.28391146659851074,
0.17141082882881165,
-0.5523754954338074,
-0.883730411529541,
-0.27155327796936035,
-0.484672874212265,
-0.30849891901016235,
0.35381895303726196,
-0.7192535996437073,
0.49635806679725647,
0.01919006183743477,
-0.45198488235473633,
0.2603100836277008,
-0.3928929269313812,
-0.024136090651154518,
-0.5700297951698303,
-0.215773805975914,
0.09229642152786255,
-0.05666574090719223,
0.06466641277074814,
0.7830259799957275,
-0.23062559962272644,
0.38983064889907837,
-0.010817521251738071,
0.26286303997039795,
0.8048466444015503,
-0.06790332496166229,
-0.01787520945072174,
0.4507931172847748,
-0.48494935035705566,
0.7951384782791138,
-0.5300720930099487,
0.18081267178058624,
0.12823544442653656,
-0.42760971188545227,
-0.22856298089027405,
-0.019125718623399734,
0.3544405996799469,
0.8714669346809387,
-0.06637132167816162,
0.20730091631412506,
-0.181150883436203,
-0.31773290038108826,
-0.7791807055473328,
0.5065580010414124,
-0.26214882731437683,
-0.05888165533542633,
0.46823596954345703,
0.669285237789154,
-0.2063194215297699,
0.012153564020991325,
0.24633173644542694,
-0.30762913823127747,
-0.10659176111221313,
-0.4835125803947449,
-0.6136596202850342,
-0.011446107178926468,
0.4741345942020416,
-0.3983803987503052,
0.20716623961925507,
-0.19950468838214874,
0.18135756254196167,
0.28306588530540466,
0.06904135644435883,
0.14928007125854492,
0.09473353624343872,
-0.59506756067276,
-0.5901691317558289,
0.3914914131164551,
-0.39450252056121826,
0.3817163109779358,
-0.5390249490737915,
-0.6954721808433533,
-0.11911001801490784,
0.5567489266395569,
0.13285042345523834,
-0.15788805484771729,
-0.5188121795654297,
-0.4774596095085144,
0.5289457440376282,
0.19664959609508514,
-0.15176165103912354,
-0.4539746046066284,
0.2560279071331024,
-0.2938265800476074,
-0.41884562373161316,
-0.005806516855955124,
0.42776310443878174,
-0.10025172680616379,
0.34938207268714905,
0.42297250032424927,
-0.29400381445884705,
-0.759252667427063,
-0.025848565623164177,
0.09366133064031601,
0.12407366931438446,
-0.33753708004951477,
-0.7584453821182251,
0.11644446849822998,
0.8525249361991882,
0.3197222948074341,
-0.6627618670463562,
-0.3303290605545044,
-0.10215429961681366,
0.19495941698551178,
-0.06240345537662506,
-0.05822206661105156,
0.015745917335152626,
-0.10889046639204025,
0.46305906772613525,
-0.20528417825698853,
-0.23905545473098755,
-0.010684331879019737,
0.18064452707767487,
-0.4400075376033783,
0.2886222302913666,
0.009413559921085835,
-0.10425341129302979,
-0.2780173122882843,
-0.4181838631629944,
-0.5251635313034058,
-0.03727756440639496,
0.2511123716831207,
0.21921615302562714,
-0.19642144441604614,
-0.12811924517154694,
-0.15597793459892273,
-0.02717750519514084,
-0.22306965291500092,
-0.477742999792099,
-0.054715532809495926,
0.25884807109832764,
-0.7749216556549072,
0.22017481923103333,
-0.32249587774276733,
-0.7228588461875916,
0.5525835752487183,
0.06273896247148514,
-0.5522350072860718,
0.21756543219089508,
-0.853813648223877,
-0.7350044250488281,
0.27372807264328003,
0.7032166123390198,
0.0666268914937973,
0.02246822975575924,
-0.1459127813577652,
0.3611709177494049,
-0.5236290097236633,
-0.1547919660806656,
-0.4264271855354309,
0.12483049184083939,
-0.15215173363685608,
-0.2425287663936615,
-0.5150167942047119,
0.8288551568984985,
0.18474328517913818,
-0.4824582636356354,
1.095860481262207,
-0.3414647877216339,
-0.0805133804678917,
0.30233141779899597,
-0.3936088979244232,
-0.0284557081758976,
-0.026227936148643494,
-0.34756073355674744,
0.2068949192762375,
-0.26569241285324097,
0.1689774990081787,
0.5564889311790466,
0.8318371772766113,
0.7549135684967041,
-0.11452619731426239,
-0.14734099805355072,
-0.39808499813079834,
0.06800629198551178,
0.2940770089626312,
-0.2885405719280243,
-0.3795832693576813,
0.27694839239120483,
-0.3623259961605072,
-0.30761897563934326,
-0.2713956832885742,
0.10013846307992935,
0.8549864292144775,
-0.625730037689209,
-0.09079186618328094,
0.031388312578201294,
-0.02541830763220787,
0.27315783500671387,
0.14345107972621918,
-0.20970234274864197,
-0.18595468997955322,
0.025053685531020164,
0.13701093196868896,
-0.11234061419963837,
-0.14149314165115356,
0.18798649311065674,
0.3927325904369354,
0.13426576554775238,
0.7835862040519714,
0.3451908230781555,
0.2081899344921112,
0.5783632397651672,
-0.16650128364562988,
0.36249223351478577,
0.2699016332626343,
0.0461345836520195,
0.342648983001709,
-0.3246203660964966,
-0.8724715709686279,
0.2798933684825897,
-0.28850919008255005,
-0.5225682854652405,
0.03786805272102356,
-0.6109241247177124,
-0.35225749015808105,
-0.15507839620113373,
-0.530063271522522,
0.09723059833049774,
0.2148115336894989,
-0.1685134321451187,
-0.12221582233905792,
-0.07586140930652618,
-0.2033642679452896,
-0.11107562482357025,
-0.14005263149738312,
0.7872205972671509,
-0.15963134169578552,
0.12365201860666275,
-1.1713142395019531,
0.6028493046760559,
-0.027029484510421753,
-0.992561936378479,
-0.030755339190363884,
-0.05139455944299698,
0.05438306927680969,
-0.22533941268920898,
-0.5877516269683838,
-0.5237250328063965,
-0.034698486328125,
-0.3824772238731384,
0.01004911307245493,
0.6322180032730103,
-0.1782422661781311,
0.6581540703773499,
0.22868239879608154,
-0.18206730484962463,
-0.15451204776763916,
0.32143330574035645,
0.363132119178772,
0.21310922503471375,
0.029000213369727135,
0.2230904996395111,
0.2725377678871155,
0.6960470080375671,
-0.6409870982170105,
-0.10137118399143219,
0.5070391297340393,
0.5067422389984131,
0.09505283087491989,
-0.7688607573509216,
-0.6004220247268677,
0.24664148688316345,
-0.4837612509727478,
-0.16041041910648346,
0.12825332581996918,
-0.87574702501297,
-0.45936518907546997,
0.4009949266910553,
0.42618536949157715,
0.5086449384689331,
0.1347535103559494,
0.24065835773944855,
0.04132300987839699,
-0.1492437720298767,
-0.26157379150390625,
0.13557913899421692,
0.14017337560653687,
-0.5295796394348145,
-0.10621754080057144,
0.13686980307102203,
0.4018174707889557,
-0.032439183443784714,
-0.163059800863266,
0.24114593863487244,
-0.2737831771373749,
-0.12173958867788315,
-0.7994065880775452,
-0.02103513665497303,
-0.07754706591367722,
-0.21966679394245148,
0.1690416932106018,
-0.22644861042499542,
-0.2729223668575287,
-0.28109174966812134,
-0.22697517275810242,
-0.30457210540771484,
-0.18631604313850403,
0.06918557733297348,
0.20255854725837708,
0.32793471217155457,
-0.35970354080200195,
0.30876624584198,
-0.14890868961811066,
0.2843836843967438,
0.21587489545345306,
0.4927230477333069,
0.10319771617650986,
-0.02572435513138771,
-0.3262569308280945,
0.5216029286384583,
0.003772395895794034,
-0.3675343692302704,
-0.024754086509346962,
-0.6304765343666077,
0.19429360330104828,
0.003726484952494502,
0.33692580461502075,
-0.19722890853881836,
0.2549097537994385,
-0.3606289327144623,
-0.25791120529174805,
0.2882870137691498,
0.2654898464679718,
-0.43772172927856445,
0.35941869020462036,
0.5712708830833435,
0.35650962591171265,
-0.2747817039489746,
0.8583917021751404,
-0.3567216694355011,
-0.02044990099966526,
-0.21436317265033722,
-0.34098637104034424,
-0.5034826993942261,
-0.3428707420825958,
0.12574245035648346,
-0.3275514841079712,
0.2215726226568222,
0.8298001289367676,
-0.2849096655845642,
-0.4985889494419098,
0.30201995372772217,
-0.08232815563678741,
0.12585292756557465,
0.5881912708282471,
-0.33811721205711365,
-0.10212326049804688,
-1.0154078006744385,
0.4099872410297394,
-0.26638948917388916,
0.17934724688529968,
0.5969796180725098,
0.8373765349388123,
-0.5031469464302063,
0.24925579130649567,
-0.30193766951560974,
-0.8023620843887329,
0.40749675035476685,
0.3143095374107361,
-0.23962292075157166,
-0.4350159466266632,
0.28563201427459717,
-0.42458197474479675,
-0.568702757358551,
0.5472525358200073,
0.37805819511413574,
0.3014708459377289,
0.029709529131650925,
-0.04670592024922371,
-0.29477760195732117,
0.7887970805168152,
0.17721866071224213,
0.06824889779090881,
-0.36984601616859436,
-0.2634187340736389,
-0.5635508298873901,
-0.47960370779037476,
0.47779157757759094,
0.3012072443962097,
0.4225245416164398,
0.41009679436683655,
0.3643556833267212,
0.24556590616703033,
0.1443454772233963,
0.22954726219177246,
-0.5874873995780945,
-0.03216882050037384,
0.11045296490192413
] |
210311
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso
|
Esso
|
Esso is a trading name for ExxonMobil. Originally, the name was primarily used by its predecessor Standard Oil of New Jersey after the breakup of the original Standard Oil company in 1911. The company adopted the name "Esso" (the phonetic pronunciation of Standard Oil's initials, 'S' and 'O'), to which the other Standard Oil companies would later object.
Standard Oil of New Jersey started marketing its products under the Esso brand in 1926. In 1972, the name Esso was largely replaced in the U.S. by the Exxon brand after the Standard Oil of New Jersey bought Humble Oil, while the Esso name remained widely used elsewhere. In most of the world, the Esso brand and the Mobil brand are the primary brand names of ExxonMobil, while the Exxon brand is used only in the United States alongside Mobil.
History
In 1911, Standard Oil was broken up into 34 companies, some of which were named Standard Oil and had the rights to that brand in certain states (the other companies had no territorial rights). The name Esso is the phonetic pronunciation of the initials 'S' and 'O' in the name Standard Oil. Standard Oil Company (New Jersey; "Jersey Standard") had the rights in that state, plus in Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia. By 1941, it had also acquired the rights in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana.
It also used the Esso brand in New York and the six New England states, where the Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony-Vacuum, later Socony Mobil) had the rights, but did not object to the New Jersey company's use of the trademark (the two companies did not merge until November 1999). However, in the other states, the other Standard Oil companies objected and, via a 1937, U.S. federal court injunction, forced Jersey Standard to use other brand names. In most states the company used the Enco ("Energy Company") brand name, and in a few, the Humble brand name. The objections were mostly made by Standard Oil of Ohio and, in the 1960s, Standard Oil of California (now Chevron Corporation) after their acquisition of former Esso jobber Standard Oil of Kentucky. The other major Standard Oil spinoff, Standard Oil of Indiana (which became Amoco) largely didn't object due to the Midwestern United States being a weaker market for Esso.
The other Standard companies likewise were "Standard" or some variant on that name in their home states, and another brand name in other states. Esso ranked 31st among American corporations in the value of World War II production contracts.
During the years of racial segregation in the United States, Esso franchises gave out The Negro Motorist Green Book: An International Travel Guide.
In 1973, Standard Oil of New Jersey renamed itself Exxon Corporation, and adopted the Exxon brand name throughout the country. It maintained the trademark rights to the Standard and Esso brands in the states where it held those rights by selling Esso Diesel in those states at stations that sell diesel fuel, thus preventing the trademark from being declared abandoned.
It retained the Esso brand in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands until 2008, when it sold its stations there to Total S.A.
The Enco brand name was used on locations in the Midwest until 1977, when they were sold to Cheker Oil Co. (now part of 7-Eleven); Exxon continues to have a presence in southern Ohio today (as it does throughout much of Appalachia in general), though Mobil is the company's primary brand in the Midwest.
In February 2016, ExxonMobil successfully asked a U.S. federal court to lift the 1930s, trademark injunction that banned it from using the Esso brand in some states. By this time, as a result of numerous mergers and rebranding, most of the remaining Standard Oil companies that had objected to the Esso name had been acquired by BP. ExxonMobil cited trademark surveys in which there was no longer possible confusion with the Esso name as it was more than seven decades before. Neither BP nor Chevron (which had minimized the use of the Standard name in the 1970s) had any objection to lifting the ban.
ExxonMobil did not specify whether they would now open new stations in the U.S. under the Esso name; they were primarily concerned about the additional expenses of having separate marketing, letterheads, packaging, and other materials that omit Esso. The Esso name did return to minor station signage at both Exxon and Mobil stations, which also had the effect of ExxonMobil de facto claiming the Standard trademark in Colorado, Kentucky, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma and Wyoming as Chevron withdrew from Kentucky in 2010 and BP gradually withdrew sales from the other states.
United Kingdom
In 1888, the Anglo American Oil Company opened its head office in London, which eventually became a part of Esso. In August 1998, Tesco announced a partnership with Esso, opening chains of Tesco Express stores located within forecourts, which continues today. In February 2000, the two companies were opening one new store a month, creating 4,000 jobs.
Esso Blue
Esso Blue was the brand name of Esso's paraffin oil (kerosene) for domestic heaters in countries such as the United Kingdom. Their television advertising song from the 1950s, through to the 1970s, was the famous "Bom, Bom, Bom, Bom, Esso Blue!"
One campaign used the well-known song tune of "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" reworded as: "They asked me how I knew, it was Esso Blue, I of course replied, with lower grades one buys, smoke gets in your eyes. The non-smoking paraffin".
The track was released as a flexi disk which was given away free in hardware stores.
Cleveland
In the 1930s, Esso acquired Cleveland, an independent company based in North East England. Its founder and principal shareholder, Norman Davis, had spent some of World War I with his brother Manuel in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland's products included a benzole blend and an alcohol blend called "Discol". The Esso and Cleveland names continued in use until 1973, when the Cleveland filling stations were re-branded as Esso.
Northern Ireland
Esso traded in Northern Ireland up until the early 2000s. Their forecourts were re-branded as Maxol and some remained private.
Euro Garages
45 of Euro Garages' forecourts were bought from Esso in 2013, and are operated under the Esso brand. They plan to roll out partner brands such as Starbucks and Spar, replacing the Esso branded shops.
Esso ROC / On the Run / Snack and Shop
ROC used self-branded stores under the "Snack and Shop" and "On the Run" branding depending on the size and the larger sites featured a Costa Cafe. ROC was the name for Esso's self-operated forecourts.
By 2015, ROC UK had sold all their sites to operators such as Rontec and Euro Garages, leaving no forecourts directly operated by Esso in the UK.
Affiliates
Canada
In Canada, the Esso brand is used on stations supplied by Imperial Oil, which is 69.8% owned by ExxonMobil. The stations are owned by third-party retailers such as Couche-Tard (mostly Ontario and Quebec, with stores primarily operating under the Circle K, Couche-Tard and Mac's brands), 7-Eleven (mostly Alberta and British Columbia), Parkland Fuel, Harnois Groupe pétrolier, Husky Energy, and Wilson Fuel. Imperial Oil began to sell the majority of its company-owned stations in 2016.
Esso also provides aviation fuel services at 80 airport locations in Canada (Aviation and Avitat).
Australia
In Australia, Esso is an affiliate of ExxonMobil; it operates oil and gas production. Its retail petrol stations were acquired by Mobil Australia in 1990.
France
Esso S.A.F. is the French subsidiary of ExxonMobil, operating several hundred filling stations and two refineries in France.
Caribbean
Esso has sold most of its assets in the Caribbean. In 2008 it sold its retail operations in Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and Jamaica to Total S.A. Those were converted to the Total brand. In 2014, Sol Petroleum purchased Esso operations in The Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe and Martinique. Rights to continue to operate in those countries under the Esso name were included.
South America
Standard Oil of New Jersey started business in Argentina in 1911, acquiring the "Compañía Nacional de Aceites" (National Company of Oil) (that had been founded in 1906 by entrepreneur Emilio Schiffner in Campana, Buenos Aires to produce kerosene). It became the first oil refinery in Latin America, doing business as "Compañía Nativa de Petróleo". Soon later, it merged to other foreign company operating in Argentina, West India Oil Co. (mostly known as "WICO"). The first petrol pump was placed in the Plaza del Congreso of Buenos Aires, while the first service station opened in 1927 in the city of Santa Fe. The company opened other refineries in Neuquén and Jujuy provinces. The company also introduced its motor oil line, Essolube in 1936. By 1943, Esso produced the 60% of petroleum in Argentina.
In 2011, local consortium Bridas Corporation (formed by Bridas Energy Holdings Limited and Chinese CNOOC International Limited) acquired rights to the Esso brand in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. As a result, all the Esso stations were rebranded as "Axion Energy". At the moment of the acquisition, Esso had 520 stations (with 450 under franchises), being the third largest producer of Argentine after YPF and Shell, with a 12% of participation in the market.
Japan
Established as Esso Standard Sekiyu K.K. in 1962, following the dissolution of the Standard Vacuum Oil Company. It became Esso Sekiyu K.K. in 1982. After the Exxon and Mobil merger in 1999, the Japanese subsidiaries were reorganized as ExxonMobil Y.K. in 2002, which spun off its downstream business to EMG Marketing G.K. in 2012, and acquired as a subsidiary by TonenGeneral Sekiyu K.K. in the same year. In 2016, JX Holdings and the TonenGeneral Group merged into JXTG Holdings (now Eneos Holdings), leading to the dissolution and absorption of EMG Marketing into a subsidiary of the new company, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy (now Eneos), in 2017. In 2019, the company began to phase out the Esso and Mobil brands in Japan, replacing it with JX's Eneos EneJet banner.
Branding
Esso is ExxonMobil's primary gasoline brand worldwide except in Australia, Guam, Mexico, Nigeria, and New Zealand, where the Mobil brand is used exclusively. In Canada (since 2017), Colombia, Egypt, and formerly Malaysia (until 2013, when Petron acquired ExxonMobil's Malaysian operations) and Japan (until 2019), both the Esso and Mobil brands are used. In Hong Kong and Singapore, Mobil brand is applied on Esso fuel tank after Mobil service stations began to merge with Esso since 2006.
Mobil is ExxonMobil's primary retail gasoline brand in California, Florida, New York, New England, the Great Lakes and the Midwest. Exxon is the primary brand in the rest of the United States, with the highest concentration of retail outlets located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas and in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern states.
Advertising campaigns
In the 1960s, campaigns featuring heavy spending in different mass media channels became more prominent. Esso spent hundreds of millions of dollars on a brand awareness campaign built around the simple and alliterative theme Put a Tiger in Your Tank, which was invented by Emery Smith in 1959.
The North American and later European campaign featured extensive television and radio and magazine ads, including photos with tiger tails supposedly emerging from car gas tanks, in England there were faux tiger tails with pink ribbons to tie round underneath the cap of the petrol tank so as to look as if there was a tiger in the tank: these were often seen on the road in the 1960s; at one time in England there was a television advertisement where a sombre man labelled as the advertising manager said that they were no longer going to have the tiger, followed a short while later with advertisements for the save the tiger campaign, promotional events featuring real tigers, billboards, and in Europe station pump hoses "wrapped in tiger stripes" as well as pop music songs. Tiger imagery can still be seen on the pumps of successor firm ExxonMobil.
Commercial automotive and motorcycle partnerships
Esso, along with its sister brands Exxon and Mobil, are official long-term recommended gasoline of two Volkswagen Group marques (mainly Bentley and Porsche), all Toyota Group marques and subsidiaries (including Toyota, Lexus, Daihatsu, Hino, and Perodua, shared with Petronas and Petron), General Motors marques and subsidiaries (including Chevrolet (shared with Shell), Cadillac, Buick, Holden, and former GM marques such as Opel (shared with Shell along with Chevrolet) and Vauxhall) and Honda (including Acura, shared with BP, Total and its subsidiary, Elf Aquitaine) for automobiles. In addition, they are also recommended fuels for Honda motorcycles.
Motorsports
Formula One team Lotus had Esso sponsorship from 1962 until 1967 while sponsoring Indianapolis 500 winner and Formula One world champion Jim Clark as well as Brabham from 1964 until 1973. From 2002 to 2009, Esso sponsored Toyota F1, as well as Jordan and its successor, Midland in 2005 and 2006, after Esso became ExxonMobil's global primary fuel brand through the merger of Exxon with Mobil in 1999. Williams F1 had one season of Esso sponsorship in 2009 when Petrobras left F1 in 2008 before they returned in 2014. The Esso brand was used in McLaren Formula One cars along with Mobil from 2014 despite Esso actually partnering and supplying fuels for McLaren team from 2015 to 2016 seasons, as well as Exxon from 2015 in United States Grand Prix only, as they are currently ExxonMobil brands after the merger. In 2017, ExxonMobil switched to Red Bull Racing, as well as Faenza-based sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso for one season only.
Enco, as sister brand of Esso before both renamed as Exxon in 1973, had sponsored three Indianapolis 500 winning cars in 1965, 1967 and 1968, won by Jim Clark, A. J. Foyt and Bobby Unser, powered by Ford for 1965 and 1967 seasons, and Offenhauser for 1968 season.
Esso is also active in 24 Hours of Le Mans and various endurance racing, sponsoring Martini Lancia from 1982 to 1986, Le Mans-winning Peugeot 905 from 1990 to 1993, and Toyota GT-One in 1998–99. Esso is also a racing fuel supplier for Corvette Racing (for FIA World Endurance Championship, shared with VP Racing Fuels for non-WEC races). Since 1996 Esso currently supplying fuels for all Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup entrants under Mobil brand as ExxonMobil increased its fuel partnership role with Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup as Esso since the 2015 season.
References
External links
Oil companies of the United States
American brands
Automotive fuel retailers
ExxonMobil brands
Standard Oil
Chemical companies of the United States
Gas stations in Canada
Automotive companies of the United States
Retail companies established in 1911
Energy companies established in 1911
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1911
Companies based in Irving, Texas
ExxonMobil subsidiaries
Rockefeller family
|
[
0.08824107050895691,
0.07009429484605789,
-0.4738917946815491,
-0.1771429032087326,
-0.18530210852622986,
-0.05495288223028183,
-0.45375514030456543,
0.8330559134483337,
0.0007513412274420261,
0.2406318336725235,
-0.32692375779151917,
0.7326766848564148,
0.16439417004585266,
0.22297310829162598,
0.016674190759658813,
-0.31760743260383606,
-0.14658606052398682,
0.9158167839050293,
0.277678519487381,
-0.3962232768535614,
-0.4126981496810913,
-0.19670358300209045,
0.13360832631587982,
-0.6023809313774109,
0.6020738482475281,
-0.26238712668418884,
-0.39322569966316223,
-0.06355036795139313,
0.020209943875670433,
0.2869690954685211,
0.4018825888633728,
0.858500063419342,
-0.6391191482543945,
0.20976634323596954,
-0.4686175286769867,
0.2897721529006958,
-0.06327847391366959,
-0.3890586793422699,
-0.5500279068946838,
-0.794364869594574,
-0.45392337441444397,
-0.1508180946111679,
0.10165378451347351,
0.274607390165329,
-0.2697080969810486,
-0.41395002603530884,
-1.5186103582382202,
-0.23337435722351074,
-0.9901257157325745,
-0.05517357960343361,
-0.3735906183719635,
0.032871734350919724,
-0.1013292521238327,
0.510037899017334,
-0.08972599357366562,
0.3812236189842224,
-0.8770111799240112,
0.04825564846396446,
-0.014824405312538147,
-0.7507851123809814,
0.8654675483703613,
0.0989031046628952,
-0.05432010442018509,
-0.030462371185421944,
0.6306532621383667,
-0.14380905032157898,
0.1472485363483429,
0.05803373083472252,
-0.5310976505279541,
0.24366602301597595,
-0.1586121767759323,
-0.511529266834259,
-0.07680342346429825,
0.08167282491922379,
-0.05737411975860596,
-0.46156859397888184,
-0.2620140612125397,
0.07404537498950958,
-0.014817745424807072,
0.6868560314178467,
0.45329731702804565,
0.6020781397819519,
0.8264459371566772,
-0.44323495030403137,
0.1935621052980423,
0.6551258563995361,
-0.575446367263794,
0.08751683682203293,
0.026837948709726334,
0.5201338529586792,
0.09919591248035431,
0.161094069480896,
0.6998788118362427,
-0.26131755113601685,
-0.45993196964263916,
0.044067252427339554,
0.3885328769683838,
0.058602478355169296,
-0.008411641232669353,
0.28352275490760803,
-0.03334736078977585,
0.06663569062948227,
0.10449228435754776,
-0.4737600088119507,
-0.29282718896865845,
-0.20243558287620544,
-0.14273327589035034,
0.1132817417383194,
0.4779565632343292,
-1.271392583847046,
0.10296483337879181,
-0.10945118963718414,
0.08308017998933792,
0.36700350046157837,
-0.17402558028697968,
0.24797466397285461,
0.01303277537226677,
0.5037319660186768,
-0.002071947790682316,
0.20369327068328857,
0.1161668449640274,
0.5598819255828857,
-0.3675712049007416,
0.02930263802409172,
0.2000580132007599,
0.22190724313259125,
0.13304297626018524,
0.28403976559638977,
-0.12386071681976318,
0.07512533664703369,
0.13978706300258636,
0.7927783727645874,
0.14334622025489807,
0.29002469778060913,
-0.30257028341293335,
-0.14889797568321228,
0.7452828884124756,
0.24909326434135437,
0.4402095079421997,
0.18754419684410095,
-0.6322479844093323,
-0.4118482768535614,
-2.0913965702056885,
-0.16307105123996735,
0.12331532686948776,
-0.4818924367427826,
0.119176484644413,
-0.3882114291191101,
-0.08414081484079361,
-0.003925986122339964,
0.5492061376571655,
-0.7248122096061707,
-0.39894965291023254,
0.31758585572242737,
0.4361690878868103,
-0.010912591591477394,
0.28797662258148193,
-0.3897247612476349,
0.06901748478412628,
0.014423086307942867,
-0.3559403419494629,
-0.41022321581840515,
0.1298346221446991,
-0.07776345312595367,
0.06755565106868744,
-0.4702531397342682,
-0.23861464858055115,
0.24143195152282715,
-0.21637199819087982,
-0.11699774116277695,
0.12453805655241013,
-0.47510892152786255,
0.40638938546180725,
-0.3460332155227661,
0.2073674201965332,
0.1559743732213974,
0.23987650871276855,
0.40005993843078613,
0.6654062867164612,
0.5037709474563599,
-0.6490494608879089,
0.8617537021636963,
0.38527852296829224,
-0.23343288898468018,
0.3736388683319092,
-0.10509677231311798,
0.6962549686431885,
0.05431387573480606,
-0.09284769743680954,
0.008684510365128517,
-0.53133624792099,
-0.17179793119430542,
-0.13579359650611877,
-0.5825608372688293,
0.11878152191638947,
-0.03561055660247803,
-0.570262610912323,
0.4620753228664398,
-0.22571961581707,
0.08933006972074509,
-0.3910410404205322,
0.6641290187835693,
0.009864390827715397,
-0.7814276814460754,
-0.37701615691185,
1.5172196626663208,
0.6350342035293579,
0.09292468428611755,
0.311165452003479,
0.505232572555542,
0.08572845906019211,
-0.12570349872112274,
0.35136061906814575,
-0.1669786423444748,
0.00022033041750546545,
-0.530314028263092,
-0.1512676328420639,
0.20100978016853333,
0.15080209076404572,
-0.15614739060401917,
0.7255590558052063,
-0.003101154463365674,
-0.14465782046318054,
-0.05406920984387398,
-0.6176221370697021,
-0.14065760374069214,
0.3574810326099396,
0.1504879593849182,
0.05984346568584442,
-0.4635472893714905,
0.6175148487091064,
-0.1002352312207222,
0.1436309516429901,
-0.4348521828651428,
0.147000253200531,
-0.07422789186239243,
-0.3557267487049103,
-0.10633042454719543,
0.4507976174354553,
0.015231199562549591,
0.38946354389190674,
0.27164292335510254,
-0.48184525966644287,
0.5508613586425781,
0.5399510860443115,
-0.08325905352830887,
0.22126485407352448,
0.15487271547317505,
-0.5829339027404785,
0.1422477662563324,
0.11741212755441666,
-0.022189419716596603,
-0.054874975234270096,
-0.5976926684379578,
-0.12597887217998505,
-0.3905920684337616,
0.15432097017765045,
0.4710126221179962,
-0.23160339891910553,
-0.018519124016165733,
-0.4702434539794922,
-0.17076145112514496,
0.0809994786977768,
0.6547763347625732,
0.12089081853628159,
-0.72980135679245,
-0.35852164030075073,
-0.2943020462989807,
0.107648566365242,
-0.10220479965209961,
0.6476320624351501,
0.06814839690923691,
0.18900972604751587,
-1.558081865310669,
-0.29150769114494324,
0.14212624728679657,
-0.18319915235042572,
0.3017463684082031,
-0.45246240496635437,
-0.0691840797662735,
0.6333549618721008,
0.4012499451637268,
0.10801330953836441,
-0.49469640851020813,
-0.24584892392158508,
-0.539404571056366,
-0.007913179695606232,
-0.6650875806808472,
0.15634861588478088,
-0.03252239152789116,
0.24279123544692993,
-0.35629022121429443,
-0.2821747660636902,
0.5282677412033081,
0.2773858904838562,
-0.16549809277057648,
0.03713219240307808,
0.34040775895118713,
-0.029559694230556488,
-0.3073228597640991,
-0.4494527280330658,
0.012329990975558758,
-0.18673411011695862,
-0.030915943905711174,
0.28115350008010864,
-0.15280839800834656,
0.02245851419866085,
-0.4230639636516571,
-5.577422142028809,
-0.10558798909187317,
-0.22708524763584137,
-0.1744578778743744,
0.5965496897697449,
-0.23026710748672485,
0.7387070655822754,
-0.15785513818264008,
-0.35046085715293884,
0.3127880096435547,
0.2225274294614792,
0.29138049483299255,
0.4873370826244354,
-0.23753730952739716,
-0.08518392592668533,
0.6196029186248779,
0.4884853661060333,
0.23595313727855682,
0.4635476768016815,
0.19321291148662567,
-0.18240384757518768,
-0.45035484433174133,
0.19220435619354248,
0.5543725490570068,
0.027518432587385178,
-0.25359708070755005,
0.09641037881374359,
0.004925823770463467,
-0.41999247670173645,
0.03775486350059509,
-0.18142639100551605,
0.010656887665390968,
0.10880529880523682,
-0.2716977000236511,
-0.20563732087612152,
-0.21139051020145416,
0.3716299533843994,
0.206187903881073,
-0.047609444707632065,
0.0011339777847751975,
-0.3609372675418854,
-0.02485470101237297,
0.380664587020874,
-0.3315538465976715,
-0.10647090524435043,
0.08359798789024353,
-0.3584182858467102,
-0.1099841445684433,
-0.007464074529707432,
0.8381769061088562,
-0.22352257370948792,
0.03928925096988678,
0.055410243570804596,
-0.43201833963394165,
0.24437586963176727,
-0.07854139804840088,
0.3979186713695526,
-0.2809852957725525,
0.1806502342224121,
0.44167330861091614,
0.6051698923110962,
-0.14888061583042145,
0.026715358719229698,
-0.47455427050590515,
-0.47771066427230835,
0.05930245295166969,
0.08434269577264786,
-0.299567312002182,
0.4572564661502838,
0.19412505626678467,
0.308900386095047,
0.25129011273384094,
0.09068631380796432,
-0.8484398722648621,
-0.6267720460891724,
-0.19218461215496063,
0.45023858547210693,
0.36867794394493103,
-0.05304699018597603,
0.11441732197999954,
-0.015220938250422478,
0.055628228932619095,
-0.10216633230447769,
-0.3984071910381317,
-0.09966131299734116,
-0.38904625177383423,
-0.49536246061325073,
0.32064443826675415,
-0.1594221293926239,
0.01598552241921425,
0.46132954955101013,
0.03817585110664368,
0.19220960140228271,
0.23292088508605957,
-0.37479928135871887,
-0.1357487291097641,
0.32134678959846497,
0.29168131947517395,
0.21872615814208984,
-1.1358636617660522,
0.08749077469110489,
0.19082382321357727,
0.1925363838672638,
-0.1656285673379898,
-0.19245661795139313,
-0.9479926228523254,
0.012550667859613895,
-0.11360801011323929,
0.6918542385101318,
-0.18852940201759338,
0.11396543681621552,
0.300906240940094,
-0.598673403263092,
-0.18885642290115356,
0.34196415543556213,
0.5126100778579712,
-0.5880412459373474,
0.038445889949798584,
0.08730714023113251,
-0.23181213438510895,
0.3607642948627472,
0.5761252641677856,
-0.2729507386684418,
-0.20458278059959412,
-0.692585289478302,
-0.42167457938194275,
-0.12528978288173676,
0.5951610803604126,
-0.1995125114917755,
0.09254886209964752,
0.16333523392677307,
0.47029104828834534,
0.21700553596019745,
0.01841312274336815,
0.4102461636066437,
-0.614574670791626,
-0.46774330735206604,
0.204038605093956,
0.47250837087631226,
-0.4223913550376892,
0.21671949326992035,
-0.24663019180297852,
0.06061253324151039,
-0.15814553201198578,
0.3211314082145691,
0.7918489575386047,
-0.08545991778373718,
-0.6869257688522339,
0.30572906136512756,
0.8678497076034546,
0.3616003692150116,
-0.5044010281562805,
0.10827695578336716,
-0.21442994475364685,
0.19130021333694458,
-0.2969587743282318,
0.2743262052536011,
0.045226406306028366,
-0.5687668919563293,
-0.5741008520126343,
0.3835054039955139,
-0.02078770287334919,
-0.8362471461296082,
-0.27917802333831787,
0.39383313059806824,
-0.03713446483016014,
0.18735547363758087,
-0.3812037408351898,
-0.4523583650588989,
0.770387589931488,
0.15217772126197815,
-0.5519354343414307,
-0.3699342906475067,
-0.5133299231529236,
0.5632582902908325,
0.33275601267814636,
0.12203656882047653,
0.01796417124569416,
0.19159772992134094,
-0.041042979806661606,
0.5565138459205627,
0.06439527124166489,
-0.685928225517273,
0.2824952006340027,
0.08507629483938217,
-0.47025153040885925,
-0.05036735162138939,
0.1398160755634308,
-0.19741925597190857,
-0.11999630928039551,
0.20828796923160553,
0.008233691565692425,
0.24922218918800354,
0.058155592530965805,
-0.38871660828590393,
-0.44848740100860596,
-0.40036946535110474,
0.43610990047454834,
-0.141408309340477,
-0.5851685404777527,
0.20897400379180908,
0.5341170430183411,
-0.06709589064121246,
0.10512770712375641,
-0.5277519822120667,
-0.8378023505210876,
0.038621094077825546,
0.37252387404441833,
-0.6293242573738098,
0.40033599734306335,
-0.2669319212436676,
-0.6388072371482849,
-0.6563043594360352,
0.37648215889930725,
-0.20886683464050293,
0.2466866374015808,
0.6872460842132568,
-0.010810628533363342,
0.11712877452373505,
-0.471091628074646,
0.29847514629364014,
0.07536040991544724,
-0.2502574622631073,
-0.3403775691986084,
0.061051301658153534,
0.9644957184791565,
0.2258262038230896,
-0.2742088735103607,
0.5892108678817749,
-0.01131740678101778,
-0.4603298604488373,
-0.1268615573644638,
-0.3861822187900543,
0.4695703983306885,
0.023218447342514992,
0.5750493407249451,
-0.24227102100849152,
-0.048645079135894775,
0.19462957978248596,
-0.14432665705680847,
-0.009374489076435566,
-0.0848744809627533,
0.02487894892692566,
-0.3870563507080078,
-0.25986140966415405,
0.2290046513080597,
0.17573972046375275,
-0.3542347252368927,
-0.5073809027671814,
-0.0027211823035031557,
-0.25978195667266846,
-0.3792448341846466,
-0.43658486008644104,
0.012366214767098427,
1.3087921142578125,
-0.499919593334198,
0.35002726316452026,
0.1641809344291687,
-0.6969690918922424,
-0.30444300174713135,
-0.1617715209722519,
0.1322266310453415,
-0.09483381360769272,
0.8622632026672363,
0.34750866889953613,
0.6081444621086121,
-0.4135395586490631,
0.5551214814186096,
0.5104112029075623,
-0.502387523651123,
0.13557812571525574,
-0.03798167407512665,
0.23795682191848755,
1.3681195974349976,
0.6436145901679993,
-0.34341952204704285,
-0.10360290110111237,
-0.6767714023590088,
-0.5630820393562317,
0.30752190947532654,
0.29861748218536377,
0.3233282268047333,
0.3564566671848297,
0.1679910570383072,
0.36178144812583923,
-0.25796598196029663,
-0.15460704267024994,
-0.3468038737773895,
-0.5219799280166626,
-0.10437963157892227,
-0.14662744104862213,
0.30077651143074036,
-0.10993757843971252,
0.02530013397336006,
-0.5740397572517395,
-0.008139051496982574,
0.12410843372344971,
-0.20499742031097412,
0.02197248861193657,
-0.12542736530303955,
-0.4874686896800995,
0.7197588682174683,
-0.20716072618961334,
-0.33703452348709106,
0.2406773418188095,
0.25552859902381897,
0.15484082698822021,
0.18328779935836792,
0.13678006827831268,
-0.3854657709598541,
0.3424715995788574,
-0.45815521478652954,
-0.3398001492023468,
0.840942919254303,
-0.06058511883020401,
0.11758719384670258,
0.5081408023834229,
-0.6056621074676514,
0.05939304828643799,
0.04567180201411247,
0.29777592420578003,
-0.3651960492134094,
0.3675203323364258,
-0.05606168136000633,
-0.24291279911994934,
0.7141692042350769,
-0.24876369535923004,
-0.26340511441230774,
0.4993918538093567,
-0.18568240106105804,
0.5255939364433289,
0.3303900361061096,
-0.7393230199813843,
0.04696549475193024,
-0.6462398767471313,
-0.3569387197494507,
0.5942014455795288,
-0.3216512203216553,
-0.29905229806900024,
0.8763194680213928,
0.7739343047142029,
0.46044695377349854,
0.10590700805187225,
0.2391332983970642,
-0.18380311131477356,
0.21060197055339813,
0.12814271450042725,
-0.08171703666448593,
0.034493833780288696,
-0.12784896790981293,
0.05502178519964218,
-0.14408628642559052,
0.1739981472492218,
-0.1902633160352707,
0.2720777094364166,
-0.12691433727741241,
-0.0408717542886734,
0.18659065663814545,
0.29790717363357544,
-1.0677546262741089,
-0.24882730841636658,
0.7878431677818298,
0.7134813666343689,
-0.041837409138679504,
0.3829249143600464,
-0.05476939305663109,
-0.44828298687934875,
-0.1815306842327118,
-0.16957764327526093,
0.5061793327331543,
0.044772904366254807,
-0.2867979109287262,
0.03887676075100899,
-0.1308133900165558,
0.5052325129508972,
0.46458014845848083,
-0.11472863703966141,
0.5912282466888428,
0.21046942472457886,
0.3052595853805542,
-0.14511694014072418,
0.25545889139175415,
-0.331900417804718,
-0.40711674094200134,
0.3888047933578491,
0.11773529648780823,
-0.38032811880111694,
0.45531994104385376,
-0.38357627391815186,
0.2562336325645447,
-0.1108059212565422,
-0.5089811086654663,
-0.32321083545684814,
0.11567401140928268,
0.0707901269197464,
-0.07238146662712097,
0.06166534125804901,
0.5607894062995911,
-0.39197903871536255,
-1.1942033767700195,
0.3885251581668854,
0.044972799718379974,
0.15542399883270264,
-0.46821293234825134,
-0.020718349143862724,
0.505540132522583,
-0.5907483100891113,
0.41401758790016174,
-0.19556070864200592,
0.21961122751235962,
0.47461315989494324,
-0.265604168176651,
0.21905119717121124,
0.2626495063304901,
-0.08211635798215866,
0.1841764599084854,
-0.08334285020828247,
-0.4275723099708557,
0.3499106764793396,
-0.011604316532611847,
-0.10554716736078262,
0.23074762523174286,
-0.016119014471769333,
-0.16612344980239868,
-0.02360353246331215,
0.3965253233909607,
0.5641209483146667,
0.3935459554195404,
-0.12044818699359894,
0.5761814117431641,
0.0039959559217095375,
0.4803996682167053,
-0.6010619401931763,
0.30310186743736267,
-0.44989103078842163,
-0.3916151523590088,
-0.21618518233299255,
0.398162305355072,
0.26855185627937317,
-0.012813320383429527,
0.44589948654174805,
0.13517309725284576,
0.2264852672815323,
-0.4197535216808319,
-2.453610420227051,
-0.4673669636249542,
-0.6136680245399475,
-0.5437303781509399,
-0.1318044513463974,
0.3101467788219452,
0.23677998781204224,
-0.12707018852233887,
0.12576265633106232,
0.22103345394134521,
0.23895199596881866,
-0.2499668002128601,
0.4547896385192871,
-0.32079294323921204,
0.8508514165878296,
-0.06110791116952896
] |
210314
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodiformes
|
Apodiformes
|
Traditionally, the bird order Apodiformes contained three living families: the swifts (Apodidae), the treeswifts (Hemiprocnidae), and the hummingbirds (Trochilidae). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, this order is raised to a superorder Apodimorphae in which hummingbirds are separated as a new order, Trochiliformes. With nearly 450 species identified to date, they are the most diverse order of birds after the passerines.
Description
As their name ("footless" in Greek) suggests, their legs are small and have limited function aside from perching. The feet are covered with bare skin rather than the scales (scutes) that other birds have. Another shared characteristic is long wings with short, stout humerus bones. The evolution of these wing characteristics has provided the hummingbird with ideal wings for hovering.
The hummingbirds, swifts, and crested swifts share other anatomical similarities with one another, as well as similarities (notably as to the skull) with their probable closest living relatives, the owlet-nightjars. The owlet-nightjars are apparently convergent with the closely related Caprimulgiformes, which form a clade Cypselomorphae with the Apodiformes.
Evolution
The Apodiformes evolved in the Northern Hemisphere. Eocypselus, a primitive genus known from the Late Paleocene or Early Eocene of north-central Europe, is somewhat difficult to assign; it is considered a primitive hemiprocnid. This would suggest that the major apodiform lineages diverged shortly after the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. However, the perching adaptation of the foot of Eocypselus on which this theory rests may just as well be a symplesiomorphy.
Most researchers believe that presently this genus cannot be unequivocally assigned to either the Apodiformes or the Caprimulgiformes.
The Early Eocene Primapus, found in England, is similar to both a primitive swift and the aegialornithids, which are in some aspects intermediate between swifts and owlet-nightjars. Fossil evidence demonstrates the existence of swifts during that period in Europe. At that time, most of Europe had a humid, subtropical climate, possibly comparable to modern-day southern China. For a map of Early–Middle Eocene Earth, see the Paleomap project; here note that both the Caucasus mountains and the Alps did not exist yet and aegialornithids were possibly present in North America.
By the late Eocene (around 35 MYA), primitive hummingbirds started to diverge from the related jungornithids; the Middle Eocene Parargornis (Messel, Germany) and the Late Eocene Argornis, found in today's southernmost Russia, belong to this lineage. Cypselavus (Late Eocene – Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) was either a primitive hemiprocnid or an aegialornithid.
The placement of the Aegialornithidae is not quite clear. Various analyses place them sufficiently close to the Apodiformes to be included here, or into the unique owlet-nightjar lineage in the Cypselomorphae.
Taxonomy
ORDER APODIFORMES
Family †Aegialornithidae Lydekker 1891 [Primapinae Harrison 1984c]
Genus †Primapus Harrison & Walker 1975
Genus †Aegialornis Lydekker 1891
Suborder Apodi
Genus †Procypseloides Harrison 1984c
Genus †Laputavis Dyke 2001b
Genus †Scaniacypselus Harrison 1984
Family †Eocypselidae Harrison 1984
Genus †Eocypselus Harrison 1984
Family Hemiprocnidae Oberholser 1906 (treeswifts)
Family Apodidae Olphe-Galliard 1887 (swifts)
Suborder Trochili
Genus †Palescyvus Karchu 1988
Family †Cypselavidae Mourer-Chauviré 2006
Genus †Argornis Karchu 1999
Genus †Cypselavus Gaillard 1908
Genus †Parargornis Mayr 2003
Family †Jungornithidae Karchu 1988
Genus †Jungornis Karchu 1988
Family Trochilidae Vigors 1825 (hummingbirds)
See also
List of Apodiformes by population
References
Bird orders
Extant Paleocene first appearances
Paleocene taxonomic orders
Eocene taxonomic orders
Oligocene taxonomic orders
Miocene taxonomic orders
Pliocene taxonomic orders
Pleistocene taxonomic orders
Holocene taxonomic orders
Taxa named by James L. Peters
|
[
0.06345218420028687,
0.385916143655777,
-1.0371628999710083,
-0.11661475151777267,
-0.5168240070343018,
1.419716477394104,
0.7863252758979797,
0.4144437611103058,
-0.6368669271469116,
-0.47878292202949524,
0.20618484914302826,
0.1330614984035492,
-0.8937822580337524,
-0.47159817814826965,
0.03475632891058922,
0.4145767390727997,
0.1469249278306961,
0.29796913266181946,
-0.06352948397397995,
-0.47460293769836426,
-0.2682645618915558,
-0.38295724987983704,
0.3456575572490692,
-0.7198655605316162,
0.3736588656902313,
-0.09189063310623169,
0.04702245816588402,
0.5371710658073425,
0.9616916179656982,
0.14118678867816925,
-0.0027633029967546463,
1.123867154121399,
0.38263556361198425,
-0.23975104093551636,
-0.262209951877594,
-0.2586017847061157,
-0.48034241795539856,
-0.3004787266254425,
-0.006322581321001053,
-0.9278779029846191,
0.1961079239845276,
-0.6466232538223267,
0.17225822806358337,
0.18022194504737854,
-0.5736924409866333,
0.14473837614059448,
-1.274356722831726,
0.6033753752708435,
-0.7496153712272644,
0.40194764733314514,
0.1114889532327652,
0.4052315056324005,
0.2921984791755676,
0.8250405192375183,
-0.02292177639901638,
0.6685315370559692,
-1.1252919435501099,
0.31786760687828064,
0.202253520488739,
-0.3473593592643738,
-0.14421416819095612,
0.46764469146728516,
-0.3625686764717102,
0.09147387742996216,
0.07416179031133652,
0.5326235294342041,
0.11505386978387833,
0.3459544777870178,
-0.7622019052505493,
0.19944389164447784,
-0.27038756012916565,
-0.6770706176757812,
0.08182086050510406,
0.8967942595481873,
-0.8007734417915344,
-0.5391247272491455,
-0.18979930877685547,
-0.07975676655769348,
0.9602704048156738,
-0.2654434144496918,
0.7300211787223816,
1.0290800333023071,
0.7176547646522522,
0.2136654108762741,
0.07551798969507217,
-0.2783051133155823,
-0.9065463542938232,
-0.11084163188934326,
-0.1917339712381363,
-0.253930926322937,
-0.2725836932659149,
-0.4095519185066223,
0.3740343153476715,
0.5009022951126099,
-0.0683213621377945,
-0.182366743683815,
-0.6947583556175232,
-0.1210489496588707,
-0.08991445600986481,
0.12223696708679199,
-0.48275211453437805,
0.021662401035428047,
0.3524109721183777,
-0.35745835304260254,
-0.4674757122993469,
-0.26198920607566833,
-0.05267573148012161,
-0.19970346987247467,
-0.5120572447776794,
0.04994824156165123,
-1.1967333555221558,
-0.3462617099285126,
0.005060359835624695,
0.18268461525440216,
0.05677400901913643,
0.5392580032348633,
-0.003715888364240527,
-0.5078154802322388,
-0.0816907212138176,
-0.41070860624313354,
0.18109679222106934,
0.5550851225852966,
0.22111520171165466,
0.1487421840429306,
-0.4115883409976959,
0.40373659133911133,
0.6101098656654358,
0.3495447635650635,
-0.3199138045310974,
0.06065051630139351,
0.4191431403160095,
1.2616420984268188,
-0.21755218505859375,
0.09717970341444016,
0.33654195070266724,
-0.4649246633052826,
-0.3728160560131073,
0.04208771511912346,
0.5268736481666565,
0.8399032950401306,
-0.6357306241989136,
-0.24889537692070007,
-0.3985002934932709,
-0.1730843037366867,
0.42990168929100037,
-0.15375252068042755,
0.33784523606300354,
0.04106125980615616,
-0.37035855650901794,
-0.5539461970329285,
-0.1962742805480957,
-0.5681942701339722,
0.00031318384571932256,
0.3346780240535736,
-0.3780248165130615,
-0.4251735210418701,
0.6840430498123169,
-0.46320173144340515,
0.6013996005058289,
0.3288171589374542,
-0.12940417230129242,
-0.3959627151489258,
-0.38026222586631775,
0.2756202518939972,
0.10125890374183655,
0.07866638153791428,
0.2544775605201721,
0.38174939155578613,
-0.2792775332927704,
0.6132684946060181,
-0.45376476645469666,
-0.2501794993877411,
0.3154773414134979,
0.33126020431518555,
-0.17755359411239624,
-0.8081251382827759,
0.35307684540748596,
0.01657760515809059,
0.5711984038352966,
-0.12407395243644714,
-0.5061125159263611,
0.15256008505821228,
-0.10269603133201599,
-0.3036404550075531,
0.17207631468772888,
-0.3587057292461395,
0.4595174193382263,
0.1656722128391266,
-0.25555193424224854,
-0.3250155448913574,
-0.5201637744903564,
-0.05086108669638634,
0.20135164260864258,
0.2388814240694046,
0.926750659942627,
-0.19731496274471283,
-0.6847026348114014,
0.04635737091302872,
0.6024923324584961,
0.471938818693161,
-0.09550438821315765,
0.0802285447716713,
-0.03208157420158386,
-0.057724446058273315,
-0.6251235604286194,
0.2721405327320099,
-0.5038785338401794,
0.32092180848121643,
-0.10405898839235306,
0.14458732306957245,
-0.004022709093987942,
-0.16530238091945648,
0.08215050399303436,
0.1152101680636406,
0.05507129058241844,
-0.445197194814682,
-0.3660966753959656,
0.4646431803703308,
-0.2106373906135559,
-0.7389056086540222,
0.5978637933731079,
-0.4963034987449646,
0.02178104594349861,
-0.061206284910440445,
-0.03203891962766647,
0.527460515499115,
0.7244573831558228,
-0.17910136282444,
0.2594996392726898,
-0.4853758215904236,
-0.3030702471733093,
0.2585368752479553,
0.16263368725776672,
-0.28568142652511597,
0.04566575959324837,
-0.1932787448167801,
-0.4195293188095093,
-1.2213515043258667,
0.3033328056335449,
-0.5158876776695251,
0.08194687962532043,
-0.32369786500930786,
-0.660041868686676,
-0.07643670588731766,
0.5223580598831177,
-0.4057268798351288,
-0.01993047632277012,
0.04121016338467598,
-0.4505295753479004,
0.4626478850841522,
-0.2547341585159302,
0.5517345666885376,
0.5114294290542603,
-0.7719126343727112,
-0.3023771047592163,
0.4745120704174042,
0.8101003170013428,
0.30897021293640137,
-0.2119683474302292,
-0.03989327326416969,
-0.8694499731063843,
0.18553751707077026,
0.329418808221817,
-0.007938473485410213,
-0.1460631638765335,
-1.170587182044983,
-0.028732698410749435,
0.08304865658283234,
0.901147186756134,
0.16132724285125732,
0.9700890183448792,
-0.6126109957695007,
-0.6583243012428284,
0.19684188067913055,
-0.3873048722743988,
-0.38463565707206726,
-0.01863507553935051,
-0.16746272146701813,
-0.818527102470398,
-0.37561124563217163,
-0.10783950239419937,
0.8544744253158569,
-0.13606120645999908,
-0.37761369347572327,
0.3226694166660309,
0.01968410797417164,
0.96001797914505,
-0.33129051327705383,
-0.06901177763938904,
-0.4882570207118988,
0.35673296451568604,
-0.04689643904566765,
-0.5725998878479004,
-0.24926632642745972,
-0.27663108706474304,
0.1581970453262329,
-0.20268622040748596,
0.5527170300483704,
-0.23122499883174896,
-0.4849640429019928,
-0.8505692481994629,
0.5707433223724365,
-0.05595345422625542,
-0.06428029388189316,
0.581874668598175,
0.12029136717319489,
0.6337323188781738,
0.47714677453041077,
-5.390570163726807,
-0.15249399840831757,
0.20419302582740784,
-0.06274337321519852,
-0.007664859760552645,
0.698846161365509,
0.45993131399154663,
-0.4516902565956116,
0.2041546106338501,
-0.11174403131008148,
0.09934045374393463,
0.22034026682376862,
-0.01725141517817974,
0.5117285251617432,
0.35014304518699646,
0.5652552843093872,
-0.2557702958583832,
-0.1008780375123024,
0.25097399950027466,
-0.1730983853340149,
0.23947182297706604,
-0.11573010683059692,
0.03708220273256302,
0.6334014534950256,
-0.27317699790000916,
-0.5703495740890503,
0.16149556636810303,
-0.12930215895175934,
-0.07864367216825485,
-0.1804613471031189,
0.13547304272651672,
-0.4003428518772125,
0.132654070854187,
-0.34831351041793823,
-0.3065441846847534,
-0.030563944950699806,
0.9455927610397339,
0.26072070002555847,
-0.1831968128681183,
-0.229171484708786,
-0.8567260503768921,
-0.22594395279884338,
0.006690014153718948,
-0.4231583774089813,
0.11478927731513977,
0.131150484085083,
-0.23954185843467712,
-0.2412758469581604,
-0.12694889307022095,
1.0459485054016113,
0.12193620949983597,
0.08563034981489182,
0.6249969005584717,
0.7604170441627502,
0.5325431227684021,
-0.2530500888824463,
0.6434804797172546,
0.38212746381759644,
0.32614633440971375,
0.34282949566841125,
0.7506590485572815,
0.16012132167816162,
-0.2415134161710739,
-0.6756860613822937,
0.29169026017189026,
-0.20026040077209473,
-0.9380216598510742,
0.5528655648231506,
0.500505268573761,
-0.15844684839248657,
-0.26381081342697144,
0.162624791264534,
-0.5879366993904114,
-0.8277135491371155,
0.4116804003715515,
-0.20810391008853912,
0.25399643182754517,
-0.15200620889663696,
0.10146404802799225,
0.6039570569992065,
-0.004098701290786266,
-0.4611818790435791,
-0.0848882794380188,
-0.05763939395546913,
-0.10639896243810654,
-0.43766599893569946,
-0.9461373090744019,
0.11738648265600204,
-0.25024327635765076,
0.3398464322090149,
0.8052121996879578,
0.07822366058826447,
0.14492249488830566,
0.8136067986488342,
0.8429172039031982,
0.8406440615653992,
0.04956179857254028,
-0.42624297738075256,
1.1143510341644287,
0.21847374737262726,
-0.10833701491355896,
0.24207401275634766,
0.25645631551742554,
0.39767986536026,
0.1151772141456604,
-0.965776801109314,
-0.20002739131450653,
0.14039839804172516,
0.38977065682411194,
-0.166237473487854,
0.5298877954483032,
-0.6832801699638367,
0.4772743880748749,
-0.4403810501098633,
0.3457467257976532,
-0.33688387274742126,
0.41092538833618164,
0.5544860363006592,
0.4442419409751892,
0.2840646207332611,
-0.5656053423881531,
-0.0009386762394569814,
-0.4781489074230194,
-0.12396810203790665,
-0.8001416325569153,
-0.17546075582504272,
0.08785424381494522,
-0.01828150264918804,
-0.5225058197975159,
-0.5490336418151855,
0.10817116498947144,
-0.32070744037628174,
-0.09546270966529846,
0.35105201601982117,
0.1734548807144165,
0.0187472365796566,
-0.22716520726680756,
0.032377369701862335,
0.22710803151130676,
-0.1160762682557106,
-0.38251999020576477,
-0.4477327764034271,
-0.5967252254486084,
0.05067484825849533,
0.4171431362628937,
0.5894618034362793,
-0.07753468304872513,
-0.17742636799812317,
0.2881527841091156,
0.967772364616394,
-0.04280891641974449,
-0.306199312210083,
0.3697762191295624,
-0.5048933625221252,
-0.22486157715320587,
-0.017966298386454582,
0.37546342611312866,
0.1694217473268509,
-0.48072078824043274,
-0.5141704678535461,
-0.1566517949104309,
-0.34534525871276855,
-0.5246376991271973,
-0.16733770072460175,
0.19251936674118042,
-0.05622896924614906,
-0.702965497970581,
-0.6304954290390015,
-0.10199268907308578,
-0.2727418541908264,
0.18370003998279572,
-0.2021709829568863,
-0.21557427942752838,
0.16420769691467285,
0.5259261727333069,
-0.5968847870826721,
0.00017157736874651164,
0.211691215634346,
-0.7315872311592102,
-0.22486338019371033,
-0.42704516649246216,
-0.05112979933619499,
0.03079213760793209,
-0.35973218083381653,
0.18351975083351135,
-0.20409290492534637,
0.2837415933609009,
-0.7751015424728394,
-0.5147714018821716,
-0.1661117523908615,
-0.027568891644477844,
0.3295030891895294,
0.1994742900133133,
0.18251436948776245,
-0.4325885772705078,
0.015409513376653194,
0.12562134861946106,
0.26407718658447266,
-0.11721879988908768,
-1.088593602180481,
-0.47706830501556396,
0.29962459206581116,
0.12158065289258957,
-0.021249378100037575,
-0.05573268234729767,
-0.4134134352207184,
0.638229250907898,
-0.35250523686408997,
0.10560672730207443,
0.10971377044916153,
-0.29183125495910645,
-0.29573631286621094,
-0.32374200224876404,
0.8784905672073364,
-0.10615211725234985,
0.47675272822380066,
0.3425140380859375,
-0.11765305697917938,
-0.20487475395202637,
-0.37841150164604187,
0.20162105560302734,
0.13505688309669495,
-0.08709859848022461,
-0.2977507710456848,
-0.3958352208137512,
0.8386049270629883,
0.07027794420719147,
-0.45151448249816895,
0.541737973690033,
-0.6291616559028625,
-0.20179815590381622,
0.26152515411376953,
-0.09759558737277985,
0.06380258500576019,
-0.5389163494110107,
-0.39607661962509155,
-0.12031714618206024,
-0.3019474744796753,
-0.15407449007034302,
0.13871559500694275,
0.24746114015579224,
0.8791348338127136,
0.6135132312774658,
-0.14120997488498688,
0.01438064593821764,
-0.4064788222312927,
0.5987468361854553,
-0.48690149188041687,
-0.7311553359031677,
-0.1424652487039566,
0.4779641032218933,
0.06729698926210403,
-0.5248717069625854,
-0.0018238911870867014,
0.46876275539398193,
-0.0035153187345713377,
-0.10612130165100098,
-0.07105010747909546,
0.020831812173128128,
0.2726238965988159,
0.029268572106957436,
-0.063712939620018,
-0.7392792701721191,
-0.3214258551597595,
-0.23011353611946106,
0.0013128381688147783,
-0.5356951355934143,
0.2245219498872757,
0.528292715549469,
-0.23343704640865326,
0.29367145895957947,
0.4297371208667755,
-0.007020412478595972,
0.12784269452095032,
0.617260217666626,
0.1332750916481018,
0.7129982113838196,
-0.5164689421653748,
0.7013328671455383,
0.28448954224586487,
-0.3291633725166321,
0.16368328034877777,
0.24818575382232666,
-0.30380508303642273,
0.05046815425157547,
-0.6577072143554688,
-0.2200697809457779,
-0.1064097136259079,
0.26294511556625366,
-0.47807034850120544,
-0.09154731780290604,
0.2349298596382141,
-0.21018193662166595,
0.23555690050125122,
0.32797476649284363,
-0.028753899037837982,
0.27169540524482727,
0.26512107253074646,
-0.03221920505166054,
0.3769319951534271,
-1.4714325666427612,
0.023397911339998245,
0.45122456550598145,
-0.07562705129384995,
0.15672597289085388,
0.15995581448078156,
0.16034382581710815,
0.19993984699249268,
-0.3242604732513428,
0.3985689878463745,
-0.03943388909101486,
-0.7846182584762573,
0.3294602930545807,
0.5605930089950562,
-0.3551996946334839,
0.02627379633486271,
0.18430176377296448,
-0.6316903233528137,
0.40961769223213196,
0.6266962885856628,
0.03660980239510536,
-0.13618171215057373,
0.24555587768554688,
0.004482729360461235,
-0.3320910930633545,
-0.3050592541694641,
-0.7543659806251526,
0.2266509085893631,
-0.0022203989792615175,
0.32064422965049744,
0.8924385905265808,
0.192479208111763,
-0.39633437991142273,
0.06854062527418137,
-0.27561014890670776,
-0.37512925267219543,
-0.2634410560131073,
-0.5367822051048279,
-0.1432214230298996,
1.048122525215149,
1.1923447847366333,
0.10461901128292084,
0.46228721737861633,
0.1251017153263092,
-0.12606744468212128,
0.3152740001678467,
-0.25296950340270996,
-0.1087038516998291,
0.3034035861492157,
0.07503753155469894,
0.010810417123138905,
0.4884609282016754,
0.5512429475784302,
-0.11211592704057693,
0.4606696665287018,
0.40629521012306213,
0.38574734330177307,
0.11448629945516586,
0.17498719692230225,
0.041127804666757584,
-0.15775981545448303,
0.35537222027778625,
-0.3406466841697693,
0.35384851694107056,
-0.9636688828468323,
0.018690893426537514,
-0.31785333156585693,
-0.125521719455719,
-0.3228892982006073,
0.002066655084490776,
0.6110838055610657,
0.1421373188495636,
-0.36530303955078125,
0.39573779702186584,
-0.14505988359451294,
-0.07418086379766464,
0.23446843028068542,
0.48914605379104614,
0.6310617327690125,
-0.4561559557914734,
-0.37459370493888855,
-0.6304801106452942,
0.047387175261974335,
-0.8661544322967529,
0.20018470287322998,
-0.08049287647008896,
0.01977391168475151,
0.03020179457962513,
0.5254915356636047,
0.36580002307891846,
0.12720072269439697,
-0.3227309584617615,
0.26695966720581055,
0.14501965045928955,
-0.22562292218208313,
-0.4095894992351532,
-0.10999398678541183,
0.9278064370155334,
0.2053792029619217,
0.0678592175245285,
0.4708029329776764,
0.10760480165481567,
-0.546521782875061,
-0.5620447993278503,
0.13252098858356476,
0.4302389621734619,
-0.007684697862714529,
-0.5670004487037659,
-1.023455262184143,
0.06980090588331223,
0.7944552898406982,
0.3103058338165283,
0.24652671813964844,
0.4136437475681305,
0.056689489632844925,
-0.25188347697257996,
0.8983091115951538,
-0.6894581317901611,
-0.07686024904251099,
-0.113272525370121,
0.2663543224334717,
0.051928844302892685,
-0.06895293295383453,
0.5091066956520081,
-0.4629703760147095,
-0.5577806234359741,
-0.18712513148784637,
-0.12751393020153046,
-0.5748438239097595,
0.801567792892456,
0.11156574636697769,
0.42383795976638794,
-0.0642152801156044,
-0.13918408751487732,
-0.45205655694007874,
-0.39386841654777527,
0.3795580565929413,
0.6970851421356201,
-0.21576735377311707,
-0.1630253940820694,
-0.040080659091472626,
0.09280794113874435,
0.4898828864097595,
0.21271660923957825,
0.07357320189476013,
0.19196781516075134,
-0.44416990876197815,
-0.6575573682785034,
-0.7220515012741089,
0.043076563626527786,
0.3182864785194397,
-0.059570521116256714,
0.056351423263549805,
0.408003032207489,
-0.6056613922119141,
-0.09820953756570816,
0.18909911811351776,
-0.20012874901294708,
0.3905855119228363,
0.41519132256507874
] |
210315
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamoid%20bone
|
Sesamoid bone
|
In anatomy, a sesamoid bone () is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. Its name is derived from the Arabic word for ("sesame seed"), indicating the small size of most sesamoids. Often, these bones form in response to strain, or can be present as a normal variant. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Sesamoids act like pulleys, providing a smooth surface for tendons to slide over, increasing the tendon's ability to transmit muscular forces.
The sesamoid is a small nodular bone most often present embedded in tendons in the region of the thumb. Calcification of sesamoid bone is one of the important features of pubertal growth spurt, which is earlier in females than in males. Absence of sesamoid bone indicates delay in reaching puberty.
Structure
Sesamoid bones can be found on joints throughout the body, including:
In the knee—the patella (within the quadriceps tendon). This is the largest sesamoid bone.
In the hand—two sesamoid bones are commonly found in the distal portions of the first metacarpal bone (within the tendons of adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis). There is also commonly a sesamoid bone in distal portions of the second metacarpal bone.
In the wrist—The pisiform of the wrist is a sesamoid bone (within the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris). It begins to ossify in children ages 9–12.
In the foot—the first metatarsal bone usually has two sesamoid bones at its connection to the big toe (both within the tendon of flexor hallucis brevis). One is found on the lateral side of the first metatarsal while the other is found on the medial side. In some people, only a single sesamoid is found on the first metatarsal bone.
In the neck—Although the hyoid bone is free-floating, it is not technically a sesamoid bone. All sesamoid bones form directly from the connective tissue found in tendons and ligaments. By contrast, the hyoid bone forms from a cartilaginous precursor like most other bones in the body.
Common variants
One or both of the sesamoid bones under the first metatarsophalangeal joint (of the great toe) can be multipartite – in two or three parts (mostly bipartite – in two parts).
The fabella is a small sesamoid bone found in some mammals embedded in the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle behind the lateral condyle of the femur. It is a variant of normal anatomy and present in humans in 10% to 30% of individuals. The fabella can also be mutipartite or bipartite.
The cyamella is a small sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the popliteus muscle. It is a variant of normal anatomy. It is rarely seen in humans, but has been described more often in other primates and certain other animals.
Clinical significance
A common foot ailment in dancers is sesamoiditis (an inflammation of the sesamoid bones under the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe). This is a form of tendinitis which results from the tendons surrounding the sesamoid becoming inflamed or irritated.
Sesamoid bones generally have a very limited blood supply, rendering them prone to avascular necrosis (bone death from lack of blood supply), which is very difficult to treat.
Other animals
In equine anatomy, the term sesamoid bone usually refers to the two sesamoid bones found at the back of the fetlock or metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in both hindlimbs and forelimbs. Strictly these should be termed the proximal sesamoid bones whereas the navicular bone should be referred to as the distal sesamoid bone. The patella is also a form of sesamoid bone in the horse.
Although many carnivores have radial sesamoid bones, the giant panda and red panda independently evolved to have an enlarged radial sesamoid bone. This evolution has caused the two species to diverge from other carnivores. The red panda likely originally evolved the "pseudo-thumb" in order to assist in arboreal locomotion. When the red panda later evolved to consume a bamboo diet, the enlarged bone underwent exaptation to assist in grasping bamboo. The giant panda, however, evolved the enlarged radial sesamoid bone around the same time as it evolved a bamboo diet. In the giant panda, the bone allows for a pincer-like motion and is used in grasping the bamboo. In these two panda species, DYNC2H1 gene and PCNT gene have been identified as possible causes for the pseudo-thumb development.
Recently, the enlarged radial sesamoid bone of cotton rats has been studied. Their enlarged radial sesamoid bone and that of the giant panda have a similar morphology and size relative to the rest of the hand. The reason for this evolutionary change is still unknown; however, it may be to assist in grasping small objects and thin branches.
See also
Accessory bone
Footnotes
References
Gray's Anatomy (1918) (Bartleby)
External links
Skeletal system
Horse anatomy
|
[
0.029269065707921982,
0.46831947565078735,
-0.6590420007705688,
0.3677496910095215,
-0.10508651286363602,
0.6779910326004028,
0.423446923494339,
0.42215073108673096,
-0.05662938952445984,
-0.9807332158088684,
-0.2857173979282379,
0.41595011949539185,
0.18326084315776825,
0.39239320158958435,
-0.44118714332580566,
0.3539268970489502,
0.13390497863292694,
0.03753174841403961,
0.12346364557743073,
0.035940982401371,
-0.2910575568675995,
-0.15817134082317352,
0.6889463663101196,
-0.47760048508644104,
0.10368796437978745,
-0.2446081042289734,
0.24066615104675293,
0.5504763722419739,
0.22318623960018158,
-0.1947634518146515,
-0.3568977415561676,
0.6209093332290649,
-0.15211735665798187,
-0.6180312037467957,
-0.18908260762691498,
-0.05008627101778984,
0.16862031817436218,
-0.6617159843444824,
-0.32974323630332947,
-0.571556806564331,
0.05097386986017227,
0.4343568980693817,
0.3262180984020233,
0.9373305439949036,
-0.7372474670410156,
-0.08898577839136124,
-1.1702473163604736,
1.0134673118591309,
-0.7291883826255798,
0.42756187915802,
-0.24392424523830414,
0.2695600390434265,
0.6812580227851868,
-0.17910461127758026,
-0.15413261950016022,
0.3995791971683502,
-1.123199462890625,
-0.1432049721479416,
0.5122925043106079,
-0.18907026946544647,
0.44473737478256226,
0.382634699344635,
-0.181742861866951,
0.055506497621536255,
-0.051703501492738724,
0.7131761908531189,
-0.08617634326219559,
0.12398374825716019,
-1.0014867782592773,
0.10283303260803223,
-0.32397064566612244,
-0.27036118507385254,
-0.07868852466344833,
1.0790401697158813,
-0.324543297290802,
-0.46036046743392944,
-0.31939080357551575,
-0.3062828779220581,
0.45153480768203735,
0.10637059062719345,
-0.011031018570065498,
0.9225624799728394,
0.5153948068618774,
0.06359148770570755,
-0.24335265159606934,
0.08900066465139389,
-1.2465745210647583,
0.3830903470516205,
-0.7454906105995178,
0.35279038548469543,
0.08573751896619797,
-0.02313028648495674,
0.3880792260169983,
0.20000720024108887,
0.18948064744472504,
-0.341348260641098,
0.11061510443687439,
0.17456352710723877,
0.06722021102905273,
0.39840495586395264,
0.29772233963012695,
-0.30823686718940735,
0.6646183729171753,
-0.6062071323394775,
0.07379100471735,
-0.2539781928062439,
-0.2425784170627594,
0.0020911009050905704,
-0.5264376997947693,
-0.06446242332458496,
-0.8551603555679321,
0.016105541959404945,
-0.5629788637161255,
-0.10351461917161942,
-0.41864076256752014,
0.3347083032131195,
0.043236713856458664,
-0.054438769817352295,
-0.7039676308631897,
-1.0410972833633423,
-0.3473374545574188,
0.39946112036705017,
-0.2719540596008301,
-0.3647304177284241,
-0.3482809066772461,
0.1680344045162201,
0.11521536111831665,
0.3916732668876648,
-0.5805386304855347,
0.5388011932373047,
0.18357594311237335,
0.9512856602668762,
0.057694073766469955,
-0.2281416952610016,
0.2744638919830322,
-0.680792510509491,
0.025010166689753532,
0.3411974608898163,
0.36233043670654297,
0.058195482939481735,
-0.8416740298271179,
-0.4819088876247406,
-1.0809780359268188,
-0.33124783635139465,
0.6838812232017517,
-0.9383482933044434,
0.11418517678976059,
-0.11060895025730133,
-0.35995179414749146,
-0.2143574208021164,
0.20340575277805328,
-0.17912408709526062,
-0.14419250190258026,
0.20983795821666718,
-0.13886430859565735,
0.49121758341789246,
0.756171464920044,
-0.2541070282459259,
-0.2094607949256897,
0.12989698350429535,
0.031329378485679626,
-0.25678661465644836,
-0.3436415493488312,
0.11071125417947769,
0.17813876271247864,
-0.2889019250869751,
0.8240033984184265,
0.012867183424532413,
0.23980966210365295,
0.7617430686950684,
-0.4922272562980652,
-0.46661221981048584,
0.36088067293167114,
-0.09177679568529129,
-0.16312198340892792,
0.17398889362812042,
0.045891277492046356,
-0.12120109051465988,
0.6388118267059326,
-0.574290931224823,
-0.630182147026062,
0.25492843985557556,
0.5617486834526062,
-0.022557023912668228,
0.025086164474487305,
-0.21590855717658997,
0.7158027291297913,
-0.2551754415035248,
-0.574637770652771,
-0.48546102643013,
-0.25340715050697327,
-0.5917184948921204,
0.7304435968399048,
-0.02311648428440094,
1.5511711835861206,
0.19440622627735138,
-0.5779793858528137,
0.23345832526683807,
-0.0030856644734740257,
0.5158032774925232,
-0.24188780784606934,
-0.148882657289505,
0.11483871936798096,
-0.38581931591033936,
-0.15295571088790894,
0.8551815152168274,
0.956027090549469,
-0.09783271700143814,
0.3682469427585602,
0.17172856628894806,
0.5292148590087891,
-0.6648203730583191,
0.18620619177818298,
-0.5142674446105957,
0.39607682824134827,
-0.43165767192840576,
-0.08930975198745728,
0.34327182173728943,
-0.26480597257614136,
-0.9550328850746155,
0.3107883930206299,
-0.05094778910279274,
-0.24175246059894562,
-0.015424245968461037,
0.0988347977399826,
1.0842881202697754,
0.04267297312617302,
0.2049012929201126,
0.1302526891231537,
-0.3267020583152771,
0.1060723289847374,
-0.1712798774242401,
0.47980448603630066,
-0.11459575593471527,
-0.5243307948112488,
-0.22644853591918945,
0.15234613418579102,
-0.5616858601570129,
0.6778703331947327,
-0.6532525420188904,
0.23910555243492126,
-0.0036041943822056055,
-0.8348997831344604,
-0.7231438755989075,
0.6052522659301758,
-0.03133409470319748,
0.3519313931465149,
0.18071316182613373,
-0.4609394967556,
-0.04561735689640045,
0.044743746519088745,
0.4873186945915222,
0.38347166776657104,
-0.34544605016708374,
-0.05054600536823273,
-0.3423685133457184,
0.3349720239639282,
-0.01245170272886753,
-0.004145326092839241,
-0.5591624975204468,
-0.45697176456451416,
-0.14228582382202148,
0.40517154335975647,
-0.4974762797355652,
-0.4230886399745941,
-0.09483698755502701,
0.19382226467132568,
-0.425793319940567,
1.131062626838684,
0.5141923427581787,
0.7422630190849304,
-0.07045400142669678,
-0.9973898530006409,
0.21622250974178314,
-0.49974483251571655,
-0.40616798400878906,
0.05814623832702637,
0.07434098422527313,
-0.5933805108070374,
-0.13675135374069214,
0.37157830595970154,
0.7264692187309265,
0.6279059052467346,
-0.249720960855484,
-0.2060384452342987,
-0.3584447503089905,
0.5151587724685669,
0.16039808094501495,
-0.2944677174091339,
-0.2519591152667999,
-0.27987489104270935,
0.14361488819122314,
-0.27907639741897583,
0.2943577766418457,
-0.09802331775426865,
0.42213016748428345,
0.05945971980690956,
-0.5556418895721436,
0.23483499884605408,
-0.9230195879936218,
-0.41842326521873474,
0.04386221617460251,
-0.041775546967983246,
-0.5119549632072449,
-0.1083105206489563,
1.0669529438018799,
0.15818946063518524,
0.1701231151819229,
-5.358535289764404,
-0.15996047854423523,
-0.15070536732673645,
-0.36005011200904846,
0.62213534116745,
0.4839884340763092,
0.12199775874614716,
0.1113969013094902,
-0.3047194182872772,
-0.5505046844482422,
-0.37998995184898376,
-0.0826309323310852,
0.24055804312229156,
0.17444084584712982,
0.05564771965146065,
-0.14963406324386597,
0.0005529370391741395,
-0.016773466020822525,
0.15575504302978516,
0.4812098443508148,
0.29451239109039307,
0.005488150753080845,
-0.19869589805603027,
0.41012296080589294,
-0.38368937373161316,
-0.07034497708082199,
-0.25369974970817566,
0.3441563546657562,
-0.586243748664856,
-0.27487096190452576,
0.22024768590927124,
0.09500580281019211,
0.13424451649188995,
-0.24350062012672424,
-0.03184257075190544,
0.053042639046907425,
0.30814316868782043,
0.07501833140850067,
0.2959827482700348,
-0.14631438255310059,
-0.8695517778396606,
0.44613367319107056,
0.3756225109100342,
-0.06492459028959274,
0.8283121585845947,
-0.300356388092041,
-0.3977504372596741,
-0.2217300981283188,
0.09576492011547089,
0.878750205039978,
0.015662703663110733,
0.20249398052692413,
0.18965111672878265,
0.13132774829864502,
0.07669239491224289,
0.4428694546222687,
0.9752910137176514,
-0.2486366182565689,
-0.5224312543869019,
-0.0691593736410141,
0.2456054538488388,
-0.6568623781204224,
-0.23257096111774445,
-0.7636347413063049,
0.060481104999780655,
-0.11247121542692184,
-0.06112454831600189,
-0.14665178954601288,
0.005421868525445461,
0.3820767402648926,
-0.02724015899002552,
1.0278220176696777,
-0.10041941702365875,
-0.6402448415756226,
0.5750511288642883,
-0.49802544713020325,
-0.2619616985321045,
-0.35330381989479065,
-0.04421137645840645,
0.21177318692207336,
-0.05673924461007118,
-0.090635284781456,
-0.7341317534446716,
0.4336581230163574,
0.4622465968132019,
-0.05168673023581505,
0.051320649683475494,
0.08691076189279556,
-0.3114241361618042,
0.021334772929549217,
0.6041528582572937,
-0.056876040995121,
0.304078072309494,
0.4517083466053009,
-0.46261024475097656,
-0.05677768588066101,
0.12930555641651154,
0.19741202890872955,
0.8453962802886963,
-0.06582880020141602,
0.5761385560035706,
-0.15796130895614624,
-0.06815282255411148,
0.2875303626060486,
-0.11606346815824509,
-0.60152667760849,
-0.6560665965080261,
0.6692126989364624,
0.8949609398841858,
0.05115588381886482,
0.01722745969891548,
0.17506304383277893,
-0.17137321829795837,
-0.051689039915800095,
0.4627015292644501,
-0.2799295485019684,
-0.3812415897846222,
0.08919733017683029,
0.7425145506858826,
-0.5921088457107544,
-0.10843336582183838,
0.0033326016273349524,
0.0006459609721787274,
-0.4348502457141876,
0.07890057563781738,
-0.1893061399459839,
0.32222622632980347,
0.11735202372074127,
0.022458871826529503,
0.21857087314128876,
-0.03204026073217392,
0.6528699994087219,
0.014966655522584915,
0.5091944932937622,
-0.23803730309009552,
-0.22028633952140808,
-0.21538285911083221,
0.29997408390045166,
-0.40401512384414673,
-0.928506076335907,
0.63572096824646,
-0.15268287062644958,
-0.07277262210845947,
-0.19723181426525116,
1.061794638633728,
0.428856760263443,
-0.31353986263275146,
0.42753341794013977,
-0.7690608501434326,
0.9052939414978027,
-0.09179384261369705,
-0.1308065801858902,
-0.2542036175727844,
-0.4198724329471588,
0.13809846341609955,
0.04719657823443413,
0.19041648507118225,
0.18662011623382568,
-0.06573250144720078,
-0.5765155553817749,
-0.10266703367233276,
0.0831671804189682,
-0.41504019498825073,
0.058815572410821915,
-0.511442244052887,
-0.3853174149990082,
-0.4619842767715454,
-0.791357696056366,
-0.5007381439208984,
-0.05256371945142746,
-0.420132577419281,
0.08795065432786942,
-0.03334055095911026,
-0.38890573382377625,
0.002038238337263465,
-0.40720587968826294,
-0.2864290773868561,
0.5655319094657898,
-0.35939547419548035,
-0.05075220391154289,
0.029815511777997017,
-0.16875509917736053,
0.55878746509552,
0.3031720221042633,
0.5843178033828735,
-0.034489016979932785,
-0.6038188934326172,
-0.4373946189880371,
-0.8494351506233215,
-0.9368791580200195,
0.10936393588781357,
-0.1069411113858223,
-0.06536226719617844,
0.04911445081233978,
0.3558140993118286,
0.48929205536842346,
0.13554662466049194,
0.09708424657583237,
0.11700129508972168,
-0.9525158405303955,
0.3392013907432556,
0.16772839426994324,
-0.4777710437774658,
0.5327256917953491,
0.6819789409637451,
-0.22307729721069336,
0.433982789516449,
0.17424540221691132,
-0.4844825267791748,
0.44181275367736816,
-0.04778673127293587,
-0.7434308528900146,
0.01803641952574253,
0.21164023876190186,
-0.38862112164497375,
0.143354132771492,
0.617124617099762,
-0.2848825454711914,
-0.40538063645362854,
-0.46822893619537354,
0.3678308427333832,
-0.36767658591270447,
-0.010090364143252373,
-0.27722907066345215,
-0.6198257207870483,
0.4227924048900604,
0.23380830883979797,
-0.2559860050678253,
1.1286752223968506,
-0.2278234213590622,
0.18954047560691833,
-0.015484184958040714,
-0.1797630935907364,
-0.38957440853118896,
-0.10242820531129837,
-0.1653895080089569,
-0.1978432834148407,
0.21539822220802307,
-0.05100708082318306,
0.02329002134501934,
1.1325985193252563,
1.3799253702163696,
0.26983851194381714,
0.5658482909202576,
0.04577174782752991,
0.2148875743150711,
0.07122136652469635,
-0.6824427843093872,
-0.21972082555294037,
0.49116310477256775,
0.8561316728591919,
-0.2514747977256775,
-0.6349583864212036,
-0.13027797639369965,
0.2546556293964386,
0.3114190399646759,
-0.017396103590726852,
-0.44594433903694153,
-0.35238873958587646,
0.19350063800811768,
0.3042553663253784,
-0.012562142685055733,
0.46159011125564575,
0.08929648250341415,
-0.13317079842090607,
-0.20731313526630402,
-0.003251643618568778,
0.5041777491569519,
1.0871806144714355,
-0.5695964694023132,
0.28482890129089355,
0.012376594357192516,
0.28995609283447266,
0.14057014882564545,
-0.4228716790676117,
0.06234158203005791,
0.4201497435569763,
-0.2668619453907013,
0.14075230062007904,
-0.1024831011891365,
-0.10014030337333679,
0.18925489485263824,
0.21796776354312897,
-0.6303554773330688,
-0.13224026560783386,
-0.26923733949661255,
0.2420358955860138,
0.13726036250591278,
-0.5718717575073242,
0.21507328748703003,
-0.4462684690952301,
-0.4464645981788635,
-0.21703115105628967,
0.19721274077892303,
0.21905486285686493,
0.4773978888988495,
-0.3304766118526459,
0.7329052090644836,
-0.03297257795929909,
0.4709053933620453,
-1.1551882028579712,
0.6626355648040771,
0.25195738673210144,
-1.0425304174423218,
-0.004485887475311756,
0.41566362977027893,
-0.1935809701681137,
-0.7662156224250793,
0.15082718431949615,
-0.0312502421438694,
-0.19161182641983032,
0.008556168526411057,
-0.08797851204872131,
0.5630649328231812,
-0.08316496014595032,
-0.410900354385376,
0.12153910845518112,
-0.32562029361724854,
-0.495891273021698,
0.8676037788391113,
-0.34956812858581543,
-0.2113732248544693,
0.4048842191696167,
-0.5043489933013916,
-0.1977878361940384,
0.3392491042613983,
-0.09228403866291046,
0.015427096746861935,
-0.3230445086956024,
0.8532126545906067,
0.7491990923881531,
-0.25681060552597046,
-0.2858647108078003,
0.6403190493583679,
0.010010295547544956,
-0.6106635928153992,
0.24659012258052826,
-0.35100266337394714,
-0.12521275877952576,
0.8968683481216431,
0.059988632798194885,
0.268934965133667,
-0.2301381379365921,
0.1240866556763649,
-0.04364386945962906,
-0.03683018311858177,
-0.27845361828804016,
0.3152466416358948,
0.4215041995048523,
-0.007813375443220139,
0.5336054563522339,
-0.4978726804256439,
0.8536583185195923,
0.3402639925479889,
0.27091655135154724,
-0.1203811839222908,
0.3983784019947052,
0.0395754911005497,
-0.3935125172138214,
0.3662390410900116,
-0.6252774596214294,
0.5196206569671631,
0.5425816774368286,
-0.006860850378870964,
-0.15629929304122925,
-0.02464132569730282,
0.37316176295280457,
-0.8563509583473206,
-0.1843314915895462,
0.043427105993032455,
0.0884116142988205,
0.5769796967506409,
-0.42543068528175354,
0.33851829171180725,
-0.2510661780834198,
0.08151765912771225,
-0.035124991089105606,
0.5135334134101868,
0.13435551524162292,
-0.48871147632598877,
-0.5638171434402466,
-0.3625098466873169,
-0.2841772139072418,
-0.6174404621124268,
-0.15324391424655914,
-0.055136118084192276,
0.12547144293785095,
0.31985411047935486,
0.6499974131584167,
0.1826304942369461,
0.4331417381763458,
-0.5164092183113098,
0.4877709150314331,
-0.5711942315101624,
-0.18053394556045532,
-0.06618338823318481,
-0.6849456429481506,
0.6693837642669678,
0.44809529185295105,
-0.5736247301101685,
-0.4763329327106476,
0.550240159034729,
-0.0016023754142224789,
0.04483044892549515,
-0.3082864582538605,
0.4215910732746124,
0.40844523906707764,
0.6460787057876587,
-0.9388232827186584,
0.39612439274787903,
0.5556776523590088,
-0.29957711696624756,
-0.044561341404914856,
0.9361497759819031,
0.14384259283542633,
0.05451161786913872,
-0.04639586806297302,
-0.3989441692829132,
-0.02968895621597767,
-0.5539436936378479,
0.3480690121650696,
0.03057786449790001,
0.08118008822202682,
0.24609872698783875,
-0.36744487285614014,
-0.027549579739570618,
0.19367286562919617,
0.19632816314697266,
-0.826524555683136,
-0.026687027886509895,
-0.368297278881073,
0.7668331265449524,
-0.4899064004421234,
0.09784480184316635,
-0.5123156309127808,
-0.11989503353834152,
0.39766478538513184,
0.33672550320625305,
0.21647880971431732,
-0.23420067131519318,
0.005529557354748249,
-0.3397497236728668,
-0.5042709708213806,
0.1732364445924759,
-0.11337146162986755,
-0.42631080746650696,
-0.8208414912223816,
-0.6375156044960022,
-0.4583980441093445,
0.14423313736915588,
0.5166963934898376,
-0.20687317848205566,
0.6494897603988647,
0.14175699651241302,
-0.39794906973838806,
0.033270981162786484,
-0.15191581845283508,
-0.5800979137420654,
-0.4717561900615692,
0.7296181321144104
] |
210316
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry%20%282002%20film%29
|
Gerry (2002 film)
|
Gerry is a 2002 American drama film written and directed by Gus Van Sant and starring and co-written by Matt Damon and Casey Affleck. It is the first film of Van Sant's "Death Trilogy", three films based on deaths that occurred in real life, and is succeeded by Elephant (2003) and Last Days (2005).
Gerry follows two hiking companions who both go by the name "Gerry". "Gerry" is also a slang term, used by both protagonists throughout the misadventure, meaning "to screw up". Van Sant revealed in interviews that Damon, Affleck and his brother Ben had already coined the term before the movie had been named.
The film's plot shares some commonalities with the events surrounding the death of David Coughlin, who was killed after he and a friend became lost in Rattlesnake Canyon in New Mexico. The film's style was largely inspired by the work of Hungarian director Béla Tarr, namely its use of extended scenes playing out in uncut master shots. There are a few direct visual quotations from Tarr's Sátántangó such as a shot following the two protagonists while tumbleweeds blow around them that mimics a shot in Tarr's film where two men walk through a town as a windstorm blows around leaves and trash.
Besides the work of Béla Tarr, the video game Tomb Raider was cited as an influence on the style of the film. Van Sant had mentioned that he hadn't had much experience with video games and was struck by the fact that the lack of the ability to cut away from the action in video games meant having to stay with the characters during travel that would normally be glossed over in films. In an interview with Filmmaker Magazine Van Sant stated "In some ways, Gerry is Béla Tarr fused with Tomb Raider!"
Gerry is frequently cited as an example of non-narrative cinema.
Plot
The characters drive to a remote location to hike at a site marked "Wilderness Trail". As they start, they see some other hikers passing by. After some walking, talking, and an impromptu foot race, they decide to head back. Before long, they realize that they are lost. That night, they build a campfire.
Over the next couple of days, the two hikers wander through the wilderness without food or water. They try to split up for a while, retrace their steps and follow some animal tracks, all to no avail. They grow increasingly irritated with each other as the situation becomes dire.
They eventually find themselves slowly walking mostly in silence through a desert. They finally collapse due to fatigue and dehydration. The weaker of the two (Affleck) proclaims that he is "leaving", and reaches towards Damon's character. Damon's character rolls on top of Affleck and wordlessly strangles him before collapsing again.
After some time, Damon's character awakens and realises that a highway is not far away. In the final sequence, he is badly sunburned but watches the passing landscape from the car of the father and son who have seemingly rescued him.
Production
The inspiration for the film was a real-life incident, which Damon related to Van Sant, in which two best friends got lost in the desert, with one eventually killing the other. Van Sant deliberately chose not to look up more information on the event because "we didn't want to do their story," instead deciding it would be "an inspirational aside."
Besides the news item, other influences include Van Sant's own experience getting lost as well as Chantal Akerman's Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975). Initially Van Sant planned to shoot the film with digital video, which he said would have resembled "a John Cassavetes film in the desert." Casey Affleck eventually convinced him to use 35 mm film instead, with Van Sant noting, "once we did that, everything changed". From this decision he began incorporating influences from the film work of Béla Tarr, specifically his use of long takes.
The film is notable for its lack of dialogue. Initially Van Sant "thought we were definitely going to have a lot of long bits of soul-searching dialogue." During shooting this never came to pass, and Van Sant asserted that the long silences were "our version" of such dialogue. Van Sant wanted the spare dialogue not to cover things for the audience's sake; he explained, "When [Matt and Casey] are talking, they’re just talking and not pointing out stuff that we’re supposed to know. If they’re talking about something, and we don’t know what they’re talking about, then that’s okay. So long as they know what they’re talking about."
Van Sant hoped to shoot the film in Argentina to avoid a possible Actors Guild strike, but the location proved colder than anticipated. He then looked to Wadi Rum in Jordan, but he was dissuaded from going there because a travel advisory was in effect due to potential terrorist activities. The team finally settled on Death Valley, California. Although the film had a script, it was used as more of an outline, and the team regularly disregarded it. They were unsure of how the film would end if the film was shot in sequence.
The film is dedicated to the memory of American writer Ken Kesey.
Critical reception
The film received generally mixed critical reviews. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 61%, based on 100 reviews, with an average rating of 6.20/10. The consensus states that Gerry is "The type of uncompromising film that divides filmgoers over whether it is profound or pretentious."
See also
Narrativity
References
External links
2002 films
2000s avant-garde and experimental films
2002 drama films
2002 independent films
American drama films
American avant-garde and experimental films
American films
American independent films
American survival films
Death Valley
Drama films based on actual events
2000s English-language films
Films about solitude
Films directed by Gus Van Sant
Films set in deserts
Films shot in Argentina
Films shot in California
Films shot in Utah
Murder in films
Films with screenplays by Casey Affleck
Films with screenplays by Matt Damon
Films with screenplays by Gus Van Sant
|
[
-0.4611753523349762,
0.3770502507686615,
-0.2695796489715576,
-0.5510496497154236,
0.24232713878154755,
0.23436392843723297,
0.3441556692123413,
0.11949963867664337,
-0.44779521226882935,
0.18471747636795044,
-0.06538935750722885,
0.9437792897224426,
-0.3928306996822357,
-0.5528898239135742,
0.09232334792613983,
0.5218269228935242,
0.5431674718856812,
0.13620208203792572,
0.061155933886766434,
-1.0736663341522217,
-0.4218769967556,
-0.06951989233493805,
0.2907507121562958,
0.08424282819032669,
-0.312557578086853,
0.412070631980896,
0.01979166455566883,
0.023094696924090385,
0.43464651703834534,
0.22718963027000427,
0.49988654255867004,
-0.017930272966623306,
0.6021053791046143,
-0.6291624903678894,
0.14111241698265076,
0.38190072774887085,
-0.24301357567310333,
0.543204665184021,
-0.15702104568481445,
-0.1004488542675972,
0.020786037668585777,
-0.46170851588249207,
0.12558667361736298,
-0.09005666524171829,
-0.35640349984169006,
-0.018727561458945274,
-0.7916755080223083,
0.020998943597078323,
-0.45013436675071716,
-0.17795491218566895,
-0.09270123392343521,
0.2546261250972748,
0.27483633160591125,
0.15801213681697845,
0.2409108281135559,
0.2980961203575134,
0.09433190524578094,
-0.0898335874080658,
0.031051332131028175,
-0.6097667217254639,
0.3845183849334717,
0.0799369364976883,
0.47191253304481506,
-0.33756616711616516,
-0.49158021807670593,
0.12212667614221573,
0.21309885382652283,
0.005559253040701151,
0.1667778193950653,
-0.990557074546814,
0.6804197430610657,
-0.24629013240337372,
-0.22739091515541077,
-0.37379980087280273,
0.40543127059936523,
0.021528417244553566,
0.2647418677806854,
0.10258708149194717,
-0.44848474860191345,
0.29657021164894104,
-0.2696585953235626,
-0.011303563602268696,
0.6537274122238159,
0.6804929375648499,
0.17444485425949097,
-0.20372478663921356,
0.03463000804185867,
0.6316672563552856,
0.04195254668593407,
0.24230705201625824,
-0.39084914326667786,
-0.006027947645634413,
0.06936949491500854,
0.8199431896209717,
0.1582401543855667,
-0.28693750500679016,
-0.2954222857952118,
-0.5212758779525757,
0.4215770363807678,
-0.31549859046936035,
0.3614673912525177,
0.3217982053756714,
-0.19587936997413635,
-0.9324020147323608,
-0.9518395066261292,
0.6871349811553955,
0.30855727195739746,
-0.612949013710022,
-0.07543504238128662,
-0.17436107993125916,
-0.31810060143470764,
-0.32919904589653015,
-0.37987998127937317,
-0.4499189555644989,
-0.1000685840845108,
0.31629011034965515,
0.024821940809488297,
-0.4063087999820709,
-0.24755877256393433,
0.7246156334877014,
0.5648524165153503,
0.6623252034187317,
-0.02721896953880787,
0.8526554107666016,
0.07080431282520294,
0.04393179342150688,
0.24525554478168488,
0.2774089574813843,
0.27506232261657715,
0.4678317904472351,
0.16773270070552826,
0.20723329484462738,
-0.3453958034515381,
0.274170845746994,
0.0351703055202961,
-0.4177309572696686,
0.3051857054233551,
0.2801242768764496,
0.045372385531663895,
-0.11395695060491562,
-0.6614349484443665,
0.14096799492835999,
-0.1735803782939911,
-0.3075192868709564,
0.21109336614608765,
-0.5386563539505005,
0.25265195965766907,
0.014731546863913536,
-0.06836198270320892,
-0.6399563550949097,
0.030936840921640396,
-0.2367027848958969,
0.30816972255706787,
-0.17189724743366241,
-0.35544437170028687,
0.598105788230896,
0.31457778811454773,
0.3911711573600769,
0.055878475308418274,
0.10316681116819382,
0.6506505608558655,
0.377701997756958,
0.031211357563734055,
-0.3935503661632538,
0.2224651426076889,
0.62888103723526,
-0.10065627098083496,
-0.28951022028923035,
0.3142787516117096,
-0.135427787899971,
-0.13521966338157654,
0.6482734084129333,
0.3380330502986908,
-0.34635141491889954,
-0.1597677767276764,
0.3138713538646698,
0.5562109351158142,
0.5397690534591675,
0.2043399214744568,
-0.21620360016822815,
-0.3931276798248291,
-0.056233860552310944,
0.1531122475862503,
0.1529213935136795,
0.5197412371635437,
0.1800927072763443,
0.0414087288081646,
-0.310056209564209,
-0.16903501749038696,
0.43847858905792236,
-0.7820495963096619,
-0.5637633204460144,
0.260435551404953,
-0.8405648469924927,
0.4334565997123718,
-0.2689899206161499,
-0.7573770880699158,
0.1966979205608368,
0.4608443081378937,
0.5244890451431274,
-0.41638413071632385,
-0.5916048288345337,
0.7950679063796997,
0.461112916469574,
-0.4059641659259796,
0.05102508142590523,
0.1995733380317688,
0.54874587059021,
-0.3092549741268158,
0.5218193531036377,
0.4575449526309967,
-0.49495625495910645,
-0.17494548857212067,
0.3239382207393646,
0.1589633971452713,
-0.008356437087059021,
-0.8597185611724854,
-0.19165067374706268,
0.05951507017016411,
0.3654785454273224,
0.6868588328361511,
0.11263316869735718,
-0.027653368189930916,
0.6507392525672913,
-0.02467171661555767,
1.0388103723526,
0.3733676075935364,
-0.2239668220281601,
0.8388249278068542,
0.09469585120677948,
-0.2743072807788849,
0.10148058831691742,
-0.3918664753437042,
-0.5932101607322693,
-0.08179186284542084,
0.15974591672420502,
0.42049020528793335,
-0.3751060962677002,
0.11486182361841202,
-0.085194893181324,
0.4461155831813812,
0.252410352230072,
-0.520803689956665,
0.31090468168258667,
-0.22411249577999115,
0.36409980058670044,
0.2421606183052063,
-0.1302277147769928,
0.05375069007277489,
0.2293136715888977,
0.08780309557914734,
0.6303771138191223,
-0.01628515124320984,
-0.05377207323908806,
0.21822872757911682,
0.3020564913749695,
-0.12717857956886292,
0.3067457973957062,
0.4234863519668579,
0.08227904886007309,
-0.2785574495792389,
-0.11828207969665527,
0.3338753581047058,
0.2878377437591553,
-0.42937782406806946,
-0.49692076444625854,
-0.7380990386009216,
-0.6193382143974304,
-0.001651195576414466,
0.007796847261488438,
0.5047548413276672,
-0.3967481851577759,
-0.030072268098592758,
0.22714577615261078,
0.3753605782985687,
0.25819581747055054,
-0.5091762542724609,
0.04983470216393471,
-0.9063993096351624,
-0.41755804419517517,
0.47655966877937317,
0.5881118774414062,
0.09402385354042053,
0.07014035433530807,
0.3003132939338684,
0.26021063327789307,
-0.24885568022727966,
0.10988408327102661,
-0.6012337803840637,
-0.7162715792655945,
0.19838447868824005,
-0.3655865490436554,
0.03315761312842369,
-0.3538045287132263,
-0.14340196549892426,
0.17483900487422943,
0.7840547561645508,
0.3978581726551056,
-0.06469924002885818,
0.454272985458374,
-0.034343574196100235,
0.6524094343185425,
-0.07449066638946533,
-0.08608438074588776,
0.6296847462654114,
-0.2708736062049866,
0.02438986673951149,
-0.4906312823295593,
-5.733431339263916,
0.7299324870109558,
0.10121554136276245,
0.388325959444046,
0.6204084157943726,
-0.19330139458179474,
0.07381664216518402,
-1.0908641815185547,
0.24172630906105042,
-0.08518306165933609,
-0.713107168674469,
-0.0354543998837471,
0.02138286456465721,
0.24559104442596436,
0.4934389293193817,
-0.09331352263689041,
0.382325679063797,
-0.996802806854248,
0.42747560143470764,
0.2444477528333664,
-0.5406866669654846,
-0.14670442044734955,
-0.14365465939044952,
-0.16735589504241943,
-0.03400208055973053,
1.27276611328125,
-0.1713658571243286,
0.0524006225168705,
-0.6391993761062622,
0.7294121980667114,
-0.7846314907073975,
-0.03668135777115822,
-0.12514878809452057,
-0.5441866517066956,
-0.6611384749412537,
-0.15926513075828552,
0.9210670590400696,
-0.8462861180305481,
0.4847869277000427,
-0.8099309206008911,
0.00509984977543354,
0.3064917325973511,
-0.6960172057151794,
-0.391259104013443,
0.24423208832740784,
-0.2348535805940628,
-0.9233354926109314,
-0.8158330321311951,
0.2645854353904724,
0.2827529311180115,
0.5931218266487122,
0.27998533844947815,
-0.060635488480329514,
0.2008938491344452,
0.5834007263183594,
-0.4053342640399933,
-0.15046115219593048,
0.2287769317626953,
-0.2642256021499634,
0.3554411232471466,
0.6008479595184326,
0.02151309885084629,
-0.2867431640625,
-0.3691527545452118,
0.47324010729789734,
0.1334514021873474,
0.1766745001077652,
-0.00961411651223898,
0.2739603519439697,
-0.13497303426265717,
0.2828305661678314,
-0.008211378939449787,
0.35548731684684753,
-1.0649245977401733,
0.12444110214710236,
-0.2917771339416504,
-0.2760550081729889,
-0.06755926460027695,
-0.13561566174030304,
-0.4225079417228699,
0.02709871344268322,
-0.5499985814094543,
0.20825080573558807,
-0.4133571982383728,
-0.007280987687408924,
-0.14137451350688934,
-0.1020406037569046,
0.2558806240558624,
-0.28335893154144287,
-0.17038054764270782,
0.03828667104244232,
-0.16390150785446167,
0.17163217067718506,
0.7504163980484009,
0.20970448851585388,
0.7130528688430786,
0.29500025510787964,
0.3756735324859619,
0.3587538003921509,
-0.05671846494078636,
0.25826072692871094,
-0.7966582775115967,
0.3113583028316498,
-1.0481480360031128,
-0.03070932812988758,
-0.4914127290248871,
-0.06569088250398636,
0.311092734336853,
0.18834738433361053,
-0.2098931521177292,
-0.17536583542823792,
-0.29039737582206726,
-0.43918338418006897,
-0.5217167735099792,
0.7948998808860779,
-0.3514269292354584,
-0.4445052444934845,
-0.06261669844388962,
0.2483232468366623,
0.11066386103630066,
0.3339909613132477,
0.031234120950102806,
-0.07156167179346085,
-0.2541360557079315,
-0.5000670552253723,
0.11882839351892471,
0.2878023087978363,
-0.010664124973118305,
0.24956713616847992,
0.00584272900596261,
-0.6261893510818481,
0.0775139108300209,
-0.21375861763954163,
0.22312162816524506,
0.4921976327896118,
-0.5741285681724548,
-0.1660274863243103,
-0.1669825166463852,
-0.06387016177177429,
0.04705096036195755,
0.602627158164978,
-0.30677688121795654,
-0.5552417039871216,
0.359825998544693,
-0.27435243129730225,
0.11491120606660843,
-0.34068140387535095,
0.12876933813095093,
0.17250099778175354,
0.17528313398361206,
0.4137798249721527,
-0.4530719220638275,
0.7864193320274353,
-0.4267505705356598,
-0.46798309683799744,
0.06860250234603882,
0.38707032799720764,
-0.5737671256065369,
0.14089739322662354,
0.12405230849981308,
0.4762149453163147,
0.15253187716007233,
-1.2125709056854248,
0.330756813287735,
0.08261311054229736,
-0.35137060284614563,
0.370248407125473,
-0.8452385067939758,
-0.427715539932251,
0.7117366194725037,
-0.0020479713566601276,
0.2343364655971527,
0.09069960564374924,
0.7616866827011108,
-0.07896791398525238,
0.4678894579410553,
-0.1118742898106575,
-0.09894821792840958,
0.10276438295841217,
0.6387711763381958,
0.3894731402397156,
0.019961819052696228,
-0.6942746639251709,
0.2959975004196167,
0.39384645223617554,
-0.7605956196784973,
-0.7092987298965454,
0.06556829065084457,
-0.7169206142425537,
0.3002408444881439,
0.28235623240470886,
0.5820800065994263,
0.2309759557247162,
-0.15557485818862915,
-0.542102575302124,
-0.1730569303035736,
-0.2547782063484192,
0.8489278554916382,
0.0198578629642725,
0.026981933042407036,
0.231510192155838,
0.22270306944847107,
-0.7399371266365051,
0.1757812649011612,
-0.07025846838951111,
-0.7240771651268005,
0.2864173650741577,
0.27088430523872375,
-0.69764244556427,
0.5976011157035828,
0.19552208483219147,
-0.22115392982959747,
0.4798125922679901,
-0.21361224353313446,
0.10709888488054276,
0.42110148072242737,
-0.050076451152563095,
-0.47052836418151855,
-0.0811389610171318,
-0.2106364369392395,
-0.5166531205177307,
-0.8476601839065552,
-0.05102092772722244,
-0.29138317704200745,
-0.6997476816177368,
0.10430395603179932,
0.6229146718978882,
-0.7825079560279846,
-0.1318906545639038,
0.20863257348537445,
-0.6473615765571594,
0.043200187385082245,
0.2356134057044983,
0.23853877186775208,
-0.16672682762145996,
0.0609799288213253,
0.3889312148094177,
0.2505016326904297,
-0.016678018495440483,
0.0223861001431942,
0.6386455297470093,
0.6815119385719299,
-0.15630441904067993,
-0.1076192632317543,
0.3998170495033264,
0.21064393222332,
-0.025229090824723244,
-1.1074113845825195,
-0.07931367307901382,
-0.012791946530342102,
0.2259485423564911,
-0.015359402634203434,
-0.0671251118183136,
-0.28082504868507385,
0.5300086736679077,
-0.7547500729560852,
-0.08799488842487335,
-0.07511342316865921,
-0.1396491974592209,
0.03299196809530258,
0.09666187316179276,
0.12123516201972961,
-1.3558043241500854,
-0.07366789877414703,
-0.07294228672981262,
-0.48486846685409546,
0.23529547452926636,
-0.10143961012363434,
0.21013143658638,
-0.1445697396993637,
-0.3282754421234131,
-0.2814008295536041,
-0.19420936703681946,
0.4847894310951233,
-0.20083530247211456,
-0.09322478622198105,
-0.1500110626220703,
-0.39307713508605957,
-0.09197863191366196,
-0.25296375155448914,
-1.166371464729309,
0.14975567162036896,
-0.16668230295181274,
-0.1508016139268875,
-0.3498848080635071,
-0.6887209415435791,
0.138285294175148,
-0.0450410470366478,
-0.19108273088932037,
0.44960588216781616,
-0.10075724869966507,
-0.06817449629306793,
-0.5368709564208984,
-0.7131731510162354,
-0.059482499957084656,
-0.20752926170825958,
-0.021949464455246925,
0.39912325143814087,
-0.8358426690101624,
0.18799494206905365,
-0.3330361247062683,
-0.010965189896523952,
0.18734055757522583,
-0.3340422213077545,
-0.3724061846733093,
-0.31561827659606934,
0.23206643760204315,
-0.8846297264099121,
-0.457379549741745,
0.18414612114429474,
-0.22415372729301453,
-0.7057992219924927,
0.19052496552467346,
0.20003633201122284,
-0.09994849562644958,
0.037115320563316345,
0.9191601872444153,
-0.3575708270072937,
0.25827106833457947,
0.036606792360544205,
0.36013656854629517,
0.07453189045190811,
0.07438845932483673,
-0.014079832471907139,
-0.04607196897268295,
0.589054524898529,
0.3047056794166565,
0.4527638256549835,
0.5148581266403198,
-0.05373205617070198,
0.6262310147285461,
-0.027565743774175644,
0.06117084622383118,
0.12562599778175354,
0.10828516632318497,
-0.33563560247421265,
0.44399991631507874,
-0.024867655709385872,
0.02725229412317276,
0.36182835698127747,
0.10823174566030502,
0.6238895654678345,
-0.17336641252040863,
-0.20347556471824646,
0.04652467742562294,
-0.2071281373500824,
0.3847326934337616,
-0.1439434289932251,
0.06116165220737457,
-0.30983978509902954,
0.3728388547897339,
0.3706481158733368,
0.21013088524341583,
-0.3318467140197754,
0.5761894583702087,
-0.1509028822183609,
-0.39532795548439026,
-0.08083699643611908,
0.12142159789800644,
0.1076110452413559,
-0.1854667067527771,
-0.188979372382164,
0.5917880535125732,
0.734758734703064,
-0.03900931403040886,
0.05614364519715309,
-0.0063276151195168495,
-0.44433873891830444,
0.2775382101535797,
0.1520363986492157,
-0.3770022392272949,
0.29528769850730896,
-0.20084549486637115,
-0.02398514933884144,
0.1115933358669281,
0.04482562467455864,
-0.0029475295450538397,
-0.08021832257509232,
-0.32914093136787415,
0.4418506920337677,
-0.17132483422756195,
0.25505825877189636,
-0.897282063961029,
-0.08189289271831512,
0.1314399540424347,
0.32473134994506836,
0.37613824009895325,
-0.015361102297902107,
0.09595103561878204,
-0.4749966859817505,
0.5720449686050415,
-0.3907305598258972,
-0.5225100517272949,
0.8166708946228027,
0.09439444541931152,
0.06229102984070778,
-0.48421770334243774,
0.48727908730506897,
0.37567025423049927,
0.3799327313899994,
0.09128806740045547,
0.5323079824447632,
0.07513939589262009,
0.45869746804237366,
-0.1269686371088028,
-0.415080726146698,
-0.40594661235809326,
-0.2668217718601227,
-1.2901278734207153,
-0.05750273913145065,
0.30699989199638367,
0.033339593559503555,
-0.3383556008338928,
-0.02578725665807724,
0.29932522773742676,
-0.06802587956190109,
0.5108511447906494,
-0.09452424198389053,
0.020259832963347435,
-0.0058555761352181435,
-0.13430120050907135,
0.16329367458820343,
0.1893361657857895,
0.24717634916305542,
-0.1078968197107315,
0.11543049663305283,
0.13834281265735626,
-0.5052497386932373,
0.11084874719381332,
0.5202769637107849,
0.22630949318408966,
0.4912600815296173,
0.08514929562807083,
0.12884977459907532,
-0.20138026773929596,
-0.27654558420181274,
0.48631390929222107,
0.103350430727005,
0.10041198134422302,
-0.12190630286931992,
0.30746257305145264,
-0.2807278335094452,
-0.049325600266456604,
-0.13165919482707977,
-0.36897894740104675,
-0.851513147354126,
0.2130810171365738,
-0.5868257880210876,
-0.23882268369197845,
0.21331536769866943,
-0.20452234148979187,
-0.8558000326156616,
0.31098777055740356,
-0.7005916237831116,
-0.29857194423675537,
0.5095807909965515,
0.1955784559249878,
-0.140522763133049,
-0.1531565934419632,
0.2160768210887909
] |
210318
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri%20Hatcher
|
Teri Hatcher
|
Teri Lynn Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an American actress best known for her portrayals of Lois Lane on the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993–1997); Paris Carver in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997); and Susan Mayer on the television series Desperate Housewives (2004–2012), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy and three Screen Actors Guild Awards (one as lead female actor, two as part of Best Ensemble), and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.
Early life
Hatcher was born on December 8, 1964, in Palo Alto, California, the only child of Esther (née Beshur), a computer programmer who worked for Lockheed Martin, and Owen Walker Hatcher, Jr., a nuclear physicist and electrical engineer. Her father is of English, Welsh and Irish descent (Hatcher has said that he also has Choctaw ancestry), and her mother is of Syrian, Czech and Irish ancestry.
Hatcher took ballet lessons at the San Juan School of Dance in Los Altos and grew up in Sunnyvale, California. At De Anza College she studied mathematics and engineering.
In March 2006, she alleged that she was sexually abused from the age of five by Richard Hayes Stone, an uncle by marriage who was later divorced by Hatcher's aunt. She said her parents were unaware of the abuse. In 2002, she assisted Santa Clara County prosecutors with their indictment of Stone for a more recent sexual offense that led his female victim to commit suicide at 14. Stone pleaded guilty to four counts of child sexual abuse and was sentenced to 14 years in prison. Hatcher said she told the prosecutors about her own abuse because she was haunted by thoughts of the 14-year-old girl who shot herself, and feared Stone might escape conviction. Stone died of colon cancer on August 19, 2008, after serving six years of his sentence.
Career
1984–1992: Early work
Hatcher studied acting at the American Conservatory Theater. One of her early jobs (in 1984) was as an NFL cheerleader with the San Francisco 49ers. From September 1985 to May 1986 she joined the cast of the TV series The Love Boat as Amy, one of the Mermaid showgirls. It mainly involved dancing and singing as part of the Mermaids show routine, but she had short comedic lines in some episodes, and in one episode was part of one of three storylines opposite a male guest star. From 1986 to 1989, she appeared in six episodes of the TV series MacGyver as talkative but naive Penny Parker opposite Richard Dean Anderson's eponymous hero.
In 1987, she played the sensible, intelligent 18-year-old daughter of Patty Duke's lead character in the short-lived Fox comedy Karen's Song, and had a guest-star role in an episode of Night Court. In 1988, she made a short guest appearance in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode The Outrageous Okona as Lt. Robinson. In 1989, she guest-starred in an episode of Quantum Leap, "Star Crossed", as the main character's mathematician/scientist future wife; and guest-starred as a nude beauty pageant winner in an episode of L.A. Law. That year she also made her motion picture debut with a minor role as a young opportunistic actress in The Big Picture, starring Kevin Bacon. She then played Sylvester Stallone's younger sister, a dancer, in the big-budget police action-comedy Tango and Cash, also starring Kurt Russell; it was a critical and box office disappointment.
After a short guest appearance in an episode of Murphy Brown in 1990, Hatcher's next TV series role, in 1991, was in the Norman Lear creation Sunday Dinner, a comedy. She co-starred as 30-year-old lawyer in a mostly physical relationship with a widowed businessman twice her age, played by Robert Loggia. The series had a brief run on CBS that summer but was not renewed. She also acted in the television crime movie Dead in the Water (1991) in which she plays Bryan Brown's lawyer's young, attractive temptress secretary, and in the low-budget erotic thriller The Cool Surface (not released until 1994), wherein she plays a young actress who has an ill-fated romance with an enigmatic, unsettled screenwriter. In 1992, Hatcher tried out for the role of Jamie Buchman on Mad About You and made it to the final two choices, but lost the part to Helen Hunt.
1993–1997: Breakthrough
Hatcher made a much-discussed guest appearance on a 1993 episode of Seinfeld, in which her character, Sidra, breaks up with Jerry because she believes Jerry sent his friend Elaine into a sauna to find out if Sidra's breasts are natural or enhanced by surgery. The episode concludes with Sidra saying to Jerry, "By the way, they're real, and they're spectacular" as she left his apartment. Hatcher returned to play Sidra in brief scenes in two subsequent episodes: "The Pilot", the fourth season finale, and "The Finale (Part 2)", the series finale.
Hatcher landed a starring role in the ABC television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman as the Daily Planet reporter Lois Lane (opposite Dean Cain as Superman/Clark Kent) from 1993 to 1997. At the height of the show's popularity in 1995, a picture of Hatcher wrapped in a Superman cape was reportedly the most downloaded image on the Internet for several months. "It's a great shot," she said. "Not so much because it's me. It's just cool looking." Hatcher also co-wrote an episode for season three called "It's A Small World After All" about a former classmate who shrinks and kidnaps her classmate's spouses and traps them in a dollhouse.
Hatcher hosted NBC's Saturday Night Live in 1996. Hatcher won the role of Paris Carver (beating Monica Bellucci) in the 1997 James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies. Hatcher was three months pregnant at the filming's start, by her husband, Jon Tenney. A publicist said the pregnancy did not affect the production schedule.
She was voted the world's sexiest woman by readers of popular men's magazine FHM in spring 1997 after having been number four in 1996 and was number 15 in 1998; she also made the list in 1999 and 2000. Celebrity Sleuth ranked her as its Sexiest Woman for 1997, the only year it ranked her in its Top 25 list. The Australian version of FHM began a 100 Sexiest Women list in 1998 and Hatcher placed 25th on the list, but she did not make the next list published in 2000.
Hatcher also appeared in films such as Spy Kids (2001), and played a villain in two crime dramas, the ensemble 2 Days in the Valley (1996), a moderate box office success, and Heaven's Prisoners (1996), co-starring Alec Baldwin, which failed at the box office.
Hatcher appeared in a series of RadioShack television commercials alongside National Football League player Howie Long.
2004–2012: Commercial success with Desperate Housewives
She beat four other actresses for one of the lead roles on ABC's Desperate Housewives, in which she starred as Susan Mayer, a role for which she won the Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Golden Globe Award in January 2005. Later that year, Hatcher won the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) award in the same category. In July 2005, she was nominated for an Emmy award as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, along with co-stars Marcia Cross and Felicity Huffman.
Hatcher again made FHM's world's sexiest woman list in 2005 and 2006, placing at 63 and 81 those years, respectively. The US version of FHM ranked her in its US's 100 Sexiest Woman list five times between its inaugural edition in 2000 and 2007, with peaks of number 7 in 2005 and number 10 in 2006. and she was on the cover of the magazine's February 2005 edition. Hatcher also re-entered the FHM Australia's Top 100 Sexiest Women list in 2005 and 2006 ranking 19 and 50 those years. She made similar lists in the German and Portuguese versions of FHM those years. Maxim Magazine placed her in its Top 100 listing of Sexiest Women of 2006 (a listing they began in 1999) at number 73.
As of April 2006, Hatcher was one of the highest paid television actresses in the United States, reportedly earning $285,000 per episode of Desperate Housewives. That year she was one of the three nominees for Favorite Television Performer for the People's Choice Awards and was again nominated for a Golden Globe as Lead Actress in a television comedy program. In May 2006, she released her first book, Burnt Toast: And Other Philosophies of Life.
Hatcher performed The Beatles song "Good Night" on the 2006 charity album Unexpected Dreams – Songs From the Stars.
On April 9, 2008, Hatcher appeared on Idol Gives Back, singing Carrie Underwood's "Before He Cheats". She voiced the Other Mother, a mysterious, button-eyed figure, as well as Coraline's mother Mel Jones, who constantly shows Coraline "tough love," both in the 2009 film Coraline, which received critical acclaim.
In 2010, Hatcher made a return to the Superman franchise, with a special guest role in the final season of Smallville as Ella Lane, the mother of Erica Durance's Lois Lane. The episode continued a tradition of former Lois Lane actresses portraying the character's mother many years later. Noel Neill appeared as Lois' mother in the 1978 film Superman: The Movie, and Phyllis Coates made a similar appearance on Lois & Clark.
A report in November 2010 suggested that Hatcher, along with co-star Felicity Huffman, would be quitting Desperate Housewives, but ABC denied the claim. Hatcher later addressed the rumors of her departure from Desperate Housewives, saying that "[t]here are not enough adjectives to describe how stupid, off base, and ridiculously untrue this is". However, after the show concluded in 2012, media sources revealed an apparent rift with her co-stars. It has been widely speculated that the cast did not get along well with Hatcher. Eva Longoria, Felicity Huffman, Marcia Cross, and Vanessa Williams gave thank-you gifts to the crew from the show which included a message with their names inscribed at the end, and Hatcher's name was distinctly absent. TV Guide source, William Keck, revealed that "something went down" between Hatcher and the cast that caused a rift, and also observed how Hatcher would physically distance herself from the others during breaks in filming. On her end, Hatcher said to TV Guide that "I will never disclose the true and complicated journey of us all, but I wish everyone on the show well."
In 2011, Men's Health magazine named Hatcher #38 on their "Hottest Women of All Time" list.
2013–present: Post-Desperate Housewives work
Hatcher voiced Dottie in the films Planes (2013) and Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014). In 2016, Hatcher had a recurring role as Charlotte, a successful single mother who becomes Oscar's (Matthew Perry) love interest in the second season of the comedy series The Odd Couple. In 2017, Hatcher appeared as Queen Rhea of Daxam in a recurring role on The CW series Supergirl.
In 2018, Hatcher debuted a YouTube channel called Hatching Change. It includes two segments: "Van Therapy" and "Don't Eat 'It' Out Of a Box". Since Desperate Housewives went off the air, Hatcher, who was already an active baker, has gotten very interested and involved in cooking including taking lessons at various times. Hatcher became a champion in season 17 of Chopped on the Food Network by winning the Holiday Celebrity episode. She also participated in The Great British Bake Off in the fifth episode of the Stand Up to Cancer series of 2018, which she also won, earning the title of Star baker.
Personal life
Hatcher married Marcus Leithold, of Butler, Pennsylvania, on June 4, 1988; they divorced the following year.
On May 27, 1994, she married actor Jon Tenney; they had a daughter, Emerson, born in 1997. They divorced in March 2003.
In 2007, Hatcher began writing a column for Glamour magazine.
Hatcher endorsed Democratic primary candidate Andrew Yang in the 2020 presidential election.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Honors
1996: Honored as the Female Discovery of the Year by the Golden Apple Awards.
2011: Nominated — Favorite Online Sensation by the People's Choice Awards.
Accolades
References
External links
Teri Hatcher at Emmys.com
1964 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American writers
Actresses from Palo Alto, California
American cheerleaders
American film actresses
American people of Czech descent
American people of Choctaw descent
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Syrian descent
American people of Welsh descent
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American YouTubers
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
De Anza College alumni
Living people
National Football League cheerleaders
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Writers from Palo Alto, California
Writers from Sunnyvale, California
American Conservatory Theater alumni
|
[
-0.3469565510749817,
-0.20161904394626617,
-0.13511934876441956,
-0.06428952515125275,
0.7608532905578613,
1.333809494972229,
0.1030445247888565,
0.32509204745292664,
-0.7865241169929504,
-0.10911930352449417,
-0.06128415837883949,
0.4122920036315918,
0.2631472647190094,
0.021876653656363487,
-0.4382811188697815,
0.1976633220911026,
0.5851517915725708,
-0.02649872377514839,
-0.4247158467769623,
-0.18540368974208832,
-0.3476366400718689,
-0.18960970640182495,
0.22533877193927765,
-0.17893163859844208,
-1.0404689311981201,
0.4111764132976532,
-0.5717581510543823,
0.1662973165512085,
0.5738499760627747,
0.2059781700372696,
0.24256259202957153,
-0.5829605460166931,
0.7891452312469482,
-0.3522673547267914,
0.030022215098142624,
0.25977030396461487,
-0.11194051057100296,
0.6575865149497986,
-0.33878594636917114,
0.14123985171318054,
-0.04188573360443115,
-0.6681026816368103,
-0.2086176723241806,
-0.25234463810920715,
-0.40699058771133423,
-0.38761618733406067,
-1.0463889837265015,
0.20090490579605103,
-0.3099825978279114,
-0.40586185455322266,
0.04808305576443672,
-0.11743854731321335,
0.23542818427085876,
0.09198610484600067,
0.5426730513572693,
-0.10569409281015396,
-0.3429725170135498,
-0.3094790279865265,
-0.473114013671875,
0.08535024523735046,
0.1527174413204193,
-0.6474593877792358,
-0.014412013813853264,
-0.47531723976135254,
-0.1752164661884308,
0.608195960521698,
0.36657482385635376,
0.28941473364830017,
0.12073089182376862,
-0.7621875405311584,
0.5136519074440002,
0.4045533239841461,
-0.06882154941558838,
0.5603066086769104,
-0.006151976995170116,
-0.2821650207042694,
0.5617707371711731,
-0.09982740879058838,
0.19123102724552155,
0.3446997404098511,
0.10345898568630219,
0.056649886071681976,
0.6252642869949341,
0.7508134841918945,
0.12955808639526367,
-0.36164194345474243,
0.2188359647989273,
0.5031666159629822,
-0.2775619924068451,
0.14737817645072937,
-0.668246328830719,
-0.09426727145910263,
0.11950938403606415,
0.2956354022026062,
0.034139376133680344,
-0.2917781174182892,
-0.08807139843702316,
-0.48698705434799194,
0.7453539967536926,
-0.7422246336936951,
-0.5432586073875427,
0.23997639119625092,
-0.059402309358119965,
-0.826242983341217,
-0.46902236342430115,
0.03565104305744171,
0.6162005662918091,
-0.41122785210609436,
-0.6663719415664673,
-0.009786787442862988,
-0.3004274368286133,
0.011367606930434704,
0.15200069546699524,
-0.1748562455177307,
-0.5403363108634949,
0.26085394620895386,
-0.0703522339463234,
-0.7282730340957642,
-0.49807924032211304,
-0.025024859234690666,
0.3653017282485962,
-0.3669492304325104,
0.32808345556259155,
0.14304441213607788,
0.23765328526496887,
0.44229409098625183,
0.08018969744443893,
-0.1290741264820099,
0.10572683811187744,
0.41715848445892334,
-0.21147224307060242,
0.3962360620498657,
-0.8214522004127502,
-0.10787851363420486,
0.42286738753318787,
-0.280849814414978,
-0.14340858161449432,
0.2162991315126419,
0.12444467097520828,
0.22308216989040375,
-0.42450663447380066,
0.35700225830078125,
0.29926741123199463,
-0.133294016122818,
0.7858580946922302,
-0.38865405321121216,
0.25717997550964355,
-0.14133933186531067,
-0.5871256589889526,
-0.24994665384292603,
-0.2666753828525543,
0.023879464715719223,
0.33006715774536133,
-1.1359012126922607,
-0.6603599190711975,
0.13793134689331055,
0.9742438793182373,
0.41684767603874207,
-0.007100220303982496,
0.2488677054643631,
0.750161349773407,
0.45706287026405334,
-0.05268117040395737,
-0.4047611951828003,
0.7073053121566772,
-0.10754987597465515,
0.15771442651748657,
-0.4921991527080536,
0.2982442378997803,
0.34328994154930115,
-0.3980374336242676,
0.006498426198959351,
-0.09291790425777435,
-0.08359573036432266,
-0.20454028248786926,
0.4280007481575012,
0.5322785377502441,
0.6071796417236328,
-0.3963233232498169,
-0.6240546107292175,
-0.4349774718284607,
-0.17227335274219513,
0.2832337021827698,
0.28904083371162415,
0.2544499337673187,
-0.6058154702186584,
-0.1506122648715973,
-0.1424218714237213,
0.322175532579422,
0.20934517681598663,
-0.9934433102607727,
-0.13455317914485931,
0.6692551374435425,
0.13298487663269043,
0.33343201875686646,
-0.10820678621530533,
-0.10395451635122299,
0.7156288623809814,
-0.1917039006948471,
0.01508230809122324,
-0.29696694016456604,
-0.6616578698158264,
0.5072655081748962,
0.4607955813407898,
-0.4647316336631775,
0.10227540135383606,
0.7386651039123535,
0.26568126678466797,
-0.008007616735994816,
0.39502760767936707,
0.46281155943870544,
-0.16635309159755707,
-0.06317101418972015,
0.8668287992477417,
-0.2765326499938965,
-0.30920207500457764,
-0.942762017250061,
-0.1977294236421585,
0.5952509641647339,
0.03042871318757534,
0.3118518888950348,
0.1676686406135559,
-0.0029640216380357742,
-0.2591679096221924,
0.11777979880571365,
0.9236161708831787,
-0.22835643589496613,
0.07379957288503647,
0.36136332154273987,
0.05105627328157425,
0.27920469641685486,
0.44056493043899536,
-0.3279012143611908,
-0.538632869720459,
-0.35821616649627686,
0.1365562379360199,
0.4995644688606262,
-0.455621600151062,
-0.08234359323978424,
-0.6190367937088013,
0.019202010706067085,
0.315573126077652,
-0.5858709216117859,
0.7139894366264343,
-0.6340576410293579,
0.05871008709073067,
-0.2908632457256317,
-0.33258765935897827,
-0.26358115673065186,
-0.10208646953105927,
-0.8187062740325928,
0.20791730284690857,
0.47114166617393494,
0.2630486786365509,
-0.03929015249013901,
0.2995925843715668,
-0.1304156333208084,
0.7194942831993103,
0.9766638875007629,
0.4096164405345917,
0.04833951219916344,
-0.3962402045726776,
0.055607933551073074,
0.564109742641449,
-0.9191264510154724,
-0.5283376574516296,
0.04969935119152069,
-0.5040642619132996,
-0.26831868290901184,
0.7036731839179993,
0.35736989974975586,
0.1439482569694519,
-0.6328853368759155,
-0.04759225249290466,
0.08781915158033371,
-0.28771206736564636,
-0.5000823736190796,
0.6739966869354248,
-0.4739181101322174,
-0.8528345227241516,
0.4576607346534729,
1.0276741981506348,
0.1359490305185318,
-0.6947526335716248,
-0.2607060372829437,
-0.17170460522174835,
-0.3916548192501068,
-0.06043752655386925,
-0.5099303722381592,
0.4694090485572815,
-0.36239954829216003,
0.4285068213939667,
-0.35805973410606384,
0.10427548736333847,
0.12436603754758835,
-0.18120522797107697,
0.20734815299510956,
0.24749770760536194,
0.15521012246608734,
0.5887248516082764,
-0.3866170644760132,
0.2223477065563202,
0.7585334181785583,
0.17550276219844818,
0.17814476788043976,
0.05530385300517082,
0.15834318101406097,
-0.49203991889953613,
-5.362751007080078,
0.19516150653362274,
0.26910102367401123,
-0.6930026412010193,
0.7183155417442322,
-0.025510335341095924,
0.6135456562042236,
-0.3294352889060974,
0.5078364014625549,
0.6967532634735107,
0.340431272983551,
0.22617192566394806,
-0.22997063398361206,
0.13734525442123413,
-0.15909984707832336,
-0.5560584664344788,
-0.14817528426647186,
-0.4890900254249573,
0.14938585460186005,
0.2620144188404083,
0.13646607100963593,
-0.8988864421844482,
-0.1446974277496338,
0.5487202405929565,
0.10548733919858932,
0.5455664396286011,
-0.6266538500785828,
-0.1732485592365265,
-0.25222116708755493,
0.2563213109970093,
0.12351581454277039,
-0.24184086918830872,
-0.0127705167979002,
0.4368778467178345,
-0.23859959840774536,
0.13475699722766876,
0.3647083342075348,
-0.7268841862678528,
0.07732714712619781,
-0.8431808948516846,
0.15375655889511108,
0.3778109848499298,
-0.4036228358745575,
-0.6893910765647888,
0.5870306491851807,
0.21721647679805756,
-0.16777954995632172,
-0.1845513880252838,
0.40569955110549927,
0.6851041913032532,
0.9303178787231445,
0.33361387252807617,
0.07878880202770233,
-0.3512381315231323,
0.3428323268890381,
-0.24772033095359802,
-0.013461845926940441,
0.047525595873594284,
-0.5770453810691833,
-0.1934921145439148,
0.15761491656303406,
0.22788655757904053,
0.18714919686317444,
-0.45466384291648865,
0.1322374939918518,
-0.4414161443710327,
0.029756886884570122,
0.15364360809326172,
0.20054304599761963,
-0.7488664984703064,
-0.11833552271127701,
-0.17175398766994476,
0.646481990814209,
-1.2585915327072144,
-0.03956691548228264,
-0.7613064646720886,
-0.23017771542072296,
-0.28893887996673584,
-0.7589705586433411,
-0.9915063381195068,
0.49803292751312256,
-0.7943567037582397,
0.8008810877799988,
-0.06279583275318146,
0.29344746470451355,
-0.31989479064941406,
-0.04424300044775009,
-0.45905089378356934,
0.4283980131149292,
-0.04882378503680229,
0.20609579980373383,
-0.4680141508579254,
0.36567702889442444,
0.22747163474559784,
0.07047024369239807,
0.7342057228088379,
0.2130749523639679,
0.738427460193634,
-0.15614087879657745,
0.38354170322418213,
-0.522266149520874,
0.043028928339481354,
0.5220282673835754,
-0.7510590553283691,
0.2138509750366211,
-0.2898004949092865,
0.16224685311317444,
-0.4289148151874542,
-0.07301443815231323,
-0.6733978390693665,
0.032883211970329285,
0.028506316244602203,
-0.11418818682432175,
-0.4575076103210449,
0.007838936522603035,
0.04300323501229286,
-0.1684725433588028,
0.387879878282547,
0.7146985530853271,
0.3144601583480835,
-0.3074241876602173,
0.038188640028238297,
-0.6317177414894104,
0.15531864762306213,
0.6784060597419739,
-0.3488237261772156,
-0.14748699963092804,
0.2827978730201721,
0.36860841512680054,
0.5988879203796387,
-0.7419606447219849,
0.6657902598381042,
0.07426051050424576,
-0.31726422905921936,
0.5542228817939758,
-0.1251797378063202,
-0.38779857754707336,
0.28002986311912537,
-0.40070584416389465,
0.6844807267189026,
0.19799360632896423,
-0.11630819737911224,
-0.38767290115356445,
0.6885043978691101,
0.2050764113664627,
-0.5608530044555664,
0.5928571820259094,
-0.15473778545856476,
0.09310265630483627,
0.43339261412620544,
0.34258031845092773,
0.008713790215551853,
0.7477031350135803,
-0.43479248881340027,
0.01894453912973404,
0.16535411775112152,
0.017678121104836464,
-0.1498968005180359,
-0.590081512928009,
0.1614215075969696,
-0.12022790312767029,
-0.28327545523643494,
-0.5801425576210022,
-0.08257812261581421,
-0.3173607289791107,
0.1767398715019226,
-0.201099693775177,
-1.0286794900894165,
-0.4874759912490845,
0.32578152418136597,
-0.08339906483888626,
-0.1317829191684723,
-0.17323699593544006,
0.6174502372741699,
-0.04418854042887688,
-0.043388936668634415,
-0.054425135254859924,
-0.3168308734893799,
-0.37343931198120117,
0.10983134806156158,
-0.1173931434750557,
-0.39236804842948914,
-0.45025762915611267,
-0.1464734673500061,
0.5274394154548645,
-0.56809002161026,
-0.5698548555374146,
-0.4087434709072113,
-0.4255800247192383,
-0.38319647312164307,
0.504034161567688,
-0.03341598063707352,
-0.24920551478862762,
0.25456851720809937,
-0.13086360692977905,
0.07717309892177582,
-0.14974337816238403,
0.07821913063526154,
0.33332136273384094,
0.058525968343019485,
-1.075596809387207,
0.03746357187628746,
-1.0060211420059204,
0.01571124792098999,
0.63218092918396,
-0.6458290815353394,
-0.008337171748280525,
0.005921991541981697,
0.4821937382221222,
-0.07528518885374069,
-0.2498454451560974,
0.5827339291572571,
0.7695639133453369,
-0.1524183601140976,
-0.07995103299617767,
0.27992385625839233,
0.09657201170921326,
-0.34260714054107666,
0.19555217027664185,
-0.3432583808898926,
-0.5581789612770081,
-0.8952495455741882,
0.07413272559642792,
0.32080894708633423,
-0.5063640475273132,
0.14506104588508606,
0.6593098640441895,
-0.392390638589859,
0.5450774431228638,
-0.5070701837539673,
0.1746891289949417,
-0.217336505651474,
0.24749904870986938,
-0.20966437458992004,
-0.007395729422569275,
-0.49744531512260437,
0.2594456076622009,
0.48381713032722473,
0.08863012492656708,
0.5787737965583801,
0.34596407413482666,
0.34547486901283264,
-0.5711223483085632,
0.13315801322460175,
-0.1598183661699295,
0.2908773124217987,
0.4866611063480377,
-0.8869646787643433,
-0.4529053270816803,
0.2350350022315979,
0.1769094467163086,
-0.05330958589911461,
0.014844427816569805,
-0.18255306780338287,
-0.09656176716089249,
-0.6210314035415649,
-0.7012304663658142,
-0.6776883602142334,
-0.34156209230422974,
-0.6107104420661926,
0.24150124192237854,
-0.3908047378063202,
-0.8520098924636841,
-0.3453291952610016,
-0.20024076104164124,
0.36785370111465454,
0.0379275344312191,
0.11066397279500961,
-0.3639828860759735,
-0.40924662351608276,
-0.5934789180755615,
-0.07881568372249603,
0.3249790668487549,
0.4160038232803345,
-0.5222766399383545,
0.4887232184410095,
0.46487271785736084,
0.12871931493282318,
-0.274286687374115,
-0.47325626015663147,
-0.24485501646995544,
0.6890693306922913,
-0.7667670845985413,
-0.38320478796958923,
0.3240778148174286,
-1.0236910581588745,
0.7830150127410889,
-0.5219268798828125,
-0.4979870617389679,
0.651362955570221,
-0.21330836415290833,
0.9515291452407837,
0.008519177325069904,
-0.4072831869125366,
-0.07535889744758606,
0.009339172393083572,
0.037304408848285675,
1.0276355743408203,
-0.2304791510105133,
0.05596880614757538,
-0.08998052775859833,
0.037199340760707855,
0.5118703246116638,
-0.012265102006494999,
-0.36420679092407227,
-0.0965174064040184,
0.13196717202663422,
-0.6389026641845703,
-0.17875468730926514,
0.9719662070274353,
0.07822201400995255,
0.30438122153282166,
0.31464821100234985,
0.6759606599807739,
0.07911615073680878,
-0.09466483443975449,
0.47333982586860657,
-0.892240047454834,
-0.2239845097064972,
0.35666823387145996,
-0.3700888156890869,
0.5076418519020081,
0.30590859055519104,
-0.4041841924190521,
0.37556856870651245,
0.7949713468551636,
0.19034554064273834,
0.36900681257247925,
-0.3249490559101105,
0.6146015524864197,
0.25223782658576965,
-0.29952752590179443,
0.3599359393119812,
0.315504252910614,
0.13565166294574738,
-0.6146978139877319,
-0.06883519142866135,
0.10566651821136475,
0.5536932945251465,
0.33422625064849854,
0.42379987239837646,
1.0930085182189941,
-0.3521195948123932,
0.24071501195430756,
0.20681539177894592,
0.27989333868026733,
0.18290986120700836,
0.5239917039871216,
-0.012334208004176617,
-0.3248930871486664,
-0.31368473172187805,
-0.3312463164329529,
-0.3545316457748413,
-0.5858443975448608,
0.7881773114204407,
-0.5721921324729919,
-0.3182394206523895,
0.0715799331665039,
0.23183216154575348,
-0.010642227716743946,
-0.1294756829738617,
-0.835346519947052,
0.7920407056808472,
0.49873244762420654,
-0.1730566769838333,
-0.618632972240448,
-0.013284777291119099,
-0.12057644128799438,
0.1921132504940033,
-0.011775911785662174,
0.002554051112383604,
0.6699119806289673,
-0.1297975778579712,
0.08256962150335312,
0.22995787858963013,
-0.1375962793827057,
0.5941157341003418,
0.21483421325683594,
-0.4701942503452301,
-0.3015381693840027,
-0.5717641115188599,
-0.36321398615837097,
-0.1415947824716568,
-0.44960328936576843,
-0.034827183932065964,
0.6103110313415527,
-0.3131415843963623,
0.35727623105049133,
-0.5309246182441711,
-0.3078541159629822,
1.0225266218185425,
-0.7682203054428101,
0.135355144739151,
0.495743066072464,
-0.15298445522785187,
0.32597672939300537,
0.7818043231964111,
0.3812304437160492,
0.9352006912231445,
0.5580275058746338,
0.11661921441555023,
0.82857346534729,
0.10925427079200745,
0.979360044002533,
-0.3386134207248688,
-0.009052884764969349,
-0.102948397397995,
0.0697946548461914,
-0.42710572481155396,
-0.5619329214096069,
0.3824809193611145,
0.24579894542694092,
-0.1617901772260666,
0.25629499554634094,
-0.6158290505409241,
0.08237806707620621,
0.6886392831802368,
0.5464566349983215,
0.3644949197769165,
-0.3997099995613098,
-0.05278252437710762,
-0.0786384716629982,
0.3792594075202942,
0.32899975776672363,
-0.6924605369567871,
0.07997523993253708,
-0.0719439908862114,
-0.4598388671875,
0.0795864388346672,
0.4554579555988312,
-0.0797385424375534,
0.7225415110588074,
-0.2748313844203949,
0.22080010175704956,
-0.4933404326438904,
-0.4600708484649658,
0.1693754345178604,
0.3786318302154541,
0.07337142527103424,
-0.6542985439300537,
0.1464366614818573,
0.2373269498348236,
-0.4167087972164154,
-0.08605766296386719,
-0.12643671035766602,
0.20114342868328094,
-0.11816957592964172,
0.27835795283317566,
-0.3503912389278412,
0.23637814819812775,
-0.10879893600940704,
-0.34428486227989197,
0.20483483374118805,
-0.6852071285247803,
-0.28759050369262695,
-0.4740709066390991,
0.16497604548931122,
0.16617003083229065,
0.40735968947410583,
0.09638956934213638
] |
210320
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Belt
|
Great Belt
|
The Great Belt (, ) is a strait between the major islands of Zealand (Sjælland) and Funen (Fyn) in Denmark. It is one of the three Danish Straits.
Effectively dividing Denmark in two, the Belt was served by the Great Belt ferries from the late 19th century until the islands were connected by the Great Belt Fixed Link in 1997–98.
Geography
The Great Belt is the largest and most important of the three Danish Straits that connect the Baltic Sea to the Kattegat strait and Atlantic Ocean. The others are the Øresund and the Little Belt straits.
The Great Belt is long and wide. It flows around two major islands: Samsø in the north and Langeland to the south. At Sprogø the Great Belt divides into the East Channel and the West Channel. Both are traversed by the Great Belt Bridge, but a tunnel also runs under the East Channel.
Geology
In pre-glacial times a river, which the Baltic Sea basin then contained and which geologists call the Eridanos, must have passed near the region as the rise of South Swedish Dome in Neogene times diverted it south from its previous path across central Sweden.
The Great Belt originated as Dana River that was eroded into existence 9000–8900 years ago when post-glacial rebound made the Ancylus Lake that occupied the Baltic depression lose its outlets around Gothenburg tipping over in the south. The forming of the Dana River is thought to have caused a dramatic erosion of sediments, peatlands and forests along its way. This led initially to a relatively rapid fall in the lake level over hundreds of years to then continue falling at a lower pace. Rising sea levels allowed the sea to break through the Dana River forming the Great Belt as a proper seaway. In the processes the Ancylus Lake became the Littorina Sea as salt water entered the Baltic depression.
Biology
The Great Belt is home to some popular fish: flatfish, sea trout, Atlantic cod, Atlantic mackerel and garfish, which are fished avidly for sport and for sale. A large and rising population of harbour porpoises lives in the Belts.
International waterway
The Great Belt was historically navigable to ocean-going vessels. It still is used, despite a few collisions and near collisions with the Great Belt Bridge. The Danish navy monitors maritime traffic in the waters around the Great Belt.
In the reign of king Eric of Pomerania the Danish government began to receive a large part of its income from the so-called 'Sound Dues' toll on international merchant ships passing through the Øresund. Non-Danish vessels were restricted to the Øresund channel. Merchants paid the tax under threat of having their vessels sunk or confiscated.
During the middle of the 19th century, this practice became a diplomatic liability and the Danish government agreed to terminate it, achieving an international financial compensation in return. Danish waterways were consequently opened to foreign shipping. The eastern half of the Great Belt is an international waterway, legally based on the 1857 Copenhagen Convention. The western half of the Great Belt (between Funen and Sprogø) and all other parts of the Danish straits are Danish territorial waters and subject to Danish jurisdiction.
In 1991, Finland instituted proceedings before the International Court of Justice against Denmark, which was planning to build a fixed traffic connection over the Great Belt (later Great Belt Fixed Link), including a bridge that Finland alleged would prevent the passage of certain ships to and from Finland: Finnish-built mobile offshore drilling units would be unable to pass beneath the bridge. The case was discontinued in 1992, before the Court had to rule on the merits, because Finland and Denmark reached a negotiated settlement. The two countries negotiated a financial compensation of 90 million Danish kroner, and Finland withdrew the lawsuit.
See also
Great Belt Fixed Link — bridge and tunnel.
Great Belt Power Link — electrical power cable.
Danish Straits — includes Great Belt.
Little Belt — strait between Jutland and Funen.
Øresund — strait between Zealand and Sweden.
March across the Belts
References
Straits of Denmark
Straits of the Baltic Sea
International Court of Justice cases
|
[
-0.010939330793917179,
-0.46089085936546326,
0.7446286678314209,
-0.26863670349121094,
-0.027436906471848488,
-0.12723486125469208,
0.16013109683990479,
0.5067839622497559,
-0.7005361318588257,
-0.08197498321533203,
-0.19142691791057587,
0.08842137455940247,
0.14264237880706787,
0.14124038815498352,
-0.30020639300346375,
0.6709831953048706,
-0.16572418808937073,
-0.1703171730041504,
-0.35802915692329407,
-0.25759589672088623,
0.003056131536141038,
-0.2305065542459488,
0.33876338601112366,
0.0780186727643013,
0.38202089071273804,
-0.41229113936424255,
-0.16659153997898102,
0.628370463848114,
0.17558835446834564,
0.39388298988342285,
0.22802744805812836,
-0.13731162250041962,
-0.25356051325798035,
-0.2658093273639679,
-0.25752395391464233,
-0.3969780504703522,
-0.12595391273498535,
-0.057350415736436844,
-0.34501686692237854,
0.2600543200969696,
0.09341045469045639,
-0.026638194918632507,
0.038344480097293854,
-0.22687140107154846,
0.25333958864212036,
-0.3110596835613251,
-0.8483968377113342,
0.3170914649963379,
-0.569599986076355,
0.4571455121040344,
-0.910792887210846,
0.27048009634017944,
-0.20053155720233917,
0.6498561501502991,
0.7390535473823547,
-0.03958800435066223,
-0.49228614568710327,
-0.43952256441116333,
-0.040361057966947556,
-0.36570578813552856,
0.17518067359924316,
0.5614737868309021,
-0.06552440673112869,
0.08253335952758789,
0.14618490636348724,
0.23874254524707794,
-0.19348837435245514,
0.37223729491233826,
-0.34066733717918396,
-0.9681985378265381,
-0.24269366264343262,
0.02841508761048317,
-0.021564992144703865,
0.28821712732315063,
-0.3394097685813904,
-0.2791094481945038,
-0.39655449986457825,
-0.09483432024717331,
0.30637475848197937,
0.07343906909227371,
0.07084868103265762,
-0.10298790782690048,
0.38839638233184814,
-0.25403890013694763,
0.18791158497333527,
0.19713212549686432,
0.20095905661582947,
0.24474161863327026,
-0.6937188506126404,
0.3646591305732727,
0.6388160586357117,
0.24709652364253998,
-0.16469892859458923,
-0.09194989502429962,
-0.017759501934051514,
-0.5693846940994263,
-0.049692124128341675,
0.060258928686380386,
0.18993602693080902,
0.023480921983718872,
-0.5385283827781677,
0.13928672671318054,
0.4438432455062866,
-0.15377379953861237,
-0.29363590478897095,
-0.2454727739095688,
0.18785911798477173,
-0.08232522755861282,
-0.030481966212391853,
0.06987349689006805,
-0.8632477521896362,
-0.11120825260877609,
-0.09935850650072098,
0.15244850516319275,
0.18530894815921783,
0.5505891442298889,
-0.08701308071613312,
-0.2990920841693878,
0.5534840822219849,
-0.15156084299087524,
0.5426642298698425,
0.023253802210092545,
0.1819516271352768,
-0.21803109347820282,
0.19635988771915436,
-0.3277989625930786,
-0.0979025736451149,
0.5234130620956421,
-0.4567861258983612,
0.02046854794025421,
0.32003548741340637,
0.28936082124710083,
0.14022555947303772,
0.6600576043128967,
-0.24764421582221985,
-0.07002292573451996,
0.22150525450706482,
0.22664961218833923,
0.34522855281829834,
0.33940690755844116,
-1.050570011138916,
-0.04484591633081436,
-0.5206272602081299,
-0.3583046793937683,
0.3258220851421356,
-0.4356299936771393,
-0.6356111764907837,
-0.7727934122085571,
-0.5680987238883972,
0.12100140005350113,
0.12739261984825134,
0.4392879605293274,
-0.21466578543186188,
0.021518593654036522,
-0.16523270308971405,
-0.0964677482843399,
0.5118399262428284,
0.3766459822654724,
0.04252412170171738,
0.14026685059070587,
-0.17910847067832947,
0.05154158174991608,
0.3682502508163452,
0.032923292368650436,
-0.06827926635742188,
-0.18914563953876495,
0.6450182795524597,
0.3129095435142517,
0.15915024280548096,
0.06865309178829193,
-0.34314578771591187,
0.18582482635974884,
1.0748355388641357,
0.15661801397800446,
0.03751450404524803,
0.03874769061803818,
0.28837382793426514,
0.3789953887462616,
0.17757943272590637,
-0.1608860045671463,
-0.5748243927955627,
0.4130587577819824,
0.30089274048805237,
0.04915938898921013,
0.022102734073996544,
0.17783476412296295,
0.34696635603904724,
0.28903844952583313,
-0.3266139030456543,
-0.009689741767942905,
-0.29735416173934937,
-0.20624056458473206,
0.37907177209854126,
0.25703880190849304,
0.7502593398094177,
-0.02250114269554615,
0.314791202545166,
0.9532864093780518,
-0.2063753753900528,
1.0442042350769043,
-0.05802302435040474,
-0.6017235517501831,
0.43446221947669983,
-0.5249844193458557,
-0.06472878158092499,
0.6381872892379761,
0.039410144090652466,
0.1997232586145401,
-0.12160463631153107,
-0.24085135757923126,
-0.11866998672485352,
-0.6817377209663391,
0.3480415940284729,
-0.02866361290216446,
0.03473696857690811,
-0.2964368462562561,
0.1725097894668579,
0.20291195809841156,
0.207700714468956,
-0.2645736038684845,
0.8299856185913086,
0.6965029239654541,
-0.37770721316337585,
0.01603664644062519,
0.21857358515262604,
0.47928428649902344,
0.03455473482608795,
0.9203079342842102,
0.20706574618816376,
0.18243859708309174,
-0.32661932706832886,
-0.2663828730583191,
0.2367427498102188,
0.18614332377910614,
0.11510758846998215,
0.01500484999269247,
-0.011573363095521927,
0.15097221732139587,
0.867599606513977,
-0.2041080892086029,
0.2618045210838318,
0.1045871302485466,
-0.5688028931617737,
0.5632091760635376,
0.1531483381986618,
0.31263676285743713,
0.1675247699022293,
-0.04662161320447922,
-0.5240638256072998,
-0.2152141034603119,
0.0024171944241970778,
-0.1669715791940689,
-0.04277662932872772,
0.38348180055618286,
0.007443462964147329,
-0.5594558119773865,
-0.11587686836719513,
0.7856799960136414,
0.871609628200531,
0.15717396140098572,
-0.4902011752128601,
-0.22655414044857025,
-0.6075087785720825,
-0.09025432169437408,
-0.04643265902996063,
0.11941821128129959,
-0.16959908604621887,
-0.27397850155830383,
0.4803747534751892,
0.2186184972524643,
0.23359139263629913,
0.3681480884552002,
-0.3458159267902374,
-0.39176127314567566,
-0.7093728184700012,
-0.18304644525051117,
0.429673969745636,
-0.11130028963088989,
-0.16030243039131165,
-0.3221040964126587,
0.24677453935146332,
0.08152584731578827,
-0.02030971460044384,
-1.0521007776260376,
0.300296425819397,
-0.38880035281181335,
-0.22449161112308502,
-0.47435829043388367,
-0.27754631638526917,
0.02518094889819622,
-0.20106886327266693,
-0.23481270670890808,
0.13922268152236938,
0.2278100848197937,
-0.43282821774482727,
0.2974795997142792,
-0.2207137793302536,
-0.2364206612110138,
0.4073285758495331,
-0.27468952536582947,
-0.4551435708999634,
0.4277612268924713,
0.2433660924434662,
-0.2916629910469055,
0.061637718230485916,
-0.5963348150253296,
-0.5635998249053955,
0.4673525094985962,
-5.683934688568115,
0.5100241303443909,
-0.2610076367855072,
0.2951177954673767,
-0.013822510838508606,
0.3450530171394348,
0.3187897205352783,
0.1553531438112259,
0.4137655794620514,
-0.682883620262146,
0.36651092767715454,
-0.18275830149650574,
-0.024681316688656807,
-0.0327790305018425,
0.07286342978477478,
0.8416035175323486,
-0.013825282454490662,
0.5462635159492493,
-0.04026959463953972,
0.05075621232390404,
-0.04214172810316086,
-0.24662992358207703,
0.30065223574638367,
-0.1579982042312622,
0.6705301403999329,
-0.14905039966106415,
-0.436435341835022,
-0.19357644021511078,
-0.7343462705612183,
0.1451094001531601,
0.15773220360279083,
-0.16618996858596802,
0.0842776745557785,
-0.2728649973869324,
0.2565222382545471,
-0.24274910986423492,
0.3994356393814087,
0.4736291468143463,
0.39712801575660706,
-0.34480735659599304,
0.0073133474215865135,
0.6289098858833313,
0.28941458463668823,
-0.8066272735595703,
0.35474130511283875,
-0.5276594161987305,
0.03369824215769768,
-0.3509349524974823,
-0.13309890031814575,
0.7111116647720337,
0.31848621368408203,
-0.04667769372463226,
-0.11456184089183807,
-0.6698204874992371,
-0.10352933406829834,
-0.29244324564933777,
0.011405577883124352,
-0.21878553926944733,
-0.8210557699203491,
0.265516072511673,
0.5397495627403259,
-0.35515081882476807,
-0.3557788133621216,
-0.5554184317588806,
0.06782747060060501,
-0.36658933758735657,
-0.20398874580860138,
-0.03681698068976402,
0.34221789240837097,
0.06460563838481903,
-0.21547375619411469,
0.19075645506381989,
-0.046140123158693314,
-0.5006734132766724,
-0.1734018176794052,
-1.020641565322876,
-0.5788800120353699,
-0.5253689885139465,
0.2238081693649292,
-0.4416612386703491,
-0.4997999966144562,
-0.30146822333335876,
-0.34618255496025085,
0.4289501905441284,
0.36499136686325073,
-0.737825334072113,
-0.2661939561367035,
-0.4673086106777191,
0.27644965052604675,
-0.3287123143672943,
-0.04737002030014992,
-0.954984724521637,
0.25198179483413696,
-0.34075596928596497,
-0.10972441732883453,
0.356178879737854,
-0.4779329299926758,
-0.05366254970431328,
0.6143748164176941,
-0.49280211329460144,
1.3579003810882568,
-0.5745058059692383,
0.5101509094238281,
0.0654657781124115,
0.21914954483509064,
-0.2081518918275833,
0.8376956582069397,
0.7210583686828613,
0.9031836986541748,
-0.2885354459285736,
0.02404690347611904,
0.0899057611823082,
-0.4612274467945099,
-0.781363308429718,
-0.16718894243240356,
-0.23939040303230286,
-0.3061532974243164,
0.6323938369750977,
0.8822230100631714,
-0.5660098195075989,
0.13449475169181824,
0.8046875,
0.5405545234680176,
0.145981565117836,
-0.2403479963541031,
0.1617307811975479,
0.11593341082334518,
0.15904976427555084,
-0.06036407873034477,
0.42663028836250305,
0.084286630153656,
-0.1892051100730896,
0.2517473101615906,
-0.647847592830658,
0.3224117159843445,
-0.4665661156177521,
0.015796612948179245,
-0.267034113407135,
-0.5775309205055237,
-0.3141535818576813,
0.023171747103333473,
-0.3612976670265198,
0.4308552145957947,
0.15358687937259674,
0.1535094827413559,
0.13214603066444397,
-0.18857021629810333,
-0.12359779328107834,
-0.411904513835907,
0.22030256688594818,
-0.08454159647226334,
-0.32456040382385254,
-0.15369802713394165,
-0.4540873169898987,
0.08922728896141052,
-0.12243076413869858,
0.1905820220708847,
0.6555966138839722,
-0.2535424828529358,
-0.6237686276435852,
0.5407301783561707,
-0.4318130910396576,
-0.7070741057395935,
-0.28476470708847046,
0.3155118227005005,
-0.4879668056964874,
-0.7750308513641357,
-0.21184609830379486,
-0.15014849603176117,
0.10042478144168854,
0.4924335479736328,
-0.8798373937606812,
-0.4879350960254669,
-0.48554179072380066,
-0.17801108956336975,
0.2432156205177307,
-0.7956718802452087,
0.07114093005657196,
-0.2444453239440918,
0.12321127206087112,
0.31035780906677246,
-0.062442705035209656,
0.2918088436126709,
0.5388085246086121,
0.4694603681564331,
-0.11314688622951508,
-0.11872746795415878,
0.519209086894989,
-0.0492536760866642,
0.32662591338157654,
1.1000723838806152,
-0.3086059093475342,
0.11740350723266602,
0.6470435857772827,
0.07842756807804108,
-0.19992023706436157,
-0.4766237139701843,
0.7583930492401123,
-0.18025891482830048,
0.5864311456680298,
-0.305458664894104,
0.5336126089096069,
-0.5540125966072083,
0.10130608826875687,
-0.4406258761882782,
-0.09141063690185547,
0.9080888628959656,
-0.10186364501714706,
-0.22758683562278748,
0.3008846342563629,
-0.8623675107955933,
-0.8188111782073975,
-0.3260546326637268,
0.6505839824676514,
-0.6295708417892456,
0.3908548951148987,
-0.20464962720870972,
-0.6681485176086426,
-0.07610376924276352,
-0.6091957688331604,
-0.014559922739863396,
-0.4244436025619507,
-0.16177695989608765,
-0.058180224150419235,
-0.2881391644477844,
0.9242618083953857,
-0.009775480255484581,
-0.6392183899879456,
0.1705818772315979,
-0.15110044181346893,
0.4740026593208313,
-0.3411875367164612,
0.5367488861083984,
0.38608548045158386,
0.027215106412768364,
0.6118323802947998,
0.15569144487380981,
-0.10501723736524582,
0.23412057757377625,
0.35131409764289856,
1.1814998388290405,
0.7533631324768066,
0.029715977609157562,
-0.5094783902168274,
0.05723179504275322,
0.39117714762687683,
0.21055562794208527,
-0.46837881207466125,
-0.051086682826280594,
-0.08681777864694595,
-0.27348387241363525,
0.023554319515824318,
-0.7323706150054932,
-0.05004735663533211,
1.161851406097412,
-0.4654819071292877,
0.22750303149223328,
-0.2903958261013031,
0.13230928778648376,
-0.14126421511173248,
0.3717081546783447,
-0.19794759154319763,
-0.272275447845459,
0.26851481199264526,
0.3974202573299408,
-0.47932717204093933,
-0.8124456405639648,
0.509282112121582,
-0.3576541244983673,
-0.0191622544080019,
-0.11981798708438873,
-0.4335886240005493,
0.5078167915344238,
-0.20298735797405243,
-0.5322220921516418,
0.22461310029029846,
0.5308085680007935,
-0.1864084154367447,
0.1726505160331726,
0.26978182792663574,
-0.7356256246566772,
-0.46391019225120544,
-0.2346009463071823,
-0.6428165435791016,
-0.31829702854156494,
0.07424396276473999,
-0.2689799666404724,
0.17808616161346436,
-0.2757377028465271,
0.030770178884267807,
-0.19103336334228516,
-0.4320952296257019,
-0.4918946623802185,
-0.30006352066993713,
0.29242923855781555,
0.21578679978847504,
0.09357114136219025,
0.7591933608055115,
0.46036916971206665,
-0.09449629485607147,
-0.9059712886810303,
0.4668084979057312,
-0.2642276883125305,
-1.1406720876693726,
0.4757744073867798,
-0.26353245973587036,
-0.04904618486762047,
-0.19144026935100555,
0.6948090195655823,
-0.07253072410821915,
0.28645873069763184,
0.4264233410358429,
-0.3938026428222656,
1.56035578250885,
-0.28660231828689575,
0.08033734560012817,
0.6001012921333313,
-0.3214694559574127,
-0.03071294166147709,
0.5970529317855835,
0.2657112777233124,
0.039571866393089294,
-0.29212212562561035,
0.3843502700328827,
0.03566534444689751,
0.7967602610588074,
-0.18150295317173004,
-0.6433709859848022,
-0.06483374536037445,
0.7626843452453613,
-0.0883675292134285,
-0.4237595200538635,
-0.3681962788105011,
0.37046167254447937,
-0.3695264756679535,
-0.32459771633148193,
0.2599280774593353,
-0.13894565403461456,
0.2165369838476181,
0.3617245852947235,
0.1956366002559662,
0.4655017554759979,
0.046177178621292114,
0.0007865196093916893,
-0.11409948021173477,
-0.5220288634300232,
-0.32725217938423157,
-0.02606336399912834,
0.46351358294487,
-0.3186791241168976,
0.7101212739944458,
-0.4873310625553131,
0.2945882976055145,
-0.6237911581993103,
0.22571657598018646,
0.058681339025497437,
-0.080572709441185,
-0.36560526490211487,
-0.4600248634815216,
-0.06664178520441055,
0.5942045450210571,
0.21182924509048462,
0.31663283705711365,
0.14630497992038727,
-0.2280600368976593,
-0.09671459347009659,
0.32593008875846863,
-0.5332126021385193,
-0.07562529295682907,
-0.08229707926511765,
0.24816438555717468,
0.0864221528172493,
0.1480436772108078,
-0.5557989478111267,
-0.5235171318054199,
0.5088688731193542,
-0.10998371243476868,
0.6493858695030212,
0.05809255689382553,
-0.12168843299150467,
-0.22599869966506958,
0.4588293135166168,
0.3930942118167877,
-0.6469675302505493,
-0.3898884952068329,
-0.1983156055212021,
0.43427562713623047,
-0.42841750383377075,
-0.35545358061790466,
0.5374738574028015,
-0.05512546747922897,
-0.7280409336090088,
-0.05835486575961113,
0.020050710067152977,
-0.4398587942123413,
-0.4807003438472748,
0.0880156010389328,
0.8623027801513672,
0.337998628616333,
0.13392794132232666,
-0.23166242241859436,
0.34159088134765625,
0.3113262951374054,
-0.02425423450767994,
-0.4309224784374237,
-0.03968900442123413,
0.06589218229055405,
0.29754430055618286,
0.3141653835773468,
0.3555218577384949,
0.7037246823310852,
0.07020308077335358,
-0.12675358355045319,
-0.06876305490732193,
-0.4371786117553711,
-0.2143036127090454,
0.6256658434867859,
0.029391871765255928,
0.6778572201728821,
0.13503117859363556,
-0.11951794475317001,
-0.4312405586242676,
-0.24402949213981628,
0.010558180510997772,
0.603606104850769,
0.1597074270248413,
0.15095244348049164,
0.027606472373008728,
-0.7997190952301025,
0.6239352226257324,
-0.07054509222507477,
-0.36356258392333984,
-0.8485187888145447,
0.3366284966468811,
-0.5501733422279358,
-0.2549703121185303,
-0.007976125925779343,
0.20798709988594055,
-0.3652465045452118,
-0.13189378380775452,
0.6685552597045898,
0.12868532538414001,
-0.18339228630065918,
0.31558382511138916,
0.39995473623275757,
-0.09998944401741028,
0.01827116683125496,
0.1840505748987198,
-1.195581078529358,
0.5167185068130493,
0.5088815689086914,
-1.0077883005142212,
0.6171343922615051,
-0.16218018531799316,
0.520551860332489,
-0.4617617726325989,
0.6002091765403748,
-0.3698458969593048,
0.2311892807483673,
0.14375419914722443
] |
210321
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda%20105%20mm%20Model%201939
|
Skoda 105 mm Model 1939
|
The Skoda 105 mm Model 1939 (105 mm M.39) was a mountain gun, manufactured by Skoda Works as a companion piece for the 75 mm M.39. This was a revised version of the 100 mm M.16 and 100 mm M.16/19. Like them it was broken down into three loads, each towed by a pair of horses, for transport.
References
Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns
World War II field artillery
Artillery of Czechoslovakia
Mountain artillery
105 mm artillery
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
|
[
-0.45167112350463867,
0.6284040808677673,
-0.471657931804657,
-0.18278895318508148,
-0.4680645763874054,
0.7495133876800537,
1.5030620098114014,
0.11296452581882477,
-0.5618594288825989,
0.10585597902536392,
-0.26652517914772034,
-0.0774197205901146,
0.10842183232307434,
0.32237425446510315,
0.16742689907550812,
0.6531006693840027,
0.19442085921764374,
0.7389140129089355,
-0.04246331751346588,
-0.10298854112625122,
0.4514027237892151,
-0.2978591322898865,
0.7891661524772644,
0.2046075314283371,
-0.5399040579795837,
-0.1736161708831787,
1.0514541864395142,
0.8516689538955688,
0.5014200210571289,
0.190169095993042,
-0.772231936454773,
0.90494304895401,
0.00255887140519917,
-0.24521991610527039,
0.14737029373645782,
-0.14056606590747833,
0.32741376757621765,
0.5473304390907288,
0.2890397012233734,
-0.5571953058242798,
-0.389203816652298,
0.5273765921592712,
0.27918776869773865,
0.07203169912099838,
0.712250292301178,
-1.1741554737091064,
-2.2082431316375732,
-0.29393646121025085,
0.11802460253238678,
-0.13754205405712128,
0.27337056398391724,
0.205156609416008,
0.6153993010520935,
1.0738978385925293,
-0.13733112812042236,
0.8526764512062073,
-0.8552571535110474,
-0.14082135260105133,
0.7328371405601501,
0.8015509247779846,
0.20811010897159576,
-0.1732717603445053,
0.26089102029800415,
-0.42450249195098877,
0.3209560215473175,
0.22523385286331177,
-0.672351062297821,
0.9862141609191895,
0.010182260535657406,
-0.27929002046585083,
-0.1685713231563568,
-0.56302410364151,
0.9737405776977539,
0.05708439275622368,
0.2982247769832611,
-0.5165336728096008,
-0.264819860458374,
-0.2966679334640503,
-0.8183193802833557,
-0.6425551772117615,
-0.11476588994264603,
-0.1345658153295517,
0.33009618520736694,
-0.23493880033493042,
0.6240642666816711,
0.39422544836997986,
-0.6391229033470154,
-0.3614480495452881,
-0.4959007203578949,
0.6695178747177124,
-0.462976336479187,
-0.5500262379646301,
0.49128472805023193,
0.9003655910491943,
-0.2758147418498993,
0.5666641592979431,
-0.9848074316978455,
0.7582934498786926,
0.10796824097633362,
0.5651660561561584,
0.4561227262020111,
0.8584071397781372,
0.20969320833683014,
0.1344015747308731,
-0.6869465112686157,
0.21886612474918365,
-0.27118802070617676,
-0.7959208488464355,
-0.07299687713384628,
-0.26345953345298767,
-0.269104540348053,
-0.09941232949495316,
-0.22202426195144653,
-0.6745902895927429,
-0.44091174006462097,
0.02398928627371788,
0.35266855359077454,
-0.4212954342365265,
0.24233776330947876,
0.450560986995697,
0.1664379984140396,
0.6985612511634827,
-1.0084048509597778,
0.8955329656600952,
-0.35907676815986633,
0.9505724310874939,
0.6608418822288513,
0.6500336527824402,
0.4032069742679596,
0.6187978982925415,
0.7123168706893921,
1.5112639665603638,
-0.10002226382493973,
-0.06604871153831482,
-0.48098406195640564,
-0.061652202159166336,
0.9173256158828735,
0.37546008825302124,
-0.7006860971450806,
0.17318561673164368,
-0.8766995668411255,
-0.2979614734649658,
-0.9529916048049927,
0.36146920919418335,
0.6440780162811279,
0.2961161434650421,
-0.0026527841109782457,
-0.3662852942943573,
0.16138678789138794,
-0.758518636226654,
0.5581073760986328,
-1.1413748264312744,
0.187083438038826,
-0.29100146889686584,
-0.3097241520881653,
0.9289791584014893,
-0.564654529094696,
-0.625202476978302,
0.7027011513710022,
0.3664000928401947,
0.07364723831415176,
0.2469249963760376,
-0.7476024031639099,
0.3265526294708252,
-0.5835841298103333,
0.2130614072084427,
0.35818901658058167,
-0.3364434242248535,
0.5272238850593567,
0.006527499295771122,
-0.30523499846458435,
-0.2874758541584015,
0.15263813734054565,
-0.4572916030883789,
0.3895210921764374,
0.44313663244247437,
0.842934787273407,
0.6430421471595764,
0.6650390028953552,
-0.6620635986328125,
-0.7577316761016846,
-0.07088025659322739,
0.41979193687438965,
0.41509708762168884,
0.7792718410491943,
0.9035351276397705,
0.32161155343055725,
0.17201614379882812,
-0.2888948619365692,
-0.7036410570144653,
-0.789775550365448,
-0.5116192102432251,
-0.15408289432525635,
-0.6011878252029419,
1.5355165004730225,
-0.4363642632961273,
-0.38642722368240356,
-0.5722566246986389,
0.6291583180427551,
1.256320595741272,
0.4750763177871704,
-0.6000550389289856,
0.6347348690032959,
0.08050362020730972,
-0.642036497592926,
0.9370611310005188,
-0.5310915112495422,
-0.09252730011940002,
0.49337443709373474,
1.4221513271331787,
0.3837888538837433,
-0.4455326199531555,
-0.07195200026035309,
-0.7826257944107056,
-0.30260127782821655,
0.3518202006816864,
-0.29891666769981384,
0.5005877614021301,
-0.5821716785430908,
0.08311444520950317,
1.078963041305542,
-0.32648545503616333,
-0.6106292009353638,
0.44713541865348816,
-0.10922087728977203,
0.3707895278930664,
-0.0431281216442585,
0.9030568599700928,
-0.902284562587738,
-1.182500958442688,
0.3907007873058319,
0.31230834126472473,
-0.40396666526794434,
0.2442210465669632,
-0.7593924403190613,
0.24829837679862976,
-0.4365635812282562,
-0.26104795932769775,
-0.053147535771131516,
-0.24661535024642944,
0.31819477677345276,
0.6371118426322937,
-0.8089706301689148,
0.23503907024860382,
-0.41725441813468933,
0.3020889163017273,
-0.11769025027751923,
0.3954876661300659,
0.01998302899301052,
-0.47079938650131226,
-0.02455010823905468,
0.5799170136451721,
0.2464148998260498,
-0.7264201045036316,
-0.1747698187828064,
-0.053072597831487656,
0.07139040529727936,
-0.5887552499771118,
0.16482038795948029,
0.06995850056409836,
0.27197590470314026,
0.2778747081756592,
1.055107831954956,
0.06286928802728653,
-0.02606564201414585,
-0.4035692512989044,
0.15413405001163483,
-0.017933398485183716,
-0.2544347047805786,
0.15364551544189453,
-0.26737847924232483,
-0.44374528527259827,
-0.18747681379318237,
-1.2696020603179932,
0.1631476730108261,
-0.1389816403388977,
-0.6019192337989807,
0.35343971848487854,
-1.1381328105926514,
0.24817520380020142,
-0.3017028868198395,
1.0286953449249268,
-0.09302723407745361,
-0.17169006168842316,
-0.4018282890319824,
0.8960355520248413,
0.06504035741090775,
-0.1592506766319275,
0.030588796362280846,
-0.28884798288345337,
-0.35067448019981384,
0.17137154936790466,
-0.980781078338623,
0.23196066915988922,
-0.4715510606765747,
0.2832145392894745,
-0.7020442485809326,
-0.01615968719124794,
0.6331194043159485,
0.27444732189178467,
-0.978556215763092,
0.26195546984672546,
-0.4542170464992523,
-0.4949166178703308,
-0.3094371557235718,
-0.06827573478221893,
-0.39146876335144043,
0.2708950340747833,
-2.9439303874969482,
0.10771092027425766,
-0.6253169178962708,
-0.1929183304309845,
0.09166936576366425,
0.6510659456253052,
0.6814473271369934,
-0.0506323017179966,
-0.8331636190414429,
0.20361748337745667,
0.8218650221824646,
-0.820314884185791,
-0.12195848673582077,
0.8664643168449402,
0.9209147691726685,
0.4524274468421936,
0.5249207019805908,
-1.0022475719451904,
0.676859974861145,
-0.611549973487854,
-0.14491650462150574,
-0.023654967546463013,
-0.5930595397949219,
-0.5642622709274292,
1.3014663457870483,
0.19878409802913666,
0.2933627665042877,
0.5499253273010254,
-0.8571886420249939,
0.055534590035676956,
-0.06330288201570511,
-0.536916971206665,
-0.32306012511253357,
-0.39245516061782837,
-0.5392262935638428,
0.008211574517190456,
0.7759222388267517,
0.6059632301330566,
0.7993610501289368,
0.005685294046998024,
-0.3025096654891968,
0.45811474323272705,
-0.05916088446974754,
0.2813456952571869,
0.724529504776001,
0.15563982725143433,
-0.2646481394767761,
0.02889081835746765,
-0.5678884387016296,
0.6564650535583496,
0.23849311470985413,
-0.828402578830719,
0.40451180934906006,
0.3766613006591797,
0.07998247444629669,
-0.8540045022964478,
0.18355098366737366,
-0.39661380648612976,
-0.2509218156337738,
0.17169089615345,
0.6430606842041016,
-0.24724754691123962,
-0.2277163416147232,
-0.21519730985164642,
-0.18713714182376862,
-0.8268712162971497,
-0.5982325077056885,
-0.14657671749591827,
0.19991762936115265,
0.5241582989692688,
-0.7003203630447388,
1.3959153890609741,
-0.7757222056388855,
-0.6588976979255676,
1.0163460969924927,
-0.26739028096199036,
0.04254423454403877,
-0.32259857654571533,
-0.21893556416034698,
0.5703794360160828,
0.005351084750145674,
-0.5279397368431091,
-0.9959813952445984,
0.6250660419464111,
0.41818615794181824,
-0.19107630848884583,
0.20642881095409393,
-0.3905390202999115,
-0.5593833327293396,
-0.19293512403964996,
0.3257502615451813,
-0.8036308884620667,
0.7081574201583862,
0.24851128458976746,
-0.7284196019172668,
-0.2872048020362854,
0.2062489539384842,
-0.3824695944786072,
0.13011495769023895,
-0.5671607255935669,
0.11749928444623947,
-0.3550877869129181,
0.0027723340317606926,
-0.30432507395744324,
-0.9860801100730896,
-0.6968828439712524,
-0.5567216873168945,
0.4305260479450226,
0.266104519367218,
0.3956804871559143,
-0.3250097334384918,
-0.2791695296764374,
-0.8603442907333374,
0.2409113347530365,
1.2851922512054443,
-0.3205195963382721,
-0.06561428308486938,
0.804243266582489,
-0.004435630980879068,
0.29119041562080383,
0.12825900316238403,
0.21007032692432404,
0.044542260468006134,
-1.3893545866012573,
-0.1601109802722931,
0.06558628380298615,
0.14419277012348175,
0.28518256545066833,
-0.6782790422439575,
-0.28092339634895325,
-0.1418103277683258,
0.4524726867675781,
-0.2553273141384125,
0.3854004442691803,
-0.22096151113510132,
-0.4319970905780792,
-0.5908734202384949,
0.5797131061553955,
0.8674483299255371,
0.07303877174854279,
0.030741574242711067,
0.052310630679130554,
-0.5479392409324646,
0.08234869688749313,
0.7246787548065186,
0.6009083986282349,
0.9966436624526978,
-0.9621649384498596,
-0.3272096514701843,
0.8305701613426208,
-1.1508042812347412,
-1.2114030122756958,
0.6940620541572571,
-0.5723541975021362,
-0.18514208495616913,
0.3304305672645569,
0.3065609335899353,
0.2749556005001068,
-0.2758569121360779,
-1.2639281749725342,
0.0207847747951746,
0.36752083897590637,
-0.7588799595832825,
0.13628898561000824,
0.6670206189155579,
-0.8456881642341614,
-0.016186239197850227,
-0.7981470227241516,
0.0706450566649437,
1.094825029373169,
0.4351426959037781,
-0.4747200608253479,
-0.8572365045547485,
-0.2047429382801056,
0.40752899646759033,
-0.08223149180412292,
0.12734155356884003,
-0.5402786731719971,
-0.8028101325035095,
0.050233688205480576,
-0.9586124420166016,
0.1560853123664856,
-0.5367792248725891,
0.5967682003974915,
0.2240852415561676,
-0.39686664938926697,
-0.5329232811927795,
-0.012332113459706306,
-0.11762315779924393,
-0.5191439986228943,
-0.30951881408691406,
0.0639362707734108,
0.8923832178115845,
0.0973002091050148,
-0.9431957602500916,
-1.0367604494094849,
-0.2357371747493744,
0.5541452169418335,
-0.10999025404453278,
-0.5731689929962158,
0.46820735931396484,
0.7784728407859802,
-0.27295976877212524,
0.8255205154418945,
0.2783249616622925,
-0.44000229239463806,
1.142753005027771,
0.8850301504135132,
-0.8955557942390442,
0.8274680972099304,
-0.16676348447799683,
-1.0256521701812744,
-0.4368596374988556,
0.840140700340271,
-0.4949014186859131,
0.4373778700828552,
0.7698891162872314,
0.12068703770637512,
-1.6268606185913086,
-0.21833717823028564,
-0.34173113107681274,
-0.5873942971229553,
-0.6148322224617004,
-0.5783612728118896,
-1.8326293230056763,
0.45831871032714844,
-0.42184069752693176,
0.04850388318300247,
0.4635728597640991,
-0.7138943076133728,
-0.25681397318840027,
0.5472533702850342,
0.29573681950569153,
-0.37422531843185425,
-0.01315346173942089,
0.6074722409248352,
-0.4741702377796173,
0.00838571134954691,
0.05779344215989113,
1.0609427690505981,
0.3990488350391388,
0.6903452277183533,
0.12594881653785706,
-0.7315592169761658,
-0.6830810904502869,
0.12476745247840881,
0.41395244002342224,
-0.5016795992851257,
-0.5534236431121826,
0.13403216004371643,
-0.1054014042019844,
-1.0273188352584839,
-0.8218145966529846,
-1.2169947624206543,
1.066184163093567,
-0.38181963562965393,
-0.9727612733840942,
0.316039115190506,
0.23670218884944916,
0.40437260270118713,
-0.28831616044044495,
0.9662262797355652,
-0.4209153652191162,
0.4521154463291168,
0.8202751278877258,
1.0100648403167725,
0.20140106976032257,
-0.20190943777561188,
0.34440988302230835,
0.12157696485519409,
-0.362191379070282,
-0.2198057919740677,
-0.505930483341217,
-0.3857307434082031,
-0.0438472181558609,
-0.13250400125980377,
0.06859149038791656,
-0.7336826324462891,
0.22270196676254272,
-0.38410240411758423,
-0.10393225401639938,
0.39077508449554443,
0.8780452013015747,
-0.3564371168613434,
-0.30969080328941345,
-0.7614081501960754,
-0.7411914467811584,
0.21776914596557617,
-0.6951220035552979,
0.7916833758354187,
-0.27667731046676636,
0.007335588335990906,
-0.3622560203075409,
0.6938520073890686,
0.7196874022483826,
0.5608795285224915,
-0.8612442016601562,
-0.2298031598329544,
-0.3304804861545563,
1.0588879585266113,
-0.7572261095046997,
0.6392037868499756,
0.13954602181911469,
-0.3078407049179077,
0.6073570251464844,
0.7483161687850952,
0.2091805338859558,
-0.3841615319252014,
0.34928789734840393,
0.27182379364967346,
-0.09561119228601456,
-0.21493473649024963,
-0.35017675161361694,
0.7163944244384766,
-0.704495370388031,
-0.004348737187683582,
0.5714572072029114,
0.1306692361831665,
-0.06621396541595459,
-0.2368103563785553,
0.29630815982818604,
0.039517492055892944,
0.8414401412010193,
0.262708455324173,
-0.6914948225021362,
0.7470780611038208,
-0.41207465529441833,
-0.649263322353363,
0.5074743628501892,
0.143824502825737,
0.4048590064048767,
0.14721252024173737,
-1.3361846208572388,
1.1675140857696533,
-0.05012185126543045,
0.7699667811393738,
0.23190820217132568,
-0.6729434132575989,
0.3556024134159088,
0.5265048742294312,
0.15858954191207886,
0.6154171824455261,
-0.2883705794811249,
-0.7150424718856812,
-0.41554221510887146,
0.2872612476348877,
-0.5906009674072266,
0.20991027355194092,
1.3167989253997803,
-0.3220120370388031,
0.20000356435775757,
0.5342426300048828,
0.5054277777671814,
-0.03007349744439125,
0.05866849794983864,
-0.322613000869751,
0.21378706395626068,
-0.2933014929294586,
-0.4022006690502167,
-0.5982378721237183,
-0.07538414001464844,
-0.3565380573272705,
0.4289301037788391,
-0.2643733322620392,
-0.28861141204833984,
0.025050446391105652,
-0.6446486115455627,
-0.16218358278274536,
-0.08618215471506119,
0.3763030171394348,
-0.21298962831497192,
-0.3534683287143707,
0.38601577281951904,
0.07678478211164474,
0.7470247745513916,
0.2838011384010315,
0.13856451213359833,
-0.1051437258720398,
0.22575445473194122,
0.23539377748966217,
-0.4420510232448578,
0.9922651052474976,
-0.64284348487854,
-1.1540566682815552,
0.026370368897914886,
-0.031017795205116272,
-0.4083746671676636,
0.17883922159671783,
1.037375569343567,
-0.7691475749015808,
0.29123085737228394,
-0.2423495203256607,
0.20859967172145844,
-0.12410053610801697,
-1.0653654336929321,
-0.2125861495733261,
0.41611868143081665,
-0.02664189226925373,
-0.12091179937124252,
0.022462137043476105,
-0.3904283344745636,
0.13887549936771393,
-0.09384194016456604,
1.0073957443237305,
-0.16133517026901245,
0.41475334763526917,
-0.86814945936203,
0.5456135869026184,
0.7028154134750366,
0.36370766162872314,
-0.6469111442565918,
0.03510071337223053,
0.12061711400747299,
0.7308194041252136,
-0.3583684265613556,
0.2652161419391632,
1.1726486682891846,
-0.6721917986869812,
-0.48557382822036743,
-0.2846429646015167,
0.0533611886203289,
-0.7130069136619568,
0.45543453097343445,
-0.014307798817753792,
0.15859252214431763,
-0.7543362379074097,
0.6049097776412964,
-0.4685663878917694,
-0.14943605661392212,
0.05903446301817894,
-0.3414247930049896,
0.8846720457077026,
-0.3720285892486572,
-0.39922434091567993,
-0.4766761362552643,
0.6362763047218323,
0.782490074634552,
1.2289243936538696,
0.8920298218727112,
-0.6298399567604065,
-0.338763564825058,
-0.8850313425064087,
0.6959080696105957,
0.1927221268415451,
-2.296081066131592,
-0.30958619713783264,
-0.24831190705299377,
-0.6592100262641907,
0.12494880706071854,
0.12989284098148346,
0.3474327027797699,
-0.5877584218978882,
0.6707695722579956,
-0.7265617251396179,
0.03189150616526604,
0.6175130009651184,
0.1708478480577469,
-1.41756272315979,
-0.18318791687488556,
-0.7971277832984924
] |
210323
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNAC
|
PNAC
|
PNAC may refer to:
Project for the New American Century, former US-based think tank
Pontifical North American College, America's Seminary in Rome
Pakistan National Accreditation Council
See also
IEEE 802.1X, an IEEE Standard for port-based Network Access Control (PNAC)
|
[
-0.13943973183631897,
-0.13558954000473022,
0.1840663105249405,
0.17765562236309052,
0.1507619023323059,
-0.5051459074020386,
-0.06962674856185913,
0.35245072841644287,
-0.44970375299453735,
-0.08487625420093536,
-0.4950186014175415,
0.2789730727672577,
0.17747482657432556,
-0.32269665598869324,
-0.12219008058309555,
-0.12396391481161118,
1.1168633699417114,
0.19059066474437714,
-0.6604952812194824,
-0.5713543891906738,
-0.3582821190357208,
0.04447358101606369,
0.3951939046382904,
-0.3881555199623108,
-0.06183874234557152,
0.039025191217660904,
0.4143436849117279,
-0.41800448298454285,
-0.008649710565805435,
0.3734927773475647,
-0.06686362624168396,
0.3288363516330719,
0.3562934994697571,
-0.264239102602005,
0.039387933909893036,
0.14896756410598755,
0.28796496987342834,
-0.10344859212636948,
-0.10897006839513779,
-0.17557393014431,
0.3077152371406555,
-0.3914129436016083,
-0.018320471048355103,
0.44691669940948486,
-0.19999949634075165,
-0.04258141666650772,
-1.534247875213623,
0.5879507660865784,
-0.8486404418945312,
0.3128529191017151,
-0.2265022099018097,
0.22627487778663635,
0.02850482054054737,
0.27467069029808044,
-0.15236620604991913,
0.597591757774353,
-0.4679339528083801,
-0.25143182277679443,
0.26779046654701233,
-0.6179143190383911,
0.22200718522071838,
0.2666262686252594,
0.20497514307498932,
0.4028371274471283,
0.1610279381275177,
-0.2864694893360138,
-0.1771543025970459,
0.17186497151851654,
-0.3208561837673187,
-0.34935447573661804,
-0.43425798416137695,
-0.43110722303390503,
-0.23853816092014313,
0.05294491723179817,
0.02873297967016697,
-0.36476823687553406,
-0.282598078250885,
0.32359132170677185,
0.07994517683982849,
-0.0642450749874115,
-0.0007816508878022432,
0.44575580954551697,
0.439285010099411,
0.009579666890203953,
0.6834392547607422,
0.08914270997047424,
-0.3507029116153717,
-0.16943146288394928,
-0.08213654905557632,
0.2890726625919342,
0.28451165556907654,
-0.20584098994731903,
0.6338176131248474,
0.26583951711654663,
0.43645796179771423,
-0.03257890045642853,
-0.09552711993455887,
-0.584283709526062,
0.04390847682952881,
0.02970052696764469,
-0.0774703323841095,
0.5632309317588806,
-0.19717682898044586,
-0.1358671486377716,
-0.7516123056411743,
-0.11273281276226044,
0.25173506140708923,
-0.7088704705238342,
0.17452360689640045,
-0.11545784771442413,
-0.24316227436065674,
0.26879599690437317,
0.17223653197288513,
-0.028657449409365654,
0.0653102770447731,
0.29763853549957275,
0.3685508668422699,
-0.33642029762268066,
-0.13728950917720795,
-0.005411324556916952,
-0.022363819181919098,
1.4686399698257446,
0.17974938452243805,
-0.3135349154472351,
0.5214715600013733,
0.3940906226634979,
0.9577508568763733,
1.083396315574646,
-0.33174240589141846,
-0.047499265521764755,
-0.0846293568611145,
0.19850216805934906,
-0.15327274799346924,
-0.4122215509414673,
-0.10198204219341278,
-0.02584383636713028,
0.12741565704345703,
0.04258767142891884,
0.48925673961639404,
0.8945174813270569,
-0.1892310082912445,
-0.2425127774477005,
0.013148981146514416,
-0.6767331957817078,
-0.06475020200014114,
-0.1872747540473938,
-0.019732793793082237,
0.0006771613261662424,
-0.1531381756067276,
-0.3034200966358185,
0.684278130531311,
-0.8119301199913025,
-0.15070994198322296,
0.1723836362361908,
-0.15449433028697968,
-0.078107550740242,
0.4262757897377014,
0.3160785436630249,
0.05251963436603546,
0.27378785610198975,
0.08795308321714401,
-0.22034084796905518,
-0.24618004262447357,
-0.2805107533931732,
-0.032688699662685394,
0.35016533732414246,
0.49848031997680664,
0.10652622580528259,
0.290559321641922,
0.04985307529568672,
-0.053164441138505936,
-0.20267724990844727,
-0.15319636464118958,
0.14629141986370087,
0.41653895378112793,
0.17543061077594757,
0.947227954864502,
0.4014582931995392,
-0.15254995226860046,
-0.19438771903514862,
-0.7860473394393921,
-0.07563438266515732,
-0.05992055684328079,
-0.16230370104312897,
0.19023635983467102,
0.3115004301071167,
0.28255030512809753,
-0.08181334286928177,
-0.45107460021972656,
0.1825672835111618,
-0.303588330745697,
-0.17620940506458282,
-0.1415628045797348,
-0.8817499279975891,
1.861711859703064,
-0.17543308436870575,
0.16736945509910583,
0.7737197279930115,
0.20054680109024048,
0.2147410809993744,
-0.11982089281082153,
-0.19319717586040497,
0.6910160779953003,
0.15595681965351105,
-0.8004335761070251,
0.3894158601760864,
0.06605276465415955,
0.5723947882652283,
0.16276951134204865,
-0.34519311785697937,
0.42540135979652405,
-0.33849385380744934,
0.24184133112430573,
0.008708203211426735,
-0.16457083821296692,
-0.10761050879955292,
-0.34419146180152893,
0.6926017999649048,
0.23346635699272156,
-0.20055373013019562,
0.7734794020652771,
-0.4842456579208374,
0.512901782989502,
0.5211209654808044,
-0.23254168033599854,
0.3704867959022522,
0.16234157979488373,
0.20960558950901031,
0.5436961650848389,
-0.4434792995452881,
0.5025444626808167,
-0.14652034640312195,
0.21138936281204224,
-0.43497368693351746,
-0.09062284976243973,
-0.08852257579565048,
-0.43872886896133423,
-0.5204755067825317,
0.3326706290245056,
-0.021605266258120537,
-0.005619910545647144,
0.32000428438186646,
-0.341543972492218,
0.6662895083427429,
-0.1400877833366394,
0.008237655274569988,
0.118951216340065,
0.4980842173099518,
0.44545015692710876,
0.10410287231206894,
0.18441425263881683,
0.568525493144989,
0.30841758847236633,
-0.45461368560791016,
-0.5436371564865112,
0.08343957364559174,
0.33318769931793213,
0.2594101130962372,
0.36127686500549316,
-0.0442684032022953,
-0.20539863407611847,
-0.2574855387210846,
0.022651219740509987,
0.3246716260910034,
-0.20083071291446686,
-0.9361458420753479,
-0.3390635550022125,
-0.4394988715648651,
0.08939798921346664,
-0.030640603974461555,
0.0956796184182167,
0.1248631477355957,
-0.24774667620658875,
-0.1909376084804535,
-0.3100024461746216,
-0.7645900845527649,
0.06350571662187576,
0.2261577695608139,
-0.5360892415046692,
-0.8357207775115967,
-0.4810313284397125,
0.2873757481575012,
0.23428823053836823,
-0.33422380685806274,
-0.567982017993927,
0.3979920446872711,
-0.01020014751702547,
-0.08105086535215378,
0.5468701124191284,
-0.31077197194099426,
0.46186015009880066,
-0.2565532624721527,
0.3180931806564331,
0.27820539474487305,
0.9292515516281128,
0.4593375027179718,
0.08221150934696198,
0.049394771456718445,
-0.15170656144618988,
-0.07767967134714127,
-0.38105693459510803,
0.5750844478607178,
-0.11085870116949081,
0.030875779688358307,
0.5331452488899231,
0.13659006357192993,
-0.0061970846727490425,
-0.12965305149555206,
-5.801264762878418,
-0.019427284598350525,
-0.8018441200256348,
-0.0944528728723526,
-0.162416473031044,
0.00811857171356678,
0.6042438745498657,
-0.552705705165863,
-0.1247522234916687,
0.07725299894809723,
-0.26795071363449097,
0.4427216053009033,
0.10688439011573792,
0.6384912133216858,
-0.03683459013700485,
0.31139081716537476,
-0.10883261263370514,
0.03718316927552223,
0.3988800644874573,
0.08409004658460617,
0.10906633734703064,
-0.23505893349647522,
0.465511679649353,
0.48311343789100647,
0.6786215305328369,
0.447957307100296,
-0.7478906512260437,
0.42957234382629395,
0.16193445026874542,
0.15572862327098846,
0.6330622434616089,
-0.38359999656677246,
-0.0428275465965271,
0.14906232059001923,
-0.2022400200366974,
0.036817777901887894,
0.7852814197540283,
0.08856751024723053,
0.047907762229442596,
0.10890761762857437,
0.1510458141565323,
0.20762506127357483,
0.2137477993965149,
-0.135849729180336,
0.417667418718338,
-0.012555918656289577,
-0.0855669379234314,
-0.42147013545036316,
-0.4140968322753906,
0.846500039100647,
-0.23310960829257965,
0.04645615071058273,
0.1325826644897461,
-0.2729162275791168,
-0.2598992884159088,
-0.2639528214931488,
0.6294872760772705,
0.06862691789865494,
-0.49006950855255127,
-0.3158924877643585,
0.2936175465583801,
-0.027596674859523773,
0.17283090949058533,
-0.7315448522567749,
-0.41750603914260864,
-0.16294297575950623,
-1.0935004949569702,
-0.5405347943305969,
0.17089569568634033,
0.10156958550214767,
-0.3796059787273407,
0.30049392580986023,
-0.3988056182861328,
-1.1261049509048462,
-0.0692991241812706,
-0.5470966696739197,
0.027963466942310333,
0.3709790110588074,
-0.33757901191711426,
0.5360434651374817,
-0.08457640558481216,
0.15698456764221191,
0.09800206869840622,
0.20485280454158783,
0.06093898415565491,
0.09900382161140442,
-0.15830406546592712,
0.21213199198246002,
-0.4551776945590973,
-0.20866210758686066,
1.0230662822723389,
0.02672380581498146,
0.29147234559059143,
0.10749167203903198,
0.21053753793239594,
0.8301975727081299,
0.18216048181056976,
0.7528929710388184,
0.2128876894712448,
0.0499407984316349,
-0.023998908698558807,
-0.2624532878398895,
0.05504908040165901,
-0.8229830265045166,
-0.7113795280456543,
-0.018784955143928528,
-0.7246178388595581,
0.03294738009572029,
0.59714275598526,
-0.44951727986335754,
-0.19888944923877716,
-0.1877245157957077,
-0.4759284555912018,
-0.576977014541626,
0.19145028293132782,
0.1767948716878891,
-0.17437881231307983,
0.3429105281829834,
0.09015725553035736,
-0.107842817902565,
-0.050642114132642746,
0.255530446767807,
-0.3287959396839142,
-0.06343471258878708,
-0.6060148477554321,
-0.4868311285972595,
-0.4010656774044037,
0.08124903589487076,
0.1395462453365326,
-0.12854696810245514,
0.090581014752388,
0.3900946080684662,
0.04012144356966019,
-0.07578103244304657,
0.1035529300570488,
-0.16730327904224396,
-0.17657668888568878,
0.21755224466323853,
-0.1312565952539444,
-0.1794361174106598,
0.14135877788066864,
-0.17437419295310974,
-0.2074543833732605,
0.38194727897644043,
0.664483904838562,
0.16464512050151825,
0.0042366511188447475,
0.29054728150367737,
-0.14804953336715698,
0.38942328095436096,
0.13181175291538239,
-0.7994824647903442,
0.3365842401981354,
0.21827514469623566,
-0.46339771151542664,
0.802523136138916,
0.10257487744092941,
0.41484442353248596,
-0.3644411265850067,
-0.13992494344711304,
-0.09400525689125061,
-0.3719777762889862,
-0.9129737615585327,
-0.14265887439250946,
1.0852442979812622,
-0.12426963448524475,
-0.152165487408638,
-0.37719160318374634,
-0.5075075030326843,
0.24405789375305176,
0.4016553461551666,
0.30286580324172974,
-0.7336989641189575,
-0.5104073882102966,
0.1940295547246933,
0.23573413491249084,
0.7126455903053284,
-0.32520824670791626,
-0.288418173789978,
0.1857878714799881,
0.5629119277000427,
-0.8978215456008911,
0.043811436742544174,
0.3698527216911316,
0.6248366832733154,
-0.8039330840110779,
-0.1272990107536316,
0.39490577578544617,
-0.5286072492599487,
0.04129854589700699,
0.185329869389534,
-0.01778738759458065,
0.19317461550235748,
0.21190792322158813,
-0.22139091789722443,
-0.6171151995658875,
0.053548507392406464,
0.28718048334121704,
-0.1896549016237259,
-0.6061124205589294,
0.26938796043395996,
0.2429349273443222,
-0.21001587808132172,
0.3803440034389496,
-0.04553449526429176,
-0.4759998023509979,
0.38424864411354065,
-0.345228374004364,
-0.24992677569389343,
0.719355583190918,
0.44133251905441284,
-0.16452494263648987,
0.06557455658912659,
0.09285945445299149,
0.0002853881160262972,
-0.0428592674434185,
-0.5332642793655396,
-0.13152150809764862,
-1.0512676239013672,
-0.32487279176712036,
0.2653549611568451,
0.517123281955719,
0.010794425383210182,
-0.09880129992961884,
-0.008663862943649292,
0.36213552951812744,
0.2968294322490692,
-0.9146302342414856,
0.5569648146629333,
-0.4065364599227905,
0.01277784164994955,
-0.3384335935115814,
-0.2758912742137909,
-0.06716766208410263,
-0.10665619373321533,
-0.5972159504890442,
-0.2484855353832245,
0.38805368542671204,
-0.3923910856246948,
0.3457377851009369,
-0.8472372889518738,
-0.45032575726509094,
-0.13066144287586212,
-0.6068897247314453,
-0.7458378672599792,
0.15501008927822113,
0.4877079129219055,
-0.020431585609912872,
-0.4179439842700958,
0.14539283514022827,
0.585232138633728,
-0.23502911627292633,
-0.01931881159543991,
-0.32412248849868774,
0.5096181631088257,
-0.03810220584273338,
-0.6260524392127991,
-0.46874555945396423,
-0.28673163056373596,
-0.09501592069864273,
-0.1807832419872284,
-0.3150125741958618,
-1.0419689416885376,
0.22923578321933746,
0.0234773401170969,
-0.04015449807047844,
0.007140766829252243,
-0.6775913238525391,
-0.26992660760879517,
-0.4323272407054901,
-0.38251155614852905,
-0.09708640724420547,
0.9251620769500732,
0.24033796787261963,
-0.12221270799636841,
-0.3700758218765259,
0.00859467126429081,
-0.43496519327163696,
0.28336039185523987,
0.02358154207468033,
-0.30562907457351685,
0.262326180934906,
0.29269763827323914,
0.08065380156040192,
0.14279121160507202,
-1.0974503755569458,
0.0997093915939331,
-0.25194090604782104,
-0.5236153602600098,
0.45290082693099976,
-0.12643706798553467,
-0.16129986941814423,
-0.4686523377895355,
-0.07372625917196274,
-0.6595862507820129,
-0.1749700903892517,
0.1456882804632187,
-0.6282945275306702,
-0.3092726171016693,
0.32643455266952515,
-0.6690941452980042,
0.04106032848358154,
0.8279051184654236,
-0.2528077960014343,
0.3314763009548187,
0.2880520224571228,
-0.3998173773288727,
-0.08722271025180817,
-0.21559196710586548,
-0.31355804204940796,
-0.25114622712135315,
-0.3303445279598236,
0.1951490342617035,
0.677020251750946,
-0.32563307881355286,
-0.19746796786785126,
0.38817113637924194,
-0.4170202314853668,
0.14839576184749603,
0.1490078866481781,
0.2816667854785919,
0.8566250205039978,
0.3946477770805359,
0.3338029384613037,
-0.41934168338775635,
-0.10977621376514435,
-0.3886130452156067,
-0.35228806734085083,
0.6014564037322998,
0.18938404321670532,
0.5828546285629272,
0.4535246193408966,
-0.12212604284286499,
0.9712243676185608,
-0.12961819767951965,
-0.657730221748352,
-0.38625985383987427,
-0.45498672127723694,
-0.8532618284225464,
0.49974867701530457,
0.6759695410728455,
0.7753649950027466,
0.18865904211997986,
0.3545033037662506,
-0.8789907097816467,
0.32502058148384094,
0.10406852513551712,
0.022471539676189423,
0.057740066200494766,
0.30529919266700745,
0.0765683576464653,
0.0652415081858635,
-0.20503677427768707,
-0.18308693170547485,
0.1696334183216095,
-0.32982221245765686,
-0.023694414645433426,
0.27195584774017334,
0.17168228328227997,
-0.612699568271637,
-0.2187580019235611,
0.5910467505455017,
0.15566399693489075,
0.08332716673612595,
0.10058340430259705,
0.147832989692688,
0.01868893764913082,
0.18954062461853027,
0.29717037081718445,
0.29077598452568054,
0.43051275610923767,
0.005503102671355009,
-0.18894168734550476,
0.29958781599998474,
-0.2044820338487625,
0.10562290251255035,
0.4073758125305176,
0.18066397309303284,
0.41056761145591736,
0.14929436147212982,
-0.3084477484226227,
-0.2367209494113922,
-0.34216538071632385,
-0.45379024744033813,
0.7953291535377502,
-0.49228766560554504,
0.19450204074382782,
0.2045358568429947,
-0.5738943219184875,
-0.04550612345337868,
-0.23452460765838623,
-0.9149439334869385,
-0.2513056993484497,
0.3749554753303528,
-0.14114710688591003,
0.07738132774829865,
0.09490160644054413,
0.35254430770874023,
0.33305734395980835,
0.44663071632385254,
-0.43321749567985535,
-0.8128758668899536,
0.3807436227798462,
0.02770267426967621,
-0.3706878423690796,
-0.4084166884422302,
0.07671963423490524,
0.09425729513168335,
-0.6672008633613586,
-0.06992907077074051,
0.44654926657676697,
0.5506083965301514,
0.12520165741443634,
0.7285850048065186,
0.04627784341573715,
0.24817883968353271,
0.3230547308921814,
-0.1448846012353897,
0.056129053235054016,
-0.24819333851337433,
0.0317501500248909,
-0.7231910228729248,
0.38503432273864746,
0.5599707365036011,
-0.3049050569534302,
-0.22742456197738647,
0.8154098987579346,
0.060132935643196106,
0.024945110082626343,
0.019871966913342476,
-0.08674289286136627,
-0.8965296149253845,
-0.10057016462087631,
0.4319426119327545,
-0.3753403127193451,
0.09933049976825714,
0.14707821607589722,
-0.21076159179210663,
-0.0387246310710907,
-0.11075886338949203,
0.05215078964829445,
-0.004007657524198294,
0.20539458096027374,
0.06464620679616928,
-0.42937615513801575,
0.5996589660644531,
-0.24641869962215424,
-0.3510670065879822,
-0.40460485219955444,
0.4436253607273102,
0.058539580553770065,
-0.2515619397163391,
0.33762678503990173,
-0.5187069773674011,
0.08184666931629181,
-0.3086431622505188,
-0.19288530945777893,
-0.03678912669420242,
0.44592228531837463,
0.575708270072937
] |
210325
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow
|
Swallow
|
The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine birds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The term "swallow" is used colloquially in Europe as a synonym for the barn swallow. Around 90 species of Hirundinidae are known, divided into 19 genera, with the greatest diversity found in Africa, which is also thought to be where they evolved as hole-nesters. They also occur on a number of oceanic islands. A number of European and North American species are long-distance migrants; by contrast, the West and South African swallows are nonmigratory.
This family comprises two subfamilies: Pseudochelidoninae (the river martins of the genus Pseudochelidon) and Hirundininae (all other swallows, martins, and saw-wings). In the Old World, the name "martin" tends to be used for the squarer-tailed species, and the name "swallow" for the more fork-tailed species; however, this distinction does not represent a real evolutionary separation. In the New World, "martin" is reserved for members of the genus Progne. (These two systems are responsible for the same species being called sand martin in the Old World and bank swallow in the New World.)
Taxonomy and systematics
The family Hirundinidae was introduced (as Hirundia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. The Hirundinidae are morphologically unique within the passerines, with molecular evidence placing them as a distinctive lineage within the Sylvioidea (Old World warblers and relatives). Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the family Hirundinidae is sister to the cupwings in the family Pnoepygidae. The two families diverged in the early Miocene around 22 million years ago.
Within the family, a clear division exists between the two subfamilies, the Pseudochelidoninae, which are composed of the two species of river martins, and the Hirundininae, into which the remaining species are placed. The division of the Hirundininae has been the source of much discussion, with various taxonomists variously splitting them into as many as 24 genera and lumping them into just 12. Some agreement exists that three core groups occur within the Hirundininae, the saw-wings of the genus Psalidoprocne, the core martins, and the swallows of the genus Hirundo and their allies. The saw-wings are the most basal of the three, with the other two clades being sister to each other. The phylogeny of the swallows is closely related to evolution of nest construction; the more basal saw-wings use burrows as nest, the core martins have both burrowing (in the Old World members) and cavity adoption (in New World members) as strategies, and the genus Hirundo and its allies use mud nests.
Description
The Hirundinidae have an evolutionarily conservative body shape, which is similar across the clade, but is unlike that of other passerines. Swallows have adapted to hunting insects on the wing by developing a slender, streamlined body and long, pointed wings, which allow great maneuverability and endurance, as well as frequent periods of gliding. Their body shapes allow for very efficient flight; the metabolic rate of swallows in flight is 49–72% lower than equivalent passerines of the same size.
Swallows have two in each eye, giving them sharp lateral and frontal vision to help track prey. They also have relatively long eyes, with their length almost equaling their width. The long eyes allow for an increase in visual acuity without competing with the brain for space inside of the head. The morphology of the eye in swallows is similar to that of a raptor.
Like the unrelated swifts and nightjars, which hunt in a similar way, they have short bills, but strong jaws and a wide gape. Their body lengths range from about and their weight from about . The smallest species by weight may be the Fanti sawwing, at a mean body mass of while the purple martin and southern martin, which both weigh in excess of on average, rival one another as the heaviest swallows. The wings are long, pointed, and have nine primary feathers. The tail has 12 feathers and may be deeply forked, somewhat indented, or square-ended. A long tail increases maneuverability, and may also function as a sexual adornment, since the tail is frequently longer in males. In barn swallows, the tail of the male is 18% longer than those of the female, and females select mates on the basis of tail length.
Their legs are short, and their feet are adapted for perching rather than walking, as the front toes are partially joined at the base. Swallows are capable of walking and even running, but they do so with a shuffling, waddling gait. The leg muscles of the river martins (Pseudochelidon) are stronger and more robust than those of other swallows. The river martins have other characteristics that separate them from the other swallows. The structure of the syrinx is substantially different between the two subfamilies; and in most swallows, the bill, legs, and feet are dark brown or black, but in the river martins, the bill is orange-red and the legs and feet are pink.
The most common hirundine plumage is glossy dark blue or green above and plain or streaked underparts, often white or rufous. Species that burrow or live in dry or mountainous areas are often matte brown above (e.g. sand martin and crag martin). The sexes show limited or no sexual dimorphism, with longer outer tail feathers in the adult male probably being the most common distinction.
The chicks hatch naked and with closed eyes. Fledged juveniles usually appear as duller versions of the adult.
Distribution and habitat
The family has a worldwide cosmopolitan distribution, breeding on every continent except Antarctica. One species, the Pacific swallow, occurs as a breeding bird on a number of oceanic islands in the Pacific Ocean, the Mascarene martin breeds on Reunion and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, and a number of migratory species are common vagrants to other isolated islands and even to some sub-Antarctic islands and Antarctica. Many species have enormous worldwide ranges, particularly the barn swallow, which breeds over most of the Northern Hemisphere and winters over most of the Southern Hemisphere.
The family uses a wide range of habitats. They are dependent on flying insects, and as these are common over waterways and lakes, they frequently feed over these, but they can be found in any open habitat, including grasslands, open woodland, savanna, marshes, mangroves, and scrubland, from sea level to high alpine areas. Many species inhabit human-altered landscapes, including agricultural land and even urban areas. Land-use changes have also caused some species to expand their range, most impressively the welcome swallow, which began to colonise New Zealand in the 1920s, started breeding in the 1950s, and is now a common landbird there.
Species breeding in temperate regions migrate during the winter when their insect prey populations collapse. Species breeding in more tropical areas are often more sedentary, although several tropical species are partial migrants or make shorter migrations. In antiquity, swallows were thought to have hibernated in a state of torpor, or even that they withdrew for the winter under water. Aristotle ascribed hibernation not only to swallows, but also to storks and kites. Hibernation of swallows was considered a possibility even by as acute an observer as Rev. Gilbert White, in his The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789, based on decades of observations). This idea may have been supported by the habit of some species to roost in some numbers in dovecotes, nests and other forms of shelter during harsh weather, and some species even entering torpor. There were several reports of suspected torpor in swallows from 1947, such as a 1970 report that white-backed swallows in Australia may conserve energy this way, but the first confirmed study that they or any passerine entered torpor was a 1988 study on house martins.
Behaviour and ecology
Swallows are excellent flyers, and use these skills to feed and attract mates. Some species, such as the mangrove swallow, are territorial, whereas others are not and simply defend their nesting sites. In general, the male selects a nest site, and then attracts a female using song and flight, and (dependent on the species) guard his territory. The size of the territory varies depending on the species of swallow; in colonial-nesting species, it tends to be small, but it may be much larger for solitary nesters. Outside the breeding season, some species may form large flocks, and species may also roost communally. This is thought to provide protection from predators such as sparrowhawks and hobbies. These roosts can be enormous; one winter-roosting site of barn swallows in Nigeria attracted 1.5 million individuals. Nonsocial species do not form flocks, but recently fledged chicks may remain with their parents for a while after the breeding season. If a human being gets too close to their territory, swallows attack them within the perimeter of the nest. Colonial species may mob predators and humans that are too close to the colony.
Diet and feeding
For the most part, swallows are insectivorous, taking flying insects on the wing. Across the whole family, a wide range of insects is taken from most insect groups, but the composition of any one prey type in the diet varies by species and with the time of year. Individual species may be selective; they do not scoop up every insect around them, but instead select larger prey items than would be expected by random sampling. In addition, the ease of capture of different insect types affects their rate of predation by swallows. They also avoid certain prey types; in particular, stinging insects such as bees and wasps are generally avoided. In addition to insect prey, a number of species occasionally consume fruits and other plant matter. Species in Africa have been recorded eating the seeds of Acacia trees, and these are even fed to the young of the greater striped swallow.
The swallows generally forage for prey on the wing, but they on occasion snap prey off branches or on the ground. The flight may be fast and involve a rapid succession of turns and banks when actively chasing fast-moving prey; less agile prey may be caught with a slower, more leisurely flight that includes flying in circles and bursts of flapping mixed with gliding. Where several species of swallows feed together, they separate into different niches based on height off the ground, some species feeding closer to the ground and others feeding at higher levels. Similar separation occurs where feeding overlaps with swifts. Niche separation may also occur with the size of prey chosen.
Breeding
The more primitive species nest in existing cavities, for example in an old woodpecker nest, while other species excavate burrows in soft substrate such as sand banks. Swallows in the genera Hirundo, Ptyonoproggne, Cecropis, Petrochelidon, and Delichon build mud nests close to overhead shelter in locations that are protected from both the weather and predators. The mud-nesters are most common in the Old World, particularly Africa, whereas cavity-nesters are more common in the New World. Mud-nesting species in particular are limited in areas of high humidity, which causes the mud nests to crumble. Many cave-, bank-, and cliff-dwelling species of swallows nest in large colonies. Mud nests are constructed by both males and females, and amongst the tunnel diggers, the excavation duties are shared, as well. In historical times, the introduction of man-made stone structures such as barns and bridges, together with forest clearance, has led to an abundance of colony sites around the globe, significantly increasing the breeding ranges of some species. Birds living in large colonies typically have to contend with both ectoparasites and conspecific nest parasitism. In barn swallows, old mated males and young unmated males benefit from colonial behaviour, whereas females and mated young males likely benefit more from nesting by themselves.
Pairs of mated swallows are monogamous, and pairs of nonmigratory species often stay near their breeding area all year, though the nest site is defended most vigorously during the breeding season. Migratory species often return to the same breeding area each year, and may select the same nest site if they were previously successful in that location. First-year breeders generally select a nesting site close to where they were raised. The breeding of temperate species is seasonal, whereas that of subtropical or tropical species can either be continuous throughout the year or seasonal. Seasonal species in the subtropics or tropics are usually timed to coincide with the peaks in insect activity, which is usually the wet season, but some species, such as the white-bibbed swallow, nest in the dry season to avoid flooding in their riverbank nesting habitat. All swallows defend their nests from egg predators, although solitary species are more aggressive towards predators than colonial species. Overall, the contribution of male swallows towards parental care is the highest of any passerine bird.
The eggs of swallows tend to be white, although those of some mud-nesters are speckled. The typical clutch size is around four to five eggs in temperate areas and two to three eggs in the tropics. The incubation duties are shared in some species, and in others the eggs are incubated solely by the females. Amongst the species where the males help with incubation, their contribution varies amongst species, with some species such as the cliff swallow sharing the duties equally and the female doing most of the work in others. Amongst the barn swallows, the male of the American subspecies helps (to a small extent), whereas the European subspecies does not. Even in species where the male does not incubate the eggs, he may sit on them when the female is away to reduce heat loss (this is different from incubation as that involves warming the eggs, not just stopping heat loss). Incubation stints last for 5–15 minutes and are followed by bursts of feeding activity. From laying, swallow eggs take 10–21 days to hatch, with 14–18 days being more typical.
The chicks of swallows hatch naked, generally with only a few tufts of down. The eyes are closed and do not fully open for up to 10 days. The feathers take a few days to begin to sprout, and the chicks are brooded by the parents until they are able to thermoregulate. On the whole, they develop slowly compared to other passerine birds. The parents do not usually feed the chicks individual insects, but instead feed a bolus of food comprising 10–100 insects. Regardless of whether the species has males that incubate or brood the chicks, the males of all hirundines help feed the chicks. When the young fledge is difficult to determine, as they are enticed out of the nest after three weeks by parents, but frequently return to the nest afterwards to roost.
Calls
Swallows are able to produce many different calls or songs, which are used to express excitement, to communicate with others of the same species, during courtship, or as an alarm when a predator is in the area. The songs of males are related to the body condition of the bird and are presumably used by females to judge the physical condition and suitability for mating of males. Begging calls are used by the young when soliciting food from their parents. The typical song of swallows is a simple, sometimes musical twittering.
Status and conservation
Species of hirundine that are threatened with extinction are generally endangered due to habitat loss. This is presumed to be the reason behind the decline of the critically endangered white-eyed river martin, a species that is only known from a few specimens collected in Thailand. The species presumably breeds in riverbanks, a much diminished habitat in Southeast Asia. As the species has not been reliably seen since 1980, it may already be extinct. Two insular species, the Bahama swallow and golden swallow, have declined due to forest loss and also competition with introduced species such as starlings and sparrows, which compete with these swallows for nesting sites. The golden swallow formerly bred on the island of Jamaica, but was last seen there in 1989 and is now restricted to the island of Hispaniola.
Relationship with humans
Swallows are tolerated by humans because of their beneficial role as insect eaters, and some species have readily adapted to nesting in and around human habitation. The barn swallow and house martin now rarely use natural sites. The purple martin is also actively encouraged by people to nest around humans and elaborate nest boxes are erected. Enough artificial nesting sites have been created that the purple martin now seldom nests in natural cavities in the eastern part of its range.
Because of the long human experience with these conspicuous species, many myths and legends have arisen as a consequence, particularly relating to the barn swallow. Roman historian Pliny the Elder described a use of painted swallows to deliver a report of the winning horses at a race. There is a Korean folktale of Heungbu and Nolbu involving the gifts received for mending a swallow's broken leg.
During the 19th century, Jean Desbouvrie attempted to tame swallows and train them for use as messenger birds, as an alternative to war pigeons. He succeeded in curbing the migratory instinct in young birds and persuaded the government of France to conduct initial testing, but further experimentation stalled. Subsequent attempts to train homing behaviour into swallows and other passerines had difficulty establishing a statistically significant success rate, although the birds have been known to trap themselves in a cage repeatedly to get to the bait.
According to a sailing superstition, swallows are a good omen to those at sea. This probably arose from the fact that swallows are land-based birds, so their appearance informs a sailor that he or she is close to shore.
An old term of venery for swallows is a "flight" or "sweep".
Species list
The family contains 89 species in 20 genera.
References
External links
Swallow videos on the Internet Bird Collection
The evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae) is associated with the decrease of clutch size paper in Linzer Biologische Beiträge
Hirundinidae
Songbirds
Articles containing video clips
Swallows
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
|
[
0.33627477288246155,
0.4240717887878418,
-0.3052408695220947,
-0.19232767820358276,
0.38167741894721985,
0.7304540276527405,
0.4532179534435272,
0.45425543189048767,
-0.8459353446960449,
-0.21569478511810303,
0.019044527783989906,
0.05356495454907417,
-0.30459046363830566,
0.10025601834058762,
0.054611798375844955,
0.31812575459480286,
-0.017002582550048828,
0.3457196056842804,
0.3186224400997162,
-0.3102247714996338,
-0.6964874267578125,
-0.4751732051372528,
0.24966347217559814,
-0.5750260949134827,
0.15887251496315002,
0.1533215194940567,
0.10418634861707687,
0.011935507878661156,
-0.0375729538500309,
0.28919291496276855,
-0.13904428482055664,
0.6133106350898743,
0.748334527015686,
0.24500922858715057,
-0.16438588500022888,
-0.24656477570533752,
-0.3983355462551117,
-0.02143087238073349,
-0.05304363742470741,
-0.8224399089813232,
-0.020466705784201622,
-0.34263211488723755,
0.24503864347934723,
0.2573948800563812,
-0.43125119805336,
-0.2671608328819275,
-0.9413783550262451,
0.6233880519866943,
-0.36753836274147034,
0.1437884420156479,
-0.03093264251947403,
0.7510545253753662,
0.2417590320110321,
0.03988216817378998,
0.0018310730811208487,
0.4265114367008209,
-0.210609570145607,
-0.09275517612695694,
-0.039506323635578156,
-0.5055893659591675,
-0.38657528162002563,
0.24517276883125305,
0.06208546459674835,
0.24421164393424988,
0.2775912880897522,
0.27427956461906433,
0.13367335498332977,
0.09544315934181213,
-0.5428391098976135,
-0.1721971333026886,
-0.3638671338558197,
-0.3668498992919922,
-0.3489897847175598,
0.8065377473831177,
-0.3172142803668976,
-0.13840526342391968,
-0.05032211169600487,
0.07120706886053085,
0.5159168839454651,
0.16970078647136688,
0.5931391716003418,
0.3758353590965271,
0.23285923898220062,
0.3596532642841339,
-0.09676460921764374,
0.010193896479904652,
-0.614763081073761,
0.03835955634713173,
-0.13185636699199677,
-0.02683199942111969,
-0.4522729218006134,
-0.07029557973146439,
0.2861001491546631,
-0.10052262991666794,
-0.44644787907600403,
-0.7752963304519653,
-0.5714654922485352,
-0.5757852792739868,
0.7965846061706543,
-0.49364522099494934,
-0.8617838025093079,
-0.49611344933509827,
0.7469285130500793,
0.3460937738418579,
-0.6011451482772827,
0.20241239666938782,
-0.5400609374046326,
-0.07520938664674759,
-0.04762352257966995,
0.12881790101528168,
-0.6609812378883362,
0.007993829436600208,
-0.4196600615978241,
0.010154908522963524,
-0.08220997452735901,
0.2737289369106293,
-0.12316443771123886,
-0.4140801727771759,
-0.08372364193201065,
-0.5414296388626099,
0.3489115834236145,
0.5184653401374817,
-0.15630953013896942,
0.1525416076183319,
0.16089244186878204,
0.20369316637516022,
0.6931138038635254,
-0.08817623555660248,
-0.8722228407859802,
-0.3136690557003021,
0.698300302028656,
0.716015100479126,
-0.23632925748825073,
0.17314304411411285,
-0.10637523978948593,
-0.461468368768692,
0.0037576062604784966,
-0.16377347707748413,
0.37733975052833557,
0.5884456038475037,
-0.7734816670417786,
0.054619334638118744,
-0.25248560309410095,
-0.07066866755485535,
0.462625116109848,
0.22172586619853973,
0.1852375566959381,
-0.5465763211250305,
-0.7759405374526978,
-0.46979519724845886,
0.28480374813079834,
0.2266748994588852,
0.26668989658355713,
-0.17756713926792145,
-0.1804308295249939,
-0.36206090450286865,
0.13600832223892212,
-0.3227723240852356,
0.42098596692085266,
-0.5027627944946289,
-0.36650583148002625,
0.13417792320251465,
-0.0751800388097763,
0.20999372005462646,
0.4891226887702942,
-0.10690072178840637,
-0.16243916749954224,
0.6257867217063904,
-0.4323122501373291,
-0.06896564364433289,
0.23711583018302917,
0.42364129424095154,
0.5987046957015991,
0.4242490530014038,
-0.5256316065788269,
-0.6229985952377319,
-0.34633681178092957,
0.09142482280731201,
0.8258233666419983,
0.15344804525375366,
-0.5715757012367249,
0.4295189082622528,
0.076710045337677,
-0.0953676626086235,
-0.7635908722877502,
0.2811848819255829,
0.4283296763896942,
0.6037793159484863,
0.22938843071460724,
0.04727216437458992,
-0.6087064743041992,
-0.030772902071475983,
-0.47009241580963135,
-0.4577424228191376,
0.4411833882331848,
0.084670789539814,
-0.5122998356819153,
0.8609513640403748,
-0.36822906136512756,
0.46228739619255066,
-0.525799036026001,
-0.1895347535610199,
0.4054870307445526,
0.024015337228775024,
-0.6617856621742249,
0.09870659559965134,
-0.15871943533420563,
0.03276387229561806,
0.4613960385322571,
0.027727514505386353,
-0.15833641588687897,
0.01159630436450243,
0.03563052788376808,
0.6654237508773804,
-0.1374257206916809,
-0.17824257910251617,
-0.5097455978393555,
0.4310278594493866,
0.06134768947958946,
-0.12650853395462036,
0.6251166462898254,
-0.11526492983102798,
-0.10637985914945602,
0.01677168719470501,
0.6752779483795166,
0.5128335356712341,
0.5285888314247131,
-0.5632364749908447,
0.16571447253227234,
-0.6454922556877136,
-0.06201663613319397,
-0.24360375106334686,
0.1891370266675949,
0.24128922820091248,
0.21720346808433533,
0.07488884031772614,
0.10896290093660355,
-0.5482164025306702,
0.386960506439209,
-0.28487342596054077,
0.04273590072989464,
-0.7709677815437317,
0.23846101760864258,
0.2287638783454895,
0.5512622594833374,
-0.1657496690750122,
0.2410033494234085,
0.41139060258865356,
-0.7440542578697205,
0.17127180099487305,
0.04586205258965492,
1.058022379875183,
0.2029169201850891,
0.07150418311357498,
-0.2391570508480072,
0.2173921912908554,
0.4032086133956909,
0.6027873158454895,
0.4101264774799347,
0.7712202072143555,
-0.30653929710388184,
0.20212577283382416,
0.19545908272266388,
0.3086984157562256,
-0.06118209287524223,
-0.5634162425994873,
-0.5778756737709045,
-0.22305044531822205,
0.5224955081939697,
0.19582806527614594,
0.7194392085075378,
-0.3328387439250946,
-0.6112884879112244,
0.29087141156196594,
-0.28500035405158997,
-0.6502227187156677,
0.09804632514715195,
-0.2645219564437866,
-0.4920227825641632,
-0.21768520772457123,
0.06047962233424187,
0.4674471616744995,
0.1256808042526245,
-0.4761354923248291,
0.09386393427848816,
-0.6416323184967041,
0.28231674432754517,
-0.9376059770584106,
0.06908190250396729,
-0.561142086982727,
0.10261816531419754,
0.45188969373703003,
0.0944514200091362,
0.24959076941013336,
-0.9632249474525452,
0.014136464335024357,
0.1670653223991394,
0.8857210278511047,
0.12471222877502441,
-0.5591100454330444,
-0.30241718888282776,
0.046809785068035126,
0.3407438099384308,
-0.4335957169532776,
0.7120610475540161,
-0.21587930619716644,
0.4507003426551819,
-0.09310757368803024,
-5.747984886169434,
0.4095748960971832,
0.37219318747520447,
-0.642977237701416,
0.02698240987956524,
0.07080063968896866,
0.44091248512268066,
-0.22283266484737396,
-0.3078068494796753,
0.2533573806285858,
0.3642665147781372,
-0.008932388387620449,
-0.5006689429283142,
-0.06926515698432922,
0.38212156295776367,
0.4031966030597687,
-0.13767297565937042,
0.32874056696891785,
-0.10618480294942856,
0.7384811639785767,
0.05765222758054733,
0.08923954516649246,
0.3792012333869934,
0.6286792755126953,
-0.06890011578798294,
0.4071129262447357,
0.2821230888366699,
-0.4060359001159668,
-0.3685030937194824,
0.05317404121160507,
-0.27862679958343506,
0.07624232023954391,
0.09202879667282104,
-0.4545043408870697,
0.12550851702690125,
-0.318077951669693,
0.21668078005313873,
0.11010540276765823,
0.4131901264190674,
0.033937446773052216,
-0.12024948745965958,
0.06265135109424591,
0.1407492607831955,
-0.4958091974258423,
0.08119645714759827,
0.18087543547153473,
-0.06035766005516052,
-0.3667666018009186,
-0.5498257279396057,
0.48398786783218384,
-0.126368910074234,
0.12889742851257324,
0.2373642772436142,
-0.25909098982810974,
-0.11077134311199188,
0.23718991875648499,
-0.1298999786376953,
0.0800807997584343,
-0.5014099478721619,
0.3071635365486145,
0.7215343713760376,
0.3079785108566284,
-0.3032354712486267,
-0.4743628203868866,
0.19228166341781616,
-0.2297181785106659,
-0.8904402256011963,
0.022823801264166832,
0.47194042801856995,
-0.3154168128967285,
0.19908735156059265,
-0.26817587018013,
0.025580575689673424,
-0.8189080357551575,
-0.010759863071143627,
-0.6778261065483093,
-0.44406044483184814,
-0.6507114768028259,
-0.09035063534975052,
0.37727949023246765,
0.14999336004257202,
-0.4496002793312073,
0.18651710450649261,
-0.2735602855682373,
0.14240209758281708,
-0.9251540899276733,
-0.8358058929443359,
-0.06762266904115677,
-0.1121559590101242,
0.18645912408828735,
0.40118423104286194,
-0.19906486570835114,
0.3478333055973053,
-0.14429102838039398,
1.01912260055542,
0.44208428263664246,
0.23511146008968353,
0.06290440261363983,
0.572989821434021,
0.34263187646865845,
0.7536994814872742,
0.20555473864078522,
-0.1128195971250534,
-0.44380491971969604,
0.7389588952064514,
-0.3327084481716156,
0.26602494716644287,
0.3382897675037384,
0.6832366585731506,
0.027843236923217773,
0.4032362699508667,
-0.6300795674324036,
-0.015245252288877964,
0.062438931316137314,
-0.17685569822788239,
0.06379801779985428,
0.2902234196662903,
-0.1931564211845398,
0.7146883010864258,
-0.1304750293493271,
-0.1205681636929512,
-0.20527659356594086,
-0.5120900273323059,
0.09344056248664856,
0.22562450170516968,
-0.23026634752750397,
-0.023241862654685974,
-0.15070490539073944,
-0.6597293615341187,
-0.4167536199092865,
0.20249700546264648,
-0.43099814653396606,
-0.053490396589040756,
-0.0999242514371872,
0.13834001123905182,
0.7448148131370544,
0.04644552245736122,
0.09041822701692581,
0.18244662880897522,
-0.09921950846910477,
-0.778438150882721,
-0.31159061193466187,
-0.055858805775642395,
0.21215997636318207,
0.6920151710510254,
0.4280410408973694,
-0.5322695970535278,
-0.4101700186729431,
0.21759214997291565,
0.6768079996109009,
0.2113024890422821,
-0.16489624977111816,
-0.1197146475315094,
-0.05918511003255844,
-0.014915539883077145,
-0.5298260450363159,
0.7280933856964111,
-0.021800337359309196,
0.4279073178768158,
-0.27266156673431396,
0.191901296377182,
-0.6745651364326477,
-0.8536775708198547,
-0.06349368393421173,
0.08885432034730911,
0.02306254953145981,
-0.3596929907798767,
-0.12536856532096863,
0.348999947309494,
0.06336086988449097,
0.4290938675403595,
-0.3573110103607178,
-0.6315487027168274,
0.373746395111084,
0.016783323138952255,
0.13313409686088562,
-0.6230839490890503,
0.12692128121852875,
-0.2936287820339203,
0.40292245149612427,
-0.4502626061439514,
0.24349826574325562,
-0.167758047580719,
0.08209086954593658,
0.35433733463287354,
-0.7730671167373657,
0.032021746039390564,
0.1889985203742981,
0.15165337920188904,
0.09545399248600006,
0.3557872176170349,
0.09899214655160904,
0.10302058607339859,
0.03659457713365555,
-0.3580850660800934,
0.03653130307793617,
-0.40737801790237427,
0.6926274299621582,
-0.04071120545268059,
-0.18431663513183594,
-0.3417559266090393,
-0.37270939350128174,
0.16435867547988892,
-0.10917562991380692,
0.053600020706653595,
-0.04454849287867546,
0.7158550024032593,
-0.4711364805698395,
-0.21512219309806824,
-0.0791984349489212,
-0.3783857524394989,
-0.2710931599140167,
-0.051889847964048386,
0.8565484881401062,
-0.15051598846912384,
0.46182578802108765,
-0.2268090695142746,
0.2643492817878723,
0.06612677872180939,
-0.2199048399925232,
0.2577834725379944,
0.15000803768634796,
-0.0011526545276865363,
-0.012648853473365307,
-0.19729606807231903,
0.5567722916603088,
0.1936778575181961,
-0.15745341777801514,
0.572760820388794,
-0.7457387447357178,
-0.28802263736724854,
-0.2948680520057678,
-0.24468842148780823,
-0.16775985062122345,
-0.053907137364149094,
0.32755497097969055,
-0.12265627831220627,
-0.2832983434200287,
0.46550503373146057,
0.5847175121307373,
0.16230973601341248,
1.1948280334472656,
0.311373770236969,
0.38220128417015076,
-0.11832540482282639,
0.7722393870353699,
0.016518108546733856,
-0.3744448721408844,
-0.5833492875099182,
-0.4452487826347351,
0.2599332928657532,
0.4154788851737976,
0.3522036075592041,
0.3641892969608307,
0.17146196961402893,
0.008379989303648472,
-0.03321795165538788,
0.05727820470929146,
0.03095976635813713,
0.015468625351786613,
0.3950638771057129,
0.2300443947315216,
-0.3720628619194031,
0.1265276074409485,
0.0605701208114624,
-0.08256623893976212,
-1.1819027662277222,
0.6362684965133667,
-0.3019161522388458,
0.16089831292629242,
0.5117864012718201,
0.4580819010734558,
-0.12396302074193954,
-0.06871692836284637,
0.4930889904499054,
0.6375355124473572,
-0.33077654242515564,
-0.7788882851600647,
0.3640318214893341,
0.32307323813438416,
-0.7257619500160217,
-0.577369213104248,
0.20962131023406982,
-0.6344846487045288,
-0.08072895556688309,
-0.21893230080604553,
-0.25918588042259216,
-0.057357802987098694,
-0.23218394815921783,
-0.47139841318130493,
-0.7116661667823792,
-0.022644324228167534,
-0.006265259813517332,
-0.29068049788475037,
-0.16043482720851898,
-0.2618183493614197,
-0.323529988527298,
0.5349029302597046,
-0.20707541704177856,
-0.024182625114917755,
-0.9747951626777649,
-0.1851496696472168,
0.20402677357196808,
-0.16281650960445404,
0.4517875611782074,
-0.3788597285747528,
-0.13942469656467438,
-0.4146977663040161,
-0.2458571046590805,
-0.3170088827610016,
0.44190800189971924,
-0.4296782910823822,
-0.15281470119953156,
0.023453619331121445,
0.4628525972366333,
0.7030508518218994,
0.20171356201171875,
-0.606209397315979,
0.685699999332428,
0.725924551486969,
0.44911491870880127,
-0.04881047457456589,
0.5298396944999695,
-0.05863899737596512,
-0.06499145179986954,
-0.36854875087738037,
-0.41813841462135315,
-0.03212824463844299,
-0.14853297173976898,
0.2968202531337738,
0.3912656009197235,
0.22336088120937347,
-0.2724689543247223,
-0.054799050092697144,
0.22082209587097168,
-0.5991567373275757,
0.07569291442632675,
-0.5073429942131042,
-0.5956892371177673,
0.8422021269798279,
1.3710463047027588,
0.6225287318229675,
0.5777000784873962,
0.09690287709236145,
0.18815208971500397,
-0.15462626516819,
-0.06917192786931992,
0.4713258743286133,
0.046395402401685715,
0.0009900742443278432,
0.48016613721847534,
0.014364998787641525,
0.2913016080856323,
-0.17988914251327515,
0.20878852903842926,
0.13143305480480194,
0.19038483500480652,
0.09593942016363144,
-0.5358838438987732,
-0.10397165268659592,
-0.326816588640213,
0.6955549716949463,
-0.21108484268188477,
-0.1742357462644577,
-0.5241328477859497,
0.5389448404312134,
-0.4832382798194885,
-0.35333889722824097,
-0.6054710745811462,
0.0665973648428917,
-0.06021294370293617,
0.28363436460494995,
-0.08100511878728867,
-0.41497305035591125,
0.05218081921339035,
0.12369022518396378,
-0.2116726189851761,
0.5352123379707336,
0.047873351722955704,
-0.2969692051410675,
-0.5337356925010681,
-0.6745515465736389,
0.41810086369514465,
-0.4939838647842407,
0.35441190004348755,
-0.18581613898277283,
-0.10633998364210129,
-0.29230111837387085,
-0.289792001247406,
0.3536701798439026,
-0.12527288496494293,
-0.3085255026817322,
-0.10292097181081772,
0.3791026473045349,
-0.24727685749530792,
-0.5452150106430054,
0.27412354946136475,
0.8645808100700378,
0.1824648082256317,
0.1184663325548172,
0.39044860005378723,
-0.28847867250442505,
-0.35371503233909607,
-0.141133651137352,
0.10261379927396774,
0.11657409369945526,
-0.4685432016849518,
0.17966723442077637,
-0.6029810905456543,
0.8863821029663086,
0.7989943027496338,
0.09726328402757645,
-0.08711232990026474,
0.10302816331386566,
-0.20780529081821442,
-0.2742651104927063,
0.40904274582862854,
-0.207162544131279,
0.0005909184110350907,
-0.0695132240653038,
-0.04786663502454758,
-0.34004101157188416,
0.7297427654266357,
-0.19901666045188904,
-0.029001446440815926,
-0.16112369298934937,
-0.23759302496910095,
0.15037710964679718,
-1.489915370941162,
0.5252195596694946,
-0.25079819560050964,
0.15928639471530914,
-0.18476088345050812,
0.4329850375652313,
-0.6285454630851746,
-0.17071440815925598,
0.38835757970809937,
0.32793790102005005,
-0.03180822730064392,
-0.2802909314632416,
0.10248943418264389,
0.3845956325531006,
0.3250531852245331,
-0.5972800254821777,
0.7715393900871277,
-0.31358563899993896,
0.2753295302391052,
-0.37022271752357483,
-0.9688711166381836,
0.019350877031683922,
-0.0074062589555978775,
-0.22293399274349213,
-0.10279670357704163,
-0.2802512049674988,
-0.07162962108850479,
0.07402332872152328,
0.29323676228523254,
-0.03562334179878235,
0.3591519892215729,
-0.04712629318237305
] |
210331
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Dahlbergh
|
Erik Dahlbergh
|
[[Image:Suecia 1-004 ; Erik Dahlberg.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Erik Dahlbergh in Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna]]
Count Erik Jönsson Dahlbergh (10 October 162516 January 1703) was a Swedish military engineer, Governor-general and Field marshal. He rose to the level of nobility through his military competence. As an architect and draftsman, he was renowned for fortification works. He is most known for his collection of engravings Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna, a collection of engravings of topographical research.
Biography
Erik Dahlbergh was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His early studies involved the science of fortification. Orphaned at an early age, Dahlbergh's studies qualified him as a scribe and in 1641 he found employment in Hamburg with Gerdt Rehnskiöld (1610−1658), senior accountant for Pommern and Mecklenburg. Over a six year period, he was taught the fundamentals in draughtsmanship. While learning these skills, he also studied mathematics, architecture, perspective and map drawing.
He saw service as an engineer officer during the latter years of the Thirty Years' War. In 1650, the military command dispatched Dahlbergh to Frankfurt to recoup war indemnity awarded to Sweden following the Treaty of Westphalia. Dahlbergh also contacted the publishing firm of Merian and provided topographical maps.
While studying art in Italy, news reached him of a coming war between Sweden and Poland-Lithuania and he saw the potential for a military career. In his military career, Dahlbergh saw service in Poland as adjutant-general and engineering adviser to Charles X of Sweden. He participated in March across the Belts and at the sieges of Copenhagen and Kronborg where he directed the engineers during the Northern Wars.
In spite of his distinguished service, Dahlbergh remained a lieutenant-colonel for many years.
His talents were later recognized and in 1676, he became director-general of fortifications for the Swedish crown. As director, Dahlbergh rendered distinguished service over the next twenty-five years.
At Helsingborg in 1677, he was a key operative in the Great Northern War at Dunamünde, and in 1700 he was instrumental in the defense of the two sieges of Riga. His work in repairing the fortresses of his own country earned for him the title of the "Vauban of Sweden". He was also the founder of the Swedish engineer corps. He retired while in the rank of field marshal in 1702 and died the following year.
Legacy
In modern times, Erik Dahlbergh best known for compiling the collection of engravings called "Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna" published 1660–1716, and for assisting Samuel Pufendorf in his "Histoire de Charles X Gustave". He also wrote a memoir of his life ( Svenska Bibliotek, 1757) and an account "Of the campaigns of Charles X" (ed. Lundblad, Stockholm, 1823).
Appointments
Governor of Jönköping County (1687–1693)
Governor-General of Bremen-Verden (1693)
Field Marshal (1693)
Governor-General of Livonia (1696–1702)
See also
Fortifications of Gothenburg
Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
Menno van Coehoorn
Tureholm Castle
References
Other sources
Leif Jonsson (1992) Stormaktstid : Erik Dahlbergh och bilden av Sverige (Lidköping: Stiftelsen Läckö Institutet)
External links
Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna Royal Library of Sweden
1625 births
1703 deaths
Military personnel from Stockholm
Swedish military engineers
Swedish cartographers
County governors of Sweden
Field marshals of Sweden
Governors-General of Sweden
Swedish counts
17th-century cartographers
17th-century soldiers
Swedish military personnel of the Great Northern War
17th-century Swedish military personnel
Caroleans
|
[
-0.5478535890579224,
0.6209331154823303,
0.11194821447134018,
-0.3156833350658417,
-0.5722989439964294,
0.3167174756526947,
0.7239841222763062,
0.005891716573387384,
-0.7658948302268982,
-0.018701497465372086,
-0.21277442574501038,
-0.06578988581895828,
-0.048364512622356415,
0.5534968972206116,
0.12834620475769043,
0.33494287729263306,
0.0644916445016861,
0.9299812912940979,
-0.54679274559021,
-0.34495091438293457,
0.020677918568253517,
-0.4485803246498108,
0.37766847014427185,
-0.47334572672843933,
-0.15012694895267487,
-0.05902606621384621,
-0.14204742014408112,
-0.22365233302116394,
-0.15601477026939392,
0.31057208776474,
-0.15779121220111847,
0.39324066042900085,
0.18982088565826416,
0.1460845172405243,
0.2845599055290222,
0.19675187766551971,
-0.039623383432626724,
-0.06792481243610382,
0.16005940735340118,
0.056839875876903534,
0.21831996738910675,
-0.11077631264925003,
0.02325279451906681,
0.02874932996928692,
0.09436322003602982,
-0.6208164691925049,
-1.997533917427063,
0.2190096378326416,
-0.35642167925834656,
0.06247834861278534,
-0.07255647331476212,
-0.05089964345097542,
0.7012488842010498,
0.7162949442863464,
0.14366351068019867,
0.20958255231380463,
-0.7707434296607971,
0.271857887506485,
0.4606016278266907,
0.24051690101623535,
0.5017698407173157,
-0.20813392102718353,
0.12766201794147491,
0.21920882165431976,
0.4943642318248749,
0.271980345249176,
-0.4055379033088684,
0.19039788842201233,
-0.07898206263780594,
0.06316213309764862,
-0.14795717597007751,
0.09315545111894608,
0.5844388008117676,
-0.0742291659116745,
-0.29996809363365173,
-0.33324527740478516,
-0.22663912177085876,
0.10372105240821838,
-0.21659889817237854,
-0.11580480635166168,
0.3337448239326477,
-0.25865066051483154,
0.8023423552513123,
-0.10512754321098328,
0.5612462759017944,
0.19063271582126617,
-0.5942251086235046,
-0.410856157541275,
-0.339619517326355,
0.23046332597732544,
0.23869602382183075,
-0.04680739715695381,
-0.07668238133192062,
0.42233985662460327,
0.3718424439430237,
0.14187276363372803,
-0.34932801127433777,
0.2767907977104187,
0.17070718109607697,
0.4888609051704407,
0.07967475056648254,
0.5427607297897339,
0.03293303772807121,
0.22450321912765503,
0.24882955849170685,
-0.04093599319458008,
-0.6894197463989258,
0.3784054219722748,
-0.32186561822891235,
-1.706400990486145,
-0.34230855107307434,
-0.0737166553735733,
-0.398510217666626,
-0.1988956183195114,
-0.11273407936096191,
0.39267900586128235,
0.4986422061920166,
-0.5824294090270996,
0.3966955542564392,
0.29294392466545105,
-0.17975226044654846,
0.8950020670890808,
-0.05524180084466934,
0.057272594422101974,
0.16618050634860992,
0.7134225368499756,
-0.034361593425273895,
0.8097409605979919,
-0.48920950293540955,
0.528277575969696,
-0.12450648844242096,
0.6285206079483032,
0.12714266777038574,
0.03561164811253548,
-0.061900220811367035,
-0.38029512763023376,
0.24452145397663116,
0.5523537993431091,
-0.19071242213249207,
0.2792481482028961,
0.0542328879237175,
-0.6245629191398621,
-1.8267643451690674,
0.18426401913166046,
0.24636779725551605,
0.14326031506061554,
-0.2534550130367279,
0.15740787982940674,
-0.11426401138305664,
0.21706728637218475,
0.08576314151287079,
-0.29959696531295776,
-0.06073000282049179,
0.08529475331306458,
-0.20032432675361633,
0.5158205032348633,
0.07949365675449371,
0.23241180181503296,
0.3924899995326996,
0.13430897891521454,
0.1261424869298935,
0.15443989634513855,
-0.346030056476593,
0.1259569525718689,
0.033284302800893784,
-0.26066237688064575,
0.14759480953216553,
0.4166520833969116,
-0.22829696536064148,
-0.42662712931632996,
-0.4707719087600708,
-0.2620960772037506,
-0.1595189869403839,
-0.18604353070259094,
0.03789601847529411,
0.1716633141040802,
0.5326966643333435,
0.440370112657547,
-0.3039122223854065,
-0.2783036231994629,
-0.3347480595111847,
-0.3109063506126404,
-0.16082894802093506,
-0.2945858836174011,
0.11673744767904282,
0.16549737751483917,
0.49663347005844116,
0.4091257154941559,
0.27336058020591736,
-0.018012549728155136,
-0.3191465139389038,
-0.5135390162467957,
0.8429216146469116,
-0.1158645823597908,
0.8235326409339905,
0.33508285880088806,
-0.1791946142911911,
-0.7465013861656189,
-0.13597872853279114,
0.47705328464508057,
-0.2161104828119278,
-0.3875972330570221,
0.33007943630218506,
-0.33919036388397217,
0.036751873791217804,
2.0905745029449463,
0.18687094748020172,
-0.5316458344459534,
0.14801105856895447,
0.12356230616569519,
0.12333875894546509,
-0.5573316812515259,
0.42731553316116333,
-0.13978248834609985,
0.0879332646727562,
-0.028691962361335754,
0.007371466141194105,
-0.2750701904296875,
0.03210770711302757,
-0.09724415093660355,
0.31444671750068665,
0.23242130875587463,
-0.1955041140317917,
0.8242008686065674,
-0.23841477930545807,
0.9023182988166809,
0.3000671863555908,
0.5968420505523682,
0.20258937776088715,
-0.4697195291519165,
0.22695115208625793,
0.10858048498630524,
-0.2364119440317154,
-0.22793170809745789,
-0.12173698097467422,
0.18841497600078583,
0.20052234828472137,
0.10491421073675156,
0.33675581216812134,
-0.37639859318733215,
0.40594545006752014,
0.44493672251701355,
-0.5878936648368835,
0.2958426773548126,
-0.08696463704109192,
0.20153088867664337,
0.09046272933483124,
-0.0282679982483387,
0.13470500707626343,
-0.320394366979599,
0.19293050467967987,
0.06590165197849274,
-0.6429799199104309,
-0.4903898537158966,
-0.3610166907310486,
-0.16061553359031677,
-0.030291948467493057,
-0.00008438337681582198,
-0.426272451877594,
0.07993358373641968,
-0.4354989230632782,
-0.427133172750473,
0.18890883028507233,
0.07266181707382202,
-0.22689488530158997,
-0.41935548186302185,
0.18923605978488922,
-0.602389395236969,
1.0756562948226929,
0.08536957204341888,
-0.13180838525295258,
0.027767028659582138,
-0.34330227971076965,
-2.096400260925293,
-0.24133560061454773,
0.014732607640326023,
-0.4510258138179779,
0.05638495087623596,
-0.3479805886745453,
-0.18986186385154724,
0.3525502383708954,
0.5602616667747498,
0.0545646958053112,
0.20607462525367737,
-0.16120852530002594,
0.13570359349250793,
-0.1148906871676445,
-0.022641364485025406,
0.16105911135673523,
-0.23650522530078888,
-0.23431691527366638,
0.10460260510444641,
-0.39762404561042786,
0.04374400153756142,
-0.1302991658449173,
0.456821084022522,
-0.23768167197704315,
-0.4176701605319977,
0.07045569270849228,
0.02406441979110241,
-0.5278363823890686,
0.5378727316856384,
-0.6935185790061951,
-0.11693401634693146,
-0.23885321617126465,
0.5348559021949768,
-0.49598821997642517,
-0.3298976421356201,
-5.150167465209961,
-0.035731539130210876,
-0.18321961164474487,
-0.431636780500412,
0.058911215513944626,
0.021797513589262962,
0.5616655945777893,
0.04585227370262146,
0.18354469537734985,
-0.22407886385917664,
0.20702709257602692,
-0.09370002150535583,
0.25127193331718445,
0.7299646735191345,
0.4397372305393219,
0.8441148996353149,
0.46678683161735535,
0.44320037961006165,
0.12914271652698517,
-0.1276320517063141,
-0.18732143938541412,
-0.15681704878807068,
-0.21884407103061676,
-0.028294624760746956,
0.575786828994751,
0.6019473671913147,
-0.3180578052997589,
0.28485310077667236,
-0.948035478591919,
-0.09650931507349014,
0.05950480327010155,
-0.33433857560157776,
-0.13456979393959045,
-0.13881053030490875,
-0.30493831634521484,
0.09007444232702255,
0.34487903118133545,
0.4365592300891876,
0.11216428875923157,
-0.14666810631752014,
-0.020434333011507988,
0.4536077082157135,
-0.20726892352104187,
0.33601105213165283,
0.44069668650627136,
0.09478264302015305,
-0.6900214552879333,
-0.18945950269699097,
-0.14569689333438873,
0.6475414037704468,
-0.18047475814819336,
-0.22224751114845276,
1.0625191926956177,
0.14283892512321472,
-0.048529770225286484,
-0.40324756503105164,
0.4125216007232666,
0.06461543589830399,
-0.48728033900260925,
0.20636971294879913,
0.45619362592697144,
-0.04512098804116249,
-0.0666721910238266,
-0.567762017250061,
-0.5700091123580933,
-0.20212633907794952,
-0.012945148162543774,
-0.527384877204895,
-0.1418040692806244,
-0.3801904618740082,
-0.0310815442353487,
0.4887981712818146,
0.18486878275871277,
-1.0474072694778442,
-0.08252690732479095,
-0.5036355257034302,
-0.33283352851867676,
-0.12902067601680756,
-0.34749627113342285,
0.02924860082566738,
-0.023423196747899055,
-0.1685408055782318,
-0.727605402469635,
0.7603321075439453,
0.42290687561035156,
0.0777646154165268,
-0.1055850014090538,
-0.3501542806625366,
-0.15656433999538422,
-0.18316411972045898,
0.10526468604803085,
-0.29697656631469727,
-0.01616482436656952,
0.6061925292015076,
-0.29349789023399353,
-0.08494823426008224,
0.39711254835128784,
-0.5722523331642151,
0.6373922824859619,
-0.372869074344635,
0.6449716687202454,
-0.3447795808315277,
-0.2833155691623688,
-0.0025128168053925037,
-0.3790244162082672,
-0.25902628898620605,
-0.47968626022338867,
-0.13294106721878052,
0.3656945824623108,
0.21917489171028137,
-0.18585433065891266,
-0.06227263808250427,
-0.29199934005737305,
-0.010175535455346107,
1.1488569974899292,
-0.43373602628707886,
-0.3855128884315491,
0.5036214590072632,
0.4730111360549927,
-0.23540174961090088,
0.13040786981582642,
0.17580103874206543,
0.4064161777496338,
-0.0688721090555191,
0.24167315661907196,
-0.0744851753115654,
0.22756215929985046,
0.2653605341911316,
-0.6359935402870178,
0.25026699900627136,
-0.5593782663345337,
0.844154953956604,
0.03474775329232216,
-0.349360853433609,
0.06741068512201309,
-0.2549688518047333,
-0.5116121172904968,
0.31144019961357117,
0.2522208094596863,
-0.3043631613254547,
0.4351028501987457,
0.029039796441793442,
-0.46348676085472107,
0.6695427894592285,
-0.1653182953596115,
0.4661248028278351,
0.41564100980758667,
-0.15540854632854462,
-0.6941927075386047,
0.22421276569366455,
-0.03659847751259804,
-0.6606087684631348,
0.5118604898452759,
-0.08242563903331757,
-0.19657427072525024,
-0.2137111872434616,
-0.1236782819032669,
0.027666937559843063,
-0.542803943157196,
0.0851282849907875,
0.020296886563301086,
0.1289554387331009,
-0.9420765042304993,
0.8268729448318481,
0.35373809933662415,
-0.6052485108375549,
-0.009149380028247833,
-0.004029348026961088,
-0.6103439331054688,
0.6119577884674072,
-0.3671853244304657,
-0.21320785582065582,
-0.6562891006469727,
-0.33999359607696533,
0.031031517311930656,
0.1793271154165268,
0.026844866573810577,
0.2568245232105255,
0.5379163026809692,
0.01731170527637005,
0.2296871691942215,
0.4666198194026947,
-0.3085733652114868,
1.1100034713745117,
0.3851977586746216,
-0.19232244789600372,
-0.5568939447402954,
-0.06518193334341049,
-0.04649698734283447,
0.08871333301067352,
0.21953244507312775,
0.09056023508310318,
0.1429424285888672,
0.384963721036911,
-0.15675708651542664,
-0.6933175921440125,
0.1018175557255745,
0.11754114180803299,
0.4167684316635132,
0.010742335580289364,
0.539936363697052,
0.6827411651611328,
-0.1642598658800125,
0.7183666229248047,
0.3907150626182556,
-0.7308852672576904,
0.2760903239250183,
0.5218678712844849,
-0.5424158573150635,
0.29066598415374756,
-0.2425174117088318,
-0.5906984210014343,
0.14319410920143127,
0.4365239143371582,
-0.4479549527168274,
-0.07265032082796097,
0.8165525794029236,
-0.05530846491456032,
-0.17172633111476898,
-0.17351952195167542,
-0.16182400286197662,
-0.25946882367134094,
0.046699799597263336,
-0.38079634308815,
-0.792157769203186,
-0.02640264481306076,
-0.04963693767786026,
-0.0665656104683876,
0.836884081363678,
-0.19921694695949554,
-0.03665436431765556,
0.15208064019680023,
0.039754629135131836,
-0.1299753487110138,
-0.09537416696548462,
-0.3356871008872986,
-0.43219590187072754,
0.6131553053855896,
0.030074385926127434,
0.40621012449264526,
0.2194613367319107,
0.19941526651382446,
0.0254078209400177,
-0.36121928691864014,
-0.367316871881485,
-0.23645547032356262,
0.3192090690135956,
0.06322208046913147,
-0.09955974668264389,
0.19504611194133759,
-0.38793933391571045,
-0.4370112717151642,
-0.2168571650981903,
-0.7938135266304016,
1.6589504480361938,
0.25795528292655945,
0.21181607246398926,
0.23674872517585754,
0.28217199444770813,
0.13002708554267883,
-0.35171985626220703,
0.2736973762512207,
-0.05045822262763977,
0.1925235241651535,
0.0617232546210289,
0.8450220823287964,
-0.36372143030166626,
-0.1299489140510559,
0.5397418737411499,
-0.179697185754776,
-0.8446860909461975,
-0.16936756670475006,
-0.02218332700431347,
0.10197429358959198,
-0.36553457379341125,
0.16218112409114838,
0.16059145331382751,
0.13988912105560303,
0.019425101578235626,
-0.40308085083961487,
0.5665830373764038,
0.1292635053396225,
0.49122610688209534,
-0.29398128390312195,
0.031093208119273186,
-0.1415017992258072,
-0.8413373827934265,
-0.39018338918685913,
-0.15750627219676971,
0.1383742392063141,
-0.38742324709892273,
-0.07499521225690842,
-0.4121614694595337,
0.5866251587867737,
0.04070010781288147,
0.4695022404193878,
-0.07475131750106812,
0.42109978199005127,
-0.3132515847682953,
0.1887688785791397,
-0.3545534908771515,
0.6154369711875916,
0.12137560546398163,
-0.16293424367904663,
0.5466892719268799,
0.2760685980319977,
-0.02204028330743313,
0.019032074138522148,
-0.04789295792579651,
0.24194763600826263,
-0.020699042826890945,
-0.3783360421657562,
0.10922262072563171,
0.4156807065010071,
-0.3356128931045532,
-0.11798606812953949,
0.4251979887485504,
-0.4690403640270233,
-0.39949360489845276,
0.15700213611125946,
0.1435779184103012,
0.042832523584365845,
0.3935706317424774,
-0.030887765809893608,
-0.3785690367221832,
0.5003979802131653,
0.028468789532780647,
-0.10880349576473236,
0.08814142644405365,
-0.3468286395072937,
0.12067791074514389,
-0.24681653082370758,
-0.5026071667671204,
0.7412528395652771,
-0.31174084544181824,
0.7606365084648132,
-0.00804720725864172,
-0.21629615128040314,
-0.306964635848999,
0.695687472820282,
-0.224336639046669,
0.7732744216918945,
-0.4063835144042969,
-0.31941282749176025,
-0.04809359833598137,
-0.3492017984390259,
-0.4926909804344177,
0.149995818734169,
-0.08529388159513474,
0.01889200694859028,
0.05482398718595505,
0.04426512494683266,
-0.184160977602005,
0.06537783890962601,
-0.4380006492137909,
-0.4441951811313629,
-0.017586994916200638,
-0.7202714681625366,
-0.24904829263687134,
-1.5410553216934204,
0.07387378811836243,
-0.15411105751991272,
-0.17427074909210205,
0.5470098257064819,
-0.4218812882900238,
-0.4322400987148285,
-0.07777446508407593,
-0.47518131136894226,
0.28588196635246277,
0.19182881712913513,
0.5793277621269226,
0.027905844151973724,
0.4537137746810913,
0.4425223171710968,
0.649786114692688,
-0.6092745065689087,
0.5190473198890686,
-0.16998304426670074,
-0.18157337605953217,
-0.2940533459186554,
-0.5929237604141235,
0.006240442395210266,
0.06888870149850845,
-0.1891978681087494,
0.48562756180763245,
-0.13142113387584686,
-0.004226911813020706,
0.059107981622219086,
0.31780537962913513,
0.009851797483861446,
0.8312672972679138,
0.08014038950204849,
0.00837420579046011,
0.1724603772163391,
-0.842927873134613,
0.24898871779441833,
-0.5890645980834961,
0.4282236397266388,
0.1792500764131546,
-0.45212167501449585,
0.03415223956108093,
0.49944621324539185,
0.4433305263519287,
0.38580119609832764,
-0.24319350719451904,
-0.1543370634317398,
-0.6460877060890198,
0.6023328304290771,
0.039677124470472336,
0.11890466511249542,
-0.03332003951072693,
0.07868645340204239,
-0.15479664504528046,
0.01972871832549572,
-0.43701791763305664,
-0.24346822500228882,
-0.007435100618749857,
-0.4818834066390991,
-0.28417763113975525,
0.22986675798892975,
0.10268623381853104,
-0.1840524524450302,
-0.002361251274123788,
0.17400607466697693,
-0.270754337310791,
-0.23169384896755219,
0.0750657320022583,
0.41799744963645935,
0.14525559544563293,
-0.13232293725013733,
0.49049657583236694,
0.6293997764587402,
-0.5817558765411377,
0.000868853647261858,
0.021125072613358498,
-0.027704965323209763,
0.379532128572464,
0.48960036039352417,
0.5900443196296692,
-0.33445751667022705,
0.14521335065364838,
-0.15227679908275604,
-0.08950198441743851,
0.19122150540351868,
-4.259514331817627,
0.2170010805130005,
0.045573484152555466,
-0.833194375038147,
-0.039860572665929794,
0.3015564978122711,
0.5009855031967163,
-0.029700158163905144,
-0.07978224009275436,
-0.14669080078601837,
0.20491138100624084,
0.025487516075372696,
-0.06205294653773308,
-0.2463691383600235,
0.19538792967796326,
0.22189615666866302
] |
210336
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booty%20bass
|
Booty bass
|
The term booty bass can refer to several different, loosely related genres of music:
Miami bass – largely based in Miami, but also found throughout Florida and elsewhere in the south. It is essentially the second form of hip hop to come into existence, but was relatively unknown until the 1990s, when the music had become stigmatized because of its explicit lyrics; notable acts include 2 Live Crew
Ghetto house – refers to later period Dance
Mania Records recording artists. This is a brand of new school house music performers who loop often X-rated lyrics over house beats. Chicago ghetto house and Juke Music have started becoming very popular in other parts of the world.
Baltimore club – Also known as Baltimore breaks, this genre is popular mostly in Maryland, and sounds somewhat similar to Chicago ghetto house, with the exception of being based on breakbeats instead of house music. The tempos are far faster than either genre, and it maintains the repetitive nature of modern post-rave global electronic dance music.
Hyphy – largely based in San Francisco, California, considered a fusion of Miami bass with new school San Francisco electro, despite not resembling either.
|
[
0.6567316651344299,
-0.47344908118247986,
-0.13405047357082367,
-0.027980750426650047,
0.33044135570526123,
0.3088764250278473,
-0.00897394958883524,
0.578154981136322,
-0.5584726333618164,
-0.08028088510036469,
0.18142376840114594,
0.3807610869407654,
-0.3275846242904663,
0.3875407576560974,
-0.28338444232940674,
0.8012821674346924,
0.7404703497886658,
0.3172217309474945,
0.05946860834956169,
-0.09907226264476776,
-0.27597224712371826,
0.08431784063577652,
0.5880597829818726,
0.04816484823822975,
-0.20928925275802612,
-0.01737319305539131,
-0.29377734661102295,
0.5649116635322571,
0.16696587204933167,
0.3518538177013397,
0.21075394749641418,
0.5574747920036316,
-0.1608927845954895,
-0.6156660914421082,
-0.0015041291480883956,
-0.30376747250556946,
-0.1588505655527115,
-0.0044526769779622555,
0.24520671367645264,
-0.40961068868637085,
-0.3011016547679901,
-0.27535030245780945,
0.5058302283287048,
0.3749297559261322,
0.03681366145610809,
-0.09421184659004211,
-1.6577210426330566,
0.37808746099472046,
-0.30742597579956055,
0.455340713262558,
-0.09063319861888885,
0.7210538983345032,
-0.3016231060028076,
0.45350050926208496,
0.303134948015213,
0.08659791946411133,
-0.612343430519104,
0.17172229290008545,
0.20350351929664612,
-0.39326339960098267,
0.45355284214019775,
0.5158364176750183,
-0.2772539258003235,
-0.13859011232852936,
0.2886468172073364,
0.35067859292030334,
-0.15392568707466125,
0.7393316626548767,
-0.2684287428855896,
0.2862730026245117,
0.011814665980637074,
0.0758649930357933,
0.19481082260608673,
-0.722929060459137,
-0.08387970179319382,
-0.019228337332606316,
0.14086714386940002,
0.051324810832738876,
0.26174211502075195,
0.6464008092880249,
0.3164534866809845,
0.2289990782737732,
0.9787184596061707,
0.21164226531982422,
0.400540828704834,
-0.026708479970693588,
-0.5957333445549011,
0.09861362725496292,
0.0778508335351944,
0.193982794880867,
-0.02481028437614441,
0.02162165381014347,
0.6910686492919922,
0.4949539005756378,
-0.2324223667383194,
0.05281378701329231,
0.35765397548675537,
0.54970383644104,
-0.23150336742401123,
0.4221397340297699,
-0.05058334395289421,
0.03148040920495987,
0.08906049281358719,
0.28344807028770447,
-0.3731005787849426,
0.17652343213558197,
-0.5445735454559326,
-0.05089407414197922,
0.21503880620002747,
0.032692041248083115,
-0.6274489164352417,
0.26691320538520813,
0.32644039392471313,
-0.3760422468185425,
0.283433735370636,
0.16763195395469666,
0.26972824335098267,
-0.26945000886917114,
-0.38448989391326904,
-0.09404637664556503,
-0.1490706205368042,
0.168878972530365,
-0.24716997146606445,
0.14463934302330017,
-0.4804856777191162,
0.23114518821239471,
0.3798966705799103,
0.6802355051040649,
0.02236430160701275,
-0.4465082883834839,
0.36263030767440796,
0.6402266621589661,
0.25734078884124756,
-0.22043900191783905,
-0.3259596526622772,
-0.32237744331359863,
0.2100730836391449,
0.21880501508712769,
0.08103503286838531,
0.10549565404653549,
-0.559798002243042,
-0.39513033628463745,
-0.7833868265151978,
-0.656311571598053,
0.32640624046325684,
-0.41761624813079834,
-0.26201674342155457,
-0.29000335931777954,
-0.15326842665672302,
-0.24643772840499878,
0.3868493139743805,
0.43498727679252625,
-0.7716369032859802,
-0.1417170763015747,
-0.11884235590696335,
-0.08704829961061478,
0.1454034298658371,
-0.951371431350708,
0.5307798981666565,
0.054307740181684494,
-0.5898976922035217,
-0.031853482127189636,
-0.4320659041404724,
0.2770068645477295,
-0.039017047733068466,
0.003616123227402568,
-0.007748807314783335,
-0.35817280411720276,
-0.36086800694465637,
0.6615614891052246,
-0.3916316628456116,
0.6138115525245667,
0.11035580933094025,
-0.3945559561252594,
0.12378303706645966,
0.07197152823209763,
0.5106112360954285,
0.2764202654361725,
0.47038668394088745,
0.06211945042014122,
-0.4317912757396698,
0.011098715476691723,
0.6098111867904663,
-0.27982375025749207,
0.031624313443899155,
-0.6237620711326599,
0.5852864980697632,
0.06796615570783615,
0.20938968658447266,
-0.35383346676826477,
-0.4422488510608673,
-0.735859751701355,
0.052853308618068695,
0.061459168791770935,
0.8903921246528625,
0.0444033108651638,
-0.651568591594696,
0.7983428239822388,
0.0759027823805809,
0.1505664736032486,
-0.4041435122489929,
0.14138224720954895,
0.1306031346321106,
0.20358972251415253,
-1.0601521730422974,
-0.13429778814315796,
0.4519535005092621,
-0.5913082957267761,
0.4564272463321686,
-0.12421398609876633,
0.5281484127044678,
-0.9071284532546997,
-0.1696697473526001,
-0.9184087514877319,
-0.21619269251823425,
-0.34034451842308044,
-0.49422410130500793,
0.10438734292984009,
-0.07224752008914948,
-0.5631450414657593,
0.8295761942863464,
-0.33289656043052673,
-0.06981904804706573,
0.04902508854866028,
-0.12494280934333801,
0.2860299348831177,
-0.425181120634079,
-0.32119131088256836,
0.2216663658618927,
0.26045191287994385,
0.29674550890922546,
-0.02747388742864132,
-0.6877291798591614,
-0.8067204356193542,
-0.19826216995716095,
0.27084285020828247,
0.21866275370121002,
-0.28689464926719666,
-0.0868711993098259,
-0.20964063704013824,
0.2845708727836609,
0.4441862106323242,
-0.9462065696716309,
0.0418187640607357,
-0.03859669715166092,
-0.37188035249710083,
-0.40002521872520447,
-0.15720833837985992,
-0.33805593848228455,
0.048557016998529434,
0.26093101501464844,
0.45042601227760315,
0.5022625923156738,
-0.15851955115795135,
0.3546603322029114,
0.41610559821128845,
-0.1419145166873932,
0.2759360373020172,
0.09932862222194672,
-0.42344963550567627,
-0.2909144163131714,
0.201737180352211,
-0.11098842322826385,
0.3074476420879364,
-0.36640915274620056,
-0.19114363193511963,
-0.06309580057859421,
-0.15372474491596222,
0.60690838098526,
0.3219554126262665,
0.26495373249053955,
0.39394405484199524,
-0.11154787242412567,
0.02609766274690628,
-0.5879399180412292,
-0.10326229780912399,
-0.26986172795295715,
-0.3203851282596588,
-0.004954989533871412,
-0.8437694907188416,
-0.1931043118238449,
0.6899086236953735,
0.6472885012626648,
-1.3423205614089966,
-0.4115050137042999,
-0.11306563764810562,
0.117198646068573,
0.3857353627681732,
-0.10214122384786606,
-0.2981671392917633,
-0.2903968095779419,
-0.48226577043533325,
-0.09401685744524002,
0.889522135257721,
-0.25587576627731323,
0.02714802697300911,
0.2116784304380417,
0.3646179735660553,
-0.11282297968864441,
-0.7287443280220032,
-0.41688650846481323,
-0.19966277480125427,
-0.1863892525434494,
-0.10623180121183395,
0.3916492164134979,
-0.3223913311958313,
-0.16440486907958984,
0.19886910915374756,
-5.636528015136719,
0.6503068804740906,
-1.0284233093261719,
0.07685483992099762,
0.4696009159088135,
0.12004853039979935,
0.38058966398239136,
-0.7050296068191528,
0.17895078659057617,
-0.07583773136138916,
-0.7137182950973511,
0.5783738493919373,
-0.03638480603694916,
0.2636825740337372,
0.024418240413069725,
0.4340856373310089,
0.04471425712108612,
0.09636605530977249,
-0.07941865921020508,
0.17031699419021606,
-0.13517343997955322,
0.08567758649587631,
-0.035719286650419235,
0.13487453758716583,
0.3073824942111969,
0.7668866515159607,
-0.7744989991188049,
0.24431760609149933,
-0.14687229692935944,
-0.24554632604122162,
-0.15649476647377014,
0.15405750274658203,
-0.22033798694610596,
-0.7672863602638245,
0.359457790851593,
-0.21344120800495148,
0.35773661732673645,
-0.1003810465335846,
0.0969158411026001,
-0.1907944530248642,
-0.365516722202301,
0.14785709977149963,
0.046705447137355804,
-0.1856340616941452,
0.4986507296562195,
-0.0675334557890892,
-0.06796930730342865,
-0.3054960370063782,
-0.35616669058799744,
0.5214778184890747,
0.15908388793468475,
-0.8354209065437317,
0.5264356732368469,
0.42548540234565735,
0.37260299921035767,
-1.0087532997131348,
0.49666649103164673,
0.20548444986343384,
0.5870711803436279,
0.2623042166233063,
0.6441388130187988,
-1.0188207626342773,
-0.3452375829219818,
-0.06490615010261536,
-0.4197336733341217,
-0.4114052951335907,
-0.05153820663690567,
0.25966930389404297,
0.2443225383758545,
0.5305664539337158,
0.6041431427001953,
-0.09065647423267365,
-0.41004228591918945,
-1.151693344116211,
0.36731451749801636,
-0.1206265240907669,
-0.5281813144683838,
0.10940644890069962,
-0.18754184246063232,
0.30753716826438904,
-0.1548088937997818,
-0.10214542597532272,
-0.6619297862052917,
0.4317035973072052,
-0.667165994644165,
-0.8105210661888123,
-0.506900429725647,
0.44225770235061646,
-0.9401130676269531,
-0.3566960394382477,
0.3047615885734558,
0.0010347520001232624,
0.5773659348487854,
-0.37871766090393066,
-0.0487123541533947,
0.15586912631988525,
0.35426291823387146,
0.2642446756362915,
0.1757156103849411,
-0.24301521480083466,
0.7769224643707275,
-0.49374595284461975,
-0.2480604648590088,
-0.37125521898269653,
0.30908194184303284,
-0.5306719541549683,
0.39050379395484924,
0.6604288816452026,
0.8942393660545349,
-0.07611953467130661,
0.08676754683256149,
0.37865275144577026,
-0.49427372217178345,
-0.32744982838630676,
0.7153463363647461,
-0.15614968538284302,
-0.5639324188232422,
-0.4051000773906708,
0.2441243827342987,
-0.22908428311347961,
0.35574570298194885,
0.2994953691959381,
0.017689500004053116,
0.3399561643600464,
-0.160354346036911,
-0.08220728486776352,
-0.004618494305759668,
0.2353256195783615,
-0.29213088750839233,
0.101929672062397,
0.46574535965919495,
0.3442953824996948,
-0.15643103420734406,
0.5864940881729126,
-0.28976714611053467,
-0.21452492475509644,
-0.30288031697273254,
-0.47262200713157654,
0.3909723460674286,
-0.5267122983932495,
0.18128904700279236,
0.04955918341875076,
0.05772450938820839,
0.15497000515460968,
0.48373615741729736,
1.3860570192337036,
-0.529647707939148,
-0.0849413052201271,
-0.8719181418418884,
0.5585483312606812,
0.09096799045801163,
-0.4435197114944458,
-0.24272359907627106,
-0.801002025604248,
-0.03238644078373909,
-0.2535025179386139,
0.1258460134267807,
0.3842185139656067,
0.11393345892429352,
-0.4451831579208374,
0.3433298170566559,
-0.3954073190689087,
-0.9218108654022217,
0.07292036712169647,
-0.2337324172258377,
-0.025941582396626472,
-0.7477729320526123,
-0.07025563716888428,
0.024599408730864525,
0.5013100504875183,
-0.0964505597949028,
-0.24328728020191193,
-0.14967191219329834,
-0.46438995003700256,
0.38151293992996216,
-0.18747372925281525,
0.07298190891742706,
-0.004962621722370386,
-0.0823524072766304,
-0.10977993905544281,
0.17741918563842773,
0.008055925369262695,
0.19508019089698792,
0.273275762796402,
0.42633143067359924,
-0.3597465753555298,
-0.38341644406318665,
0.025414006784558296,
-0.34086644649505615,
0.2769470810890198,
-0.2829637825489044,
0.4817650616168976,
0.21601347625255585,
0.06499128043651581,
-0.5425798892974854,
-0.6677680015563965,
0.2176676094532013,
0.6837056279182434,
-0.43507450819015503,
-0.6091822981834412,
0.7121979594230652,
-0.03139693662524223,
-0.1993945986032486,
0.6835218667984009,
0.2280164510011673,
-0.11430972069501877,
0.6833112239837646,
-0.35535964369773865,
-0.8038995862007141,
-0.01669606752693653,
-0.23385828733444214,
-0.44792646169662476,
0.3697693645954132,
0.1970967948436737,
-0.9751241207122803,
0.047006335109472275,
0.21869023144245148,
-0.5088237524032593,
-0.195779949426651,
-0.1780891865491867,
-0.23307473957538605,
-0.11147039383649826,
-0.26671698689460754,
0.01106491219252348,
-0.4153539538383484,
0.36477646231651306,
-0.11842193454504013,
-0.24500736594200134,
0.4063611626625061,
-0.318180114030838,
0.10254478454589844,
-0.3142886757850647,
-0.03842632472515106,
0.10833147168159485,
-0.11087803542613983,
0.5843965411186218,
-0.433005154132843,
0.052025437355041504,
0.11289343982934952,
0.5094593167304993,
0.2824861407279968,
0.8273842930793762,
-0.26918160915374756,
-0.13400676846504211,
-0.22933755815029144,
-0.15487274527549744,
0.5101343989372253,
-0.0012315608328208327,
-0.7162497043609619,
0.4013350307941437,
0.3496687412261963,
-0.6268823146820068,
-0.16798065602779388,
0.21800146996974945,
0.5243077874183655,
-0.5164552927017212,
-0.04611819237470627,
-0.23353704810142517,
-0.23546762764453888,
0.19884292781352997,
0.2974149286746979,
0.10011212527751923,
-0.6348698139190674,
0.37434181571006775,
0.24994273483753204,
-0.20991788804531097,
-0.14809927344322205,
-0.381191223859787,
0.3489821255207062,
-0.3096960783004761,
0.06148253381252289,
0.42026492953300476,
0.8639055490493774,
0.36028385162353516,
0.28576236963272095,
-0.06099510192871094,
-0.028528841212391853,
-0.8209429979324341,
0.342571496963501,
0.3288413882255554,
-0.2158787101507187,
-0.2748493254184723,
0.2560240626335144,
-0.4342537224292755,
0.26615533232688904,
-0.47696763277053833,
-0.01895122602581978,
-0.15404416620731354,
-0.278561532497406,
-0.4271985590457916,
0.3908798396587372,
-0.23001675307750702,
0.570982038974762,
0.5844753384590149,
-0.32002052664756775,
0.0700453668832779,
0.33656442165374756,
-0.34955620765686035,
0.4013320803642273,
0.14800886809825897,
-0.767421543598175,
0.8861390948295593,
-0.28684890270233154,
-0.14820365607738495,
0.3255642056465149,
-0.38915035128593445,
0.22186580300331116,
-0.010811036452651024,
0.2468056082725525,
0.1723795086145401,
0.02775631658732891,
-0.4366956949234009,
-0.12501779198646545,
1.0228160619735718,
-0.18635916709899902,
0.44357946515083313,
0.6271616220474243,
-0.11022894084453583,
0.7942224144935608,
0.32556992769241333,
0.05867661535739899,
-0.6639186143875122,
0.4275595247745514,
0.36535730957984924,
0.34033191204071045,
0.5145077705383301,
-0.7642244696617126,
-0.36215081810951233,
1.1393060684204102,
0.2865455448627472,
0.5308330059051514,
-0.044796328991651535,
-0.5071842074394226,
0.1920287162065506,
-0.4701980948448181,
-0.11206598579883575,
0.13317030668258667,
0.09294045716524124,
-0.8851684927940369,
0.7177595496177673,
0.044915005564689636,
0.019707869738340378,
0.0688694417476654,
0.3145580589771271,
0.3793795704841614,
0.05748405307531357,
0.10158216953277588,
-0.41712895035743713,
0.3854585587978363,
-0.28670990467071533,
-0.032855644822120667,
-0.6218909025192261,
0.32045942544937134,
0.10293363034725189,
0.2911401093006134,
-0.3331669867038727,
0.42963099479675293,
-0.37918993830680847,
-0.5471991300582886,
0.09269643574953079,
0.1917831152677536,
0.5531821250915527,
0.47186294198036194,
-0.07977909594774246,
-0.4565350413322449,
0.014592371881008148,
0.11953657865524292,
-0.5432386994361877,
-0.21722891926765442,
0.3121196925640106,
0.14398878812789917,
0.7599560618400574,
-0.36166611313819885,
0.460712194442749,
0.499472051858902,
0.29295164346694946,
0.3892267346382141,
0.4497269093990326,
-0.14152228832244873,
0.20727795362472534,
0.06399562209844589,
0.31129080057144165,
-0.48847123980522156,
-0.43749573826789856,
0.8921347260475159,
-0.12099064141511917,
-0.22450141608715057,
0.32689574360847473,
-0.6995346546173096,
0.05987420305609703,
-0.21785977482795715,
-0.7226787805557251,
-0.3117695748806,
-0.07996437698602676,
-0.028014972805976868,
-0.459015429019928,
-0.07236475497484207,
0.7077586650848389,
0.04538343474268913,
0.19081717729568481,
0.28034597635269165,
0.3543750047683716,
0.28680408000946045,
0.7320221066474915,
-0.9718415141105652,
0.6098201274871826,
-0.6278929114341736,
-0.46893301606178284,
-0.25360599160194397,
1.0258620977401733,
0.4229837656021118,
0.30482912063598633,
-0.047936711460351944,
0.44778162240982056,
0.06362882256507874,
0.38051992654800415,
0.8666471838951111,
-1.0455430746078491,
-0.41796591877937317,
-0.5534067749977112,
0.15483976900577545,
-0.014210318215191364,
0.2261127084493637,
0.797719419002533,
-0.4839840233325958,
-0.5076725482940674,
0.21600069105625153,
-0.18834425508975983,
-0.7976543307304382,
0.6772684454917908,
-0.29335495829582214,
0.3598913252353668,
-0.6216278076171875,
-0.021986160427331924,
-0.1497933566570282,
-0.435981422662735,
-0.018078451976180077,
0.289276659488678,
0.533629298210144,
-0.22303757071495056,
0.23158982396125793,
0.10751546174287796,
-0.35285305976867676,
-0.2462034374475479,
-0.07154779881238937,
0.2085956335067749,
-0.16090023517608643,
-0.3645530343055725,
-0.5540733337402344,
0.39364397525787354,
-0.027714373543858528,
-0.7746736407279968,
-0.013111208565533161,
-0.047061216086149216,
-0.18020083010196686,
0.22431671619415283,
0.2128734141588211,
-0.1708938479423523,
0.09212688356637955,
-0.3353042006492615
] |
210337
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Belt
|
Little Belt
|
The Little Belt (, ) is a strait between the island of Funen and the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark. It is one of the three Danish Straits that drain and connect the Baltic Sea to the Kattegat strait, which drains west to the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean.
Geography
The Little Belt is about long and to wide, and its deepest point is at Marens Hul west of the island of Fænø, at , which makes it deeper than its sister strait, the Great Belt. Numerous small Danish islands lie within the belt. In part because of its depth, 10% of the water moving between the inner Baltic Sea and the Kattegat flows through the Little Belt.
The Little Belt stretches from the town of Juelsminde in the north to the island of Als in the south, with a winding course in between. The northern end is the widest at over . From there it runs southwest, narrowing to about at a place called Snævringen (The Narrows), where the two Little Belt Bridges are located. South of Fænø, the strait widens to about until it reaches the Baltic Sea near Als and the South Funen Archipelago.
The Little Belt's western coastline is largely broken up by irregular inlets called fjords, and both sides feature steep sand bluffs.
Geology
The area around the Little Belt is shaped by numerous glacial moraines, the first of which was formed during the early Weichsel glaciation approximately 22-25,000 years ago. Approximately 14-15,000 years ago, during the late Weichsel glaciation, ice arrived from the south and southeast, one part of which became the Little Belt Glacier, causing hilly terrain with deep fjords. The notable tunnel valleys were formed by meltwater. The terminal moraines from the northeast ice's glacial maximum are some of the oldest in Denmark.
Nature
The Little Belt is a protected wetland under the Ramsar Convention and a particularly important spot for breeding and migrating birds. Protected species in the area include whooper swans, white-tailed eagles, western marsh harriers, spotted crakes, corn crakes, pied avocets, ruffs, short-eared owls, common terns, Arctic terns, little terns, greater scaups, common eiders, common goldeneyes, and red-breasted mergansers.
The Little Belt has the highest known density of harbour porpoises in the world, and is home to several thousand individuals. It is the only resident cetacean in the inner Danish waters. Observation tours are accessible nearby as well. Other species such as minke, humpback, and fin whales visit the waters rather sporadically. The deep waters attract many species of fish, including cod, herring, and sea trout, and the Little Belt is a destination for recreational fishing.
History
Prehistoric settlements
Human populations lived around the Little Belt during the Stone Age, hunting aurochs, reindeer, and other game in the tunnel valleys and forests. Climate and geological changes brought new plants and animals to the area and made the fishery in the fjords and neighboring archipelagoes into an important food source. Around 4000 BC, temperatures rose again, and the Funnelbeaker culture was active in the area. There are many archaeological sites from the Funnelbeaker culture and other Neolithic cultures in the area.
Throughout the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Viking Age, trade with other populations increased, and settlements became larger and more permanent. In the 14th century, the towns of Kolding and Vejle received merchant town privileges, and today they are the area's two largest towns.
Porpoise hunting
From the Middle Ages until the end of the 19th century, local fishermen were also involved in harbour porpoise hunting. Harbor porpoises winter in Danish waterways, and fishermen would wait in the narrow parts of the belt and drive them to the shallows where they would be slaughtered. Porpoise oil, a type of whale oil, was in widespread use as a lamp oil until the spread of electric lighting undermined the porpoise hunting economy. In the winter of 1854-55, 1,742 porpoises were captured, but otherwise, the catch from most winters was around 700-800 porpoises. Porpoise hunting was regulated by laws dating to at least 1593. The law was overturned by a royal resolution on May 4, 1899, although shortages during World War I and II caused short-lived resurgences in porpoise hunting.
Modern era
In 1801 the Danish Navy launched a 22-gun warship named Lillebælt for the strait. After the 1807 Battle of Copenhagen she was surrendered to the British Royal Navy, where her name was anglicized to HMS Little Belt, and she took part in the then notorious Little Belt affair in North American waters. Later the Royal Navy bestowed the name "Little Belt" on another ship, which had no Danish antecedents.
19th century proponents of German unification advocated considering the Little Belt (German: Kleiner Belt) as the northern border of Germany, and the Belt is mentioned in this context in Ernst Mortiz Arndt's Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland? (1813) and the Deutschlandlied (1841), the third stanza of which is the current German national anthem. This reflects the fact that the Denmark-Germany border has shifted several times over the centuries, so that the current Danish region of Southern Jutland was once part of the Duchy of Schleswig.
The Little Belt has historically been an important shipping channel. In the present day, it is popular among divers for its archaeological sites and shipwrecks.
Infrastructure
Various ferry services have crossed the Little Belt over the years, including the Snoghøj-Middelfart ferry, followed by the Fredericia-Strib ferry, which became Denmark's first train ferry in 1872. Ferry crossings were replaced by the Old Little Belt Bridge in 1935 and the New Little Belt Bridge in 1970. Today, the old bridge carries local traffic and train lines, while the new bridge carries the E20 motorway.
Two power lines also previously crossed the Little Belt, the first of which was dismantled and replaced by an undersea cable in 2013.
See also
Danish Straits includes the Little Belt.
Great Belt strait
Øresund strait
References
Straits of Denmark
Straits of the Baltic Sea
Ramsar sites in Denmark
|
[
-0.14925698935985565,
-0.6247252821922302,
1.0779787302017212,
-0.030488140881061554,
0.08706899732351303,
-0.08831990510225296,
0.18401187658309937,
0.5041994452476501,
-0.6423029899597168,
-0.015127572230994701,
-0.08755078911781311,
-0.03076501190662384,
0.19354896247386932,
-0.05954870581626892,
-0.4453575909137726,
0.7998935580253601,
-0.07297816872596741,
0.16882850229740143,
-0.16844627261161804,
-0.413149893283844,
0.001990432618185878,
-0.16769477725028992,
0.2287328541278839,
0.02038220874965191,
0.32158607244491577,
-0.27573394775390625,
-0.03809988126158714,
0.7241179943084717,
-0.08195799589157104,
0.31543493270874023,
-0.1011214479804039,
-0.11247647553682327,
-0.17513920366764069,
-0.34226638078689575,
-0.14098286628723145,
-0.47340521216392517,
-0.08296698331832886,
-0.407342791557312,
-0.2598341703414917,
0.3493858575820923,
-0.07369142770767212,
0.11128879338502884,
-0.058290209621191025,
-0.24293185770511627,
0.3280307650566101,
-0.337348610162735,
-0.9465036392211914,
0.3764323592185974,
-0.36566707491874695,
0.47510117292404175,
-0.9850091338157654,
0.2637414336204529,
0.07822692394256592,
0.7901223301887512,
0.5910120010375977,
-0.20873704552650452,
-0.5476887226104736,
-0.40885603427886963,
0.008806805126369,
-0.2088788002729416,
0.13534030318260193,
0.6711118817329407,
0.0615718699991703,
0.07017937302589417,
0.295160174369812,
0.3760613799095154,
-0.06613922864198685,
0.43790102005004883,
-0.5641663074493408,
-0.9955764412879944,
0.1716451346874237,
0.1286596655845642,
-0.06645828485488892,
0.15648913383483887,
-0.29936107993125916,
-0.5077664852142334,
-0.20780996978282928,
0.1362110823392868,
0.44319790601730347,
0.09152493625879288,
0.11893784254789352,
-0.2324753850698471,
0.7440999150276184,
-0.20173464715480804,
0.1113358810544014,
0.17479297518730164,
-0.06688278913497925,
0.2977435290813446,
-0.9088420271873474,
0.17809464037418365,
0.4360848367214203,
-0.12978270649909973,
-0.13258349895477295,
-0.23878741264343262,
0.08707266300916672,
-0.3245636224746704,
-0.003491358133032918,
0.31294921040534973,
-0.07216282933950424,
0.6323624849319458,
-0.3316900134086609,
0.23629668354988098,
0.5155336856842041,
-0.035202816128730774,
-0.6631760597229004,
-0.046911146491765976,
0.19923308491706848,
-0.16455721855163574,
-0.08445297926664352,
0.25846385955810547,
-0.8893205523490906,
-0.2007102221250534,
0.07187897711992264,
0.4442996382713318,
0.2333972305059433,
0.5250091552734375,
-0.1699771285057068,
-0.0928952768445015,
0.20429567992687225,
0.04649069905281067,
0.5042281746864319,
-0.03746659308671951,
0.2152920961380005,
-0.26520079374313354,
0.4535358250141144,
-0.18479295074939728,
-0.15843570232391357,
0.7464606761932373,
-0.45764926075935364,
0.06711084395647049,
0.6841054558753967,
0.5304524302482605,
0.1832798719406128,
0.39404410123825073,
-0.12715892493724823,
-0.5393387079238892,
0.04259396344423294,
0.2284851372241974,
0.07035744935274124,
0.11712191253900528,
-0.8313449025154114,
0.23036600649356842,
-0.7692736387252808,
-0.33673468232154846,
0.18113139271736145,
-0.2939275801181793,
-0.821720540523529,
-0.7786315679550171,
-0.6935911774635315,
-0.07396725565195084,
0.37852251529693604,
0.6742631196975708,
-0.3468167185783386,
0.09831393510103226,
-0.24918200075626373,
-0.3812407851219177,
0.15936559438705444,
0.2826543152332306,
0.02122199907898903,
0.21375566720962524,
-0.4484134912490845,
0.18331962823867798,
0.25923237204551697,
0.3047421872615814,
0.005366588942706585,
-0.33286821842193604,
0.8509070873260498,
0.25588253140449524,
0.13829365372657776,
0.3690420687198639,
-0.3237559199333191,
0.39115577936172485,
1.1955856084823608,
0.10373356938362122,
0.10202759504318237,
0.07641666382551193,
0.3285313844680786,
-0.008878923952579498,
0.31797516345977783,
-0.26765215396881104,
-0.6477044820785522,
0.4478853940963745,
0.19099365174770355,
0.0010485751554369926,
0.026733271777629852,
0.0022108484990894794,
0.3286857008934021,
0.2683781385421753,
-0.3274008333683014,
-0.2255975753068924,
-0.05217615142464638,
0.04721052944660187,
0.4004994332790375,
0.05553905665874481,
0.8169086575508118,
0.2023865282535553,
0.1303708255290985,
0.7428091764450073,
-0.22612029314041138,
1.137277364730835,
-0.41455787420272827,
-0.7748432755470276,
0.5299225449562073,
-0.4695703089237213,
-0.06249747425317764,
0.4630099833011627,
0.11158357560634613,
0.2638808786869049,
-0.09976227581501007,
0.001286183949559927,
-0.13326725363731384,
-0.9602919220924377,
0.13625164330005646,
-0.2090817093849182,
-0.10505983233451843,
-0.281112939119339,
0.26300787925720215,
0.18378500640392303,
0.4606328308582306,
0.04979291185736656,
0.6517797112464905,
0.526986300945282,
-0.5184838771820068,
0.16222459077835083,
0.1297656148672104,
0.76598060131073,
0.25619402527809143,
0.8725889921188354,
0.20488962531089783,
-0.000804129580501467,
-0.32259121537208557,
-0.3019730746746063,
0.35616883635520935,
-0.017394255846738815,
0.00848214328289032,
0.2379765808582306,
0.04439431428909302,
-0.13644251227378845,
0.8656635880470276,
-0.27484580874443054,
0.280480295419693,
0.060143522918224335,
-0.47213780879974365,
0.43096986413002014,
0.1915530562400818,
0.5011422038078308,
0.30457308888435364,
0.0321691520512104,
-0.19734925031661987,
-0.2813202142715454,
-0.14074544608592987,
0.2090005874633789,
-0.07623736560344696,
0.15167444944381714,
0.5023611187934875,
-0.43595534563064575,
-0.1423518806695938,
0.8359236717224121,
0.9174615144729614,
0.4239720106124878,
-0.41376206278800964,
0.09440094232559204,
-0.3952367603778839,
0.14784786105155945,
-0.05968894064426422,
0.4312613308429718,
-0.34562546014785767,
-0.37529289722442627,
0.393918514251709,
0.4092049300670624,
0.2798374593257904,
0.40794479846954346,
-0.3031308650970459,
-0.49381428956985474,
-0.663724958896637,
-0.03363071382045746,
0.19555377960205078,
-0.2985043227672577,
-0.350283145904541,
-0.4651591181755066,
0.2501240372657776,
0.22778292000293732,
0.08403392881155014,
-0.8498781323432922,
0.12901756167411804,
-0.4025302231311798,
-0.08310797065496445,
-0.36489465832710266,
-0.40391820669174194,
-0.1970217227935791,
-0.5013763904571533,
-0.3385797441005707,
0.13701114058494568,
0.4739052653312683,
-0.6312443614006042,
0.07532215863466263,
-0.5112097859382629,
-0.318177193403244,
0.599506139755249,
-0.5035502314567566,
-0.5440801382064819,
0.7138161063194275,
-0.05623491108417511,
-0.5126268863677979,
-0.17504341900348663,
-0.4913555681705475,
-0.5397538542747498,
0.4195634126663208,
-5.507869243621826,
0.48506611585617065,
-0.3247411251068115,
0.27953821420669556,
-0.19768460094928741,
0.031210890039801598,
0.39189639687538147,
-0.13816547393798828,
0.3923031985759735,
-0.7189100980758667,
0.20587196946144104,
-0.06591939926147461,
0.04961835965514183,
0.2100428342819214,
0.2637838125228882,
0.5010946989059448,
0.012240606360137463,
0.3306690752506256,
-0.17818227410316467,
0.06192007288336754,
-0.10800159722566605,
0.11711417138576508,
0.22991883754730225,
-0.20605699717998505,
0.6957916021347046,
-0.2793858051300049,
-0.21062402427196503,
-0.23347830772399902,
-0.8507956266403198,
-0.24754157662391663,
-0.024836242198944092,
-0.22068625688552856,
-0.12673144042491913,
-0.25400397181510925,
0.06507556140422821,
-0.020673677325248718,
0.6044987440109253,
0.2655026912689209,
0.8100306391716003,
-0.32199588418006897,
-0.0018399496329948306,
0.8560818433761597,
0.30436962842941284,
-0.7177398800849915,
0.46485087275505066,
-0.4769371747970581,
-0.19013509154319763,
-0.36009588837623596,
-0.4106927216053009,
0.6048597097396851,
0.22369149327278137,
-0.12298356741666794,
0.03128710761666298,
-0.5234060883522034,
0.04551883786916733,
-0.5734628438949585,
-0.2319040596485138,
-0.46367815136909485,
-0.8029460310935974,
0.37739357352256775,
0.9602251052856445,
-0.16048578917980194,
-0.5656962990760803,
-0.4202893078327179,
-0.16655050218105316,
-0.17927202582359314,
-0.22210927307605743,
-0.006237783003598452,
0.11144640296697617,
0.37774115800857544,
0.02076215296983719,
0.051776446402072906,
-0.11851230263710022,
-0.6206285357475281,
0.16193950176239014,
-0.8556440472602844,
-0.734744668006897,
-0.3677874803543091,
0.39185500144958496,
-0.1851547360420227,
-0.36714673042297363,
-0.4598206877708435,
-0.27461501955986023,
0.7340778708457947,
0.0897817462682724,
-0.9467291831970215,
-0.16846725344657898,
-0.45087358355522156,
0.20952990651130676,
-0.4434214234352112,
-0.12310925126075745,
-0.6664232015609741,
0.1772650182247162,
-0.48008885979652405,
-0.4684569835662842,
0.23436026275157928,
-0.3157932758331299,
-0.1465805619955063,
0.25604620575904846,
-0.4862053096294403,
1.6085519790649414,
-0.586158037185669,
0.30956727266311646,
-0.04569569602608681,
0.5044864416122437,
-0.4305245578289032,
0.5505139231681824,
0.6966712474822998,
0.611713707447052,
-0.20080190896987915,
0.05057452991604805,
0.2930864095687866,
-0.5882189869880676,
-0.9099624156951904,
-0.16354557871818542,
-0.42489010095596313,
-0.2410711795091629,
0.6706715226173401,
0.531610369682312,
-0.7479243874549866,
0.1013917550444603,
0.7947590351104736,
0.99216628074646,
0.03953465819358826,
-0.33434492349624634,
0.11504247784614563,
0.15900684893131256,
0.27651795744895935,
0.04872018098831177,
0.7965487241744995,
0.27685031294822693,
-0.01265996415168047,
0.2567746639251709,
-0.7732236981391907,
0.3607906103134155,
-0.4876403510570526,
-0.12357120960950851,
-0.37948477268218994,
-0.22475379705429077,
-0.3059490919113159,
0.25332677364349365,
-0.3851091265678406,
0.2757834792137146,
0.13450737297534943,
0.26135390996932983,
0.10040443390607834,
-0.03203434869647026,
-0.1568777710199356,
-0.5364052057266235,
0.23433855175971985,
-0.2483927458524704,
-0.22535043954849243,
-0.1314488649368286,
-0.2883763909339905,
0.10901978611946106,
-0.41756993532180786,
0.2949909269809723,
0.7668945789337158,
-0.18625177443027496,
-0.5070266127586365,
0.32924577593803406,
-0.3849838376045227,
-0.7298101782798767,
-0.019989008083939552,
0.3266263008117676,
-0.40431278944015503,
-0.961673378944397,
-0.18853062391281128,
0.1976783126592636,
0.13185615837574005,
0.3817315697669983,
-0.7643836140632629,
-0.37765568494796753,
-0.28888919949531555,
-0.12702086567878723,
0.30301687121391296,
-0.8029975891113281,
0.02936868742108345,
-0.5932618379592896,
-0.04469984024763107,
0.3763132691383362,
-0.17843729257583618,
0.18705981969833374,
0.4334977865219116,
0.7099082469940186,
-0.07342572510242462,
-0.16146142780780792,
0.30183330178260803,
0.020096035674214363,
0.26365017890930176,
0.9229089021682739,
-0.03506213799118996,
0.13959603011608124,
0.6321930885314941,
-0.2404833734035492,
-0.3368677794933319,
-0.27661776542663574,
1.08523428440094,
-0.25091394782066345,
0.36301368474960327,
-0.3814486265182495,
0.5505094528198242,
-0.43868288397789,
0.11229904741048813,
-0.6746380925178528,
-0.28031694889068604,
0.7680468559265137,
0.035177960991859436,
-0.46612516045570374,
0.2452416568994522,
-0.9639368653297424,
-1.0904642343521118,
-0.25807079672813416,
0.27176156640052795,
-0.7745858430862427,
0.3442491888999939,
-0.36629006266593933,
-0.5453528761863708,
-0.05984900891780853,
-0.5514996647834778,
-0.19003897905349731,
-0.5515671968460083,
-0.09237376600503922,
0.015979278832674026,
-0.25886106491088867,
0.9669231176376343,
-0.2957649230957031,
-0.6820528507232666,
0.3803400993347168,
0.055730197578668594,
0.4540148973464966,
-0.42769843339920044,
0.5290957689285278,
0.539592981338501,
-0.06400737911462784,
0.6486817002296448,
-0.22687600553035736,
0.12434964627027512,
-0.122174471616745,
0.15882067382335663,
1.110938310623169,
0.7563503980636597,
-0.25621670484542847,
-0.3139877915382385,
0.28595271706581116,
0.4245659112930298,
0.05307849124073982,
-0.5080866813659668,
-0.47300925850868225,
0.09216700494289398,
-0.23714295029640198,
0.2116682082414627,
-0.4443657100200653,
0.03578351065516472,
1.4232224225997925,
-0.17052441835403442,
0.18185430765151978,
-0.3162107467651367,
0.3907671570777893,
0.09195277839899063,
0.29426321387290955,
-0.2056492120027542,
-0.05687892436981201,
0.3121224343776703,
0.38471269607543945,
-0.639037549495697,
-0.5137920379638672,
0.20344407856464386,
-0.23284687101840973,
-0.0974336713552475,
-0.03652730584144592,
-0.17769460380077362,
0.4347643554210663,
-0.3023785650730133,
-0.7597523331642151,
0.2873416543006897,
0.3716188967227936,
-0.2140604704618454,
0.2274879366159439,
0.06868251413106918,
-0.7495303153991699,
-0.4532449245452881,
-0.3704072833061218,
-0.6235266923904419,
-0.45185601711273193,
0.35040342807769775,
-0.22108061611652374,
0.40337154269218445,
-0.3570614457130432,
0.3411790132522583,
-0.03521153703331947,
-0.38690489530563354,
-0.537078857421875,
-0.0013426236109808087,
0.2874372899532318,
0.07477068156003952,
0.11123450100421906,
0.797303318977356,
0.33280953764915466,
-0.3291897773742676,
-0.7485836744308472,
0.3217618763446808,
-0.04577130451798439,
-1.14578378200531,
0.2588096261024475,
-0.1052616685628891,
0.06396474689245224,
-0.26328152418136597,
0.47105133533477783,
-0.09168527275323868,
0.09926861524581909,
0.40152379870414734,
-0.3550580143928528,
1.4163752794265747,
-0.0919710174202919,
0.2997004985809326,
0.7363166809082031,
-0.17386186122894287,
-0.18074358999729156,
0.6074380278587341,
0.44360604882240295,
-0.1055338978767395,
-0.2786661982536316,
0.5099331140518188,
-0.20633526146411896,
0.6572445034980774,
-0.07752431929111481,
-0.2937657833099365,
0.18979904055595398,
0.41377484798431396,
-0.030013317242264748,
-0.38692882657051086,
-0.31067728996276855,
0.4817151725292206,
-0.3917749524116516,
-0.1449183076620102,
0.18889710307121277,
-0.23564834892749786,
0.1836376190185547,
0.40676426887512207,
0.12314506620168686,
0.6313655376434326,
0.08733419328927994,
0.18724963068962097,
0.30061569809913635,
-0.1490674763917923,
-0.1734980195760727,
-0.3430374264717102,
0.33009886741638184,
-0.33537784218788147,
0.6694939732551575,
-0.39086952805519104,
0.20159421861171722,
-0.6756651401519775,
0.12960904836654663,
0.06145176663994789,
0.027593884617090225,
-0.5559194087982178,
-0.48881497979164124,
-0.2066715806722641,
0.5886489748954773,
0.07026778906583786,
0.31475433707237244,
0.15799465775489807,
-0.375227153301239,
-0.1016623005270958,
0.38790538907051086,
-0.49952465295791626,
-0.018796086311340332,
0.0795460045337677,
0.4754616916179657,
0.07679540663957596,
-0.0307723730802536,
-0.685642659664154,
-0.46788686513900757,
0.3709268569946289,
0.12404018640518188,
0.8907791376113892,
0.04428346827626228,
-0.250168114900589,
-0.11992181092500687,
0.8763510584831238,
0.5768048167228699,
-0.5754551291465759,
-0.4563519060611725,
-0.41806384921073914,
0.3087770640850067,
-0.5740898251533508,
-0.1741350293159485,
0.245649054646492,
0.0014666126808151603,
-0.8101958632469177,
-0.164261594414711,
-0.21008093655109406,
-0.9547125697135925,
-0.4946576952934265,
0.20480281114578247,
0.9153106808662415,
0.7247189879417419,
-0.09606397151947021,
-0.3125321865081787,
0.39768457412719727,
0.29090607166290283,
-0.006787411868572235,
-0.5924781560897827,
0.30916377902030945,
-0.1395529806613922,
-0.05401523783802986,
0.5302801728248596,
0.5151010155677795,
0.8925818204879761,
0.06722965836524963,
-0.1832890510559082,
-0.04727063700556755,
-0.17814067006111145,
0.07300728559494019,
0.6148377656936646,
-0.04145537316799164,
0.3710291385650635,
-0.04259452968835831,
-0.2031039148569107,
-0.4296681880950928,
-0.1741473376750946,
-0.044983383268117905,
0.9115507006645203,
0.15634039044380188,
-0.11604562401771545,
0.06794480234384537,
-0.8126350045204163,
0.19388099014759064,
-0.3192640244960785,
-0.4250706136226654,
-0.7202897071838379,
0.5172136425971985,
-0.38351020216941833,
-0.21049271523952484,
0.18065470457077026,
0.1001286506652832,
0.05186919867992401,
-0.05296892672777176,
0.45859360694885254,
0.02005733549594879,
-0.2665066421031952,
0.33731627464294434,
0.4697374105453491,
0.2759227752685547,
-0.03333476558327675,
0.020640017464756966,
-1.0814361572265625,
0.19863225519657135,
0.31978151202201843,
-0.9509150981903076,
0.3196564316749573,
-0.424745112657547,
0.4454314112663269,
-0.6004182696342468,
0.5125786066055298,
-0.3854522407054901,
-0.024903180077672005,
0.39337536692619324
] |
210339
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami%20bass
|
Miami bass
|
Miami bass (booty music or booty bass) is a subgenre of hip hop music that became popular in the 1980s and 1990s. The use of drums from the Roland TR-808, sustained kick drum, heavy bass, raised dance tempos, and frequently sexually explicit lyrical content differentiate it from other hip hop subgenres. Music author Richie Unterberger has characterized Miami bass as using rhythms with a "stop-start flavor" and "hissy" cymbals with lyrics that "reflected the language of the streets, particularly Miami's historically black neighborhoods such as Liberty City, Goulds and Overtown".
Despite Miami bass never having consistent mainstream acceptance, early national media attention in the 1980s resulted in a profound impact on the development of hip hop, dance music, and pop.
History
1980s (origins)
During the 1980s, the focus of Miami bass tended to be on DJs and record producers, rather than individual performers. Record labels such as Pandisc, HOT Records, 4-Sight Records and Skyywalker Records released much material of the genre. Unterberger has referred to James (Maggotron) McCauley (also known as DXJ, Maggozulu 2, Planet Detroit and Bass Master Khan) as the "father of Miami bass", a distinction McCauley himself denies, choosing rather to confer that status on producer Amos Larkins. DJ Kurtis Mantronik (Mantronix) was a key influence on Miami bass. In particular, Mantronik's single "Bass Machine" (1986), featuring rap vocals by T La Rock, was pivotal to the development of Miami bass.
MC ADE's "Bass Rock Express" (with music and beats produced by Amos Larkins) is often credited as being the first Miami bass record to gain underground popularity on an international scale.
The single "Throw The D" by the group 2 Live Crew in January 1986 gave a permanent blueprint to how future Miami bass songs were written and produced.
Popularity
Luther "Luke Skyywalker" Campbell along with David "Mr. Mixx" Hobbs of 2 Live Crew played a key role in popularizing Miami bass in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The group's 1986 release, The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are, became controversial for its sexually explicit lyrics. 1989's As Nasty As They Wanna Be, along with its hit single "Me So Horny", proved more controversial still, leading to legal troubles for both 2 Live Crew and retailers selling the album (all charges were eventually overturned on appeal).
For the better part of the mid-'80s and early '90s, DJs such as Luke Skyywalker's Ghetto Style DJs, Norberto Morales' Triple M DJs, Super JD's MHF DJs, Space Funk DJs, Mohamed Moretta, DJ Nice & Nasty, Felix Sama, DJ Spin, Ramon Hernandez, Bass Master DJs, DJ Laz, Earl "The Pearl" Little, Uncle Al, Ser MC, Raylo & Dem Damn Dogs, DJ Slice, K-Bass, Jam Pony Express and others were heavily involved in playing Miami bass at local outdoor events to large audiences at area beaches, parks, and fairs.
Clubs in South Florida, including Pac-Jam, Superstars Rollertheque, Bass Station, Studio 183, Randolphs, Nepenthe, Video Powerhouse, Skylight Express, Beat Club and Club Boca, were hosting bass nights on a regular basis. Miami radio airplay and programming support was strong in the now defunct Rhythm 98, as well as WEDR and WPOW (Power 96).
Contribution and promotion of Miami bass also came out of Orlando. 102 Jamz (WJHM), a prominent Orlando radio station in the late '80s, featured Miami bass and helped its popularity rise in and around Central Florida.
Florida breaks was heavily influenced by Miami bass in addition to elements of house, and deep bass that eventually created "The Orlando Sound". Thus, Miami bass quickly became a Florida staple.
1990s
By the mid-1990s, the influence of Miami bass had spread outside South and Central Florida to all areas of Florida and the Southern United States. In the mid-1990s, it saw a commercial and mainstream resurgence, with Miami bass influenced artists such as L'Trimm, 95 South, Tag Team, 69 Boyz, Quad City DJ's and Freak Nasty all scoring big Miami bass hits. Examples of these songs are "Whoomp! (There It Is)" by Tag Team in 1993, "Tootsee Roll" by 69 Boyz in 1994, "C'mon N' Ride It (The Train)" by the Quad City DJ's in 1996 and "Whoot, There It Is" by 95 South in 1993.
These songs all reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and exposed Miami bass nationally. These artists generally used a Miami bass sound and production but did it in a far less explicit and far more accessible way than had been previously done by Campbell and the 2 Live Crew.
Miami bass is closely related to the electronic dance music genres of ghettotech and booty house, genres which combine Detroit techno and Chicago house with the Miami bass sound. Ghettotech follows the same sexually oriented lyrics, hip-hop bass lines and streetwise attitude, but with harder, uptempo Roland TR-909 techno-style kick beats. In 2007, contemporary hip-hop and R&B songs became more dance oriented, showing influences of Miami bass and techno, and are typically sped up to a "chipmunk" sound for faster tempos for dances such as juking, wu-tanging and bopping (usually only done in Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach Counties in south Florida).
Subgenres
Miami bass has been influenced by the cultural history of its wide-ranging community with the evolution of Cuban, Dominican, and Afro-Brazilian-fused sub-genres that include Baltimore club and funk carioca.
Another subgenre of Miami bass is "car audio bass", which features an even more stripped down bass-heavy sound, tending to focus on either extremely hard 909 kicks combined with sine waves or the classic 808 kick, or sometimes simply the sine wave by itself. Some artist examples would be DJ Laz, DJ Magic Mike , Afro-Rican (as Power Supply), Techmaster P.E.B., DJ Billy E, Bass 305 and Bass Patrol.
Notes
Pappawheelie. "Miami Bass: The Primer" Stylus Magazine
References
External links
A primer on Miami bass from Stylus Magazine
Rap associated with Miami Music
South Florida Hip Hop Online Radio -Listen Now
Miami Bass from Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music
Music of Florida
Bass (sound)
American hip hop genres
|
[
0.29784536361694336,
-0.5119699239730835,
-0.01938234455883503,
0.05411054566502571,
-0.0033694736193865538,
-0.03171757981181145,
-0.31283339858055115,
0.20839561522006989,
-0.38588735461235046,
0.17232446372509003,
0.2142793983221054,
0.6385654211044312,
-0.2901102900505066,
0.11346785724163055,
-0.18730419874191284,
0.32302963733673096,
0.6548326015472412,
-0.2659643590450287,
-0.11529380083084106,
0.03241794556379318,
-0.27490919828414917,
0.023460136726498604,
0.43250152468681335,
0.11967229098081589,
-0.13915444910526276,
0.04171779379248619,
-0.5866361260414124,
0.27886533737182617,
0.14343729615211487,
0.2999383509159088,
0.2706368565559387,
0.7020484805107117,
-0.30570489168167114,
-0.44362330436706543,
-0.5351133346557617,
-0.1488431692123413,
-0.5259453058242798,
-0.3955581784248352,
0.22305530309677124,
-0.5588286519050598,
-0.025011159479618073,
-0.17038917541503906,
0.7088215351104736,
0.16257551312446594,
0.12561367452144623,
-0.05396510660648346,
-1.536739468574524,
0.1843084692955017,
-0.4482300877571106,
0.11442171782255173,
-0.21853674948215485,
0.571483850479126,
-0.3743565082550049,
0.26105278730392456,
-0.028326887637376785,
0.10149644315242767,
-0.4303685128688812,
-0.015359250828623772,
-0.003342351410537958,
-0.4145035445690155,
0.5372734665870667,
0.2177450954914093,
0.07567598670721054,
-0.25205183029174805,
0.1530449092388153,
0.3430469036102295,
-0.17458826303482056,
0.6898228526115417,
-0.02503862977027893,
0.0956321507692337,
0.0531320720911026,
0.11890862137079239,
0.15702679753303528,
-0.6967034935951233,
-0.25512656569480896,
-0.16722391545772552,
0.24698929488658905,
0.08149027824401855,
0.148928701877594,
0.6974323391914368,
0.17731645703315735,
0.28331640362739563,
1.0948528051376343,
0.20131723582744598,
0.07918374985456467,
-0.22606654465198517,
-0.19088204205036163,
0.3679787218570709,
-0.16137216985225677,
0.21656838059425354,
-0.393539160490036,
0.050994306802749634,
0.9328961968421936,
0.4304075241088867,
-0.3860572278499603,
0.07471344619989395,
0.3459160029888153,
0.3334997296333313,
0.06817059218883514,
0.14974720776081085,
-0.02041061781346798,
-0.0991392433643341,
-0.034012045711278915,
0.01047619991004467,
-0.5570419430732727,
0.17253375053405762,
-0.31412020325660706,
-0.0904606506228447,
0.2692585289478302,
0.18196602165699005,
-0.3701731860637665,
-0.001086186384782195,
0.20585356652736664,
-0.07091858237981796,
0.23556393384933472,
0.10008363425731659,
-0.0016518300399184227,
-0.2493688315153122,
-0.6062431931495667,
-0.15673260390758514,
-0.4190771281719208,
0.10848549753427505,
-0.07084336876869202,
0.21333275735378265,
-0.5233954191207886,
0.035086315125226974,
0.6478956937789917,
0.8095008730888367,
-0.24887411296367645,
-0.3681236803531647,
0.2372073531150818,
0.8790723085403442,
0.07582785189151764,
-0.05227560177445412,
-0.34213146567344666,
-0.09604134410619736,
0.2804441750049591,
0.01580280251801014,
-0.05264749005436897,
-0.13477985560894012,
-0.33697330951690674,
-0.3424482047557831,
-0.7115657329559326,
-0.5908495783805847,
0.4574986696243286,
-0.5361286997795105,
0.021474070847034454,
-0.15911242365837097,
-0.10272495448589325,
-0.5356183052062988,
0.34696754813194275,
-0.006958037614822388,
-0.6575761437416077,
-0.3318021893501282,
0.1484765112400055,
0.10953313112258911,
-0.1920056790113449,
-0.7105019092559814,
0.5976822972297668,
0.06976433098316193,
-0.5124316811561584,
-0.21233752369880676,
-0.46464359760284424,
0.09936340153217316,
0.1717035323381424,
-0.1418803483247757,
-0.16486941277980804,
-0.14274975657463074,
-0.14121437072753906,
0.8280596137046814,
-0.2408766746520996,
0.4583900570869446,
-0.06799094378948212,
-0.11946898698806763,
-0.0763925313949585,
0.30685052275657654,
0.7288423776626587,
0.2487817257642746,
0.406263530254364,
0.15715040266513824,
-0.4148513078689575,
0.029378144070506096,
0.4695231020450592,
-0.3051339089870453,
0.1382306069135666,
-0.5581247210502625,
0.5217103362083435,
0.19338826835155487,
0.331657350063324,
-0.03296661376953125,
-0.4010252356529236,
-0.32513806223869324,
0.029000166803598404,
-0.15591223537921906,
0.9788302183151245,
0.11733302474021912,
-0.5727541446685791,
0.8725842833518982,
0.10216741263866425,
0.04572489857673645,
-0.31783246994018555,
0.48422467708587646,
0.5016295313835144,
0.09843696653842926,
-0.6681485772132874,
-0.3847099542617798,
0.43519097566604614,
-0.3738585114479065,
0.45382949709892273,
0.06671267002820969,
0.05036862939596176,
-0.387450248003006,
-0.13823767006397247,
-0.7909886240959167,
-0.23285625874996185,
0.06195599585771561,
-0.6472418308258057,
0.18984389305114746,
-0.3439899682998657,
-0.5094974637031555,
0.5978386998176575,
-0.061395063996315,
-0.2663259208202362,
0.0855664610862732,
-0.15123210847377777,
0.5941562652587891,
0.001625899225473404,
-0.37536126375198364,
0.3079568147659302,
0.49972957372665405,
0.08554798364639282,
-0.024365980178117752,
-0.31618309020996094,
-0.53437739610672,
0.015130247920751572,
0.7468870282173157,
0.4771435856819153,
-0.19686546921730042,
-0.0393546037375927,
-0.24905237555503845,
0.557956874370575,
0.22542119026184082,
-0.833423912525177,
0.04859907180070877,
0.34693315625190735,
-0.15504314005374908,
-0.4700072407722473,
-0.2824135720729828,
-0.6650819182395935,
0.09616769850254059,
0.2182541936635971,
0.7303615808486938,
0.2620197534561157,
-0.08341508358716965,
0.49434494972229004,
0.05413607135415077,
-0.03244985640048981,
0.09443270415067673,
0.2391161173582077,
-0.622728705406189,
-0.04805292189121246,
0.2007545679807663,
-0.04208660125732422,
0.22928813099861145,
-0.10932780057191849,
-0.13664619624614716,
0.060351092368364334,
-0.017144544050097466,
0.3952322006225586,
-0.18184764683246613,
-0.11838958412408829,
0.47673580050468445,
-0.02638448402285576,
0.025888429954648018,
-0.4597893953323364,
-0.349222332239151,
-0.20701512694358826,
-0.16427530348300934,
0.1891915649175644,
-0.9400359988212585,
-0.1750374287366867,
0.5660181045532227,
0.3895942270755768,
-1.1812379360198975,
-0.556763231754303,
-0.08089535683393478,
-0.37101513147354126,
0.19594091176986694,
-0.002960886573418975,
-0.39075249433517456,
-0.3701769709587097,
-0.34601715207099915,
-0.2587839961051941,
0.6152041554450989,
-0.23141485452651978,
0.02230917476117611,
-0.15869995951652527,
0.689516007900238,
-0.17195628583431244,
-0.4725680351257324,
-0.48516377806663513,
-0.2817004323005676,
-0.09773522615432739,
-0.0697135403752327,
0.2947652339935303,
-0.4642009437084198,
-0.13236381113529205,
-0.03277759253978729,
-5.886607646942139,
0.34087926149368286,
-0.754787266254425,
0.09510398656129837,
0.15280616283416748,
0.4242318272590637,
0.2737376391887665,
-0.4799249768257141,
0.33400994539260864,
-0.09272488206624985,
-0.6995029449462891,
0.3105478286743164,
-0.025500720366835594,
0.28343549370765686,
-0.2945156991481781,
0.3938728868961334,
-0.2157762199640274,
0.2090686708688736,
-0.46872228384017944,
0.14552225172519684,
0.14243873953819275,
-0.013353480957448483,
-0.2631499767303467,
-0.00797190610319376,
-0.12273650616407394,
0.46309182047843933,
-0.6254706382751465,
0.3283730447292328,
-0.20684164762496948,
-0.14322377741336823,
-0.3160802721977234,
0.5401552319526672,
-0.2057022750377655,
-0.4593373239040375,
0.14275529980659485,
0.23664700984954834,
0.5301085710525513,
-0.11037389189004898,
0.2245565950870514,
-0.10738560557365417,
-0.4873039424419403,
0.2732125520706177,
0.12181153893470764,
-0.3761473298072815,
0.6614000797271729,
0.19988462328910828,
-0.007672643288969994,
-0.23713237047195435,
-0.27164146304130554,
0.40644246339797974,
-0.004959443584084511,
-0.7713078260421753,
0.09653987735509872,
0.41181254386901855,
0.38295063376426697,
-0.7310640215873718,
0.3849121928215027,
0.02571633830666542,
0.3208518624305725,
0.5085828900337219,
0.603286862373352,
-0.8258617520332336,
-0.1821766495704651,
-0.22944645583629608,
-0.4829792082309723,
-0.09458696842193604,
-0.21331314742565155,
0.2790069282054901,
0.42499783635139465,
0.6193023324012756,
0.4844343662261963,
0.2111639827489853,
-0.10533870756626129,
-1.0814504623413086,
0.0010482711950317025,
-0.3121107518672943,
-0.5075603723526001,
0.22951623797416687,
-0.5794374942779541,
0.2888115346431732,
0.08068367838859558,
-0.12263426929712296,
-0.7549214959144592,
0.4273231625556946,
-0.6329226493835449,
-0.9298273324966431,
-0.27446383237838745,
0.1407092809677124,
-0.7830693125724792,
-0.010007726028561592,
0.5513591766357422,
-0.22925527393817902,
0.1847798079252243,
-0.0318157896399498,
-0.41456183791160583,
0.23707585036754608,
-0.0870685949921608,
0.38637056946754456,
0.07337848842144012,
0.048320695757865906,
0.6396377086639404,
-0.5224599242210388,
-0.15344838798046112,
-0.17979595065116882,
0.3550374209880829,
-0.47759106755256653,
0.1908087581396103,
0.6205318570137024,
0.744028627872467,
-0.17440630495548248,
-0.062014009803533554,
0.4106082320213318,
-0.6528164148330688,
-0.1524028182029724,
0.9449244737625122,
-0.12192360311746597,
-0.38787370920181274,
-0.36771824955940247,
0.32252559065818787,
-0.03233175352215767,
0.5116007328033447,
0.3504292368888855,
0.11818765848875046,
0.1682564616203308,
-0.09862756729125977,
-0.1421172022819519,
0.007131976541131735,
0.22869986295700073,
-0.2892669439315796,
0.19691237807273865,
0.7142545580863953,
0.4010433256626129,
0.27632924914360046,
0.4492558240890503,
0.13287226855754852,
-0.12477397173643112,
-0.35613903403282166,
-0.4193558990955353,
0.25863873958587646,
-0.6358157396316528,
-0.11209199577569962,
-0.39910516142845154,
0.34543412923812866,
0.10075030475854874,
0.1441042423248291,
1.1057199239730835,
-0.1643838733434677,
-0.4680584967136383,
-0.5483854413032532,
0.6714655160903931,
0.18523652851581573,
-0.40862321853637695,
-0.15260927379131317,
-0.5149102210998535,
-0.15525072813034058,
-0.35396528244018555,
0.22036422789096832,
0.08193162828683853,
0.07259847968816757,
-0.3042365610599518,
0.6046965718269348,
-0.37049341201782227,
-0.8004440069198608,
-0.06967737525701523,
-0.5775841474533081,
-0.10239772498607635,
-0.816912055015564,
-0.35611215233802795,
-0.07908841967582703,
0.3348740041255951,
-0.08872680366039276,
-0.2826952040195465,
-0.18531157076358795,
-0.4396252930164337,
0.3431854546070099,
-0.0074236346408724785,
0.11716541647911072,
0.024925781413912773,
-0.020209109410643578,
-0.029810765758156776,
0.2736801505088806,
0.16537414491176605,
-0.0908409133553505,
0.3297497630119324,
0.6299386620521545,
-0.6642038226127625,
-0.7274013161659241,
0.1817294806241989,
-0.36412832140922546,
0.5105469822883606,
0.10539165884256363,
0.6873980760574341,
0.30853021144866943,
0.06735455244779587,
-0.4295395016670227,
-0.44484513998031616,
-0.11113943159580231,
0.7587271928787231,
-0.32493093609809875,
-0.4158148169517517,
0.34999531507492065,
-0.06008047237992287,
0.3524673581123352,
0.5049304366111755,
0.3791431188583374,
-0.005471569485962391,
0.49708184599876404,
-0.254457950592041,
-0.8608201742172241,
-0.004759923554956913,
0.1572590321302414,
-0.5633293390274048,
0.17567235231399536,
0.13412173092365265,
-0.4838901460170746,
0.29054924845695496,
-0.06875593960285187,
-0.4578280746936798,
-0.41467633843421936,
-0.09395485371351242,
0.040491219609975815,
-0.2093336284160614,
-0.39056798815727234,
-0.084516242146492,
-0.544283390045166,
0.06275767087936401,
-0.2060490846633911,
-0.025392238050699234,
0.15446697175502777,
0.06751091033220291,
0.0712236762046814,
-0.6545130014419556,
-0.024523401632905006,
-0.01835673674941063,
-0.06250820308923721,
0.5079585313796997,
-0.19090411067008972,
0.2052493840456009,
0.13081945478916168,
0.3698239326477051,
0.45421960949897766,
0.7099813222885132,
-0.04940290004014969,
-0.17888443171977997,
-0.3284345269203186,
0.00930754654109478,
0.2611807584762573,
0.12032078206539154,
-0.7343621253967285,
0.3593425452709198,
0.368224173784256,
-0.48832446336746216,
-0.47762826085090637,
-0.0776405930519104,
0.515723705291748,
-0.49115613102912903,
0.0656653642654419,
-0.28736770153045654,
-0.34724506735801697,
0.2858037054538727,
0.41331714391708374,
0.531063437461853,
-0.8006297945976257,
0.30996108055114746,
0.10012899339199066,
0.4024489223957062,
0.10006177425384521,
-0.12678736448287964,
0.3901748061180115,
-0.1310911625623703,
0.25472524762153625,
0.3705010712146759,
0.38420170545578003,
0.5781236290931702,
0.15718230605125427,
-0.05337504297494888,
-0.24845606088638306,
-0.8336459398269653,
0.2674333453178406,
-0.07712571322917938,
-0.27364060282707214,
-0.020279724150896072,
0.07772186398506165,
-0.43369415402412415,
0.02363358810544014,
-0.29812562465667725,
-0.24337449669837952,
-0.1434219777584076,
-0.048652566969394684,
-0.19860216975212097,
0.32880058884620667,
0.044722337275743484,
0.5759183764457703,
0.7429114580154419,
-0.17546065151691437,
0.012819202616810799,
0.18044987320899963,
-0.2359103262424469,
-0.16235311329364777,
-0.1296316236257553,
-0.4144119322299957,
0.7062116265296936,
-0.3777719736099243,
-0.1857287436723709,
0.39517343044281006,
-0.2688121497631073,
0.5215319395065308,
0.2869577407836914,
0.0653860867023468,
0.36746686697006226,
0.13436852395534515,
-0.4532926082611084,
-0.26461654901504517,
0.7960628867149353,
-0.5100446343421936,
0.3631165027618408,
0.9536409378051758,
0.4284176528453827,
0.5661189556121826,
0.2202223837375641,
0.31362172961235046,
-0.3641330599784851,
0.283914178609848,
0.3171740770339966,
0.5082022547721863,
0.2056460827589035,
-0.7800887227058411,
-0.11706853657960892,
0.9063103795051575,
0.22467318177223206,
0.7554343342781067,
-0.13824231922626495,
-0.371436208486557,
0.0761696994304657,
-0.1577480584383011,
-0.21523922681808472,
0.2530142068862915,
0.33515721559524536,
-0.4009729325771332,
0.8084894418716431,
0.5429298281669617,
0.06922930479049683,
0.07242254912853241,
0.18536467850208282,
0.13749277591705322,
0.10638108104467392,
0.13124671578407288,
-0.48983970284461975,
0.39810290932655334,
-0.5671405792236328,
-0.02408379130065441,
-0.5630486011505127,
0.2162579894065857,
-0.09414219856262207,
0.4726700484752655,
-0.3340834677219391,
0.41006577014923096,
-0.3508996069431305,
-0.12686817348003387,
-0.047410979866981506,
0.07792294025421143,
0.7097465395927429,
0.8167246580123901,
-0.15054932236671448,
-0.1926761269569397,
0.3486664593219757,
-0.10575085133314133,
-0.47346076369285583,
0.07286358624696732,
-0.03237391635775566,
0.03095088340342045,
0.633716881275177,
-0.4451253116130829,
0.33799123764038086,
0.48441949486732483,
0.1884078085422516,
0.33488476276397705,
0.8830825686454773,
-0.13773109018802643,
0.6514200568199158,
0.17869843542575836,
0.1624576896429062,
-0.6213389039039612,
-0.6806759834289551,
0.7325114011764526,
0.03231025114655495,
-0.033929839730262756,
0.3515106439590454,
-0.7202581167221069,
-0.04009471833705902,
-0.32704055309295654,
-1.1211878061294556,
-0.3216574192047119,
0.11243002861738205,
-0.21909697353839874,
-0.3380447030067444,
0.002761324169114232,
0.500292181968689,
0.039395011961460114,
0.06298011541366577,
0.20150414109230042,
0.3613637387752533,
0.02688795141875744,
0.6596326231956482,
-0.8498883247375488,
0.5723135471343994,
-0.8004754185676575,
-0.38043496012687683,
-0.15250879526138306,
1.0864115953445435,
0.4858783781528473,
0.3377908766269684,
-0.09739917516708374,
0.4065394103527069,
0.0475476011633873,
0.2595953643321991,
0.8190373778343201,
-0.8611655235290527,
-0.37156587839126587,
-0.31507736444473267,
-0.3393201231956482,
0.057119034230709076,
-0.020894233137369156,
0.4722459316253662,
-0.5276714563369751,
-0.08708003163337708,
0.3128261864185333,
-0.3063538372516632,
-0.41854965686798096,
0.44488242268562317,
-0.12681064009666443,
0.4800764322280884,
-0.514651894569397,
-0.1429673135280609,
0.007824205793440342,
-0.24155548214912415,
0.0033081781584769487,
0.07517094910144806,
0.46232083439826965,
-0.022319598123431206,
0.2985999584197998,
0.05826639011502266,
-0.23762482404708862,
-0.3183060586452484,
-0.013961151242256165,
-0.09032506495714188,
0.09622452408075333,
-0.3912895917892456,
-0.5303794145584106,
-0.04327655956149101,
-0.05300459638237953,
-0.35934990644454956,
0.11802330613136292,
-0.20890448987483978,
0.18140819668769836,
-0.23447316884994507,
0.1570398360490799,
-0.33734628558158875,
0.008998098783195019,
-0.2507353127002716
] |
210340
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Gustav%20Jacob%20Jacobi
|
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
|
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (; ; 10 December 1804 – 18 February 1851) was a German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to elliptic functions, dynamics, differential equations, determinants, and number theory. His name is occasionally written as Carolus Gustavus Iacobus Iacobi in his Latin books, and his first name is sometimes given as Karl.
Jacobi was the first Jewish mathematician to be appointed professor at a German university.
Biography
Jacobi was born of Ashkenazi Jewish parentage in Potsdam on 10 December 1804. He was the second of four children of banker Simon Jacobi. His elder brother Moritz von Jacobi would also become known later as an engineer and physicist. He was initially home schooled by his uncle Lehman, who instructed him in the classical languages and elements of mathematics. In 1816, the twelve-year-old Jacobi went to the Potsdam Gymnasium, where students were taught all the standard subjects: classical languages, history, philology, mathematics, sciences, etc. As a result of the good education he had received from his uncle, as well as his own remarkable abilities, after less than half a year Jacobi was moved to the senior year despite his young age. However, as the University would not accept students younger than 16 years old, he had to remain in the senior class until 1821. He used this time to advance his knowledge, showing interest in all subjects, including Latin, Greek, philology, history and mathematics. During this period he also made his first attempts at research, trying to solve the quintic equation by radicals.
In 1821 Jacobi went to study at Berlin University, where he initially divided his attention between his passions for philology and mathematics. In philology he participated in the seminars of Böckh, drawing the professor's attention with his talent. Jacobi did not follow a lot of mathematics classes at the University, as the low level of mathematics at the University of Berlin at the time rendered them too elementary for him. However, he continued with his private study of the more advanced works of Euler, Lagrange and Laplace. By 1823 he understood that he needed to make a decision between his competing interests and chose to devote all his attention to mathematics. In the same year he became qualified to teach secondary school and was offered a position at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin. Jacobi decided instead to continue to work towards a University position. In 1825 he obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with a dissertation on the partial fraction decomposition of rational fractions defended before a commission led by Enno Dirksen. He followed immediately with his Habilitation and at the same time converted to Christianity. Now qualifying for teaching University classes, the 21-year-old Jacobi lectured in 1825/26 on the theory of curves and surfaces at the University of Berlin.
In 1827 Jacobi became a professor and in 1829, a tenured professor of mathematics at Königsberg University, and held the chair until 1842.
He suffered a breakdown from overwork in 1843. He then visited Italy for a few months to regain his health. On his return he moved to Berlin, where he lived as a royal pensioner until his death. During the Revolution of 1848 Jacobi was politically involved and unsuccessfully presented his parliamentary candidature on behalf of a Liberal club. This led, after the suppression of the revolution, to his royal grant being cut off – but his fame and reputation were such that it was soon resumed. In 1836, he had been elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Jacobi died in 1851 from a smallpox infection. His grave is preserved at a cemetery in the Kreuzberg section of Berlin, the Friedhof I der Dreifaltigkeits-Kirchengemeinde (61 Baruther Street). His grave is close to that of Johann Encke, the astronomer. The crater Jacobi on the Moon is named after him.
Scientific contributions
One of Jacobi's greatest accomplishments was his theory of elliptic functions and their relation to the elliptic theta function. This was developed in his great treatise Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum (1829), and in later papers in Crelle's Journal. Theta functions are of great importance in mathematical physics because of their role in the inverse problem for periodic and quasi-periodic flows. The equations of motion are integrable in terms of Jacobi's elliptic functions in the well-known cases of the pendulum, the Euler top, the symmetric Lagrange top in a gravitational field and the Kepler problem (planetary motion in a central gravitational field).
He also made fundamental contributions in the study of differential equations and to classical mechanics, notably the Hamilton–Jacobi theory.
It was in algebraic development that Jacobi's particular power mainly lay, and he made important contributions of this kind in many areas of mathematics, as shown by his long list of papers in Crelle's Journal and elsewhere from 1826 onwards. He is said to have told his students that when looking for a research topic, one should 'Invert, always invert' ('man muss immer umkehren'), reflecting his belief that inverting known results can open up new fields for research, for example inverting elliptical integrals and focusing on the nature of elliptic and theta functions.
In his 1835 paper, Jacobi proved the following basic result classifying periodic (including elliptic) functions:
If a univariate single-valued function is multiply periodic, then such a function cannot have more than two periods, and the ratio of the periods cannot be a real number.
He discovered many of the fundamental properties of theta functions, including the functional equation and the Jacobi triple product formula, as well as many other results on q-series and hypergeometric series.
The solution of the Jacobi inversion problem for the hyperelliptic Abel map by Weierstrass in 1854 required the introduction of the hyperelliptic theta function and later the general Riemann theta function for algebraic curves of arbitrary genus. The complex torus associated to a genus algebraic curve, obtained by quotienting by the lattice of periods is referred to as the Jacobian variety. This method of inversion, and its subsequent extension by Weierstrass and Riemann to arbitrary algebraic curves, may be seen as a higher genus generalization of the relation between elliptic integrals and the Jacobi or Weierstrass elliptic functions.
Jacobi was the first to apply elliptic functions to number theory, for example proving Fermat's two-square theorem and Lagrange's four-square theorem, and similar results for 6 and 8 squares.
His other work in number theory continued the work of C. F. Gauss: new proofs of quadratic reciprocity and introduction of the Jacobi symbol; contributions to higher reciprocity laws, investigations of continued fractions, and the invention of Jacobi sums.
He was also one of the early founders of the theory of determinants. In particular, he invented the Jacobian determinant formed from the n2 partial derivatives of n given functions of n independent variables, which plays an important part in changes of variables in multiple integrals, and in many analytical investigations. In 1841 he reintroduced the partial derivative ∂ notation of Legendre, which was to become standard.
He was one of the first to introduce and study the symmetric polynomials that are now known as Schur polynomials, giving the so-called bialternant formula for these, which is a special case of the Weyl character formula, and deriving the Jacobi–Trudi identities. He also discovered the Desnanot–Jacobi formula for determinants, which underlie the Plucker relations for Grassmannians.
Students of vector fields, Lie theory, Hamiltonian mechanics and operator algebras often encounter the Jacobi identity, the analog of associativity for the Lie bracket operation.
Planetary theory and other particular dynamical problems likewise occupied his attention from time to time. While contributing to celestial mechanics, he introduced the Jacobi integral (1836) for a sidereal coordinate system. His theory of the last multiplier is treated in Vorlesungen über Dynamik, edited by Alfred Clebsch (1866).
He left many manuscripts, portions of which have been published at intervals in Crelle's Journal. His other works include Commentatio de transformatione integralis duplicis indefiniti in formam simpliciorem (1832), Canon arithmeticus (1839), and Opuscula mathematica (1846–1857). His Gesammelte Werke (1881–1891) were published by the Berlin Academy.
Publications
See also
Augustin-Louis Cauchy
Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel
Jacobi logarithm
Johann Friedrich Herbart
List of things named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Jacobi's Vorlesungen über Dynamik
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi - Œuvres complètes Gallica-Math
1804 births
1851 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Deaths from smallpox
Differential geometers
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
19th-century German Jews
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Number theorists
People from Potsdam
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
University of Königsberg faculty
|
[
-0.7464298605918884,
0.4626174867153168,
-0.34497958421707153,
0.23563404381275177,
0.03842322900891304,
1.2702680826187134,
0.6997224688529968,
-0.1840786635875702,
-0.416517436504364,
-0.37770912051200867,
-0.1715725064277649,
-0.44562414288520813,
-0.4342256188392639,
0.391162246465683,
0.19820494949817657,
0.27619028091430664,
0.015927456319332123,
-0.5393930077552795,
-0.7502891421318054,
-0.2159949392080307,
0.16066709160804749,
0.18863670527935028,
0.4725986421108246,
-0.04276811331510544,
-0.16995057463645935,
-0.08919452875852585,
0.014051242731511593,
0.0562543123960495,
0.028883162885904312,
0.09152265638113022,
0.09901091456413269,
0.6242741346359253,
-0.1822347790002823,
0.08190219849348068,
-0.9117045402526855,
0.18401698768138885,
-0.05349041521549225,
0.012157952412962914,
0.2677009403705597,
0.3050115704536438,
-0.12398551404476166,
-0.09307165443897247,
0.34310027956962585,
-0.02031727321445942,
-0.2542407810688019,
-0.9188712239265442,
-1.7456135749816895,
0.5431708097457886,
-0.8704004883766174,
-0.6324121356010437,
0.04340237006545067,
0.25195077061653137,
0.6643480062484741,
0.8596852421760559,
-0.6905430555343628,
0.0017083376878872514,
-0.3912246525287628,
-0.6168525218963623,
0.5469872355461121,
-0.40249061584472656,
0.6134907603263855,
0.43406325578689575,
0.73683762550354,
0.19303090870380402,
0.4501938223838806,
0.7599414587020874,
-0.4136996269226074,
0.268052875995636,
-0.23867201805114746,
-0.186998188495636,
0.03339048847556114,
0.061912067234516144,
-0.40749189257621765,
0.1581404060125351,
0.2546956241130829,
-0.7215682864189148,
-0.2728378176689148,
0.35580384731292725,
-0.25728461146354675,
0.1374153345823288,
-0.12878626585006714,
-0.03450913727283478,
1.4621590375900269,
0.021772606298327446,
0.10243231058120728,
0.4111311435699463,
-0.33883512020111084,
0.1868918389081955,
-0.558045506477356,
-0.5588374733924866,
0.18170222640037537,
-0.08527105301618576,
0.4918060600757599,
0.3061765730381012,
0.5037136673927307,
0.25509288907051086,
0.2408657670021057,
0.17357924580574036,
-0.5124779939651489,
0.20314501225948334,
0.03966684266924858,
0.07442876696586609,
0.05276842042803764,
-0.6650670170783997,
0.1999163180589676,
-0.07397891581058502,
0.33897677063941956,
-0.2021442949771881,
0.07272087782621384,
0.15840251743793488,
-1.0648510456085205,
0.21304446458816528,
0.4781816899776459,
-0.1642317920923233,
-0.48771822452545166,
0.21184836328029633,
0.21215493977069855,
-0.6518774032592773,
0.07685580104589462,
0.32329660654067993,
-0.041136156767606735,
0.22812813520431519,
-0.13019876182079315,
0.5387819409370422,
-0.621006965637207,
-0.10640919208526611,
-0.15754355490207672,
0.8416730165481567,
-0.252955824136734,
-0.05144472420215607,
0.22992540895938873,
0.9200848937034607,
0.6332545280456543,
0.10795725882053375,
-0.07049908488988876,
-0.5156096816062927,
-0.047629985958337784,
-0.27611488103866577,
-0.6821014881134033,
0.2997073829174042,
-0.4884745180606842,
-0.5473183393478394,
-0.11163931339979172,
-0.29153141379356384,
0.06116214767098427,
-0.4223264753818512,
-0.13941048085689545,
-0.4953312277793884,
0.0942736268043518,
-0.055502623319625854,
-0.6569817066192627,
-0.11340906471014023,
-0.3999873101711273,
0.010987330228090286,
-0.01674516685307026,
0.3766801357269287,
0.02784310281276703,
0.40600094199180603,
-0.20879338681697845,
0.021563885733485222,
-0.09788189083337784,
-0.2659340798854828,
-0.5055046677589417,
-0.34920549392700195,
0.44716694951057434,
-0.8272978663444519,
0.8850765824317932,
0.08765117079019547,
-0.19968175888061523,
-0.06965029239654541,
-0.42978107929229736,
-0.37457597255706787,
0.4280569553375244,
0.11021953821182251,
-0.11571655422449112,
0.3696553111076355,
0.1353907287120819,
-0.3391437828540802,
0.3925371468067169,
-0.4481116533279419,
-0.9823306202888489,
-0.32434841990470886,
0.1023726835846901,
0.2424030750989914,
0.5081443786621094,
0.7978447675704956,
0.046048495918512344,
0.20446138083934784,
0.6035313010215759,
-0.49183791875839233,
-0.5368557572364807,
-0.455229789018631,
-0.11279170215129852,
0.1410614401102066,
0.9778499603271484,
0.3188476860523224,
-0.8631122708320618,
0.3589864671230316,
-0.1846935898065567,
0.2785673439502716,
-0.3578230142593384,
-0.782771110534668,
-0.22620384395122528,
0.7345609068870544,
0.09585923701524734,
0.4102667570114136,
-0.12732592225074768,
-0.4003303349018097,
-0.06967411190271378,
0.13290566205978394,
0.358113169670105,
-0.8782141208648682,
0.40731483697891235,
-0.045402366667985916,
-0.5950107574462891,
-0.06389017403125763,
-0.6897372603416443,
-0.0089305704459548,
-0.20991148054599762,
0.01958169788122177,
0.8091842532157898,
0.20690621435642242,
-0.06247413158416748,
1.0880177021026611,
0.428051620721817,
0.8543067574501038,
0.49499887228012085,
0.6804154515266418,
0.03570159152150154,
-0.6223109364509583,
-0.1291024535894394,
-0.6122937202453613,
0.4905034899711609,
-0.42751365900039673,
0.317192941904068,
0.1569644659757614,
-0.1814449578523636,
-0.43811774253845215,
0.04900740087032318,
-0.7944146990776062,
0.4663980007171631,
0.8034995794296265,
-0.04912639409303665,
0.17180950939655304,
-0.0007732046651653945,
0.3719952702522278,
-0.5421030521392822,
-0.46820417046546936,
-0.3416951298713684,
0.2631336450576782,
-0.45002561807632446,
0.557043731212616,
0.08769064396619797,
-0.16028891503810883,
-0.6950314044952393,
-0.27075666189193726,
0.37014105916023254,
0.2074635773897171,
0.18819773197174072,
0.654876172542572,
0.004845309536904097,
-0.36530885100364685,
0.282512903213501,
-0.3424261212348938,
-0.4684818387031555,
-0.1477474719285965,
0.21115562319755554,
-0.38662219047546387,
0.26102980971336365,
0.30150729417800903,
0.5897948741912842,
-0.5212074518203735,
-0.4458889067173004,
0.5407857298851013,
0.10985048860311508,
-1.1011964082717896,
-0.5755438208580017,
-0.2812179923057556,
-1.1760810613632202,
0.05571231245994568,
0.031363535672426224,
0.8496838808059692,
-0.26905664801597595,
-0.07510901987552643,
-0.4914352297782898,
0.21875551342964172,
0.006929343566298485,
-0.013194947503507137,
0.7187842726707458,
0.5817307233810425,
-0.5470046401023865,
0.5926592350006104,
-0.7430962324142456,
-0.17290475964546204,
0.4241682291030884,
0.8143259286880493,
0.19675061106681824,
-0.7041805982589722,
0.3607448637485504,
-0.2518370449542999,
-1.177514672279358,
-0.043472807854413986,
-0.24826385080814362,
-0.01712813414633274,
0.11699576675891876,
0.15119118988513947,
-0.13429392874240875,
0.3653106689453125,
-5.108414173126221,
-0.43911606073379517,
-0.3988310396671295,
-0.3084146976470947,
-0.1366450935602188,
1.2799676656723022,
0.47142156958580017,
-0.016616832464933395,
-0.29057976603507996,
-0.04149666056036949,
0.342364102602005,
-0.4478197693824768,
-0.41289108991622925,
0.6887030601501465,
0.5128309726715088,
0.42270973324775696,
0.07927287369966507,
0.07764885574579239,
0.018916714936494827,
0.4616447389125824,
-0.2349998652935028,
-0.5153549313545227,
-0.18811185657978058,
0.5119374394416809,
-0.07548201829195023,
0.49012118577957153,
0.2684255540370941,
0.14856180548667908,
-0.49994489550590515,
-0.6736047863960266,
-0.3239296078681946,
-0.08937634527683258,
-0.5800611972808838,
-0.2913612425327301,
0.20082776248455048,
0.18057717382907867,
0.32028070092201233,
0.6180486083030701,
0.23269082605838776,
0.4099372625350952,
-0.26163220405578613,
0.4150596261024475,
-0.186736062169075,
0.3053145706653595,
0.019087357446551323,
-0.3115175664424896,
-0.5908357501029968,
0.7761515378952026,
-0.8941611051559448,
0.3139091730117798,
0.4652670919895172,
0.20493097603321075,
-0.19273677468299866,
-0.42127102613449097,
-0.08456612378358841,
0.36338821053504944,
-0.00623405771329999,
-0.07793912291526794,
-0.7608266472816467,
0.26253002882003784,
0.6204493045806885,
-0.25098317861557007,
-0.18479503691196442,
0.22363531589508057,
-0.295051246881485,
0.07709372788667679,
-0.3243883550167084,
-0.3995272219181061,
0.21131467819213867,
-0.41930657625198364,
0.0060307919047772884,
0.9274464845657349,
0.5546550154685974,
-0.7938387989997864,
-0.1602090299129486,
-0.5233826041221619,
-0.06627414375543594,
-0.13450460135936737,
-0.5125558376312256,
0.21841825544834137,
-0.11516022682189941,
-0.8754613399505615,
-0.07082577049732208,
1.0883100032806396,
0.8034409284591675,
0.4402615427970886,
-0.7029372453689575,
-0.1799326241016388,
-0.5014930963516235,
-0.2619943618774414,
0.09406900405883789,
-0.10433894395828247,
0.2958694398403168,
-0.10108166188001633,
0.0837826058268547,
0.7092260122299194,
-0.49778643250465393,
0.451676607131958,
0.6282630562782288,
0.4831125736236572,
0.16835103929042816,
-0.00794222578406334,
0.18634182214736938,
-0.4006701111793518,
0.9707115292549133,
-0.2588377594947815,
-0.5428439974784851,
0.3900735080242157,
0.8370552062988281,
0.4960499703884125,
-0.10963020473718643,
0.17305822670459747,
-0.34643420577049255,
-0.28085100650787354,
-0.04525107890367508,
-0.4333573281764984,
-0.3695238530635834,
0.39040684700012207,
0.20731107890605927,
-0.09738752990961075,
-0.5311949849128723,
-0.21725846827030182,
0.0532958060503006,
-0.5172073841094971,
0.2981848418712616,
0.057068269699811935,
-0.11644401401281357,
0.02652936615049839,
-0.43833065032958984,
-0.24948686361312866,
0.008995831944048405,
1.2486430406570435,
-0.2012862265110016,
0.25109708309173584,
-0.05943483114242554,
-0.3208635151386261,
-0.42948663234710693,
-0.7458277940750122,
0.2958708703517914,
-0.3594484329223633,
0.6441894173622131,
-0.1660134643316269,
-0.1221582219004631,
-0.01731749251484871,
0.3387356102466583,
-0.17681990563869476,
0.25517362356185913,
-0.024522386491298676,
-0.44198259711265564,
0.9345912933349609,
0.19366326928138733,
-0.7004080414772034,
1.052563190460205,
0.08289211988449097,
-0.3243385851383209,
0.26423969864845276,
-0.09331533312797546,
0.25453850626945496,
0.14373204112052917,
-0.07790929079055786,
0.060031451284885406,
-0.08730340003967285,
-0.7699218988418579,
-0.5911434292793274,
0.005068175494670868,
0.6391297578811646,
-0.7277452945709229,
0.1319398134946823,
-0.18990620970726013,
0.4745110273361206,
-0.09443613886833191,
-0.3716755211353302,
-0.3508342206478119,
-0.4780683219432831,
0.08485498279333115,
0.24604979157447815,
0.19609574973583221,
0.11616292595863342,
0.05485895276069641,
-0.5795349478721619,
0.34030449390411377,
-0.24959926307201385,
-0.7630085349082947,
0.6389141082763672,
0.4837585687637329,
-0.10785329341888428,
-0.27074506878852844,
-0.3513082265853882,
-0.2869225740432739,
-0.16256742179393768,
0.2618562579154968,
-0.27951234579086304,
0.07493797689676285,
0.1863739788532257,
0.162764772772789,
-0.6046817898750305,
0.5674269795417786,
0.2754044234752655,
-0.44538864493370056,
-0.451399564743042,
0.11347191035747528,
-0.2766743302345276,
-0.2624300718307495,
0.038397569209337234,
0.3048587441444397,
-1.1316053867340088,
-0.4578911364078522,
-0.3898008167743683,
-0.3456093370914459,
0.8702903389930725,
-0.5453202128410339,
-0.5502240061759949,
-0.13482815027236938,
0.062489721924066544,
-0.43054118752479553,
0.4886268079280853,
0.7534217238426208,
-0.4259795844554901,
-1.0778594017028809,
-0.33514004945755005,
-0.5189947485923767,
0.09083651751279831,
-0.20864950120449066,
-0.6385372281074524,
-0.14568278193473816,
-0.46631839871406555,
-0.01194355171173811,
0.2684539556503296,
0.971341073513031,
0.004577936604619026,
-0.381635844707489,
-0.0019299896666780114,
-0.21214142441749573,
0.22992101311683655,
-0.20001362264156342,
-0.4812315106391907,
0.042307205498218536,
0.39240193367004395,
-0.7112566232681274,
-0.17818617820739746,
0.417766809463501,
0.6162225008010864,
0.35054105520248413,
0.09449970722198486,
0.34601688385009766,
-0.48710617423057556,
0.5904223322868347,
-0.06919676065444946,
-0.010603243485093117,
-0.06721165776252747,
0.07200264185667038,
0.07602561265230179,
-0.8150328397750854,
-0.3217953145503998,
0.4302072823047638,
0.19947434961795807,
0.41171932220458984,
0.1785087287425995,
0.4203771650791168,
0.19951972365379333,
-0.15127786993980408,
0.42275646328926086,
0.2741764187812805,
-0.215125173330307,
-0.05210872367024422,
0.28371691703796387,
-0.2934415936470032,
-0.41676804423332214,
0.6867848634719849,
-0.030803600326180458,
0.10291558504104614,
-0.911419689655304,
-0.1939711570739746,
0.14824429154396057,
-0.2180880308151245,
0.946632981300354,
0.5434533357620239,
0.3021302819252014,
0.29325589537620544,
-0.36549046635627747,
-1.102990984916687,
0.41015180945396423,
-0.07785411179065704,
-0.8290202021598816,
-0.07274898141622543,
-0.4969174861907959,
-0.5315434336662292,
0.13829654455184937,
-0.19011831283569336,
0.6938003897666931,
-1.264528751373291,
0.41115280985832214,
-0.065662682056427,
0.4234618544578552,
-0.07642218470573425,
0.7261241674423218,
-0.4047479033470154,
0.5454373359680176,
-0.3932552635669708,
-0.0914694294333458,
-0.4164755046367645,
0.4709147810935974,
0.4423052668571472,
-0.1779651790857315,
-0.15956450998783112,
0.3777009844779968,
0.35720932483673096,
-0.005165670532733202,
-0.5032737255096436,
-0.318595826625824,
0.6424922943115234,
0.15820756554603577,
-0.21649949252605438,
0.5161410570144653,
-0.2267589271068573,
-0.5195794701576233,
1.0802570581436157,
-0.267723947763443,
0.0544532909989357,
0.4617389142513275,
0.1471063494682312,
0.09839989244937897,
0.9356940984725952,
-0.8829209804534912,
-0.3183603882789612,
0.3559783101081848,
0.16971272230148315,
0.6880424618721008,
-1.179618239402771,
0.5492064356803894,
0.2554906904697418,
-0.20913076400756836,
-0.4682457447052002,
0.7856385707855225,
-0.06007029488682747,
0.030248967930674553,
0.39212653040885925,
-0.7183210849761963,
-0.67082679271698,
-0.0676206722855568,
0.6811994910240173,
1.5255635976791382,
-0.3720541298389435,
0.18696781992912292,
-0.281132310628891,
0.5068106055259705,
-0.2906813621520996,
0.5633977651596069,
-0.26993557810783386,
0.2896028161048889,
0.41255179047584534,
0.22094379365444183,
0.5252168774604797,
-0.42196452617645264,
-0.11783023923635483,
0.03484693542122841,
0.1494234800338745,
-0.5612116456031799,
0.05644816905260086,
0.5084319114685059,
0.3776223957538605,
-0.18490642309188843,
0.7442256808280945,
-0.40837427973747253,
-0.10316309332847595,
0.27812430262565613,
0.16139572858810425,
-0.4533652067184448,
0.3872619569301605,
-0.5469564199447632,
0.03733808919787407,
-0.09805167466402054,
-0.004562646150588989,
0.5604599118232727,
0.14293994009494781,
-0.484462708234787,
0.5737706422805786,
0.1427454799413681,
0.02207893505692482,
-0.032520223408937454,
-0.40949249267578125,
-0.08720275014638901,
0.37035560607910156,
-0.4633992910385132,
-0.024477988481521606,
-0.6681575179100037,
-0.4602701663970947,
0.016698820516467094,
-0.16337847709655762,
-0.09766832739114761,
0.470958411693573,
-0.16841530799865723,
-0.16180729866027832,
0.14202021062374115,
-0.43343618512153625,
0.21580682694911957,
-0.5313126444816589,
0.7021024227142334,
0.46516498923301697,
-0.8410963416099548,
0.15793873369693756,
0.15201306343078613,
0.556337833404541,
-0.5996966361999512,
-0.5122766494750977,
0.38779616355895996,
0.056805629283189774,
0.4840412139892578,
-0.5723221898078918,
0.7751932740211487,
-0.13165491819381714,
-0.08703183382749557,
-0.42692700028419495,
0.3378477692604065,
-0.2900294065475464,
0.017069250345230103,
0.48595911264419556,
-0.16266612708568573,
-0.11429540067911148,
-0.07483468949794769,
0.8108054399490356,
0.0434696227312088,
0.1713760942220688,
-0.49998098611831665,
-0.13421836495399475,
0.6072103977203369,
0.42285701632499695,
-0.311320036649704,
0.40837332606315613,
0.42287352681159973,
-0.45944589376449585,
0.0057951039634644985,
-0.48097044229507446,
0.10331913083791733,
0.059036508202552795,
-0.48848727345466614,
0.7517061829566956,
0.3084416687488556,
0.16242223978042603,
-0.6191539764404297,
0.04789678007364273,
0.49277180433273315,
-0.5427892208099365,
0.552446722984314,
0.21803002059459686,
0.7254218459129333,
-0.8809056878089905,
-0.415520578622818,
-0.00563382962718606,
0.2855701446533203,
0.3431098461151123,
-0.1540888249874115,
0.29204314947128296,
-0.7153838872909546,
0.4940367639064789,
0.23823182284832,
-0.1339818835258484,
-0.6091611385345459,
0.06667190045118332,
0.43173184990882874
] |
210344
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptobaatar
|
Kryptobaatar
|
Kryptobaatarand also known as Gobibaatar or Tugrigbaatar is an extinct mammalian genus dating from the Upper Cretaceous Period and identified in Central Asia. This animal was a member of the extinct order of Multituberculata within the suborder Cimolodonta, and was a member of the family Djadochtatheriidae. It lived contemporaneously with some of the dinosaurs. Its skull had a length of perhaps 3 cm.
The generic name Kryptobaatar is derived from Greek : kruptós, "hidden," (alludes to the ventral position of infraorbital foramen) and Mongolian : baatar, "hero" (alludes to the name of the capital of Mongolia, Ulan Baatar). The specific name dashzevegi is named in honour of Mongolian palaeontologist Demberelyin Dashzeveg. The derivation of its synonym Gobibaatar parvus is Gobi (occurring in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia) and baatar ("a hero", the same as Kryptobaatar). Another synonym Tugrigbaatar saichanensis is a generic name derived from the Toogreeg and Ulan Baatar, and a specific name derived from a Gurvan Saykhan mountain range.
Species identified
Kryptobaatar dashzevegi . At Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Tögrög Shiree and Bayan Zag or Baruungoyot Formation, Red beds of Hermiin Tsav, Mongolia. Stage: lower Campanian or Upper Cretaceous. The skull has a length of perhaps 3 cm. The front teeth look impressively sharp and not much like those of a strict vegetarian. Gobibaatar parvus and Tugrigbaatar saichanensis are now treated as synonyms of K. dashzevegi by Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2003).
Kryptobaatar mandahuensis . At Bayan Mandahu Formation, Urad Houqi Banner, Inner Mongolia, China. Based on several well-preserved skulls. This location is about the same stage as the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia, Campanian (Upper Cretaceous).
Biology
Kryptobaatar was a hopping species, similar to a modern Jerboa. It is thought to have been a carnivory-oriented omnivore.
Notes
References
Kielan-Jaworowska Z & Hurum JH (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429.
McKenna MC & Bell SK, (1997), Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press.
Cimolodonts
Cretaceous mammals
Extinct mammals of Asia
Djadochta fauna
Prehistoric mammal genera
|
[
-0.6864826679229736,
0.5695222616195679,
-0.6583407521247864,
-0.13568738102912903,
-0.4814121425151825,
1.1051578521728516,
0.9614777565002441,
0.5952369570732117,
-0.12886907160282135,
-0.12733663618564606,
0.00991597305983305,
0.1860717535018921,
-0.752796471118927,
-0.023656001314520836,
-0.44544243812561035,
0.5485999584197998,
-0.09907874464988708,
0.14736111462116241,
-0.2366885542869568,
-0.36669018864631653,
0.40022921562194824,
-0.9797205328941345,
0.6405323147773743,
-0.4545932412147522,
0.3074881434440613,
-0.11167716234922409,
0.4444747567176819,
1.0490407943725586,
0.1795709878206253,
-0.12924154102802277,
-0.8530969023704529,
0.3590673804283142,
0.22498509287834167,
-0.4274107813835144,
-0.08666247874498367,
0.4262460470199585,
-0.9576129913330078,
-0.1783301830291748,
-0.2554757297039032,
-0.3411269783973694,
0.33516255021095276,
0.3591884672641754,
-0.3839470446109772,
1.1712712049484253,
-0.8103516697883606,
0.010254221968352795,
-1.5972967147827148,
0.4577213525772095,
-1.0528939962387085,
-0.16198372840881348,
-0.1370377540588379,
0.47489628195762634,
0.5557031035423279,
-0.4527457058429718,
-0.2170865386724472,
0.3903104066848755,
-0.7907989025115967,
-0.0829789787530899,
0.0984802097082138,
0.0788131058216095,
0.05249930918216705,
-0.22242599725723267,
-0.38745221495628357,
-0.25290578603744507,
-0.27600178122520447,
0.5733451247215271,
0.17776454985141754,
0.2410319298505783,
0.2050216794013977,
0.2878417372703552,
-0.34983310103416443,
-0.05775637924671173,
0.06914584338665009,
0.7921778559684753,
-0.45645248889923096,
-0.1216040849685669,
-0.13814349472522736,
-0.026752326637506485,
0.9032842516899109,
-0.2883228063583374,
0.19245779514312744,
0.29133549332618713,
0.7337750196456909,
-0.1372130960226059,
-0.28493764996528625,
-0.03548137843608856,
-0.3632583022117615,
-0.04767052084207535,
-0.4673405587673187,
0.19168013334274292,
-0.5771738290786743,
-0.24500495195388794,
0.2898828685283661,
0.8563810586929321,
-0.1629009246826172,
-0.32333511114120483,
-0.7062137126922607,
0.3160296380519867,
0.07019901275634766,
0.061100658029317856,
-0.3085358738899231,
0.5082715749740601,
-0.2764921486377716,
-0.5148798823356628,
0.13332919776439667,
-0.025968782603740692,
-0.2720091640949249,
0.16149704158306122,
-0.8863769769668579,
-0.3701689839363098,
-1.1093915700912476,
0.26808586716651917,
-0.10159804672002792,
0.10366210341453552,
0.4932866394519806,
1.0087344646453857,
-0.15868330001831055,
-0.9672414660453796,
-0.12692564725875854,
-0.41625773906707764,
-0.2878923714160919,
0.9290510416030884,
-0.4488721489906311,
0.12351053953170776,
-0.28641268610954285,
0.04911898821592331,
0.1964130699634552,
-0.1856795847415924,
-0.3566162884235382,
1.2001692056655884,
0.546063244342804,
1.1559723615646362,
0.23963002860546112,
0.09512235224246979,
-0.3835526704788208,
-0.22048375010490417,
-0.1796804517507553,
-0.19495616853237152,
0.0947929322719574,
0.6201526522636414,
-0.622618556022644,
-0.35906273126602173,
-0.7582800984382629,
-0.03678068146109581,
0.5096388459205627,
-0.18165552616119385,
0.317371666431427,
0.029009660705924034,
-0.4224872887134552,
-0.24110598862171173,
-0.3208766579627991,
-0.3515506088733673,
-0.2709636688232422,
0.34288954734802246,
-0.273212194442749,
0.32979556918144226,
0.11108053475618362,
-0.6712555289268494,
0.857269287109375,
-0.061724115163087845,
0.11291836947202682,
0.2550417184829712,
-0.7664937376976013,
0.2303171157836914,
0.06010131165385246,
-0.6022703647613525,
0.5559284090995789,
0.13782835006713867,
-0.003706986317411065,
0.4308622479438782,
-0.9621663689613342,
-0.035416532307863235,
0.2868858575820923,
0.36495569348335266,
0.2098548859357834,
-0.24484845995903015,
0.18299376964569092,
0.027690505608916283,
0.6328608989715576,
-0.4019303023815155,
-0.5451363921165466,
-0.026216892525553703,
0.38101884722709656,
0.22680574655532837,
0.4083252549171448,
-0.1495584100484848,
0.8959830403327942,
0.10972728580236435,
-0.04836293309926987,
-0.920154333114624,
-0.5687993168830872,
-0.44373729825019836,
0.2546979784965515,
0.16499418020248413,
1.4253302812576294,
0.20206846296787262,
-0.2656950354576111,
-0.07294248044490814,
0.3284481167793274,
0.7949835062026978,
0.04509121552109718,
0.053289368748664856,
0.21151918172836304,
-0.5138775110244751,
0.35027915239334106,
0.29882484674453735,
-0.12193681299686432,
0.23980554938316345,
0.671739399433136,
0.4633735120296478,
0.8136016130447388,
-0.1937764436006546,
-0.05241475999355316,
-0.11752629280090332,
0.1262044608592987,
-0.4642757475376129,
-0.18725034594535828,
0.5532073974609375,
-0.17982004582881927,
-0.5235589146614075,
0.6192928552627563,
-0.23192737996578217,
0.16040267050266266,
0.1646038293838501,
-0.5841990113258362,
0.6339142918586731,
0.5713861584663391,
-0.4683765172958374,
0.4710196256637573,
-0.6952978372573853,
0.01696198061108589,
0.6995601058006287,
0.3717118799686432,
-0.15793383121490479,
0.03815922513604164,
-0.3741086721420288,
-0.4009358286857605,
-0.6011754274368286,
0.3319416642189026,
-0.36549726128578186,
0.02051491104066372,
0.28941211104393005,
0.10534051805734634,
-0.10302034765481949,
0.4925600588321686,
-0.6991127729415894,
0.1410413235425949,
0.6930499076843262,
-0.8338737487792969,
-0.09005088359117508,
-0.492521733045578,
0.515784502029419,
-0.16243916749954224,
-0.19174857437610626,
-0.10923535376787186,
0.15013067424297333,
-0.010289114899933338,
0.005497469566762447,
0.2609656751155853,
0.058684978634119034,
-0.40975818037986755,
0.4914913773536682,
-0.005548887886106968,
0.026649899780750275,
-0.09040682762861252,
-0.3991660177707672,
-0.08386950939893723,
-0.38199105858802795,
0.7167844176292419,
-0.22100621461868286,
0.47167059779167175,
-0.3312564790248871,
-0.9761292338371277,
0.667806088924408,
-0.0026895455084741116,
-0.22977124154567719,
0.2523343861103058,
-0.19795849919319153,
-0.3277502655982971,
-0.6422216296195984,
-0.40701889991760254,
1.0901846885681152,
0.32758665084838867,
0.27393653988838196,
-0.3222472071647644,
-0.7725878357887268,
0.13551054894924164,
-0.1674312800168991,
0.2624741792678833,
-0.8266735672950745,
-0.2160583883523941,
0.31435850262641907,
-0.33036932349205017,
0.15021082758903503,
-1.1327823400497437,
0.28397417068481445,
-0.11767345666885376,
-0.1050647422671318,
0.14651259779930115,
-0.3008674085140228,
-1.0801738500595093,
0.41413992643356323,
-0.47745880484580994,
0.3423350155353546,
0.19417688250541687,
-0.029117999598383904,
-0.2818811535835266,
0.01188725046813488,
-5.330198287963867,
0.3899501860141754,
0.12932223081588745,
-0.5259878635406494,
0.5514991879463196,
0.8959392309188843,
0.19812780618667603,
-0.17942410707473755,
-0.44073203206062317,
-0.17100301384925842,
-0.30720898509025574,
-0.08169679343700409,
-0.020504726096987724,
0.7042412757873535,
0.203301340341568,
0.47721025347709656,
0.11942385137081146,
0.6856784224510193,
-0.12835045158863068,
0.05837741121649742,
-0.0704231932759285,
-0.3535701632499695,
-0.16635538637638092,
0.16753840446472168,
0.2662177085876465,
0.24202005565166473,
0.02432856149971485,
0.3223378658294678,
-0.11163213104009628,
-0.7156431078910828,
0.13509316742420197,
-0.7243102788925171,
-0.21712341904640198,
0.33611536026000977,
0.04773281142115593,
0.29556170105934143,
1.2639058828353882,
0.4939132034778595,
0.6292608976364136,
-0.45153889060020447,
-0.6093058586120605,
0.000992929213680327,
-0.1991775929927826,
0.0127183198928833,
0.44768011569976807,
0.3501713275909424,
-0.5023296475410461,
-0.3891577124595642,
-0.5535597205162048,
0.30184832215309143,
-0.11247468739748001,
-0.1647162139415741,
0.2841399908065796,
0.8353263139724731,
0.5762602090835571,
0.13183391094207764,
0.6120730042457581,
0.28226006031036377,
0.2977644205093384,
1.0088053941726685,
0.3299500346183777,
-0.22432135045528412,
-0.568898618221283,
-1.0647088289260864,
0.08126886934041977,
-0.2893596291542053,
0.5157480835914612,
0.24342262744903564,
0.1860380917787552,
-0.3686799108982086,
-0.7464938163757324,
0.6023093461990356,
-0.929171621799469,
-0.5599624514579773,
0.5687983632087708,
-0.03256629779934883,
0.04899940267205238,
-0.17100924253463745,
-0.4439036548137665,
0.3111933767795563,
-0.3005804717540741,
-0.7709013819694519,
-0.015330192632973194,
0.42223188281059265,
0.18415656685829163,
-0.23104533553123474,
0.17461930215358734,
0.5176767706871033,
-0.03186602517962456,
-0.12976710498332977,
0.45552346110343933,
-0.7516323924064636,
0.10258829593658447,
0.6502007246017456,
0.49095454812049866,
0.5371909737586975,
0.5406522154808044,
-0.11268861591815948,
0.24370861053466797,
-0.14794903993606567,
0.7207385897636414,
-0.6008303165435791,
-0.16461148858070374,
0.31653791666030884,
-0.196173295378685,
-0.5655261278152466,
-0.20788191258907318,
0.24059031903743744,
1.2680116891860962,
-0.18457917869091034,
0.3039783835411072,
0.05322841927409172,
0.06833269447088242,
-0.2533757984638214,
0.7163586020469666,
0.20931462943553925,
-0.044004954397678375,
0.06631553173065186,
0.6318486928939819,
0.1621742695569992,
-0.3827851414680481,
0.1930764615535736,
-0.7853825092315674,
0.1289161890745163,
-0.10940009355545044,
-0.5456119775772095,
0.12991276383399963,
0.3392055630683899,
-0.9181137681007385,
-0.7947249412536621,
-0.2585184574127197,
-0.18176211416721344,
-0.24481889605522156,
0.26576822996139526,
0.12701085209846497,
-0.5335512161254883,
-0.16041423380374908,
-0.46280813217163086,
0.24225936830043793,
-0.4427507221698761,
-0.5700644850730896,
-0.6807783842086792,
-0.413823664188385,
0.012884649448096752,
-0.02133379876613617,
-0.05634075030684471,
0.5612606406211853,
0.4729560911655426,
-0.361855685710907,
0.3518354892730713,
-0.13721774518489838,
-0.21558335423469543,
0.1510000228881836,
-0.3249766230583191,
0.20432215929031372,
-0.1658325344324112,
0.39982670545578003,
0.27199116349220276,
0.21619369089603424,
-0.3099936544895172,
0.07819676399230957,
-0.328278124332428,
-0.2051239162683487,
0.3722776174545288,
0.21002115309238434,
-0.0035910792648792267,
0.1779610812664032,
-1.109720230102539,
0.06862779706716537,
0.3788646161556244,
0.423796683549881,
-0.09099683910608292,
-0.14718343317508698,
-0.09025971591472626,
0.3615652024745941,
-0.5408868193626404,
-0.14764997363090515,
-0.276708722114563,
-0.566920816898346,
-0.006596607621759176,
0.012666857801377773,
0.39243099093437195,
0.19323018193244934,
-0.11944624781608582,
0.9063628315925598,
0.17310503125190735,
-0.30578961968421936,
-0.3173415958881378,
-0.40268415212631226,
-0.23691120743751526,
0.0020145534072071314,
0.19489894807338715,
0.2946665287017822,
0.10620757192373276,
-0.09530646353960037,
-0.06036485359072685,
0.27004554867744446,
0.35477134585380554,
0.15510410070419312,
-0.7977033853530884,
0.009112462401390076,
0.3814585506916046,
-0.25442320108413696,
0.2191728949546814,
0.6659700274467468,
-0.7399739623069763,
0.5837529301643372,
0.10356562584638596,
-0.10849440842866898,
0.26341843605041504,
-0.08651942759752274,
-0.5456029772758484,
-0.17128467559814453,
0.4466020464897156,
-0.3009725511074066,
0.4051172137260437,
0.22835534811019897,
0.017808450385928154,
-0.7258572578430176,
-0.2770172953605652,
-0.32689693570137024,
-0.2999422550201416,
0.14146223664283752,
-0.19393260776996613,
-0.8498724699020386,
-0.31478098034858704,
0.25488293170928955,
0.13649201393127441,
-0.08418506383895874,
-0.21949046850204468,
0.2727327346801758,
-0.09844395518302917,
0.495544970035553,
-0.1555020958185196,
-0.15251794457435608,
-0.3393154740333557,
0.5093506574630737,
-0.00622529536485672,
-0.191087007522583,
-0.38632795214653015,
0.4622935354709625,
0.5543853640556335,
0.468582421541214,
0.011814696714282036,
-0.11123908311128616,
0.03943651169538498,
-0.35855987668037415,
0.11191621422767639,
-0.33481329679489136,
0.34467026591300964,
0.6319535374641418,
0.09787540137767792,
-1.0132648944854736,
0.1507440209388733,
0.9654682278633118,
-0.8353731632232666,
0.059581954032182693,
0.2550535798072815,
0.02002870664000511,
0.166132852435112,
0.04133174568414688,
-0.019372325390577316,
0.15123488008975983,
0.018859738484025,
-0.42646223306655884,
0.031359508633613586,
-0.5691463351249695,
-0.3836308419704437,
0.45907431840896606,
-0.5761722922325134,
-0.1550169289112091,
0.11735031008720398,
-0.12379851937294006,
-0.09032495319843292,
-0.30962398648262024,
-0.16603873670101166,
0.4129413664340973,
-0.46104374527931213,
0.4169999063014984,
0.632420003414154,
-0.5089876651763916,
0.22113007307052612,
-0.12231408804655075,
-0.298335999250412,
-0.4294888973236084,
-0.9337608218193054,
0.5276007652282715,
-0.6379392147064209,
0.010216847993433475,
-0.05734455585479736,
-0.2963555157184601,
0.057394273579120636,
-0.6819410920143127,
-0.2038523405790329,
-0.11076539754867554,
-0.1692395955324173,
0.0050994474440813065,
0.8839343786239624,
-0.015197567641735077,
0.43620967864990234,
-0.6211646199226379,
0.21600109338760376,
0.5922150015830994,
-0.15043827891349792,
-0.012866787612438202,
-0.01637045480310917,
-0.19482630491256714,
0.06974869966506958,
-0.10322635620832443,
0.05505693331360817,
-0.0473506934940815,
-0.04256756976246834,
0.6176366806030273,
0.8745080828666687,
-0.4933846592903137,
-0.038658879697322845,
0.36582013964653015,
-0.6830540299415588,
0.10159840434789658,
0.5993120670318604,
0.2457214593887329,
0.42746493220329285,
-0.019058967009186745,
-0.1593782901763916,
-0.17278507351875305,
0.3438205420970917,
-0.762344241142273,
0.3123154640197754,
0.09095204621553421,
0.2606067657470703,
0.385150671005249,
-0.3299979269504547,
-0.29390954971313477,
0.41401198506355286,
0.21663810312747955,
-0.27202513813972473,
0.10127562284469604,
-0.38426822423934937,
0.6202012896537781,
1.3568238019943237,
0.4792473018169403,
0.24367281794548035,
-0.2945292592048645,
0.15233106911182404,
-0.320553183555603,
0.6982201933860779,
-0.13899728655815125,
-0.23168818652629852,
0.4701375961303711,
0.6501716375350952,
-0.21065302193164825,
-0.28608131408691406,
-0.030243903398513794,
-0.222484290599823,
0.19399507343769073,
-0.509887158870697,
0.2524982988834381,
0.007241326849907637,
-0.29041385650634766,
0.5535478591918945,
0.08815473318099976,
0.7284861207008362,
0.2243558019399643,
0.371016263961792,
-0.6382542252540588,
-0.010486170649528503,
-0.25660470128059387,
-0.5803585648536682,
0.2316998541355133,
0.344529390335083,
0.1987026035785675,
0.19761443138122559,
0.022041568532586098,
0.040133289992809296,
0.20172084867954254,
0.40775299072265625,
0.2478247433900833,
0.10547024011611938,
-0.036060821264982224,
-0.07152470201253891,
-0.11277750134468079,
0.28679659962654114,
0.03075285628437996,
-0.38672858476638794,
0.7701617479324341,
-0.2885529398918152,
0.05225340649485588,
0.33474910259246826,
0.07105523347854614,
-0.10294093191623688,
-0.26237770915031433,
-0.32772770524024963,
-0.06901351362466812,
0.024980852380394936,
-0.21383361518383026,
-0.36785921454429626,
0.0387386716902256,
0.04035431891679764,
0.1966657042503357,
-0.06536123901605606,
0.21858400106430054,
0.2188970297574997,
-0.42013636231422424,
0.007285575848072767,
0.010845684446394444,
0.21805644035339355,
-0.33759641647338867,
0.42956361174583435,
-0.38211220502853394,
0.06859511882066727,
0.3962757885456085,
0.32243290543556213,
-0.6463477611541748,
0.24784570932388306,
0.4114668667316437,
0.1539330631494522,
0.32410863041877747,
-0.17043790221214294,
-0.21671350300312042,
-0.37515777349472046,
0.2249206006526947,
-0.3294749855995178,
-0.2111038714647293,
0.3646451532840729,
-0.005603151861578226,
-0.06523620337247849,
0.09334006160497665,
-0.12155050039291382,
-1.0550267696380615,
0.5754473805427551,
0.4255044460296631,
-0.42590320110321045,
-0.8959499001502991,
-0.34279051423072815,
-0.20968352258205414,
-0.7008856534957886,
0.767288088798523,
0.8528972864151001,
0.28064483404159546,
-0.43464598059654236,
0.42501258850097656,
0.08749327808618546,
0.943416953086853,
0.1993550807237625,
-0.5028087496757507,
0.335808128118515,
-0.22033315896987915,
-0.957080602645874,
-0.9598343372344971,
0.23666425049304962,
-0.0961533933877945,
-0.1432855725288391,
0.08753162622451782,
0.14695192873477936,
-0.43925029039382935,
-0.2086799591779709,
-0.41124820709228516,
-0.5677542686462402,
-0.008669134229421616,
-0.4534715414047241
] |
210350
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombaatar
|
Tombaatar
|
Tombaatar is a mammal genus that existed during the Mongolian Upper Cretaceous period. It co-existed with some of the late dinosaurs. This animal was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata, within the suborder Cimolodonta and family Djadochtatheriidae. The genus Tombaatar was named by Rougier G.W., Novacek M. and Dashzeveg D. in 1997.
The species Tombaatar sabuli is known from remains found in the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Tombaatar was a relatively large multituberculate. The skull is about 6 cm in length.
References
Rougier, Novacek & Dashzeveg (1997), "A new multituberculate from the late Cretaceous locality Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia: Considerations on multituberculate interrelationships", American Museum Novitates 3191, p. 1-26.
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Hurum, J.H. (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals", Paleontology 44, p. 389-429.
Much of this information has been derived from Mesozoic Mammals: Djadochtatherioidea, an Internet directory.
Cimolodonts
Cretaceous mammals
Extinct mammals of Asia
Prehistoric mammal genera
|
[
-0.7164143919944763,
0.5067684650421143,
-0.9725146293640137,
-0.11522553861141205,
-0.5665282011032104,
1.2162742614746094,
1.046892523765564,
0.1605680137872696,
-0.05083644762635231,
0.03234003856778145,
-0.0018948549404740334,
0.31434333324432373,
-0.6543799042701721,
-0.0227811336517334,
-0.347168505191803,
0.2643779218196869,
-0.18831366300582886,
0.1888398677110672,
0.0715184286236763,
-0.5482361316680908,
0.3022803068161011,
-1.1458684206008911,
0.44452038407325745,
-0.4751225709915161,
0.06821040064096451,
-0.32071322202682495,
0.662656307220459,
1.3547773361206055,
0.5551708936691284,
-0.2700296938419342,
-0.950563371181488,
0.2956245541572571,
0.05163569003343582,
-0.4646725058555603,
-0.03524045646190643,
0.15254633128643036,
-0.7370756268501282,
0.19663451611995697,
-0.04046664014458656,
-0.5791351795196533,
0.41710901260375977,
0.33187437057495117,
-0.42909613251686096,
1.0376697778701782,
-0.5454846024513245,
-0.45410463213920593,
-1.4059886932373047,
0.3096987307071686,
-0.6950177550315857,
-0.34538277983665466,
0.030949538573622704,
0.6607972979545593,
0.08714551478624344,
-0.3166505992412567,
0.056290317326784134,
0.4122452437877655,
-0.6187640428543091,
-0.11939457803964615,
-0.038988035172224045,
0.046625394374132156,
0.1577606350183487,
-0.013400701805949211,
-0.16484801471233368,
-0.5740075707435608,
-0.40335673093795776,
0.5922171473503113,
0.13345186412334442,
-0.15077829360961914,
0.16181637346744537,
0.42749035358428955,
-0.3263959288597107,
-0.007503496948629618,
-0.1127864196896553,
0.5405250191688538,
-0.4182162582874298,
0.025362368673086166,
-0.08797502517700195,
-0.04537808150053024,
1.0831927061080933,
0.38385894894599915,
0.5206460356712341,
0.21774880588054657,
0.9369975328445435,
-0.09566885977983475,
-0.1727760136127472,
0.2366497814655304,
-0.2164386361837387,
0.1466410607099533,
-0.34841588139533997,
-0.026084262877702713,
-0.4541296660900116,
-0.26854127645492554,
0.1056983470916748,
0.6780216693878174,
-0.2895684838294983,
-0.11976528912782669,
-0.32749617099761963,
0.41211381554603577,
0.32128018140792847,
-0.06854041665792465,
-0.23779772222042084,
0.5521147847175598,
0.05504966154694557,
-0.7556513547897339,
-0.23204556107521057,
-0.17377488315105438,
-0.3705310821533203,
0.15988539159297943,
-0.9803314208984375,
-0.8017071485519409,
-0.8066544532775879,
0.5522375106811523,
-0.06882544606924057,
0.06890615820884705,
0.45738062262535095,
1.039087176322937,
-0.10615202784538269,
-0.859393298625946,
-0.03735987842082977,
-0.27099594473838806,
-0.39001360535621643,
0.9402817487716675,
-0.5259273648262024,
0.155876025557518,
-0.1861398071050644,
-0.05777657404541969,
0.4442974627017975,
-0.0569307915866375,
-0.2608047425746918,
0.9396330714225769,
0.43103885650634766,
1.2990840673446655,
-0.19272370636463165,
0.47079622745513916,
-0.13341620564460754,
-0.3522665798664093,
-0.06432785093784332,
0.10149288922548294,
0.09146253764629364,
0.2990822494029999,
-0.9025731086730957,
-0.2240670919418335,
-0.8725069165229797,
-0.10502483695745468,
0.21515996754169464,
-0.11640467494726181,
0.11877267062664032,
0.11903954297304153,
-0.5630437135696411,
-0.5491467118263245,
-0.43026211857795715,
-0.6138086915016174,
0.04084876552224159,
0.12764284014701843,
-0.05416828393936157,
0.16988584399223328,
0.3797128200531006,
-0.302382230758667,
0.7894325852394104,
-0.1472507268190384,
0.04515218734741211,
-0.004566190764307976,
-0.7517657279968262,
0.07285672426223755,
0.2744254469871521,
-0.08888497203588486,
0.4211946129798889,
0.051679350435733795,
-0.05393200367689133,
0.21290792524814606,
-0.7946146130561829,
-0.19476565718650818,
0.22110635042190552,
0.18926100432872772,
0.11087415367364883,
-0.20754629373550415,
0.40947225689888,
0.1829502135515213,
0.4023486375808716,
-0.3827519416809082,
-0.601940929889679,
0.18441736698150635,
0.12095236778259277,
0.3854791224002838,
0.8354664444923401,
0.0540875643491745,
0.6855136752128601,
0.1874789446592331,
-0.13201892375946045,
-0.7824463844299316,
-0.7389664649963379,
-0.4000251293182373,
0.3142397105693817,
0.34751415252685547,
1.0201289653778076,
0.15177682042121887,
-0.4993040859699249,
0.23342765867710114,
0.39585086703300476,
0.8287668228149414,
-0.2852337956428528,
-0.20999640226364136,
0.6052573919296265,
-0.5175687074661255,
0.020611349493265152,
0.8874503374099731,
-0.04262235760688782,
0.4751429259777069,
0.6189067363739014,
0.3680638372898102,
0.4166976809501648,
0.25554272532463074,
-0.16105955839157104,
-0.03820522874593735,
0.1302926391363144,
-0.3321993350982666,
-0.38255202770233154,
0.5976536273956299,
0.04013102874159813,
-0.4671493470668793,
0.8344482183456421,
-0.2805640399456024,
0.1651158481836319,
0.0643114373087883,
-0.3804626166820526,
0.2690995931625366,
0.5827513337135315,
-0.42453533411026,
0.2610160708427429,
-0.6306218504905701,
0.005307434126734734,
0.5038209557533264,
0.40546178817749023,
-0.33705222606658936,
-0.26491281390190125,
-0.19187870621681213,
-0.09085254371166229,
-0.5706343650817871,
0.39835622906684875,
-0.18613386154174805,
0.04490210860967636,
0.3964023292064667,
-0.1368372142314911,
-0.2380695343017578,
0.3601096570491791,
-0.7213731408119202,
-0.1571207046508789,
0.4245142340660095,
-0.9478156566619873,
-0.26488417387008667,
-0.28825992345809937,
0.5268590450286865,
0.3546196222305298,
-0.10760125517845154,
0.08637413382530212,
0.13633479177951813,
-0.12178352475166321,
0.05279630795121193,
0.2507988214492798,
0.020378870889544487,
-0.39290177822113037,
0.5352407097816467,
-0.1460549682378769,
-0.19592662155628204,
0.14488039910793304,
-0.32292622327804565,
0.11508848518133163,
-0.5222169160842896,
0.7425899505615234,
-0.09824862331151962,
0.3237662613391876,
-0.30445683002471924,
-0.7177247405052185,
-0.0840999037027359,
0.41632047295570374,
-0.08865077793598175,
-0.06470175087451935,
-0.17873157560825348,
-0.4506109654903412,
-0.5767842531204224,
0.046620529145002365,
0.9080812335014343,
0.5401694774627686,
0.02865675278007984,
-0.20336593687534332,
-0.5804241299629211,
0.38278234004974365,
-0.4578571319580078,
0.12077987194061279,
-0.4685479700565338,
0.10139673203229904,
-0.35740718245506287,
-0.15686340630054474,
0.05955398082733154,
-0.7253060936927795,
0.42987775802612305,
0.12004704028367996,
-0.019259532913565636,
0.08218301087617874,
-0.1056809201836586,
-0.725534200668335,
0.4189620018005371,
-0.4847237169742584,
0.19760048389434814,
0.14959774911403656,
0.16342346370220184,
-0.36227622628211975,
-0.0021214100997895002,
-5.382122039794922,
0.25081339478492737,
-0.004802461247891188,
-0.7254551649093628,
0.2730870544910431,
0.7461280226707458,
0.5770091414451599,
-0.5988367795944214,
-0.32326751947402954,
0.027370084077119827,
-0.26270556449890137,
-0.21036715805530548,
0.04985922574996948,
0.45342618227005005,
0.2079572230577469,
0.1721273958683014,
0.39877840876579285,
0.7785292863845825,
-0.15695109963417053,
-0.26120615005493164,
0.2904430031776428,
-0.126024529337883,
-0.6637319922447205,
-0.05652434378862381,
0.2688494026660919,
0.0335351824760437,
0.15472258627414703,
-0.048827577382326126,
-0.09674415737390518,
-0.3931000530719757,
-0.03465813770890236,
-0.41173532605171204,
0.0033320763614028692,
0.15387408435344696,
0.06307707726955414,
0.27611687779426575,
1.056287169456482,
0.4866054654121399,
0.9037250280380249,
-0.26541608572006226,
-0.5867748260498047,
-0.32757332921028137,
0.04612361267209053,
-0.03260740637779236,
0.42462918162345886,
-0.091319240629673,
-0.38940006494522095,
-0.4958174228668213,
-0.3841002285480499,
0.34941956400871277,
-0.15337833762168884,
-0.003511665854603052,
0.4860379993915558,
0.7964416742324829,
0.41490617394447327,
0.18676717579364777,
0.4621499478816986,
0.3098261058330536,
0.1502344310283661,
0.9295262694358826,
0.332505464553833,
-0.43347203731536865,
-0.32611650228500366,
-1.1030664443969727,
0.21509389579296112,
0.0004027386021334678,
0.3492785394191742,
0.040022749453783035,
-0.19216251373291016,
0.13992172479629517,
-0.40796995162963867,
0.3192962110042572,
-0.8226790428161621,
-0.5981668829917908,
0.5310174822807312,
-0.24386726319789886,
-0.12318290770053864,
0.18152479827404022,
-0.6619970798492432,
0.08696630597114563,
0.09847178310155869,
-0.9835470914840698,
0.08090931177139282,
0.4595673084259033,
0.007728375028818846,
-0.18323418498039246,
-0.030691402032971382,
0.276477187871933,
-0.2509680688381195,
-0.001990849617868662,
0.6734616160392761,
-0.7787220478057861,
0.19193026423454285,
0.6766061782836914,
0.4891253113746643,
0.21650809049606323,
0.6610667109489441,
-0.40470588207244873,
0.6647253632545471,
-0.04209960997104645,
0.6211928129196167,
-0.2311265915632248,
-0.05650163069367409,
0.18344664573669434,
-0.6155729293823242,
-0.6148186922073364,
-0.15233391523361206,
0.3339919447898865,
1.1837984323501587,
-0.05371912568807602,
0.03827962651848793,
0.09295061975717545,
-0.06460240483283997,
-0.10807149112224579,
0.8660521507263184,
-0.03426317125558853,
0.1374346762895584,
0.24377670884132385,
0.5434033274650574,
0.08171363174915314,
-0.04202648624777794,
0.18525715172290802,
-0.09523585438728333,
-0.21014158427715302,
0.06660221517086029,
-0.18906162679195404,
-0.11345534771680832,
0.4350756108760834,
-0.972580075263977,
-0.6317571401596069,
-0.20789825916290283,
-0.4385511577129364,
-0.27074068784713745,
0.05646223947405815,
0.08154883980751038,
-0.3607430160045624,
-0.2738819718360901,
-0.45130932331085205,
0.2251688838005066,
-0.07658360153436661,
-0.5210871696472168,
-0.48977771401405334,
-0.30282241106033325,
-0.14311820268630981,
-0.1691947877407074,
0.303438276052475,
0.48798054456710815,
0.15562275052070618,
-0.5702388882637024,
0.3554759919643402,
-0.5072233080863953,
-0.42503535747528076,
0.6986134052276611,
-0.12427709251642227,
0.1982298642396927,
-0.18308353424072266,
0.5057907104492188,
0.23039302229881287,
-0.008400149643421173,
-0.22005771100521088,
0.05481785535812378,
-0.5833597779273987,
-0.48246368765830994,
0.4323458671569824,
0.22547879815101624,
0.1261593997478485,
0.19982632994651794,
-0.7418404817581177,
-0.09479022026062012,
0.6344638466835022,
0.3467341661453247,
0.007365286350250244,
0.24034328758716583,
0.06450820714235306,
0.32772746682167053,
-0.4276411831378937,
-0.052188705652952194,
-0.1547044813632965,
-0.4252778887748718,
-0.2982865571975708,
0.17656955122947693,
0.5806939601898193,
0.33277031779289246,
-0.2864627540111542,
1.077296495437622,
0.015134297311306,
-0.21923084557056427,
-0.5373916625976562,
-0.6464353799819946,
-0.12594954669475555,
0.1295449435710907,
-0.02164626121520996,
0.3569125831127167,
-0.11039768904447556,
0.013976948335766792,
-0.11730518192052841,
0.2945908010005951,
0.24231673777103424,
0.3942197859287262,
-0.5909413695335388,
0.005492342635989189,
0.13137367367744446,
-0.2283412367105484,
0.02087532915174961,
0.12776631116867065,
-0.841332197189331,
0.456317275762558,
-0.0057545918971300125,
0.02173439785838127,
0.20222286880016327,
0.1383863240480423,
-0.6277046799659729,
-0.31979498267173767,
0.43029552698135376,
0.017008230090141296,
0.47253304719924927,
0.3323609530925751,
0.4979293942451477,
-0.6372289657592773,
-0.5912993550300598,
-0.4051368534564972,
-0.4853900372982025,
-0.1543959081172943,
-0.2894810140132904,
-0.7284164428710938,
-0.05193859711289406,
0.23505188524723053,
-0.13782835006713867,
0.018398618325591087,
-0.45167890191078186,
0.11087590456008911,
-0.2471277117729187,
0.57269287109375,
-0.47528472542762756,
-0.3949214220046997,
-0.5691992044448853,
0.4457411766052246,
-0.12565267086029053,
-0.2995160222053528,
-0.1640280783176422,
0.5998854041099548,
1.0003482103347778,
0.5779135823249817,
-0.12013736367225647,
-0.31182506680488586,
-0.08688592910766602,
-0.192354217171669,
-0.3758396804332733,
-0.23157773911952972,
0.1946355402469635,
0.46713387966156006,
0.04591077193617821,
-1.1618181467056274,
-0.03211955726146698,
0.9242085814476013,
-0.4203647971153259,
0.2480054348707199,
0.5133281946182251,
0.0417952723801136,
-0.10257070511579514,
0.27073410153388977,
0.06640515476465225,
-0.45444342494010925,
-0.07483791559934616,
-0.21565164625644684,
0.16826790571212769,
-0.2950925827026367,
-0.17878516018390656,
0.511856198310852,
-0.3745337426662445,
-0.41463127732276917,
-0.052651580423116684,
-0.08932885527610779,
0.22935037314891815,
-0.3594866693019867,
-0.19476436078548431,
0.24890652298927307,
-0.5147385001182556,
0.18614208698272705,
0.34278592467308044,
-0.010623466223478317,
0.2379540055990219,
0.31411439180374146,
0.16670764982700348,
-0.5316023230552673,
-0.6884104013442993,
0.4545275568962097,
-0.5947983264923096,
0.1073397621512413,
-0.2354811280965805,
-0.24361927807331085,
-0.038180746138095856,
-0.739088773727417,
-0.04176764190196991,
0.23097234964370728,
0.2862759828567505,
-0.10205134749412537,
0.7922911047935486,
0.08456432819366455,
0.436271071434021,
-0.6947858333587646,
0.41095203161239624,
0.5874037146568298,
0.09549738466739655,
0.027644675225019455,
-0.2767210304737091,
-0.25656548142433167,
0.4925015866756439,
-0.16689397394657135,
0.01723754033446312,
0.14900200068950653,
-0.009695869870483875,
0.3091326951980591,
0.41240811347961426,
-0.09826496988534927,
-0.08761865645647049,
0.5315701365470886,
-0.7954363822937012,
-0.17749615013599396,
0.42552387714385986,
0.7220078706741333,
0.2675899863243103,
-0.1645970195531845,
-0.03570156171917915,
-0.41039225459098816,
0.4925752282142639,
-1.2156164646148682,
-0.062216442078351974,
-0.07111349701881409,
0.2759542763233185,
0.3818821609020233,
-0.3299790322780609,
-0.23590709269046783,
0.0024827630259096622,
0.060471195727586746,
-0.6488960981369019,
0.12245725840330124,
-0.2964780628681183,
0.5256680846214294,
1.5229476690292358,
0.5104659199714661,
0.26226088404655457,
-0.5987575650215149,
-0.06369379162788391,
-0.11327677220106125,
0.6419402956962585,
-0.31996604800224304,
-0.04830046370625496,
0.9848811030387878,
0.5522547960281372,
-0.21403972804546356,
-0.012014665640890598,
0.06773366779088974,
-0.19025488197803497,
0.3182394802570343,
-0.3278261125087738,
-0.007635993883013725,
-0.16391757130622864,
-0.20210811495780945,
0.06779082119464874,
-0.0007390152313746512,
0.7159821391105652,
0.41890329122543335,
0.2766264081001282,
-0.3314060866832733,
0.45347848534584045,
-0.4012698233127594,
-0.3134481906890869,
0.3422556221485138,
0.017025800421833992,
0.07988565415143967,
0.08047407120466232,
0.0013501705834642053,
-0.036688294261693954,
0.296977162361145,
0.44508540630340576,
0.2262173295021057,
0.08752382546663284,
-0.3869863450527191,
-0.44207051396369934,
-0.2734719216823578,
0.1809302419424057,
0.4807300865650177,
-0.35768043994903564,
0.8960993885993958,
-0.3012133836746216,
0.14278554916381836,
0.04184174910187721,
-0.054616257548332214,
-0.06240855157375336,
-0.31135305762290955,
-0.3797403872013092,
0.2488875389099121,
0.010696369223296642,
-0.34608832001686096,
-0.46956631541252136,
0.10111214220523834,
0.006435981951653957,
-0.1429666131734848,
-0.0029604474548250437,
0.2816663384437561,
0.12258773297071457,
-0.39799419045448303,
0.21525271236896515,
0.0406830757856369,
0.31477877497673035,
-0.2805249094963074,
0.04297693818807602,
-0.7855565547943115,
0.3660176694393158,
0.7089509963989258,
0.6379876136779785,
-0.5842624306678772,
0.18858309090137482,
0.23056024312973022,
0.1417345553636551,
0.428093820810318,
-0.49184879660606384,
-0.29673439264297485,
-0.21805709600448608,
0.35496100783348083,
-0.3735162615776062,
-0.09447970986366272,
0.45604565739631653,
-0.1749749481678009,
-0.4527948796749115,
-0.09027010947465897,
-0.41403767466545105,
-0.5045411586761475,
0.5411704182624817,
0.5237663984298706,
-0.3476111888885498,
-0.6399027705192566,
-0.33794844150543213,
-0.2032463401556015,
-0.22322307527065277,
0.9252097010612488,
0.6674649119377136,
0.41348519921302795,
-0.2907382547855377,
0.41436395049095154,
-0.0780486986041069,
0.564992368221283,
0.3467532694339752,
-1.585037112236023,
0.08826088160276413,
0.03330348804593086,
-1.1683790683746338,
-0.9869516491889954,
0.4757431745529175,
-0.09038776904344559,
-0.16667364537715912,
0.3667871952056885,
-0.08882183581590652,
-0.5571291446685791,
-0.13573986291885376,
-0.050631001591682434,
-0.5828338861465454,
0.1657261699438095,
-0.2517918348312378
] |
210351
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Prout
|
William Prout
|
William Prout FRS (; 15 January 1785 – 9 April 1850) was an English chemist, physician, and natural theologian. He is remembered today mainly for what is called Prout's hypothesis.
Biography
Prout was born in Horton, Gloucestershire in 1785 and educated at 17 years of age by a clergyman, followed by the Redland Academy at Bristol and Edinburgh University, where he graduated in 1811 with an MD. His professional life was spent as a practising physician in London, but he also occupied himself with chemical research. He was an active worker in biological chemistry and carried out many analyses of the secretions of living organisms, which he believed were produced by the breakdown of bodily tissues. In 1823, he discovered that stomach juices contain hydrochloric acid, which can be separated from gastric juice by distillation. In 1827, he proposed the classification of substances in food into sugars and starches, oily bodies, and albumen, which would later become known as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Prout is better remembered, however, for his researches into physical chemistry. In 1815, based on the tables of atomic weights available at the time, he anonymously hypothesized that the atomic weight of every element is an integer multiple of that of hydrogen, suggesting that the hydrogen atom is the only truly fundamental particle (which he called protyle), and that the atoms of the other elements are made of groupings of various numbers of hydrogen atoms. While Prout's hypothesis was not borne out by later more-accurate measurements of atomic weights, it was a sufficiently fundamental insight into the structure of the atom that in 1920, Ernest Rutherford chose the name of the newly discovered proton to, among other reasons, give credit to Prout.
Prout contributed to the improvement of the barometer, and the Royal Society of London adopted his design as a national standard.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1819. He delivered the Goulstonian Lecture to the Royal College of Physicians in 1831 on the application of chemistry to medicine.
Prout wrote the eighth Bridgewater Treatise, Chemistry, Meteorology, and the Function of Digestion, considered with reference to Natural Theology. It was in this work that he coined the term "convection" to describe a type of energy transfer.
In 1814, Prout married Agnes Adam, daughter of Alexander Adam, of Edinburgh, Scotland, and together they had six children. Prout died in London in 1850 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.
The "Prout" is a unit of nuclear binding energy, and is 1/12 the binding energy of the deuteron, or 185.5 keV. It is named after William Prout. "Proutons" was an early candidate for the name of what are now called protons.
Honours and awards
Fellow of the Royal Society (1819)
Copley Medal (1827)
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (1829)
Bibliography
Prout, William (1834). Chemistry, Meteorology, and the Function of Digestion Considered with Reference to Natural Theology; Bridgewater Treatises, W. Pickering (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )
See also
Earl of Bridgewater (for other Bridgewater Treatises)
Atomic number
Notes
References
Further reading
The Semiempirical Formula for Atomic Masses
1785 births
1850 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People from South Gloucestershire District
English physical chemists
19th-century English medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Recipients of the Copley Medal
18th-century English people
19th-century English people
|
[
-0.208593487739563,
0.5034022331237793,
-1.0316272974014282,
-0.8555388450622559,
0.32399407029151917,
1.3300739526748657,
1.0698729753494263,
0.14718206226825714,
0.4993036985397339,
-0.2372506558895111,
-0.6932643055915833,
-0.23167304694652557,
-0.39244481921195984,
0.7868491411209106,
0.07510584592819214,
0.45194175839424133,
-0.13168391585350037,
-0.4627567529678345,
0.016685303300619125,
0.08040176331996918,
0.03160616382956505,
0.22798599302768707,
0.2861612141132355,
-0.009854700416326523,
-0.04438357427716255,
-0.058421920984983444,
0.0851294994354248,
-0.7855740189552307,
-0.08839289844036102,
-0.1850186139345169,
-0.007473639212548733,
0.7504587173461914,
0.022640101611614227,
-0.06163541600108147,
-0.35847827792167664,
0.2895547151565552,
-0.8362035751342773,
0.03257974237203598,
-0.040325235575437546,
0.259911447763443,
-0.5237362384796143,
-0.29687413573265076,
0.503649115562439,
0.30844128131866455,
-0.4889766573905945,
-0.5399510860443115,
-1.9350472688674927,
0.5902135968208313,
-1.0044958591461182,
-0.23130382597446442,
0.6906846761703491,
-0.053582288324832916,
0.8153740167617798,
0.13778561353683472,
-0.5053120851516724,
0.28466734290122986,
-0.3368046283721924,
-0.0685117319226265,
0.4400850236415863,
-0.538234531879425,
0.5682811737060547,
0.39534932374954224,
0.3967905044555664,
0.26490816473960876,
0.47095826268196106,
0.20774663984775543,
-0.771988570690155,
0.22505685687065125,
-0.9188569784164429,
0.1595345139503479,
0.18577294051647186,
0.3399326801300049,
-0.29166167974472046,
0.6850669384002686,
0.27909791469573975,
-0.6112273335456848,
0.09668831527233124,
0.4381815791130066,
0.2317010462284088,
0.48243698477745056,
0.43804046511650085,
0.15787340700626373,
0.47542789578437805,
0.8325783014297485,
-0.08048844337463379,
0.1312304586172104,
-0.32682642340660095,
0.43256452679634094,
-0.6762534976005554,
-0.5584260821342468,
0.01902798004448414,
0.02422669716179371,
0.15147645771503448,
-0.31688669323921204,
0.4139939546585083,
0.5780864953994751,
-0.05680852383375168,
0.21743707358837128,
-0.9792502522468567,
-0.6094644665718079,
-0.23505346477031708,
-0.06905515491962433,
0.17092040181159973,
-0.10918579995632172,
0.1177673190832138,
0.6041037440299988,
-0.5841342210769653,
-0.6157181859016418,
0.2040857970714569,
-0.2909320294857025,
-0.7553304433822632,
0.3884303569793701,
-0.43029895424842834,
0.20565259456634521,
-0.26150578260421753,
0.19617609679698944,
0.3553653955459595,
-0.9093297123908997,
-0.2898608148097992,
-0.6100307106971741,
-0.047891952097415924,
0.3687625229358673,
0.044063590466976166,
0.1961638182401657,
-0.7054340243339539,
-0.12068292498588562,
-0.05943615734577179,
0.11124046891927719,
-0.22298680245876312,
0.3851141035556793,
0.6930890679359436,
1.6840399503707886,
0.05129196494817734,
-0.2753812372684479,
-0.756330132484436,
0.5633220076560974,
0.33156028389930725,
-0.1939096301794052,
-0.4756854474544525,
0.293326199054718,
-0.13976916670799255,
0.02047148160636425,
-0.8336976766586304,
0.25678154826164246,
-0.03314204886555672,
0.02423514798283577,
-0.29899030923843384,
-0.014060023240745068,
-0.4141060411930084,
-0.06200084462761879,
-0.03776039928197861,
0.2907716631889343,
0.0942743718624115,
0.006144723389297724,
-0.017895696684718132,
0.8098456859588623,
0.23811642825603485,
0.5508648753166199,
-0.00725127337500453,
-0.07798050343990326,
-0.06184148043394089,
-0.3164406716823578,
0.013072962872684002,
-0.41354718804359436,
0.6349577307701111,
-0.1783142387866974,
0.3565300703048706,
-0.6296814680099487,
-0.17121577262878418,
0.08434026688337326,
-0.024553332477808,
-0.5118585228919983,
0.8016420006752014,
0.4101351201534271,
0.4779950976371765,
0.21180392801761627,
0.24022603034973145,
0.3479599356651306,
0.64974445104599,
-0.4421320855617523,
-0.8860993385314941,
-0.32065674662590027,
0.38641083240509033,
0.04763568937778473,
0.4941401779651642,
-0.049216967076063156,
0.9443383812904358,
0.06310606002807617,
0.5891887545585632,
-0.007346533704549074,
-0.6026889085769653,
-0.8464362621307373,
-0.5293765664100647,
0.18969622254371643,
0.813006579875946,
0.27774766087532043,
-0.6641994714736938,
0.3648371696472168,
0.2572871446609497,
0.6772270798683167,
-0.536325991153717,
0.029342282563447952,
-0.2929091155529022,
-0.5331313014030457,
-0.011311090551316738,
0.7181565165519714,
0.3279699981212616,
-0.1494729369878769,
0.5658076405525208,
0.2389029562473297,
0.345659464597702,
-0.3246440291404724,
0.4211578965187073,
-0.17391031980514526,
-0.13875465095043182,
-0.9107848405838013,
0.16298046708106995,
-0.48249977827072144,
0.3898983895778656,
-0.3573216497898102,
0.14424777030944824,
0.26805976033210754,
0.15279799699783325,
1.0022743940353394,
0.5105082392692566,
0.8890342712402344,
-0.12580101191997528,
0.1378994882106781,
-0.5206472873687744,
-0.8027496337890625,
-0.21422988176345825,
-0.2147200107574463,
0.5796244740486145,
-0.46171966195106506,
-0.16779480874538422,
-0.5816627740859985,
-0.1752328872680664,
-0.05405125394463539,
0.16388331353664398,
-0.6934073567390442,
0.3973369002342224,
0.6144963502883911,
-0.6097167730331421,
0.6723833084106445,
0.05062922090291977,
0.2771073579788208,
0.4532355070114136,
-0.27027878165245056,
0.29190340638160706,
0.051921993494033813,
0.02814861573278904,
0.46311458945274353,
0.2434036284685135,
0.22259417176246643,
-0.02567758597433567,
-0.03532964736223221,
0.583156406879425,
0.45900020003318787,
0.4064323604106903,
0.5143612623214722,
-0.4326188564300537,
0.1710694432258606,
-0.023685388267040253,
0.5453464388847351,
-0.17412033677101135,
-0.28933534026145935,
0.2787122428417206,
-0.4954893887042999,
0.280598521232605,
-0.18905188143253326,
0.7850726246833801,
-0.4906383752822876,
-0.05122581124305725,
0.3888690173625946,
-0.09718021005392075,
-0.5905995965003967,
0.2694956958293915,
0.026461336761713028,
-0.8677033185958862,
-0.142888605594635,
0.3195822536945343,
0.7483783960342407,
-0.2600770592689514,
0.14056269824504852,
-0.4391692280769348,
0.10575465112924576,
-0.29887816309928894,
0.3604554831981659,
0.28647559881210327,
-0.06556843966245651,
-0.6268917322158813,
0.6453176140785217,
-0.2080189734697342,
-0.2086741030216217,
-0.485161155462265,
0.4004776179790497,
-0.13766150176525116,
-0.7232633829116821,
-0.2750231623649597,
0.19899918138980865,
-0.7683046460151672,
-0.265214741230011,
-0.1109645813703537,
0.4189537465572357,
0.36262449622154236,
0.15237410366535187,
-0.34506338834762573,
0.2248380184173584,
-4.986958980560303,
-0.46077001094818115,
0.28448978066444397,
-0.14112505316734314,
1.085797905921936,
0.24681219458580017,
0.7587817907333374,
-0.3011397123336792,
-0.16106562316417694,
-0.02707940898835659,
0.30302876234054565,
-0.07615002989768982,
-0.16671410202980042,
0.41535720229148865,
1.0691590309143066,
-0.018041998147964478,
0.4353884160518646,
0.36194083094596863,
0.45541197061538696,
0.3509911596775055,
0.23445644974708557,
0.21786992251873016,
-0.2595580220222473,
0.10144100338220596,
-0.2477233111858368,
0.16056673228740692,
0.053502216935157776,
0.2198466807603836,
-0.7168427109718323,
-0.5800596475601196,
0.24755431711673737,
-0.018572291359305382,
-0.23639363050460815,
-0.4140434265136719,
0.2418062537908554,
-0.44081753492355347,
0.2587016224861145,
0.3438184857368469,
-0.12908358871936798,
0.23929324746131897,
0.06076551228761673,
-0.16800719499588013,
-0.9734494686126709,
-0.0892033502459526,
-0.472987562417984,
-0.8128615021705627,
-0.7980130910873413,
0.31621241569519043,
0.23698663711547852,
0.546445906162262,
-0.002156519563868642,
0.46644750237464905,
0.1466641128063202,
-0.21038265526294708,
-0.02342517487704754,
0.202052503824234,
0.055287014693021774,
0.36264359951019287,
-0.9219740033149719,
-0.23219195008277893,
0.2910839319229126,
-0.42579346895217896,
0.06791818141937256,
-0.12132331728935242,
0.2154184728860855,
-0.3881240785121918,
0.373992919921875,
-0.23421074450016022,
0.21678456664085388,
-0.5529522895812988,
0.16892123222351074,
1.1112797260284424,
0.3963857591152191,
-1.056029200553894,
-0.5089982151985168,
-0.42305120825767517,
0.06853483617305756,
-0.7284955382347107,
-0.5149310827255249,
-0.01735779643058777,
-0.1854778528213501,
-0.29835057258605957,
-0.5757598876953125,
1.588789939880371,
0.487221360206604,
0.038949593901634216,
-0.8060427904129028,
-0.23137487471103668,
-0.86762934923172,
-0.49663281440734863,
-0.4214193522930145,
-0.2655724287033081,
-0.3906395137310028,
0.45133286714553833,
0.15243951976299286,
-0.0014299635076895356,
-0.5697463750839233,
0.5310652256011963,
0.3718424141407013,
0.07316765934228897,
-0.6960386037826538,
0.35095131397247314,
-0.269065797328949,
-0.14690110087394714,
0.45639124512672424,
-0.33157938718795776,
-0.48710310459136963,
0.26182541251182556,
0.3965854346752167,
0.40768858790397644,
0.5153747797012329,
0.45791327953338623,
0.1316293627023697,
0.2938975989818573,
-0.0458599291741848,
0.510280430316925,
0.024630019441246986,
0.3046867251396179,
0.4877246618270874,
0.603405237197876,
-0.5745736956596375,
0.10171178728342056,
-0.5218502283096313,
-0.4221484065055847,
0.22228333353996277,
0.012820913456380367,
0.6138639450073242,
-0.6987162828445435,
-0.8520634770393372,
-0.06475894898176193,
0.3239116668701172,
0.5372432470321655,
0.11871257424354553,
0.26425695419311523,
-0.20179185271263123,
-0.0290344450622797,
-0.7295111417770386,
-0.3054848909378052,
-0.05817808210849762,
0.0317486971616745,
-0.41144615411758423,
-0.1486305445432663,
0.18346281349658966,
-0.08147279173135757,
0.3797338902950287,
0.021785711869597435,
0.20702627301216125,
0.46073392033576965,
-0.2665453255176544,
0.49080777168273926,
0.4061603844165802,
-0.11913416534662247,
0.43177157640457153,
-0.5914360880851746,
0.1457509994506836,
-0.05103294551372528,
-0.32562455534935,
-0.17200621962547302,
0.24528303742408752,
-0.1651282161474228,
-0.9362045526504517,
0.16003359854221344,
-1.1594351530075073,
-0.37763360142707825,
0.11303681135177612,
0.2764603793621063,
-0.5255151391029358,
-0.2947286069393158,
-0.5844409465789795,
0.33673223853111267,
-0.5439543724060059,
-0.4329611659049988,
-0.4392852783203125,
-0.33117660880088806,
0.39401814341545105,
0.20544615387916565,
-0.0228885430842638,
0.630757749080658,
-0.015620353631675243,
-0.3817498981952667,
0.43958404660224915,
0.1435217261314392,
-0.7228940725326538,
0.26811152696609497,
1.113342523574829,
0.11124172806739807,
-0.6463573575019836,
-0.9477158188819885,
0.5115804672241211,
-0.03783799335360527,
-0.43040746450424194,
-0.19427689909934998,
0.43637773394584656,
0.8139081597328186,
0.011464287526905537,
-0.041014861315488815,
0.09405773133039474,
0.3388146758079529,
0.13152140378952026,
-0.9378191828727722,
0.2039393186569214,
0.13488136231899261,
0.02969762682914734,
-0.05119867995381355,
0.2412724494934082,
-1.0621676445007324,
-0.6044464707374573,
0.36433643102645874,
-0.8557673692703247,
1.0198612213134766,
-0.16155646741390228,
-0.3722669780254364,
0.02129250019788742,
0.7258195877075195,
-0.3375137448310852,
-0.111953504383564,
0.5292792320251465,
0.14490211009979248,
-0.45196691155433655,
-0.5564504265785217,
-0.6503735780715942,
0.032110728323459625,
-0.06754718720912933,
-0.4463600218296051,
0.00007440421904902905,
-0.7486531138420105,
0.2762375771999359,
0.5106701850891113,
1.0797303915023804,
-0.14239327609539032,
-0.15779241919517517,
-0.07831115275621414,
0.09998789429664612,
0.7199161052703857,
0.10407406091690063,
-0.05268402397632599,
0.3020581007003784,
0.2970774173736572,
-0.6380758285522461,
-0.2369585931301117,
0.6510639786720276,
0.6648820638656616,
0.10855493694543839,
-0.3086152970790863,
-0.0892590880393982,
-0.1577310711145401,
0.9926149249076843,
0.040762510150671005,
-0.09121052175760269,
0.5173532962799072,
0.26647189259529114,
-0.0962088331580162,
-1.056527853012085,
-0.22896279394626617,
0.41258230805397034,
-0.12159504741430283,
0.16562390327453613,
-0.01123211532831192,
0.2140345573425293,
-0.1028563380241394,
0.2744390368461609,
0.36482521891593933,
-0.19435550272464752,
0.29840952157974243,
0.047688402235507965,
-0.06100260093808174,
0.06121191009879112,
-0.21787098050117493,
0.7868532538414001,
0.029009832069277763,
-0.5715516805648804,
-0.9685570001602173,
-0.8402780294418335,
0.543297290802002,
-0.5047935247421265,
0.4775077998638153,
0.43839117884635925,
-0.49041175842285156,
0.7044264674186707,
-0.2617592513561249,
-0.5960395336151123,
0.14467480778694153,
0.5758854150772095,
-0.6610184907913208,
-0.5932233333587646,
-0.46526578068733215,
-0.18993037939071655,
-0.3306313157081604,
-0.3926658034324646,
-0.37843674421310425,
-0.8179293274879456,
-0.043802011758089066,
-0.13304004073143005,
-0.31612107157707214,
-0.20529893040657043,
0.11527976393699646,
-0.3564448654651642,
0.4259353578090668,
-0.4849093556404114,
-0.3215600848197937,
-0.5825413465499878,
0.7403761148452759,
0.9740342497825623,
-0.26661956310272217,
0.5497115850448608,
-0.038429830223321915,
-0.03847280889749527,
0.40971463918685913,
-0.33941200375556946,
-0.11969728022813797,
1.1930415630340576,
-0.23234008252620697,
0.03430487960577011,
0.3960340619087219,
-0.7120375037193298,
-0.5175011157989502,
0.3193289339542389,
-0.7448253035545349,
-0.3126189708709717,
0.1727536916732788,
0.2677244544029236,
-0.40344110131263733,
0.5941094160079956,
-0.9390338659286499,
0.15727201104164124,
0.8511285185813904,
-0.020977463573217392,
0.28232312202453613,
-0.6566513180732727,
0.10924556106328964,
0.052199702709913254,
-0.17633144557476044,
-0.533142626285553,
0.6408340930938721,
-0.5103489756584167,
0.009417647495865822,
-0.006364678032696247,
-0.39820241928100586,
-0.6815818548202515,
-0.03261542692780495,
-0.26034602522850037,
1.3585623502731323,
0.013555869460105896,
0.049790602177381516,
-0.3735792338848114,
0.4107801914215088,
0.16555547714233398,
0.3060120940208435,
-0.2883249521255493,
0.4711194634437561,
0.8187023401260376,
0.09109865874052048,
0.31109461188316345,
-0.5135881900787354,
0.12500625848770142,
0.09255442023277283,
0.9132553935050964,
-0.5489631295204163,
-0.5199331045150757,
0.47777119278907776,
-0.015505962073802948,
0.12801697850227356,
0.663377583026886,
-0.387038916349411,
-0.24762554466724396,
-0.18375280499458313,
0.20300604403018951,
-0.8201594352722168,
-0.3472229242324829,
0.29656651616096497,
0.740929126739502,
-0.44994720816612244,
-0.02036629244685173,
0.8086979389190674,
0.6812451481819153,
0.23250442743301392,
0.9365308880805969,
-0.06753186136484146,
-0.09074744582176208,
0.07653051614761353,
-0.9112224578857422,
0.010668454691767693,
-0.10449209064245224,
-0.49482765793800354,
0.4325074255466461,
-0.2833242118358612,
-0.6852698922157288,
0.32302048802375793,
-0.23079127073287964,
-0.44474148750305176,
0.3278328776359558,
-0.24703645706176758,
-0.24638378620147705,
-0.0800931379199028,
-1.1986579895019531,
0.513124942779541,
0.04940928891301155,
0.4109133780002594,
0.138230100274086,
-0.998044490814209,
-0.35037684440612793,
0.3551763892173767,
0.03574300929903984,
0.07762020826339722,
-0.2331307828426361,
0.6700112819671631,
-0.06898386776447296,
1.1225202083587646,
-0.9714913964271545,
0.7790722846984863,
0.1086236983537674,
0.20713825523853302,
-0.521304726600647,
0.29175901412963867,
-0.34718626737594604,
-0.3172542154788971,
0.0257644671946764,
-0.11149153113365173,
-0.16999174654483795,
0.20708298683166504,
0.5165607333183289,
0.17765092849731445,
-0.23199641704559326,
-0.4429021179676056,
-0.5124915838241577,
-0.00009803732245927677,
0.31379157304763794,
0.008572233840823174,
-0.4069153070449829,
0.19307249784469604,
-0.16457077860832214,
-0.052916571497917175,
-0.7081905603408813,
-0.2338244616985321,
-0.13878601789474487,
-0.6565581560134888,
-0.047527022659778595,
0.7453250288963318,
-0.32302749156951904,
-0.23284655809402466,
0.4106358289718628,
-0.045740656554698944,
-0.14948298037052155,
0.5104921460151672,
-0.041526809334754944,
-0.2617534101009369,
-0.21134129166603088,
-0.14137700200080872,
0.16801120340824127,
0.09681326150894165,
0.21003760397434235,
-0.15585756301879883,
0.06412024796009064,
-0.42926639318466187,
0.2095809131860733,
-0.037233348935842514,
-0.043226659297943115,
-0.4094223082065582,
0.5656508207321167,
0.3486471176147461
] |
210355
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairau%20Affray
|
Wairau Affray
|
The Wairau Affray (called the Wairau Massacre in many older texts) on 17 June 1843 was the first serious clash of arms between British settlers and Māori in New Zealand after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and the only one to take place in the South Island. The incident was sparked when a magistrate and a representative of the New Zealand Company, who held a possibly fraudulent deed to land in the Wairau Valley in Marlborough in the north of the South Island, led a group of European settlers to attempt to clear Māori off the land and arrest Ngāti Toa chiefs Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata. Fighting broke out and 22 British settlers were killed, nine after their surrender. Four Māori were killed, including Te Rongo, who was Te Rangihaeata's wife and Te Rauparaha's daughter.
The incident heightened fears among settlers of an armed Māori insurrection. It created the first major challenge for Governor Robert FitzRoy, who took up his posting in New Zealand six months later. FitzRoy investigated the incident and exonerated Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata, for which he was strongly criticised by settlers and the New Zealand Company. In 1944 a land claims commission investigation determined that the Wairau Valley had not been legally sold. The government was to pay compensation to the Rangitāne iwi, determined to be the original owners (until the early 1830s, when Te Rauparaha had driven them from the area).
Background
The New Zealand Company had built a settlement around Nelson in the north of the South Island in 1840. It had planned to occupy , but by the end of the year, even as allotments were being sold in England, the company's agents in New Zealand were having difficulty in identifying available land, let alone buying it from local Māori, to form the settlement. The settlers began to purchase large areas of land directly from Māori, without consulting the newly established colonial government and often without establishing vendors' rights to sell the land. The situation led to tension and caused disputes between the parties.
In January 1843 Captain Arthur Wakefield had been dispatched by the New Zealand Company to lead the first group of settlers to Nelson. He was the younger brother of Colonel Edward Gibbon Wakefield, one of the principal officers of the company, and William Wakefield. Arthur wrote to Edward that he had located the required amount of land at Wairau, a distance of about from Nelson. He said he held a deed to the land, having bought it in 1839 from the widow of a whaling captain, John Blenkinsop, who had married the daughter of Te Rauparaha of the Ngāti Toa iwi. Te Rauparaha had married his daughter Te Rongo to Captain Blenkinsop, who at Tuamarina persuaded him to sign a deed of sale of land in the Wairau Valley for a whaling station. It is unlikely that Te Rauparaha had understood the full implications of the document that he signed and gave to the captain.
Wakefield wrote to the company in March 1843, "I rather anticipate some difficulty with the natives." The source of the likely difficulty was simple: the chiefs Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata, along with their kinsmen of Ngāti Toa, believed that they owned the land and had not been paid for it. But similar disputes had been previously settled through negotiation, and Te Rauparaha was willing to negotiate on the Wairau land. He had only controlled the area since the early 1830s, when he had defeated the previous occupants, a branch of the Rangitāne iwi, and driven them from the area.
Confrontation
In January 1843 Nohorua, the older brother of Te Rauparaha, led a delegation of chiefs to Nelson to protest about British activity in the Wairau Plains. Two months later Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata arrived in Nelson, urging that the issue of the land ownership be left to Land Commissioner William Spain. Based in Wellington, he had begun investigating all the claimed purchases of the New Zealand Company. Spain later wrote that during that visit, Arthur Wakefield "wished to make them a payment for the Wairau, but they positively refused to sell it, and told him they would never consent to part from it." Arthur Wakefield rejected the request to wait for Spain's enquiry, informing Te Rauparaha that if local Māori interfered with company surveyors on the land, he would lead 300 constables to arrest him. Wakefield duly despatched three parties of surveyors to the land. They were promptly warned off by local Māori, who damaged the surveyors' tools but left the men unharmed.
Te Rauparaha and Nohorua wrote to Spain on 12 May, urgently asking him to travel to the South Island to settle the company's claim to Wairau. Spain replied that he would do so when his business in Wellington was complete. A month later, with still no sign of Spain, Te Rauparaha led a party to Wairau, where they destroyed all the surveyors' equipment and shelters that had been made with products of the land. They burned down roughly-built thatched huts that contained surveying equipment. The surveyors were rounded up and sent unharmed back to Nelson.
Bolstered by a report in the Nelson Examiner newspaper of "Outrages by the Maori at Wairoo", Wakefield assembled a party of men, including Police Magistrate and Native Protector Henry Augustus Thompson, magistrate Captain R. England, Crown prosecutor and newspaper editor G.R. Richardson and about 50 men press-ganged into service, swearing them in as special constables. Thompson issued a warrant for the arrest for arson of Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata. Wakefield referred to the chiefs in a letter as a pair of "travelling bullies".
Thompson commandeered the government brig, which was in Nelson at the time. On the morning of 17 June the party, its size swelled to between 49 and 60 men, including chief surveyor Frederick Tuckett and others who had joined the party after landing, approached the Māori camp. The New Zealand Company's storekeeper James Howard issued the British men with cutlasses, bayonets, pistols and muskets. At the path on the other side of a stream, Te Rauparaha stood surrounded by about 90 warriors, as well as by women and children. He allowed Thompson and five other men to approach him, but requested the rest of the British party to remain on their side of the stream.
Thompson refused to shake hands with Te Rauparaha and said that he had come to arrest him, not over the land issue but for burning the huts. Te Rauparaha replied that the huts had been made from rushes grown on his own land, and thus he had burnt his own property. Thompson insisted on arresting Te Rauparaha, produced a pair of handcuffs, and called out to the men on the far side of the stream, ordering them to fix bayonets and advance. As they began to cross, one of the British fired a shot (apparently by accident). Te Rangihaeata's wife Rongo was killed in one of the first volleys, sparking gunfire from both sides. The British retreated across the stream, scrambling up the hill under fire from the Ngāti Toa. Several people from both sides were killed.
Te Rauparaha ordered the Ngāti Toa warriors to cross the stream in pursuit. Those British who had not escaped were quickly overtaken. Wakefield called for a ceasefire and surrendered, along with Thompson, Richardson and ten others. The Maori killed two of the British immediately. Te Rangihaeata demanded utu (revenge) for the death of his wife Rongo, who was also Te Rauparaha's daughter. The Maori killed all the remaining captives, including Thompson, Samuel Cottrell, a member of the original survey team; interpreter John Brooks, and Captain Wakefield. Four Māori died and three were wounded in the incident. The British lost 22 dead and five wounded.
Some survivors fled to Nelson to raise the alarm and a search party, including Wellington magistrates and a group of sailors, returned to Wairau and buried the bodies where they were found. Thirteen were put in one grave and the rest were buried in smaller groups.
Historian Michael Belgrave described the British attempt to survey the land as illegal, inopportune and ultimately disastrous.
Aftermath
Reverberations of a reported massacre were felt as far away as England, where the New Zealand Company was almost ruined by the news of "British citizens being murdered by barbarous natives". Land sales almost halted, and it became obvious the company was being less than honest in its land purchasing tactics, and reports on the events in local newspapers were far from accurate.
In the Nelson area, settlers became increasingly nervous. One group sent a deputation to the Government complaining that those who had died had been discharging their "duty as magistrates and British subjects ... the persons by whom they were killed are murderers in the eyes of common sense and justice".
In late January or early February 1844, a month after taking up his post, incoming Governor Robert FitzRoy visited Wellington and Nelson in a bid to quell the hostility between Māori and British, particularly in the wake of the Wairau Affray. So many conflicting statements had been published that it was impossible for him to decide who had been at fault. But he immediately upbraided New Zealand Company representatives and the editor of a Wellington newspaper, The New Zealand Gazette, for their aggressive attitude towards Māori, warning that he would ensure that "not an acre, not an inch of land belonging to the natives shall be touched without their consent".
He also demanded the resignation of the surviving magistrates who had issued the arrest warrants for the Māori chiefs. "Arson is burning another man’s house, it is not arson to burn your own house. The natives had never sold the Wairau, the hut which was burned was built on ground which belonged to the natives, and of materials which belonged to them also; consequently no arson was committed and therefore the warrant was illegal,” he said.
From Nelson, FitzRoy and his officials sailed to Waikanae in the North Island, where he conducted a one-man inquiry into the incident. He opened proceedings by telling a meeting of 500 Māori:
"When I first heard of the Wairau massacre ... I was exceedingly angry ... My first thought was to revenge the deaths of my friends, and the other Pākehā who had been killed, and for that purpose to bring many ships of war ... with many soldiers; and had I done so, you would have been sacrificed and your pa destroyed. But when I considered, I saw that the Pakeha had in the first instance been very much to blame; and I determined to come down and inquire into all the circumstances and see who was really in the wrong."
Te Rauparaha, Te Rangihaeata and other Māori present were invited to recount their version of events, while FitzRoy took notes and interrupted with further questions. He concluded the meeting by addressing the gathering again, to announce he had made his decision: "In the first place, the white men were in the wrong. They had no right to survey the land ... they had no right to build the houses on the land. As they were, then, first in the wrong, I will not avenge their deaths."
But FitzRoy, who had a background as a humanitarian, told the chiefs they had committed "a horrible crime, in murdering men who had surrendered themselves in reliance on your honour as chiefs. White men never kill their prisoners". He urged British and Māori to live peaceably, with no more bloodshed.
Settlers and the New Zealand Company were incensed by the Governor's finding, but it had been both prudent and pragmatic; Māori outnumbered settlers 900 to one. Many iwi had been amassing weapons for decades, giving them the capacity to annihilate settlements in the Wellington and Nelson areas. FitzRoy knew it was highly improbable that troops would be despatched by the British Government to wage war on the Māori or defend the settlers. FitzRoy's report was endorsed by Colonial Secretary Lord Stanley, who said the actions of the party led by Thompson and Wakefield had been "manifestly illegal, unjust and unwise", and that their deaths had occurred as a "natural and immediate sequence". William Williams, a leading Church Missionary Society missionary, also clearly apportioned blame to "our countrymen, who began with much indiscretion & gave much provocation to the natives".
The effect of the massacre and the passive reaction of FitzRoy set in train a chain of events that still rumble through the New Zealand courts today. Its immediate effect was to alarm settlers in New Plymouth, who had insecure title to land purchased under similar circumstances to Wairau. FitzRoy was very unpopular and was recalled to be replaced by Governor George Grey.
After the massacre, Te Rauparaha was captured in 1846 for organising an uprising in the Hutt Valley and was imprisoned on in Auckland without charges being brought. Author Ranginui Walker has claimed the arrest was delayed punishment for the Wairau killings. The Ngāti Toa iwi sold the Wairau land while Te Rauparaha was held in captivity. After his release, Te Rauparaha returned to the Wairau Valley and was there during the 1848 earthquake.
This rohe (area) has been the subject of a lengthy but successful land/compensation claim by the original Rangitane iwi, which had been displaced in the 1820s by Te Rauparaha's heke. The Rangitāne iwi are recognised as the tangata whenua (people of the land). In 1944 a government investigation established that the Wairau land had never been legally sold to the settlers. Compensation of some $2 million is to be paid by the government of New Zealand.
Memorial
In 1869 the Nelson community erected a memorial at Tuamarina Cemetery to commemorate the European casualties of the incident, with their names and the occupations listed on the inscription.
Notes
References
Further reading
Buick, T.L. (1900). Old Marlborough (reprinted 1976, Christchurch, NZ: Capper Press).
The Wairau, in History of New Zealand by George William Rusden (1883)
W. Carkeek, Te Rauparaha, The Wairau, National Library of New Zealand
T L Buick, The Wairau Incident by
W. Carkeek, The Kapiti Coast : Māori History and Place Names
Conflicts in 1843
Treaty of Waitangi
New Zealand Wars
Massacres in New Zealand
1843 in New Zealand
History of the Marlborough Region
June 1843 events
|
[
0.22161121666431427,
0.26404309272766113,
-1.0050337314605713,
-0.6807405948638916,
-0.4719485342502594,
0.48418566584587097,
1.1047239303588867,
-0.778558611869812,
0.225299671292305,
0.18982094526290894,
-0.021028660237789154,
0.5885903239250183,
-0.27563533186912537,
0.8996738791465759,
-0.5242144465446472,
0.6525762677192688,
0.2908765971660614,
-0.338001012802124,
0.038619425147771835,
0.007279904559254646,
-0.10818681865930557,
-0.12392617017030716,
-0.1043315902352333,
0.388967365026474,
0.14790304005146027,
-0.05843919888138771,
0.8482954502105713,
0.29495492577552795,
0.3831927180290222,
-0.07704093307256699,
0.929023802280426,
0.6687010526657104,
0.24835622310638428,
-0.46796858310699463,
-0.6505120992660522,
-0.10507157444953918,
0.05826391279697418,
0.46403348445892334,
0.1646776646375656,
-0.17447255551815033,
-0.3911290168762207,
0.018014391884207726,
0.24601244926452637,
0.001142288325354457,
0.007138087414205074,
0.12078988552093506,
-0.9339268207550049,
-0.13778899610042572,
-0.15588489174842834,
0.8063286542892456,
-0.1633281409740448,
0.47803568840026855,
0.020116247236728668,
0.2171366810798645,
-0.11823480576276779,
0.21214799582958221,
-0.6810950040817261,
-0.8140619993209839,
0.12463156133890152,
-1.3286432027816772,
0.5317164659500122,
0.28501448035240173,
0.3353925049304962,
-0.41273894906044006,
-0.5778571367263794,
-0.11626448482275009,
0.24202701449394226,
0.910417377948761,
0.2511502504348755,
-0.7682955861091614,
0.13483650982379913,
-0.05839395150542259,
-0.1989928036928177,
-0.1777762770652771,
-0.07834392786026001,
-0.45022231340408325,
-0.7169414758682251,
0.14232981204986572,
-0.16087128221988678,
0.364810585975647,
-0.1853857785463333,
-0.681877613067627,
0.2335020750761032,
-0.5111836194992065,
0.45232701301574707,
-0.03799033164978027,
0.10947288572788239,
-0.031074313446879387,
0.009714541025459766,
0.64137864112854,
-0.09295835345983505,
0.36869096755981445,
0.30833789706230164,
-0.10160888731479645,
-0.2414451539516449,
0.11387418955564499,
0.14085063338279724,
-0.11305887252092361,
0.015077384188771248,
-0.20661921799182892,
0.21335504949092865,
-0.0843227431178093,
0.845145046710968,
-0.13609571754932404,
-0.571074903011322,
-0.18882440030574799,
-0.007003602106124163,
0.07411448657512665,
0.19406989216804504,
-0.632401704788208,
-0.016778379678726196,
0.008702507242560387,
-0.14763817191123962,
-0.6097705960273743,
-0.37278392910957336,
0.3791094124317169,
0.25527429580688477,
-0.4438227415084839,
0.05080809071660042,
-0.00933628436177969,
0.5061954259872437,
0.29226967692375183,
-0.05127227306365967,
1.0862826108932495,
-0.1896427869796753,
0.0775052160024643,
0.5484517216682434,
0.11989008635282516,
-0.3173985183238983,
0.4805624783039093,
-0.1471126228570938,
0.5739757418632507,
-0.057783711701631546,
-0.18994082510471344,
0.15924832224845886,
0.23319511115550995,
0.016767917200922966,
-0.3582967221736908,
0.2755979597568512,
-0.5815303325653076,
-0.8265681266784668,
-0.18010440468788147,
0.04853173717856407,
0.192508727312088,
0.5528249144554138,
0.3663039803504944,
-0.3065382242202759,
-0.861383318901062,
0.09680504351854324,
-0.6449253559112549,
-0.1447025090456009,
-0.7810853719711304,
0.33229103684425354,
0.27601468563079834,
0.5902323126792908,
0.1323225498199463,
0.7571160197257996,
-0.4155727028846741,
-0.004597886931151152,
0.20982779562473297,
0.43346062302589417,
0.3643203675746918,
0.29815444350242615,
0.08363865315914154,
0.6901409029960632,
0.42779624462127686,
-0.38186898827552795,
0.5641792416572571,
0.22160182893276215,
-0.09778352826833725,
-0.5517733097076416,
-0.38675639033317566,
-0.17399092018604279,
-0.08166342973709106,
-0.5552071332931519,
0.4893144369125366,
-0.05784814804792404,
0.638249397277832,
0.2852794826030731,
0.05592522770166397,
-0.45704779028892517,
0.2067117542028427,
0.38975659012794495,
0.43051278591156006,
0.35667580366134644,
0.33490315079689026,
0.30147111415863037,
-0.30005520582199097,
0.2521226108074188,
1.0389951467514038,
-0.4309633672237396,
-0.2315436601638794,
0.8476565480232239,
-0.2467714101076126,
1.5092074871063232,
0.37522295117378235,
-0.3961101770401001,
1.0655043125152588,
0.5872697830200195,
0.6394148468971252,
0.1659349799156189,
0.2607320249080658,
0.7933695912361145,
0.032735615968704224,
-0.863568902015686,
0.02691628970205784,
-0.22394350171089172,
0.7427988648414612,
0.061534684151411057,
0.19250433146953583,
-0.307371586561203,
-0.05048057809472084,
-0.3073355257511139,
-0.19352483749389648,
0.23512043058872223,
0.7262008786201477,
0.05831512436270714,
-0.12507998943328857,
0.5788991451263428,
-1.0061843395233154,
-0.061819035559892654,
-0.2915763556957245,
0.16263620555400848,
0.010248882696032524,
0.5280377864837646,
0.4646779000759125,
0.37148159742355347,
0.39669451117515564,
0.4704689383506775,
-1.0407332181930542,
-0.17146353423595428,
0.15078121423721313,
0.623323917388916,
-0.24314799904823303,
0.47632360458374023,
-0.15743902325630188,
-0.22265596687793732,
-0.3724585771560669,
0.22346369922161102,
-0.23983779549598694,
0.5468030571937561,
0.640224814414978,
-0.2870140075683594,
-0.04263417422771454,
0.08679594844579697,
0.5040327906608582,
0.022720811888575554,
0.10575024038553238,
-0.27242225408554077,
0.3963782489299774,
0.5283414125442505,
-0.23139211535453796,
0.016400838270783424,
0.3627927601337433,
0.11012750118970871,
-0.9743024706840515,
0.43633097410202026,
-0.5155450701713562,
-0.06852573901414871,
-0.5027003884315491,
-0.0027138260193169117,
-0.10387231409549713,
0.12431798875331879,
0.8874806761741638,
0.8292084336280823,
-0.38669490814208984,
-0.2099962681531906,
-0.34385037422180176,
0.06181832030415535,
0.10597089678049088,
0.43053269386291504,
-0.5426040887832642,
-0.3862917423248291,
-0.1434674859046936,
0.09278915077447891,
-0.5220956206321716,
-0.36486557126045227,
-0.03339008241891861,
-0.0915643647313118,
0.32321396470069885,
0.22542186081409454,
0.36175936460494995,
-0.10912208259105682,
-1.4052269458770752,
0.12139192968606949,
0.31325504183769226,
0.47791197896003723,
0.2813788652420044,
-0.6264340281486511,
0.23882241547107697,
-0.12403830140829086,
-0.18536655604839325,
-0.28780198097229004,
-0.10445941239595413,
-0.02164381928741932,
-0.011761841364204884,
-0.02763769030570984,
0.7752929329872131,
0.7532880306243896,
-0.2167758345603943,
-0.31260383129119873,
-0.13136111199855804,
-0.5381455421447754,
-0.23740431666374207,
-0.2228403240442276,
-0.3173964023590088,
-0.28325092792510986,
-0.2716696560382843,
-5.346081256866455,
0.08102380484342575,
-0.11390985548496246,
-0.08057037740945816,
-0.684318482875824,
0.21237684786319733,
0.6093456149101257,
-0.5545239448547363,
0.189181387424469,
-0.28376466035842896,
0.5178359746932983,
-0.09683205932378769,
0.3219353258609772,
-0.4016105830669403,
0.13406826555728912,
0.09853944182395935,
0.21077460050582886,
-0.21450155973434448,
0.14689582586288452,
0.33383551239967346,
0.2230253964662552,
-0.13158933818340302,
-0.501076340675354,
-0.026736106723546982,
0.31668752431869507,
0.3730090856552124,
-0.15401029586791992,
-0.20361866056919098,
-0.5012775659561157,
-0.3642524778842926,
-0.2672596573829651,
-0.28341618180274963,
0.21292732656002045,
-0.5195070505142212,
-0.9031069874763489,
-0.09855932742357254,
0.6793566942214966,
0.5799899697303772,
-0.4472912847995758,
-0.9115698933601379,
-0.4369075894355774,
-0.4523102939128876,
-0.004195668734610081,
-0.08699572831392288,
0.3661307990550995,
-0.48077192902565,
-0.08581545948982239,
0.46410155296325684,
-0.17347873747348785,
0.6015415191650391,
0.1211298480629921,
0.36176636815071106,
0.2831827700138092,
0.17301686108112335,
-0.24270829558372498,
0.5271307826042175,
-0.06825174391269684,
-0.24951417744159698,
-0.10936955362558365,
-0.006447950378060341,
0.49710553884506226,
-1.1178010702133179,
-0.07911858707666397,
0.05334223434329033,
0.17696264386177063,
-0.30465224385261536,
0.34225377440452576,
0.2139253318309784,
0.2905905842781067,
-0.31038740277290344,
0.3922335207462311,
0.4058089852333069,
0.04331669583916664,
-1.3118896484375,
0.3259435296058655,
-0.9767346382141113,
-0.09749682992696762,
0.15359710156917572,
0.29080936312675476,
-0.5071246027946472,
-0.2576444447040558,
-0.6489168405532837,
0.18033848702907562,
-0.31035029888153076,
0.6857175827026367,
0.12607470154762268,
-0.9826541543006897,
0.020339105278253555,
-0.0455455556511879,
0.11056272685527802,
0.3628199100494385,
-0.08109378814697266,
-0.2743215262889862,
0.6330586075782776,
0.14839668571949005,
0.805953860282898,
0.6854738593101501,
-0.09414143860340118,
0.5414702892303467,
0.6565739512443542,
-0.13049961626529694,
-0.04672490432858467,
0.2823314666748047,
-0.4028286337852478,
-0.3405703604221344,
0.07565733790397644,
-0.47306349873542786,
0.6159820556640625,
0.62452232837677,
-0.08358804881572723,
0.2156277447938919,
-0.7262853980064392,
-0.02373507060110569,
-0.051207344979047775,
0.33784499764442444,
-0.4428281784057617,
-0.0597294345498085,
0.5936154127120972,
1.1839455366134644,
-0.16229791939258575,
-0.12432700395584106,
-0.30877432227134705,
-0.5665533542633057,
0.21446213126182556,
0.44392919540405273,
0.11396373063325882,
0.06940675526857376,
0.13956885039806366,
-0.2731790542602539,
-0.15091301500797272,
-0.09241064637899399,
-0.569903552532196,
-0.4880969524383545,
0.2325781285762787,
-0.11291869729757309,
-0.15098054707050323,
-0.1555623710155487,
-1.0356535911560059,
0.06871068477630615,
0.3898550570011139,
-0.1667436957359314,
-0.48295125365257263,
-0.37221914529800415,
0.28143632411956787,
0.12999601662158966,
0.7599102258682251,
0.3088679909706116,
-0.7061350345611572,
-0.12802571058273315,
0.6709215044975281,
-0.2080567628145218,
-0.5879676938056946,
0.26550984382629395,
-0.5442796945571899,
-0.13436080515384674,
0.2417055070400238,
-0.20825451612472534,
0.13933558762073517,
-0.6241481900215149,
-0.0691174864768982,
-0.14447911083698273,
0.029693275690078735,
-1.2670255899429321,
-0.47860243916511536,
-0.0962110087275505,
-0.9332093000411987,
-0.6363894939422607,
0.1024896427989006,
-0.5466389060020447,
-0.1468246877193451,
-0.17527762055397034,
-0.8042882084846497,
-0.10572104156017303,
0.7550941109657288,
0.6166980862617493,
-0.4787318706512451,
-0.5893715023994446,
0.11430051922798157,
-0.12678231298923492,
0.037892960011959076,
-0.24634632468223572,
0.40534135699272156,
-0.16448788344860077,
0.3678549826145172,
0.5574872493743896,
-0.41633713245391846,
0.052991077303886414,
0.11210496723651886,
0.03873778134584427,
0.24315281212329865,
0.12237893044948578,
0.2578876316547394,
0.24152906239032745,
0.7863900065422058,
-0.47765353322029114,
-0.6708365082740784,
-0.2649640440940857,
-0.2317369431257248,
0.38435098528862,
-0.1489795744419098,
0.26737794280052185,
0.050716251134872437,
0.313850998878479,
-0.524142861366272,
-0.27468341588974,
0.31687918305397034,
0.48279261589050293,
0.21469958126544952,
-1.147223711013794,
0.28913578391075134,
0.10296715795993805,
-0.6854883432388306,
-0.4365599751472473,
1.4609123468399048,
-0.42524227499961853,
-0.3322288691997528,
-0.07937751710414886,
-0.13275034725666046,
0.30428746342658997,
-0.6417640447616577,
0.17484356462955475,
-0.025293439626693726,
-0.5794112086296082,
-0.7239747047424316,
-0.41085943579673767,
1.0793468952178955,
0.0593411847949028,
-0.9932371973991394,
0.3388671875,
-0.22242988646030426,
-0.490915983915329,
-0.1622108668088913,
-0.33479222655296326,
0.6654025912284851,
-0.42069974541664124,
0.7141677141189575,
0.18480072915554047,
-0.42947301268577576,
-0.2780614197254181,
0.4950415790081024,
0.24440336227416992,
1.3644202947616577,
0.19735288619995117,
-0.3810134828090668,
-0.11902202665805817,
-0.36843276023864746,
-0.3520616590976715,
-0.30905404686927795,
-0.15907083451747894,
0.0219967570155859,
-0.6430878639221191,
-0.03946797549724579,
-0.36683109402656555,
-0.29498931765556335,
0.19601255655288696,
-0.13429948687553406,
0.3377786874771118,
-0.08223234117031097,
-0.006443126127123833,
-0.05633462220430374,
0.38071852922439575,
0.5989764928817749,
-0.25133123993873596,
-0.4654286503791809,
0.33068305253982544,
0.0689140111207962,
-0.17565913498401642,
-0.6047901511192322,
0.26990267634391785,
0.08130800724029541,
-0.047083817422389984,
-1.0234860181808472,
0.11769257485866547,
0.06816938519477844,
0.7255880236625671,
-0.2968446910381317,
-0.4139668941497803,
-0.44732290506362915,
0.0593949630856514,
-0.23166902363300323,
-0.15342260897159576,
-0.4432232677936554,
0.23051942884922028,
-0.06862682104110718,
0.24418097734451294,
-0.8131334781646729,
-0.4886404871940613,
0.10657330602407455,
-0.4514920115470886,
-0.3391115963459015,
-0.3858377933502197,
-0.07004690170288086,
0.220197394490242,
0.25018519163131714,
0.643351674079895,
0.465940922498703,
-0.6119893789291382,
0.05089075490832329,
-0.8673998117446899,
-0.036147382110357285,
-0.6831026673316956,
0.7772478461265564,
0.17656654119491577,
-0.23628941178321838,
0.03596385195851326,
0.20320191979408264,
0.09065939486026764,
-0.32543352246284485,
0.11198398470878601,
0.12295038998126984,
0.7101424336433411,
-0.2510484755039215,
0.000245725765125826,
0.1294209361076355,
-0.6122733354568481,
-0.03851822391152382,
0.3338286876678467,
-0.3491969406604767,
-0.24126267433166504,
-0.18163026869297028,
-0.05276612564921379,
-0.3469909131526947,
0.6305357813835144,
0.5970768332481384,
0.27103570103645325,
0.12571720778942108,
0.3361479640007019,
0.2557532787322998,
0.6407188773155212,
0.5780734419822693,
0.23532810807228088,
-0.1337655931711197,
-0.46446239948272705,
-0.5210071206092834,
-0.6030631065368652,
-0.08068632334470749,
0.5627440214157104,
-0.46082907915115356,
-0.3039762079715729,
0.578673779964447,
0.892967164516449,
0.13090373575687408,
0.1654837429523468,
-0.29495739936828613,
-0.18791130185127258,
0.14887867867946625,
0.292361319065094,
0.03611363470554352,
0.8487354516983032,
-0.05875421687960625,
0.07540759444236755,
0.10228636860847473,
0.5386835336685181,
-0.9343215823173523,
0.14476098120212555,
0.5244430899620056,
-0.38512736558914185,
-0.21548974514007568,
0.12585628032684326,
-0.024101436138153076,
0.019885264337062836,
-0.42717352509498596,
0.39925363659858704,
0.09065239131450653,
-0.0674162209033966,
0.12945882976055145,
-0.20855529606342316,
-0.2480325847864151,
-0.4468325674533844,
0.09114617854356766,
0.5248340964317322,
-0.40819430351257324,
0.00878840871155262,
-0.30037257075309753,
0.5989959836006165,
0.1563410460948944,
0.5030792951583862,
0.478703111410141,
0.42931678891181946,
0.48410099744796753,
-0.1467122733592987,
-0.8986021876335144,
0.07127812504768372,
-0.8042353987693787,
0.593073308467865,
-0.7488101720809937,
0.37743282318115234,
0.2487664818763733,
0.009381814859807491,
-0.8850977420806885,
0.2501945197582245,
-0.1695668250322342,
0.6069833636283875,
-0.13332340121269226,
-0.4344795048236847,
0.007417402695864439,
-0.13866394758224487,
0.8075196146965027,
0.4352874159812927,
0.1197795644402504,
-0.07684183865785599,
0.03262939676642418,
0.07350095361471176,
-0.4389016330242157,
-0.16118989884853363,
0.5867810845375061,
-0.2141609787940979,
0.09300145506858826,
-0.46409374475479126,
0.6585608124732971,
0.13520385324954987,
0.08360476046800613,
0.3738134503364563,
0.21290715038776398,
-1.1341776847839355,
-0.1703948676586151,
0.3702714443206787,
-0.027931734919548035,
-0.10306152701377869,
0.0730794221162796,
-0.003642055904492736,
-0.46272027492523193,
0.12205211818218231,
0.29032987356185913,
-0.5733059048652649,
-0.4322206377983093,
-0.4275735318660736,
0.19219784438610077,
-0.037003014236688614,
0.6860544085502625,
0.5585988163948059,
0.29991838335990906,
0.08655153214931488,
-0.32434576749801636,
-0.3665880560874939,
-0.14396359026432037,
0.3638492822647095,
0.36221882700920105,
-0.5027825236320496,
-0.08392664045095444,
0.5139908194541931,
-0.5046498775482178,
0.2955469489097595,
0.3879673182964325,
0.3349043130874634,
0.3853496015071869,
-0.3196967840194702,
-0.26492592692375183,
-0.06989172101020813,
0.3014470040798187,
0.5413190126419067,
-0.46316826343536377,
0.26284679770469666,
-0.944366991519928,
-0.09424109756946564,
-0.5231335163116455,
-0.26107388734817505,
-0.4351288676261902,
-0.4473743140697479,
-0.20001880824565887
] |
210359
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette%20Midler
|
Bette Midler
|
Bette Midler (; born December 1, 1945) is an American actress, comedian, singer, songwriter and author. Throughout her career which spans over five decades, Midler has received numerous accolades, including four Golden Globe Awards, three Grammy Awards, three Primetime Emmy Awards, two Tony Awards and a Kennedy Center Honor, in addition to nominations for two Academy Awards and a British Academy Film Award.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Midler began her professional career in several off-off-Broadway plays, prior to her engagements in Fiddler on the Roof and Salvation on Broadway in the late 1960s. She came to prominence in 1970 when she began singing in the Continental Baths, a local gay bathhouse where she managed to build up a core following. Since 1970, Midler has released 14 studio albums as a solo artist, selling over 30 million records worldwide, and has received four Gold, three Platinum, and three Multiplatinum albums by RIAA. Many of her songs became chart hits, including her renditions of "The Rose", "Wind Beneath My Wings", "Do You Want to Dance", "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy", and "From a Distance". She won Grammy Awards for Best New Artist, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "The Rose", and Record of the Year for "Wind Beneath My Wings".
Midler made her film debut with the musical drama The Rose (1979), which won her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She went on to star in numerous films, including Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986), Ruthless People (1986), Outrageous Fortune (1987), Big Business (1988), Beaches (1988), Hocus Pocus (1993), The First Wives Club (1996), The Stepford Wives (2004), Parental Guidance (2012), and The Addams Family (2019). Midler also had starring roles in For the Boys (1991) and Gypsy (1993), winning two additional Golden Globe Awards for these films and receiving a second Academy Award nomination for the former.
In 2008, Midler signed a contract with Caesars Palace in Las Vegas for a residency, Bette Midler: The Showgirl Must Go On, which ended in 2010. She starred in the Broadway revival of Hello, Dolly!, which began previews in March 2017 and premiered at the Shubert Theatre in April 2017. The show was her first leading role in a Broadway musical. Midler received the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance.
Early life
Bette Midler was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, where her family was one of the few Jewish families in a mostly Asian neighborhood. Her mother, Ruth (née Schindel), was a seamstress and housewife, and her father, Fred Midler, worked at a Navy base in Hawaii as a painter, and was also a housepainter. Both parents were born in New Jersey. She was named after actress Bette Davis, though Davis pronounced her first name in two syllables, and Midler uses one. She was raised in Aiea and attended Radford High School in Honolulu. She was voted "Most Talkative" in the 1961 school Hoss Election, and "Most Dramatic" in her senior year (class of 1963). Midler majored in drama at the University of Hawaii at Manoa but left after three semesters. She earned money in the 1966 film Hawaii as an extra, playing an uncredited seasick passenger named Miss David Buff.
Career
1965–1971: Beginnings and early theatre work
Midler relocated to New York City in the summer of 1965, using money from her work in the film Hawaii. She studied theatre at HB Studio under Uta Hagen. She landed her first professional onstage role in Tom Eyen's off-off-Broadway plays in 1965, Miss Nefertiti Regrets and Cinderella Revisited, a children's play by day and an adult show by night. From 1966 to 1969, she played the role of Tzeitel in Fiddler on the Roof on Broadway. After Fiddler, she joined the original cast of Salvation in 1969.
She began singing in the Continental Baths, a gay bathhouse in the Ansonia Hotel, in the summer of 1970. During this time, she became close to her piano accompanist, Barry Manilow, who produced her first album in 1972, The Divine Miss M. It was during her time at the Continental Baths that she built up a core following. In the late 1990s, during the release of her album Bathhouse Betty, Midler commented on her time performing there, "Despite the way things turned out [with the AIDS crisis], I'm still proud of those days. I feel like I was at the forefront of the gay liberation movement, and I hope I did my part to help it move forward. So, I kind of wear the label of 'Bathhouse Betty' with pride."
Midler starred in the first professional production of the Who's rock opera Tommy in 1971, with director Richard Pearlman and the Seattle Opera. It was during the run of Tommy that Midler first appeared on The Tonight Show.
1972–1980: The Divine Miss M and success
Midler released her debut album, The Divine Miss M, on Atlantic Records in December 1972. The album was co-produced by Barry Manilow, who was Bette's arranger and music conductor at the time. It reached Billboard's Top 10 and became a million-selling Platinum-certified album, earning Midler the 1973 Grammy Award for Best New Artist. It featured three hit singles—"Do You Wanna Dance?", "Friends", and "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"—the third of which became Midler's first No. 1 Adult Contemporary hit. "Bugle Boy" became a successful rock cover of the classic swing tune originally introduced and popularized in 1941 by the Andrews Sisters, to whom Midler has repeatedly referred as her idols and inspiration, as far back as her first appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Midler told Carson in an interview that she always wanted to move like the sisters, and Patty Andrews remembered: "When I first heard the introduction on the radio, I thought it was our old record. When Bette opened at the Amphitheater in Los Angeles, Maxene and I went backstage to see her. Her first words were, 'What else did you record? During another Midler concert, Maxene went on stage and presented her with an honorary bugle. Bette recorded other Andrews Sisters hits, including "In the Mood" and "Lullaby of Broadway".
Her self-titled follow-up album was released at the end of 1973. Again, the album was co-produced by Manilow. It reached Billboard's Top 10 and eventually sold close to a million copies in the United States alone. Midler returned to recording with the 1976 and 1977 albums, Songs for the New Depression and Broken Blossom. In 1974, she received a Special Tony Award for her contribution to Broadway, with Clams on the Half Shell Revue playing at the Minskoff Theater. From 1975 to 1978, she also provided the voice of Woody the Spoon on the PBS educational series Vegetable Soup. In 1977, Midler's first television special, whose title, Ol' Red Hair is Back, was a takeoff on Frank Sinatra's Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back, premiered, featuring guest stars Dustin Hoffman and Emmett Kelly. It went on to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Special — Comedy-Variety or Music. In 1977 she also released her first live album, Live at Last, a double album taken from concert performances in Cleveland, Ohio.
Midler made her first motion picture in 1979, starring in the 1960s-era rock and roll tragedy The Rose, as a drug-addicted rock star modeled after Janis Joplin. That year, she also released her fifth studio album, Thighs and Whispers. Midler's first foray into disco was a commercial and critical failure and went on to be her all-time lowest charting album, peaking at No. 65 on the Billboard album chart. Soon afterward, she began a world concert tour, with one of her shows in Pasadena being filmed and released as the concert film Divine Madness (1980).
Her performance in The Rose earned her a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress, a role for which she won the Golden Globe for Best Actress (Comedy or Musical). The film's acclaimed soundtrack album sold over two million copies in the United States alone, earning a Double Platinum certification. The single version of the title song, which Amanda McBroom had written and composed, held the No. 1 position on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart for five consecutive weeks and reached No. 3 on Billboard's Hot 100. It earned Midler her first Gold single and won the Grammy award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female.
1981–1989: "Wind Beneath My Wings", Beaches, and chart comeback
Midler worked on the troubled comedy project Jinxed! in 1981. However, during production, there was friction with co-star Ken Wahl and the film's director, Don Siegel. Released in 1982, the film was a major flop. Midler did not appear in any other films until 1986; however, she was an early choice for Miss Hannigan in the 1982 film Annie. During those four years, she concentrated on her music career and in 1983, released the album No Frills, produced by Chuck Plotkin, who was best known for his work with Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen. The album included three single releases: the ballad "All I Need to Know", a cover of Detroit native Marshall Crenshaw's "You're My Favorite Waste of Time"—which Midler fell in love with after flipping his 45 of "Someday Someway"—and Midler's take on the Rolling Stones' "Beast of Burden". She also released an all-comedy album (with a few songs tied into the comedy) called Mud Will Be Flung Tonight in 1985.
Midler performed on USA for Africa's 1985 fund-raising single "We Are the World", and participated at the Live Aid event at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia. Also in 1985, she signed a multi-picture deal with the Walt Disney Studios, where she starred in a string of successful films produced by the studio's newly formed Touchstone Pictures division. She also produced them through her production banner, All Girl Productions with producing partner Bonnie Bruckheimer. She was subsequently cast by director Paul Mazursky in Down and Out in Beverly Hills, beginning a successful comedic acting career. She followed that role with several more Touchstone comedies, Ruthless People (1986), Outrageous Fortune (1987), and Big Business (1988). Later in 1988, Midler lent her voice to the animated character Georgette, a snobbish poodle, in Disney's Oliver & Company, and had a hit with the tearjerker Beaches, co-starring Barbara Hershey. The accompanying soundtrack remains Midler's all-time biggest selling disc, reaching No. 2 on Billboards album chart and with U.S. sales of four million copies. It featured her biggest hit, "Wind Beneath My Wings", which went to No. 1 on Billboards Hot 100, achieved Platinum status, and won Midler her third Grammy Award – for Record of the Year – at the 1990 telecast.
1990–1999: Some People's Lives, further acting career, and television appearances
Midler's 1990 cover of the Julie Gold song "From a Distance", the first offering from her seventh studio album Some People's Lives (1990), topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary charts and achieved platinum status in the US. The same year, she starred along with Trini Alvarado as the title character in John Erman's drama film Stella. The third feature film adaptation of the 1920 novel Stella Dallas by Olive Higgins Prouty, Midler portrayed a vulgar single mother living in Watertown, New York, who, determined to give her daughter all the opportunities she never had, ultimately makes a selfless sacrifice to ensure her happiness. The movie scored mediocre reviews, while Midler received her first Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress.
She co-starred with Woody Allen in the 1991 film Scenes from a Mall, again for Paul Mazursky. In the film, Allen's character reveals to his author wife Deborah, played by Midler, after years of a happy marriage, that he has had an affair, resulting in her request for divorce. The movie performed poorly, and received a mixed reception by critics. Midler fared somewhat better with her other 1991 project For the Boys, on which she reteamed with The Rose director Mark Rydell. A historical musical drama, it tells the story of 1940s actress and singer Dixie Leonard, played by Midler, who teams up with Eddie Sparks, a famous performer to entertain American troops. While the film received a mixed reception from critics, Midler earned rave review for her portrayal. The following year she was awarded her second Golden Globe and received her second Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.
Midler turned down the lead role in the musical comedy Sister Act in 1992, which instead went to Whoopi Goldberg. Midler won an Emmy Award in 1992 for her performance on the penultimate episode of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in May 1992, during which she sang an emotion-laden "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" to Johnny Carson. That night, Midler began singing "Here's That Rainy Day", Carson's favorite song; Carson joined in a few lyrics later. In 1993, she starred with Sarah Jessica Parker and Kathy Najimy in the Walt Disney comedy fantasy film, Hocus Pocus, as Winifred Sanderson, the head witch of the Sanderson Sisters. Released to initially mixed reviews, through various outlets such as strong DVD sales and annual record-breaking showings on 13 Nights of Halloween, the film has achieved cult status over the years. In relation to Hocus Pocus, every year Midler hosts her annual Hulaween costume party, which benefits the New York Restoration Project. Her television work includes an Emmy-nominated version of the stage musical Gypsy and a guest appearance as herself in Fran Drescher's The Nanny.
She appeared on Seinfeld in the 1995 episode "The Understudy", which was the season finale of that show's sixth season in 1995. That same year, Midler had a supporting role in Get Shorty. Her 1997 HBO special Diva Las Vegas earned her a third Emmy Award, for Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Music Program. Midler's other 1990s films include The First Wives Club (1996). In 1997, Midler, along with her co-stars from The First Wives Club, Goldie Hawn, and Diane Keaton, was a recipient of the Women in Film Crystal Award, which honors "outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry."
In 1998, Midler released her ninth studio album, Bathhouse Betty, named after the nickname she was given for performing at bathhouses early in her career. In 1999, she appeared in an episode of the CBS sitcom Murphy Brown and was featured in the animated musical film Fantasia 2000.
2000–2005: Bette sitcom, tribute albums, and Kiss My Brass tour
Midler starred in her own sitcom in 2000, Bette, which featured Midler playing herself, a divine celebrity who is adored by her fans. Airing on CBS, initial ratings were high, marking the best sitcom debut for the network in more than five years, but viewers percentage soon declined, resulting in the show's cancellation in early 2001. Midler openly griped about the show's demanding shooting schedule, while the show itself was also reportedly rocked by backstage turmoil, involving the replacement of co-star Kevin Dunn whose departure was attributed to his behind-the scenes bickering with Midler by the media. However, Midler, critically praised, was awarded a People's Choice Award for her performance in the show and received a Golden Globe Award nomination the following year. Also in 2000, Midler made an uncredited cameo appearance in Nancy Meyers' fantasy rom–com What Women Want, starring Mel Gibson and Helen Hunt. In the film, she portrayed a therapist who realizes that central character Nick, played by Gibson, is able to understand women's thoughts. Released to generally mixed reviews, it became the then-most successful film ever directed by a woman, taking in $183 million in the United States, and grossing upward of $370 million worldwide.
The same year Midler starred in Isn't She Great and Drowning Mona. In Andrew Bergman's Isn't She Great, a highly fictionalized account of the life and career of author Jacqueline Susann, she played alongside Nathan Lane and Stockard Channing, portraying Susann with her early struggles as an aspiring actress relentlessly hungry for fame, her relationship with press agent Irving Mansfield, her success as the author of Valley of the Dolls, and her battle with and subsequent death from breast cancer. The dramedy garnered largely negative reviews by critics, who dismissed it as "bland material [that] produces entirely forgettable comic performances." For her performance in the film, Midler received her second Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actress at the 21st ceremony. In Nick Gomez's dark comedy Drowning Mona, Midler appeared along with Danny DeVito and Jamie Lee Curtis, playing title character Mona Dearly, a spiteful, loud-mouthed, cruel and highly unpopular woman, whose mysterious death is investigated. Another critical fiasco, reviewers noted that the film "drowns itself in humor that never rises above sitcom level."
After nearly three decades of erratic record sales, Midler was dropped from the Warner Music Group in 2001. Following a reported long-standing feud with Barry Manilow, the two joined forces after many years in 2003 to record Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook. Now signed to Columbia Records, the album was an instant success, being certified gold by RIAA. One of the Clooney Songbook selections, "This Ole House", became Midler's first Christian radio single shipped by Rick Hendrix and his positive music movement. The album was nominated for a Grammy the following year.
Throughout 2003 and 2004, Midler toured the United States in her new show, Kiss My Brass, to sell-out audiences. Also in 2004, she appeared in a supporting role in Frank Oz' science fiction satire The Stepford Wives, a remake of the 1975 film of the same name also based on the Ira Levin novel. Also starring Nicole Kidman, Matthew Broderick, Christopher Walken and Glenn Close, Midler played Bobbie Markowitz, a writer and recovering alcoholic. The project underwent numerous production problems that occurred throughout its shooting schedule, with reports of problems on-set between director Oz and the actors being rampant in the press. Oz later blamed Midler — who was amid recording her next album and rehearsing for her tour — for being under a lot of stress by other projects and making "the mistake of bringing her stress on the set." While the original book and film had tremendous cultural impact, the remake was marked by poor reviews by many critics, and a financial loss of approximately $40 million at the box office.
Midler joined forces again with Manilow for another tribute album, Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook. Released in October 2005, the album sold 55,000 copies the first week of release, returned Midler to the top ten of US Billboard 200, and was nominated for a Grammy Award.
2006–2011: Cool Yule, The Showgirl Must Go On, Jackpot: The Best Bette, and Memories of You
Midler released a new Christmas album titled Cool Yule in 2006, which featured a duet of Christmastime pop standards "Winter Wonderland"/"Let It Snow" with Johnny Mathis. Well-received, the album garnered a Grammy Award nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album in 2007. The same year, Midler returned to the big screen, appearing in Then She Found Me, Helen Hunt's feature film directorial debut. Also starring Hunt along with Matthew Broderick and Colin Firth, the comedy-drama film tells the story of a 39-year-old Brooklyn elementary school teacher, who after years is contacted by the flamboyant host of a local talk show, played by Midler, who introduces herself as her biological mother. Critical response to the film was mixed; whereas some critics praised the film for having strong performances, others felt the film was bogged down by a weak script and technical issues.
Midler debuted her Vegas show titled Bette Midler: The Showgirl Must Go On at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace on February 20, 2008. It comprised The Staggering Harlettes, 20 female dancers called The Caesar Salad Girls and a 13-piece band. The show played its final performance on January 31, 2010, and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special in 2011. Also in 2008, another compilation album by Midler, Jackpot: The Best Bette, was released. It reached number 66 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, and number six in the United Kingdom, where it was certified platinum for sales of over 300,000 copies. As her only film appearance that year, Midler had a small role in Diane English's comedy film The Women, starring Meg Ryan, Annette Bening and Eva Mendes among others. An updated version of the George Cukor-directed 1939 film of the same name based on a 1936 play by Clare Boothe Luce, the film was widely panned by critics, who found it "...a toothless remake of the 1939 classic, lacking the charm, wit and compelling protagonists of the original."
Midler appeared on the Bravo TV show My Life on the D-List with Kathy Griffin in an episode that aired in June 2009. In December of the same year, she appeared in the Royal Variety Performance, an annual British charity event attended by Queen Elizabeth II. Midler performed "In My Life" and "Wind Beneath My Wings" as the closing act. In 2010, Midler voiced the character Kitty Galore in the animated film Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore. The film was a success, grossing $112 million worldwide. In November 2010, Midler released Memories of You, another compilation of lesser known tracks from her catalog. Midler was one of the producers of the Broadway production of the musical Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, which opened in February 2011.
2012–present: I'll Eat You Last: A Chat With Sue Mengers, It's the Girls!, and Hello, Dolly!
In June 2012, Midler received the Sammy Cahn Lifetime Achievement Award at the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York in recognition of her having "captivated the world" with her "stylish presentation and unmistakable voice." The same year, she co-starred alongside Billy Crystal in the family movie Parental Guidance (2012), playing a couple of old school grandparents trying to adapt to their daughter's 21st-Century parenting style. Despite generally negative reviews by critics, who felt the film was "sweet but milquetoast", box office totals for the movie were higher than initially expected.
In 2013, Midler performed on Broadway for the first time in more than 30 years in a play about the Hollywood superagent Sue Mengers. The play, titled I'll Eat You Last: A Chat with Sue Mengers and dramatized by John Logan, opened on April 24, 2013, at the Booth Theatre. After the show's success in New York, recouping its initial $2.4 million investment, it was decided to perform the play in Los Angeles at the Geffen Playhouse. In December, it was announced that Midler would portray actress Mae West in an HBO movie biopic, written by Harvey Fierstein and directed by William Friedkin.
In March 2014, she performed at the 86th Academy Awards telecast at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, singing "Wind Beneath My Wings" during the in memoriam section. In November 2014, Midler released her 25th overall album, It's the Girls!, through Warner Bros. Records. The album spans seven decades of famous girl groups, from 1930s trios The Boswell Sisters and The Andrews Sisters to 1990s R&B legends such as TLC and their single "Waterfalls".
In March 2017, she began playing the role of Dolly Gallagher Levi, continuing through January 2018, in the Broadway revival of Hello, Dolly! for which she won a Tony Award. In 2017 she also appeared in the role of Muv in the 2017 film Freak Show. Midler returned to Hello, Dolly! on July 17, 2018, to close out the run of the successful revival.
Midler performed the song, The Place Where Lost Things Go from Mary Poppins Returns at the 91st Annual Academy Awards on February 24, 2019, ceremony.
In 2020, Midler starred in The Glorias a biographical film revolving around the life of Gloria Steinem portraying the role of Bella Abzug, directed by Julie Taymor. She also starred in the second season of The Politician after previously guest starring in the first.
Midler has written several books, including Saga of Baby Divine, A View from a Broad, Bette Midler Greatest Hits: Experience the Divine, The Wind Beneath My Wings. In 2020 she published a children's book entitled The Tale of the Mandarin Duck, based on the story of a rare duck seen in Central Park in 2018.
She played Miriam Nessler, a retired teacher from New York, in HBO's Coastal Elites by Paul Rudnick.
In December 2021, Midler came under fire when criticizing Joe Manchin for not supporting Joe Biden's Build Back Better Plan. While criticizing Manchin, Midler also criticized the State of West Virginia with a tweet on twitter where Midler stated, "What #JoeManchin, who represents a population smaller than Brooklyn, has done to the rest of America, who wants to move forward, not backward, like his state, is horrible. He sold us out. He wants us all to be just like his state, West Virginia. Poor, illiterate and strung out." She later apologized for the remarks.
As Casey Kasem reported on the American Top 40 broadcast of August 11, 1973, Midler has been acclaimed as, "She's faster than speeding bullet, is louder than Ethel Merman, has a bigger nose than Barbra Streisand, is shorter than Mickey Rooney, and more outrageous than Mick Jagger. She is an eclectic ripoff artist who takes off on 40s musicals, Carmen Miranda and the Andrews Sisters. She's the Divine Miss M!"
On December 4, 2021, Midler received the Kennedy Center Honor for a lifetime of achievement in the performing arts at the Medallion Ceremony, held at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The next day, Midler attended the show at the Kennedy Center.
Personal life
Midler married artist Martin von Haselberg on December 16, 1984. Their daughter, actress Sophie von Haselberg, was born on November 14, 1986.
Charity work
In 1991, Midler was an early sponsor of the Adopt-a-Highway, paying $2,000 a month for a crew to clean up a section of the Ventura Freeway in Burbank, California. Signs at both ends of the section read "Litter Removal Next 2 Miles, Bette Midler." The location was so prominent that it became fodder for her 1993 guest appearance on the Simpsons episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled", where she is seen picking up trash along a stretch of highway she has adopted and causes car crashes for drivers who deliberately litter. In 1995, she carried the same idea to the east coast, adopting a section of the Long Island Expressway and Bronx River Parkway.
Midler founded the New York Restoration Project (NYRP) in 1995, a non-profit organization with the goal of revitalizing neglected neighborhood parks in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods of New York City. These include Highbridge Park, Fort Washington Park, and Fort Tryon Park in upper Manhattan and Roberto Clemente State Park and Bridge Park in the Bronx.
When the city planned in 1991 to auction 114 community gardens for commercial development, Midler led a coalition of greening organizations to save them. NYRP took ownership of 60 of the most neglected plots. Today, Midler and her organization work with local volunteers and community groups to ensure that these gardens are kept safe, clean and vibrant. In 2003, Midler opened Swindler Cove Park, a new public park on the Harlem River shore featuring specially designed educational facilities and the Peter Jay Sharp Boathouse, the first community rowing facility to be built on the Harlem River in more than 100 years. The organization offers free in-school and after-school environmental education programming to students from high-poverty Title I schools.
In 2001 after 9/11, she established programs run by her foundation which help wounded service members and their families by providing them resources, including custom homes. One of these programs helps service members recovering from trauma, injury, and loss. Also, since the first Gulf War she visits the USO and military bases to show her gratitude to service members by serving them meals just before deployment.
Bette Midler pledged to match Pink with a donation of $500,000 to help Australia during the wildfires in 2020.
Discography
Studio albums
The Divine Miss M (1972)
Bette Midler (1973)
Songs for the New Depression (1976)
Broken Blossom (1977)
Thighs and Whispers (1979)
No Frills (1983)
Some People's Lives (1990)
Bette of Roses (1995)
Bathhouse Betty (1998)
Bette (2000)
Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook (2003)
Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook (2005)
Cool Yule (2006)
It's the Girls! (2014)
Tours
1970–72: Continental Baths Tour
1972: Cross Country Tour
1973: The Divine Miss M Tour
1975: Clams on the Half Shell Revue
1975–76: The Depression Tour
1977–78: An Intimate Evening with Bette
1978: The Rose Live in Concert
1978: World Tour
1979–80: Bette! Divine Madness
1980: Divine Madness: Pasadena
1982–83: De Tour
1993: Experience the Divine
1994: Experience the Divine Again!
1997: Diva Las Vegas
1999: Bathhouse Betty Club Tour
1999–2000: The Divine Miss Millennium Tour
2003–04: Kiss My Brass
2005: Kiss My Brass Down Under
2008–10: The Showgirl Must Go On2015: Divine Intervention Tour
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage
Awards and nominations
BibliographyBette Midler: A View from a Broad (Simon & Schuster, 1980; Updated edition April 1, 2014).The Saga of Baby Divine (Crown Publishers, 1983).The Tale of the Mandarin Duck: A Modern Fable (Random House, 2021).
See also
List of number-one hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart
References
Further readingA View From A Broad (Simon & Schuster, 1980, Updated edition April 1, 2014)The Saga of Baby Divine (Crown Publishers, 1984), Bette Midler, Outrageously Divine, an Unauthorized Biography, by Mark Bego (New American Library, 1987), Bette: An Intimate Biography of Bette Midler, by George Mair (Birch Lane Press, 1995),
External links
Bette Midler at TVGuide.com
, film clips, 4.5 min.Bette Midler: Bootleg Betty – The Bette Midler Weblog''
1945 births
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
Actresses from Honolulu
American dance musicians
American women pop singers
American film actresses
American stand-up comedians
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American women comedians
Atlantic Records artists
Audiobook narrators
Columbia Records artists
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Feminist musicians
French-language singers of the United States
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American musicians
Jewish singers
Living people
Musicians from Honolulu
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
Tony Award winners
Traditional pop music singers
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
Warner Records artists
Comedians from Hawaii
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Admiral Arthur W. Radford High School alumni
Las Vegas shows
Special Tony Award recipients
American musical theatre actresses
|
[
-0.5057896971702576,
-0.2389031946659088,
-0.5717790722846985,
-0.5654800534248352,
0.5324244499206543,
0.9637460708618164,
0.4128342866897583,
0.36263179779052734,
-0.19194750487804413,
0.03028004802763462,
0.027591945603489876,
0.8654530048370361,
0.5827054977416992,
0.43012070655822754,
-0.7837673425674438,
0.31163129210472107,
-0.10790616273880005,
0.3179355263710022,
0.0033539726864546537,
-0.39271408319473267,
-0.2842761278152466,
0.005747396033257246,
-0.011043775826692581,
0.2181345522403717,
-0.43519461154937744,
0.2827514708042145,
-0.42172783613204956,
-0.11172113567590714,
0.5245413184165955,
0.0634993240237236,
-0.18692049384117126,
0.2062569260597229,
0.5220729112625122,
-0.25058063864707947,
-0.06418022513389587,
0.4242924749851227,
-0.4931493103504181,
0.04646323248744011,
-0.3927255868911743,
0.07932299375534058,
-0.10784690082073212,
-0.04484349116683006,
0.33441612124443054,
-0.03173678740859032,
-0.1481228768825531,
-0.45632925629615784,
-2.3421740531921387,
0.020203234627842903,
-0.13416092097759247,
-0.6179702281951904,
-0.2311529815196991,
0.728563129901886,
0.6733795404434204,
0.06675568968057632,
0.17608848214149475,
-0.33977290987968445,
-0.5183480978012085,
-0.010792807675898075,
0.4126167893409729,
0.1507026106119156,
0.2608925700187683,
-0.27607613801956177,
0.4531097114086151,
-0.664353609085083,
0.08661296963691711,
0.25448620319366455,
0.6601952910423279,
0.16196884214878082,
-0.1246737539768219,
-0.47148755192756653,
0.13975322246551514,
0.3922669589519501,
0.5932903289794922,
-0.3843337595462799,
0.14488090574741364,
-0.23127979040145874,
0.5976541042327881,
-0.21299919486045837,
-0.04077241197228432,
0.32030797004699707,
-0.08747681230306625,
-0.19288194179534912,
0.4465939402580261,
0.6857213973999023,
0.05796850845217705,
-0.5740950703620911,
-0.4331803321838379,
0.3325386643409729,
-0.644765317440033,
0.3770519495010376,
-0.9226204752922058,
-0.23998413980007172,
-0.20715387165546417,
0.3222430646419525,
-0.1868731528520584,
-0.38143032789230347,
0.321329802274704,
-0.0891687348484993,
0.376220703125,
-0.1236610859632492,
-0.3133644461631775,
-0.3022626042366028,
0.17845143377780914,
-0.8120701909065247,
-0.7039108872413635,
0.2828691303730011,
0.3655453324317932,
-0.4313219487667084,
-0.1873500496149063,
0.021093079820275307,
-0.08142467588186264,
-0.005796059966087341,
0.12166672199964523,
-0.18348759412765503,
-0.35855546593666077,
0.4725671112537384,
0.19162380695343018,
-0.018632469698786736,
-0.8666344881057739,
0.20651674270629883,
0.3788362145423889,
-0.6113044023513794,
0.16071562469005585,
0.034741874784231186,
-0.5119516849517822,
0.22359813749790192,
-0.03582771494984627,
-0.16623477637767792,
-0.02637973427772522,
0.1473512500524521,
0.14006449282169342,
0.20070765912532806,
-0.40206536650657654,
-0.34368497133255005,
-0.0821639895439148,
-0.03013642691075802,
0.6308122873306274,
0.03231458738446236,
0.48846036195755005,
0.10045427829027176,
-0.09786692261695862,
0.12928569316864014,
-0.6400901675224304,
-0.11091174185276031,
1.169580340385437,
-0.37435129284858704,
0.2186739593744278,
0.11876651644706726,
-0.23267655074596405,
-0.07703779637813568,
-0.41644376516342163,
0.15399669110774994,
0.29626068472862244,
-0.5693068504333496,
-0.43556514382362366,
-0.06943127512931824,
0.3925497531890869,
0.07454024255275726,
0.02647343836724758,
0.04128759726881981,
0.2895163297653198,
0.05450575426220894,
0.2720068395137787,
-0.21279853582382202,
-0.11449911445379257,
0.016774578019976616,
0.39779847860336304,
-0.6995092630386353,
-0.46552154421806335,
0.5373721122741699,
-0.19152222573757172,
0.5269754528999329,
0.5254786014556885,
0.16020098328590393,
-0.6808791756629944,
0.6284869909286499,
0.27616697549819946,
0.4645167589187622,
-0.21831126511096954,
-0.20996704697608948,
-0.3780679404735565,
-0.1425766795873642,
0.5037660598754883,
0.3228673040866852,
0.3997306823730469,
-0.2890705466270447,
-0.2219061255455017,
-0.5436887145042419,
0.5516314506530762,
-0.05553782358765602,
-0.7436922788619995,
-0.6886374354362488,
0.25279876589775085,
0.47375309467315674,
0.2549107074737549,
-0.10181356221437454,
0.18296441435813904,
-0.022404326125979424,
0.05465792119503021,
-0.2770659923553467,
-0.1500781774520874,
-0.4635169804096222,
0.18555805087089539,
0.2638949155807495,
0.16303935647010803,
0.04517454281449318,
0.26726847887039185,
0.2084803283214569,
0.10163994133472443,
0.44290390610694885,
0.21318712830543518,
-0.6862995028495789,
0.413309246301651,
0.17911933362483978,
0.03497316688299179,
-0.6674587726593018,
-0.39180007576942444,
-0.1608579009771347,
0.21601256728172302,
-0.43006354570388794,
0.500293493270874,
0.74659663438797,
-0.2931036055088043,
-0.6057718992233276,
-0.24739044904708862,
0.4312196969985962,
-0.3446360230445862,
0.2048725187778473,
0.15412591397762299,
-0.05262810364365578,
0.074283167719841,
-0.1528090536594391,
0.09185810387134552,
-0.741131067276001,
-0.1451929211616516,
0.14335861802101135,
0.2951005697250366,
-0.23121614754199982,
-0.3070467710494995,
-0.8998152613639832,
0.26246151328086853,
0.5432007908821106,
-1.066895604133606,
0.3401786983013153,
-0.37499886751174927,
0.11631613224744797,
0.09449566155672073,
0.08696440607309341,
-0.1430129110813141,
-0.15105068683624268,
0.08354233205318451,
0.11842130869626999,
0.29397764801979065,
-0.010885189287364483,
-0.26180189847946167,
-0.03268296644091606,
0.08857598900794983,
0.5240535736083984,
1.0763448476791382,
0.589989960193634,
0.43167608976364136,
-0.22706960141658783,
0.15982814133167267,
0.12110084295272827,
-0.6160929799079895,
-0.0830841064453125,
-0.06870950758457184,
-0.43829479813575745,
-0.04534558951854706,
-0.14646370708942413,
0.3826901912689209,
-0.2697352468967438,
-0.27479830384254456,
0.4434732496738434,
0.33167120814323425,
0.3986128866672516,
-0.0857267752289772,
0.28919416666030884,
-0.5086234211921692,
-0.3502349555492401,
0.5108160376548767,
0.47316262125968933,
-0.23907946050167084,
-0.22675348818302155,
-0.31627801060676575,
0.16706694662570953,
0.15908333659172058,
0.08939183503389359,
-0.13355545699596405,
0.35296034812927246,
-0.12695065140724182,
0.961998462677002,
-0.5902011394500732,
0.41794607043266296,
0.41769832372665405,
0.311149001121521,
-0.1980060487985611,
0.6042723059654236,
-0.6328691840171814,
0.357730895280838,
-0.14806334674358368,
0.7505629062652588,
-0.3791845440864563,
0.1247561126947403,
0.5965433716773987,
0.08547937124967575,
-0.3139984905719757,
-0.19999080896377563,
-5.33231258392334,
-0.06977938115596771,
-0.052884235978126526,
-0.6244308352470398,
0.9098392724990845,
-0.5832192897796631,
0.054302312433719635,
-0.34883591532707214,
0.39635464549064636,
0.5168912410736084,
0.08266511559486389,
0.17044390738010406,
-0.8450468182563782,
0.6096157431602478,
0.15435713529586792,
-0.1305379569530487,
-0.2713795006275177,
-0.6599550843238831,
0.07374761998653412,
0.7998331785202026,
0.06245201826095581,
-0.444191575050354,
-0.40417978167533875,
0.2680187225341797,
-0.24904866516590118,
0.026243144646286964,
-0.45608431100845337,
-0.25567197799682617,
-0.9028453826904297,
-0.07285956293344498,
-0.24795196950435638,
-0.26406174898147583,
-0.6675418615341187,
0.20248901844024658,
-0.4005465805530548,
-0.1335901916027069,
0.3421739339828491,
-0.9233733415603638,
0.25617000460624695,
-0.6215524673461914,
-0.18312159180641174,
0.42156705260276794,
-0.7136325240135193,
0.2248474359512329,
0.4812815189361572,
-0.1343654841184616,
-0.3387133777141571,
-0.7207300662994385,
0.436551034450531,
0.5458162426948547,
0.8241341710090637,
0.3452329635620117,
0.25131624937057495,
-0.6972571015357971,
0.7624879479408264,
-0.3233465850353241,
0.10752822458744049,
-0.16601015627384186,
-0.37688684463500977,
-0.18999743461608887,
0.0787363275885582,
-0.31581664085388184,
0.13773410022258759,
0.07991623133420944,
-0.4797562062740326,
-0.7907047271728516,
0.13122214376926422,
-0.1419956237077713,
0.4711766839027405,
-0.33663076162338257,
0.31874537467956543,
0.09985899180173874,
0.32117900252342224,
-1.162435531616211,
-0.03062277100980282,
-0.46275708079338074,
0.4919959008693695,
-0.1455473005771637,
-0.7777718901634216,
-0.397637277841568,
0.3437778353691101,
-0.2221166342496872,
0.9155774712562561,
0.6652190089225769,
0.29232120513916016,
-0.22451813519001007,
-0.20236210525035858,
0.5075929164886475,
-0.4375174343585968,
-0.3039785325527191,
-0.4651680290699005,
-0.3550821840763092,
-0.06543061882257462,
-0.0237989891320467,
0.3225996494293213,
-0.12222779542207718,
0.037436503916978836,
1.0025898218154907,
0.059944961220026016,
0.4866938591003418,
-0.32133668661117554,
-0.54440838098526,
0.7047850489616394,
-0.16690289974212646,
-0.062400322407484055,
0.04442719742655754,
0.48426374793052673,
-0.13246393203735352,
0.9241591095924377,
-0.6471436023712158,
-0.1368739902973175,
0.5244301557540894,
-0.12371701002120972,
-1.0046597719192505,
-0.06447307020425797,
-0.10734546929597855,
0.059685319662094116,
-0.06670155376195908,
0.10598945617675781,
0.8464358448982239,
0.16809764504432678,
0.12974365055561066,
-0.07023035734891891,
0.24071714282035828,
0.11401058733463287,
-0.2824435830116272,
0.30779939889907837,
-0.1726492941379547,
-0.024215249344706535,
-0.102394238114357,
-0.6929957866668701,
0.28730255365371704,
0.21144449710845947,
0.27522945404052734,
0.6854025721549988,
-0.020978473126888275,
-0.6284298896789551,
0.351453959941864,
-0.09183547645807266,
0.20773205161094666,
0.021770235151052475,
-0.33183547854423523,
-0.20559145510196686,
0.27393582463264465,
0.14953193068504333,
-0.4340377449989319,
0.38119131326675415,
-0.07451654225587845,
-0.2575933337211609,
0.25533726811408997,
0.5200292468070984,
0.5110576748847961,
0.5759328007698059,
-0.5766698718070984,
-0.26783114671707153,
-0.1661244034767151,
-0.35103321075439453,
-0.46200844645500183,
0.00876010674983263,
-0.07058543711900711,
-0.31583645939826965,
-0.3273574113845825,
-0.7442625761032104,
0.16671361029148102,
-0.08314231038093567,
0.04256647080183029,
-0.07772359997034073,
-0.6066603660583496,
-0.3317711353302002,
0.6769201755523682,
-0.5235485434532166,
-0.7273494601249695,
0.6260749697685242,
0.5052602291107178,
0.2978849709033966,
0.4386710524559021,
-0.17397381365299225,
-0.4151191711425781,
0.2884227931499481,
0.1173495352268219,
-0.05267246812582016,
-0.7364938855171204,
-1.2969790697097778,
0.23751601576805115,
-0.205020934343338,
-0.39557167887687683,
-0.4051987826824188,
-0.13174881041049957,
-0.4653288424015045,
0.2423257976770401,
-0.03879605606198311,
-0.5620300769805908,
-0.19315524399280548,
0.24835674464702606,
-1.1599012613296509,
0.4363267123699188,
0.09170392900705338,
-0.08528249710798264,
0.3859783411026001,
0.08433931320905685,
-0.46515172719955444,
0.37134745717048645,
-0.9828223586082458,
-0.45568427443504333,
0.7564839124679565,
-0.9624503254890442,
-0.004581899847835302,
0.3424769341945648,
-0.011986583471298218,
1.0304582118988037,
-0.5003069639205933,
-0.2054561972618103,
0.26838335394859314,
-0.021402787417173386,
-0.13365255296230316,
0.06178444251418114,
0.4015304744243622,
0.014558128081262112,
0.10305187851190567,
-0.7087372541427612,
-0.39136332273483276,
-1.187801480293274,
-0.11292073875665665,
0.1581103801727295,
-0.8154212236404419,
0.3803999722003937,
0.054513804614543915,
-0.22555693984031677,
0.3922421336174011,
-0.5962693691253662,
0.13332964479923248,
0.10019239783287048,
0.03379831463098526,
0.22472350299358368,
-0.3074103891849518,
-0.5448875427246094,
0.10923965275287628,
0.3896440863609314,
-0.15016666054725647,
0.22632166743278503,
0.8409848213195801,
0.10565736889839172,
-0.13309086859226227,
0.45374199748039246,
0.15423649549484253,
0.463996022939682,
0.0009429524070583284,
-0.9777213335037231,
-0.3457776606082916,
0.5215427279472351,
0.6839892268180847,
0.04865960404276848,
-0.8917039036750793,
0.21064530313014984,
0.17009460926055908,
-0.612198531627655,
-0.11069313436746597,
0.20150697231292725,
-0.7225894927978516,
-0.07281577587127686,
0.1916549950838089,
-0.14230754971504211,
-0.08632400631904602,
0.3116339147090912,
0.21639156341552734,
-0.015701688826084137,
0.05592904984951019,
-0.13480009138584137,
0.14129522442817688,
-0.5231066346168518,
-0.08846543729305267,
0.30520471930503845,
-0.3327576518058777,
0.1505180299282074,
-0.22377707064151764,
0.5508124232292175,
0.0835527703166008,
-0.30173537135124207,
0.2992454171180725,
-0.24461421370506287,
-0.15967412292957306,
0.5466338396072388,
-0.24765901267528534,
-0.6110477447509766,
0.47265908122062683,
-0.4155765175819397,
0.27203768491744995,
-0.35292258858680725,
-0.2453547865152359,
0.18729376792907715,
0.1198115274310112,
0.44940587878227234,
-0.32297104597091675,
0.1955132782459259,
-0.5252668261528015,
-0.15020039677619934,
0.3295549750328064,
0.9488889575004578,
0.24732591211795807,
0.09397950768470764,
-0.31913936138153076,
0.5228061676025391,
0.30671900510787964,
-0.5817516446113586,
0.06991033256053925,
-0.33920741081237793,
-0.297240674495697,
-0.8618090152740479,
-0.29568982124328613,
0.7689835429191589,
0.3133150339126587,
0.07936619967222214,
0.566744863986969,
0.9857876896858215,
-0.032493963837623596,
-0.14729860424995422,
0.6579764485359192,
-0.41323065757751465,
-0.14513786137104034,
0.1407846212387085,
-0.8800918459892273,
-0.12361211329698563,
0.08206342160701752,
-0.4105125069618225,
0.5563949942588806,
1.1387293338775635,
0.760036826133728,
0.6158912181854248,
-0.12996149063110352,
0.33727967739105225,
0.6616995334625244,
-0.6296806931495667,
0.9289289116859436,
0.40679433941841125,
0.339368611574173,
-1.0521281957626343,
0.4942455589771271,
-0.06762897968292236,
0.5582659244537354,
0.2499963343143463,
-0.506960928440094,
-0.22687512636184692,
0.008844510652124882,
0.23590271174907684,
-0.16203998029232025,
-0.03993671387434006,
0.2661580443382263,
0.891404390335083,
-0.6782429814338684,
-0.8241915106773376,
0.23253346979618073,
-0.5596373677253723,
-0.11292147636413574,
-0.8839132189750671,
1.4678367376327515,
-0.005153944715857506,
0.5743528604507446,
-0.5143211483955383,
-0.3442765176296234,
0.38329559564590454,
-0.20880573987960815,
-0.8985674977302551,
1.2655099630355835,
0.49312418699264526,
0.0001079278445104137,
-0.12470832467079163,
-0.2908967137336731,
-0.6894501447677612,
0.0025916420854628086,
0.3343552052974701,
0.011773606762290001,
0.6942915916442871,
-0.4915093183517456,
0.41325995326042175,
0.5901484489440918,
0.4930576682090759,
0.051432251930236816,
-0.7801216244697571,
-0.0029413143638521433,
0.4939020872116089,
-0.2625706195831299,
-0.0827203169465065,
0.14683897793293,
0.05638603866100311,
0.002942074555903673,
0.025782886892557144,
0.07034557312726974,
-0.1554393321275711,
0.1602758765220642,
-0.047999411821365356,
0.5850363969802856,
-1.065869688987732,
0.2603430151939392,
-0.058472927659749985,
-0.33781272172927856,
0.4053037464618683,
-0.3826388418674469,
0.7210712432861328,
0.3122934401035309,
0.3583044409751892,
0.4779423177242279,
1.0727890729904175,
0.23437663912773132,
-0.004460216034203768,
-0.33955836296081543,
0.07923321425914764,
-0.017314348369836807,
0.06453389674425125,
-0.35603031516075134,
-0.2838902473449707,
0.379350870847702,
-0.00841302890330553,
-0.1417224258184433,
0.06161601096391678,
-0.31360378861427307,
0.37548092007637024,
0.7140530943870544,
0.5273580551147461,
0.039573121815919876,
-0.39619311690330505,
0.42978155612945557,
0.362092524766922,
-0.25625479221343994,
-0.3397102653980255,
-0.2626100182533264,
1.0454405546188354,
-0.26729679107666016,
-0.5804430246353149,
0.020510822534561157,
0.06192133203148842,
-0.0679466500878334,
0.49429771304130554,
-0.29748398065567017,
-0.2744421064853668,
-0.24455010890960693,
-0.4432294964790344,
0.5734178423881531,
0.3275243937969208,
0.9678630232810974,
-0.4140172600746155,
0.31383803486824036,
0.20962193608283997,
-0.11344889551401138,
0.17791375517845154,
-0.0006744574056938291,
-0.10316696763038635,
-0.12917247414588928,
-0.32911407947540283,
0.13915106654167175,
0.6312426328659058,
-0.20889362692832947,
-0.7132993936538696,
0.08682996779680252,
-0.09576909989118576,
-0.14593349397182465,
-0.5149548649787903,
0.07976868748664856,
-0.4629806876182556,
0.8046475052833557,
-0.5679569244384766
] |
210363
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniolabidoidea
|
Taeniolabidoidea
|
Taeniolabidoidea is a group of extinct mammals known from North America and Asia. They were the largest members of the extinct order Multituberculata, as well as the largest non-therian mammals. Lambdopsalis even provides direct fossil evidence of mammalian fur in a fairly good state of preservation for a 60-million-year-old animal. Some of these animals were large for their time; Taeniolabis taoensis is the largest known multituberculate and though smaller, Yubaatar is the largest known Mesozoic Asian multituberculate. Average members of the Taeniolaboidea were about beaver-sized and the largest even reached sizes comparable to the largest beavers like Castoroides, up to about 100 kilograms.
The group was initially established as a suborder, before being assigned the rank of a superfamily by McKenna and Bell in 1997 (see Kielan-Jaworowska and Hurum (2001) p. 391-392). Two families are recognised: the primarily North American Taeniolabididae, composed of Taeniolabis and Kimbetopsalis, and the exclusively Asian Lambdopsalidae, composed of Lambdopsalis, Sphenopsalis and Prionessus, with Valenopsalis being a basal form outside of either clade. Some of the fossils are well-preserved. Though the possible taeniolabidoid Bubodens is known from the Lancian Late Cretaceous deposits of South Dakota, and Yubaatar is known from Late Cretaceous deposits in the Henan Province, the clade is otherwise only clearly represented in Paleocene strata.
Derived characteristics of the taxon (apomorphies) include: "snout short and wide with anterior part of zygomatic arches directed transversely, resulting in a square-like shape of the skull (shared with Kogaionidae); frontals small, pointed posteriorly, almost or completely excluded from the orbital rim," (Kielan-Jaworowska and Hurum 2001, p. 417).
References
Kielan-Jaworowska Z. and Hurum J.H., "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429, 2001.
McKenna M.C. and Bell S.K., (1997), Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, 1997.
Much of this information has been derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS: Eucosmodontidae, Microcosmodontidae and Taeniolabidoidea, an Internet directory.
Multituberculates
Paleocene extinctions
Late Cretaceous first appearances
|
[
-0.44170859456062317,
-0.3086140751838684,
-0.5636947154998779,
-0.015711983665823936,
-0.5009240508079529,
0.35873979330062866,
0.5993608236312866,
0.5250219106674194,
0.07691095024347305,
-0.4257492423057556,
0.4835745692253113,
0.08853958547115326,
-0.5371801853179932,
-0.062378138303756714,
-0.1834118366241455,
0.7640252709388733,
-0.37841635942459106,
0.07952327281236649,
0.2016531229019165,
-0.22857367992401123,
0.12040865421295166,
-0.5668567419052124,
0.726611316204071,
-0.9942066669464111,
0.22588631510734558,
-0.3403385281562805,
0.05959706753492355,
0.8382180333137512,
0.49179330468177795,
-0.5503884553909302,
-0.5591365694999695,
0.3899940252304077,
0.26593291759490967,
-0.19005316495895386,
-0.07443137466907501,
0.01827176660299301,
-0.3419477343559265,
-0.5321509838104248,
-0.3376747667789459,
-0.857096791267395,
-0.1049545556306839,
-0.006785247009247541,
0.01666429452598095,
0.6468271613121033,
-0.5372591614723206,
0.45498234033584595,
-1.4210264682769775,
0.2146138697862625,
-0.9272214770317078,
0.09929972887039185,
-0.3470573425292969,
-0.2616173326969147,
0.7107833027839661,
0.3966357111930847,
-0.07921198010444641,
0.49625691771507263,
-0.8534913659095764,
-0.20573239028453827,
0.04796835407614708,
-0.30056044459342957,
-0.0972137302160263,
0.5327795147895813,
-0.43072912096977234,
-0.3865855038166046,
0.2169310301542282,
0.7467780113220215,
0.1551298052072525,
0.5454150438308716,
-0.801372766494751,
0.4755000174045563,
-0.1938328742980957,
-0.42642009258270264,
0.360214501619339,
0.7338109612464905,
-0.5706698298454285,
-0.22645273804664612,
-0.17560356855392456,
-0.12989924848079681,
1.1170835494995117,
-0.688764750957489,
0.128652423620224,
0.2381446361541748,
0.6908717155456543,
-0.2783258855342865,
-0.1949835568666458,
0.21537227928638458,
-0.5465203523635864,
-0.38408374786376953,
-1.2183674573898315,
0.5350075960159302,
-0.6049869060516357,
-0.3572397232055664,
-0.16484011709690094,
0.3897612392902374,
0.058734312653541565,
-0.4100339114665985,
-0.29386964440345764,
-0.22308233380317688,
0.03132513538002968,
0.269632488489151,
-0.28059080243110657,
-0.00277713593095541,
0.2723252773284912,
-0.44158777594566345,
-0.3444184958934784,
-0.45340096950531006,
-0.22576843202114105,
-0.5516989231109619,
-0.5026354193687439,
0.6286344528198242,
-0.898695707321167,
-0.21873663365840912,
0.2217366248369217,
-0.10276414453983307,
0.12069755047559738,
1.2079180479049683,
0.2538459300994873,
-0.45459675788879395,
0.1979576200246811,
-0.289020299911499,
0.35613518953323364,
0.6089464426040649,
-0.1809653788805008,
0.25454309582710266,
-0.7087413668632507,
0.3695692718029022,
-0.08518024533987045,
-0.10032396763563156,
-0.2357911467552185,
0.4554262161254883,
0.44497546553611755,
0.7908017635345459,
0.4835241734981537,
0.37453001737594604,
0.04617425054311752,
-0.25430038571357727,
-0.11311025172472,
0.15903834998607635,
0.43826422095298767,
0.5625280737876892,
-0.3001648783683777,
0.13227848708629608,
-0.7162154316902161,
-0.6371419429779053,
0.2304677963256836,
-0.27676260471343994,
0.2161954641342163,
0.2520088851451874,
-1.040880560874939,
-0.2936672270298004,
-0.08011861890554428,
-0.4286714494228363,
0.048679184168577194,
0.4469168484210968,
-0.23384049534797668,
0.4047788977622986,
0.13992522656917572,
-0.26775556802749634,
0.6280995607376099,
0.3830757737159729,
-0.08121181279420853,
-0.4175458252429962,
-0.5211511254310608,
0.3328143060207367,
0.48031896352767944,
-0.5320554971694946,
0.45994091033935547,
0.35546404123306274,
-0.002425920916721225,
0.7780439853668213,
-0.4469950199127197,
-0.542802095413208,
0.4091160297393799,
-0.3361152112483978,
0.03449339419603348,
-0.19649317860603333,
-0.07356241345405579,
0.22704167664051056,
0.8279398083686829,
-0.559156596660614,
-0.8989254832267761,
0.4156379997730255,
0.4160205125808716,
-0.0774383544921875,
0.4220708906650543,
0.34831899404525757,
1.1365697383880615,
0.1886570006608963,
-0.013131876476109028,
-0.45907095074653625,
-0.20152296125888824,
-0.05600719153881073,
0.4137570559978485,
0.44740331172943115,
1.154854416847229,
-0.031594302505254745,
-0.4296092092990875,
-0.635810136795044,
-0.17912393808364868,
0.1820867359638214,
-0.2508636713027954,
-0.17761141061782837,
-0.030024444684386253,
-0.32769322395324707,
0.6212316155433655,
0.5050472021102905,
-0.17858946323394775,
-0.15030626952648163,
1.1139804124832153,
0.8038461804389954,
-0.0261212345212698,
-0.3992725908756256,
0.16340820491313934,
0.35092630982398987,
0.22524943947792053,
-0.6367149949073792,
-0.43151259422302246,
0.04026252403855324,
-0.07779977470636368,
-0.6707591414451599,
0.36903849244117737,
0.36288371682167053,
0.11329828947782516,
0.5506739616394043,
-0.18385331332683563,
0.5642295479774475,
1.0199902057647705,
0.3014076352119446,
0.6004825234413147,
-0.31319522857666016,
-0.0414622537791729,
-0.04888754338026047,
0.8078367710113525,
-0.7796528339385986,
0.49563664197921753,
-0.6132792830467224,
-0.10356014221906662,
-1.1270837783813477,
0.6493370532989502,
-0.7102247476577759,
0.028211014345288277,
-0.41541653871536255,
-0.11646578460931778,
0.4801042675971985,
0.3063770830631256,
-0.8560353517532349,
0.33804839849472046,
1.034786343574524,
-0.45254945755004883,
-0.010400976054370403,
0.05367996543645859,
1.037622332572937,
0.4817657768726349,
-0.6347718238830566,
-0.38942253589630127,
0.5590341091156006,
0.622636616230011,
-0.20427553355693817,
0.37980350852012634,
0.09978734701871872,
-0.012911781668663025,
0.8348026275634766,
0.3397703170776367,
-0.15776604413986206,
-0.42973729968070984,
-0.55179363489151,
-0.2900712192058563,
0.10288361459970474,
0.5124184489250183,
-0.3599471151828766,
0.8239972591400146,
-0.3409992754459381,
-0.48572838306427,
0.09034930914640427,
-0.2595990300178528,
-0.2906762659549713,
-0.3001934885978699,
0.03926179185509682,
-0.41644880175590515,
-0.3652147054672241,
0.40883609652519226,
0.7771732807159424,
0.38972681760787964,
0.16974568367004395,
-0.9161161184310913,
-0.23936423659324646,
0.8742634654045105,
-0.5185407996177673,
0.28367164731025696,
-1.104184865951538,
0.53412926197052,
-0.12885496020317078,
-0.7687823176383972,
0.3575183153152466,
-0.7430751919746399,
-0.14842933416366577,
0.1442294865846634,
-0.05787194147706032,
-0.0938265398144722,
-0.409074604511261,
-0.8493940830230713,
0.18810749053955078,
0.04807104542851448,
0.10019738227128983,
0.0021249863784760237,
-0.04368099197745323,
0.03788459673523903,
0.2193775773048401,
-4.842907905578613,
0.07881390303373337,
0.009710020385682583,
0.17790734767913818,
0.41794276237487793,
0.7706857919692993,
0.19223347306251526,
-0.5895815491676331,
-0.8490962386131287,
0.1009894609451294,
0.2053631991147995,
0.10334462672472,
-0.46042126417160034,
0.29227524995803833,
0.07364386320114136,
0.15623454749584198,
0.3131329417228699,
-0.06510232388973236,
-0.1268659383058548,
0.15511329472064972,
-0.30420899391174316,
-0.3282654881477356,
0.4132539927959442,
-0.04678089916706085,
0.38817253708839417,
-0.12535999715328217,
0.23463323712348938,
-0.12626300752162933,
0.22250385582447052,
-0.2889176905155182,
0.10827988386154175,
-0.4441823363304138,
-0.6629520058631897,
0.5108835697174072,
-0.2495282143354416,
0.26344940066337585,
1.2460930347442627,
0.8554938435554504,
0.601530909538269,
-0.3288661539554596,
-0.49043720960617065,
-0.012084746733307838,
0.3630589246749878,
0.46317166090011597,
0.2706149220466614,
0.3290337026119232,
-0.061440516263246536,
-0.25299763679504395,
-0.29558542370796204,
1.4464484453201294,
0.02360355854034424,
0.49516743421554565,
0.5478440523147583,
0.42837631702423096,
0.49713465571403503,
0.07397688925266266,
0.8996603488922119,
-0.008406688459217548,
-0.02257642149925232,
0.22036127746105194,
1.1617239713668823,
-0.4816040098667145,
-0.8328820466995239,
-1.29611074924469,
0.5927844643592834,
-0.28643926978111267,
-0.6098085045814514,
0.9759575128555298,
0.5786264538764954,
0.271649032831192,
-0.3843334913253784,
0.244340181350708,
-0.29936492443084717,
-0.990885317325592,
0.9267019033432007,
0.18277253210544586,
0.2746383249759674,
-0.29255518317222595,
-0.04133131727576256,
0.3826124966144562,
0.3544295132160187,
-0.41890591382980347,
0.2606964111328125,
0.3824889361858368,
-0.21183845400810242,
-0.759750247001648,
-0.5146254897117615,
0.40648216009140015,
-0.40091070532798767,
-0.04686282202601433,
0.025319324806332588,
0.13152217864990234,
0.1736081838607788,
0.35657134652137756,
0.058554507791996,
0.6711729764938354,
0.45531487464904785,
-0.11398584395647049,
-0.035525981336832047,
-1.101766586303711,
0.5892899036407471,
-0.2994317412376404,
-0.0995255559682846,
0.708260178565979,
-0.5251132249832153,
-1.3626610040664673,
-0.582349956035614,
0.2921874225139618,
0.568448543548584,
-0.31794607639312744,
0.8380557298660278,
-0.07980120182037354,
0.14957700669765472,
-0.7519631385803223,
0.21091118454933167,
-0.10716740041971207,
-0.5845780372619629,
0.2833174765110016,
1.0127753019332886,
0.008217929862439632,
-0.12919752299785614,
0.5885993838310242,
-0.7098349332809448,
0.20737585425376892,
-0.4749055504798889,
0.643145740032196,
0.1405334770679474,
0.20723137259483337,
-0.7389152646064758,
-0.8053044676780701,
-0.34972289204597473,
-0.029764661565423012,
-0.6236746311187744,
0.08996255695819855,
-0.17781390249729156,
-0.3995603322982788,
-0.3862317204475403,
0.47033751010894775,
0.11517723649740219,
-0.016900135204195976,
0.25031742453575134,
-0.76973956823349,
-0.16577979922294617,
-0.33516764640808105,
0.3213943839073181,
0.054688964039087296,
0.20234261453151703,
-0.5172274708747864,
-0.4779643416404724,
0.9880356788635254,
0.6412091851234436,
-0.5860078930854797,
0.09889336675405502,
-0.8360015153884888,
0.4751931428909302,
0.03477340564131737,
-0.005215631332248449,
0.3469483554363251,
0.042870618402957916,
-1.2890537977218628,
-0.15095677971839905,
0.10282059758901596,
-0.4929770827293396,
0.2925907075405121,
0.6004971861839294,
0.2474297434091568,
-0.5982679128646851,
-0.9582128524780273,
-0.4848228991031647,
-0.12519823014736176,
-0.17252786457538605,
-0.022799327969551086,
-0.2262037694454193,
-0.5785998106002808,
0.12560918927192688,
-0.273735910654068,
0.11869227886199951,
-0.13420389592647552,
-0.4296029508113861,
-0.37715059518814087,
-0.03961489349603653,
-0.2961316406726837,
0.1670358031988144,
-0.682300329208374,
0.36742255091667175,
-0.9260556697845459,
-0.2410081923007965,
-0.5052525997161865,
-0.6685673594474792,
-0.08298881351947784,
0.6523616909980774,
0.5131443738937378,
0.4724780321121216,
-0.133140429854393,
-0.4340434670448303,
0.21922270953655243,
0.2372226119041443,
0.3899683952331543,
-0.4400278329849243,
-1.3556305170059204,
-0.7339182496070862,
0.27748674154281616,
0.14754781126976013,
0.22611883282661438,
0.524355411529541,
-0.37676697969436646,
0.895824134349823,
0.2544434666633606,
-0.557789146900177,
0.2414025068283081,
-0.02518279477953911,
-0.6871122121810913,
-0.6593508124351501,
-0.12453263998031616,
0.2728898823261261,
0.17144402861595154,
0.5588526725769043,
0.05034691467881203,
-0.8018219470977783,
-0.055806275457143784,
-0.3714222311973572,
-0.14036260545253754,
-0.1798568218946457,
-0.3663865923881531,
-0.6319752931594849,
0.39214837551116943,
0.03334890305995941,
0.07252240926027298,
0.7169490456581116,
-0.40563899278640747,
-0.4460686445236206,
-0.22591529786586761,
0.21195834875106812,
-0.08142242580652237,
-0.6928061842918396,
-0.07219597697257996,
0.1702808290719986,
0.3710557818412781,
-0.13865433633327484,
-0.010372432880103588,
1.0019078254699707,
0.8304531574249268,
0.5829688310623169,
0.31271830201148987,
0.4881092309951782,
-0.3738345205783844,
0.12583568692207336,
-0.4250863194465637,
-0.2015925943851471,
0.560262143611908,
0.7585662603378296,
0.041759807616472244,
-0.5854805111885071,
0.20030789077281952,
1.104018211364746,
-0.753048300743103,
0.29000815749168396,
-0.030070839449763298,
-0.2722434103488922,
0.07543370872735977,
-0.18569427728652954,
0.02412962168455124,
-0.22855022549629211,
0.07669771462678909,
-0.7563619017601013,
-0.3811820447444916,
-0.27460747957229614,
-0.057799238711595535,
0.9735817909240723,
-0.6664954423904419,
0.045856211334466934,
0.14502403140068054,
-0.08770884573459625,
0.22660639882087708,
0.033401139080524445,
-0.5838360786437988,
0.7843777537345886,
-0.8397631049156189,
0.7755545377731323,
-0.2390899807214737,
-0.3139347434043884,
0.00767270103096962,
0.3389733135700226,
-0.003786094021052122,
-0.3724645674228668,
-0.6395609974861145,
-0.6842404007911682,
-0.20769935846328735,
-0.2589680552482605,
-0.1892227679491043,
-0.3847672939300537,
-0.3381662368774414,
-0.3258166015148163,
-0.4695112407207489,
-0.06030643731355667,
0.0664430633187294,
0.5058180093765259,
0.410430371761322,
-0.41210323572158813,
0.36281299591064453,
-0.050280217081308365,
0.800041675567627,
0.3711708188056946,
-0.10987261682748795,
-0.04540616273880005,
0.21746717393398285,
0.025371700525283813,
-0.2163350135087967,
0.04339854046702385,
-0.1672227382659912,
0.33683401346206665,
-0.530637800693512,
0.12505705654621124,
1.1074142456054688,
-0.3330097496509552,
0.4060409367084503,
0.27891868352890015,
-0.7785128951072693,
-0.14768853783607483,
0.66227787733078,
-0.11279524862766266,
0.39118829369544983,
-0.03250287473201752,
-0.05439900979399681,
-0.2891446352005005,
-0.4384555220603943,
-0.7795217633247375,
0.18457430601119995,
0.17417652904987335,
0.32804733514785767,
0.8186792731285095,
0.6599066257476807,
-1.1403100490570068,
0.6834368705749512,
-0.6225098371505737,
-0.08298109471797943,
-0.12857036292552948,
-0.30182722210884094,
0.6756575107574463,
0.9096730947494507,
0.49581602215766907,
0.42151567339897156,
0.18460163474082947,
-0.09775246679782867,
-0.30448248982429504,
0.5328141450881958,
-0.4725055992603302,
-0.4616831839084625,
0.6233254671096802,
-0.01769239641726017,
0.2535386085510254,
0.3283723294734955,
0.8978598713874817,
0.05801673233509064,
0.4921051561832428,
0.02477513998746872,
0.6701812148094177,
-0.2780427932739258,
-0.16327427327632904,
0.3120433986186981,
-0.12904024124145508,
0.20526523888111115,
0.18493983149528503,
-0.14074397087097168,
-0.7694385647773743,
0.0056494008749723434,
0.039936698973178864,
0.24624153971672058,
0.02751884236931801,
0.25037881731987,
0.4134596288204193,
0.055239081382751465,
0.13002924621105194,
-0.36430513858795166,
0.16787253320217133,
0.29950734972953796,
-0.24631080031394958,
0.1370128095149994,
0.4761633276939392,
0.16575859487056732,
-0.6723787188529968,
0.1943817436695099,
-0.2190135419368744,
-0.28540244698524475,
0.37463775277137756,
-0.4732259511947632,
0.044458240270614624,
0.08513063937425613,
0.6589465141296387,
-0.011827705428004265,
0.0017780017806217074,
-0.9227398633956909,
0.12486516684293747,
-0.03429926559329033,
-0.10620389133691788,
0.01565014384686947,
-0.13200268149375916,
0.5061757564544678,
0.5125353932380676,
-0.6129047274589539,
0.11906342953443527,
0.6118904948234558,
-0.7919214963912964,
-0.6846023797988892,
0.31434786319732666,
0.7929880619049072,
-0.2577831447124481,
0.5691558122634888,
-0.7303845286369324,
-0.07876370847225189,
0.23671643435955048,
0.14357171952724457,
-0.4174697995185852,
0.32943424582481384,
-0.13599729537963867,
-0.1890755295753479,
0.7692148089408875,
-0.1537054479122162,
-0.07818960398435593,
0.1177816092967987,
0.15497340261936188,
-0.04080650955438614,
-0.26931166648864746,
0.26953384280204773,
-0.10619443655014038,
-0.24053817987442017,
-0.15672940015792847,
0.12165430933237076,
-0.9842897057533264,
0.7973460555076599,
0.3786531686782837,
-0.44865724444389343,
-0.48531728982925415,
-0.8435947895050049,
-0.3857971727848053,
-0.17713215947151184,
0.5071924924850464,
0.6700330376625061,
-0.010415232740342617,
-0.20612671971321106,
0.24450041353702545,
0.2364426553249359,
-0.12854407727718353,
0.3553796708583832,
-0.39718177914619446,
0.12687517702579498,
-0.5906073451042175,
-0.9969982504844666,
-0.5867867469787598,
0.34703099727630615,
0.33562856912612915,
0.15195703506469727,
0.13163967430591583,
-0.37897634506225586,
-0.4657916724681854,
-0.1519441157579422,
-0.1872379034757614,
-0.19108526408672333,
0.14424219727516174,
0.511288583278656
] |
210368
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokonon
|
Bokonon
|
Bokonon may refer to:
Bokonon, a character in the book Cat's Cradle
Bokonon, a diviner among the Fon people (see also :pt:Bokonon)
|
[
-0.16122110188007355,
0.41597017645835876,
-0.5140376687049866,
-0.644871711730957,
-0.40528208017349243,
0.9530089497566223,
0.3597636818885803,
0.4769987463951111,
-0.6457279920578003,
-0.06948261708021164,
-0.8719954490661621,
0.27935194969177246,
-0.42475035786628723,
0.27841293811798096,
-0.46794578433036804,
0.21175193786621094,
0.627599835395813,
0.8911981582641602,
-0.4371524155139923,
-0.8100989460945129,
-0.0703701376914978,
-0.436252236366272,
0.04983966797590256,
-0.013812760822474957,
0.39468517899513245,
0.41399946808815,
0.4338556230068207,
0.11833393573760986,
-0.06885416805744171,
0.2705613672733307,
-0.07367345690727234,
0.5614270567893982,
0.34259679913520813,
-0.5659993290901184,
0.22952568531036377,
0.09955313056707382,
-0.020981905981898308,
-0.3570578694343567,
-0.31676653027534485,
0.08501683175563812,
0.5730386972427368,
0.3339711129665375,
0.19863580167293549,
1.0095561742782593,
-0.06442144513130188,
-0.35295721888542175,
-1.8278335332870483,
0.29365256428718567,
-0.6383708715438843,
-0.2189960777759552,
-0.49118879437446594,
0.08524168282747269,
-0.2705268859863281,
0.0037783521693199873,
0.2619730830192566,
1.0133055448532104,
-0.9256393909454346,
0.12513938546180725,
0.5326880812644958,
-0.11440665274858475,
0.06101732328534126,
-0.2484702616930008,
0.42145565152168274,
-0.06119184568524361,
-0.4973388612270355,
0.34809786081314087,
0.1838732659816742,
0.5391170382499695,
-0.27853038907051086,
-0.21267682313919067,
-0.48886698484420776,
0.34389400482177734,
-0.3109172284603119,
0.012829463928937912,
-0.3453652262687683,
-0.4791897237300873,
-0.1665116548538208,
-0.46368545293807983,
0.7164351344108582,
0.403804212808609,
-0.16004244983196259,
0.09835592657327652,
0.5501075387001038,
0.153228297829628,
0.2087734341621399,
0.22261908650398254,
-0.29429131746292114,
-0.09366103261709213,
-0.48660776019096375,
0.2721777558326721,
0.23009520769119263,
-0.7953184247016907,
-0.16031339764595032,
0.3619881570339203,
-0.6024324297904968,
-0.10373073816299438,
-0.05116881802678108,
-0.019582994282245636,
-0.2541302442550659,
-0.10007867962121964,
-0.11661067605018616,
0.12274051457643509,
-0.06554226577281952,
0.008974859490990639,
-0.697893500328064,
-0.27157843112945557,
-0.27931922674179077,
-0.23137031495571136,
0.25833413004875183,
-0.35095837712287903,
-0.8796230554580688,
0.3781483769416809,
0.19411829113960266,
0.17062492668628693,
0.05978326499462128,
-0.27273157238960266,
-0.24768583476543427,
-0.08388311415910721,
-0.45263975858688354,
0.07386645674705505,
0.17931592464447021,
0.5998143553733826,
-0.0565984807908535,
0.5029507875442505,
0.42505767941474915,
-0.08032803982496262,
0.16628552973270416,
0.3674685060977936,
-0.3703155219554901,
0.26994335651397705,
0.6528825759887695,
0.44130098819732666,
0.08111489564180374,
-0.037012435495853424,
0.24882377684116364,
-0.2221415489912033,
0.05754532665014267,
-0.13806051015853882,
0.103053018450737,
0.2402416318655014,
-1.0679587125778198,
0.11566917598247528,
-0.68107670545578,
0.7947894334793091,
0.27548569440841675,
-0.13814222812652588,
-0.23246118426322937,
0.10445812344551086,
0.20403137803077698,
0.17356181144714355,
0.011963258497416973,
0.047211796045303345,
0.11425173282623291,
0.3655531704425812,
-0.665532648563385,
0.2891017198562622,
0.03726263716816902,
0.18537700176239014,
0.12249433994293213,
-0.1661708503961563,
0.023922685533761978,
0.08187268674373627,
-0.31513985991477966,
-0.268837571144104,
-0.2554055452346802,
-0.308500200510025,
0.8646154999732971,
0.17701120674610138,
-0.3760058879852295,
0.17761197686195374,
-0.30315014719963074,
-0.06907469779253006,
0.32601454854011536,
-0.3552393615245819,
-0.18340031802654266,
0.1417657881975174,
0.7661725282669067,
-0.1247764378786087,
-0.07487218081951141,
-0.08211412280797958,
-0.7468951940536499,
0.21264441311359406,
-0.05755433067679405,
-0.6063500046730042,
0.464212566614151,
0.4456847906112671,
-0.11756183952093124,
0.2515352666378021,
-0.27271315455436707,
-0.17085163295269012,
-0.6252530217170715,
-0.7763718366622925,
0.23246902227401733,
-0.09328482300043106,
0.8556138873100281,
-0.11258741468191147,
-0.3386053442955017,
0.3558531105518341,
0.20725464820861816,
0.3666404187679291,
-0.6093065142631531,
-0.49037402868270874,
0.10503414273262024,
-0.06683022528886795,
-0.42197757959365845,
0.8583552241325378,
-0.3203555643558502,
0.5258798003196716,
0.6577243208885193,
0.18645894527435303,
1.0296200513839722,
0.13633647561073303,
0.1782030165195465,
-0.23067507147789001,
-0.12122802436351776,
0.039578456431627274,
-0.35627293586730957,
0.09036503732204437,
-0.048361510038375854,
0.11648880690336227,
0.2274123728275299,
-0.3229384124279022,
-0.174146831035614,
0.006549854297190905,
0.38122665882110596,
0.7835626006126404,
-0.1255207657814026,
-0.22184452414512634,
0.312653124332428,
0.09313344210386276,
0.05863550305366516,
0.6606767177581787,
-0.027549708262085915,
-0.30936211347579956,
-0.6142288446426392,
-0.5742618441581726,
0.43165135383605957,
-0.27887430787086487,
0.05927617475390434,
-0.013044923543930054,
-0.034567344933748245,
0.2917815148830414,
-0.27911126613616943,
-0.313104510307312,
0.39512985944747925,
0.26406586170196533,
-0.361492782831192,
-0.017742354422807693,
0.08227204531431198,
-0.043489597737789154,
-0.032886963337659836,
0.4123505651950836,
0.47413170337677,
-0.14230328798294067,
0.45757433772087097,
-0.19726823270320892,
-0.29729247093200684,
-0.1904541403055191,
0.3774528205394745,
-0.05313444137573242,
-0.11923273652791977,
0.018102232366800308,
-0.004275460261851549,
-0.3627541661262512,
-0.26766330003738403,
-0.7372218370437622,
0.14120544493198395,
0.057678379118442535,
0.7449519634246826,
0.16633985936641693,
0.03650667145848274,
-0.12081003189086914,
-0.5397992730140686,
-0.12959536910057068,
-0.2131091058254242,
-0.4073173701763153,
0.22275473177433014,
0.20389193296432495,
-0.5950084924697876,
-1.1037198305130005,
-0.2522459030151367,
0.8277388215065002,
0.25104525685310364,
-0.13548266887664795,
0.022073039785027504,
-0.05842648446559906,
0.026409940794110298,
-0.5391302704811096,
0.3755262792110443,
-0.05938325822353363,
-0.2564963102340698,
0.3875913619995117,
-0.017669202759861946,
-0.39753827452659607,
0.07340045273303986,
0.3526507318019867,
-0.12026157230138779,
0.31308960914611816,
0.0739392638206482,
-0.7171276211738586,
0.20123593509197235,
0.30788329243659973,
-0.19950707256793976,
0.24175278842449188,
0.8684614896774292,
0.08954975008964539,
-0.08706574887037277,
0.18292781710624695,
-5.939403057098389,
0.45553651452064514,
-0.4276285767555237,
-0.4642389118671417,
0.37054893374443054,
0.24917839467525482,
0.7332726120948792,
-0.04294915869832039,
0.46472370624542236,
-0.23133216798305511,
-0.611623227596283,
-0.3234536945819855,
-0.06544925272464752,
0.47896531224250793,
0.08745389431715012,
0.21075329184532166,
-0.2555694580078125,
0.4059354066848755,
0.06960158795118332,
0.13223275542259216,
0.34543997049331665,
-0.062465108931064606,
-0.7856012582778931,
0.6946271657943726,
0.3393227159976959,
0.49256768822669983,
-0.31117698550224304,
-0.24099357426166534,
-0.346895694732666,
-0.19620691239833832,
0.26888951659202576,
-0.040459807962179184,
0.14194582402706146,
-0.6120023131370544,
-0.18775983154773712,
0.06050853803753853,
0.38202956318855286,
0.07300740480422974,
0.3856760561466217,
0.10567481815814972,
-0.47519418597221375,
-0.10023155063390732,
-0.25265806913375854,
-0.09038567543029785,
0.44280165433883667,
-0.13652627170085907,
-0.6062007546424866,
-0.4905136525630951,
-0.4525594115257263,
0.33930811285972595,
0.04145651310682297,
-0.40764120221138,
0.06500660628080368,
0.0015347172738984227,
0.6251668334007263,
-0.19166795909404755,
-0.014916199259459972,
0.0024524505715817213,
0.014794887974858284,
0.3947213590145111,
0.6280291676521301,
-0.14014312624931335,
-0.19124096632003784,
-0.6535949110984802,
-0.13512462377548218,
-0.40158116817474365,
0.05085718259215355,
-0.5288320183753967,
0.04394879937171936,
0.15059281885623932,
-0.3084191083908081,
0.08819619566202164,
-0.46457868814468384,
-0.9117773771286011,
0.08983675390481949,
0.05594054237008095,
-1.0926405191421509,
0.14296311140060425,
-0.09357893466949463,
0.17025808990001678,
-0.49552589654922485,
-0.739122211933136,
-0.23068663477897644,
0.34504517912864685,
-0.1965978741645813,
-0.5960614681243896,
-0.20154346525669098,
-0.15421386063098907,
-0.26361414790153503,
-0.11368212848901749,
0.7905865907669067,
-0.6022413969039917,
0.13350407779216766,
0.26269689202308655,
0.38413500785827637,
0.4460035562515259,
0.024943316355347633,
0.1873321384191513,
0.32041090726852417,
0.09440635144710541,
0.13960085809230804,
-0.18563280999660492,
0.10224046558141708,
-0.023891225457191467,
0.2584240734577179,
-0.3004213869571686,
-0.10665283352136612,
0.27007123827934265,
0.3964543342590332,
0.38793492317199707,
0.09897182136774063,
-0.08045928180217743,
-0.22663044929504395,
-0.15294305980205536,
0.47695308923721313,
0.18078121542930603,
0.6185672283172607,
0.28374844789505005,
0.24661214649677277,
0.14428724348545074,
0.10003417730331421,
0.4602511525154114,
-0.3569398522377014,
-0.31819164752960205,
0.22080253064632416,
-0.38827767968177795,
-0.06713686883449554,
0.025142977014183998,
-0.07601962238550186,
-0.028159163892269135,
0.17894910275936127,
0.0664573609828949,
0.32628893852233887,
-0.3532352149486542,
-0.12300196290016174,
-0.35944366455078125,
-0.414581835269928,
-0.6097205281257629,
-0.0013773912796750665,
-0.35217633843421936,
-0.14935825765132904,
-0.5521364808082581,
-0.2198076695203781,
0.41316184401512146,
-0.03855695575475693,
0.4053245186805725,
0.02828834392130375,
0.22702673077583313,
-0.5562793016433716,
0.3047284483909607,
0.21188528835773468,
-0.019192824140191078,
0.9950125813484192,
-0.4690541625022888,
-0.49304425716400146,
0.1503617912530899,
-0.008268402889370918,
0.7618154287338257,
0.08400562405586243,
-0.1854206770658493,
-0.07639803737401962,
-0.6147135496139526,
-0.7727144360542297,
-0.06140130013227463,
0.09890425950288773,
-0.36026066541671753,
-0.22551970183849335,
-0.6813667416572571,
0.1090041920542717,
0.7081441283226013,
0.43195459246635437,
-0.45182642340660095,
-0.840827465057373,
0.19802987575531006,
0.25407674908638,
-0.3743550181388855,
0.0330304317176342,
0.4157739281654358,
-0.4067578911781311,
-0.08655781298875809,
-0.2749970853328705,
0.26069700717926025,
0.6112989783287048,
-0.05270553380250931,
0.6533523797988892,
-0.08438785374164581,
-0.08220300823450089,
-0.10815336555242538,
-0.37245237827301025,
-0.2957698404788971,
0.31131622195243835,
0.5101770162582397,
-0.2396543025970459,
0.27008408308029175,
-0.0026917385403066874,
-0.23977182805538177,
-0.20421871542930603,
0.3669779598712921,
0.16448886692523956,
-0.2519209682941437,
0.07346464693546295,
0.3317190706729889,
-0.4101725220680237,
0.5627977848052979,
0.3748701810836792,
-0.6631093621253967,
0.734298050403595,
0.10254561901092529,
-0.41036471724510193,
-0.017593592405319214,
-0.20896518230438232,
-0.2297459989786148,
0.0031185017433017492,
0.1942942887544632,
-0.42902737855911255,
-0.02477615885436535,
0.4696822762489319,
0.1044502779841423,
-0.4084123969078064,
-0.8629152774810791,
-0.13656790554523468,
-0.7646845579147339,
-0.06203560531139374,
0.2382936179637909,
-0.04980131983757019,
0.33286550641059875,
0.40953946113586426,
-0.25053083896636963,
0.5872401595115662,
-0.4203835427761078,
0.14014597237110138,
0.038736555725336075,
0.05603449419140816,
0.5078232884407043,
0.004078291822224855,
0.24478848278522491,
0.21263478696346283,
0.2535327970981598,
0.36765894293785095,
0.10176260769367218,
0.5105456113815308,
0.26058316230773926,
-0.07073991000652313,
0.2022523432970047,
-0.549543023109436,
0.6839966773986816,
-0.1424168199300766,
-0.1640896499156952,
-0.17842715978622437,
-0.08888629823923111,
0.22445626556873322,
-0.10532025247812271,
-0.09508879482746124,
-0.31374606490135193,
0.6757863759994507,
-0.34988290071487427,
-0.40886765718460083,
0.5858492851257324,
0.3128833472728729,
0.2128107100725174,
0.335193395614624,
0.03667405620217323,
-0.028076263144612312,
0.5730600953102112,
0.036080338060855865,
0.3955424427986145,
-0.7430295348167419,
-0.32885029911994934,
0.2345409095287323,
-0.5786811709403992,
-0.8146315813064575,
-0.18714280426502228,
0.595571756362915,
0.41762733459472656,
0.04753437265753746,
-0.1513461023569107,
-0.19773943722248077,
-0.2833937406539917,
-0.6242201328277588,
-0.133179172873497,
-0.3728763461112976,
0.050586286932229996,
-0.08401176333427429,
-0.1730465590953827,
0.4054279327392578,
-0.5044122934341431,
0.11239869892597198,
-0.16011634469032288,
-0.2581440210342407,
-0.41197770833969116,
-0.2900815010070801,
0.7413445711135864,
-0.05264441668987274,
0.12090010195970535,
-0.07529521733522415,
-0.08280723541975021,
0.3012213706970215,
0.023285431787371635,
0.38772183656692505,
-0.12638957798480988,
-0.7159981727600098,
0.21745668351650238,
0.16401202976703644,
-0.467133104801178,
0.5403115749359131,
0.22767344117164612,
-0.009076070971786976,
0.1488926112651825,
-0.4136524498462677,
0.5030457377433777,
-0.006879901513457298,
0.14731650054454803,
0.061994172632694244,
0.9160270690917969,
0.018085556104779243,
-0.09556911140680313,
0.01584519073367119,
-0.8236753940582275,
0.12385007739067078,
0.42176076769828796,
0.5264379978179932,
-0.20974712073802948,
0.4113273620605469,
0.6114962697029114,
0.22516310214996338,
0.5469787120819092,
-0.5027772188186646,
0.0735124796628952,
0.32069578766822815,
0.15561769902706146,
0.26995983719825745,
0.07114894688129425,
-0.26710623502731323,
0.3316118121147156,
0.004707840736955404,
-0.4794541895389557,
-0.09132920950651169,
-0.26386481523513794,
-0.2180575132369995,
1.1350195407867432,
0.20891942083835602,
0.27647489309310913,
-0.9014269709587097,
0.07000131160020828,
0.4072190821170807,
-0.013107748702168465,
0.022622551769018173,
0.09637373685836792,
0.42920055985450745,
0.3480618894100189,
0.15997199714183807,
0.04602719098329544,
-0.23044447600841522,
-0.5840773582458496,
-0.16858893632888794,
0.09071103483438492,
-0.006001544650644064,
-0.006274075713008642,
-0.3231186270713806,
0.169325053691864,
-0.012844611890614033,
-0.08057543635368347,
0.7471276521682739,
0.17494980990886688,
0.26843586564064026,
0.07682398706674576,
-0.6507349014282227,
-0.5767567753791809,
-0.04772401601076126,
0.6361173987388611,
0.41619694232940674,
0.35033607482910156,
0.12859764695167542,
0.3277306854724884,
-0.1393517404794693,
0.5088488459587097,
0.023584892973303795,
0.3338960111141205,
-0.23041318356990814,
-0.3188008964061737,
-0.23181557655334473,
-0.05401734262704849,
-0.18780721724033356,
-0.04216543585062027,
0.6227215528488159,
-0.29925084114074707,
0.19553706049919128,
0.34645405411720276,
-0.8155519366264343,
-0.06392654031515121,
0.22751767933368683,
-0.11730320751667023,
-0.14375640451908112,
0.12991583347320557,
0.08924868702888489,
-0.22398731112480164,
-0.1191680058836937,
0.5964257121086121,
-0.19473133981227875,
0.3385632634162903,
0.10543330758810043,
-0.006820112466812134,
0.31244876980781555,
0.31486865878105164,
-0.20195499062538147,
-0.15509670972824097,
-0.3362521529197693,
0.25863468647003174,
-0.47820961475372314,
0.029932446777820587,
0.3897373676300049,
0.2756037414073944,
0.23677438497543335,
-0.010960022918879986,
0.5507835149765015,
-0.08067414909601212,
0.29299196600914,
-0.2696399986743927,
-0.018505657091736794,
-0.4765052795410156,
0.2687649726867676,
-0.5265363454818726,
0.17480409145355225,
0.7519441843032837,
-0.18273800611495972,
-0.661247730255127,
0.3895524740219116,
-0.13431555032730103,
-0.8271070718765259,
0.44847747683525085,
-0.21671733260154724,
-0.08222309499979019,
-0.6275649070739746,
-0.3054065704345703,
-0.2522319257259369,
-0.4807382822036743,
0.5592902898788452,
0.3588067591190338,
-0.001047514844685793,
-0.5212990641593933,
-0.290220707654953,
-0.5592324137687683,
0.28765061497688293,
0.5301672220230103,
-0.5475664138793945,
0.023754138499498367,
-0.11843474209308624,
-0.4295262396335602,
-0.6541138291358948,
0.022516606375575066,
0.48981359601020813,
-0.14921478927135468,
-0.13575056195259094,
0.08762876689434052,
0.13697144389152527,
-0.32192760705947876,
0.07099156081676483,
-0.18689611554145813,
0.5108790397644043,
0.3434823453426361
] |
210372
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish%20War%20%281741%E2%80%931743%29
|
Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
|
The Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 (also known as The War of the Hats) was instigated by the Hats, a Swedish political party that aspired to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War, and by French diplomacy, which sought to divert Russia's attention from supporting its long-standing ally the Habsburg monarchy in the War of the Austrian Succession. The war was a disaster for Sweden, which lost more territory to Russia.
Swedish preparations
Swedish officer Malcolm Sinclair undertook a trip with the aim of trying to arrange a safer way of diplomatic communications between Sweden and the Ottoman Empire in 1738. He brought an extra copy of a letter intended for the Swedish ministers in Constantinople on the subject of negotiations with the Ottoman Empire on a possible alliance against Russia. Although the diplomatic mission was kept in high secrecy the Russian Minister Plenipotentiary in Stockholm, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, became aware of it and forwarded the information to the Russian government. Sinclair accomplished his mission and at the beginning of April 1739 left Constantinople. On 17 June, between Grüneberg (Zielona Góra) and Neustadt (Prudnik), he was overtaken by two Russian officers, captain Kütler and lieutenant Lewitzki, who were dispatched by Münnich with an order to "catch up" the envoy. The officers took away from Sinclair his diplomatic papers, pulled him out of the coach and took him aside to a forest where he was killed and looted. The Russian government denied the responsibility for the assassination. In Sweden the assassination brought tremendous resentment around the country and hatred towards Russia.
In the summer of 1740, the commander of Swedish forces in Finland, General Carl Cronstedt, was removed from his post due to his opposition to the planned war and Charles Emil Lewenhaupt was elevated to the vacant position. However, Finnish defenses had fallen into disrepair as most of the funds for their support were used elsewhere in the kingdom. Neither had any preparations been made as a result of what had taken place in the Great Northern War. In the end what funds that were allocated for Finland were used for preparations for offensive war instead of strengthening the defenses.
The Swedish war plan was to first capture Vyborg and then advance further towards Saint Petersburg. The objective of these maneuvers was to threaten Saint Petersburg and to set the stage for a coup d'état engineered by French and Swedish diplomats and aimed at toppling the pro-Austrian regime of Anna Leopoldovna. The coup did take place in December, but the new empress, Elizaveta Petrovna, reneged on her promises to return the Baltic provinces to Sweden and continued the vigorous prosecution of the war, under the guidance of her pro-Austrian chancellor, Aleksey Bestuzhev.
While Swedish troops were being deployed at the Russian border, near Villmanstrand () and Frederikshamn (), Swedish naval forces consisting of ten ships of the line and four frigates under Admiral Tomas von Rajalin and 20 galley strong rowing fleet under Admiral Abraham Falkengren moved on 20 May 1741 to the islands near the border. While standing idle an epidemic broke out in the fleet largely paralyzing it and claiming the life of Admiral von Rajalin. The Swedish declaration of war in late July had been intended to coincide with the invasion but now it failed to do so since the fleet was unable to take action and concentration of the ground forces had not yet been carried out. The situation was not improved by the fact that Lewenhaupt arrived in Finland two months after the declaration of war and command of the army fell to General Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock.
First year of the war
Due to Swedish inaction, the Russians seized the initiative and struck first with an army of 16,000 men under Field-Marshal Peter Lacy advancing from Vyborg (, ) towards Villmanstrand (). Using nearly fourfold superiority in numbers, the Russians inflicted a major defeat on the Swedish garrison led by General Carl Henrik Wrangel. Blame for the defeat at Villmanstrand was placed on General von Buddenbrock who had not believed that the Russians were seriously attacking and did not move to aid Wrangel.
Lewenhaupt, who arrived ten days after the defeat, tried to organize a joint operation by both land and naval forces towards Vyborg but Admiral Aron Sjöstierna, who took von Rajalin's position, made it clear that the fleet would not be able to do it. The Russian fleet had also fallen into disrepair and was unable to take part in the fighting in 1741. Sjöstierna sailed home on 22 September and the commander of the remaining Swedish vessels ignored Lewenhaupt's attempts to persuade him to sail to Beryozovye Islands (, ) and instead sailed back to Sweden on 27 October. Operations on the land front also came to a halt when an armistice was agreed to with Russia in early December.
Second year of the war
The Russians reneged on their ceasefire agreement early in March 1742 but a harsh winter made it impossible for the main armies to operate. Light Russian cavalry forces (cossacks and hussars) raided the Swedish side of the border but were often repulsed by local populations. In March, the Russians, under the command of Woldemar Lowendal, also attempted to raid the Swedish anchorage near Frederikshamn over ice, but the harsh weather made it impossible. Swedish General Lewenhaupt planned to renew the attack against Vyborg in the spring of 1742. Swedish naval units required to support the attack started to arrive in mid May. However, since the naval commanders had been ordered to patrol between Reval and Helsingfors they refused to follow Lewenhaupt's orders.
The main Swedish fleet arrived on 3 June from Sweden under Admiral Sjöstierna and consisted of fifteen ships of the line and five frigates. The fleet sailed to Äspö () (25 km SSE from modern-day Kotka). A week later, a galley fleet commanded by Admiral Falkengren joined the main fleet, bringing 25 galleys and some support ships. However, unlike in the previous year, the Russian fleet was also active with a galley fleet of 45 galleys under General and an open sea fleet of at least 12 ships of the line under Admiral . Regardless, Lewenhaupt held a council of war on 5 June in an attempt to get naval units to sail to the Beryozovye Islands (, ) but the naval commanders judged the risk for the fleet to be too great and Lewenhaupt was forced to back down from his plan.
Since the Swedish army remained inactive, the Russians again seized the initiative and moved onto the offensive. With the support of the Russian galley fleet, a 30,000 men strong Russian army under the command of Field-Marshal Lacy marched from Vyborg. It crossed the border on 13 June and then continued advancing towards Frederikshamn. The Swedes had prepared a strong defensive position outside of Frederikshamn, at Mäntlahti. The Swedish colonel defending the position had become aware of the Russian approach and withdrew all his forces from the fortified positions to Frederikshamn a day before the Russian attack, which was to take place on 25 June. However, the abandoned position was critical for the town's defense and by 28 June, the Swedish army under Lewenhaupt set the town on fire and started withdrawing.
Co-operation with Swedish naval and land forces did not go smoothly and instead of supporting the army, the bulk of the fleet sailed directly to Hangö when the army started its withdrawal. Galleys sailed to Pellinge (). This in turn cut off the army from its supply lines and Lewenhaupt started withdrawing further towards the army's supply depots at Borgå. Russians followed the withdrawing Swedes but no real action between the armies, apart from skirmishes between the Swedish rearguard and Russian cavalry patrols, took place. On 18 July after learning that Swedish garrisons further inland had left their posts, Lewenhaupt and the army council judged it to be best to withdraw to Helsingfors to prepare its defenses.
The Swedes started to dismantle and transport away the food and supply stores concentrated in Borgå. On 27 July Russians arrived in the vicinity and moved into Borgå on 30 July, which the Swedish army had abandoned one day earlier. The Swedish withdrawal, which had lasted nearly two months, finally ended in Helsingfors on 11 August. A couple of days later, the Russians had managed to completely surround the town on land. The Swedish galley fleet was stationed east of Helsingfors but judged its position to be untenable and withdraw into the town as well, allowing the Russian galley fleet to complete encirclement of the town after 20 August.
Before the town was completely cut off, on 19 August General Lewenhaupt and General Buddenbrock were summoned to proceed immediately to Stockholm for an inquiry into their actions. Both generals were imprisoned on their arrival and they were placed on trial. The deputy commander of Swedish forces, General Jean Louis Bousquet, signed a surrender document on 24 August. According to the terms of the document, the Finnish men were released from the army while the Swedish men were allowed to sail back home. All guns, supplies, and even fodder stores were to be given over to the Russians. All Swedish naval forces returned to Sweden in early September 1742. The Russians advanced all the way to Åland and cut Finland off from the rest of the Sweden. All of Finland fell under Russian occupation (1742–1743) which became later known as the Lesser Wrath ().
Third year of the war
The Swedish army retook Åland in March 1743 and at the start of May, a fleet of 16 ships of the line and 5 frigates under Admiral Jean von Utfall arrived to block the coastal sea route past Hangö. Admiral Falkengren's galley fleet was sent to Åland. The task of these naval forces was to prevent Russian forces from reaching Sweden. However, before the Swedish forces arrived, a Russian galley fleet under General James Francis Edward Keith passed Hangö. The Swedish galley fleet attacked the Russian galley fleet at the narrows of Korpoström, just south of the island of Korpo, where the Swedish attack was repulsed. Falkengren returned to Åland.
The Swedish open sea fleet at Hangö still blocked the passage of Field-Marshal Peter Lacy's 50 galley strong coastal fleet. However, on 7 June, a Russian fleet led by Admiral Nikolai Fedorovich Golovin managed to draw the Swedish fleet out of its anchorage while not actually engaging in a fight. This allowed the Russian galley fleet to safely pass the cape. The result was overwhelming Russian naval superiority in south-western Finland and areas near Åland, which forced the Swedish fleet to move to the west of Åland and hastened the peace negotiations. Admiral Golovin later faced a military tribunal for his refusal to engage the Swedish squadron of equal strength but was cleared when he referred to an edict from Peter the Great which stated that a Russian fleet should not engage in battle unless having 3:2 superiority or better. Swedish generals Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrock were both beheaded primarily as scapegoats for the failed war-policy of the ruling "Hat" faction.
Treaty of Åbo
As soon as hostilities ceased and the Russian army entered Turku (), the statesmen Alexander Rumyantsev and Ernst Nolken arrived at the city in order to discuss a peace settlement. The Tsarina promised to evacuate her army from Finland on the condition that Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp—that is, the uncle of her own heir apparent—was named as the heir to the throne of Sweden. (The latter had been offered the crown of Finland by the local lantdag). The Hats acquiesced in her proposal in the hope that Adolf Frederick would be able to obtain better terms from her. Elizabeth also wanted Russian forces to occupy Sweden in order to ensure Adolf Frederick's peaceful election, but this plan aroused the vehement opposition of the Swedish representatives and was abandoned.
While peace negotiations lumbered on Lacy—who had distinguished himself in similar operations during the Great Northern War—embarked from Kronstadt in order to effect a landing in Sweden proper. When the Baltic Fleet was approaching Umeå, news came that the Treaty of Åbo () had been finalized, with Sweden ceding to Russia the towns of Lappeenranta and Hamina and a strip of Finland to the northwest of Saint Petersburg. The Kymi River was to form part of the border between the two powers. The treaty marked the further decline of Sweden as a great power in Northern Europe.
The territory ceded to Russia was added to the Russian gains in the Treaty of Nystad () in 1721, under the Governorate of Vyborg. This was later incorporated into the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812.
See also
Anna Margareta Salmelin (1716–1789), a Finnish prisoner of war
Finnish War, a Russo-Swedish war in 1808–1809
Old Finland, the area that Russia gained from Sweden in war
References
Bibliography
Hatakka, Sampsa. "The supply challenges of the Swedish army during the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743". In Petri Talvitie & Juha-Matti Granqvist (Eds.), Civilians and military supply in early modern Finland (Helsinki University Press, 2021) pp. 177–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-10-6
Merovuo, Jenni. "‘Divided and validated’? The institutionalization of the Russo-Swedish border region in the 1743 peace treaty." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 66.4 (2017): 283-293. online
Шпилевская Н. Описание войны между Россией и Швецией в Финляндии в 1741, 1742 и 1743 гг. [N. Shpilevskaya. Description of the War between Russia and Sweden in Finland in 1741, 1742 and 1743]. Saint Petersburg, 1859.
1740s conflicts
1740s in the Russian Empire
1740s in Sweden
1740s in Finland
Russia–Sweden military relations
Wars involving Russia
Wars involving Sweden
Wars involving Finland
Sweden during the Age of Liberty
18th-century military history of the Russian Empire
1740s in Europe
1741 in the Russian Empire
1742 in the Russian Empire
1743 in the Russian Empire
1741 in Sweden
1742 in Sweden
1743 in Sweden
18th century in Sweden
|
[
-0.5084921717643738,
-0.034175217151641846,
0.08301660418510437,
0.3742494285106659,
-0.7926720380783081,
0.32518845796585083,
0.829414963722229,
-0.12148131430149078,
-0.47803598642349243,
-0.03823186829686165,
-0.0733700767159462,
0.05898183956742287,
-0.3157881200313568,
0.9936454892158508,
-0.7545168399810791,
0.6111800074577332,
0.5822190046310425,
-0.06013033166527748,
-0.11194595694541931,
-0.5135300755500793,
-0.08782355487346649,
-0.06969897449016571,
0.7593602538108826,
0.5756924152374268,
0.4030349552631378,
-0.18736249208450317,
0.7077720761299133,
0.01839704066514969,
0.4171171486377716,
-0.015441611409187317,
0.09814674407243729,
0.2741432189941406,
-0.18844568729400635,
-0.30459803342819214,
-0.15258340537548065,
0.2200208306312561,
-0.22530987858772278,
0.330020934343338,
-0.2437715381383896,
-0.48178404569625854,
-0.16767920553684235,
0.38785767555236816,
0.05312240123748779,
0.42253124713897705,
0.39768844842910767,
-0.6021469831466675,
-1.3294281959533691,
0.49063560366630554,
-0.00826509390026331,
-0.49419230222702026,
-0.3057876229286194,
0.13510002195835114,
0.28020012378692627,
0.3721522390842438,
-0.29953351616859436,
0.3448139429092407,
-0.7768675088882446,
-0.47151467204093933,
-0.21353670954704285,
-0.18438687920570374,
0.41140952706336975,
0.372406542301178,
0.35272857546806335,
-0.5016514658927917,
-0.012086517177522182,
-0.46793505549430847,
0.24940545856952667,
1.1014931201934814,
-0.17231199145317078,
-1.0079023838043213,
0.3772416114807129,
0.4153491258621216,
-0.11590732634067535,
-0.1487494707107544,
0.48032939434051514,
-0.8948156833648682,
0.292429655790329,
0.3829538822174072,
0.4573793411254883,
-0.10341246426105499,
-0.37236136198043823,
-0.3380221724510193,
0.5629332661628723,
-0.4553181529045105,
0.46735841035842896,
0.0519896075129509,
0.13783225417137146,
0.2131880670785904,
-0.50162273645401,
-0.09210477769374847,
0.47456467151641846,
-0.01755073480308056,
0.7619985342025757,
0.13750407099723816,
0.11782290786504745,
-0.02201484888792038,
0.3466275930404663,
0.5525233149528503,
-0.5966517329216003,
0.4258071184158325,
0.25174805521965027,
1.0951414108276367,
0.14438898861408234,
-0.11385056376457214,
-0.6141544580459595,
-0.6703645586967468,
0.10946625471115112,
-0.40992623567581177,
-0.11859317123889923,
0.1599360853433609,
-0.40970030426979065,
0.03727177530527115,
-0.06179160624742508,
0.072054922580719,
-0.41099393367767334,
0.3262714743614197,
-0.04303329810500145,
-0.5417822599411011,
0.6871790289878845,
0.7988579869270325,
-0.10803108662366867,
0.5799538493156433,
-0.7478593587875366,
0.22651436924934387,
-0.0317811518907547,
0.21733927726745605,
0.25214067101478577,
0.09875643998384476,
-0.46619901061058044,
-0.0541832409799099,
0.2174624651670456,
0.8100513815879822,
-0.33282485604286194,
0.0815836638212204,
-0.1856992542743683,
0.1374816745519638,
0.5411967039108276,
0.08548605442047119,
-0.5377686619758606,
-0.381470650434494,
-1.0462346076965332,
-0.8030336499214172,
-0.07530433684587479,
-0.012436078861355782,
0.13357381522655487,
-0.10568364709615707,
0.03520755097270012,
-0.23044650256633759,
-0.40118178725242615,
-0.42252930998802185,
-0.11398880928754807,
0.15155993402004242,
-0.48902416229248047,
-0.2729911208152771,
-0.023426435887813568,
0.5379337072372437,
0.6527739763259888,
-0.5569619536399841,
0.39090627431869507,
0.32026901841163635,
0.56974858045578,
0.31085526943206787,
-0.14193427562713623,
0.04466522857546806,
-0.2330338954925537,
-0.11697308719158173,
0.8255699276924133,
0.6768628358840942,
-0.18123318254947662,
-0.30645158886909485,
-0.06905537098646164,
0.4317566454410553,
0.24482926726341248,
0.05772009119391441,
0.7318828105926514,
0.8262487053871155,
0.5094992518424988,
0.27653494477272034,
0.548378050327301,
-0.4393429756164551,
-0.6562889218330383,
0.4544358551502228,
0.5081519484519958,
-0.4100596010684967,
0.30195561051368713,
1.2677243947982788,
0.2706449329853058,
-0.269609659910202,
-0.09221380203962326,
-0.276902973651886,
-0.14641472697257996,
-0.8098657727241516,
-0.11879824101924896,
-0.06574921309947968,
1.6193733215332031,
-0.08612791448831558,
-0.49442002177238464,
0.4073846638202667,
0.1666526049375534,
0.7899467945098877,
-0.4439381957054138,
-0.39532771706581116,
0.34069395065307617,
0.7165643572807312,
0.012510276399552822,
0.037057314068078995,
-0.6054579615592957,
0.4719157814979553,
0.25476905703544617,
0.631957471370697,
0.07421063631772995,
-0.8141640424728394,
0.08139948546886444,
-0.09933052957057953,
0.06030014529824257,
-0.23624718189239502,
-0.7403602004051208,
0.44995900988578796,
0.07044602185487747,
0.17208819091320038,
0.49303343892097473,
-0.42015600204467773,
-0.2770116329193115,
0.6982688903808594,
0.09719917923212051,
0.9023814797401428,
0.04026612266898155,
0.7164424657821655,
-0.18000200390815735,
-0.7210960984230042,
-0.043953172862529755,
0.15085729956626892,
-0.439677894115448,
-0.13237616419792175,
-0.2425609827041626,
-0.503818154335022,
-0.473394513130188,
-0.13881711661815643,
0.09104187786579132,
-0.4739871621131897,
0.29775604605674744,
0.4064312279224396,
0.07002227008342743,
0.4489077031612396,
-0.4358665943145752,
0.6778934001922607,
-0.2414168268442154,
-0.38351839780807495,
0.12546199560165405,
-0.34335237741470337,
-0.2671116888523102,
0.40115681290626526,
-0.6857285499572754,
-0.18052025139331818,
0.38430649042129517,
-0.5718215703964233,
0.5612958073616028,
-0.7507246136665344,
-0.3049333095550537,
0.014283384196460247,
0.2669316232204437,
0.04413916915655136,
0.039931923151016235,
-0.30648672580718994,
0.7388153672218323,
-0.0734051913022995,
-0.14504146575927734,
-0.11327875405550003,
0.21186228096485138,
0.21276456117630005,
0.14829126000404358,
-0.4405023157596588,
-0.0033364049158990383,
-0.1106799840927124,
-0.11290851980447769,
-0.9849532842636108,
-0.06384734064340591,
0.03760911524295807,
-0.46026334166526794,
-0.522071897983551,
-0.4480673372745514,
0.9323756098747253,
-0.3503132462501526,
-0.38279083371162415,
-0.9635887145996094,
0.008625338785350323,
-0.22451798617839813,
-0.019012076780200005,
0.6547523736953735,
-0.28300976753234863,
0.1586463451385498,
0.03873187676072121,
-0.26341745257377625,
0.28720584511756897,
-0.31871068477630615,
0.7414510846138,
-0.40441370010375977,
0.43458446860313416,
0.6315518617630005,
0.29666945338249207,
-1.0413095951080322,
-0.006180863827466965,
-0.6053327918052673,
-0.29383090138435364,
0.14401306211948395,
-0.5788432955741882,
-0.4535929560661316,
0.42834463715553284,
-5.320990562438965,
-0.5489310026168823,
-0.8682414889335632,
-0.334816038608551,
0.348416268825531,
0.25707656145095825,
0.4138486087322235,
0.09776419401168823,
0.2973380386829376,
0.4968399107456207,
0.6047413349151611,
-0.16887421905994415,
-0.45875999331474304,
-0.1470084935426712,
0.33669179677963257,
-0.292144775390625,
0.0878046303987503,
-0.30860599875450134,
0.19197146594524384,
-0.26654088497161865,
0.12729103863239288,
0.09826284646987915,
-0.010203540325164795,
0.35602128505706787,
0.4591403305530548,
0.0788155347108841,
0.5027159452438354,
-0.3859271705150604,
-0.4915028512477875,
0.3984924852848053,
-0.24591630697250366,
-0.23358574509620667,
0.6103184223175049,
-0.12018775194883347,
-0.33524036407470703,
-0.5877693891525269,
0.8449000120162964,
0.7972234487533569,
0.12691128253936768,
-0.1608412116765976,
0.04017898440361023,
0.3553670346736908,
-0.0647270604968071,
0.005910710897296667,
0.87055504322052,
-0.6427297592163086,
-0.01414742972701788,
0.9966942667961121,
-0.8408924341201782,
0.543418824672699,
0.6958964467048645,
0.17217323184013367,
-0.6700239181518555,
0.11152635514736176,
0.3363301753997803,
-0.09853857010602951,
-0.03543201833963394,
-0.587792158126831,
-0.43581777811050415,
0.47668302059173584,
0.4287497103214264,
-0.026471860706806183,
-0.13381695747375488,
-0.2992941737174988,
0.49784550070762634,
-0.6568639874458313,
-0.05531693994998932,
-0.16152580082416534,
-0.09800487756729126,
0.1915394514799118,
0.13408665359020233,
0.8388504385948181,
-0.10030852258205414,
-0.983100175857544,
0.3983711004257202,
-0.389136403799057,
-0.21025502681732178,
-0.015900924801826477,
0.041404034942388535,
-0.013412621803581715,
-0.3883976936340332,
-0.45899027585983276,
0.011863290332257748,
0.38824281096458435,
0.6374196410179138,
0.03811073675751686,
-0.22024214267730713,
-0.14002755284309387,
-0.5474843382835388,
0.13916516304016113,
0.7155249118804932,
-1.1444731950759888,
-0.1251092553138733,
0.3001199960708618,
0.11143407225608826,
0.26705238223075867,
-0.3991047441959381,
0.046470947563648224,
0.3794075548648834,
-0.21111083030700684,
0.03598988801240921,
-0.1330852210521698,
-0.418536514043808,
-0.5491235256195068,
0.05240705609321594,
-0.28430190682411194,
-0.5426002144813538,
0.5910749435424805,
1.1940126419067383,
0.2625691294670105,
-0.031431786715984344,
0.10752927511930466,
-0.32722121477127075,
-0.5132343173027039,
0.6333170533180237,
-0.5950021147727966,
0.2629871666431427,
0.6871154308319092,
0.27428337931632996,
-0.08387739956378937,
-0.49524059891700745,
-0.28833407163619995,
-0.23184899985790253,
0.3116317093372345,
0.6861364841461182,
-0.18171140551567078,
-0.5135442614555359,
0.16255874931812286,
-0.3543637692928314,
0.4217263460159302,
0.2635159492492676,
-0.1191386803984642,
0.022533144801855087,
0.03178471699357033,
0.07287681102752686,
-0.3753417134284973,
-0.0023307781666517258,
-0.41069793701171875,
-0.1592322140932083,
-0.039810679852962494,
-0.13083839416503906,
-0.45540645718574524,
-0.42126667499542236,
0.29286426305770874,
-0.7028486132621765,
0.48989006876945496,
-0.06978843361139297,
-0.11080183833837509,
-0.0568242110311985,
0.6667665839195251,
-0.638578474521637,
0.11423614621162415,
0.4783693253993988,
0.1791735738515854,
0.3706381022930145,
0.17584028840065002,
0.3033994138240814,
0.37962085008621216,
-0.18686267733573914,
-0.3250296115875244,
-0.25132447481155396,
-0.1705777496099472,
-0.6914446949958801,
-0.5214775800704956,
-0.04997745901346207,
-0.37919750809669495,
-0.8390494585037231,
-0.47901687026023865,
-0.0556868277490139,
0.6544777154922485,
0.7030327320098877,
-0.1628735363483429,
-0.6650913953781128,
0.16971349716186523,
0.30519282817840576,
-0.1735706478357315,
-0.06034236401319504,
-0.045468684285879135,
-0.41878682374954224,
-0.5660274028778076,
-0.1850278377532959,
-0.027631761506199837,
-0.08683876693248749,
0.4727364480495453,
0.3793843686580658,
0.17837032675743103,
-0.1156744584441185,
-0.4794063866138458,
-0.03267505764961243,
-0.06692305952310562,
-0.14358891546726227,
0.1434333175420761,
-0.0679551213979721,
-0.07279055565595627,
-0.8089491128921509,
-0.8327784538269043,
0.1115107461810112,
0.4230708181858063,
0.20746773481369019,
-0.35185372829437256,
0.3945920467376709,
0.7519477009773254,
-0.35994604229927063,
-0.5939831733703613,
-0.2622379660606384,
-0.6667859554290771,
0.6315376162528992,
0.4231445789337158,
-0.54869544506073,
0.5216060280799866,
0.10885439068078995,
-0.5331345200538635,
-0.614292323589325,
0.5895819067955017,
-0.8323883414268494,
-0.024373462423682213,
0.28575894236564636,
-0.19916503131389618,
-0.4276089668273926,
-0.15452271699905396,
-0.7028317451477051,
-0.1060841903090477,
-0.7777835130691528,
-0.9981428980827332,
-0.7150741815567017,
0.19542299211025238,
-0.35397806763648987,
-0.41278886795043945,
0.4915212392807007,
-0.3672619163990021,
0.04335246980190277,
-0.42479342222213745,
-0.4156748056411743,
0.4729881286621094,
0.09239000082015991,
-0.05104409158229828,
0.16756226122379303,
0.03111116774380207,
0.16458675265312195,
0.846310019493103,
0.8949030637741089,
0.6656292676925659,
0.5161796808242798,
0.1829889416694641,
0.3880339562892914,
-0.17499728500843048,
-0.2603204548358917,
-0.3570306897163391,
-0.2880246341228485,
-0.10797607898712158,
-0.4189789891242981,
-0.05187106505036354,
-0.6980769038200378,
-0.39410072565078735,
0.8138050436973572,
-0.23212501406669617,
0.2577790915966034,
0.27502572536468506,
-0.1511315405368805,
0.41739094257354736,
-0.7820890545845032,
0.41049855947494507,
-0.5853348970413208,
-0.17945905029773712,
0.5339363217353821,
-0.0039112381637096405,
-0.3487933576107025,
-0.3502099812030792,
-0.4900784492492676,
0.19954660534858704,
-0.09693606197834015,
-0.7040454745292664,
0.4486227333545685,
-0.061467986553907394,
-0.09033992886543274,
0.33586910367012024,
0.14572778344154358,
-0.33378347754478455,
0.20420609414577484,
-0.018123507499694824,
-0.615551233291626,
-0.21709300577640533,
-0.27145519852638245,
-0.3765983283519745,
-0.16303721070289612,
-0.935151219367981,
-0.46319064497947693,
0.19025447964668274,
-0.16926561295986176,
0.15739195048809052,
-0.1782291829586029,
0.1409890204668045,
-0.25177720189094543,
0.26948514580726624,
0.46123161911964417,
0.36856529116630554,
-0.2648780643939972,
0.4281463921070099,
0.16002844274044037,
0.9198132157325745,
-0.5921744704246521,
0.39636415243148804,
-0.6300228238105774,
-0.2854137122631073,
0.3661169707775116,
0.37493935227394104,
-0.07990139722824097,
0.1736314445734024,
-0.340251624584198,
0.41957175731658936,
1.0344804525375366,
-0.01150856725871563,
-0.43165674805641174,
-0.11623582988977432,
-0.3677428960800171,
0.214753657579422,
0.4116373360157013,
-0.49259302020072937,
0.2872859239578247,
-0.1542513072490692,
0.4910289943218231,
0.22307389974594116,
0.07197782397270203,
0.2889050245285034,
-0.05760113149881363,
0.15748432278633118,
-0.14419527351856232,
0.29721903800964355,
0.1320161074399948,
0.4928794205188751,
-0.22447538375854492,
-0.3151412010192871,
-0.5987461805343628,
0.797955334186554,
-0.2534913122653961,
-0.3455415368080139,
0.09825016558170319,
-0.9871782660484314,
0.13040995597839355,
0.8969199657440186,
0.27564266324043274,
0.8270426392555237,
-0.15091486275196075,
-0.1944786012172699,
0.11744742840528488,
0.41494226455688477,
0.24194903671741486,
0.02321794629096985,
0.10645036399364471,
0.37402135133743286,
0.8144562244415283,
-0.06405617296695709,
0.3427281081676483,
-1.3437163829803467,
0.42217352986335754,
0.17726150155067444,
0.36110132932662964,
-0.28675156831741333,
-0.09644722193479538,
-0.5751243233680725,
0.1764407455921173,
-0.8978090882301331,
0.2642117142677307,
0.0932229608297348,
0.314907044172287,
0.16867132484912872,
0.20574328303337097,
0.33124828338623047,
0.5100101232528687,
-0.528455376625061,
0.2938894033432007,
-0.6938164234161377,
0.21536214649677277,
-0.19461795687675476,
0.35072922706604004,
0.32130151987075806,
0.42482873797416687,
0.015834156423807144,
0.2746170163154602,
-0.060256198048591614,
-0.34647610783576965,
0.492559552192688,
0.2630499005317688,
-0.6318497657775879,
-0.4196573495864868,
-0.48378029465675354,
0.35142186284065247,
-0.09953292459249496,
0.5886170864105225,
-0.9880352020263672,
-0.007553014438599348,
-0.7174127101898193,
-0.05052736774086952,
0.30199524760246277,
-0.37882813811302185,
-0.3537551462650299,
-0.11443627625703812,
0.30537843704223633,
0.1548127830028534,
0.12374307215213776,
-0.18843957781791687,
0.11103541404008865,
0.6579673290252686,
0.38001155853271484,
-0.09070203453302383,
1.218198299407959,
-0.08292015641927719,
0.13087934255599976,
0.1327071338891983,
0.014162261970341206,
-0.08773946762084961,
-0.18487775325775146,
0.033307865262031555,
0.20693793892860413,
-0.4812001883983612,
-0.2616109848022461,
0.44885873794555664,
-0.6828785538673401,
0.008470745757222176,
-0.4263650178909302,
0.18967875838279724,
-0.11044564098119736,
0.2904447913169861,
0.18185986578464508,
-0.019406845793128014,
-0.4646652340888977,
0.5751876831054688,
0.2625483572483063,
-0.058496519923210144,
0.47953861951828003,
-0.09914949536323547,
-0.10435149073600769,
-0.2982770800590515,
-0.39628320932388306,
-0.2720233201980591,
-0.09306157380342484,
0.6445184946060181,
0.32414671778678894,
0.7727453708648682,
-0.7409443855285645,
0.0022342198062688112,
-0.07724997401237488,
0.6884677410125732,
0.4357278645038605,
0.357979416847229,
-0.2686626613140106,
0.12685824930667877,
-0.43086233735084534,
0.0636087954044342,
0.4168359041213989,
0.25694647431373596,
-0.2315366566181183,
0.38551774621009827,
-0.726908266544342,
0.17123949527740479,
-0.18141800165176392,
-0.31569603085517883,
-1.006203055381775,
-0.3844027817249298,
0.2868126928806305
] |
210373
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catopsalis
|
Catopsalis
|
Catopsalis is a genus of extinct mammal from the Paleocene of North America. This animal was a relatively large member of the extinct order of Multituberculata. Most Multituberculates were much smaller.
At one time, the genus was also formally reported from the upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. However, that material was subsequently referred to the genera of Djadochtatherium and Catopsbaatar. Catopsalis is within the suborder of Cimolodonta and a member of the superfamily Taeniolabidoidea.
Recent research suggests that "Catopsalis" is actually a paraphyletic assemblage, and one species, C. joyneri, has been moved to its own genus, Valenopsalis.
Species
The species Catopsalis foliatus was named by Cope E.D. in 1882. It has also been known as C. johnstoni (Fox R.C. 1989) and Polymastodon foliatus (Cope 1884). This species has been found in Puercan (Paleocene)-age strata of the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and in the Ravenscrag Formation of Canada. C. johnstoni, from Saskatchewan, is also in the Alberta collection.
The species Catopsalis fissidens was named by Cope E.D. in 1884. It has also been known as C. utahensis (Gazin C.L., 1939) and Polymastodon fissidens (Cope, 1884). It has been found in the Torrejonian (Paleocene)-age beds in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Utah. The University of Wyoming boasts a possible specimen.
The species Catopsalis calgariensis was named by Russell L.S. in 1926. Remains were found in Paleocene-age strata of Wyoming and Alberta, Canada. The holotype, collected in 1924, is in the collection of Alberta University. Further material is in the possession of Wyoming University.
The species Catopsalis alexanderi was named by Middleton M.D. in 1982. It is found in the Puercan (Paleocene)-age Littleton Local Fauna of Colorado, Montana and Wyoming (United States), dating from 66 - 63 million years ago. Specimens are included in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University.
The species Catopsalis waddleae was named by Buckley G.A. in 1995. It has been found in the Puercan age beds of the Simpson Quarry of Montana. Relative to the other species it is an extreme heavyweight. Remains of this species have also recently been discovered in the Idaho panhandle region.
References
Middleton (1982), "A new species and additional material of Catopsalis(Mammalia, Multituberculata) from the western interior of North Am." J. Paleontol. 56, p. 1197-1206.
Russell (1926), "A new species of the genus CatopsalisCope from the Paskapoo formation of Alberta". Amer. Jour. Sci. 5, p. 230-234, fig. 1.
Gazin (1939), "A further contribution to the Dragon Paleocene fauna of central Utah". J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29, p. 273-286, 10 figs.
Fox (1989), "The Wounded Knee local fauna and mammalian evolution near the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Saskatchewan, Canada". Palaeontogy. Abt. A: Paläozool., Stratigr. 208, p. 11-59 + 6 plates.
Kielan-Jaworowska Z. and Hurum J.H. (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429.
Cimolodonts
Paleocene mammals
Prehistoric mammals of North America
Prehistoric mammal genera
|
[
-0.5798335075378418,
0.14707790315151215,
-0.8159316778182983,
-0.3005579113960266,
-0.15342427790164948,
0.9294822812080383,
0.577090322971344,
0.36872148513793945,
-0.49704912304878235,
-0.28219476342201233,
0.5050172209739685,
0.11236419528722763,
-0.4885371923446655,
-0.19480587542057037,
-0.4620901644229889,
0.05301063880324364,
-0.21909373998641968,
0.47036340832710266,
0.14389576017856598,
-0.48152488470077515,
0.03046366758644581,
-0.9077802300453186,
0.3719673752784729,
-0.4286627471446991,
-0.06833314895629883,
-0.1547994166612625,
0.26862427592277527,
0.6742592453956604,
0.8668639063835144,
0.1326221376657486,
-0.2747126519680023,
0.11075667291879654,
0.05127079412341118,
-0.4089621603488922,
-0.4160359799861908,
-0.25672057271003723,
-0.6122584342956543,
0.14250941574573517,
0.10176753997802734,
-0.5100187659263611,
0.07653717696666718,
0.3126785159111023,
-0.03329763934016228,
0.9884203672409058,
0.03500734642148018,
0.2929697036743164,
-1.6235324144363403,
0.4594568610191345,
-0.8555101156234741,
-0.002847016556188464,
-0.12628890573978424,
0.15569518506526947,
0.045481085777282715,
0.7656821012496948,
-0.6573903560638428,
0.28767159581184387,
-0.9459566473960876,
0.05170877277851105,
0.005623718723654747,
-0.04915906488895416,
-0.4740332067012787,
-0.0742732509970665,
-0.039930932223796844,
-0.22504396736621857,
0.17349672317504883,
0.45204681158065796,
0.5300720930099487,
0.4005081057548523,
-0.12241436541080475,
0.5248128175735474,
-0.2735265791416168,
-0.22734315693378448,
-0.07887254655361176,
0.7308454513549805,
-0.21886470913887024,
0.1740768402814865,
0.021355029195547104,
-0.4079103171825409,
1.3271784782409668,
0.12181952595710754,
0.4023866653442383,
0.5766312479972839,
0.9994027614593506,
0.12798911333084106,
-0.01714552380144596,
0.3511502742767334,
-0.575700581073761,
0.12518428266048431,
-0.45980215072631836,
0.18319366872310638,
-0.4025964140892029,
-0.21935029327869415,
0.09898781031370163,
0.9435498714447021,
-0.21652379631996155,
-0.2704850137233734,
-0.45942458510398865,
0.13481175899505615,
0.48217296600341797,
-0.18113532662391663,
-0.6359699368476868,
-0.06835073232650757,
0.09570847451686859,
-0.6396639347076416,
-0.01588195376098156,
-0.34418031573295593,
-0.32726722955703735,
0.16692276298999786,
-0.49858543276786804,
-0.5888843536376953,
-0.6907441020011902,
0.29353150725364685,
0.2154233455657959,
-0.06996693462133408,
0.14564041793346405,
1.1571788787841797,
0.3614697754383087,
-0.7600398659706116,
0.22780530154705048,
-0.5013374090194702,
-0.041990332305431366,
1.0596596002578735,
-0.2662324607372284,
-0.02455134689807892,
-0.45477351546287537,
0.41637974977493286,
1.0447925329208374,
0.104318767786026,
-0.023368027061223984,
0.3166183829307556,
0.47716546058654785,
1.2033385038375854,
0.13299253582954407,
0.28549256920814514,
0.11382431536912918,
-0.18465740978717804,
-0.07552911341190338,
0.3041597008705139,
0.216293066740036,
0.6569698452949524,
-0.2661677598953247,
-0.2499585598707199,
-0.8247606158256531,
-0.25302571058273315,
0.3174893260002136,
-0.4019390344619751,
0.17612811923027039,
-0.11263956874608994,
-0.6249569654464722,
-0.40246593952178955,
0.030321059748530388,
-0.5454619526863098,
0.13699162006378174,
0.4175948202610016,
-0.16474898159503937,
0.022558819502592087,
0.5081484913825989,
-0.3489784598350525,
0.5320239663124084,
-0.1757640838623047,
0.05068527162075043,
-0.3531087040901184,
-0.7226645350456238,
0.17552269995212555,
0.44438642263412476,
0.2858593761920929,
-0.12600935995578766,
0.07240952551364899,
0.1767260879278183,
0.9332989454269409,
-0.3170994818210602,
0.04426621273159981,
0.22665995359420776,
0.2108050435781479,
0.24771833419799805,
-0.3393338918685913,
-0.41818317770957947,
0.21964550018310547,
0.22520406544208527,
-0.2127334475517273,
-0.3842628598213196,
0.32831889390945435,
-0.048799335956573486,
0.0375007726252079,
0.2858515679836273,
0.24476288259029388,
0.9392269849777222,
0.2222280353307724,
0.06463290005922318,
-0.7948804497718811,
-0.7826457619667053,
-0.056311339139938354,
0.12408636510372162,
0.3508487343788147,
1.5865923166275024,
-0.06959674507379532,
-0.7000319361686707,
-0.1767239272594452,
0.21451100707054138,
0.42286548018455505,
-0.6234105825424194,
-0.17337897419929504,
0.21263934671878815,
-0.06612136214971542,
-0.22649462521076202,
0.4142535626888275,
0.04995383694767952,
0.2659625709056854,
0.6780058741569519,
0.48617586493492126,
0.4733649790287018,
-0.11257835477590561,
-0.27531906962394714,
0.48624590039253235,
0.013347318395972252,
-0.23334597051143646,
-0.5578561425209045,
0.3038436472415924,
0.0808868259191513,
-0.5056148767471313,
0.8961993455886841,
-0.4196293354034424,
0.3263888359069824,
-0.32539674639701843,
-0.2994523346424103,
0.40354740619659424,
1.1053143739700317,
-0.3331528902053833,
0.24779461324214935,
-0.9056330919265747,
-0.055064063519239426,
0.3405608832836151,
0.3711796998977661,
-0.9180030226707458,
0.002247303258627653,
-0.6817514300346375,
0.15437904000282288,
-0.9866971969604492,
0.46406930685043335,
-0.36932775378227234,
0.14470726251602173,
0.1954534947872162,
-0.20160812139511108,
0.48576220870018005,
0.08038972318172455,
-0.7212076783180237,
0.26415130496025085,
0.11971665918827057,
-0.2153598815202713,
0.0974097028374672,
-0.49822360277175903,
1.060394525527954,
0.46110475063323975,
-0.3514947295188904,
-0.12340229004621506,
0.1970033049583435,
0.596146821975708,
0.3216734528541565,
-0.02666689269244671,
-0.082609161734581,
0.014213917776942253,
0.713274359703064,
-0.05029166489839554,
0.25061580538749695,
0.11992714554071426,
-0.622001051902771,
-0.23996782302856445,
-0.3158554136753082,
0.5430866479873657,
0.0024963938631117344,
1.1512470245361328,
-0.8996758460998535,
-0.7216852903366089,
-0.4800693988800049,
0.27973514795303345,
-0.02751440927386284,
-0.5313954949378967,
-0.23074238002300262,
-0.38227057456970215,
-0.6355649828910828,
0.008396021090447903,
1.3447099924087524,
0.2852339744567871,
0.24126005172729492,
-0.17525562644004822,
-0.3881712853908539,
1.033013939857483,
-0.43787235021591187,
-0.013896624557673931,
-0.4236375391483307,
0.6400104761123657,
-0.3259722888469696,
-0.2955053150653839,
0.32287514209747314,
-0.9971507787704468,
0.474020391702652,
-0.14706093072891235,
0.15137141942977905,
0.06947165727615356,
-0.32335135340690613,
-0.8466261625289917,
0.09325774013996124,
-0.029327401891350746,
0.18094384670257568,
0.4994281530380249,
-0.10889780521392822,
0.10059687495231628,
0.17374646663665771,
-5.28221321105957,
0.04247479885816574,
0.070126973092556,
-0.5586829781532288,
0.10980632901191711,
0.799178957939148,
0.4233473539352417,
-0.6030083894729614,
-0.3445361852645874,
0.06379807740449905,
0.14663678407669067,
-0.05987130105495453,
-0.3326379954814911,
0.42870527505874634,
0.21252427995204926,
0.5387780666351318,
-0.04393279552459717,
-0.21575790643692017,
-0.057597652077674866,
-0.10231193155050278,
0.07763830572366714,
-0.099215067923069,
0.018097704276442528,
-0.14971861243247986,
-0.210335373878479,
-0.16540615260601044,
-0.2926049530506134,
-0.1774841696023941,
-0.13269072771072388,
-0.24793845415115356,
-0.10463286191225052,
-0.24428819119930267,
-0.06270183622837067,
0.06294691562652588,
-0.29079771041870117,
-0.03233952447772026,
0.9691464900970459,
0.2942679226398468,
-0.027604984119534492,
-0.3538084328174591,
-0.5681045651435852,
-0.010601766407489777,
-0.16293056309223175,
-0.1486257165670395,
0.23744460940361023,
0.178721085190773,
-0.3949025273323059,
-0.569970428943634,
0.05779119208455086,
0.7854636907577515,
-0.1146353930234909,
-0.15634916722774506,
0.19841255247592926,
0.7915747761726379,
0.5547100305557251,
-0.09935417771339417,
0.5480562448501587,
0.2927979826927185,
0.20594128966331482,
0.4050932824611664,
0.6771847009658813,
-0.24913829565048218,
-0.11978879570960999,
-1.3198153972625732,
0.5073159337043762,
-0.081203393638134,
-0.47087061405181885,
0.1259838044643402,
0.24738489091396332,
-0.11203057318925858,
-0.04590719938278198,
0.35245126485824585,
-0.8199087381362915,
-1.1638734340667725,
0.404889851808548,
-0.2827994227409363,
-0.24450324475765228,
-0.05501064285635948,
-0.636040985584259,
0.14136511087417603,
0.18336935341358185,
-0.6914499998092651,
-0.017995793372392654,
0.03600497543811798,
-0.18403683602809906,
-0.03915353864431381,
-0.5176352262496948,
0.275461882352829,
-0.5932117700576782,
-0.3573697805404663,
0.5084210634231567,
-0.4314727485179901,
-0.19960761070251465,
0.41854605078697205,
0.2455945909023285,
0.4940269887447357,
0.4590137302875519,
-0.07030364125967026,
0.7516199350357056,
-0.14806756377220154,
-0.16930316388607025,
0.150812029838562,
-0.3551240861415863,
0.18839670717716217,
-0.4043939709663391,
-1.204648733139038,
-0.3135221600532532,
0.2969476282596588,
0.953090488910675,
-0.42200157046318054,
0.3119731843471527,
-0.2508707046508789,
0.1304103434085846,
-0.6243031620979309,
0.1698337346315384,
0.24043455719947815,
0.2514679431915283,
-0.2060912698507309,
0.8196084499359131,
-0.17547890543937683,
-0.2566811442375183,
-0.02524389512836933,
-0.4044116139411926,
0.0625787153840065,
-0.06655140221118927,
-0.3696499466896057,
-0.15278537571430206,
0.04124745726585388,
-1.0282566547393799,
-0.37636688351631165,
-0.2641196548938751,
0.0882720798254013,
-0.146274596452713,
0.47176721692085266,
-0.06489880383014679,
-0.4280315339565277,
-0.3475429117679596,
0.3035013675689697,
0.6098861694335938,
0.10457343608140945,
-0.6166386604309082,
-0.432576447725296,
-0.5298803448677063,
-0.08040084689855576,
0.1792871206998825,
0.29244765639305115,
0.08347559720277786,
-0.08170916140079498,
-0.4230395555496216,
0.9694159626960754,
0.09950466454029083,
-0.479501873254776,
0.21598342061042786,
-0.13326165080070496,
0.2256573736667633,
0.08953660726547241,
0.6530096530914307,
0.2912701964378357,
-0.18066105246543884,
-0.4854044020175934,
-0.22718340158462524,
-0.1842486709356308,
-0.6791834235191345,
0.06348984688520432,
0.3562566339969635,
-0.11195816844701767,
-0.29224929213523865,
-0.9597083926200867,
-0.24670279026031494,
-0.15629315376281738,
0.01693909987807274,
-0.11120279878377914,
0.10715678334236145,
-0.09625376015901566,
0.2684078514575958,
-0.13030210137367249,
-0.11460858583450317,
0.1299610435962677,
-0.6395866870880127,
-0.6154632568359375,
0.15261101722717285,
0.3934934437274933,
0.030206458643078804,
-0.6715788841247559,
0.5793886780738831,
-0.550104558467865,
-0.18656262755393982,
-0.934870719909668,
-0.6434496641159058,
-0.19586068391799927,
0.34754282236099243,
0.36240354180336,
-0.0023336014710366726,
0.3578954041004181,
-0.1488151103258133,
0.4632033705711365,
0.3300696313381195,
-0.17064470052719116,
-0.14840564131736755,
-1.1756926774978638,
-0.297085702419281,
0.5114316940307617,
0.2730262279510498,
0.32787081599235535,
-0.14784294366836548,
-0.7139288783073425,
0.29716992378234863,
0.29710328578948975,
-0.07056991010904312,
0.027777791023254395,
0.1595117300748825,
-0.4702123999595642,
-0.30666422843933105,
0.5592318773269653,
0.4046703577041626,
1.2092571258544922,
0.616656482219696,
0.5707035660743713,
-0.5501922965049744,
-0.5042443871498108,
-0.1839137077331543,
-0.04836759343743324,
-0.4315613806247711,
-0.7813301682472229,
-0.2636154890060425,
0.7032830715179443,
-0.10841202735900879,
0.33544638752937317,
0.9029234647750854,
-0.45457857847213745,
-0.13088375329971313,
-0.46334558725357056,
0.1800452172756195,
-0.6020482182502747,
0.033795952796936035,
-0.23704484105110168,
0.1326751857995987,
0.03239598497748375,
0.19666750729084015,
0.11170659959316254,
0.6363039612770081,
0.8355157375335693,
0.6500705480575562,
0.5343955755233765,
-0.05385462939739227,
-0.17545557022094727,
0.16775791347026825,
-0.434631884098053,
-0.6689428687095642,
-0.05650075897574425,
0.5713751316070557,
-0.45572519302368164,
-0.8175654411315918,
-0.07399193197488785,
0.9623798727989197,
0.0034074236173182726,
0.19990578293800354,
0.5597898960113525,
-0.2512167692184448,
-0.2116907835006714,
0.18091024458408356,
0.01864415407180786,
-0.6634610891342163,
-0.0025327936746180058,
-0.6016747355461121,
-0.009889254346489906,
0.04928810894489288,
0.03780326247215271,
0.12801620364189148,
-0.19042767584323883,
-0.36332643032073975,
0.17310038208961487,
-0.3551587164402008,
0.24193283915519714,
-0.24575275182724,
-0.2668430805206299,
0.4938848316669464,
-0.6524650454521179,
0.48931074142456055,
0.04863666370511055,
-0.13526152074337006,
0.06357458978891373,
0.14411364495754242,
0.4663696885108948,
-0.32858967781066895,
-0.29957351088523865,
0.20532795786857605,
-0.6739984154701233,
-0.054469939321279526,
-0.17149099707603455,
-0.34849804639816284,
0.18539290130138397,
-0.346545547246933,
-0.3078483045101166,
0.170183926820755,
0.10364434123039246,
0.10546194016933441,
0.7448775172233582,
-0.23847977817058563,
0.4309048354625702,
-0.8637512922286987,
0.35211026668548584,
0.5802903175354004,
0.0972517803311348,
0.21756495535373688,
-0.18214724957942963,
-0.17034660279750824,
0.32870733737945557,
-0.08596555143594742,
0.37046414613723755,
0.04931673780083656,
-0.5956616997718811,
0.23892472684383392,
0.3818782866001129,
-0.3192040026187897,
0.49003684520721436,
0.1590551733970642,
-0.8370863795280457,
0.04753078147768974,
0.39266133308410645,
0.4136824309825897,
0.42122653126716614,
0.031176723539829254,
-0.23269596695899963,
-0.1090974360704422,
0.09359491616487503,
-1.1969026327133179,
0.5835259556770325,
-0.03837742656469345,
0.4789050221443176,
0.4006771445274353,
-0.19907373189926147,
-0.37342503666877747,
-0.02860995940864086,
-0.15428993105888367,
-0.401827871799469,
-0.01818692311644554,
-0.08526691049337387,
0.29168766736984253,
0.937695324420929,
0.5265713930130005,
0.571531355381012,
0.12926185131072998,
0.19985802471637726,
-0.16951744258403778,
0.5848081707954407,
-0.13949105143547058,
-0.3178059458732605,
0.8935524225234985,
0.3744527995586395,
0.08026859909296036,
0.023232676088809967,
-0.15066808462142944,
0.08224610984325409,
0.5667338967323303,
-0.1300351619720459,
0.26753702759742737,
-0.16326412558555603,
-0.23997965455055237,
-0.2292327731847763,
-0.16512106359004974,
0.40502306818962097,
0.2439533919095993,
0.2229546159505844,
-0.862367570400238,
0.46589043736457825,
-0.49431201815605164,
0.2752240300178528,
-0.22069303691387177,
-0.007151119410991669,
0.27279728651046753,
0.026913002133369446,
0.09586261957883835,
0.07249870896339417,
0.35619744658470154,
0.7004754543304443,
0.27632442116737366,
0.49440139532089233,
-0.008499776013195515,
-0.1025688499212265,
-0.31207504868507385,
-0.23625493049621582,
-0.007348376326262951,
-0.19892126321792603,
0.5302585363388062,
-0.3257330656051636,
0.01565900258719921,
0.22950801253318787,
-0.10183907300233841,
-0.18249592185020447,
-0.15912273526191711,
-0.41448768973350525,
0.6278014183044434,
0.08147306740283966,
-0.29348334670066833,
-0.1438586711883545,
0.14150871336460114,
0.5529901385307312,
-0.07641538977622986,
-0.12716245651245117,
-0.1120690181851387,
-0.06696832180023193,
-0.7685004472732544,
-0.19682607054710388,
0.407123863697052,
0.6916504502296448,
-0.7219717502593994,
0.09366590529680252,
-0.5808638334274292,
-0.08475383371114731,
0.31266188621520996,
0.35543036460876465,
-0.14152482151985168,
0.167018324136734,
0.22160306572914124,
0.12536495923995972,
0.4870852530002594,
-0.8632934093475342,
-0.5704245567321777,
0.2830082178115845,
0.40253159403800964,
-0.1591176986694336,
0.013569138012826443,
0.559469997882843,
-0.47835683822631836,
-0.425426185131073,
0.05208329111337662,
0.07164601981639862,
-0.3350420296192169,
0.740793764591217,
0.7303012013435364,
0.09695646911859512,
-0.25311675667762756,
-0.2679348886013031,
-0.08713042736053467,
-0.37988555431365967,
0.6570971012115479,
0.8531708121299744,
0.44819527864456177,
-0.07665084302425385,
0.526341438293457,
-0.01493622176349163,
0.11291590332984924,
-0.08133871853351593,
-1.2209454774856567,
-0.08847808837890625,
-0.42777013778686523,
-1.1822023391723633,
-0.9798839092254639,
0.28712964057922363,
-0.17285564541816711,
0.007614778354763985,
0.1488090604543686,
-0.45156076550483704,
-0.446206659078598,
0.015672951936721802,
-0.24404281377792358,
-0.5631762742996216,
0.35833993554115295,
0.36786386370658875
] |
210382
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Asher
|
Jane Asher
|
Jane Asher (born 5 April 1946) is an English actress, author and entrepreneur. She achieved early fame as a child actress and has worked extensively in film and TV throughout her career.
Asher has appeared in TV shows and films such as Deep End, The Masque of the Red Death, Alfie, The Mistress, Crossroads, Death at a Funeral, and The Old Guys. She also appeared in two episodes of the 1950s TV series The Buccaneers alongside Robert Shaw. She is also known for supplying specialist cakes and kitchenware, and publishing three best-selling novels. She was a key figure of 1960s UK entertainment and arts culture and was well known as the girlfriend and muse of Beatle Paul McCartney.
Early life
Asher was born in London, the middle of three children born to Richard and Margaret Asher, née Eliot. Her father was a consultant in blood and mental diseases at the Central Middlesex Hospital, as well as being a broadcaster and the author of notable medical articles. Asher's mother was a professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Asher was educated at North Bridge House School and Miss Lambert's PNEU School for Girls at Paddington, then at Queen's College in Harley Street, London. Asher's elder brother is record producer and manager Peter Asher, who started his career as Peter of Peter and Gordon.
Acting career
Asher was a child actress who appeared in the 1952 film Mandy and the 1955 science fiction film The Quatermass Xperiment. She also played the title role in dramatised versions of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass in 1958 for Argo Records. In 1961 she co-starred in The Greengage Summer, which was released in the United States as Loss of Innocence. She also appeared in the 1962 film and Disney TV programme, The Prince and the Pauper. British TV appearances included three episodes (1956–1958) of the ITV series The Adventures of Robin Hood and as a panelist on the BBC's Juke Box Jury.
Asher appeared in Roger Corman's The Masque of the Red Death (1964) with Vincent Price, in Alfie opposite Michael Caine in 1966, and in Jerzy Skolimowski's Deep End (1970) with John Moulder Brown.
Having played Alice herself as an 11-year-old child in the audio recordings of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass in 1958, Asher played the real Alice's (Alice Liddell) mother, Mrs. Lorina Liddell in the 1985 Dennis Potter film "Dreamchild" alongside Coral Browne (Alice Hargreaves) Ian Holm (Lewis Carroll/Charles Dodgson) Peter Gallagher, and Amelia Shankley (young Alice)
On television, she guest-starred in an episode of the British television comedy series The Goodies; The Stone Tape; Wicked Women; Rumpole of the Bailey; as Celia Ryder in the 1981 Granada Television adaptation of Brideshead Revisited; A Voyage Round My Father opposite Laurence Olivier; The Mistress (1985–87); and as Faith Ashley in Wish Me Luck (three seasons from 1987–89).
In 1994, she portrayed the Doctor Who companion Susan Foreman in a BBC Radio 4 comedy drama Whatever Happened to Susan Foreman? Another notable radio broadcast was in The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes in 2002, in the episode "The Peculiar Persecution of Mr John Vincent Harden".
In 2003, she appeared in the revived ITV soap, Crossroads where she played the hotel's owner, Angel Sampson. After the soap was axed, Asher apologised to Crossroads fans for the way the 2003 series went.
In 2004, she starred in Festen at the Arts Theatre. In 2005, she starred in The World's Biggest Diamond, by Gregory Motton, at the Royal Court Theatre. In 2006, Asher starred in the Richard Fell adaptation of the 1960s science fiction series A for Andromeda, which aired on the British digital television station BBC Four. In 2007, she portrayed the widow Sandra in the Frank Oz film Death at a Funeral. The same year Asher appeared in the BBC medical drama, Holby City as Lady Byrne. In October 2007, she played Andrea Yates in The Sarah Jane Adventures, in the episode "Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane?" Asher co-starred in the 2008 ITV drama series The Palace, filmed in Lithuania; she played Queen Charlotte, mother of King Richard IV.
In August 2008, Asher appeared in the reality TV talent show-themed television series, Maestro, on BBC Two with other showbusiness personalities. From 2009 to 2010, she played Sally in the BBC One comedy series The Old Guys. In 2011, she played Margaret Harker in Waterloo Road.
In October 2009, she appeared as Delia in Peter Hall's revival of Alan Ayckbourn's Bedroom Farce at the Rose Theatre, Kingston and in her first pantomime, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at Richmond Theatre in December 2009, receiving enthusiastic reviews for both. In 2011, she returned to the Rose, Kingston as Lady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest.
In 2012, she appeared in Charley's Aunt at the Menier Chocolate Factory. In the summer of 2013, she played Lady Catherine de Bourgh in Pride and Prejudice at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park. In 2014, she starred in the stage adaptation of Penelope Lively's Moon Tiger at the Theatre Royal Bath and on tour. In 2016, Asher took on the role of Miss Havisham in Michael Eaton's adaptation of Great Expectations. She took on the role of Madame Baurel in the 2017 London stage production of "An American in Paris (musical)".
Other work
Asher has written three novels: The Longing, The Question, and Losing It, and published more than a dozen lifestyle, costuming, and cake decorating books. Asher owns a company that makes party cakes and sugar crafts for special occasions. She also has her own brand of kitchenware that is being sold in Home Bargains shops in the UK and also in Dealz in Ireland.
She is a shareholder in Private Eye, president of Arthritis Care, and a patron of Scoliosis Association (UK).
She is also president of the National Autistic Society, in which she takes an active role. She was a speaker at the 2006 launch of the National Autistic Society's "Make School Make Sense" campaign and is president of Parkinson's UK. In March 2010, Asher became vice president to Autistica, a UK charity raising funds for autism research. Asher is also a patron of TRACKS Autism, an early years nursery setting for children on the autistic spectrum and The Daisy Garland, a national registered charity supporting children with drug resistant epilepsy.
Personal life
On 18 April 1963, the 17-year-old Asher interviewed the Beatles at the Royal Albert Hall in London, England, and began a five-year relationship with Paul McCartney. In December 1963, McCartney took up residence at Asher's family Wimpole Street town house and stayed there until the couple moved into McCartney's own home located in St John's Wood in 1966. McCartney wrote several Beatles songs inspired by her, including "And I Love Her", "You Won't See Me", "I'm Looking Through You", “What You’re Doing”, "For No One", and "We Can Work It Out". McCartney and Asher announced on Christmas Day 1967 that they were engaged to be married, and in February and March 1968, Asher accompanied the Beatles and their respective partners to Rishikesh to attend an advanced Transcendental Meditation training session with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. In mid 1968, Asher returned to London from an acting assignment in Bristol earlier than expected and discovered McCartney in bed with Francie Schwartz. A fan who frequently loitered around Paul's Cavendish Avenue home claims to have witnessed the incident, saying: "Paul brought this American girl home... [and a little while later]... another car turned into Cavendish Avenue—it was Jane. She'd come back... earlier than she was supposed to. Jane went into the house. A bit later on, she came storming out again and drove away." Shortly after, Margaret Asher drove to Cavendish Avenue to collect her daughter's things.
On 20 July 1968, Asher announced publicly to the BBC that her engagement to McCartney had been called off, an announcement that shocked many people, including McCartney himself, who was soon to start dating Linda Eastman who he would marry in 1969. At the time of Asher's announcement, McCartney was at his father's home with Schwartz by his side. Though Schwartz confirmed that Asher did see them in bed together, she claims that she was not the sole reason for the breakup, and that the couple were on the verge of separating prior to Asher's walking in. Authors Hunter Davies and Barry Miles state that the relationship always had several problems, one of them being that McCartney wanted Asher to give up her acting career after they married, which Asher refused to do. Another prevalent problem in the relationship was McCartney's drug use and frequent womanising. After returning to London from a five-month acting tour of the United States in May 1967, Asher found McCartney to be completely different, confiding in Davies that McCartney had "changed so much. He was on LSD, which I hadn't shared. I was jealous of all the spiritual experiences he'd had with John. There were fifteen people dropping in all day long. The house had changed and was full of stuff I didn't know about."
Asher attended the 1970 London premiere of the Beatles' last movie, Let It Be, along with John Lennon's former wife Cynthia, though the former Beatles did not attend.
Asher dislikes discussing or being asked about her relationship with McCartney. She stated in 2004: "I've been happily married for 30-something years. It's insulting."
In 1971, she met the illustrator Gerald Scarfe. They married in 1981 and have three children.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
Other sources
Further reading
Dye, David. Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, p. 7.
External links
English film actresses
English humanists
English soap opera actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
1946 births
Living people
People educated at Queen's College, London
Muses
English child actresses
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
20th-century English novelists
English women novelists
English non-fiction writers
20th-century English women writers
|
[
0.20607367157936096,
-0.03271493315696716,
-0.39651554822921753,
-0.7121437788009644,
0.3760089874267578,
1.0675108432769775,
0.22070440649986267,
-0.006971138995140791,
-0.12301669269800186,
0.47460901737213135,
-0.46493080258369446,
0.5267412662506104,
0.5535315871238708,
0.3719668984413147,
-0.1635059416294098,
0.2703664302825928,
-0.09301641583442688,
0.2545565068721771,
-0.3139324486255646,
-0.4755691885948181,
-0.24132117629051208,
0.17502500116825104,
0.11494597047567368,
0.6991785168647766,
-1.0888493061065674,
0.7125925421714783,
0.07722345739603043,
-0.009813572280108929,
0.38399139046669006,
-0.029776478186249733,
0.10753146559000015,
-0.04619096964597702,
0.6633992195129395,
0.04772595316171646,
0.27949678897857666,
0.5454868674278259,
-0.40414029359817505,
0.1942943036556244,
-0.6631525754928589,
-0.025456033647060394,
-0.5799999833106995,
0.11236647516489029,
0.2754657566547394,
-0.04392271488904953,
-0.4937838912010193,
-0.2048657089471817,
-1.9175996780395508,
0.1619008332490921,
-0.7308656573295593,
-0.13593623042106628,
-0.11217689514160156,
0.30852553248405457,
1.0243009328842163,
-0.3597065508365631,
0.2864023447036743,
-0.3308620750904083,
-0.40007224678993225,
-0.23034842312335968,
0.3678392767906189,
0.10329115390777588,
0.6919257640838623,
-0.4191073477268219,
0.18165941536426544,
-0.9007602334022522,
0.1497439742088318,
-0.16503100097179413,
0.6277981400489807,
0.10291767120361328,
0.08453153818845749,
-0.3535495400428772,
0.15000201761722565,
0.3258674740791321,
0.21264033019542694,
-0.17627322673797607,
-0.32908886671066284,
-0.212361142039299,
0.36781105399131775,
-0.17102780938148499,
0.3546870946884155,
0.23980972170829773,
0.4160422682762146,
0.1364576667547226,
0.5276719927787781,
0.5500487089157104,
0.09661392867565155,
-0.261406809091568,
-0.2237137109041214,
0.3363194465637207,
-0.49213773012161255,
0.39299431443214417,
-0.6915196180343628,
-0.5625691413879395,
-0.20947833359241486,
0.36560824513435364,
0.10076785087585449,
-0.19557034969329834,
-0.033774059265851974,
-0.15202529728412628,
0.7454308867454529,
-0.43760576844215393,
-0.3390212953090668,
-0.2785605192184448,
0.11905679851770401,
-1.1084229946136475,
-0.4433888792991638,
-0.015035486780107021,
-0.004950595088303089,
-0.40717223286628723,
-0.25557276606559753,
-0.07032785564661026,
-0.3884870409965515,
0.12208224087953568,
-0.4819571375846863,
-0.027119390666484833,
-0.12810835242271423,
0.1459856629371643,
-0.2610020339488983,
-0.239858478307724,
-0.9637072086334229,
0.43822577595710754,
0.37816688418388367,
-0.04589615389704704,
0.0647069439291954,
0.6175661683082581,
-0.4382336437702179,
-0.01642611436545849,
0.11982329189777374,
-0.2950725257396698,
-0.2784826159477234,
0.3464674651622772,
0.15354639291763306,
0.6243118047714233,
-0.5856708884239197,
-0.26404812932014465,
-0.12038347870111465,
0.07465879619121552,
0.5729520320892334,
0.284625381231308,
0.2566887438297272,
0.06742404401302338,
-0.30102676153182983,
0.2676858901977539,
-0.585283100605011,
0.19326885044574738,
0.938690721988678,
-0.15749087929725647,
0.043442871421575546,
0.007282302714884281,
-0.5481557250022888,
-0.19440704584121704,
-0.5916223526000977,
0.32011696696281433,
0.22391226887702942,
-1.1148375272750854,
-0.5075039863586426,
-0.09391937404870987,
1.0802907943725586,
0.06893372535705566,
-0.19104549288749695,
-0.110577791929245,
0.8651405572891235,
-0.40276074409484863,
0.1132471039891243,
-0.08099166303873062,
0.6464424729347229,
-0.10598520934581757,
0.45166289806365967,
-0.36581942439079285,
0.007039892952889204,
0.36029452085494995,
-0.2521715462207794,
0.12207099795341492,
0.3882933557033539,
0.05740083381533623,
-0.8372057676315308,
0.2551436126232147,
-0.23884202539920807,
0.45726436376571655,
-0.19810102880001068,
0.10483019798994064,
-0.3500879406929016,
-0.34448888897895813,
-0.22422458231449127,
0.34117329120635986,
0.45171403884887695,
-0.0656789168715477,
0.10736453533172607,
-0.20896877348423004,
0.8245807886123657,
0.48033103346824646,
-0.841651439666748,
-0.21059547364711761,
0.3540213406085968,
0.08121746778488159,
0.11745983362197876,
-0.20228059589862823,
-0.39055272936820984,
0.2226782590150833,
0.0741625428199768,
-0.045545753091573715,
-0.36380016803741455,
-0.4666007161140442,
-0.016913313418626785,
0.0030930167995393276,
0.029351282864809036,
0.42395085096359253,
0.858012855052948,
-0.1760951727628708,
0.12969116866588593,
0.5215643644332886,
-0.5375602841377258,
-0.47704628109931946,
0.4179568290710449,
0.7718790173530579,
-0.05553777143359184,
-0.44409674406051636,
-0.5641434788703918,
-0.09896191954612732,
0.3968139886856079,
-0.5381661057472229,
0.06459754705429077,
0.8975824117660522,
-0.03793712705373764,
-0.2873532176017761,
-0.2893858551979065,
0.7206100821495056,
0.13177457451820374,
0.21600830554962158,
0.478160560131073,
-0.5709500312805176,
-0.37715426087379456,
0.6256097555160522,
-0.013049469329416752,
-0.4088858664035797,
-0.08235092461109161,
0.0008593251695856452,
0.400404691696167,
-0.26487815380096436,
0.015035683289170265,
-0.6794769763946533,
0.45295074582099915,
0.35807982087135315,
-0.6372072100639343,
0.09919705986976624,
0.0011667293729260564,
0.39763128757476807,
0.18393869698047638,
0.03667150437831879,
-0.16794556379318237,
-0.3677440583705902,
0.23878754675388336,
0.32313281297683716,
0.1902846097946167,
0.12358268350362778,
0.02585689164698124,
-0.1354396939277649,
-0.1294020712375641,
0.2714686095714569,
1.2022817134857178,
0.7803588509559631,
0.38806962966918945,
-0.06633451581001282,
0.17227648198604584,
0.003381025744602084,
-0.2884513735771179,
0.04194403067231178,
-0.0874323770403862,
-1.1285401582717896,
0.3427790701389313,
0.09857327491044998,
0.4057992398738861,
-0.5150554180145264,
-0.2137349247932434,
-0.28505417704582214,
0.13130202889442444,
0.374742329120636,
0.09031016379594803,
0.23172162473201752,
-0.17164266109466553,
-0.6066784262657166,
0.33472540974617004,
0.6751471161842346,
-0.21232901513576508,
-0.15901002287864685,
-0.20567095279693604,
0.0767858549952507,
0.2581745386123657,
0.031568463891744614,
-0.10788305848836899,
-0.023315194994211197,
-0.02099873498082161,
0.852171003818512,
-0.44640660285949707,
0.5217809081077576,
0.2178189903497696,
0.10337380319833755,
-0.3461986780166626,
0.21374620497226715,
-0.4193393290042877,
0.20135699212551117,
0.060850370675325394,
0.7264318466186523,
-0.10058591514825821,
0.3264625370502472,
0.08738667517900467,
0.2362663745880127,
-0.40861985087394714,
-0.43548792600631714,
-5.542579650878906,
-0.012667396105825901,
0.3033134341239929,
0.017398467287421227,
0.6674180030822754,
0.09411940723657608,
0.36520493030548096,
-0.19216474890708923,
-0.10520996898412704,
0.008644245564937592,
0.17221955955028534,
0.5943335890769958,
-0.6765235662460327,
0.46753302216529846,
0.5471048355102539,
0.40178588032722473,
-0.3198683261871338,
-0.667029857635498,
0.04372519254684448,
0.9204272627830505,
-0.008512514643371105,
-0.20112569630146027,
-0.2246992290019989,
-0.04580181837081909,
-0.2767901122570038,
-0.3066210448741913,
-0.4758344292640686,
-0.37457865476608276,
-0.4358513653278351,
-0.5545824766159058,
-0.2654978036880493,
-0.30307936668395996,
-0.6811003684997559,
0.17171765863895416,
-0.11198683083057404,
0.09718626737594604,
0.26196619868278503,
-0.48791611194610596,
0.4436917304992676,
-0.654957115650177,
-0.15878722071647644,
0.686285138130188,
-0.6737489700317383,
0.07592029869556427,
0.2360062301158905,
-0.09393832832574844,
-0.37478387355804443,
-0.4003875255584717,
0.32592424750328064,
0.21767264604568481,
0.5476547479629517,
0.14697107672691345,
0.176735058426857,
-0.4020155370235443,
0.24840056896209717,
-0.03393455967307091,
0.060981202870607376,
0.22841109335422516,
-0.5080848932266235,
-0.0031059233006089926,
-0.16554537415504456,
-0.18839223682880402,
0.45861244201660156,
-0.25070783495903015,
-0.021366378292441368,
-0.015566869638860226,
0.15146656334400177,
-0.050163935869932175,
0.08114639669656754,
-0.9684237241744995,
-0.08551652729511261,
-0.2948347330093384,
0.5369405150413513,
-1.181067943572998,
-0.24133069813251495,
-0.9070749282836914,
0.4245370626449585,
-0.07442834228277206,
-0.9116805791854858,
-0.395330011844635,
0.5279145836830139,
-0.9403582811355591,
0.767009973526001,
0.5021759867668152,
0.2712540328502655,
-0.538909375667572,
-0.24853448569774628,
0.01927960105240345,
-0.03996015712618828,
-0.2949993312358856,
-0.6996002197265625,
-0.08527680486440659,
-0.511262059211731,
0.3576887547969818,
0.36309826374053955,
0.26740965247154236,
0.45311784744262695,
0.47995230555534363,
-0.10558158904314041,
0.6153674721717834,
-0.3460395336151123,
-0.5647618770599365,
-0.05624919384717941,
-0.4991614520549774,
0.164931058883667,
0.09278421849012375,
0.07055535167455673,
-0.13471855223178864,
0.42293745279312134,
-0.7494525909423828,
-0.09975587576627731,
0.506427526473999,
-0.26338958740234375,
-0.4799365997314453,
-0.28746384382247925,
-0.4007033109664917,
-0.3609668016433716,
0.1370229721069336,
0.2310168594121933,
0.29858559370040894,
-0.07988380640745163,
0.17720724642276764,
-0.14224649965763092,
0.10282235592603683,
0.2328752875328064,
-0.34164875745773315,
0.3275100588798523,
-0.2308110147714615,
0.14558637142181396,
-0.0144316041842103,
-0.9545575380325317,
0.3329010307788849,
-0.0762660801410675,
-0.34971359372138977,
0.41063612699508667,
-0.013432729057967663,
-0.7464286088943481,
0.3837670087814331,
-0.047213055193424225,
0.6255466341972351,
0.2865821123123169,
-0.059604890644550323,
-0.023492656648159027,
0.5314182639122009,
0.2125033289194107,
-0.48503053188323975,
0.18952827155590057,
0.17285268008708954,
-0.045243218541145325,
0.6192306876182556,
0.5546181201934814,
0.6634729504585266,
0.7204177975654602,
-0.560510516166687,
-0.21072693169116974,
-0.358132928609848,
-0.5469513535499573,
-0.10728038102388382,
0.1448034644126892,
0.02607416734099388,
-0.017605159431695938,
-0.5340953469276428,
-0.8337001800537109,
0.13341037929058075,
-0.048236217349767685,
0.11891419440507889,
-0.3082125782966614,
-0.48534858226776123,
-0.4852955937385559,
0.01910640113055706,
-0.3027733266353607,
-0.7479224801063538,
0.29223236441612244,
0.6132349967956543,
-0.09245380014181137,
0.3211299180984497,
-0.12330800294876099,
-0.07452301681041718,
-0.09350144863128662,
0.29325804114341736,
0.026929955929517746,
-0.03654128313064575,
-0.5851130485534668,
0.036539867520332336,
-0.02119280956685543,
-0.027294795960187912,
-0.706587553024292,
0.02330188639461994,
-0.20059148967266083,
-0.08768114447593689,
0.029705334454774857,
-0.06048234552145004,
0.21467068791389465,
0.5783552527427673,
-0.6389013528823853,
0.0359899140894413,
0.4144771695137024,
-0.3874865174293518,
0.21846118569374084,
-0.28164175152778625,
-0.42842432856559753,
0.5916064977645874,
-0.681450366973877,
-0.17218410968780518,
0.6635120511054993,
-0.651207447052002,
-0.41601502895355225,
0.20460087060928345,
0.16253416240215302,
0.782338559627533,
-0.5225075483322144,
0.18456058204174042,
0.2088523656129837,
0.26320937275886536,
-0.5334974527359009,
0.21999844908714294,
0.2511795461177826,
0.06358690559864044,
0.26399028301239014,
-0.46220701932907104,
-0.3196924924850464,
-0.8185041546821594,
0.1671326458454132,
0.03088916838169098,
-0.7263549566268921,
0.3363358974456787,
0.6465078592300415,
-0.3540746867656708,
0.5812686085700989,
-0.1264503300189972,
-0.22550711035728455,
0.1265425980091095,
-0.15534518659114838,
-0.14776258170604706,
-0.3327319622039795,
-0.3150898516178131,
0.03584069013595581,
0.42269837856292725,
-0.4260331690311432,
0.13946418464183807,
0.6645720601081848,
0.3015229105949402,
-0.3648395240306854,
0.40062063932418823,
0.20325453579425812,
1.237397313117981,
-0.18443217873573303,
-0.884757936000824,
-0.47826001048088074,
0.07330969721078873,
0.3403852581977844,
0.07909588515758514,
-0.14190800487995148,
0.19909757375717163,
0.4797506630420685,
-0.6781110167503357,
0.46788087487220764,
-0.16814441978931427,
-0.24429146945476532,
-0.3857632279396057,
0.5045292973518372,
-0.3689177930355072,
-0.35284170508384705,
-0.13155192136764526,
0.05832267180085182,
0.2907021939754486,
-0.00624682754278183,
-0.3320358991622925,
0.27184271812438965,
-0.25368475914001465,
-0.10327059030532837,
0.11580537259578705,
-0.4431585669517517,
0.6411387920379639,
0.050985317677259445,
0.4501073956489563,
0.0655682384967804,
-0.653799831867218,
0.37968412041664124,
-0.015440920367836952,
0.4216058552265167,
0.436872661113739,
0.029407506808638573,
-0.7944365739822388,
0.32481592893600464,
-0.5668752789497375,
0.42963218688964844,
-0.6120924949645996,
-0.002255897969007492,
-0.09374438226222992,
0.02593795768916607,
0.09272264689207077,
-0.32591167092323303,
-0.2627445459365845,
0.07875421643257141,
-0.018285732716321945,
-0.6180496215820312,
0.4168262779712677,
0.03727572411298752,
-0.4521765410900116,
0.0978708416223526,
0.38973143696784973,
0.15567812323570251,
0.01025716308504343,
0.11984119564294815,
0.02775312028825283,
-0.4764539301395416,
-0.6924101710319519,
-0.30753767490386963,
0.4055791199207306,
0.302311509847641,
-0.12962788343429565,
0.4818660318851471,
0.47378769516944885,
0.01988598145544529,
-0.17912916839122772,
0.30968478322029114,
-0.39115580916404724,
-0.07174921780824661,
-0.0036785451229661703,
-0.5656548142433167,
-0.033172402530908585,
0.4307492673397064,
-0.5000343918800354,
0.34479525685310364,
0.7046647071838379,
0.7076744437217712,
0.24561774730682373,
-0.3030915856361389,
0.4691537022590637,
0.467812716960907,
-0.25289323925971985,
0.6235452890396118,
0.3121182322502136,
0.2613775134086609,
-0.8090465664863586,
0.17045356333255768,
0.3737468719482422,
0.8899134993553162,
0.21318794786930084,
-0.3725963830947876,
0.3652246296405792,
-0.09847322851419449,
0.43708473443984985,
-0.11850007623434067,
0.23763497173786163,
-0.07771681249141693,
0.5885316133499146,
-0.699796199798584,
-0.2617403566837311,
0.12055967003107071,
0.02994748204946518,
0.13663509488105774,
-0.6643756628036499,
0.515154242515564,
-0.19013774394989014,
0.7656837701797485,
-0.5128718614578247,
-0.1888512372970581,
0.15788377821445465,
-0.3134423792362213,
-0.9070197939872742,
0.8792814612388611,
0.6158339381217957,
-0.3379770517349243,
-0.34858885407447815,
-0.46860137581825256,
-1.0243134498596191,
0.17396076023578644,
0.34943389892578125,
0.4727810323238373,
0.5378503799438477,
-0.3520713150501251,
0.2744657099246979,
0.3368215262889862,
0.3373028337955475,
0.07394390553236008,
-0.33107075095176697,
-0.39129090309143066,
0.13562820851802826,
-0.6062225103378296,
0.03128718212246895,
0.0833543986082077,
0.09888248145580292,
0.33556002378463745,
-0.4954894781112671,
0.025314737111330032,
0.07714874297380447,
-0.13877682387828827,
0.13369077444076538,
0.5664395689964294,
-0.7579781413078308,
-0.026018228381872177,
-0.10790054500102997,
-0.7763729095458984,
0.5755478739738464,
-0.3153640329837799,
0.8695979118347168,
0.5544834733009338,
0.22406838834285736,
0.0974835529923439,
1.276256799697876,
-0.14612962305545807,
0.4759533703327179,
-0.5803056955337524,
0.3413185477256775,
-0.31384187936782837,
0.1438562124967575,
-0.6125301718711853,
-0.21129921078681946,
0.4705418646335602,
-0.33475756645202637,
-0.05748804658651352,
-0.22769002616405487,
-0.02105114609003067,
0.4313361644744873,
0.1335364282131195,
0.7495509386062622,
0.36449068784713745,
0.1126910001039505,
-0.27155956625938416,
0.492527574300766,
0.22841103374958038,
-0.23088084161281586,
-0.08743849396705627,
0.886738657951355,
-0.0765407532453537,
-0.36517515778541565,
-0.09529589116573334,
-0.156976118683815,
-0.6626443862915039,
0.838585376739502,
-0.15638916194438934,
0.13392561674118042,
-0.3037557601928711,
-0.2398458570241928,
0.48292288184165955,
0.6017794013023376,
0.7016856670379639,
-0.35114169120788574,
0.19336694478988647,
0.28543034195899963,
-0.12414894253015518,
-0.08125187456607819,
-1.1030282974243164,
-0.28019919991493225,
-0.04079250246286392,
-0.424217164516449,
0.1216052696108818,
0.33424901962280273,
0.007280751597136259,
-0.2652086317539215,
0.04261217266321182,
-0.6274502873420715,
-0.4110551178455353,
0.20860952138900757,
0.37305086851119995,
-0.3237634003162384,
0.43437492847442627,
-0.175323024392128
] |
210383
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Wars
|
Northern Wars
|
"Northern Wars" is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. An internationally agreed nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised. While the Great Northern War is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War.
Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise:
The Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), "First Northern War" according to Arvo Viljanti
The Livonian War (1558–1583), "First Northern War" according to Klaus Zernack
The Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570), "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians
The Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
The Russo-Polish or Thirteen Years' War (1654–1667), "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians
The Second Northern War (1655–1660), "First Northern War" according to traditional Anglo-Saxon, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography, in Poland known as Swedish Deluge
The Scanian War (1674–1679), also called "Swedish-Brandenburgian War" by German historians
The Great Northern War (1700–1721), also "Third Northern War" or "Second Northern War"
See also
War in the North (1937), a campaign in the Spanish Civil War
Russo-Swedish Wars
Polish–Swedish wars
Early modern warfare
Sources
References
Bibliography
|
[
-0.6348325610160828,
-0.1692289412021637,
0.26348862051963806,
-0.6741215586662292,
-0.24304430186748505,
0.3381795585155487,
0.6563052535057068,
0.6521062254905701,
-0.49589115381240845,
-0.29699817299842834,
-0.4344690442085266,
-0.1470736712217331,
-0.21716256439685822,
0.8010017275810242,
-0.5058335661888123,
0.6346144080162048,
0.47724753618240356,
-0.151580348610878,
0.33421576023101807,
-0.6485159397125244,
-0.24760234355926514,
-0.22815586626529694,
0.5916213393211365,
0.0818977952003479,
0.7059365510940552,
-0.4901503324508667,
0.6069000363349915,
-0.18183179199695587,
0.0985228568315506,
-0.13148146867752075,
0.09739289432764053,
0.28894340991973877,
-0.4668126702308655,
-0.2636083662509918,
-0.18843893706798553,
0.20962785184383392,
-0.3024352192878723,
0.12190835177898407,
-0.7000558376312256,
-0.30025750398635864,
-0.15401476621627808,
-0.26945626735687256,
-0.23193900287151337,
0.48861873149871826,
0.5952466726303101,
0.20271649956703186,
-1.0717612504959106,
0.5808121562004089,
-0.1498367190361023,
-0.6438133120536804,
-0.4615558981895447,
0.0004432063433341682,
0.0338786281645298,
0.2870107889175415,
-0.07172223180532455,
0.12000029534101486,
-0.4235006272792816,
-0.2316470593214035,
0.1472124457359314,
-0.6283161044120789,
0.4810609519481659,
0.4679252505302429,
0.4097755253314972,
-0.47087305784225464,
-0.34891897439956665,
-0.14511771500110626,
-0.01473754458129406,
0.9013227224349976,
-0.17357483506202698,
-0.9648430943489075,
0.15427742898464203,
0.32039931416511536,
-0.042215533554553986,
0.3942832350730896,
0.581867516040802,
-0.13603666424751282,
0.503389298915863,
-0.04452652111649513,
0.14574085175991058,
-0.19195345044136047,
-0.02027786523103714,
-0.2688436806201935,
0.9725785255432129,
-0.21661734580993652,
0.5756211280822754,
-0.0186496302485466,
-0.042820170521736145,
0.5986598134040833,
-0.41943782567977905,
-0.4967998266220093,
0.427303671836853,
-0.2530655264854431,
0.4632610082626343,
-0.016757739707827568,
0.043875422328710556,
0.1574544459581375,
0.5438439846038818,
0.0076896026730537415,
0.05308827757835388,
-0.09037334471940994,
-0.2635219693183899,
0.6414036750793457,
0.3469751477241516,
-0.20600032806396484,
-0.4882418215274811,
-0.47452953457832336,
0.4486062228679657,
-0.08180125802755356,
-0.16266950964927673,
-0.33126071095466614,
-0.5905532836914062,
0.07067599892616272,
0.33707451820373535,
0.4956197142601013,
-0.0394304133951664,
-0.051271989941596985,
-0.5442848205566406,
-0.11402163654565811,
0.3335181474685669,
0.4078468084335327,
-0.030095906928181648,
0.32028836011886597,
-0.5379320979118347,
0.4449552893638611,
-0.217166930437088,
0.09011100232601166,
0.10259527713060379,
-0.13262653350830078,
-0.9363165497779846,
-0.2703954577445984,
0.13863378763198853,
0.5661258101463318,
-0.018186533823609352,
0.2842244505882263,
-0.1490607112646103,
0.06184103712439537,
0.5840281248092651,
0.15862318873405457,
0.4110921621322632,
-0.032391879707574844,
-1.0789579153060913,
-0.5060851573944092,
0.07406342029571533,
0.039768777787685394,
0.46739500761032104,
-0.46178025007247925,
0.1937147080898285,
-0.5384337902069092,
0.08857109397649765,
-0.7368435859680176,
0.20204280316829681,
0.4784984588623047,
-0.1500069946050644,
0.09675314277410507,
-0.28039422631263733,
0.45291581749916077,
0.6296475529670715,
-0.06141868233680725,
0.6577379703521729,
-0.013403598219156265,
0.10301076620817184,
0.7370575666427612,
0.0230401661247015,
0.3556954562664032,
0.4980749189853668,
-0.34675994515419006,
0.282008558511734,
0.3448182940483093,
-0.2840643525123596,
-0.06962419301271439,
-0.06241464614868164,
0.39154353737831116,
0.3869653046131134,
-0.007423750124871731,
-0.061939701437950134,
0.41858142614364624,
0.6927935481071472,
0.6298694014549255,
0.4842466115951538,
-0.1562264859676361,
-0.35789957642555237,
0.5396522283554077,
0.4740772843360901,
0.06057765707373619,
0.04974225163459778,
0.7428510189056396,
0.05335025116801262,
-0.3918713331222534,
-0.34563887119293213,
0.13136349618434906,
-0.08001092076301575,
-0.5676445364952087,
0.139273002743721,
-0.4024679660797119,
1.1308419704437256,
-0.01507009007036686,
-0.15081140398979187,
0.15628330409526825,
-0.3396513760089874,
0.5453362464904785,
0.25942564010620117,
-0.8572816848754883,
0.7576901316642761,
0.24250908195972443,
-0.04175668582320213,
0.07970418781042099,
-0.43117019534111023,
0.16389983892440796,
0.5040850043296814,
0.2720465660095215,
0.07452144473791122,
0.0019228776218369603,
0.11762142926454544,
0.5262438058853149,
-0.21980831027030945,
-0.025269683450460434,
-0.1787019968032837,
0.5501071214675903,
0.32918989658355713,
0.061089131981134415,
0.4902598559856415,
-0.394074410200119,
0.06935948133468628,
0.6997671723365784,
-0.05553404614329338,
0.13330775499343872,
-0.1739376038312912,
0.23757897317409515,
0.28120771050453186,
-0.5575962066650391,
-0.23108242452144623,
0.6759539246559143,
-0.3732169568538666,
-0.10808123648166656,
0.14613837003707886,
-0.5454548001289368,
-0.048861727118492126,
0.06304099410772324,
-0.2520643472671509,
-0.2896963357925415,
-0.008265122771263123,
0.21177691221237183,
0.0739617571234703,
0.7316263318061829,
-0.7701472640037537,
0.18632838129997253,
0.2270299196243286,
0.03499045595526695,
0.22256730496883392,
-0.11381962150335312,
-0.6635913252830505,
0.2392125427722931,
-0.7693157196044922,
-0.025095578283071518,
0.33576762676239014,
-0.3885438144207001,
0.531671941280365,
-0.43564727902412415,
0.3612980246543884,
0.25606992840766907,
0.40981847047805786,
-0.18011100590229034,
-0.4456685483455658,
-0.03502890467643738,
0.5412190556526184,
-0.3613523244857788,
-0.6566619277000427,
-0.2952439785003662,
0.10624771565198898,
0.002507730619981885,
0.030728159472346306,
0.16311486065387726,
0.16133999824523926,
-0.2903481423854828,
-0.3497036397457123,
-0.44946062564849854,
0.27035439014434814,
-0.1835508644580841,
-0.3737558424472809,
-0.46029898524284363,
-0.05977398157119751,
0.2747553884983063,
-0.007706919219344854,
-0.1344943642616272,
-0.4451581835746765,
-0.46665066480636597,
0.013192480430006981,
-0.3669317960739136,
0.344346284866333,
0.3100636601448059,
-0.0579436793923378,
0.19787868857383728,
-0.14341981709003448,
0.09242323040962219,
-0.16353914141654968,
0.34048277139663696,
-0.07489670813083649,
0.5368252396583557,
0.5163941979408264,
-0.0016527813859283924,
-0.9406776428222656,
0.017046071588993073,
-1.044979453086853,
0.2205655574798584,
0.4790653586387634,
-0.25828269124031067,
-0.7083496451377869,
-0.19347037374973297,
-5.833343982696533,
0.1075265184044838,
-0.47702863812446594,
-0.04841223359107971,
-0.18021085858345032,
0.17731152474880219,
0.2096453458070755,
-0.08334463834762573,
0.3156328499317169,
-0.05078764259815216,
0.28423580527305603,
-0.30561524629592896,
-0.8845334053039551,
-0.14223216474056244,
0.2542939782142639,
0.019069740548729897,
-0.014186512678861618,
0.24696914851665497,
0.23483800888061523,
-0.24230530858039856,
0.11474829167127609,
-0.00800924189388752,
0.25285768508911133,
0.3449917137622833,
0.36182162165641785,
0.6211959719657898,
0.07330981642007828,
-0.4370460510253906,
-0.48300057649612427,
0.33607128262519836,
-0.2520836889743805,
-0.3017883598804474,
0.3115350008010864,
-0.30908069014549255,
-0.07969673722982407,
-0.4319173991680145,
0.4069253206253052,
0.9211670160293579,
0.28322893381118774,
-0.016922255977988243,
0.33113324642181396,
0.3463505804538727,
-0.10238787531852722,
0.11309543251991272,
0.776924729347229,
-0.6703709959983826,
-0.07171443849802017,
0.047887928783893585,
-0.3728840947151184,
0.5721819996833801,
0.18659549951553345,
0.14231431484222412,
-0.24597042798995972,
-0.2657182812690735,
0.08644387871026993,
0.4175148606300354,
-0.397637277841568,
-0.5306679010391235,
-0.31172850728034973,
0.1423400193452835,
0.23320446908473969,
-0.2453450709581375,
-0.35532498359680176,
-0.20823048055171967,
0.021484026685357094,
-0.3111668527126312,
-0.2592143416404724,
0.10360487550497055,
0.4416402280330658,
0.0338311493396759,
0.12996457517147064,
0.7257765531539917,
-0.20865899324417114,
-0.5106828212738037,
0.1025678962469101,
-0.5326681733131409,
-0.18243126571178436,
0.055313050746917725,
0.5818336606025696,
-0.06432074308395386,
-0.5064987540245056,
0.07702963799238205,
0.05634373426437378,
0.1713075488805771,
0.14058583974838257,
0.07647722214460373,
0.041961006820201874,
0.13544191420078278,
-0.4245539605617523,
0.05821245536208153,
0.7022759318351746,
-1.0425050258636475,
-0.012862964533269405,
0.08825334906578064,
0.7208623886108398,
0.7957070469856262,
-0.4200770854949951,
0.10939577221870422,
0.7436898350715637,
-0.35057225823402405,
0.1418391615152359,
-0.5922762155532837,
0.22641287744045258,
-0.4133574366569519,
0.11671717464923859,
0.08628945797681808,
-0.2719744145870209,
0.7381355166435242,
0.962936520576477,
0.01915047876536846,
0.3178056478500366,
-0.07792484760284424,
-0.19256392121315002,
0.08417125791311264,
-0.035759542137384415,
-0.3712000250816345,
-0.118283212184906,
1.004334568977356,
0.6835989356040955,
-0.009740863926708698,
-0.2973306477069855,
-0.3815866708755493,
0.201928973197937,
0.049752622842788696,
1.0038458108901978,
-0.1314249038696289,
-0.4667695462703705,
0.06394875794649124,
-0.050612807273864746,
0.7517796754837036,
-0.07364200800657272,
-0.5216320753097534,
0.09046687185764313,
-0.04564885050058365,
0.10907196253538132,
0.038553815335035324,
-0.04797283932566643,
-0.44756507873535156,
-0.19408315420150757,
0.1846860647201538,
-0.060144148766994476,
-0.5590023994445801,
-0.12140608578920364,
0.2987752854824066,
-0.25448834896087646,
-0.06544487178325653,
-0.1170513853430748,
0.04036244377493858,
0.22333715856075287,
0.7136417031288147,
-0.44627007842063904,
0.3581509590148926,
0.49866509437561035,
-0.06883873045444489,
0.09287626296281815,
-0.20952242612838745,
0.49996671080589294,
0.46939194202423096,
-0.41125059127807617,
-0.2509433329105377,
-0.18176114559173584,
-0.6073180437088013,
-0.553634762763977,
-0.01693825051188469,
-0.15114040672779083,
-0.8635188937187195,
-0.4797446131706238,
-0.26540178060531616,
-0.02225382812321186,
0.4826028347015381,
0.28397929668426514,
-0.1876293569803238,
-0.11930321902036667,
-0.09125461429357529,
-0.023385465145111084,
-0.006707995664328337,
-0.6392101049423218,
-0.2911899983882904,
-0.29440921545028687,
-0.30738338828086853,
-0.34950315952301025,
0.04807769134640694,
-0.5142859816551208,
0.27870431542396545,
0.42508193850517273,
-0.04669082537293434,
-0.11501840502023697,
0.018823876976966858,
0.22517865896224976,
0.13066039979457855,
0.362371563911438,
-0.19204972684383392,
-0.6142085790634155,
-0.05852114409208298,
-0.669536828994751,
-0.287815660238266,
-0.4088153839111328,
0.22212231159210205,
0.10756639391183853,
-0.422228068113327,
0.4110867381095886,
0.24982008337974548,
-0.23708871006965637,
-0.5864553451538086,
-0.5897102355957031,
-0.5634740591049194,
0.5832691788673401,
-0.30908751487731934,
-0.8777778744697571,
0.38829320669174194,
-0.4399007558822632,
-0.3745068609714508,
-0.4825250208377838,
1.0339616537094116,
-0.2084181159734726,
-0.01587817817926407,
-0.2724790573120117,
0.25132763385772705,
-0.056702230125665665,
-0.11801020056009293,
-0.08805517852306366,
-0.7080326080322266,
-0.47529539465904236,
0.17613497376441956,
-0.5304868221282959,
-0.09718520939350128,
0.041269492357969284,
-0.5268210172653198,
0.3383252024650574,
-0.3020828664302826,
0.5413757562637329,
-0.3675019443035126,
-0.0773187205195427,
0.5642418265342712,
0.7721788287162781,
0.30532529950141907,
0.5805960297584534,
-0.4299446940422058,
0.07856345176696777,
0.8093790411949158,
0.7656090259552002,
0.2326643466949463,
0.3139510154724121,
-0.15829095244407654,
0.1083257794380188,
-0.16232915222644806,
0.07046855986118317,
-0.5503288507461548,
0.05607694387435913,
-0.4606151878833771,
-0.5090904831886292,
-0.2545340955257416,
-0.32864102721214294,
0.062848761677742,
0.7451566457748413,
-0.4123040735721588,
0.12609133124351501,
0.029902657493948936,
-0.029348963871598244,
-0.06631004065275192,
-0.1310809850692749,
-0.2870286703109741,
-0.25427231192588806,
-0.14349794387817383,
0.13972078263759613,
-0.4953778088092804,
-0.6161566972732544,
-0.2394854575395584,
-0.5679230093955994,
-0.15731263160705566,
-0.08768562972545624,
-0.27617621421813965,
1.0907753705978394,
0.182550847530365,
0.01554002333432436,
0.337851345539093,
0.22907625138759613,
-0.06085170805454254,
0.7767779231071472,
0.08516054600477219,
-0.6375665068626404,
-0.5794968008995056,
-0.019000496715307236,
-0.2862723171710968,
0.21255609393119812,
-1.137519359588623,
-0.09607953578233719,
0.03890710696578026,
-0.04161708056926727,
-0.39546889066696167,
-0.04032423347234726,
0.3422553241252899,
0.03877342864871025,
-0.21378985047340393,
0.05766723304986954,
0.10352418571710587,
-0.01308320090174675,
0.48224860429763794,
-0.1846180558204651,
0.4057171046733856,
-0.6708599328994751,
0.0017250668024644256,
-0.6657881736755371,
-0.7099413275718689,
0.48525211215019226,
0.02514665201306343,
0.21454818546772003,
0.27748751640319824,
-0.25506892800331116,
0.12045344710350037,
0.7750290036201477,
-0.11723866313695908,
-0.3593694567680359,
0.10678154975175858,
0.014113926328718662,
0.11338439583778381,
0.3072006106376648,
-0.7416160106658936,
0.27786749601364136,
-0.32461103796958923,
0.3916095495223999,
0.8665227890014648,
0.05769849941134453,
0.30173417925834656,
0.6013476252555847,
0.4808119237422943,
-0.07851444184780121,
-0.07654288411140442,
-0.3805450201034546,
0.1882614940404892,
-0.18155331909656525,
0.09403734654188156,
-0.2641853392124176,
0.19269327819347382,
-0.30694472789764404,
-0.40245845913887024,
0.08180513978004456,
-0.6663864850997925,
-0.09289279580116272,
0.9047955274581909,
-0.33281445503234863,
0.2974518835544586,
-0.21784448623657227,
-0.34955573081970215,
-0.03681876137852669,
0.18433122336864471,
-0.22492823004722595,
-0.24429818987846375,
0.4962690472602844,
0.33731064200401306,
0.5404751300811768,
-0.3916403651237488,
0.11770683526992798,
-0.38036051392555237,
0.15356814861297607,
-0.060569941997528076,
0.3133411407470703,
-0.04596281796693802,
-0.4014834463596344,
-0.7816174626350403,
0.34193307161331177,
-0.4659388065338135,
0.4280834496021271,
-0.09248813986778259,
0.19970111548900604,
0.46942099928855896,
-0.10249530524015427,
-0.35048097372055054,
0.11192275583744049,
-0.06239401176571846,
0.7797335982322693,
-0.6025656461715698,
0.0844988003373146,
-0.15125083923339844,
-0.06348555535078049,
-0.3728223145008087,
0.2096598595380783,
0.26427292823791504,
0.07246918231248856,
-0.32114309072494507,
-0.4447871446609497,
0.24916203320026398,
0.3751051425933838,
-0.3858749270439148,
-0.10643221437931061,
-0.6741496324539185,
0.08749962598085403,
0.12235287576913834,
-0.0031837087590247393,
-0.2825923264026642,
0.01656017266213894,
-0.5128464698791504,
0.025871112942695618,
-0.048954129219055176,
0.035073284059762955,
-0.46796146035194397,
0.31344863772392273,
0.915815532207489,
0.42143499851226807,
-0.18960155546665192,
0.27306222915649414,
0.13676925003528595,
0.2497967928647995,
0.22873331606388092,
0.06774569302797318,
0.6605881452560425,
-0.214896097779274,
0.13714058697223663,
0.4896811842918396,
0.22497090697288513,
0.08350549638271332,
-0.2793906629085541,
-0.034484729170799255,
0.02654528059065342,
-0.2429560273885727,
-0.4439697265625,
0.5035814642906189,
0.02111036702990532,
0.3392190933227539,
-0.44481900334358215,
0.2702169120311737,
-0.30291712284088135,
0.16587701439857483,
-0.37672528624534607,
0.27659842371940613,
-0.2810509502887726,
0.14843536913394928,
0.6948224902153015,
-0.029904790222644806,
1.2729339599609375,
0.07418611645698547,
-0.6111898422241211,
-0.8659208416938782,
-0.1476389318704605,
-0.30853816866874695,
-0.4518960416316986,
0.5039724111557007,
-0.2955690324306488,
0.21918261051177979,
-0.6634888052940369,
-0.17611083388328552,
-0.31940338015556335,
0.3245949149131775,
0.024999413639307022,
0.46291422843933105,
-0.26139575242996216,
0.40871724486351013,
-0.11929532885551453,
-0.37229862809181213,
0.5310694575309753,
-0.16461151838302612,
0.07639069855213165,
0.5110162496566772,
-0.06384596228599548,
0.0627511665225029,
-0.20444363355636597,
-0.13810992240905762,
-0.6648608446121216,
0.01785062439739704,
0.0561407133936882
] |
210384
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20E.%20Simon
|
William E. Simon
|
William Edward Simon (November 27, 1927 – June 3, 2000) was an American businessman and philanthropist who served as the 63rd United States Secretary of the Treasury. He became the Secretary of the Treasury on May 9, 1974, during the Nixon administration. After Nixon resigned, Simon was reappointed by President Gerald Ford and served until 1977 when President Jimmy Carter took office. Outside of government, he was a successful businessman and philanthropist. The William E. Simon Foundation carries on this legacy. He styled himself as a strong advocate of laissez-faire capitalism. He wrote, "There is only one social system that reflects the sovereignty of the individual: the free-market, or capitalist, system".
Early life and career
Simon was born in Paterson, New Jersey, on November 27, 1927, the son of Eleanor (née Kearns) and Charles Simon, Jr., an insurance executive. He attended Blair Academy and graduated from Newark Academy, where he focused more on sports than scholastic pursuits. After service in the infantry of the US Army, he received his B.A. in 1952 from Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. There, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Rho Chapter). In his later life, Simon was a member of the board of trustees from 1972 to 1973.
He began his career with Union Securities in 1952. He served as vice president of Weeden & Co. before he became the senior partner in charge of the Government and Municipal Bond Departments at Salomon Brothers, where he was a member of the firm's seven-man Executive Committee.
Federal government service
At the time of his nomination as Treasury Secretary, Simon was serving as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, a post he had held from January 22, 1973. As Deputy Secretary, he supervised the Nixon administration's program to restructure and improve U.S. financial institutions. He also served as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office. From December 4, 1973, Simon simultaneously launched and administered the Federal Energy Administration at the height of the oil embargo. As such he became known as the high-profile "Energy Czar", and represented a revitalization of the "czar" term in U.S. politics. He also chaired the President's Oil Policy Committee and was instrumental in revising the mandatory oil import program in April 1973. Simon was a member of the President's Energy Resources Council and continued to have major responsibility for coordinating both domestic and international energy policy.
In August 1974, only three months after Simon became Secretary of the Treasury, President Nixon resigned. Simon was asked to continue to serve at Treasury by President Gerald R. Ford, Jr., who shortly afterward appointed him chairman of the Economic Policy Board and chief spokesman for the administration on economic issues.
On April 8, 1975, President Ford also named him chairman of the newly created East-West Foreign Trade Board, established under the authority of the Trade Act of 1974.
In 1977, Simon received the Alexander Hamilton Award, the Treasury Department's highest honor. In 1976, while serving as Secretary of the Treasury, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt presented Simon with the Collar of the Republic/Order of the Nile. Simon's term as Secretary of the Treasury ended on January 20, 1977.
As Treasury Secretary, Simon claimed to support free markets and to spurn government policies that either subsidized or penalized businesses. In Simon's own words:
Throughout the last century the attachment of businessmen to free enterprise has weakened dramatically as they discovered they could demand – and receive – short-range advantages from the state ... I watched with incredulity as businessmen ran to the government in every crisis, whining for handouts or protection from the very competition that has made this system so productive.
Later business career
Simon attempted to purchase controlling interest in the Baltimore Orioles from Jerold Hoffberger for $12 million, but it aroused fears that he was going to move the franchise to Washington, D.C. Negotiations which began in the summer of 1978 ended when he withdrew his offer on February 5, 1979. He bitterly complained, "Mr. Hoffberger wants to play both ends against the middle. Well, he can forget this end. I think at this point and at this time the game is over. He has damaged the merchandise and acted in bad faith. I think I've been played dirty pool everywhere to Sunday." The Orioles were acquired at the same price six months later on August 2 by Edward Bennett Williams who had represented Simon in those negotiations.
Simon was a pioneer of the leveraged buyout (LBO) in the 1980s. Following government service, Simon was a Vice Chairman at Blyth Eastman Dillon for three years, He and his partner, then co-founded with Ray Chambers, a tax accountant, Wesray Capital Corporation (Simon contributing the "Wes" and Chambers contributing the "ray" based on his initials), an LBO firm that bought and sold, among others, the Gibson Greeting Card Company, Anchor Glass, and the Simmons Mattress Company, typically investing tiny fractions of their own money and including significant debt to complete the purchase from prior shareholders, and then selling the companies whole or piecemeal after making changes that "often included job cutbacks and other short-term cost-reduction measures.". In 1982, Wesray invested approximately $1 million in equity capital (with Simon contributing $330,000) and borrowed another $79 million to take private a Cincinnati-based greeting card company, Gibson Greetings, for $80 million. Eighteen months later, the company was taken public again, with a value of $290 million, and Simon's $330,000 investment was worth $66 million.
In 1984, he launched WSGP International, which concentrated on investments in real estate and financial service organizations in the western United States and on the Pacific Rim. In 1988, together with sons William E. Simon Jr. and J. Peter Simon, he founded William E. Simon & Sons, a global merchant bank with offices in New Jersey, Los Angeles, and Hong Kong. The firm is now extensively involved in providing venture capital. In 1990, he partnered with several investors to form Catterton-Simon Partners, a private equity firm focused on beverages and other consumer products, which today is known as Catterton Partners.
In the Anchor Glass case, Simon made millions more through deals with the company wherein the company leased its land, buildings, and equipment from Simon. Wesray also received banking fees for handling the subsequent purchase by Anchor of Midland Glass Company. Anchor Glass also bought casualty, liability, employee health and benefit insurance from a brokerage firm partially owned by Simon. The Anchor Glass corporate headquarters in Tampa was leased from Simon. Anchor Glass later admitted in an SEC filing, that "these arrangements ... were not the result of arm's length bargaining ... [and] were not ... favorable to the company". Anchor Glass was finally bought by a Mexican company, Vitro, S.A.
Simmons Mattress Company, a company founded in 1886, was bought by Wesray and partners bought in 1986 for $120 million and sold it in 1989 for $241 million.
By the late 1980s, Forbes magazine was estimating Simon's wealth at $300 million.
During his business career, Simon served on the boards of over thirty companies including Xerox, Citibank, Halliburton, Dart & Kraft, and United Technologies.
In 2017, William E. Simon & Sons merged with Massy Quick & Company in an all-equity transaction.
Personal life
Simon was a resident of Harding Township, New Jersey. The superyacht Itasca was owned by Simon, the first such yacht to pass through the Northwest Passage, followed by a visit to Antarctica.
He was married first to Carol Girard in 1950. William and Carol Simon had two sons and five daughters (Bill, J. Peter, Mary Beth, Carol Leigh, Aimee, Julie Ann and Johanna) and 27 grandchildren. She died in 1995. Simon married his second wife, Tonia Adams Donnelley in 1996.
Simon died of complications of pulmonary fibrosis at the age of 72, on June 3, 2000 in Santa Barbara, California. He was buried in Laurel Grove Memorial Park, Totowa, New Jersey. One of his sons, Bill Simon, was the Republican nominee for governor of California in 2002. A daughter, Mary Beth Simon, was married to Dana Streep, brother of actress Meryl Streep.
U.S. Olympic Committee
Simon was an active member of the United States Olympic Committee for many years. He served as treasurer from 1977 to 1981 and as President of the U.S. Olympic Committee from 1981 to 1985, which included the 1984 Games in Sarajevo and Los Angeles. He chaired the U.S. Olympic Foundation, created with the profits of the Los Angeles games, from 1985 through 1997, and was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 1991. An additional athletics-related honor came on October 11, 1975, when Simon threw out the first pitch of the 1975 World Series at Boston's Fenway Park on behalf of President Ford.
Simon received numerous awards during his career in sports. Among them are the Olympic Torch and the Olympic Order, the highest honors, respectively, of the United States Olympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee. Simon served as an officer or on the board of the Jesse Owens Foundation, the Basketball Hall of Fame, the National Tennis Foundation and Hall of Fame, the U.S. Amateur Boxing Foundation, the Women's Sports Foundation, and the World Cup '94 Organizing and Executive Committees.
Legacy
At the US Military Academy at West Point, he established the William E. Simon Center for the Professional Military Ethic and at the US Air Force Academy, he established the William E. Simon Center for Strategic Studies, as well as a Simon professorship.
In 1976, Simon received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.
In 1978, Simon and Irving Kristol founded The Institute For Education Affairs which as a result of a merger with the Madison Center became the Madison Center for Educational Affairs in 1990.
Simon served as President of the John M. Olin Foundation and as trustee of The John Templeton Foundation. He has also served on the boards of many of America's premier think tanks, including The Heritage Foundation and the Hoover Institution. He was the author of two best-selling books, A Time for Truth in 1978 (ghostwritten by libertarian author Edith Efron) and A Time for Action in 1980.
In recognition of his leadership in business, finance and public service, the Graduate School of Management at the University of Rochester was renamed the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration in 1986. That same year, Simon received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
Simon Sr. was, according to an account in an October 26, 2007 Washington Post profile of his son, William Simon Jr., "a legendary architect of the modern conservative movement". Along with detailing Simon Sr.'s importance within the tradition of conservatism, the profile summarizes him as "legendarily mean" and quotes Simon Sr.'s friend, Ed Feulner, president of the Heritage Foundation, describing Simon Sr. as "a mean, nasty, tough bond trader who took no BS from anyone." It relates as an example of this aspect of his character that Simon Sr. "would awaken his children on weekend mornings by dousing their heads with buckets of cold water." The Washington Post's profile of Simon Jr. analysizes the lasting impact of Watergate on Simon Sr. this way:
... Simon [Sr.] came away from the experience of Watergate with a disgust for the partisan character of the affair, and the capital. The experience of [Nixon's] impeachment convinced him [...] not that partisanship was necessarily poisonous, but that his opponents were far better at partisanship than his side was. [...] Simon would spend the remainder of his life helping to redress the balance ...
Since 2001, the William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership has been awarded to distinguished living donors, including John T. Walton, John Templeton, and Phil Anschutz.
In 2004, the Intercollegiate Studies Institute dedicated a $40,000 cash prize in honor of Secretary Simon. Each year since, the William E. Simon Fellowship for Noble Purpose has been awarded to a college senior desiring to live a life dedicated to serving humanity.
William E. Simon Scholarship Fund
The William E. Simon Scholarship Fund provides financial assistance for academically highly qualified students of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum who live in Rome and who would otherwise lack the resources to cover their educational expenses. Each scholarship award provides no more than 40% of the total annual expense of tuition, room, board, and related fees and expenses. Annually, the William E. Simon Scholarship Fund allocates 50% of the scholarship fund for lay students.
Notes
Further reading
|-
|-
1927 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Blair Academy alumni
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
Ford administration cabinet members
Knights of Malta
Newark Academy alumni
Lafayette College alumni
New Jersey Republicans
Nixon administration cabinet members
Military personnel from New Jersey
People from Harding Township, New Jersey
Politicians from Paterson, New Jersey
Private equity and venture capital investors
The Heritage Foundation
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Lafayette College trustees
Presidents of the United States Olympic Committee
John M. Olin Foundation
|
[
-0.43291956186294556,
-0.010531144216656685,
-0.7236819267272949,
0.614708662033081,
0.21395044028759003,
0.5622311234474182,
0.0059813098050653934,
-0.28740236163139343,
-0.14553053677082062,
-0.2542598843574524,
-0.13262377679347992,
0.6943139433860779,
-0.2730833888053894,
0.16159828007221222,
0.11956865340471268,
-0.30102241039276123,
0.14945337176322937,
-0.11739985644817352,
-0.5278255343437195,
-0.44516921043395996,
-0.4124179482460022,
0.19514523446559906,
0.052869442850351334,
0.20359596610069275,
0.16194114089012146,
0.28222107887268066,
-0.1600692868232727,
-0.8214064836502075,
0.3966190814971924,
0.23484551906585693,
-0.015164594165980816,
0.10793023556470871,
0.08903922140598297,
-0.18625423312187195,
-0.31013643741607666,
-0.04931394010782242,
-0.33105629682540894,
-0.48160699009895325,
-0.06554599851369858,
0.3359748423099518,
-0.05702883005142212,
0.7429408431053162,
0.20566824078559875,
0.3941580653190613,
-0.5884825587272644,
-0.4517832398414612,
-1.5310025215148926,
-0.1854945868253708,
-0.6609765887260437,
-0.7369153499603271,
-0.24904973804950714,
-0.1057823970913887,
0.3413703441619873,
0.0011309501715004444,
0.143544003367424,
0.25474101305007935,
-0.6823239922523499,
0.1912716180086136,
-0.3292469084262848,
-0.5399561524391174,
0.44953811168670654,
-0.3378106951713562,
0.5356335043907166,
0.03259286284446716,
0.2587006986141205,
-0.038442980498075485,
0.26261043548583984,
0.420538991689682,
-0.2489660531282425,
-0.1779809296131134,
-0.269672155380249,
0.220857635140419,
0.12662865221500397,
0.20805341005325317,
0.3232484757900238,
0.19526153802871704,
0.002537915948778391,
-0.07853689044713974,
-0.11114336550235748,
0.32101336121559143,
-0.34760984778404236,
0.2970089614391327,
0.6563894152641296,
0.21277394890785217,
0.11188042908906937,
-0.12714961171150208,
-0.49420323967933655,
0.4642889201641083,
0.050784457474946976,
0.31498000025749207,
-0.6057306528091431,
-0.2596081495285034,
0.04205648601055145,
-0.20867754518985748,
-0.7355647087097168,
-1.192820429801941,
0.005073185078799725,
-0.23592494428157806,
0.09096268564462662,
0.028962671756744385,
-0.1741165816783905,
-0.2716045677661896,
0.1005396917462349,
-0.2641504406929016,
-0.2740585505962372,
0.486874520778656,
-0.11581115424633026,
-0.4403302073478699,
0.008426186628639698,
-0.24060910940170288,
-0.08297321945428848,
0.015238243155181408,
-0.4515266418457031,
-0.2104860246181488,
0.22968246042728424,
0.6919875144958496,
0.043134041130542755,
-0.7764637470245361,
-0.7837478518486023,
-0.5738494992256165,
0.3769090175628662,
0.4000176191329956,
0.1293897032737732,
-0.3110896348953247,
-0.2196267992258072,
-0.35227277874946594,
0.573548436164856,
0.08764617890119553,
-0.19803428649902344,
0.14417047798633575,
0.7384667992591858,
1.012022852897644,
-0.5784000754356384,
-0.3799380362033844,
-0.8224307894706726,
-0.06536046415567398,
0.08018706738948822,
0.25375309586524963,
-0.3177613615989685,
0.098711296916008,
0.020177217200398445,
-0.01945066638290882,
-0.2848843038082123,
-0.4820193350315094,
0.32349827885627747,
-0.2692977786064148,
0.5781015753746033,
-0.47454598546028137,
-0.03348468616604805,
-0.09559724479913712,
0.36228111386299133,
-0.03467953950166702,
0.28386279940605164,
0.25437596440315247,
-0.13247767090797424,
0.28867295384407043,
0.4335094392299652,
-0.017125317826867104,
0.4272500276565552,
0.3565468490123749,
0.11958616971969604,
-0.49061906337738037,
-0.3468441367149353,
0.00023307882656808943,
0.1064576581120491,
0.4130913317203522,
-0.3056456744670868,
0.16551339626312256,
-0.3538306951522827,
0.14454175531864166,
-0.2785046100616455,
-0.04107552394270897,
0.37667790055274963,
-0.12891419231891632,
0.06071776524186134,
0.8337104320526123,
0.5610211491584778,
-0.09753870218992233,
0.4290574789047241,
-0.6442219018936157,
-0.5912449955940247,
-0.21933026611804962,
0.3845808804035187,
-0.04846842214465141,
0.5269089341163635,
-0.05618038401007652,
0.3530016541481018,
-0.027983561158180237,
0.5705351829528809,
-0.5480853915214539,
-0.4045120179653168,
-0.2569315433502197,
-0.08095106482505798,
-0.1833803355693817,
0.5560891628265381,
0.2856227159500122,
-0.12067675590515137,
0.7575165629386902,
0.08949446678161621,
0.28035733103752136,
-0.4576530456542969,
-0.5048657655715942,
0.08731679618358612,
-0.7953685522079468,
0.14425376057624817,
0.46226444840431213,
0.5540294051170349,
-0.007193764206022024,
0.0601077638566494,
1.000545620918274,
0.5349838137626648,
-0.06752597540616989,
-0.11259756982326508,
0.4486447870731354,
0.04221978411078453,
-0.5024582147598267,
-0.027012988924980164,
-0.14642709493637085,
0.44628575444221497,
-0.32699573040008545,
1.116016149520874,
0.7346205115318298,
-0.2190636545419693,
0.6082445383071899,
0.16824299097061157,
0.8254501819610596,
-0.1010337844491005,
-0.3431868851184845,
-0.28875014185905457,
-0.13981036841869354,
-0.09824817627668381,
-0.34402674436569214,
0.5149742960929871,
-0.9968456625938416,
0.7173164486885071,
0.18644630908966064,
-0.2171122282743454,
-0.47762081027030945,
0.23264969885349274,
-0.4213850498199463,
0.15282343327999115,
0.16303470730781555,
-0.35183364152908325,
0.299945592880249,
0.07387039810419083,
0.097710020840168,
0.15745653212070465,
0.08838575333356857,
-0.09569329768419266,
-0.15254393219947815,
-0.16182123124599457,
0.40459948778152466,
0.4237423241138458,
-0.23548533022403717,
0.03991425409913063,
0.03863772377371788,
0.44735243916511536,
0.3283563256263733,
0.5075709819793701,
0.27670034766197205,
-0.022646209225058556,
0.23520013689994812,
0.16523924469947815,
0.5169844627380371,
-0.11154023557901382,
0.04235425591468811,
-0.0880221575498581,
-0.6140034198760986,
0.010066387243568897,
-0.2457181215286255,
0.831322968006134,
-0.6469743251800537,
-0.34109121561050415,
0.5856889486312866,
0.7990187406539917,
-0.42916688323020935,
0.13068576157093048,
0.38125741481781006,
-0.4479343891143799,
-0.769976794719696,
1.1674323081970215,
0.8264353275299072,
-0.17823898792266846,
-0.12133689224720001,
-0.22688893973827362,
-0.3181726634502411,
-0.07575580477714539,
-0.37013375759124756,
0.14483009278774261,
-0.026105806231498718,
0.10240371525287628,
0.4872809648513794,
-0.323707640171051,
0.10514173656702042,
-0.36823636293411255,
0.8644811511039734,
-0.10273418575525284,
-0.3660725951194763,
0.08379828184843063,
-0.09168555587530136,
-0.08506088703870773,
-0.18844762444496155,
-0.11414399743080139,
-0.25728437304496765,
0.7674369812011719,
-0.2455858588218689,
0.21787932515144348,
-0.35889798402786255,
-5.677962303161621,
0.38860297203063965,
-0.1291130781173706,
-0.5763373970985413,
0.42070651054382324,
-0.07220016419887543,
0.4765723645687103,
-0.09280446171760559,
-0.06287896633148193,
-0.5064043402671814,
0.29550981521606445,
-0.4180888831615448,
0.2946206033229828,
0.6092878580093384,
0.6329832673072815,
0.58884596824646,
0.887470006942749,
-0.040666379034519196,
0.36610478162765503,
0.150519460439682,
0.3278886675834656,
-0.47555384039878845,
0.0010658829705789685,
0.10988041013479233,
0.4286356270313263,
0.04329831898212433,
-0.20015959441661835,
0.012383287772536278,
-1.1285858154296875,
-0.15470819175243378,
-0.06923053413629532,
0.02545742318034172,
0.11927482485771179,
0.39455848932266235,
0.18095983564853668,
-0.8338820338249207,
0.9210106134414673,
0.1858609914779663,
0.15635977685451508,
-0.38732877373695374,
0.36775973439216614,
0.15626727044582367,
-0.5240427255630493,
0.20964667201042175,
0.15645362436771393,
-0.06499733030796051,
-0.639155387878418,
-0.4659229815006256,
0.02381683513522148,
0.29726770520210266,
0.05013660714030266,
0.5520190000534058,
0.22346745431423187,
-0.5054008364677429,
-0.08042191714048386,
0.4201788306236267,
-0.05143372714519501,
0.5343121290206909,
-0.6381881237030029,
0.21900029480457306,
0.30657467246055603,
-0.43812116980552673,
0.7862342000007629,
-0.04693072289228439,
-0.05037488043308258,
-0.20223884284496307,
0.04960758984088898,
-0.30584168434143066,
0.18467377126216888,
-0.05927132070064545,
-0.12568272650241852,
0.36049509048461914,
0.4944164752960205,
-1.0854302644729614,
0.2155335694551468,
-0.32768774032592773,
0.14498254656791687,
0.2390153855085373,
-0.48807138204574585,
-0.3967030346393585,
0.1784173846244812,
-0.2872101366519928,
-0.20356440544128418,
0.5861098766326904,
0.3892948627471924,
-0.030925562605261803,
-0.3854079246520996,
0.2032616287469864,
-0.39067140221595764,
-0.4647730588912964,
-0.06710878759622574,
-0.4504844844341278,
0.4000166952610016,
0.26620927453041077,
0.013544239103794098,
-0.31797555088996887,
-0.4441131055355072,
0.919150710105896,
0.3034379184246063,
0.4484906792640686,
-0.23600688576698303,
-0.032229430973529816,
-0.23055747151374817,
-0.8508515954017639,
0.3108636736869812,
0.030899405479431152,
0.1259378343820572,
-0.10655800998210907,
0.3476358652114868,
0.3429229259490967,
-0.2620804011821747,
0.2946826219558716,
-0.03558368980884552,
-0.4958229660987854,
0.2685960531234741,
-0.2682996988296509,
-0.4041231870651245,
-0.20903433859348297,
0.6371222734451294,
0.6647281646728516,
0.24101850390434265,
0.47526487708091736,
-0.13532161712646484,
-0.2335026115179062,
-0.34809407591819763,
-0.738068699836731,
0.35459959506988525,
-0.7150599360466003,
-0.32585233449935913,
-0.48272204399108887,
0.35165825486183167,
0.8227401375770569,
0.1097002848982811,
0.23302467167377472,
0.2335692197084427,
-0.11014793813228607,
-0.30071836709976196,
-0.7570348978042603,
-0.15862268209457397,
0.18184995651245117,
-0.16931891441345215,
-0.21747517585754395,
-0.1839170604944229,
0.017123062163591385,
0.3424961566925049,
0.16502679884433746,
0.0954378992319107,
0.52825927734375,
-0.2882382869720459,
0.4903899133205414,
-0.16789881885051727,
-0.3914450705051422,
0.45108699798583984,
-0.27514275908470154,
-0.6595384478569031,
-0.19449245929718018,
-0.29076406359672546,
-0.2820342779159546,
-0.4837610125541687,
-0.5843079090118408,
0.1665998250246048,
-0.34644949436187744,
-1.2601584196090698,
-0.2645299732685089,
0.11819283664226532,
0.16719822585582733,
-0.4888952076435089,
-0.31388673186302185,
-0.29697564244270325,
0.6804945468902588,
0.31351423263549805,
-0.05950567498803139,
-0.01779903657734394,
-0.19971953332424164,
0.09122622758150101,
-0.10942616313695908,
0.24329382181167603,
-0.18143901228904724,
-0.4373801052570343,
0.41889968514442444,
0.40254202485084534,
0.10646732896566391,
-0.5814719200134277,
-0.22022926807403564,
0.22346319258213043,
-0.5728773474693298,
-0.4992567002773285,
0.1458214968442917,
-0.5139325261116028,
0.42574992775917053,
0.2614208161830902,
-0.3565426468849182,
0.647682785987854,
0.6786149144172668,
-0.12950842082500458,
0.21590201556682587,
0.2372170388698578,
-0.06213578209280968,
-0.41790667176246643,
-0.3751862049102783,
-0.10598652064800262,
0.23523274064064026,
-0.4846300780773163,
-0.09092356264591217,
-0.40653079748153687,
-0.8400080800056458,
-0.4661749303340912,
0.31272611021995544,
0.463487833738327,
0.8351393938064575,
-0.23268841207027435,
0.1411505788564682,
-0.5927973985671997,
-0.059965793043375015,
0.16806213557720184,
0.08168654888868332,
0.2583543360233307,
-0.04637190327048302,
-0.3342927396297455,
-0.7608236074447632,
-0.2992919385433197,
-0.18642272055149078,
0.0034062822815030813,
-0.10376705229282379,
0.06782922148704529,
0.28018510341644287,
-0.09142985939979553,
-0.20184840261936188,
0.21449261903762817,
-0.14758671820163727,
-0.7536093592643738,
-0.38532260060310364,
0.04596203565597534,
0.4106510281562805,
-0.24197180569171906,
0.05848413705825806,
0.5299599766731262,
0.8817293643951416,
-0.07341931760311127,
0.178744375705719,
-0.09788206219673157,
1.0253710746765137,
0.2659265100955963,
-0.35741549730300903,
-0.10385271161794662,
0.3226296901702881,
0.605562150478363,
-0.4385688602924347,
0.15976259112358093,
0.36667725443840027,
0.5835914611816406,
-0.043792419135570526,
-0.3165050446987152,
0.12617197632789612,
0.7119951248168945,
-0.1520393192768097,
0.15990418195724487,
-0.15343768894672394,
0.3371158242225647,
0.07220293581485748,
0.027830278500914574,
0.07863902300596237,
-0.8080538511276245,
0.2630428969860077,
0.18739944696426392,
0.3573664128780365,
0.20013642311096191,
0.14703910052776337,
-0.0232097040861845,
-0.6019816994667053,
0.006325609982013702,
0.1185937225818634,
-0.626738429069519,
0.2365507185459137,
-0.5092535018920898,
0.08685791492462158,
0.25890612602233887,
-0.428509384393692,
0.028054123744368553,
-0.5153846144676208,
-1.1338356733322144,
-0.16580158472061157,
0.3926360309123993,
-0.16297361254692078,
-0.6744470596313477,
-0.8162243962287903,
-0.45039063692092896,
-0.1297314316034317,
-0.46220606565475464,
-0.20626360177993774,
-0.427194207906723,
0.11122365295886993,
-0.6307561993598938,
-0.2671356499195099,
-0.7932080626487732,
-0.0550038143992424,
0.37396377325057983,
0.8408153653144836,
-0.44470518827438354,
0.30799058079719543,
0.06550543755292892,
0.06719215214252472,
0.40549221634864807,
0.6956265568733215,
0.39363354444503784,
-0.17317426204681396,
-0.24930541217327118,
-0.4100070595741272,
-0.183332622051239,
-0.8069840669631958,
-0.08690869063138962,
-0.39174726605415344,
0.5643023252487183,
0.306548148393631,
-1.1720757484436035,
-0.3230350613594055,
0.3803466856479645,
-0.24560506641864777,
-0.11822029203176498,
-0.054067742079496384,
-0.09705958515405655,
0.07383007556200027,
0.386916846036911,
0.013077452778816223,
0.14103804528713226,
1.0698305368423462,
0.27082014083862305,
0.07408483326435089,
0.2342284917831421,
-0.26185518503189087,
0.23880447447299957,
0.3566821813583374,
-0.7729859948158264,
0.5793962478637695,
0.47523364424705505,
0.024883002042770386,
0.0516989640891552,
-1.051414132118225,
-0.1100885421037674,
0.5066859126091003,
0.1848597377538681,
0.805463969707489,
-0.25956299901008606,
0.19756823778152466,
-0.13261206448078156,
0.32974258065223694,
0.008823651820421219,
0.6902821660041809,
0.08880124241113663,
-0.13956168293952942,
0.3865926265716553,
0.031367406249046326,
-0.1875590682029724,
-0.534411609172821,
0.20574307441711426,
0.02616996504366398,
0.31464630365371704,
0.059181421995162964,
-0.1760597825050354,
-0.1387505978345871,
0.15897080302238464,
0.05699944496154785,
0.8537942171096802,
-0.23606109619140625,
-0.2578975260257721,
-0.25828778743743896,
-0.651191234588623,
-0.32392188906669617,
-0.3330077826976776,
0.43075427412986755,
0.04907675459980965,
-0.14243359863758087,
-0.28559377789497375,
0.142574280500412,
0.42670586705207825,
0.3582479655742645,
0.42177459597587585,
-0.49095651507377625,
0.21484734117984772,
0.4768228232860565,
-0.2517804801464081,
-0.18071430921554565,
-0.31797993183135986,
-0.27312901616096497,
-0.20175862312316895,
0.6360828280448914,
0.2670332193374634,
0.08856070041656494,
-0.24747996032238007,
-0.1761709749698639,
0.6835741400718689,
-0.4104381203651428,
-0.23821921646595,
1.0358576774597168,
-0.13079960644245148,
-0.009531814604997635,
-0.13357959687709808,
0.7391861081123352,
0.8026407957077026,
0.15720534324645996,
-0.4467906057834625,
0.06414944678544998,
-0.28322210907936096,
0.10051611065864563,
0.1641334444284439,
0.04676356911659241,
-0.18402570486068726,
-0.17618221044540405,
-0.8187832832336426,
0.24874478578567505,
0.2645263671875,
0.10576838254928589,
-0.4826411306858063,
0.31604713201522827,
0.032683152705430984,
0.051722440868616104,
0.6052576899528503,
0.2150387316942215,
-0.2332262098789215,
0.07650333642959595,
0.15192565321922302,
-0.3227981626987457,
-0.054648883640766144,
0.5611990690231323,
-0.2522096335887909,
0.15899960696697235,
0.34994617104530334,
0.10961592197418213,
-0.1685827225446701,
0.44073352217674255,
0.09527197480201721,
-0.9890749454498291,
-0.375623881816864,
-0.1312924027442932,
0.25852131843566895,
-0.028472183272242546,
0.2562503516674042,
0.47605380415916443,
0.182195246219635,
-0.2008075714111328,
0.2744954824447632,
-0.3979674279689789,
0.07256582379341125,
-0.49300798773765564,
0.03811195120215416,
0.4612537622451782,
0.26789456605911255,
-0.38973939418792725,
-0.14446499943733215,
0.21741731464862823,
-0.14377760887145996,
-0.9252272248268127,
0.36095160245895386,
-0.5167936682701111,
0.4371837079524994,
0.0007100558723323047,
0.09129509329795837,
0.23820999264717102,
0.30718886852264404,
0.019473986700177193
] |
210385
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20XII
|
Ice XII
|
Ice XII is a metastable, dense, crystalline phase of solid water, a type of ice. Ice XII was first reported in 1996 by C. Lobban, J.L. Finney and W.F. Kuhs and, after initial caution, was properly identified in 1998.
It was first obtained by cooling liquid water to at a pressure of . Ice XII was discovered existing within the phase stability region of ice V. Later research showed that ice XII could be created outside that range. Pure ice XII can be created from ice Ih at by rapid compression (0.81-1.00 GPa/min) or by warming high density amorphous ice at pressures between . The proton-ordered form of ice XII is ice XIV.
While it is similar in density (1.29 g/cm3 at ) to ice IV (also found in the ice V space) it exists as a tetragonal crystal. Topologically it is a mix of seven- and eight-membered rings, a 4-connected net (4-coordinate sphere packing)—the densest possible arrangement without hydrogen bond interpenetration.
Ordinary water ice is known as ice Ih, (in the Bridgman nomenclature). Different types of ice, from ice II to ice XVI, have been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures.
See also
Ice for other crystalline form of ice
References
C. Lobban, J.L. Finney and W.F. Kuhs, The structure of a new phase of ice, Nature 391, 268-270, 1998
Water ice
|
[
-0.3507046103477478,
0.15223227441310883,
0.12596765160560608,
0.35183435678482056,
-0.5580437779426575,
-0.19412463903427124,
0.7545270323753357,
0.5485020875930786,
-0.13790331780910492,
-0.21651625633239746,
-0.4582092761993408,
-0.2580406963825226,
0.015168185345828533,
0.851387619972229,
0.45121461153030396,
0.2827282249927521,
0.4643639028072357,
0.49207744002342224,
-0.11785171180963516,
0.1251734495162964,
-0.002106252359226346,
-0.24691258370876312,
0.8948467969894409,
-0.6062541604042053,
0.13379843533039093,
-0.3945483863353729,
0.48005902767181396,
-0.08723235130310059,
0.15874643623828888,
0.47631287574768066,
-0.8374646902084351,
0.6717739105224609,
-0.6543839573860168,
0.11797699332237244,
0.29652345180511475,
0.26320573687553406,
-0.3008192479610443,
-0.25071603059768677,
-0.28534606099128723,
-0.4852229356765747,
0.16000130772590637,
0.3634011447429657,
0.3683544099330902,
0.2729840874671936,
-0.3181915879249573,
0.33194732666015625,
-1.2290831804275513,
0.7795303463935852,
-0.5853351354598999,
-0.03312280774116516,
0.26363667845726013,
0.12985491752624512,
0.07465564459562302,
0.07642082870006561,
-0.23157581686973572,
0.40834036469459534,
-0.9735440015792847,
0.2650083899497986,
0.2984194755554199,
0.31029194593429565,
0.5589345693588257,
0.2820974290370941,
-0.6052698493003845,
0.16186462342739105,
-0.03196357190608978,
0.21834510564804077,
-0.10188181698322296,
0.29178228974342346,
-0.19762900471687317,
-0.4336056411266327,
0.17172320187091827,
0.13578955829143524,
0.0774611085653305,
0.4477078318595886,
0.1519353836774826,
0.003844283754006028,
-0.060390159487724304,
-0.0500776506960392,
0.1649172306060791,
0.14317317306995392,
-0.2619645595550537,
0.3270000219345093,
0.5381725430488586,
0.3183751702308655,
-0.003016906324774027,
-0.05971517041325569,
-0.31610819697380066,
0.6077193021774292,
-0.4652032256126404,
0.5157223343849182,
-0.34165045619010925,
-0.06916472315788269,
1.1808297634124756,
-0.524875819683075,
0.24824512004852295,
-0.1740177422761917,
-0.04278028383851051,
-0.016919398680329323,
0.6129144430160522,
0.0068089901469647884,
-0.6331005692481995,
-0.050122346729040146,
-0.2570057809352875,
0.015614736825227737,
-0.4247421324253082,
-0.5461335778236389,
-0.38416340947151184,
-0.41599220037460327,
-0.3980216979980469,
0.021228205412626266,
-0.013632737100124359,
-0.12011241912841797,
-0.21344240009784698,
0.02185792848467827,
-0.061233166605234146,
0.35874050855636597,
-0.1314774751663208,
-0.23077280819416046,
0.07098781317472458,
0.2126481533050537,
0.19305011630058289,
0.10030341893434525,
-0.4675733149051666,
-0.4478318691253662,
-0.20124973356723785,
0.3739454448223114,
0.624790608882904,
0.46153339743614197,
-0.6300779581069946,
0.13815394043922424,
-0.25376442074775696,
0.744188666343689,
-0.13499031960964203,
0.2713701128959656,
0.15945956110954285,
-0.7758287191390991,
0.04270094260573387,
-0.46913084387779236,
-0.005277453456073999,
0.35040009021759033,
-0.08611127734184265,
-0.5180535912513733,
-0.6243630051612854,
-0.30512571334838867,
0.5007272362709045,
-0.10961295664310455,
0.047693684697151184,
-0.051815688610076904,
-0.13631850481033325,
0.026603998616337776,
0.33676421642303467,
-0.05015435814857483,
0.0010027607204392552,
0.25631359219551086,
0.22265855967998505,
0.040314387530088425,
0.03603490814566612,
0.4878484606742859,
0.15371258556842804,
-0.0285040270537138,
-0.3138290345668793,
-0.01065562292933464,
-0.16364005208015442,
-0.16170737147331238,
0.648200273513794,
-0.06873415410518646,
0.3309710621833801,
0.044090770184993744,
-0.3380123972892761,
0.3500862419605255,
-0.23690159618854523,
-0.05596897006034851,
0.24144001305103302,
0.5014050006866455,
0.286553293466568,
-0.26071715354919434,
0.3364012837409973,
0.671207070350647,
0.7787238955497742,
-0.5701078176498413,
-0.537331223487854,
-0.49873679876327515,
0.02829374372959137,
0.3327488601207733,
0.4709964394569397,
0.03883950039744377,
0.6342612504959106,
0.025303902104496956,
0.1512272208929062,
-0.08790285140275955,
0.11970452964305878,
-0.16064253449440002,
0.3594442307949066,
0.06460456550121307,
0.8210979700088501,
-0.26465728878974915,
-0.5788630843162537,
0.5987372398376465,
-0.12059152126312256,
0.5814446210861206,
-0.44660666584968567,
0.01953357458114624,
0.33782699704170227,
-0.07415502518415451,
-0.013822373934090137,
0.4126075208187103,
0.5020571351051331,
-0.3632018268108368,
0.20208200812339783,
0.4283139705657959,
-0.009266589768230915,
-0.8955579400062561,
0.2962671220302582,
-0.09609007835388184,
-0.22789186239242554,
-0.14970283210277557,
-0.3719228208065033,
0.06347338110208511,
0.13015799224376678,
0.11571773141622543,
0.5743857622146606,
0.002067849040031433,
0.039611924439668655,
-0.1252259612083435,
-0.43777015805244446,
0.045685864984989166,
0.2622500956058502,
0.14580675959587097,
0.17772804200649261,
-0.42619892954826355,
0.34386032819747925,
-0.15404938161373138,
0.3561003804206848,
0.05097023397684097,
-0.20507337152957916,
0.15842901170253754,
0.4260638356208801,
-0.3052085340023041,
0.4120483994483948,
-0.7073636054992676,
-0.07062769681215286,
0.2387790083885193,
-0.07769535481929779,
0.44829264283180237,
-0.016611816361546516,
0.15799586474895477,
0.7523317933082581,
0.3452536165714264,
-0.7313627004623413,
-0.17767028510570526,
0.14125995337963104,
0.21100537478923798,
-0.1974305659532547,
-0.5176300406455994,
-0.4332312345504761,
-0.07505699247121811,
0.043035559356212616,
-0.23358076810836792,
0.2681986093521118,
0.18651802837848663,
-0.42006367444992065,
-0.4248318076133728,
0.025911511853337288,
-0.2508240044116974,
-0.08989652991294861,
-0.22856445610523224,
-0.44461676478385925,
-0.5424014329910278,
0.36311212182044983,
0.22002212703227997,
0.30637162923812866,
-0.5341598391532898,
-0.5125299692153931,
0.015832500532269478,
-0.4903339147567749,
-0.23915481567382812,
-0.06142720952630043,
0.2885725498199463,
-0.22377796471118927,
0.04235675930976868,
-0.028690258041024208,
0.9335433840751648,
0.31433290243148804,
0.2607242465019226,
-1.0044034719467163,
-0.20051033794879913,
0.10343644767999649,
-0.6957157254219055,
0.022655177861452103,
-0.49502021074295044,
-0.05127616599202156,
0.09790525585412979,
-0.2117040753364563,
-0.16155143082141876,
-0.2781327962875366,
0.3295784294605255,
-0.14357095956802368,
-0.3039382994174957,
0.31249719858169556,
0.2051769196987152,
-0.23518864810466766,
-0.4607936143875122,
-0.33989715576171875,
0.3631574213504791,
-0.10099675506353378,
0.11930282413959503,
-0.4110141098499298,
0.18375402688980103,
-5.999388694763184,
-0.5722637176513672,
-0.32308652997016907,
-0.3171742260456085,
0.2237360179424286,
-0.027046235278248787,
0.6149885654449463,
0.29331451654434204,
-0.42628014087677,
0.1052684336900711,
-0.3142811357975006,
0.2872731685638428,
0.11872413754463196,
0.6491646766662598,
0.51120525598526,
0.2768760323524475,
0.7784618735313416,
-0.17054717242717743,
-0.17410904169082642,
-0.28021758794784546,
-0.14168895781040192,
0.5333629846572876,
0.20534293353557587,
0.22969785332679749,
0.16532307863235474,
-0.05488809943199158,
-0.06573107838630676,
0.5317063927650452,
-0.5216849446296692,
-0.35473495721817017,
-0.3786330819129944,
-0.404402494430542,
0.2626289129257202,
-0.12857532501220703,
0.17751075327396393,
0.22696857154369354,
-0.03856581822037697,
0.23910516500473022,
0.4505917429924011,
-0.26074710488319397,
-0.16600514948368073,
-0.19210073351860046,
0.3910363018512726,
-0.2545405924320221,
0.5506470203399658,
-0.4298228621482849,
-0.08301517367362976,
0.10708197951316833,
-0.35328683257102966,
0.8300771117210388,
-0.14961254596710205,
0.18355819582939148,
0.288983553647995,
-0.16671934723854065,
-0.30774083733558655,
0.5823825597763062,
0.565455973148346,
0.19462929666042328,
-0.6551392674446106,
-0.18862338364124298,
0.03665025159716606,
0.018438156694173813,
-0.15082326531410217,
-0.005654735956341028,
-0.09780557453632355,
-0.345145046710968,
-0.7066125273704529,
0.0932055339217186,
-0.07916778326034546,
0.36324071884155273,
-0.27815312147140503,
0.31525030732154846,
-0.087655209004879,
-0.9824732542037964,
0.36712130904197693,
-0.30460068583488464,
-0.025328468531370163,
-0.253826379776001,
0.18750494718551636,
0.31612682342529297,
-0.2787359356880188,
0.2858676016330719,
-0.18665476143360138,
0.833512008190155,
0.16444531083106995,
-0.20210079848766327,
0.5504845380783081,
0.09371086210012436,
0.18332356214523315,
-0.24273158609867096,
0.5976107716560364,
-0.3546065390110016,
0.18457908928394318,
-0.06392919272184372,
-0.2767450511455536,
0.17041999101638794,
-0.16793210804462433,
0.10583244264125824,
0.6598294377326965,
-0.3855069875717163,
0.6360335946083069,
0.06635130941867828,
0.26841089129447937,
-0.7263606190681458,
-0.3922760784626007,
-0.4788506329059601,
0.12117954343557358,
0.349814236164093,
0.4080744981765747,
0.08261056244373322,
-0.3323817253112793,
0.22748512029647827,
-0.10556930303573608,
-0.2864995002746582,
0.4315018057823181,
0.4148006737232208,
-0.2472763955593109,
-0.0027333407197147608,
0.3293653726577759,
0.2275659143924713,
-0.38794001936912537,
0.2870684564113617,
0.016766676679253578,
0.003337351605296135,
-0.4913802444934845,
-0.18437935411930084,
-0.04328514263033867,
0.17062152922153473,
-0.4829796552658081,
0.6820431351661682,
0.38597390055656433,
0.7459259033203125,
0.34727561473846436,
-0.38364171981811523,
0.2223881632089615,
0.25514495372772217,
-0.058783046901226044,
0.053769856691360474,
-0.15835250914096832,
-0.7024804353713989,
0.48777779936790466,
-0.08508143573999405,
0.06179409101605415,
-0.18532830476760864,
0.22378069162368774,
0.5464875102043152,
0.3113451600074768,
-0.0017843844834715128,
-0.08190298825502396,
0.9185580015182495,
-0.2663942873477936,
-0.3983665108680725,
0.10709807276725769,
-0.22689056396484375,
-0.19766101241111755,
-0.10888251662254333,
0.442305326461792,
0.0737667828798294,
0.39552757143974304,
-0.18689310550689697,
-0.04768311232328415,
-0.15616366267204285,
-1.4558665752410889,
-0.2665100395679474,
0.32189181447029114,
-0.42977896332740784,
-0.27779990434646606,
-0.6114491820335388,
-0.2657529413700104,
0.47503677010536194,
-0.01948353461921215,
-0.10662071406841278,
-0.2617506980895996,
0.02195175550878048,
0.27385979890823364,
0.017956595867872238,
-0.008293459191918373,
-0.12970514595508575,
-0.019870148971676826,
-0.6442717909812927,
0.4964773654937744,
-0.28041115403175354,
-0.5867371559143066,
0.4416882395744324,
0.1317448914051056,
-0.10274992883205414,
-0.350404292345047,
0.08164697885513306,
0.1639968454837799,
0.030660036951303482,
0.3368634283542633,
-0.2707238793373108,
0.38866353034973145,
0.23286353051662445,
0.18920910358428955,
-0.046901635825634,
0.4060216248035431,
0.7912279963493347,
-0.0849272832274437,
-0.19139091670513153,
0.5177363753318787,
0.7401002645492554,
-0.33387523889541626,
0.38487836718559265,
0.7065062522888184,
-0.6073105335235596,
-0.25170496106147766,
0.24182243645191193,
0.1752026379108429,
-0.2594161927700043,
0.0009228108683601022,
-0.45505234599113464,
-0.6606294512748718,
0.02377578429877758,
-0.20515471696853638,
0.484470933675766,
-0.12213324010372162,
-0.06439299136400223,
-0.03443944826722145,
-0.21434104442596436,
-0.2051752358675003,
-0.1188090518116951,
-0.20051896572113037,
-0.5321947932243347,
-0.3988959789276123,
-0.3686192035675049,
0.5365344882011414,
-0.1423283815383911,
0.4794168472290039,
-0.11391172558069229,
0.7404046654701233,
-0.06618338823318481,
-0.03260882943868637,
0.10477665066719055,
0.20294399559497833,
-0.2385251522064209,
-0.2291143834590912,
0.06422137469053268,
-0.11095132678747177,
0.32359346747398376,
0.19906841218471527,
0.2541057765483856,
0.5453110337257385,
-0.300587922334671,
-0.2749231159687042,
-0.2665938138961792,
0.3793521523475647,
-0.3910622000694275,
-0.44429299235343933,
0.18074959516525269,
0.19322630763053894,
-0.8215111494064331,
-0.32966598868370056,
-0.7731630802154541,
1.11190927028656,
-0.5676671862602234,
0.7439921498298645,
-0.5702358484268188,
0.33509621024131775,
-0.013146030716598034,
-0.5321725010871887,
-0.6413240432739258,
-0.06509725749492645,
0.2510302662849426,
-0.3925073742866516,
0.061791811138391495,
-0.23713938891887665,
0.1072438582777977,
0.3649598956108093,
-0.2938517928123474,
0.013456989079713821,
-0.05230541527271271,
-0.1184147298336029,
-0.34038981795310974,
-0.37888240814208984,
0.2516891360282898,
-0.5963448882102966,
-0.34028851985931396,
0.2560977041721344,
0.06357286870479584,
-0.7362251877784729,
0.07983466237783432,
0.4863699972629547,
-0.05269237235188484,
-0.04953509569168091,
-0.5082852244377136,
-0.1739971786737442,
0.05509685352444649,
-0.5097082257270813,
0.19779932498931885,
-0.17777588963508606,
-0.18063586950302124,
-0.746116578578949,
-0.2756621837615967,
-0.20494675636291504,
0.21432998776435852,
-0.6579156517982483,
0.27315449714660645,
-0.2166275829076767,
-0.026171840727329254,
-0.7497063875198364,
0.605414867401123,
-0.2567718029022217,
-0.7352926135063171,
-0.3163580000400543,
-0.06368500739336014,
-0.2518295347690582,
-0.3622361421585083,
0.08727587014436722,
0.2562234699726105,
0.5326539874076843,
0.16669002175331116,
0.43318605422973633,
0.3316197693347931,
-0.17466604709625244,
0.35349711775779724,
0.470473974943161,
-0.27648505568504333,
-0.24478808045387268,
0.30173829197883606,
0.20690865814685822,
0.016352763399481773,
0.08753319829702377,
0.08721809834241867,
-0.40096724033355713,
0.47387421131134033,
-0.44772475957870483,
-0.24224953353405,
-0.34315013885498047,
0.07656054198741913,
0.4043259620666504,
-0.32212594151496887,
-0.284076988697052,
0.3482474088668823,
-0.13249178230762482,
-0.33179599046707153,
0.474549263715744,
-0.6409178972244263,
-0.3138929009437561,
0.4908791482448578,
0.5745564103126526,
0.6541649103164673,
-0.5565100908279419,
-0.4834434986114502,
-0.25330474972724915,
0.49208778142929077,
-0.13581740856170654,
0.0051577105186879635,
-0.19883443415164948,
-0.05518351495265961,
0.20999015867710114,
-0.4557073712348938,
0.11023519188165665,
-0.14893856644630432,
-0.19193370640277863,
0.025390859693288803,
0.08224523812532425,
-0.7400922179222107,
-0.030060678720474243,
-0.5013769865036011,
-0.3192302882671356,
0.08527921140193939,
0.28508394956588745,
-0.09697326272726059,
-0.004643670283257961,
-0.07335685193538666,
0.23675674200057983,
-0.7705050110816956,
0.13928471505641937,
-0.5722038149833679,
0.13429896533489227,
0.4189354181289673,
-0.2097555249929428,
0.0523749440908432,
0.2226303666830063,
-0.2564620077610016,
0.21143080294132233,
0.2549718916416168,
0.13282746076583862,
-0.007165947463363409,
-0.5967913866043091,
0.1745132952928543,
0.1900666505098343,
-0.7882748246192932,
0.14708846807479858,
0.08108601719141006,
0.7990182638168335,
0.45567557215690613,
-0.4559682011604309,
0.6426723599433899,
0.5835548043251038,
0.0881258100271225,
-0.11498507112264633,
0.27294066548347473,
-0.4502158463001251,
-0.40964773297309875,
0.0782422199845314,
0.2659032940864563,
0.17489242553710938,
0.2963036596775055,
-0.009433269500732422,
-0.39963361620903015,
0.6104491353034973,
0.3334779739379883,
-0.6685057878494263,
0.298073947429657,
-0.17260433733463287,
-0.22412815690040588,
-0.4129466414451599,
0.25843381881713867,
0.7227476239204407,
-0.5299910306930542,
-0.30427369475364685,
0.04883008077740669,
0.03375466912984848,
0.027273155748844147,
0.030301935970783234,
-0.5563408732414246,
0.20116731524467468,
-0.12403592467308044,
-0.055493105202913284,
-0.6082354187965393,
0.2235041707754135,
0.4146880507469177,
-0.4208071827888489,
0.10412725061178207,
0.3208322525024414,
-0.24957609176635742,
0.2055385410785675,
0.12859849631786346,
-0.4149731993675232,
-0.024826858192682266,
-0.16263055801391602,
1.2937185764312744,
0.1042778491973877,
0.05777444317936897,
0.044645756483078,
0.24425803124904633,
0.3239707946777344,
-0.3553325831890106,
0.20083622634410858,
0.30190515518188477,
-0.4667685925960541,
0.10976652801036835,
0.162395179271698,
0.500209391117096,
-0.18593905866146088,
-0.857295036315918,
0.10350699722766876,
0.03713390603661537,
-0.04480152949690819,
-0.021286090835928917,
-0.06550359725952148,
0.10079629719257355,
-0.2916317880153656,
-0.1917046457529068,
0.4992285668849945,
-0.49526602029800415,
0.14822037518024445,
0.8101723194122314
] |
210387
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Business%20School
|
Simon Business School
|
Simon Business School (formerly known as the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration) is the business school of the University of Rochester. It is located on the University's River Campus in Rochester, New York. It was renamed after William E. Simon (1927–2000), the 63rd United States Secretary of the Treasury, in 1986. The school's present dean is Sevin Yeltekin.
Simon Business School offers full-time, part-time, and executive (based in either Rochester or Switzerland) Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) Programs, as well as Master of Science (M.S.) Programs. The school is home to substantial academic research enterprises and to a Ph.D. Program in several business disciplines.
History
The University of Rochester started as a small business program in 1958, and awarded its first M.B.A. degree in 1962, but the School's impact in the business world can really be traced to a later decision by then University President W. Allen Wallis to create a first-class business school in Rochester. In 1964, he was recruited as dean. Dean Wallis believed in the power of economics to solve a host of problems.
William H. Meckling—who would remain dean for 19 years—was a noted economist best known for his analysis and leadership in support of an all-volunteer U.S. armed service. As dean, he committed the school to an economics-based approach to problem solving, recruited a leading faculty, required that all research at the school have an empirical orientation, initiated new finance and accounting journals that incorporated economics, eliminated traditional boundaries between functional departments, and transformed what had been a small, undergraduate and evening business school into a leading graduate business program.
As a result of work by Meckling and Michael C. Jensen—one of the faculty members he recruited—and other faculty members, the Simon became known for its contributions to the areas of finance, accounting, and organizational theory. The faculty's contributions, in turn, helped shape the research agenda of a generation of business scholars around the world, influencing teaching in graduate business programs and changing how many companies and executives in the US and abroad conduct business.
In 1986, another milestone in the school's history occurred when the school was renamed the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration. William E. Simon, a financial entrepreneur and former U.S. Treasury Secretary, believed strongly in the principles and ideals of the school. He offered his name and an enduring financial commitment to the school's continued success. He chaired the Executive Advisory Committee from its inception in 1986 until his death in June 2000.
Today, Sevin Yeltekin, who succeeded Andrew Ainslie in 2020, serves as dean of Simon Business School.
M.B.A. programs
Full-time M.B.A. program
The Full-Time Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) Program is the flagship two-year program and begins in August. With an average full-time M.B.A. enrollment of 100 students per class, the Full-time M.B.A. program is roughly 50 percent international.
The Full-Time M.B.A. degree requires 67 hours of study, consisting of a total of 20 classes (9 core required courses and 11 electives) and an additional 3-credit course on Business Communication and Career Success. Full-time students complete the M.B.A. course requirements in six academic quarters of varying lengths with an internship in the summer between the first and second years of study.
The first year of the Full-Time M.B.A. Program is divided into three quarters (Fall, Winter, and Spring), followed by a summer-long internship. During each of the first three quarters students are assigned to teams of four-to-five students. During the second year, which consists entirely of electives that allow students to focus on their preferred concentrations, students form their own teams.
Rankings
The full-time M.B.A program is among the top 50 in the U.S., as rated by several prestigious publications. Simon is among the top 150 business schools in the world, according to Times Higher Education.
In 2021, Rochester (Simon) was ranked #25 by Bloomberg Businessweek.
Concentrations
Students in the M.B.A. program have the opportunity to graduate with one or several concentrations. Some of the major areas of study include:
• Competitive and Organizational Strategy, including tracks in Strategy and Organizations and Pricing
• Corporate Accounting
• Entrepreneurship
• Finance
• Marketing, including tracks in Marketing Strategy, Pricing, and Brand Management
• Business Systems Consulting
• Computers and Information Systems
• Health Sciences Management
• International Management
• Operations Management
• Public Accounting
Part-time M.B.A. program
Simon's Part-Time Professional M.B.A. Program offers the same educational opportunities and choices for a concentration as the Full-Time M.B.A. Program, but through evening courses, tailored for individuals who are working while completing the degree. The program delivers a cohort-style experience for core courses, with assigned study teams, support services, and scholarships to support the accelerated timeline. The program begins each September (Fall) or March (Spring), with students taking two courses per quarter and completing the program in 2.5 academic years.
Executive M.B.A. programs
Simon's Executive M.B.A. program is offered on the Rochester campus, as well as in Bern, Switzerland, in conjunction with the Institut für Finanzmanagement at the Universität Bern. The Bern program is equivalent to the Rochester program and is taught by Simon School faculty and European scholars. Students are typically sponsored by their organizations and earn a University of Rochester degree. Like Rochester's Executive M.B.A. students, the students of the Rochester-Bern Executive M.B.A. program in Switzerland come from a wide variety of countries and cultures. Bern students spend their four-week summer term in Rochester studying alongside American students.
M.S. programs
Simon Master of Science (M.S.) Programs generally only require one year of full-time study. Students also have the opportunity to take some classes with M.B.A. candidates, work on multicultural teams, and participate in a variety of extracurricular activities. The school offers M.S. programs in Accountancy, Business Analytics, Finance, Health Care Management, Management, Marketing Analytics, and Medical Management.
The University of Rochester's Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences also offers a Master of Technical Entrepreneurship and Management (T.E.A.M.) Program, with some courses completed at Simon Business School.
M.S. in Health Care Management in New York City
The M.S. in Health Care Management curriculum is designed for working professionals who want to develop the skills to better evaluate their organizations, optimize care delivery, and prepare for the next round of fundamental industry change.
The program consists of six core courses from the Simon M.B.A. curriculum and six health care courses covering key topics such as industry structure and reform, financing, insurance, operations, information technology, and investments. At the end of the program, a Medical Entrepreneurship Business Plan Project lets study teams apply their knowledge to a real-world situation selected by team members with faculty guidance. Typical projects include developing business plans for new or existing services, and identifying opportunities to improve clinical quality and efficiency.
The residency weeks—Orientation and FACt Workshop, and Special Topics in Finance, both held in Rochester, NY—offer students the opportunity to immerse themselves even more deeply into the subject matter. During residency weeks, students work closely with Simon professors, meet guest lecturers, and network with each other and Simon alumni to round out their graduate education.
Simon's Master of Science degree in New York City is a 13-month program that begins in July.
Simon Business School's NYC home is located at 185 W. Broadway in the Tribeca area of lower Manhattan. Simon's facility at New York Law School provides direct access to Wall Street, the City's civic center, and tech corridor. This is the only co-located law school and business school under one roof in New York City.
Ph.D. program
Introduced in 1965, Simon Business School offers an extensive Ph.D. program with a variety of concentrations.
The most common majors are Accounting, Finance, Marketing, Computer Information Systems, and Operations Management. Regardless of the major, all students' first-year studies include a core program designed to build a firm foundation of mathematics, statistics, and economics. While the majority of the courses are taken in common by all the incoming students, there is some specialization. This specialization gets more intense in the second year when the students concentrate on their major and minor fields of study.
A majority of Simon's Ph.D. graduates attain academic positions in top business schools, with 20 percent getting their first job in a top-10 ranked business school.
Notable alumni and students
Arunas A. Chesonis - Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairman of the Board, Sweetwater Energy; Former Chairman of the Board and CEO, PAETEC Holding Corp.
Tim Cost - President, Jacksonville University
Gerry Gitner - Former CEO, Trans World Airlines (TWA); Co-Founder and Former President, People Express Airlines (PEOPLExpress); Former Senior Executive, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am); Former Chairman and CEO, Pan Am World Services
Pramit Jhaveri - CEO, Citibank India
Robert E. Rich Jr. - Chairman, Rich Products Corporation
Dominic Seiterle - Former Canadian Olympic rower and Gold Medalist
Academic contributions and research
Several innovations in business economics were developed by faculty at the school, including advances to agency theory and positive accounting theory. The school is also home to three academic journals in management: the Journal of Accounting and Economics, the Journal of Financial Economics, and the Journal of Monetary Economics.
See also
List of United States business school rankings
List of business schools in the United States
References
External links
University of Rochester
Business schools in New York (state)
University of Rochester
Educational institutions established in 1958
1958 establishments in New York (state)
|
[
-0.021485567092895508,
0.43316423892974854,
-0.06371534615755081,
-0.23018702864646912,
-0.061312485486269,
0.24052079021930695,
0.21457524597644806,
0.29627740383148193,
-0.4454711079597473,
-0.5601658821105957,
-0.56011962890625,
0.3615250587463379,
0.5397093296051025,
0.2714604139328003,
0.3049248456954956,
-0.0903308168053627,
0.4393269419670105,
0.29889780282974243,
-0.4350626766681671,
-1.071757435798645,
-0.3515244424343109,
0.018416641280055046,
0.03887125477194786,
0.12921170890331268,
-0.3535749018192291,
0.4383912980556488,
0.4237659275531769,
0.2401641458272934,
0.4994691014289856,
0.27085381746292114,
0.41090357303619385,
0.13432832062244415,
-0.50887131690979,
-0.37997862696647644,
0.028216421604156494,
-0.19665846228599548,
0.21198701858520508,
-0.49952083826065063,
-0.30235105752944946,
-0.34515267610549927,
0.2181609869003296,
0.40093666315078735,
0.42520982027053833,
0.6760179996490479,
-0.12988193333148956,
-0.7881901860237122,
-1.8157888650894165,
-0.32648351788520813,
-0.5771170854568481,
-0.3750465214252472,
0.07874660193920135,
0.32043200731277466,
0.5186159610748291,
-0.1920081228017807,
-0.3604188859462738,
0.8368950486183167,
-0.7628494501113892,
0.7957479953765869,
0.14817380905151367,
-0.052139267325401306,
0.3168475925922394,
0.5667759776115417,
-0.18499986827373505,
0.40748903155326843,
0.19050602614879608,
0.2353353649377823,
0.042882245033979416,
0.6682571768760681,
-0.376539021730423,
0.1151348352432251,
-0.4853208363056183,
-0.5624896287918091,
-0.08872289955615997,
0.010752543807029724,
-0.46245893836021423,
-0.359923779964447,
0.035417936742305756,
0.0625799372792244,
-0.254465788602829,
-0.058371178805828094,
-0.04507466405630112,
0.24133612215518951,
0.6363588571548462,
-0.2127426713705063,
0.5136272311210632,
0.7381548285484314,
-0.9398196339607239,
-0.4216506779193878,
-0.033340469002723694,
0.2590314745903015,
-0.5547004342079163,
-0.30961695313453674,
0.30598220229148865,
0.18654626607894897,
0.008427824825048447,
-0.542413592338562,
-0.41664984822273254,
-0.1621980518102646,
0.41993388533592224,
0.520662248134613,
-0.02103143185377121,
0.22869914770126343,
-0.023678520694375038,
-0.16160887479782104,
-0.12678122520446777,
-0.03806538134813309,
-0.672805905342102,
-1.0672615766525269,
-0.0031044739298522472,
-2.1076879501342773,
-0.6757014393806458,
-0.28261029720306396,
-0.6541837453842163,
-0.29045698046684265,
0.04616604745388031,
0.9164670705795288,
0.5195736289024353,
-0.45754149556159973,
-0.6682195067405701,
-0.09555381536483765,
-0.03677014261484146,
0.9137270450592041,
-0.24354010820388794,
0.5003819465637207,
-0.5158632397651672,
0.7015380263328552,
0.8488130569458008,
0.5008513927459717,
-0.03494700789451599,
0.04615224152803421,
0.2277066707611084,
0.6569814085960388,
0.14668822288513184,
-0.16512256860733032,
-0.5744141340255737,
0.40421262383461,
0.27235862612724304,
0.10567507147789001,
-0.557033360004425,
0.15650804340839386,
-0.46241751313209534,
-0.26564154028892517,
-1.8604432344436646,
-0.22752638161182404,
0.3012087941169739,
-0.17226813733577728,
0.2605591118335724,
-0.2579256296157837,
0.024579614400863647,
0.2311406433582306,
-0.009918459691107273,
0.0961984246969223,
-0.37881889939308167,
0.8777337074279785,
-0.1196933165192604,
0.28502145409584045,
0.6049472093582153,
-0.2771455943584442,
0.5003376007080078,
0.09864391386508942,
0.012484348379075527,
-0.20501214265823364,
-0.05503074452280998,
-0.07029987871646881,
0.09996842592954636,
-0.030282681807875633,
0.09591594338417053,
-0.2070472687482834,
-0.19371654093265533,
0.306585431098938,
-0.5886195302009583,
0.11611901968717575,
-0.11886611580848694,
-0.3339000344276428,
0.11037366092205048,
0.16440850496292114,
0.5018458962440491,
-0.11151617765426636,
0.23079870641231537,
-0.7858128547668457,
-0.6150851845741272,
-0.23774677515029907,
0.283408522605896,
-0.012638399377465248,
0.6831915378570557,
0.0983639657497406,
0.35744786262512207,
0.19570200145244598,
-0.1497969925403595,
0.45412710309028625,
-0.4964563250541687,
-0.2539055347442627,
0.386034220457077,
-0.3582611083984375,
0.8407353162765503,
-0.23268991708755493,
-0.364754855632782,
0.8661960959434509,
0.13127842545509338,
0.477133184671402,
-0.8522876501083374,
-0.6283694505691528,
-0.2873400151729584,
0.14680762588977814,
-0.568609893321991,
1.7040706872940063,
0.42483100295066833,
0.055249229073524475,
-0.22332508862018585,
0.305898517370224,
0.8929330706596375,
-0.4698249101638794,
0.02807958424091339,
-0.4634494483470917,
0.3018980622291565,
-0.3070366680622101,
0.05453585460782051,
0.3780880868434906,
-0.05569693073630333,
-0.2585040032863617,
1.318226933479309,
-0.3101346790790558,
0.24664124846458435,
0.36938154697418213,
0.49526190757751465,
0.30065712332725525,
0.2307312935590744,
0.3151824474334717,
0.21840931475162506,
-0.4323236644268036,
0.15638673305511475,
0.0009545246721245348,
0.2853807210922241,
-0.59966641664505,
-0.19828861951828003,
-0.4473692774772644,
-0.948303759098053,
-0.7159702777862549,
0.42031675577163696,
-0.10991086810827255,
0.36281144618988037,
0.07308845221996307,
-0.8237330317497253,
0.40817990899086,
0.4067894518375397,
0.5145441889762878,
-0.14249242842197418,
0.4823583960533142,
0.20127984881401062,
-0.12852692604064941,
0.5924881100654602,
-0.1881382167339325,
0.2310055047273636,
-0.3618379235267639,
-0.588362455368042,
-0.04978945106267929,
0.12415886670351028,
0.5420607924461365,
0.5255102515220642,
0.08702585846185684,
-0.07054493576288223,
0.23564307391643524,
0.24420642852783203,
0.5301333665847778,
-0.24980922043323517,
-0.2646360397338867,
-0.5282542109489441,
-0.9009397625923157,
0.1853870004415512,
-0.095685213804245,
0.597376823425293,
-0.1569182425737381,
-0.6455742120742798,
-2.367314577102661,
-0.06257908791303635,
-0.4734392762184143,
0.027455966919660568,
0.26111093163490295,
-0.489021360874176,
-0.05019671842455864,
0.8183637857437134,
0.8681281805038452,
0.04211324825882912,
-0.004230631049722433,
-0.5394806265830994,
0.3472166359424591,
-0.2885730564594269,
0.024032235145568848,
0.39823997020721436,
-0.26882004737854004,
0.16004791855812073,
0.627229630947113,
-0.1933508962392807,
0.21687473356723785,
0.031821224838495255,
0.6080235242843628,
0.08687715977430344,
-0.27965977787971497,
0.07487831264734268,
-0.5156139135360718,
0.21911223232746124,
0.47977498173713684,
-0.4133938252925873,
-0.11761046946048737,
0.7185848951339722,
-0.6252910494804382,
-0.2810932397842407,
-0.12514977157115936,
-4.236910343170166,
-0.2877059578895569,
0.22648277878761292,
-0.037170879542827606,
0.20096689462661743,
-0.7240962386131287,
0.9732866883277893,
-0.45995840430259705,
-0.0040513998828828335,
-0.24306337535381317,
-0.38670432567596436,
-0.36375322937965393,
0.1397390067577362,
0.6309896111488342,
0.6997054219245911,
1.1314270496368408,
0.11903999745845795,
-0.1967369019985199,
0.5313729047775269,
0.5204806923866272,
0.4580220878124237,
-0.5190446376800537,
-0.815319836139679,
0.17952261865139008,
0.52174973487854,
0.45638924837112427,
-0.3557892143726349,
0.21952439844608307,
-0.7920975089073181,
0.1485881358385086,
0.358939528465271,
-0.16470135748386383,
0.12650536000728607,
-0.10809986293315887,
-0.08622519671916962,
-0.28814101219177246,
0.9575890898704529,
0.36097320914268494,
0.24270537495613098,
-0.040704671293497086,
-0.01778668537735939,
0.8840489983558655,
-0.4251455068588257,
0.35066476464271545,
0.45434582233428955,
-0.24674652516841888,
-0.6363344192504883,
-0.16535918414592743,
-0.2240568995475769,
0.4149128198623657,
-0.3529473841190338,
0.0908961296081543,
0.4630623459815979,
0.23682045936584473,
-0.39319461584091187,
-0.12456651031970978,
0.46073952317237854,
0.2847679555416107,
-0.04453964903950691,
0.3713392913341522,
0.7718005776405334,
-0.4592212438583374,
1.1167540550231934,
-0.5833793878555298,
-0.08141203969717026,
-0.516745388507843,
-0.24183134734630585,
-0.1582670360803604,
0.02085079811513424,
-0.06500077247619629,
0.19284193217754364,
0.05215945094823837,
0.16631381213665009,
-0.7362397313117981,
0.05715028941631317,
-0.6702548265457153,
-0.2235739380121231,
0.022434169426560402,
0.22458414733409882,
-0.399605929851532,
0.23796430230140686,
-0.48854944109916687,
-0.4458211064338684,
0.5968360900878906,
0.09752217680215836,
-0.36858296394348145,
-0.08404640853404999,
0.3309181332588196,
-0.46903184056282043,
-0.5397834777832031,
0.1119055226445198,
0.05898512527346611,
0.29409149289131165,
0.8247310519218445,
-0.04622523859143257,
0.18156872689723969,
-0.17894166707992554,
0.02181527391076088,
0.20399326086044312,
-0.09908899664878845,
-0.13401232659816742,
-0.7534719705581665,
-0.31648629903793335,
-0.43505027890205383,
0.34673380851745605,
-0.0007436955929733813,
0.16975151002407074,
-0.23452980816364288,
0.28689587116241455,
0.44191595911979675,
0.0009884487371891737,
-0.08803538978099823,
-0.7275818586349487,
0.1713837832212448,
0.6849750876426697,
-0.38322189450263977,
-0.6999168992042542,
-0.04129616543650627,
0.03105303831398487,
0.7700955271720886,
-0.13210833072662354,
-0.20891299843788147,
-0.012007946148514748,
0.18442417681217194,
-0.126554936170578,
-0.793734610080719,
0.3539591431617737,
-0.15550215542316437,
-0.31557023525238037,
-0.4917249083518982,
0.5509682297706604,
0.25240442156791687,
-0.11655136942863464,
-0.04442872479557991,
0.19028200209140778,
-0.46296048164367676,
-0.1717347800731659,
-0.4503896236419678,
0.44203078746795654,
0.10938423871994019,
-0.08255758136510849,
0.24084503948688507,
0.36132484674453735,
0.2995501756668091,
0.6367391347885132,
0.5820608735084534,
-0.08371756970882416,
0.48445406556129456,
-0.7191081047058105,
0.4945281147956848,
-0.31364741921424866,
-0.7818979620933533,
0.38516101241111755,
0.21784263849258423,
0.21189843118190765,
0.28069230914115906,
-0.2032131850719452,
0.1916225403547287,
0.05278791859745979,
-0.32226288318634033,
0.264957994222641,
0.011110585182905197,
-1.2140707969665527,
0.3194773495197296,
0.39430421590805054,
-0.14722806215286255,
-0.5711880326271057,
-0.013663101941347122,
-0.6001077890396118,
0.5876720547676086,
0.18686489760875702,
-0.22125272452831268,
-0.9200941324234009,
-0.8441405296325684,
0.11726801842451096,
-0.30760759115219116,
0.3326035737991333,
0.09997347742319107,
-0.02093343995511532,
-0.24798554182052612,
0.3734873831272125,
0.012486763298511505,
-0.1998058408498764,
0.21789859235286713,
-0.026560842990875244,
-0.4207039773464203,
-0.4248586893081665,
-0.19014982879161835,
-0.543946385383606,
-0.2748459279537201,
0.17931245267391205,
0.336839884519577,
0.7930302619934082,
0.355984628200531,
-0.0569826140999794,
-0.5850820541381836,
0.14127755165100098,
-0.03897339850664139,
-0.18409299850463867,
-0.743082582950592,
0.28306707739830017,
0.8430808186531067,
-0.45092976093292236,
0.866706132888794,
-0.11528384685516357,
-0.2760489284992218,
-0.050649724900722504,
-0.09892550110816956,
-0.2715688943862915,
0.2643541991710663,
-0.2709149122238159,
-0.3906961679458618,
-0.1864834576845169,
0.18565332889556885,
-0.9180139899253845,
-0.07445038110017776,
0.23877714574337006,
-0.2657487392425537,
-0.2477465569972992,
-0.2559880316257477,
0.21664664149284363,
-0.457348108291626,
-0.35138043761253357,
-0.3834192156791687,
-0.2875635325908661,
0.6002150774002075,
0.48653894662857056,
-0.7362360954284668,
0.43096688389778137,
-0.9375640749931335,
-0.24441736936569214,
-0.25260600447654724,
0.02750685252249241,
0.3522322177886963,
-0.11682707816362381,
0.3519497215747833,
-0.49156251549720764,
0.48309600353240967,
0.03398720547556877,
-0.017369601875543594,
-0.3205126225948334,
0.7122549414634705,
0.12004970759153366,
-0.4089526832103729,
-0.45486441254615784,
0.27459827065467834,
0.37685757875442505,
-0.19633382558822632,
-0.4849078059196472,
0.10366217792034149,
0.1706409901380539,
-0.8654025197029114,
-0.14811725914478302,
-0.3258197605609894,
0.42988577485084534,
0.2431357502937317,
0.1135636568069458,
-0.03335083648562431,
-0.30081865191459656,
-0.07291068881750107,
-0.259996235370636,
0.2042350023984909,
-1.17923903465271,
0.29127857089042664,
-0.1915956288576126,
0.7091082334518433,
-0.33894819021224976,
-0.5163027048110962,
0.24294577538967133,
-0.07353855669498444,
-0.11582069844007492,
-0.7318399548530579,
-0.1762775480747223,
0.2374590039253235,
0.18367889523506165,
0.00719950906932354,
-0.13084493577480316,
-0.9499775171279907,
0.11046534776687622,
-0.0013124521356076002,
0.7211618423461914,
0.08170372247695923,
0.8150237202644348,
-0.6176458597183228,
0.5082210898399353,
-0.6726890802383423,
-0.18008528649806976,
0.12149098515510559,
-0.7271901965141296,
0.423781156539917,
-0.09646094590425491,
-0.32294023036956787,
-0.40170371532440186,
0.16353240609169006,
-0.2195703238248825,
0.15192171931266785,
0.2250315248966217,
-0.5932608246803284,
0.11774173378944397,
0.20032888650894165,
-0.06402510404586792,
1.067272663116455,
0.438856840133667,
0.3036847412586212,
0.7480329871177673,
0.44446107745170593,
-0.17162443697452545,
0.09644284844398499,
0.48412710428237915,
-0.9049826264381409,
-0.18698884546756744,
0.015229583717882633,
0.3083038032054901,
0.732578694820404,
-0.7139135599136353,
-0.03143063187599182,
0.4751926064491272,
-0.5708848237991333,
0.7506209015846252,
0.31418585777282715,
-0.4106106460094452,
-0.09213844686746597,
0.799665093421936,
0.10436072200536728,
0.08962413668632507,
0.8932572603225708,
0.20465731620788574,
-0.4478113353252411,
0.7402880787849426,
-0.4482305943965912,
-0.08046280592679977,
0.300276517868042,
-0.34974852204322815,
0.8831130266189575,
0.34749168157577515,
0.2541731894016266,
0.26331955194473267,
-0.9354004263877869,
-0.48149874806404114,
0.6564428806304932,
0.7167260646820068,
1.0892014503479004,
0.0802329033613205,
0.17560456693172455,
-0.7648457884788513,
0.26071128249168396,
-0.35849446058273315,
0.6867243051528931,
-0.1336764544248581,
0.3218170702457428,
0.06047426536679268,
0.00911849644035101,
0.11895834654569626,
-0.7556852102279663,
0.027823088690638542,
-0.1480974704027176,
-0.33311548829078674,
0.07899846881628036,
-0.028555523604154587,
-1.346204400062561,
0.07529715448617935,
0.16689489781856537,
0.6686585545539856,
-0.19602052867412567,
-0.35013535618782043,
0.03781980648636818,
0.2777070701122284,
-0.43325549364089966,
0.030287636443972588,
0.5132655501365662,
0.03747355192899704,
0.21637284755706787,
0.44394147396087646,
-0.0784149169921875,
0.4992207884788513,
0.46178075671195984,
-0.20438480377197266,
-0.11586836725473404,
0.43590667843818665,
0.6463912725448608,
0.04718616232275963,
0.20015406608581543,
-0.5398358106613159,
0.0473540760576725,
-0.1189846470952034,
0.008008381351828575,
-0.3625667989253998,
0.592505931854248,
-0.714876651763916,
-0.03427479416131973,
0.3753408193588257,
-0.017767315730452538,
0.3831705152988434,
0.5406279563903809,
-0.3930600881576538,
-0.1960025429725647,
-0.629578709602356,
0.3377441465854645,
0.082733154296875,
0.017261112108826637,
-0.1693345159292221,
0.17109042406082153,
-0.047263626009225845,
0.07835963368415833,
0.0974455252289772,
0.23547448217868805,
-0.4826444685459137,
0.46789857745170593,
-0.8544289469718933,
0.08883301168680191,
0.39209049940109253,
-0.1169583797454834,
0.37666481733322144,
0.020751437172293663,
0.1904953569173813,
0.7737407088279724,
0.5844454765319824,
0.1970376968383789,
-0.6418747305870056,
0.22599627077579498,
0.0866316631436348,
-0.08615048229694366,
0.6727263927459717,
0.42602747678756714,
-0.20680683851242065,
0.0546211376786232,
-0.24184301495552063,
0.44259050488471985,
-0.13404163718223572,
0.552071750164032,
0.19086632132530212,
-0.08715708553791046,
-0.4291249215602875,
0.16391533613204956,
-0.1864936500787735,
0.643785297870636,
0.22535087168216705,
1.1247504949569702,
0.7584995627403259,
0.1482820361852646,
-0.12951157987117767,
-0.6945439577102661,
0.014348825439810753,
0.04926498606801033,
-5.2262773513793945,
0.0776919573545456,
0.1537872850894928,
-0.5444048643112183,
-0.22172479331493378,
0.3407149612903595,
0.7056543827056885,
-0.7289437055587769,
0.2874736785888672,
-0.08005829155445099,
0.07941931486129761,
0.02219463512301445,
-0.07639458775520325,
-0.801665186882019,
0.4862551689147949,
0.12110713124275208
] |
210390
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threskiornithidae
|
Threskiornithidae
|
The family Threskiornithidae includes 34 species of large wading birds. The family has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies, the ibises and the spoonbills; however recent genetic studies are casting doubt on the arrangement, and revealing the spoonbills to be nested within the old world ibises, and the new world ibises as an early offshoot.
Taxonomy
The family Threskiornithidae was formerly known as Plataleidae. The spoonbills and ibises were once thought to be related to other groups of long-legged wading birds in the order Ciconiiformes. A recent study found that they are members of the order Pelecaniformes. In response to these findings, the International Ornithological Congress (IOC) recently reclassified Threskiornithidae and their sister taxa Ardeidae under the order Pelecaniformes instead of the previous order of Ciconiiformes. Whether the two subfamilies are reciprocally monophyletic is an open question. The South American Checklist Committee's entry for the Threskiornithidae includes the following comment "Two subfamilies are traditionally (e.g., Matheu & del Hoyo 1992) recognized: Threskiornithinae for ibises and Plataleinae for spoonbills; because the main distinction has to do with bill shape, additional information, especially genetic, is required to recognize a major, deep split in the family."
A study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills plus the sacred and scarlet ibises found that the spoonbills formed a clade with old world genus Threskiornis, with Nipponia nippon and Eudocimus as progressively earlier offshoots and more distant relatives, and hence casts doubt on the arrangement of the family into ibis and spoonbill subfamilies. Subsequent studies have supported these findings, the spoonbills forming a monophyletic clade within the "widespread" clade of ibises, including Plegadis and Threskiornis, while the "new World Endemic" clade is formed by the genera restricted to the Americas such as Eudocimus and Theristicus.
Description
Members of the family have long, broad wings with 11 primary feathers and about 20 secondaries. They are strong fliers and, rather surprisingly, given their size and weight, very capable soarers. The body tends to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills. They are large birds, but mid-sized by the standards of their order, ranging from the dwarf olive ibis (Bostrychia bocagei), at and , to the giant ibis (Thaumatibis gigantea), at and .
Distribution and ecology
They are distributed almost worldwide, being found near almost any area of standing or slow-flowing fresh or brackish water. Ibises are also found in drier areas, including landfills.
The Llanos are notable in that these wetland plains support seven species of ibis in the one region.
All ibises are diurnal; spending the day feeding on a wide range of invertebrates and small vertebrates: ibises by probing in soft earth or mud, spoonbills by swinging the bill from side to side in shallow water. At night, they roost in trees near water. They are gregarious, feeding, roosting, and flying together, often in formation.
Nesting is colonial in ibises, more often in small groups or singly in spoonbills, nearly always in trees overhanging water, but sometimes on islands or small islands in swamps. Generally, the female builds a large structure out of reeds and sticks brought by the male. Typical clutch size is two to five; hatching is asynchronic. Both sexes incubate in shifts, and after hatching feed the young by partial regurgitation. Two or three weeks after hatching, the young no longer need to be brooded continuously and may leave the nest, often forming creches but returning to be fed by the parents.
Species
FAMILY: THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Subfamily: Threskiornithinae - Ibises
Genus Threskiornis
African sacred ibis, Threskiornis aethiopicus
Malagasy sacred ibis, Threskiornis bernieri
†Reunion ibis, Threskiornis solitarius extinct
Black-headed ibis, Threskiornis melanocephalus
Australian white ibis, Threskiornis molucca
Solomons white ibis, Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus
Straw-necked ibis, Threskiornis spinicollis
Genus Pseudibis
Red-naped ibis, Pseudibis papillosa
White-shouldered ibis, Pseudibis davisoni
Genus Thaumatibis
Giant ibis, Thaumatibis gigantea
Genus Geronticus
Northern bald ibis, Geronticus eremita
Southern bald ibis, Geronticus calvus
Genus Nipponia
Crested ibis, Nipponia nippon
Genus Bostrychia
Olive ibis, Bostrychia olivacea
São Tomé ibis, Bostrychia bocagei
Spot-breasted ibis, Bostrychia rara
Hadada ibis, Bostrychia hagedash
Wattled ibis, Bostrychia carunculata
Genus Theristicus
Plumbeous ibis, Theristicus caerulescens
Buff-necked ibis, Theristicus caudatus
Black-faced ibis, Theristicus melanopis
Genus Cercibis
Sharp-tailed ibis, Cercibis oxycerca
Genus Mesembrinibis
Green ibis, Mesembrinibis cayennensis
Genus Phimosus
Bare-faced ibis, Phimosus infuscatus
Genus Eudocimus
American white ibis, Eudocimus albus
Scarlet ibis, Eudocimus ruber
Genus Plegadis
Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
White-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi
Puna ibis, Plegadis ridgwayi
Genus Lophotibis
Madagascar ibis, Lophotibis cristata
Subfamily: Plataleinae - Spoonbills
Genus Platalea
Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia'''
Black-faced spoonbill, Platalea minor African spoonbill, Platalea alba Royal spoonbill, Platalea regia Yellow-billed spoonbill, Platalea flavipes Roseate spoonbill, Platalea ajaja''
References
External links
Threskiornithidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Bird families
Extant Ypresian first appearances
Taxa named by Charles Wallace Richmond
|
[
-0.20203354954719543,
0.4776570796966553,
-1.0328561067581177,
-0.24457606673240662,
-0.6054061651229858,
0.9649018049240112,
0.8837915062904358,
0.762100338935852,
-0.5357032418251038,
-0.2899031639099121,
0.19491690397262573,
-0.08287128061056137,
-0.35592857003211975,
0.5725821852684021,
0.3230266869068146,
0.6044007539749146,
-0.1590801477432251,
0.7183077931404114,
0.6795043349266052,
-0.3882118761539459,
-0.06467282027006149,
-0.8636934757232666,
0.6113438606262207,
-0.6926112771034241,
-0.1651979684829712,
0.18217596411705017,
0.2970774173736572,
0.4801306128501892,
0.34093108773231506,
-0.4939081072807312,
-0.3099782168865204,
1.4298040866851807,
0.018146919086575508,
-0.09733611345291138,
0.4092960059642792,
-0.21234944462776184,
-0.29867419600486755,
-0.4208727478981018,
0.25380462408065796,
-0.7406582832336426,
0.4421265721321106,
-0.19935499131679535,
-0.29904961585998535,
0.5482192039489746,
-0.06818222999572754,
-0.22977152466773987,
-1.3798868656158447,
-0.6095907688140869,
-0.6574799418449402,
0.202409029006958,
0.21707795560359955,
0.26182669401168823,
1.0119520425796509,
0.5904566049575806,
-0.17420239746570587,
0.6890730261802673,
-1.1778830289840698,
0.6565371155738831,
0.5048588514328003,
0.5350454449653625,
-0.14385394752025604,
-0.05861154943704605,
-0.3426785469055176,
-0.24685138463974,
0.07255401462316513,
0.5548585653305054,
0.13233007490634918,
0.8348261117935181,
-0.500715970993042,
0.3182547390460968,
-0.33445051312446594,
-0.6759662628173828,
0.7638137936592102,
0.8954883217811584,
-0.5934955477714539,
0.23488909006118774,
0.17687593400478363,
0.27639439702033997,
0.8201761245727539,
-0.7353820204734802,
0.5602468252182007,
0.612439751625061,
0.6229678988456726,
0.12687264382839203,
0.08179253339767456,
-0.01214371807873249,
-0.7515047192573547,
-0.10113978385925293,
-0.13830024003982544,
0.6804215908050537,
-0.5778089761734009,
-0.29995641112327576,
0.4542955458164215,
0.6283490061759949,
-0.04903602972626686,
-0.11863046884536743,
-0.7011410593986511,
0.015044447965919971,
0.12777107954025269,
0.7122970819473267,
0.17426754534244537,
0.2587446868419647,
0.4696585536003113,
-0.049076423048973083,
-0.6294894814491272,
-0.2879694700241089,
-0.5177279114723206,
-0.385020911693573,
-0.0680280551314354,
-1.5881309509277344,
-0.6384209394454956,
0.2395228147506714,
-0.6229847073554993,
-0.12833499908447266,
0.2672317922115326,
1.0154974460601807,
0.5551356673240662,
-0.4806143045425415,
-0.09243252128362656,
-0.2906893491744995,
0.19170768558979034,
0.40382638573646545,
-0.287391722202301,
0.060758210718631744,
-0.8568037152290344,
0.971560001373291,
0.598680853843689,
0.08277740329504013,
0.27515116333961487,
0.4231833219528198,
0.3222721815109253,
1.2387765645980835,
-0.07444608956575394,
0.013954825699329376,
0.08506976068019867,
-0.263977587223053,
0.3713465929031372,
0.2946248948574066,
0.3706013560295105,
0.6596356630325317,
-0.4850997030735016,
-0.4610481560230255,
-2.5966548919677734,
-0.36974626779556274,
0.5786097645759583,
0.10750429332256317,
0.27942898869514465,
-0.12113070487976074,
-0.3443012237548828,
-0.4566255807876587,
0.22902105748653412,
-0.7172228693962097,
0.26302370429039,
0.6262539625167847,
-0.4118996560573578,
-0.30441057682037354,
0.3912876844406128,
-0.5954787135124207,
1.1401054859161377,
0.5594506859779358,
0.2209591120481491,
-0.21632760763168335,
-0.5529012084007263,
0.25101637840270996,
-0.07882118225097656,
-0.13532203435897827,
0.6379445791244507,
0.4676405191421509,
-0.15741786360740662,
0.8336213827133179,
-0.6312121748924255,
-0.05231726914644241,
0.2567242681980133,
-0.4858507513999939,
0.2561661899089813,
-0.9885704517364502,
0.2891526520252228,
0.60128253698349,
0.625891923904419,
-0.37055715918540955,
-0.5847535729408264,
0.2643093764781952,
0.38899388909339905,
-0.187690868973732,
0.6321601867675781,
0.03463537618517876,
0.9935427308082581,
0.321579247713089,
-0.19717450439929962,
-0.11442776024341583,
-0.32316797971725464,
-0.0890560895204544,
0.5344688296318054,
0.4599438011646271,
0.9583774209022522,
0.4096032977104187,
-0.3840228319168091,
-0.46515682339668274,
0.4227312207221985,
0.46276870369911194,
-0.4261515736579895,
-0.2131635695695877,
-0.4578188359737396,
0.0950671136379242,
-1.090640902519226,
2.088817834854126,
-0.14211061596870422,
-0.23346804082393646,
0.34746071696281433,
0.24942173063755035,
0.026085317134857178,
-0.22102303802967072,
-0.15124092996120453,
-0.495074599981308,
0.19386881589889526,
-0.6000674962997437,
0.18889851868152618,
0.5952163338661194,
-0.27229663729667664,
-0.5653690099716187,
0.9923962354660034,
-0.07588877528905869,
0.13999535143375397,
0.3399261236190796,
-0.2331671416759491,
0.32534193992614746,
0.5140844583511353,
-0.00020739660249091685,
-0.024217380210757256,
-1.2057559490203857,
0.15761104226112366,
0.5956346988677979,
0.021825620904564857,
-0.5301505923271179,
-0.4481624662876129,
-0.31380119919776917,
-0.6428735256195068,
-1.0583648681640625,
0.3432007133960724,
-0.10000328719615936,
0.29486843943595886,
0.014806793071329594,
-0.6897921562194824,
0.5332584977149963,
0.3253207504749298,
-0.20762571692466736,
0.1104523316025734,
0.6434343457221985,
-0.6115813255310059,
-0.24803806841373444,
0.47956913709640503,
0.6827333569526672,
0.3830949366092682,
-0.778386116027832,
-0.24385099112987518,
0.5392832159996033,
0.5801633596420288,
-0.16581150889396667,
-0.30428147315979004,
-0.2624400854110718,
-0.42217323184013367,
0.3676568269729614,
0.5538321137428284,
0.10175512731075287,
-0.6550537943840027,
-1.0733534097671509,
-0.47911423444747925,
-0.3305424451828003,
0.5361821055412292,
-0.18156835436820984,
0.7671350240707397,
-0.2723810374736786,
-0.2678622603416443,
-2.3398008346557617,
0.07954142242670059,
0.17331908643245697,
-0.20025378465652466,
-0.38568753004074097,
-0.8768102526664734,
0.21570095419883728,
0.28991734981536865,
1.0073487758636475,
0.028699951246380806,
0.4328293204307556,
-0.5054495930671692,
-0.040064647793769836,
0.6536262035369873,
-0.11528375744819641,
0.18705789744853973,
-0.691293478012085,
0.2883968949317932,
-0.43645909428596497,
-0.6442318558692932,
0.3457459509372711,
-0.8751199245452881,
0.0062271058559417725,
-0.41141706705093384,
0.3281269967556,
0.03224826231598854,
-0.13768911361694336,
-0.609710156917572,
0.39507266879081726,
-0.5881948471069336,
-0.05685773864388466,
-0.27731674909591675,
-0.29810526967048645,
0.14280067384243011,
0.30855968594551086,
-3.1381607055664062,
0.3111242353916168,
-0.24321845173835754,
0.3175218105316162,
0.2537034749984741,
0.6052089929580688,
0.8656620383262634,
-0.7491893768310547,
-0.7408850193023682,
-0.10403082519769669,
0.23619391024112701,
-0.04369692504405975,
-0.325415700674057,
0.805121660232544,
0.7029561400413513,
0.3935990631580353,
0.6208970546722412,
0.29608777165412903,
0.47635942697525024,
-0.24500061571598053,
-0.450288861989975,
-0.09389758855104446,
-0.060219909995794296,
-0.0571453832089901,
0.4580543041229248,
0.25157636404037476,
0.16450786590576172,
-0.35882532596588135,
-0.44617748260498047,
0.17659184336662292,
-0.46980878710746765,
-0.19394227862358093,
-0.28701603412628174,
-0.3337010443210602,
-0.3288113474845886,
-0.30930188298225403,
0.806858479976654,
0.7263762354850769,
0.19640988111495972,
-1.1452125310897827,
-0.9004363417625427,
0.22021329402923584,
0.1649038940668106,
0.09755975753068924,
0.40705111622810364,
0.566896915435791,
-0.6211754083633423,
-0.44937869906425476,
0.29189199209213257,
0.9704480171203613,
-0.39196649193763733,
-0.14818042516708374,
0.8802164793014526,
1.117425799369812,
0.4388252794742584,
-0.6284894943237305,
0.4993899464607239,
-0.09721720963716507,
0.30244243144989014,
0.8339020013809204,
0.8670146465301514,
-0.3699808716773987,
-0.07913672924041748,
-0.6746014356613159,
0.21070986986160278,
-0.6464923620223999,
-0.7727966904640198,
-0.12218891829252243,
-0.05615992099046707,
0.26829349994659424,
-0.6924755573272705,
0.7227904200553894,
-0.7270001769065857,
-0.7792063355445862,
0.6515002846717834,
-0.0188734270632267,
-0.09324494004249573,
0.3360486626625061,
-0.10431291162967682,
0.23736706376075745,
0.06326748430728912,
-0.5873122215270996,
-0.3302624821662903,
0.7630901336669922,
0.1296849101781845,
-0.7923762798309326,
-0.4551086723804474,
-0.08084811270236969,
-0.290300190448761,
-0.1996372640132904,
-0.45527383685112,
0.2860032618045807,
0.09432394802570343,
0.7957435250282288,
-0.048014599829912186,
0.38732293248176575,
0.5262668132781982,
-0.39458513259887695,
0.4564775228500366,
-1.0818036794662476,
0.269123375415802,
-0.43159154057502747,
-0.16121211647987366,
0.03220907598733902,
-0.3549462854862213,
-0.881736695766449,
-0.4488948881626129,
0.3377982974052429,
0.3258579671382904,
-0.022962475195527077,
-0.0017634931718930602,
-0.657343864440918,
-0.40409621596336365,
-0.20136652886867523,
0.8020585179328918,
-0.34764984250068665,
-0.438848614692688,
0.4247358739376068,
0.5766690969467163,
0.5530871748924255,
0.4209485650062561,
0.2021278291940689,
-0.10815409570932388,
-0.49118146300315857,
-0.18521985411643982,
-0.2985076904296875,
0.5801523327827454,
-0.14887158572673798,
-1.2393115758895874,
-0.9309268593788147,
-0.49289605021476746,
0.017282042652368546,
-0.5411664843559265,
-0.05509965494275093,
-0.08333820849657059,
-0.5591052770614624,
-0.4844583570957184,
0.405706524848938,
0.3747595250606537,
-0.10754507780075073,
0.2429027259349823,
-0.5893911123275757,
-0.46907734870910645,
0.19174960255622864,
0.3490491211414337,
0.97039395570755,
0.30095481872558594,
-0.4795292615890503,
-0.3748675584793091,
1.1413947343826294,
-0.16379328072071075,
-0.7596418261528015,
0.1566198766231537,
-0.8005065321922302,
0.5241765379905701,
0.10852386802434921,
0.3309566080570221,
0.45005878806114197,
0.11850341409444809,
-0.7426664233207703,
-0.23148195445537567,
0.4623476564884186,
-0.7065950632095337,
0.6755965948104858,
0.7224249243736267,
-0.5311724543571472,
-0.8578799366950989,
-0.24996954202651978,
-0.7569468021392822,
0.7182180285453796,
-0.07965557277202606,
0.16131922602653503,
-0.7200788259506226,
0.050430625677108765,
0.4031083285808563,
-0.5550312995910645,
-0.219879150390625,
0.8342648148536682,
-0.45616647601127625,
-0.6060494780540466,
-0.054814308881759644,
0.29337596893310547,
-0.15166668593883514,
-0.03641500324010849,
-0.028057370334863663,
-0.08047881722450256,
0.07727237790822983,
-0.29715484380722046,
-0.590604305267334,
0.07855714857578278,
0.30810922384262085,
0.5667096376419067,
0.24928303062915802,
-0.24675527215003967,
-0.7793040871620178,
-0.5333260893821716,
0.05754920467734337,
0.2788066864013672,
0.00011800293577834964,
-1.4043759107589722,
0.689254879951477,
0.852837085723877,
0.04264139011502266,
0.3567189872264862,
0.22045332193374634,
-0.8687642216682434,
0.40518712997436523,
-0.0011625034967437387,
-0.48411455750465393,
1.0408151149749756,
-0.12831786274909973,
-0.943688154220581,
-0.19742631912231445,
0.5030971169471741,
-0.15139204263687134,
0.043515436351299286,
0.6323025226593018,
-0.2853388786315918,
-0.12090697884559631,
-0.13076280057430267,
-0.5645110011100769,
-0.35824501514434814,
0.03777364268898964,
-1.0146701335906982,
-1.1669858694076538,
0.5104368329048157,
-0.3783283829689026,
-0.6187047958374023,
0.3041640818119049,
-1.0711336135864258,
-0.6845754384994507,
-0.33421507477760315,
0.2187637835741043,
0.04637801647186279,
-0.4037063717842102,
0.48098596930503845,
-0.07472395896911621,
0.24128127098083496,
-0.15313106775283813,
0.014265178702771664,
0.5201647877693176,
0.9038519859313965,
0.7383847236633301,
0.15536658465862274,
0.1474490910768509,
-0.2650550305843353,
0.051701225340366364,
-0.01680348627269268,
-0.8861562013626099,
-0.18435196578502655,
0.35631442070007324,
-0.038068365305662155,
-0.8398657441139221,
-0.5115062594413757,
1.1012386083602905,
-0.04156111180782318,
0.3334785997867584,
0.11284112185239792,
0.2493448555469513,
-0.17427153885364532,
-0.009424329735338688,
-0.1467772126197815,
-1.033744215965271,
0.3541732430458069,
0.17216303944587708,
0.020175907760858536,
-0.14505809545516968,
0.303313672542572,
0.7988866567611694,
-0.05217598378658295,
-0.3739035129547119,
-0.23572231829166412,
-0.28454968333244324,
0.2873402237892151,
-0.031620461493730545,
-0.3573562502861023,
0.7221219539642334,
-0.9663850665092468,
0.18948547542095184,
-0.11032269895076752,
0.770119845867157,
0.45765405893325806,
0.7498725056648254,
-0.18273212015628815,
0.4882657527923584,
-0.556654691696167,
-0.6527544856071472,
0.06094662472605705,
-0.21501529216766357,
-0.35465121269226074,
-0.5382588505744934,
-0.7623360753059387,
-0.3600354790687561,
0.5615842938423157,
0.6714707016944885,
0.04693875089287758,
0.1999516487121582,
-0.191682368516922,
-0.4510781466960907,
0.6975928544998169,
-0.75007164478302,
1.3470942974090576,
0.13808277249336243,
-0.1733979433774948,
0.711337149143219,
0.08995448052883148,
-0.03433656319975853,
0.2981092929840088,
0.16528701782226562,
0.18343153595924377,
0.32646533846855164,
-0.005902111995965242,
0.19085441529750824,
0.7874119877815247,
-0.5584456324577332,
0.4994727373123169,
0.04152960330247879,
-1.0412368774414062,
0.20547440648078918,
0.3997538387775421,
-0.022173669189214706,
-0.6042630672454834,
0.2114226520061493,
0.2871282696723938,
-0.3690531253814697,
0.35380610823631287,
-0.8150589466094971,
-0.23393253982067108,
0.8974697589874268,
0.39137572050094604,
0.48132890462875366,
-0.010691712610423565,
-0.880257248878479,
0.30386635661125183,
-0.6101529598236084,
-0.11069859564304352,
-0.17550404369831085,
-0.3254021406173706,
-0.2773115336894989,
1.300698161125183,
1.0116780996322632,
0.45884475111961365,
0.2249308079481125,
-0.1347748339176178,
-0.05244186893105507,
0.01816614903509617,
-0.6467093229293823,
0.32678595185279846,
0.32788002490997314,
-0.361311137676239,
-0.0517127700150013,
0.14627817273139954,
0.393239825963974,
-0.13052281737327576,
0.45279374718666077,
0.13674747943878174,
0.12904566526412964,
-0.4081227779388428,
0.10522159188985825,
-1.5368248224258423,
-0.172467440366745,
-0.18052038550376892,
-0.0175665020942688,
0.2825324833393097,
-0.04124350845813751,
0.06476204842329025,
-0.4676677882671356,
-0.2482975870370865,
0.007383288349956274,
0.2942822277545929,
0.9536687731742859,
0.09074357151985168,
0.3872775137424469,
-0.2912130057811737,
0.472945898771286,
0.4263153672218323,
-0.3394830524921417,
-0.25953540205955505,
0.06675291061401367,
-0.33533403277397156,
-0.6575873494148254,
0.27248260378837585,
0.05781717225909233,
-0.6680366396903992,
0.7497475147247314,
-0.08625774830579758,
-0.15306660532951355,
0.31467121839523315,
1.3647631406784058,
0.1606118530035019,
0.36359483003616333,
-0.24367567896842957,
-0.19919316470623016,
0.17309966683387756,
-0.714009165763855,
-0.32733312249183655,
-0.0439189113676548,
0.9049875140190125,
-0.035058408975601196,
-0.3410390019416809,
0.5074016451835632,
0.3172892928123474,
-0.3978010416030884,
0.09691790491342545,
0.12763434648513794,
0.5915586352348328,
-0.6139886379241943,
0.4961513876914978,
-0.7808482050895691,
0.20592010021209717,
0.3706161677837372,
0.028429489582777023,
0.008825692348182201,
0.5102314949035645,
0.05576110631227493,
0.0194418765604496,
0.48492226004600525,
-0.9116249084472656,
-0.42414167523384094,
0.168129563331604,
0.25869619846343994,
-0.35932981967926025,
-0.195535346865654,
0.38278746604919434,
-0.25053268671035767,
-0.7355327010154724,
0.026020562276244164,
-0.26148977875709534,
-0.3307800590991974,
0.19478796422481537,
-0.3007901906967163,
0.6122535467147827,
-0.06791364401578903,
-0.21624134480953217,
-0.121774822473526,
-0.24749720096588135,
0.8919485807418823,
1.0513230562210083,
0.3509162664413452,
-0.2661147117614746,
0.006356424186378717,
-0.5659814476966858,
0.8273153901100159,
0.6115750670433044,
-4.452149868011475,
-0.2555225193500519,
-0.4378358721733093,
-1.2440928220748901,
-0.4890332520008087,
0.20062704384326935,
0.3982720375061035,
-0.09864867478609085,
0.14070619642734528,
0.13389411568641663,
-0.5571179389953613,
0.5372576117515564,
0.13919241726398468,
-0.5955325961112976,
0.3927398920059204,
0.28409215807914734
] |
210393
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20of%20Choice%20%28album%29
|
Freedom of Choice (album)
|
Freedom of Choice is the third studio album by the American new wave band Devo. It was originally released in May 1980 on the Warner Bros. label. The album contained their biggest hit, "Whip It", which hit No. 8 and No. 14 on the Billboard Club Play Singles and Pop Singles charts, respectively. Freedom of Choice peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart.
Composition
According to the band's commentary on The Complete Truth About De-Evolution DVD, the lyrics of "Whip It" began as a tongue-in-cheek anthem for then-president Jimmy Carter. The lyrics were also inspired by Norman Vincent Peale's 1952 book The Power of Positive Thinking and the "can do philosophy" espoused within. Devo co-songwriter and bass guitarist Gerald Casale also told Songfacts that the lyrics were written by him "as an imitation of Thomas Pynchon's parodies in his book Gravity's Rainbow".
"Mr. B's Ballroom" is a lyrically re-written version of an earlier relationship-focused song called "Luv & Such", later released on the Rhino Handmade two-disc rarities collection Recombo DNA in 2000. The lyric of "That's Pep!" is based on an early 20th-century poem by Grace G. Bostwick.
In 1995, the band recorded a new version of "Girl U Want" for the film Tank Girl. An alternate demo version of Freedom of Choice was released on Recombo DNA. This demo version lacks "It's Not Right", "Ton o' Luv", "Don't You Know" and "Freedom of Choice", but it includes demos of the "Whip It" B-side "Turn Around" and three unreleased tracks ("Luv & Such", "Time Bomb" and "Make Me Move").
In 2009, another demo surfaced entitled "Red Shark". This was an early version of "It's Not Right" with alternate lyrics and was offered as a download-only track for fans who purchased tickets to the Freedom of Choice album concerts.
Production
Freedom of Choice was recorded between October 1979 and early 1980, at the Record Plant in Hollywood, California. The album saw the band moving in more of an overt synthpop direction, even though guitars still played a prominent role.
The album was co-produced by Robert Margouleff, notable for his synthesizer work in Tonto's Expanding Head Band and with Stevie Wonder.
Promotion
Devo produced three music videos for the album. "Whip It" was based on a 1962 issue of Dude magazine that lead singer Mark Mothersbaugh had found in an antique store. The magazine contained a story about a dude ranch where the owner would whip his wife's clothes off. The video also played on the popular misconception that the song was about sadomasochism. "Girl U Want" saw the band performing on a television set in front of a live audience. The colors of the video were heavily saturated. In "Freedom of Choice", the band appeared as aliens. This video also featured professional skateboarders of the day.
Critical reception
The album received very positive reviews upon release and is widely regarded as one of their finest efforts. In a 1981 review, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice quipped that "if they ever teach a rhythm box to get funky, a Mothersbaugh will be there to plug it in." Writing in Trouser Press, critics Scott Isler and Ira Robbins described the album as "the band's most evocative pairing of words and music". AllMusic's Steve Huey praised the album, calling it "their most cohesive, consistent material to date".
The popularity of "Whip It" garnered the band several television appearances, including The Merv Griffin Show, American Bandstand and two appearances on the sketch comedy and variety show Fridays. A planned appearance on The Midnight Special was canceled when host Lily Tomlin saw the video for "Whip It" and objected to the content.
Track listing
Additional tracks
Personnel
Devo
Mark Mothersbaugh – lead and background vocals, keyboards, guitar
Gerald Casale – lead and background vocals, bass guitar, keyboards
Bob Casale – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Bob Mothersbaugh – guitar, backing vocals
Alan Myers – drums
Technical
Devo – producer
Robert Margouleff – producer, engineer
Howard Siegal – engineer
Karat Faye – assistant engineer
Ken Perry – mastering
Artrouble – album cover
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Tour
The Freedom of Choice tour was the most ambitious Devo tour up to this time, with dates in Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Canada. While the stage set was still relatively minimalist in keeping with previous performances, the stage was now illuminated by industrial walls and towers with flashing lights. In addition to the infamous red energy dome hats, the band also wore new Tyvek costumes, consisting of grey shirts and pants with long red strips of tape attached to them. Later in the set, Devo donned red, triangular vinyl vests, each one emblazoned with a letter of the band's name in yellow (as well as a hyphen), which can also be seen in the promotional video for "Freedom of Choice".
For the May dates the group wore white button shirts and pants, along with the Energy Dome, but from June onward they wore more traditional white radiation suits with red sellotape over in a cross formation.
The Freedom of Choice tour was captured on several different releases. The first was a promotional LP of an almost complete gig from August 16 at the Fox Warfield Theatre in San Francisco, part of the ongoing Warner Bros. Music Show series. This performance was recorded for the King Biscuit Flower Hour radio show. Shortly thereafter, a distilled version of that LP appeared as the DEV-O Live mini-album, containing six tracks from the album. In 2000, Rhino Handmade issued a limited edition CD of Dev-o Live, containing both the mini-album and the LP on one disc.
In 2005, a performance from the Phoenix Theater in Petaluma, California from the following night was issued as Devo Live 1980. This was released in DualDisc format, with one side containing the show in DVD format and the other containing an edited version of the show's audio in CD format.
Setlist
"Freedom of Choice Theme"
"Whip It"
"Snowball"
"It's Not Right"
"Girl U Want"
"Planet Earth"
"S.I.B. (Swelling Itching Brain)"
"Penetration in the Centrefold"
"Secret Agent Man"
"Pink Pussycat"
"Blockhead"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
"Uncontrollable Urge"
"Mongoloid"
"Be Stiff"
"Gates of Steel"
"Freedom of Choice"
"Jocko Homo"
"Smart Patrol/Mr. DNA"
"Gut Feeling"
"Slap Your Mammy"
"Come Back Jonee"
"Tunnel of Life"
"Devo Corporate Anthem"
2009 album tour
On September 16, 2009, Warner Brothers and Devo announced CD re-releases of Freedom of Choice and Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!, as well as a tour performing both albums in their entirety on back to back nights. These concerts also featured stage set-ups similar to those used in 1978 and 1980 and featured the band wearing their original touring costumes.
The encore performances for the Freedom of Choice show were "Be Stiff" and "Beautiful World", the latter of which featured the Devo "mascot" Booji Boy on vocals.
The opening act for this tour was comedian/performance artist Reggie Watts and, for certain dates, JP Hasson (aka JP Incorporated, aka Pleaseeasaur).
Covers
Several songs from Freedom of Choice have been covered by other musicians, most notably "Girl U Want", which has been recorded by the Mummies, Superchunk, Soundgarden, Chancho en Piedra, Robert Palmer and Zombie Ghost Train. Japanese band Polysics also lifted the main guitar riff of "Girl U Want" for their song "Each Life Each End".
The album's title track has been covered by 16Volt, the Aquabats, A Perfect Circle, Lagwagon, Snapcase, Psychotica, Big Drill Car and Fu Manchu.
Collide and Face to Face recorded versions of "Whip It", which has also been performed in concert by numerous musicians including the String Cheese Incident and Pearl Jam. The song was also covered for the NME Awards 2008 souvenir CD by the band Does It Offend You, Yeah?. The band Love and Death covered the song in 2012.
"Gates of Steel" has been covered by the Hex Dispensers, Skankin' Pickle, Supernova, Yo La Tengo, Groovie Ghoulies, Shihad, Junkyard Dogs, the Flaming Lips, the Men, Ministry, Snapcase and the Breeders.
The B-side to "Whip It", "Turn Around", was covered by Nirvana and included on the rarities collection Incesticide in 1992.
References
External links
Devo albums
1980 albums
Warner Records albums
Punk rock albums by American artists
|
[
0.003013112349435687,
-0.24525490403175354,
-0.4356430172920227,
0.3062824010848999,
-0.26517254114151,
0.3038501739501953,
-0.16474369168281555,
-0.48381131887435913,
0.03981219232082367,
-0.3704998195171356,
0.3115370273590088,
0.8710654973983765,
-0.4656198024749756,
0.0209132581949234,
0.07376539707183838,
0.23382490873336792,
-0.04972171410918236,
0.11672933399677277,
-0.14977991580963135,
-0.6770980954170227,
0.3280423581600189,
0.2105233371257782,
-0.02172037959098816,
-0.14717647433280945,
-0.03830153867602348,
0.2637649476528168,
-0.13534364104270935,
-0.3165448307991028,
-0.1945200264453888,
0.06725899130105972,
0.19949327409267426,
0.044373027980327606,
0.1782340407371521,
-0.4270009398460388,
0.0799395889043808,
0.24356602132320404,
-0.24207137525081635,
-0.4853665232658386,
-0.5484606027603149,
-0.4872407615184784,
0.14327572286128998,
-0.3014899790287018,
0.42916637659072876,
0.3477841019630432,
0.10188140720129013,
0.06120722368359566,
-0.7238337993621826,
0.09243141114711761,
-1.0304248332977295,
0.21990427374839783,
-0.037832070142030716,
0.19045478105545044,
0.11781853437423706,
0.5657024383544922,
0.08494099229574203,
-0.010801813565194607,
0.1497224122285843,
-0.03200652450323105,
-0.573215901851654,
-0.5152505040168762,
0.12198027223348618,
0.195001482963562,
0.48735401034355164,
-0.3568141460418701,
0.4935234487056732,
-0.3122878968715668,
-0.013141054660081863,
0.513063371181488,
-0.30029645562171936,
-0.6110235452651978,
-0.2819611430168152,
-0.12675660848617554,
0.153700590133667,
-0.12207834422588348,
-0.058310896158218384,
-0.06890826672315598,
0.29712975025177,
-0.0473601296544075,
0.15272730588912964,
0.521479606628418,
0.2662450671195984,
0.47892627120018005,
1.0127931833267212,
0.09930510073900223,
-0.35253503918647766,
-0.38673895597457886,
-0.3985406160354614,
0.37502002716064453,
-0.43779587745666504,
0.3526783287525177,
-0.4975198805332184,
-0.787255585193634,
0.5643965005874634,
0.23044301569461823,
0.061645038425922394,
-0.0728110820055008,
-0.325217604637146,
0.10078945010900497,
0.36155903339385986,
0.5792455077171326,
0.28210216760635376,
-0.3414060175418854,
-0.06399774551391602,
-0.4788042902946472,
-0.7388783097267151,
-0.02808336354792118,
0.12898650765419006,
-0.5532680153846741,
0.14437629282474518,
0.09825774282217026,
0.20003178715705872,
0.8048171997070312,
-0.06412052363157272,
-0.5121082067489624,
-0.07473470270633698,
0.5490635633468628,
-0.19053266942501068,
0.23715296387672424,
-0.61845463514328,
0.15345989167690277,
0.44450661540031433,
0.3393152058124542,
0.11109260469675064,
0.5175544619560242,
-0.004534737206995487,
-0.27381882071495056,
0.3077143728733063,
0.47320878505706787,
-0.21641755104064941,
0.20305682718753815,
0.10130688548088074,
0.3293018341064453,
-0.384006530046463,
0.2591842710971832,
-0.6969843506813049,
-0.3041420578956604,
0.5282989740371704,
0.25853273272514343,
0.12044120579957962,
-0.1539032906293869,
-0.8553499579429626,
0.24646613001823425,
-0.5713820457458496,
-0.46644893288612366,
0.4109569191932678,
-0.2701411247253418,
0.2284032553434372,
0.43099209666252136,
-0.417462557554245,
-0.482694536447525,
0.5104383826255798,
0.05897524207830429,
0.1521829515695572,
0.052839796990156174,
-0.14803925156593323,
0.18143592774868011,
0.35146236419677734,
0.15213431417942047,
0.33527612686157227,
0.01952502317726612,
0.006421715021133423,
0.43141457438468933,
-0.03402196243405342,
0.6464161276817322,
-0.13706254959106445,
-0.06560810655355453,
0.2561275064945221,
0.2668013572692871,
0.09447402507066727,
-0.29309576749801636,
-0.1483161598443985,
0.26782867312431335,
-0.5836535692214966,
0.1125946119427681,
-0.07418505102396011,
0.3617195188999176,
0.3298455774784088,
0.640672504901886,
0.3509942591190338,
0.10112293064594269,
-0.3771325945854187,
-0.08010336011648178,
0.32888320088386536,
-0.6579329371452332,
0.003916651010513306,
-0.06757684797048569,
0.3656243085861206,
0.28495103120803833,
0.26583561301231384,
-0.16266374289989471,
-0.4969716966152191,
0.3346806466579437,
0.5189886093139648,
-0.3919602632522583,
0.4051628112792969,
0.43536046147346497,
-0.7052905559539795,
0.45774754881858826,
-0.02634977363049984,
0.4679134786128998,
0.13827940821647644,
-0.3568299412727356,
0.6713141798973083,
-0.5190932750701904,
-0.1684764176607132,
0.20123712718486786,
0.22137069702148438,
-0.1584433913230896,
-0.3695206642150879,
0.47255393862724304,
0.03739184886217117,
0.045464977622032166,
0.4768255054950714,
0.5312900543212891,
-0.10340915620326996,
-0.31400907039642334,
-0.08187248557806015,
0.05668838694691658,
0.23768463730812073,
0.0690777599811554,
1.1270782947540283,
0.5655345916748047,
-0.05959242582321167,
0.3357923924922943,
-0.1321125477552414,
0.9847038388252258,
0.015661705285310745,
0.10618293285369873,
-0.03484104573726654,
0.31436747312545776,
-0.4869258999824524,
0.5046072006225586,
0.13145095109939575,
0.0012313385959714651,
0.5788074731826782,
0.28512585163116455,
0.23973000049591064,
-0.18815940618515015,
0.47750937938690186,
-0.2549879550933838,
0.6360602378845215,
-0.4357794225215912,
-0.4349439740180969,
0.4708821773529053,
0.27513644099235535,
-0.11640514433383942,
-0.2122574895620346,
0.07852944731712341,
-0.11776034533977509,
-0.3028857409954071,
0.2087000608444214,
0.7672187089920044,
0.5370601415634155,
0.5076452493667603,
0.07895255833864212,
0.23970288038253784,
0.114157535135746,
0.06419888883829117,
0.44909054040908813,
0.0022190299350768328,
-0.12541913986206055,
0.3141060471534729,
0.6476965546607971,
0.2750762701034546,
0.01233306061476469,
-0.4462374746799469,
-0.5117932558059692,
0.18706324696540833,
0.374032586812973,
0.03297894820570946,
-0.4845268130302429,
-0.09637166559696198,
-0.7450405955314636,
0.3663692772388458,
-0.5531729459762573,
0.10383692383766174,
-0.12857452034950256,
-0.04460970312356949,
0.1337701380252838,
-0.9121984839439392,
0.7550449371337891,
0.27121105790138245,
0.7191270589828491,
-0.3054046928882599,
-0.15916675329208374,
0.03988656774163246,
0.6649633646011353,
-0.5502299666404724,
-0.019313950091600418,
-0.530058741569519,
-0.15420091152191162,
0.09550287574529648,
-0.26198142766952515,
-0.4717632830142975,
0.4931931495666504,
-0.08349229395389557,
-0.11518242210149765,
-0.1543036848306656,
-0.1538722813129425,
0.07548468559980392,
0.1915990561246872,
-0.5453096628189087,
0.16498245298862457,
-0.22703662514686584,
0.8504088521003723,
-0.3312971889972687,
0.5870051383972168,
-0.2566123306751251,
-5.887112140655518,
0.17423388361930847,
0.0287929680198431,
0.686864972114563,
-0.10352039337158203,
-0.4757789969444275,
0.2524351179599762,
-0.7735604047775269,
-0.02742292732000351,
-0.5719494819641113,
-1.0239522457122803,
0.22307874262332916,
0.08330680429935455,
0.4907626807689667,
0.1162748783826828,
0.4224770665168762,
0.2800796627998352,
-0.20297975838184357,
0.12049488723278046,
0.4776984453201294,
0.00869416818022728,
0.10747554153203964,
0.1485736072063446,
0.11584195494651794,
-0.43978947401046753,
0.4496299922466278,
-0.20017588138580322,
-0.08704584836959839,
-0.5679354667663574,
0.17164567112922668,
-0.09418454021215439,
0.13576194643974304,
-0.23251502215862274,
-0.7771005034446716,
0.25875407457351685,
0.047191962599754333,
0.7123819589614868,
0.044903501868247986,
0.6269223690032959,
0.01584439165890217,
0.012509847059845924,
0.13249199092388153,
0.33334437012672424,
-0.11256587505340576,
0.24925188720226288,
0.2761763632297516,
-0.40434402227401733,
-0.3925997018814087,
-0.20032912492752075,
1.261391282081604,
0.04458672180771828,
-0.09771063923835754,
0.3807641565799713,
-0.07056162506341934,
0.06502873450517654,
0.36728304624557495,
-0.08659511059522629,
0.24960573017597198,
-0.017787674441933632,
0.8997023105621338,
0.5736696720123291,
-0.7308872938156128,
-0.33149731159210205,
-0.6478741765022278,
-0.1940678358078003,
-0.3492095172405243,
-0.061934854835271835,
0.006505158264189959,
0.31125369668006897,
0.8914756774902344,
0.4758915603160858,
0.11323172599077225,
0.26356661319732666,
-1.2570912837982178,
-0.08819630742073059,
-0.46559008955955505,
-0.45044898986816406,
-0.05139359459280968,
0.13928277790546417,
0.4067142605781555,
0.24068370461463928,
-0.23933464288711548,
-0.47043323516845703,
0.038903579115867615,
-0.327810674905777,
-0.208723783493042,
-0.37646931409835815,
0.5073859095573425,
-0.6407696604728699,
0.23032920062541962,
-0.18772132694721222,
-0.262594074010849,
-0.23433862626552582,
0.22420074045658112,
0.14948193728923798,
0.03359467536211014,
0.42429038882255554,
0.2819121479988098,
0.6135022640228271,
0.27265894412994385,
0.2076994776725769,
-0.11086159199476242,
0.18569552898406982,
-0.8957787752151489,
-0.9247249364852905,
-0.2555052936077118,
-0.6810289025306702,
0.08761803060770035,
0.339968204498291,
-0.6143858432769775,
-0.009943550452589989,
-0.2061832696199417,
-0.1893356889486313,
-1.2518203258514404,
0.6213086247444153,
-0.09575193375349045,
-0.16375811398029327,
0.37961772084236145,
0.4106028378009796,
-0.4537293314933777,
0.691778838634491,
0.19196553528308868,
-0.02258736453950405,
-0.46747562289237976,
-1.0166858434677124,
0.5878491401672363,
0.2670165002346039,
-0.3683950901031494,
-0.13763533532619476,
0.41567695140838623,
-0.11819040775299072,
0.0017228081123903394,
-0.12888993322849274,
0.029744302853941917,
0.10672160983085632,
-0.703601598739624,
-0.23054634034633636,
0.48517945408821106,
-0.3578004837036133,
-0.3160906434059143,
-0.19790463149547577,
-0.3800848424434662,
0.20074880123138428,
0.2914600968360901,
0.3733547627925873,
0.07531225681304932,
0.19077883660793304,
-0.5057520270347595,
-0.6469318270683289,
0.053349513560533524,
0.2241387516260147,
-0.3437892198562622,
1.0942336320877075,
-0.31128576397895813,
0.14150428771972656,
0.08176649361848831,
-0.09853307902812958,
-0.10700292885303497,
0.06020738184452057,
-0.42126914858818054,
0.42086154222488403,
-0.6415438652038574,
-1.0332651138305664,
-0.01960807666182518,
0.22804629802703857,
0.20495352149009705,
-0.29258421063423157,
-0.5471011400222778,
-0.6468870043754578,
0.09291159361600876,
-0.17414507269859314,
-0.18347860872745514,
0.2722546458244324,
-0.47207847237586975,
0.16204778850078583,
-0.1146102100610733,
0.02647716924548149,
-0.0454629622399807,
0.20552968978881836,
-0.4041810929775238,
-0.35194817185401917,
-0.5119577646255493,
-0.1740887314081192,
-0.18360675871372223,
0.4693572223186493,
-0.9184854030609131,
-0.5951678156852722,
-0.03552299737930298,
-0.53338623046875,
-0.046595264226198196,
-0.26444217562675476,
0.3812200725078583,
0.6252278685569763,
-0.49298200011253357,
-0.25642603635787964,
-0.3953693211078644,
-0.10595162957906723,
-0.035847876220941544,
-0.1087467223405838,
-0.44019851088523865,
0.07227274775505066,
-0.003273095702752471,
0.17239686846733093,
0.23213331401348114,
-0.06324796378612518,
-0.24206094443798065,
0.34811198711395264,
0.27136942744255066,
-0.9696604013442993,
0.4548351466655731,
-0.8179541826248169,
-0.7857372760772705,
0.1533813774585724,
-0.02647896111011505,
-0.16876566410064697,
0.19054162502288818,
-0.13784341514110565,
-0.603180468082428,
-0.8156816959381104,
0.13631120324134827,
-0.16745319962501526,
0.09699153900146484,
-0.12653657793998718,
0.18512147665023804,
-0.17712536454200745,
0.07037074863910675,
-0.10979180783033371,
-0.29221972823143005,
0.2983965277671814,
-0.16585740447044373,
-0.6016652584075928,
-0.3274221420288086,
-0.11674891412258148,
0.329372763633728,
-0.627916157245636,
0.41963064670562744,
-0.28293994069099426,
0.6536465287208557,
-0.34170642495155334,
0.06664145737886429,
0.5023305416107178,
0.21876129508018494,
-0.19920246303081512,
-0.7148610949516296,
0.31457436084747314,
0.3974275290966034,
0.05176785588264465,
-0.010870885103940964,
-0.49803006649017334,
0.0774676725268364,
0.098726287484169,
0.14277338981628418,
-0.5633529424667358,
-0.5923213958740234,
1.3510469198226929,
-0.5275589823722839,
0.1277744024991989,
-0.25167426466941833,
-0.29546108841896057,
0.22229310870170593,
0.11758164316415787,
0.4004348814487457,
-0.588589608669281,
-0.04022138565778732,
0.16401149332523346,
0.09019708633422852,
0.39626213908195496,
-0.06920801103115082,
-0.0734085664153099,
-0.20579713582992554,
-0.12386840581893921,
-0.0802159309387207,
-0.165837824344635,
0.5847520232200623,
-0.11816757172346115,
-0.239239901304245,
-0.17605489492416382,
-0.6521437168121338,
0.229108989238739,
-0.09024073928594589,
-0.2482573688030243,
0.0047895293682813644,
-0.3676147162914276,
-0.6753819584846497,
-0.3260250389575958,
-0.3887474834918976,
-0.44579553604125977,
0.0033116082195192575,
0.18062275648117065,
0.05940954014658928,
-0.16223905980587006,
-0.27110931277275085,
0.16855119168758392,
0.17771503329277039,
-0.1724100559949875,
0.116123728454113,
-0.10991386324167252,
-0.19686132669448853,
-0.39867833256721497,
-0.5671189427375793,
-0.0678502693772316,
0.057131119072437286,
0.31016650795936584,
-0.006342587061226368,
0.14120839536190033,
-0.13892172276973724,
0.4698054790496826,
-0.4549449384212494,
-0.47608664631843567,
0.2148129642009735,
0.2749789357185364,
-0.21347270905971527,
0.17558825016021729,
0.3899318277835846,
-0.5196169018745422,
0.3447360098361969,
1.159027338027954,
-0.050724294036626816,
0.3088599443435669,
0.3089456856250763,
0.19278915226459503,
-0.02861628495156765,
0.10967177152633667,
0.45605719089508057,
-0.15280471742153168,
-0.3805288076400757,
-0.22315537929534912,
-0.12403185665607452,
0.8180779814720154,
0.24519971013069153,
1.0629476308822632,
0.3864593207836151,
-0.05018739029765129,
0.7224859595298767,
-0.4706979990005493,
-0.1857372373342514,
-0.3166279196739197,
-0.16188223659992218,
-0.05680088326334953,
0.390670508146286,
0.3598066568374634,
-0.045052237808704376,
0.2442803680896759,
0.1452203392982483,
-0.264658659696579,
-0.07424251735210419,
-0.3383438289165497,
0.1586531102657318,
0.16710487008094788,
0.08277790248394012,
0.34824448823928833,
0.09826008230447769,
-0.045614093542099,
-0.5709089040756226,
0.20189255475997925,
0.25163182616233826,
0.21861954033374786,
-0.10202398896217346,
0.05531129240989685,
-0.3823091983795166,
-0.055360160768032074,
0.5576014518737793,
0.14960877597332,
-0.037242744117975235,
-0.08163230866193771,
-0.08212471753358841,
0.059209372848272324,
0.21741464734077454,
-0.3964404761791229,
0.333877831697464,
0.10776037722826004,
0.36132898926734924,
-0.33732733130455017,
-0.510959804058075,
0.14569100737571716,
0.45018285512924194,
-0.08597467839717865,
0.5146727561950684,
-0.17830593883991241,
0.27874627709388733,
-0.2774518132209778,
-0.09123020619153976,
-0.2071349173784256,
0.009419295936822891,
-0.2491205781698227,
-0.4779825210571289,
-0.0839993953704834,
0.08199115097522736,
-0.26001033186912537,
-0.11586315184831619,
0.24258828163146973,
-0.6010931730270386,
-0.3039240539073944,
0.4128556251525879,
-0.37869513034820557,
-0.1399313062429428,
0.22837407886981964,
0.609954833984375,
0.13758069276809692,
0.40033504366874695,
0.05353396385908127,
-0.07171708345413208,
-0.010047681629657745,
-0.22285011410713196,
-0.2038835734128952,
0.6886031627655029,
-0.7418515682220459,
-0.05488158389925957,
-0.9220665097236633,
0.4314470589160919,
-0.01791301928460598,
-0.09875203669071198,
-0.24709083139896393,
0.9449087977409363,
-0.3188638389110565,
0.3835289776325226,
0.975229024887085,
-0.10645459592342377,
0.3969070613384247,
0.010528639890253544,
0.07126076519489288,
0.5798243284225464,
0.050758201628923416,
0.7953688502311707,
-0.18458615243434906,
0.13853240013122559,
0.35156869888305664,
-0.031890176236629486,
-0.36671438813209534,
0.4319131672382355,
0.2284511774778366,
-0.31807684898376465,
-0.11696318536996841,
-0.2766832411289215,
-0.24891114234924316,
0.08279041945934296,
-0.04262924566864967,
-0.0672769621014595,
-0.06686276197433472,
-0.17566533386707306,
0.05830793455243111,
-0.05211744084954262,
-0.10642065852880478,
0.33717504143714905,
-0.9041124582290649,
-0.37347838282585144,
0.12395333498716354,
-0.2551141679286957,
-0.3941118121147156,
0.5755125880241394,
0.1209850087761879,
0.06877607107162476,
0.5444740653038025,
-0.5506702661514282,
-0.5885550379753113,
0.2705847918987274,
0.6591877937316895,
0.27475613355636597,
-0.27074486017227173,
-0.3590778708457947
] |
210395
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal%20International
|
Liberal International
|
Liberal International (LI) is the political international federation for liberal political parties. It was founded in Oxford in 1947, and has become the pre-eminent network for liberal parties and for the strengthening of liberalism around the world. Its headquarters are at 1 Whitehall Place, London, SW1A 2HD within the National Liberal Club. The Oxford Manifesto describes the basic political principles of the Liberal International.
Aims
The Liberal International Constitution (2005) gives its purposes as The principles that unite member parties from Africa, America, Asia and Europe are respect for human rights, free and fair elections and multi-party democracy, social justice, tolerance, market economy, free trade, environmental sustainability and a strong sense of international solidarity.
The aims of Liberal International are also set out in a series of seven manifestos, written between 1946 and 1997, and are furthered by a variety of bodies including a near yearly conference for liberal parties and individuals from around the world.
Bureau
The bureau of Liberal International is elected every 18 months by the delegates of the congress.
The 14th president of Liberal International is Hakima el Haite of the Mouvement Populaire (Morocco), is a former Minister of Environment, UN climate champion, and climate scientist. Madam El Haite succeeded Dr Juli Minoves, formerly Andorra's foreign minister and representative to the United Nations.
Former Presidents include Hans Van Baalen MEP, John, Lord Alderdice, Dutch politician and former European Commissioner Frits Bolkestein, German politician Otto Graf Lambsdorff, and Spain's first democratically elected prime minister after Francoist Spain, Adolfo Suárez.
Other members of the bureau include Deputy President Prof. Karl-Heinz Paque, and Vice Presidents Cellou Dalein Diallo [Guinea]; Kitty Monterrey [Nicaragua]; Abir al-Sahlani [Sweden]; Kiat Sittheamorn [Thailand]; and Robert Woodthorpe Browne MBE [United Kingdom]. There are two elected treasurers, Judith Pallares MP [Andorra] and Minister Omar Youm [Senegal]. The secretary general is Gordon Mackay, a former Member of Parliament from South Africa.
Awards
Liberal International awards prizes to worthy individuals in the fields of human rights and liberalism.
Prize for Freedom:
The Liberal International Prize for Freedom is LI's most prestigious human rights award. Conveyed annually since 1984 to an individual of liberal conviction who has made outstanding efforts for the defence of freedom and human rights, recipients include Maria Corina Machado [Venezuela], Senator Leila de Lima [Philippines], Raif Badawi [Saudi Arabia], Waris Dirie [Somalia], and Vaclav Havel [Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic].
Medal of Liberalism:
The Liberal International Medal of Liberalism is awarded to individuals who have worked to advance liberal values on a local, national and international level. Recipients include President Alassane Ouattara [Côte d'Ivoire]; Prime Minister Xavier Bettel [Luxembourg]; President Tsai, Ing-wen [Republic of China]; Sir Graham Watson [United Kingdom].
Publications
The LI Human Rights Bulletin is published three times per year and consists of opinion articles, video interviews and digest of the work of the LI human rights committee.
Thematic publications are published online and in print on an ad hoc basis. Recent texts have offered a liberal perspective on issues ranging from freedom of belief to the responsibility to protect.
ʒ
Oxford Manifesto
The Oxford Manifesto, drawn up in April 1947 at Wadham College in Oxford by representatives from 19 liberal political parties, led by Salvador de Madariaga, is a document describing the basic political principles of the Liberal International.
The Oxford Manifesto was inspired by the ideas of William Beveridge and is regarded as one of the defining political documents of the 20 century.
Fifty years on, in 1997, Liberal International returned to Oxford and issued a supplement to the original manifesto, The Liberal Agenda for the 21st century, describing Liberal policies in greater detail. The second Oxford Manifesto was adopted by the 48th Congress of Liberal International, which was held on 27–30 November 1997 in the Oxford Town Hall. In 2017, the global federation marked its 70th anniversary with the adoption of the Andorra Liberal Manifesto for the twenty-first century (ALM). A three-year project across numerous continents initiated by then president Juli Minoves, the ALM embodied the widest consultation of views undertaken by Liberal International in order to compile a policy document.
Organisation
Presidents
Members
Incumbent heads of state and government
Full members
Observer parties
Individual member
Cooperating organizations
Cooperating and regional organisations are groups with a recognised status in the constitution of Liberal International as bodies that share the values and objectives of LI but do not operate as a political party. Co-operating organisations have the right of representation but in no case the right to vote at statutory events.
Liberal think tanks and foundations
The International is also in a loose association with the following organisations:
See also
Liberalism by country
Prize For Freedom
Alliance of Democrats (defunct)
European Democratic Party
References
External links
Liberal International official site
The Liberal Agenda for the 21st century
Former LI Vice President Bi-khim Hsiao
International conferences
Political internationals
Political organisations based in London
Organizations established in 1947
1947 establishments in England
|
[
0.29302269220352173,
-0.5772889256477356,
0.14660152792930603,
0.0865875855088234,
-0.3234911262989044,
-0.30262309312820435,
-0.6435756087303162,
0.6246296167373657,
-0.32199639081954956,
-0.2082296907901764,
-0.32662537693977356,
0.3725803792476654,
-0.19245141744613647,
0.5077126622200012,
0.10676341503858566,
0.18759548664093018,
-0.10487141460180283,
0.13281895220279694,
-0.3628017008304596,
0.04622790217399597,
-0.15468715131282806,
0.18361406028270721,
0.27701234817504883,
-0.10224616527557373,
0.0020826030522584915,
-0.001648180652409792,
0.6882226467132568,
0.04552621766924858,
0.07864735275506973,
-0.14328442513942719,
0.42290571331977844,
0.6268069744110107,
-0.1256440132856369,
-0.14529918134212494,
-0.10283523797988892,
-0.0970047116279602,
0.08212920278310776,
-0.2823024094104767,
0.06800445914268494,
-0.13688990473747253,
0.560265302658081,
-0.19740445911884308,
0.0993972048163414,
0.6914129853248596,
0.09025754034519196,
-0.7296152114868164,
-1.80218505859375,
0.7493085861206055,
-0.5288408398628235,
0.10936599969863892,
-0.569940447807312,
0.03685970604419708,
0.8682426810264587,
0.38037681579589844,
0.1600930541753769,
0.8960922956466675,
-0.629198431968689,
-0.07594398409128189,
0.0244118794798851,
-0.43517109751701355,
-0.1006045937538147,
0.49929577112197876,
0.7504077553749084,
-0.23122668266296387,
0.6190137267112732,
0.2711312174797058,
0.00001527921631350182,
-0.5483015775680542,
-1.114320993423462,
-0.9979592561721802,
-0.31207337975502014,
-0.3911861777305603,
-0.2406678944826126,
0.3528907597064972,
-0.1277177780866623,
-0.7601210474967957,
-0.32848796248435974,
0.2918211817741394,
0.15768620371818542,
-0.15915963053703308,
-0.17071495950222015,
0.4882398545742035,
0.7234027981758118,
0.18967072665691376,
0.5044760704040527,
-0.013767912052571774,
-0.3940322995185852,
-0.024744009599089622,
0.3781780004501343,
0.13419586420059204,
-0.10026642680168152,
-0.1676424890756607,
0.8920286893844604,
0.20551186800003052,
0.35258030891418457,
-0.32011470198631287,
0.7647690773010254,
0.009524327702820301,
-0.26542118191719055,
0.5500465631484985,
0.4972916543483734,
0.1474912166595459,
-0.00121395499445498,
-0.3986850678920746,
-0.5731179118156433,
-0.24709804356098175,
-0.5955570340156555,
-0.7982227206230164,
0.029406553134322166,
-0.11757035553455353,
-0.48632991313934326,
0.4984133839607239,
-0.12945765256881714,
-0.1971857100725174,
-0.00733042461797595,
0.07108299434185028,
0.07586181908845901,
-0.5089864134788513,
0.22321774065494537,
0.03232117369771004,
-0.3515132963657379,
0.8473758697509766,
-0.014556530863046646,
0.6043109893798828,
0.44714275002479553,
0.3440098166465759,
0.2509128153324127,
0.6280523538589478,
-0.986787736415863,
-0.3217146694660187,
0.720100462436676,
0.4252192974090576,
0.04004418104887009,
-0.6401061415672302,
0.10950775444507599,
-0.25956255197525024,
0.5503712296485901,
0.23457269370555878,
0.44989582896232605,
0.08705538511276245,
-0.4505900740623474,
-0.8064305186271667,
-0.4079061448574066,
-0.6377208232879639,
0.5219312310218811,
-0.448984295129776,
0.2870432436466217,
-0.664479672908783,
-0.13526421785354614,
-0.9722868800163269,
0.6994011998176575,
-0.3333783447742462,
-0.3748962879180908,
-0.0848604366183281,
0.3807488679885864,
0.15253590047359467,
1.2319854497909546,
-0.5472126603126526,
0.29886412620544434,
0.5223701596260071,
0.16939884424209595,
-0.7645722031593323,
-0.004509998019784689,
-0.5364603400230408,
0.09282038360834122,
-0.29786089062690735,
-0.20506979525089264,
0.2587250769138336,
0.3520657420158386,
0.6033865213394165,
-0.544704020023346,
0.12890920042991638,
0.7287337183952332,
-0.39917224645614624,
0.20647452771663666,
-0.12005741149187088,
0.6306734681129456,
0.07465691864490509,
0.4293012320995331,
-0.30516892671585083,
-0.5920829772949219,
0.08700557053089142,
-0.3365587592124939,
0.36382776498794556,
0.20577210187911987,
0.409564346075058,
-0.03845079615712166,
-0.20002013444900513,
-0.2284984439611435,
0.19802439212799072,
0.11152226477861404,
-0.07151202857494354,
-0.5082957148551941,
-0.7699806094169617,
1.089476227760315,
-0.23429988324642181,
-0.46218809485435486,
0.6814953684806824,
-0.4758159816265106,
-0.06408265978097916,
-0.28456437587738037,
0.08637746423482895,
-0.10580683499574661,
-0.05035319924354553,
-0.7839837670326233,
0.47348976135253906,
0.10816708207130432,
0.5025027394294739,
-0.6122535467147827,
0.2870306372642517,
0.6110242009162903,
-0.4283467233181,
0.5762655138969421,
0.047623176127672195,
-0.02017168141901493,
-0.40789759159088135,
-0.6671749949455261,
0.5029082894325256,
-0.04484838247299194,
0.7731982469558716,
1.072522759437561,
-0.51817387342453,
0.03677508234977722,
0.3386945128440857,
-0.20868413150310516,
-0.050494689494371414,
0.30062785744667053,
0.6318101286888123,
0.24154803156852722,
-0.016976648941636086,
0.8133885264396667,
-0.23281005024909973,
0.2459985911846161,
-0.18413743376731873,
-0.4622052311897278,
-0.4266638457775116,
-0.016967829316854477,
-0.3808268904685974,
0.8758752942085266,
-0.29981011152267456,
0.37532564997673035,
-0.15730920433998108,
-0.06574991345405579,
0.4241100549697876,
-0.49025383591651917,
0.035326071083545685,
-0.19317440688610077,
0.3859827220439911,
0.06824436783790588,
0.49609696865081787,
0.6096959114074707,
0.12587980926036835,
-0.08993223309516907,
-0.4632343649864197,
0.08096404373645782,
-0.05770186334848404,
0.008493723347783089,
0.12458904087543488,
0.9171992540359497,
0.2869323194026947,
-0.11113281548023224,
-0.47525754570961,
-0.3788508474826813,
-0.03275052830576897,
0.3341589868068695,
-0.3291022777557373,
-0.6764594316482544,
-0.3991072475910187,
0.03626088798046112,
0.27436619997024536,
0.18790173530578613,
0.7387242317199707,
-0.9095569252967834,
0.07131434977054596,
-0.19114996492862701,
0.03665768355131149,
-0.28880223631858826,
0.4690110683441162,
-1.0970826148986816,
-0.7083371877670288,
-0.35827574133872986,
-0.15076851844787598,
0.5515326857566833,
-0.6738185882568359,
-0.7447635531425476,
0.3663628399372101,
-0.18002332746982574,
-0.6141937375068665,
0.12227067351341248,
-0.48455488681793213,
-0.20560604333877563,
0.01083058025687933,
-0.11827030777931213,
-0.012222157791256905,
0.06874290108680725,
0.46556031703948975,
-0.1667870134115219,
0.3149449825286865,
-0.09838688373565674,
-0.2526110112667084,
0.14010240137577057,
0.3800897002220154,
-0.14180122315883636,
-0.24154508113861084,
0.6054952144622803,
-0.10850413888692856,
-0.26640230417251587,
-0.07048238068819046,
-5.656344413757324,
0.034487284719944,
-0.2638531029224396,
0.5037477612495422,
-0.31876879930496216,
-0.0021876483224332333,
0.30235832929611206,
-0.3077402412891388,
-0.012017630971968174,
-0.3358607888221741,
-0.590522050857544,
-0.04738811030983925,
-0.10556793212890625,
0.31276407837867737,
-0.04372628033161163,
0.7801607847213745,
0.13170884549617767,
0.20598222315311432,
-0.2428116500377655,
-0.09166832268238068,
-0.15611054003238678,
0.11004876345396042,
0.11810990422964096,
0.9174458980560303,
0.7215226292610168,
0.05163068696856499,
0.15165436267852783,
-0.0739942267537117,
-0.2649824023246765,
-0.1835162192583084,
-0.33317622542381287,
0.20297615230083466,
-0.06054304167628288,
-0.4972408711910248,
0.6612535715103149,
0.07800167798995972,
0.8653667569160461,
-0.08564909547567368,
0.2391214221715927,
0.16743218898773193,
-0.21173453330993652,
0.7377834320068359,
-0.12648038566112518,
-0.6098232269287109,
0.22122015058994293,
0.03403657302260399,
-0.2633979916572571,
-0.35404127836227417,
-0.6592945456504822,
0.6291658282279968,
-0.31199130415916443,
-0.2385181337594986,
0.3274536430835724,
0.1384158581495285,
0.17643530666828156,
0.2384081333875656,
0.520028829574585,
-0.3636559844017029,
-0.2022746503353119,
-0.4471365511417389,
0.40643712878227234,
0.19695384800434113,
0.09508609771728516,
-0.06780891120433807,
-0.40359365940093994,
0.01832062005996704,
-0.49347516894340515,
-0.1775268167257309,
0.750184953212738,
0.16528691351413727,
-0.007656946778297424,
0.11320734769105911,
-0.007518603000789881,
-0.6412585377693176,
-0.07002128660678864,
-0.09690992534160614,
0.24027220904827118,
-0.052689552307128906,
0.13068315386772156,
0.3877408802509308,
-0.560486376285553,
-0.12857745587825775,
-0.3856804370880127,
0.11813581734895706,
-0.26890602707862854,
-0.4443334639072418,
0.2815581262111664,
0.28252848982810974,
-0.7413738965988159,
0.02639905922114849,
-0.499244749546051,
-0.2879219055175781,
0.07963445782661438,
-0.1513894945383072,
0.2034376710653305,
0.4482131898403168,
0.140214741230011,
0.2088363617658615,
0.41531261801719666,
-0.12342656403779984,
0.6148683428764343,
-0.5087940692901611,
-0.5905601978302002,
-0.211986243724823,
0.18078488111495972,
0.13609203696250916,
0.4268190264701843,
0.37011805176734924,
0.5761979222297668,
-0.06686316430568695,
-0.29947710037231445,
-0.4595915377140045,
-0.5188356041908264,
-0.07896394282579422,
0.371809720993042,
0.33554789423942566,
-0.40840041637420654,
0.17156000435352325,
-0.4313045144081116,
0.5184986591339111,
-0.39317771792411804,
0.27443984150886536,
-0.4997917711734772,
-0.11385982483625412,
-0.07768359035253525,
0.19383375346660614,
-0.35327842831611633,
-0.1889519989490509,
-0.16309678554534912,
0.3254243731498718,
0.1527760922908783,
0.2231062352657318,
-0.06326837837696075,
-0.524526059627533,
0.1372671276330948,
0.009692809544503689,
-0.18709106743335724,
0.28679728507995605,
-0.25054433941841125,
-0.03496294096112251,
-0.1311606466770172,
0.010708856396377087,
0.03160851448774338,
-0.3346257507801056,
0.6397773027420044,
0.5409188270568848,
-0.4139629006385803,
-0.0460212342441082,
-0.3245093822479248,
1.0308457612991333,
0.2729603052139282,
0.0736604779958725,
0.5331183671951294,
0.013360632583498955,
0.029819143936038017,
0.14444755017757416,
0.5845557451248169,
0.3967140018939972,
0.08738277852535248,
-0.5457750558853149,
-0.1551714986562729,
-0.2535764276981354,
-0.3801305890083313,
0.16596028208732605,
0.7834145426750183,
-0.13995429873466492,
-0.4751415550708771,
-0.3476565182209015,
-0.4111391603946686,
0.21238887310028076,
0.24993136525154114,
0.22599540650844574,
-0.6592761278152466,
-0.1856876015663147,
-0.12435953319072723,
-0.14577928185462952,
-0.21442589163780212,
-0.5704447031021118,
-0.2742442488670349,
-0.12091630697250366,
-0.12084761261940002,
-0.25597384572029114,
-0.20335480570793152,
0.5056946873664856,
0.20914436876773834,
-0.5429173111915588,
-0.12002681940793991,
-0.3686879873275757,
-0.07641983032226562,
0.33968910574913025,
0.5884096622467041,
0.517228901386261,
-0.00980670377612114,
-0.2095392793416977,
-0.32111483812332153,
-0.33470281958580017,
-0.5170551538467407,
0.292208731174469,
-0.6543179750442505,
-0.29802703857421875,
0.22477078437805176,
0.4957928955554962,
-0.3218632936477661,
0.07494276016950607,
-0.27091729640960693,
-0.5467894673347473,
0.4181096851825714,
-0.4403736889362335,
-0.4156409204006195,
0.41960757970809937,
-0.5425220131874084,
-0.40956002473831177,
-0.19711235165596008,
-0.26617637276649475,
-0.28062358498573303,
0.0990402102470398,
0.44857773184776306,
-0.6234356760978699,
-0.4920094609260559,
-0.11350077390670776,
0.5406509041786194,
-0.32619720697402954,
-0.14172649383544922,
-0.16669824719429016,
-0.34045979380607605,
0.6621048450469971,
0.549815833568573,
-0.2991611063480377,
0.1506049484014511,
0.04684900864958763,
0.14189067482948303,
-0.6143246293067932,
0.16810691356658936,
0.20092526078224182,
0.15063177049160004,
0.5948070883750916,
-0.6082398295402527,
-0.13526272773742676,
-0.6250237822532654,
-0.08950953185558319,
0.03460558131337166,
0.4257940649986267,
-0.06610547751188278,
-0.5316558480262756,
-0.06033170595765114,
0.5833541750907898,
0.7183427214622498,
-0.28714248538017273,
-0.7639217972755432,
-0.3228490352630615,
0.021273823454976082,
-0.3528050482273102,
-0.19313965737819672,
-0.4148760437965393,
0.5938994288444519,
-0.5357805490493774,
0.07575363665819168,
0.10005231946706772,
0.1758548766374588,
0.030307050794363022,
-0.07118143141269684,
-0.43959474563598633,
-0.6346868276596069,
0.30176421999931335,
0.03166622668504715,
0.2715122103691101,
0.1557713896036148,
-0.37677001953125,
-0.4926118850708008,
-0.47458651661872864,
0.243561789393425,
0.3411462604999542,
0.4488794207572937,
0.38815271854400635,
-0.2765016257762909,
-0.3269979655742645,
-0.275105357170105,
-0.5148167610168457,
-0.10231171548366547,
-0.32399001717567444,
-0.3208778202533722,
0.41200777888298035,
0.38585153222084045,
-0.21141749620437622,
0.2874038815498352,
-0.42950478196144104,
-0.5263773798942566,
0.3984964191913605,
-0.8274543881416321,
-0.3347450792789459,
-0.18943968415260315,
0.016400782391428947,
0.06823202222585678,
0.8043085336685181,
-0.1572827845811844,
0.06430557370185852,
-0.21889764070510864,
-0.3852897882461548,
-0.44314733147621155,
-0.20722746849060059,
-0.1451781988143921,
0.5619819164276123,
-0.07249631732702255,
-0.4968990683555603,
0.4221426546573639,
-0.33921805024147034,
-0.09627649188041687,
-0.02857477031648159,
0.2864241898059845,
0.1417117714881897,
1.1194361448287964,
-0.1548057198524475,
-0.1724185198545456,
0.7605510354042053,
-0.378784716129303,
0.7513965368270874,
0.49593421816825867,
-0.4653525948524475,
0.5264246463775635,
0.20458297431468964,
0.44875577092170715,
0.7990638613700867,
0.08271857351064682,
0.08936312049627304,
-0.3525448143482208,
0.006993137300014496,
-0.26045823097229004,
0.11561170220375061,
0.2338133156299591,
0.2857982814311981,
0.11359922587871552,
0.2805824279785156,
-0.4799933135509491,
0.5609955191612244,
-0.5574679970741272,
-1.2971508502960205,
-0.0489092655479908,
-0.4398185610771179,
-0.21431699395179749,
0.5548242330551147,
0.6656798124313354,
0.6797353029251099,
-0.3277485966682434,
0.2682081162929535,
0.056037623435258865,
0.6505207419395447,
-0.1989394724369049,
0.3002942204475403,
-0.18435253202915192,
0.825786828994751,
0.9129083752632141,
-0.5664064884185791,
0.11415968090295792,
-0.4836251139640808,
0.39475876092910767,
-0.8722612261772156,
0.5221582055091858,
-0.45889759063720703,
-0.22258873283863068,
-0.6097591519355774,
-0.13892294466495514,
0.5683705806732178,
0.5891873240470886,
-0.48256614804267883,
0.26935192942619324,
0.44200730323791504,
0.29646095633506775,
-0.3454245924949646,
-0.08088687062263489,
0.09632362425327301,
0.666074275970459,
-0.24063019454479218,
-0.14314724504947662,
0.14296691119670868,
-0.06594342738389969,
-0.30103445053100586,
0.4577816426753998,
0.17430327832698822,
0.1705445945262909,
0.5079734325408936,
-0.3945603370666504,
0.22999709844589233,
0.17975293099880219,
0.09395379573106766,
-0.2524210512638092,
-0.5080238580703735,
0.2597704827785492,
0.4433141350746155,
-0.22416569292545319,
0.004939408972859383,
-0.17719154059886932,
-0.7391306757926941,
-0.41165342926979065,
0.32097378373146057,
-0.1590103656053543,
-0.5182622075080872,
-0.34270915389060974,
0.9082139134407043,
0.07942905277013779,
-0.32708922028541565,
-0.3507732152938843,
0.17730464041233063,
0.30040407180786133,
-0.09117033332586288,
0.16778984665870667,
-0.1536511480808258,
-0.7710974216461182,
-0.07273207604885101,
-0.5395175814628601,
0.3429844081401825,
0.5249861478805542,
-0.19742003083229065,
-0.030387593433260918,
1.2430052757263184,
0.01551785133779049,
0.39555492997169495,
0.49249085783958435,
-0.2718576192855835,
0.14886099100112915,
-0.23805224895477295,
-0.22638556361198425,
0.03862340748310089,
0.3463030457496643,
0.2561704218387604,
0.10305912047624588,
0.25097376108169556,
0.4660351574420929,
0.5010794997215271,
-0.11980737745761871,
0.1929865926504135,
-0.4692855179309845,
-0.39331626892089844,
-0.2138860672712326,
0.5236290693283081,
-0.6391584277153015,
0.5241273641586304,
0.15036675333976746,
0.28931793570518494,
0.20687632262706757,
-0.20206592977046967,
-0.05720464885234833,
-0.0314859077334404,
-0.06745682656764984,
-0.392241895198822,
0.12062535434961319,
0.04140524938702583,
0.04941379278898239,
0.23235656321048737,
-0.14312605559825897,
0.35453540086746216,
0.3159075379371643,
-0.35100361704826355,
0.09851324558258057,
0.22448791563510895,
0.48239195346832275,
-0.16877807676792145,
-0.05920117720961571,
-0.6040751934051514,
0.6557574272155762,
0.2923441231250763
] |
210396
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Adventures%20of%20Slick%20Rick
|
The Great Adventures of Slick Rick
|
The Great Adventures of Slick Rick is the debut studio album by hip hop recording artist Slick Rick, released on November 1, 1988.
Album information
The album is among the few to receive a perfect five-mic score from The Source magazine. In 1998, the album was selected as one of The Source's 100 Best Rap Albums. In 2012, the album was selected by Slant Magazine as #99 on its "Best Albums of the 1980s." Hip hop artist Nas cites it as one of his favorite albums.
It topped Billboard's Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart for five nonconsecutive weeks and peaked at #31 on the Billboard 200.
In 2008, the single "Children's Story" was ranked number 61 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.
Track listing
Personnel
Glen E. Friedman—photography
Jason Mizell (as Jam Master Jay)—producer
Eric "Vietnam" Sadler—producer
Hank Shocklee—producer
Slick Rick—vocals
Ricky Walters—producer
Rick Rubin—executive producer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 1989 (U.S.)
References
1988 debut albums
Slick Rick albums
Def Jam Recordings albums
|
[
-0.03319605439901352,
0.5044019222259521,
-0.3124438226222992,
0.38329294323921204,
0.0840894803404808,
-0.5416260957717896,
0.5588140487670898,
0.13457995653152466,
-0.4093415439128876,
-0.08352137356996536,
0.05856972560286522,
0.8837986588478088,
-0.12594753503799438,
-0.18413279950618744,
0.09903863072395325,
0.003340083872899413,
0.22090458869934082,
-0.7311795353889465,
-0.5841177701950073,
-0.5056191086769104,
0.026185762137174606,
-0.25765860080718994,
0.1814286857843399,
-0.4768751561641693,
-0.26054319739341736,
0.6406226754188538,
-0.24266904592514038,
0.2366711050271988,
-0.3866691589355469,
-0.3595101237297058,
0.03441808372735977,
-0.5294306874275208,
0.41422390937805176,
-0.4266677796840668,
-0.5256239175796509,
0.27026233077049255,
-0.34473907947540283,
-0.5673308968544006,
-0.8841708898544312,
-0.5714969038963318,
0.4218270182609558,
0.25874266028404236,
0.2074897289276123,
0.3030630350112915,
0.20644035935401917,
-0.5254143476486206,
-0.7193229794502258,
0.009207659400999546,
-1.4300769567489624,
-0.3853191137313843,
0.3057609498500824,
1.0754673480987549,
-0.3058985471725464,
0.3048238158226013,
0.04667618125677109,
0.8406665325164795,
-0.5149030089378357,
-0.2880423665046692,
-0.7331305742263794,
-0.09921439737081528,
0.23602570593357086,
0.14538295567035675,
0.38799014687538147,
-0.6346979737281799,
0.24404244124889374,
-0.0028692118357867002,
0.2609136402606964,
1.031722903251648,
0.2512265145778656,
0.11346617341041565,
0.12703712284564972,
-0.18111366033554077,
0.19296102225780487,
0.15083876252174377,
0.03721710294485092,
-0.6213352084159851,
0.2697187066078186,
-0.472007155418396,
-0.21274720132350922,
0.11073093861341476,
-0.07383851706981659,
-0.4342496693134308,
0.6775681376457214,
0.5569267868995667,
-0.08652396500110626,
-0.17952296137809753,
-0.17840757966041565,
0.43878236413002014,
-1.032860517501831,
0.6368193030357361,
-0.41616201400756836,
-0.36707803606987,
0.0614902637898922,
0.2980179786682129,
0.00447859475389123,
-0.8350167274475098,
-0.4123288094997406,
-0.009749672375619411,
-0.06537707895040512,
0.2878776788711548,
0.4286440312862396,
0.38304346799850464,
0.022980332374572754,
-0.0009203205700032413,
-0.2835223376750946,
0.22520317137241364,
0.5018501877784729,
-0.5937181115150452,
0.028253057971596718,
0.5128960013389587,
0.18857485055923462,
0.4773004353046417,
-0.3791958689689636,
-0.36059966683387756,
0.2732340693473816,
0.9301900267601013,
0.37956318259239197,
-0.9688775539398193,
-0.8148261904716492,
-0.262919545173645,
0.33126816153526306,
0.29224762320518494,
0.3127155303955078,
0.4146307706832886,
0.05167074128985405,
0.013400455936789513,
-0.15133215487003326,
0.295903742313385,
0.47248509526252747,
0.2121327668428421,
-0.227809339761734,
0.1406431943178177,
-0.17793075740337372,
0.07181898504495621,
-0.42213672399520874,
0.03658342733979225,
0.47417962551116943,
0.10456882417201996,
-0.34896984696388245,
-0.13651421666145325,
-0.36725008487701416,
0.10197390615940094,
-0.7229107618331909,
-0.2683759927749634,
0.22832553088665009,
-0.036854229867458344,
0.19984304904937744,
-0.23522567749023438,
-0.2848703861236572,
-0.22672750055789948,
0.26125600934028625,
-0.20391879975795746,
-0.14312663674354553,
-0.40016356110572815,
-0.18777406215667725,
0.6123652458190918,
0.24466775357723236,
0.12659910321235657,
0.08866448700428009,
-0.5037650465965271,
0.08445503562688828,
0.221792533993721,
-0.18799997866153717,
-0.3490387797355652,
-0.22565728425979614,
-0.6629233360290527,
0.7170130610466003,
0.023176494985818863,
0.23589061200618744,
-0.23074670135974884,
-0.5460067391395569,
-0.08606678247451782,
-0.5275932550430298,
0.47216081619262695,
-0.030349386855959892,
0.18162082135677338,
1.7235370874404907,
0.9489843249320984,
0.3896523416042328,
-0.5067756772041321,
-0.26386767625808716,
0.08157700300216675,
0.2358948439359665,
-0.4597477912902832,
1.4377379417419434,
0.3072481155395508,
0.34197089076042175,
0.18323370814323425,
-0.20043353736400604,
-0.009905162267386913,
-0.45429104566574097,
-0.3087092638015747,
0.48588255047798157,
-0.3704167306423187,
0.3143569827079773,
0.4783984422683716,
-0.23428267240524292,
0.362905353307724,
-0.220675528049469,
0.7500197291374207,
-0.6406079530715942,
0.17580579221248627,
0.4053347706794739,
-0.04953531175851822,
-0.8747394680976868,
-0.10186709463596344,
0.18920034170150757,
-0.08745522052049637,
0.28505152463912964,
0.5876767635345459,
-0.043787404894828796,
-0.3044635057449341,
-0.06258314102888107,
-0.11575428396463394,
-0.6100873351097107,
-0.11779852211475372,
-0.20309458673000336,
0.4624340236186981,
-0.03692302480340004,
-0.32407331466674805,
1.274287223815918,
0.2557811439037323,
-0.4017603397369385,
0.4116874039173126,
-0.18112443387508392,
0.7348845601081848,
0.0639016181230545,
-0.5252453088760376,
0.14790770411491394,
-0.1751796007156372,
-0.30305546522140503,
0.37859371304512024,
0.5675536394119263,
-0.2747354507446289,
0.3392581641674042,
0.7389519214630127,
0.5002189874649048,
-0.5829483270645142,
-0.03689856827259064,
0.059363219887018204,
0.4322524964809418,
-0.4119018018245697,
-0.8648239970207214,
0.5382819771766663,
0.5032367706298828,
0.3136710524559021,
-0.2535988688468933,
0.29460540413856506,
-0.5165551900863647,
-0.5485995411872864,
0.48682740330696106,
0.5883222222328186,
0.49912917613983154,
0.1378529816865921,
0.01276237703859806,
0.23542800545692444,
-0.44106969237327576,
-0.35556188225746155,
0.17853808403015137,
0.32978320121765137,
0.04767618700861931,
-0.14478202164173126,
0.086492158472538,
0.22269660234451294,
0.11309582740068436,
-0.6669546961784363,
-0.04622442647814751,
0.28315436840057373,
0.07065635919570923,
-0.04202945902943611,
0.19798238575458527,
0.205685555934906,
-1.0490930080413818,
0.36243098974227905,
0.5303406119346619,
-0.2272050827741623,
-0.11253942549228668,
-0.17002426087856293,
0.32231244444847107,
-0.6416893005371094,
0.45173582434654236,
1.3560582399368286,
0.24310554563999176,
-0.054006997495889664,
-0.5313219428062439,
-0.37285181879997253,
0.10064900666475296,
-1.054699182510376,
-0.08639922738075256,
-0.2855650782585144,
0.21156227588653564,
0.16042779386043549,
-0.5952179431915283,
0.09161823987960815,
-0.0148172527551651,
0.04458724334836006,
0.07944771647453308,
-0.16928453743457794,
-0.1462962031364441,
0.09148234128952026,
0.15246523916721344,
-0.26259955763816833,
-0.11371318995952606,
0.11960800737142563,
0.8426266312599182,
-0.1561902016401291,
0.13832633197307587,
-0.31203693151474,
-5.473892688751221,
0.19763362407684326,
-0.24363906681537628,
-0.24757488071918488,
0.19326455891132355,
0.1048804298043251,
0.43435171246528625,
-0.21451200544834137,
0.0679924264550209,
0.05601911246776581,
-0.7556923627853394,
-0.17294184863567352,
0.1665460765361786,
0.306576132774353,
0.07089713960886002,
0.38835635781288147,
-0.0609687939286232,
0.0936492457985878,
-0.29996806383132935,
0.41127026081085205,
0.47281181812286377,
-0.7905025482177734,
-0.14411745965480804,
-0.020241709426045418,
0.1500590592622757,
0.6471529006958008,
-0.38723045587539673,
0.4098980724811554,
-0.59479820728302,
0.820061445236206,
0.25263360142707825,
-0.3720462918281555,
-0.39399296045303345,
-0.6182178854942322,
-0.27742114663124084,
-0.07238923013210297,
0.803074300289154,
-0.23156043887138367,
1.1141120195388794,
-0.2470795214176178,
-0.1276085376739502,
-0.1335056722164154,
0.11682476848363876,
-0.6042357683181763,
0.6912196278572083,
-0.3557107448577881,
-0.26238417625427246,
-0.39912495017051697,
0.002820699941366911,
0.7769405841827393,
0.18933473527431488,
-0.23603208363056183,
-0.3997282385826111,
-0.5170387029647827,
-0.12279833108186722,
-0.5897085666656494,
0.10781310498714447,
0.4761282205581665,
-0.3234963119029999,
0.6533308625221252,
1.157510757446289,
-0.8575662970542908,
-0.17030544579029083,
-0.10796371847391129,
0.38281214237213135,
0.08718790858983994,
0.3209133744239807,
-0.286151647567749,
0.4400390088558197,
0.4977126717567444,
-0.0038120264653116465,
0.4422045052051544,
-0.30105745792388916,
-1.1053012609481812,
-0.1711605340242386,
-0.08787284046411514,
-0.35336676239967346,
0.313803493976593,
-0.23784294724464417,
-0.41368937492370605,
0.6663774847984314,
0.1948503702878952,
-0.21449173986911774,
0.07166047394275665,
-0.19860228896141052,
-0.3263574540615082,
-0.38817474246025085,
0.16073256731033325,
-0.7586031556129456,
0.10790169984102249,
0.4140125811100006,
-0.43087273836135864,
-0.122134268283844,
0.17783232033252716,
0.03493715822696686,
-0.08634427934885025,
0.09466497600078583,
0.5267890095710754,
0.3410341143608093,
0.09642896056175232,
0.11441891640424728,
-0.24174456298351288,
0.8044165968894958,
-0.5651716589927673,
-0.5274743437767029,
-0.5732331871986389,
0.2853136360645294,
0.06008785218000412,
0.41352522373199463,
-0.14987675845623016,
-0.5038581490516663,
-0.24265505373477936,
-1.0564213991165161,
-0.02467925474047661,
0.8078929781913757,
0.04835933819413185,
-0.11628184467554092,
-0.12158773094415665,
0.36043721437454224,
0.4519451856613159,
0.3668304979801178,
0.34507063031196594,
-0.014254303649067879,
0.006360059604048729,
-0.9352781176567078,
0.052487511187791824,
0.7157186269760132,
0.9554551839828491,
0.2974587678909302,
-0.22517995536327362,
0.18001623451709747,
0.11319413036108017,
0.20436879992485046,
0.075651153922081,
0.31007078289985657,
-0.7567360997200012,
-0.3690849244594574,
-0.5011309385299683,
-0.3339821696281433,
-0.5776025056838989,
0.04769040271639824,
-0.2253149151802063,
0.3694239854812622,
0.9787667393684387,
0.15888430178165436,
0.1278085559606552,
0.2589450776576996,
-0.2579130232334137,
-0.022831007838249207,
0.012498361058533192,
0.1980883628129959,
-0.1277431696653366,
0.8765982985496521,
-0.029681051149964333,
-0.09064773470163345,
0.6681267023086548,
-0.1073538213968277,
-0.07047852873802185,
-0.07444825768470764,
-0.4199661314487457,
0.42776423692703247,
-0.6640720963478088,
-0.5293872952461243,
0.004231640603393316,
-0.23598285019397736,
0.2887243330478668,
-0.4062437117099762,
-0.891731858253479,
-0.6429833173751831,
0.5532106161117554,
0.37671637535095215,
-0.054466474801301956,
-0.23079465329647064,
-0.9265389442443848,
0.3887806534767151,
0.4477377235889435,
-0.1276210993528366,
-0.13094699382781982,
0.5254762768745422,
-0.44024062156677246,
-0.19360703229904175,
-0.3489775061607361,
-0.08006175607442856,
-0.35010671615600586,
0.5472278594970703,
-0.550825834274292,
-0.6520957350730896,
0.07901761680841446,
-0.24909910559654236,
0.4064730703830719,
0.10116007179021835,
0.42255181074142456,
0.5966120958328247,
0.1934792548418045,
-0.21560634672641754,
-0.36282190680503845,
0.27963322401046753,
0.17516475915908813,
-0.4453146755695343,
0.05403514578938484,
-0.7070390582084656,
-0.40897420048713684,
0.40364933013916016,
0.1912963092327118,
0.6484222412109375,
-0.703739583492279,
0.258858859539032,
0.2744307219982147,
-0.7429606318473816,
0.5993770360946655,
-0.660574197769165,
-0.423575758934021,
0.12213229387998581,
0.23092223703861237,
0.012053526937961578,
0.03984694927930832,
0.2067367136478424,
-0.08679070323705673,
-0.6151161193847656,
-0.5869176983833313,
-0.3623080849647522,
-0.11403624713420868,
-0.5258777141571045,
0.0750209391117096,
-0.876089334487915,
-0.1266445368528366,
0.4932049810886383,
-0.4708022177219391,
-0.1791696697473526,
-0.40465688705444336,
-0.13634833693504333,
0.07988434284925461,
-0.1589127480983734,
0.08156462013721466,
-0.27082738280296326,
0.48997604846954346,
0.6369354128837585,
0.7916194796562195,
0.20270968973636627,
-0.3427741527557373,
0.4596889317035675,
0.7073729038238525,
0.5357986688613892,
-0.362356960773468,
0.30549779534339905,
-0.4444790482521057,
-0.37790510058403015,
-0.29891321063041687,
-0.1864752620458603,
-0.048897430300712585,
-0.11571497470140457,
-0.2524932324886322,
-0.6216421127319336,
-0.26789793372154236,
0.5287297368049622,
-0.6224303841590881,
-0.36061546206474304,
-0.2601662278175354,
-0.7845180630683899,
-0.053952042013406754,
0.3068085014820099,
0.6545637249946594,
-0.42318955063819885,
-0.34207433462142944,
0.12076510488986969,
0.0048105139285326,
-0.0672750398516655,
-0.11037930846214294,
0.16796761751174927,
-0.32732662558555603,
-0.12864740192890167,
-0.22246912121772766,
-0.010564160533249378,
0.33281558752059937,
-0.2810341417789459,
0.08628243952989578,
-0.2176050841808319,
-0.8203002214431763,
-0.2767508327960968,
-0.010770602151751518,
-0.6929797530174255,
0.08707000315189362,
-0.5098550915718079,
-0.6100419759750366,
-0.08632500469684601,
-0.1643335372209549,
-0.5406540632247925,
-0.3457202613353729,
0.5349524021148682,
0.6217160820960999,
-0.18663083016872406,
0.27029791474342346,
0.15317463874816895,
-0.09975484758615494,
0.18848958611488342,
-0.4734727740287781,
0.6264004707336426,
-0.06407823413610458,
-0.3058812618255615,
-0.0392664298415184,
0.09767293930053711,
0.3126511573791504,
0.2752358913421631,
-0.6008496880531311,
0.0775490328669548,
-0.03023471310734749,
0.4400360584259033,
0.3514457643032074,
-0.3376731872558594,
0.6420677900314331,
0.005924473982304335,
-0.11863989382982254,
-0.5363585948944092,
0.6660724878311157,
-0.7481921315193176,
-0.3873595595359802,
1.2066279649734497,
-0.4035632908344269,
0.00047477197949774563,
0.18173062801361084,
-0.25708794593811035,
0.4088757038116455,
-0.007835093885660172,
0.0850849375128746,
-0.18097460269927979,
0.13405394554138184,
-0.503394365310669,
-0.2280711531639099,
0.3887898027896881,
0.3629400432109833,
0.7952721118927002,
0.12681499123573303,
0.24866428971290588,
0.3385680317878723,
-0.4372018575668335,
0.06908021867275238,
0.391480416059494,
0.02164372242987156,
0.3464113771915436,
0.6114397644996643,
-0.22390837967395782,
-0.10403746366500854,
-0.06439997255802155,
0.1201792061328888,
-0.3763964772224426,
0.39861583709716797,
-0.11298549920320511,
-0.2595997154712677,
0.19246219098567963,
0.034064389765262604,
0.11664507538080215,
0.19233067333698273,
0.16693101823329926,
-0.6243443489074707,
0.5594125986099243,
-0.00006661147199338302,
-0.5662633776664734,
0.019845766946673393,
0.1498253494501114,
0.015198439359664917,
0.2139401137828827,
0.3602875769138336,
0.6202251315116882,
0.119004026055336,
0.2308385670185089,
0.32991209626197815,
0.04792070761322975,
0.49778851866722107,
0.3775236904621124,
0.9439093470573425,
-0.7077812552452087,
0.23787489533424377,
-0.5481743216514587,
-0.17978236079216003,
0.37680190801620483,
0.48847657442092896,
0.1871313750743866,
0.3314230144023895,
-0.15613457560539246,
0.3005426824092865,
-0.008394901640713215,
0.4824892282485962,
-0.5771914124488831,
0.061610739678144455,
0.15561184287071228,
0.46669673919677734,
0.06048605963587761,
0.09306877851486206,
-0.19596947729587555,
-0.6841057538986206,
0.15302135050296783,
-1.259811282157898,
-0.22350247204303741,
0.40058115124702454,
-0.3584296405315399,
-1.057295560836792,
0.23526978492736816,
0.6527519822120667,
-0.06534231454133987,
0.217521071434021,
0.23754657804965973,
0.10374080389738083,
0.34200334548950195,
0.41487234830856323,
-0.32119664549827576,
-0.07349598407745361,
-0.13619691133499146,
-0.24338890612125397,
-0.2605375647544861,
0.48583030700683594,
-0.6798298358917236,
0.5168614387512207,
-0.315731406211853,
0.3693999946117401,
-0.34609076380729675,
-0.4313531219959259,
0.4275018870830536,
-0.005100495181977749,
0.12931907176971436,
0.0034943176433444023,
-0.3996903896331787,
-0.0670422837138176,
-0.1121830940246582,
0.6403540372848511,
0.2697018086910248,
0.3080298602581024,
0.411091685295105,
-0.4977911114692688,
-0.25992336869239807,
0.6434109807014465,
0.40106233954429626,
-0.43238404393196106,
-0.11130781471729279,
-0.10394265502691269,
-0.11996828764677048,
-0.8737887144088745,
0.9186518788337708,
0.342486709356308,
0.6012487411499023,
0.13185782730579376,
0.5676738023757935,
-0.30866411328315735,
0.19306033849716187,
0.17859461903572083,
-0.6279743313789368,
-0.438451886177063,
0.15537691116333008,
-0.11763129383325577,
-0.8477767705917358,
0.6663135290145874,
0.11895947903394699,
0.3583550453186035,
-0.02369025908410549,
-0.5640926361083984,
-0.26469963788986206,
0.33575233817100525,
0.5969191193580627,
-0.3705925941467285,
0.10376886278390884,
-0.7336820363998413
] |
210398
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemmel
|
Bemmel
|
Bemmel is a town in the eastern Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It is located in the Betuwe region, and falls under the municipality of Lingewaard. The town is situated between the major cities of Arnhem and Nijmegen, and is bordered by the Waal river in the south. Bemmel has a population of 12,161 (as of 1 January 2020).
History
The former municipality of Bemmel merged in 2001 with the former municipalities Huissen and Gendt. In 2003 this merged municipality was renamed Lingewaard. The municipal building of Lingewaard is located in Bemmel.
From 1990 to 2006, Bemmel was considerably expanded with three new housing estates: Klaverkamp, Klein Rome, and Essenpas. The hamlets of Doornik and De Pas are also included with Bemmel. The hamlet of Vossenpels is partly included with Bemmel and partly included with Lent; which became part of the municipality of Nijmegen in 1998.
Landscape
Bemmel is located within the catchment area of the rivers Waal and Linge. It contains mainly fertile soils of nutrient-rich river deposits. The area is well suited for horticulture; it features many greenhouses and orchards.
In the south of Bemmel (outside the dykes) lies Dutch rewilding area the Gelderse Poort, which is managed by Staatsbosbeheer. The area contains typical habitats of the Dutch riverscapes, including: kolks, riparian forests and grasslands. There is a mining company located in the area, which extracts sand and gravel out of the ground.
Along and through the most western part of Bemmel runs Park Lingezegen. This is a Dutch landscape park, located between the cities of Arnhem and Nijmegen. The most notable part of Park Lingezegen that runs through Bemmel is the estate of Doornik. It is an important area for rare Dutch meadow birds, including the grey partridge, yellowhammer, and Eurasian skylark.
Annual festivals
Notable annual festivals and events in Bemmel include:
International Four Days Marches Nijmegen - A multiple day marching event in mid-July, which comes through Bemmel. Depending on the edition, it will be on the first or the fourth day.
Bemmelse Dweildag - An international festival for marching bands in Bemmel, on the second Sunday in June.
Horse Days of Bemmel (Dutch: Bemmelse Paardendagen) - The annual pony market and horserace of the town, around the second Sunday in August.
Notable residents
Notable people who were born, have lived, or are living in Bemmel include:
Joop Puntman (1934–2013), a Dutch ceramist and sculptor
Peter Rietbergen (1950) - Dutch historian
Joop Schaminée (1957) - Dutch botanist
Ruben Hein (1982) - Dutch jazz musician
Cayfano Latupeirissa (1991) - Dutch professional football player
Jochem Nuva Macare (1997), known as Nuva27 - Dutch rock-'n-roll musician
Jesse Schuurman (1998), Dutch professional football player
Wouter Macare (1999) - Dutch drummer for death metal band Inferum
Photo gallery
Education
The following educational institutions are located in Bemmel:
Sport
Yoast United is a professional basketball team located in Bemmel, playing in the national highest level Dutch Basketball League. The following sport facilities are located in Bemmel:
Trivia
Bemmel is often called "Bemmely Hills" by its younger residents. This nickname for the town is often used on social media and is probably derived from the name of the American city Beverly Hills.
The alternative name of Bemmel during carnaval is: 't Kaokelnest (English: The Cackle Nest)
References
External links
Lingewaard Official Website
Gelderse Poort Official Website
Historical Association of Bemmel
Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2003
Populated places in Gelderland
Former municipalities of Gelderland
Lingewaard
|
[
-0.1805284321308136,
0.14003753662109375,
0.20459924638271332,
-0.6637675166130066,
0.010590423829853535,
0.8326847553253174,
0.5387316346168518,
-0.15634037554264069,
-0.16736774146556854,
-0.2045193761587143,
0.2687602937221527,
0.16040052473545074,
-0.042382266372442245,
0.4201279878616333,
-0.49028894305229187,
-0.18361543118953705,
0.5171617269515991,
-0.012493598274886608,
0.3094055652618408,
-1.0985691547393799,
0.24235469102859497,
-0.656765878200531,
0.029726292937994003,
0.3046833872795105,
0.06362556666135788,
-0.2618512213230133,
0.3587111830711365,
0.06626921147108078,
0.7216861844062805,
-0.3600735068321228,
-0.2942790389060974,
0.5452122092247009,
-0.7636657953262329,
-0.007007553707808256,
-0.37285205721855164,
0.509074866771698,
0.1911916881799698,
-0.45300593972206116,
0.362880140542984,
0.17353862524032593,
-0.23581020534038544,
0.5044534206390381,
-0.42949870228767395,
0.19853557646274567,
-0.41924774646759033,
-1.358528971672058,
-1.1453945636749268,
0.10381724685430527,
-1.0419793128967285,
-0.4086381494998932,
-0.5574197769165039,
-0.6026962995529175,
0.6697676181793213,
0.7337702512741089,
0.23587128520011902,
-0.32112208008766174,
-0.8216697573661804,
-0.13462787866592407,
0.7920495271682739,
0.3611246347427368,
0.009854037314653397,
0.0021094921976327896,
-0.4412662386894226,
-0.26086825132369995,
0.37245360016822815,
-0.020457886159420013,
0.045391861349344254,
0.23482820391654968,
0.2606562674045563,
-0.8315151929855347,
-0.3965402841567993,
-0.2526477575302124,
0.10121538490056992,
-0.43334195017814636,
0.3839814066886902,
0.12490995228290558,
-0.20415644347667694,
-0.305426687002182,
0.04914055019617081,
-0.2203831970691681,
0.02558854967355728,
-0.7430620789527893,
1.0326168537139893,
-0.5787181854248047,
0.5286608934402466,
0.2549583613872528,
-0.3383454978466034,
-0.23346833884716034,
-0.2911147475242615,
0.5844161510467529,
0.09300807863473892,
-0.525022566318512,
-0.5959980487823486,
-0.2144005298614502,
0.29739871621131897,
-0.4930616617202759,
0.09254391491413116,
0.6748640537261963,
0.04023431986570358,
1.1213974952697754,
0.4411783814430237,
0.22154347598552704,
0.7969311475753784,
0.1494988203048706,
-0.4685366153717041,
-0.1903739720582962,
0.07664304226636887,
-0.8846353888511658,
-0.08599265664815903,
-1.0997759103775024,
-0.13812822103500366,
0.2577701807022095,
-0.02180076204240322,
-0.32415279746055603,
-0.16814206540584564,
0.6918016076087952,
0.19086669385433197,
0.1800093799829483,
-0.8083338141441345,
0.21369880437850952,
0.4089016020298004,
0.8493992686271667,
-0.15865051746368408,
-0.24767479300498962,
-0.2641007602214813,
0.2936229407787323,
-0.39795273542404175,
0.8749791979789734,
-0.2733573913574219,
0.7642570734024048,
0.4750548005104065,
1.2206834554672241,
-0.38129669427871704,
-0.11577358841896057,
-0.2688756585121155,
0.42195814847946167,
0.3032609522342682,
0.703599214553833,
0.31610968708992004,
0.3278753459453583,
-0.2847500741481781,
0.5352327823638916,
-1.1363319158554077,
0.05469938740134239,
-0.10513647645711899,
0.03751387074589729,
-0.23198488354682922,
-0.5326458811759949,
-0.21521200239658356,
-0.1676287055015564,
0.08998150378465652,
0.286070853471756,
-0.2665652334690094,
0.85334312915802,
-0.9256309270858765,
0.4678283631801605,
0.5071839690208435,
0.26889461278915405,
0.01796571910381317,
0.2277592420578003,
-0.04661927372217178,
-0.3174453377723694,
0.5044888854026794,
0.30898863077163696,
0.009562723338603973,
-0.4634306728839874,
0.41027596592903137,
0.012369314208626747,
0.581638753414154,
0.8663643002510071,
-0.6715766787528992,
0.3653694689273834,
0.7372337579727173,
0.5265201926231384,
0.4385261833667755,
-0.12029996514320374,
0.8602378964424133,
-0.2735241949558258,
0.04035039618611336,
-0.12035258859395981,
-0.7242447137832642,
0.4641333222389221,
0.3643362820148468,
-0.01473401952534914,
0.59517902135849,
0.7423184514045715,
0.016903305426239967,
0.12469274550676346,
-0.8195127248764038,
0.4455887973308563,
-0.10387495160102844,
-0.844646155834198,
1.154719352722168,
0.8036980628967285,
0.6322625279426575,
-0.1641397774219513,
0.09544290602207184,
0.13153383135795593,
0.020580055192112923,
0.36115357279777527,
-0.5895999670028687,
-0.7667236328125,
0.5459836721420288,
-0.2065534144639969,
-0.39159277081489563,
1.3622868061065674,
0.10855063050985336,
-0.6090629696846008,
-0.28676939010620117,
0.8715221285820007,
-0.1490449160337448,
0.16831079125404358,
0.02143874205648899,
-0.11263962090015411,
-0.25150230526924133,
-0.46364760398864746,
0.2745297849178314,
0.41727373003959656,
-0.055055104196071625,
-0.2074745148420334,
0.019815852865576744,
0.2706783413887024,
-0.8065533638000488,
0.07352451235055923,
0.03494063764810562,
0.35103219747543335,
0.3964214324951172,
0.4115554988384247,
0.20305398106575012,
-0.43198320269584656,
0.0714636966586113,
-0.0055054593831300735,
0.2262585312128067,
-0.055003467947244644,
-0.3979623317718506,
-0.25568586587905884,
-0.30411994457244873,
-0.7295584678649902,
0.7056397795677185,
-1.0306499004364014,
0.13776881992816925,
0.5658583641052246,
-0.39527428150177,
0.1981816440820694,
-0.1562160700559616,
1.6247155666351318,
0.040509168058633804,
0.03143622726202011,
-0.2889345586299896,
-0.023091178387403488,
-0.3149350583553314,
-0.0099252350628376,
0.08223292976617813,
-0.2696312665939331,
0.28947895765304565,
-0.4683801531791687,
-0.6938332319259644,
0.6549449563026428,
0.6374114155769348,
0.5589451193809509,
0.027839677408337593,
-0.46116331219673157,
0.5538659691810608,
0.6884676218032837,
-0.13321226835250854,
-0.6711688041687012,
-0.0704270750284195,
-0.12610889971256256,
0.5660122036933899,
-0.19061137735843658,
0.011596600525081158,
-0.36317336559295654,
-0.4763374328613281,
-0.8934395909309387,
0.11950352787971497,
-0.1790088564157486,
0.23829424381256104,
-0.11398126184940338,
-0.4598180651664734,
0.2373395413160324,
0.010673267766833305,
1.490237832069397,
-0.12070318311452866,
-0.6060097813606262,
0.9810628294944763,
0.3658176362514496,
0.511528491973877,
-0.098944291472435,
0.0942414179444313,
-0.04783814027905464,
-0.1697927713394165,
0.13166698813438416,
-0.33093199133872986,
0.4732852578163147,
-0.21557052433490753,
-0.15351493656635284,
-0.5782092213630676,
-0.5286093950271606,
0.2543661296367645,
-0.3477756977081299,
-0.3217756152153015,
0.5948009490966797,
-0.19061940908432007,
0.34730064868927,
-0.36309126019477844,
-0.40325361490249634,
-0.5806115865707397,
0.12850818037986755,
-4.390779972076416,
0.32264241576194763,
0.026869136840105057,
-0.17778144776821136,
-0.20329371094703674,
-0.8542250990867615,
0.06863997131586075,
-0.5593204498291016,
0.044792983680963516,
0.12649451196193695,
-0.23202671110630035,
-0.8006712198257446,
0.6475507616996765,
0.9339781403541565,
1.208755373954773,
0.45883625745773315,
0.6497563719749451,
-0.2150467485189438,
-0.0731804147362709,
0.00011765856470447034,
0.47514015436172485,
-0.2599378824234009,
-0.21188384294509888,
0.18596957623958588,
0.460311621427536,
0.14950676262378693,
0.3646554946899414,
-0.13086111843585968,
-0.372467964887619,
-0.4678957760334015,
0.4937206208705902,
-0.2806189954280853,
0.03871556371450424,
0.028717854991555214,
-0.04520798847079277,
0.11123122274875641,
0.45290547609329224,
0.5630225539207458,
0.7720975279808044,
-0.4949498772621155,
0.4656510055065155,
0.8418138027191162,
0.058930397033691406,
-0.39134693145751953,
0.437551885843277,
-0.62189120054245,
-1.1450366973876953,
-0.07627399265766144,
-0.3340386152267456,
1.1753302812576294,
0.38737577199935913,
-0.5864951610565186,
0.5204750299453735,
-0.003919289913028479,
0.7096695303916931,
-0.05709410458803177,
-0.3158147931098938,
-0.23624774813652039,
-0.07584672421216965,
1.4016677141189575,
0.7088988423347473,
-0.11396481841802597,
-0.24654468894004822,
-0.5164578557014465,
-0.09431064873933792,
-0.8039537072181702,
0.6758947968482971,
-0.19771932065486908,
-0.03203723952174187,
-0.07208405435085297,
0.29277414083480835,
0.056936901062726974,
-0.6497408151626587,
-0.8359226584434509,
-0.4214484989643097,
-0.25432121753692627,
-0.3087831735610962,
-0.4448181092739105,
0.03900280222296715,
-0.03460117056965828,
0.2127341628074646,
-0.9482899904251099,
0.3086233139038086,
0.6062402129173279,
0.10504245012998581,
-0.4497927725315094,
-0.5756822824478149,
-0.17947958409786224,
-0.8659628033638,
-1.0491546392440796,
0.472093403339386,
-0.09852166473865509,
0.409053772687912,
-0.06696179509162903,
-0.8623690605163574,
0.7513864040374756,
-0.30650851130485535,
-0.3979630470275879,
-0.11870962381362915,
-0.3632521629333496,
0.34113824367523193,
-0.6261762380599976,
0.30289438366889954,
-0.4053007960319519,
-0.3698253631591797,
-0.41755226254463196,
0.5255233645439148,
0.4154109060764313,
0.7493158578872681,
-0.2748229205608368,
0.2946338355541229,
0.805679202079773,
-0.14063413441181183,
-0.8767685890197754,
0.9653856158256531,
-0.4587195813655853,
-0.2114345133304596,
0.5205796360969543,
-0.08654136210680008,
0.4223766624927521,
0.22225964069366455,
0.7212370038032532,
0.17230115830898285,
-0.5867615938186646,
-0.4085806608200073,
-0.30348867177963257,
-0.04956306889653206,
0.10030798614025116,
-0.9408813714981079,
0.20265978574752808,
-0.3005518317222595,
-0.028035974130034447,
-0.1767880916595459,
-0.36452504992485046,
0.3716509938240051,
-1.2215551137924194,
-0.4257325828075409,
-0.630491316318512,
-0.16676194965839386,
0.4075634777545929,
0.6638705730438232,
-0.48127660155296326,
-0.4092788100242615,
-0.05393446981906891,
-0.46114039421081543,
0.0882621556520462,
0.4864206612110138,
-0.140374556183815,
-1.0097626447677612,
-0.059773217886686325,
-0.6158733367919922,
0.1342039406299591,
0.14604903757572174,
-0.9657043814659119,
0.09957355260848999,
0.582436740398407,
-0.1403544694185257,
0.3340887427330017,
0.9032648205757141,
-0.038976773619651794,
-0.4984980821609497,
-0.2090902328491211,
-0.6945566534996033,
0.7291310429573059,
0.2239990234375,
0.12515996396541595,
-0.2632318437099457,
-0.6032937169075012,
-0.7776989340782166,
0.25772732496261597,
0.38664084672927856,
-0.8316370248794556,
-1.1042367219924927,
-0.2920093536376953,
-0.31655341386795044,
-0.4362104535102844,
0.177394300699234,
0.4158404767513275,
-0.8845119476318359,
-0.6357133388519287,
0.14687566459178925,
0.7026129364967346,
-0.2931256890296936,
0.21804173290729523,
0.37467703223228455,
-0.5722993016242981,
-0.4663216769695282,
-0.19264276325702667,
-0.5775749683380127,
-0.8832542896270752,
0.3225781321525574,
-0.036494042724370956,
0.27245092391967773,
0.350496381521225,
-0.7085729837417603,
-1.0542857646942139,
0.05821336433291435,
0.00016761991719249636,
-0.2281472235918045,
-0.1123327761888504,
0.5140502452850342,
0.2206224948167801,
-0.06530427932739258,
0.7039830088615417,
0.12064500898122787,
-1.2489012479782104,
0.8148703575134277,
0.5871448516845703,
-0.17279750108718872,
0.3834306597709656,
-0.8415883183479309,
-0.5616244077682495,
0.4849298894405365,
0.38291266560554504,
-0.5715048909187317,
0.49535688757896423,
0.5804257988929749,
-0.02299860119819641,
-0.42629244923591614,
-0.24981577694416046,
-1.4118468761444092,
-0.35271528363227844,
-0.5997738242149353,
-0.06339076906442642,
-0.5463865995407104,
-0.04406624287366867,
0.007334641646593809,
-0.2434515357017517,
0.829307496547699,
0.4196850657463074,
-0.40534141659736633,
-0.13313984870910645,
0.5910287499427795,
0.5607826113700867,
0.030917782336473465,
0.09083868563175201,
0.38445302844047546,
0.3871776759624481,
0.5550910830497742,
-0.1358461081981659,
0.33137792348861694,
0.203310027718544,
0.305480420589447,
0.10071881860494614,
-0.24212846159934998,
-0.01461816020309925,
0.48781660199165344,
-0.10307532548904419,
-0.6069503426551819,
0.4102182388305664,
-0.09000763297080994,
0.219540074467659,
-1.0558936595916748,
0.5301920175552368,
1.1130011081695557,
0.5305790305137634,
-0.21109291911125183,
0.9375598430633545,
1.0776543617248535,
0.4960727095603943,
0.283864825963974,
-0.10142304748296738,
0.33953073620796204,
0.5927304625511169,
0.5461682677268982,
-0.07751059532165527,
-0.1369379758834839,
-0.3704923987388611,
0.3142911493778229,
0.16298852860927582,
-0.6775328516960144,
-0.11384953558444977,
-0.3669508993625641,
-0.12548841536045074,
-0.15992094576358795,
0.13127928972244263,
-0.836348295211792,
-1.122684121131897,
-0.13263799250125885,
-0.18868449330329895,
-0.0012157723540440202,
-0.10223892331123352,
-0.3066922128200531,
-0.04513584449887276,
-0.6123743653297424,
-0.48236605525016785,
-0.4408607482910156,
-0.10801823437213898,
-0.6080175638198853,
0.42027726769447327,
-0.06386059522628784,
-0.34563690423965454,
-0.3027322292327881,
0.07323024421930313,
0.322536826133728,
0.2332051396369934,
-0.16842111945152283,
0.598658561706543,
-0.25943711400032043,
0.21428851783275604,
-0.7034541964530945,
-0.058311883360147476,
0.6784719228744507,
-0.2862079441547394,
0.0772765725851059,
0.07898576557636261,
-0.5954647660255432,
0.5695735812187195,
0.2822987139225006,
0.6666861176490784,
-0.24888963997364044,
-0.27987807989120483,
0.23419466614723206,
1.1057617664337158,
-0.2752407193183899,
0.26943692564964294,
0.87142014503479,
-0.8306453824043274,
-0.7263064384460449,
0.5114461183547974,
0.09778589755296707,
-0.18924690783023834,
0.6963004469871521,
0.876705527305603,
-0.21259793639183044,
1.2922085523605347,
-0.2946445047855377,
0.28106802701950073,
0.5198416709899902,
-0.24040329456329346,
-0.23869968950748444,
0.554003894329071,
-0.5558968186378479,
0.6552613377571106,
-0.5079718232154846,
-0.20889514684677124,
-0.03247055783867836,
-0.22155317664146423,
0.04749171435832977,
-0.21047639846801758,
-0.14628231525421143,
0.7061960697174072,
0.18127620220184326,
-0.3154768645763397,
-0.4372028112411499,
0.22959697246551514,
0.788819432258606,
0.24238358438014984,
0.4545787274837494,
-0.1245981752872467,
0.23320704698562622,
-0.3780367374420166,
0.16961756348609924,
-0.9584500789642334,
-0.11704252660274506,
-0.2225170135498047,
0.7618798613548279,
-0.23114360868930817,
-0.6321709752082825,
0.012504557147622108,
0.45134660601615906,
-0.6560019254684448,
0.691098153591156,
-0.1376863569021225,
0.10449492931365967,
-0.2985745966434479,
0.007509515155106783,
0.021613910794258118,
0.09193393588066101,
0.7750882506370544,
0.06250216066837311,
0.20182588696479797,
0.037851206958293915,
-0.8714091181755066,
0.2863089442253113,
0.41512739658355713,
-0.39612728357315063,
-0.6099882125854492,
-0.3242734372615814,
0.5054633617401123,
0.33168312907218933,
0.09514490514993668,
0.17158953845500946,
0.42950063943862915,
-0.10114707797765732,
-0.7627854347229004,
0.6078779697418213,
-0.16892261803150177,
-0.31115323305130005,
-0.34887561202049255,
-0.012285025790333748,
-0.32436662912368774,
0.25589507818222046,
0.23748913407325745,
-0.7413161396980286,
-0.04516541585326195,
0.26915720105171204,
0.8205657601356506,
-0.37049365043640137,
-0.5198882222175598,
-0.27825626730918884,
0.8474870920181274,
-0.33919060230255127,
0.06646860390901566,
0.27581873536109924,
0.3780359625816345,
-0.11739920824766159,
0.6181991100311279,
-0.511458694934845,
0.4361424744129181,
1.0749140977859497,
-0.017946559935808182,
0.10888075083494186,
0.5229731798171997,
0.3393325209617615,
0.24800638854503632,
0.11930883675813675,
-0.0076792980544269085,
-0.46264412999153137,
0.464931458234787,
0.1726815551519394,
-0.12329167872667313,
0.050680745393037796,
0.45075127482414246,
0.1683516800403595,
0.004439742770045996,
-0.2836335301399231,
0.16250865161418915,
-0.10161987692117691,
-0.09996674954891205,
-0.148033007979393,
-0.8113847374916077,
-0.4082232415676117,
0.4048624634742737,
-0.9017799496650696,
0.0859876498579979,
0.7358174324035645,
0.5603041648864746,
-0.05444546043872833,
-0.19419558346271515,
-0.2620008587837219,
-0.12802356481552124,
0.16671037673950195,
0.4410707652568817,
-2.464228868484497,
0.7853687405586243,
-0.529317319393158,
-0.009416567161679268,
-0.8714374303817749,
0.19291596114635468,
-0.1424214392900467,
-0.7323311567306519,
0.5135725140571594,
-0.6796798706054688,
-0.7377281785011292,
-0.008129982277750969,
-1.0165631771087646,
-0.14355266094207764,
0.7095748782157898,
-0.0072581092827022076
] |
210399
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Briggs%20%28mathematician%29
|
Henry Briggs (mathematician)
|
Henry Briggs (1 February 1561 – 26 January 1630) was an English mathematician notable for changing the original logarithms invented by John Napier into common (base 10) logarithms, which are sometimes known as Briggsian logarithms in his honour. The specific algorithm for long division in modern use was introduced by Briggs 1600 AD.
Briggs was a committed Puritan and an influential professor in his time.
Personal life
Briggs was born at Daisy Bank, Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax, in Yorkshire, England. After studying Latin and Greek at a local grammar school, he entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1577, and graduated in 1581. In 1588, he was elected a Fellow of St John's. In 1592 he was made reader of the physical lecture founded by Thomas Linacre; he would also read some of the mathematical lectures as well. During this period, he took an interest in navigation and astronomy, collaborating with Edward Wright.
In 1596, he became first professor of geometry in the recently founded Gresham College, London, where he also taught astronomy and navigation. He lectured there for nearly 23 years, and made Gresham College a centre of English mathematics, from which he would notably support the new ideas of Johannes Kepler.
He was a friend of Christopher Heydon, a writer on astrology, though Briggs himself rejected astrology for religious reasons. He once called astrology, "a mere system of groundless conceits".
At this time, Briggs obtained a copy of Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio, in which Napier introduced the idea of logarithms. It has also been suggested that he knew of the method outlined in Fundamentum Astronomiae published by the Swiss clockmaker Jost Bürgi, through John Dee. Napier's formulation was awkward to work with, but the book fired Briggs' imagination – in his lectures at Gresham College he proposed the idea of base 10 logarithms in which the logarithm of 10 would be 1; and soon afterwards he wrote to the inventor on the subject. Briggs was active in many areas, and his advice in astronomy, surveying, navigation, and other activities like mining was frequently sought. Briggs in 1619 invested in the London Company, and he had two sons: Henry, who later emigrated to Virginia, and Thomas, who remained in England.
Briggs died on 26 January 1630, and was buried in the chapel of Merton College, Oxford. Dr Smith, in his Lives of the Gresham Professors, characterizes him as a man of great probity, a condemner of riches, and contented with his own station, preferring a studious retirement to all the splendid circumstances of life. The lunar crater Briggs is named in his honour.
Mathematical contributions
In 1616 Briggs visited Napier at Edinburgh in order to discuss the suggested change to Napier's logarithms. The following year he again visited for a similar purpose. During these conferences the alteration proposed by Briggs was agreed upon; and on his return from his second visit to Edinburgh, in 1617, he published the first chiliad of his logarithms.
In 1619 he was appointed Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford, and resigned his professorship of Gresham College in July 1620. Soon after his settlement at Oxford he was incorporated Master of Arts.
In 1622 he published a small tract on the Northwest Passage to the South Seas, through the Continent of Virginia and Hudson Bay. The tract is notorious today as the origin of the cartographic myth of the Island of California. In it Briggs stated he had seen a map that had been brought from Holland that showed the Island of California. The tract was republished three years later (1625) in Pvrchas His Pilgrimes (vol 3, p848).
In 1624 his Arithmetica Logarithmica was published, in folio, a work containing the logarithms of thirty thousand natural numbers to fourteen decimal places (1-20,000 and 90,001 to 100,000).
The remaining logarithms of the numbers 20,001 to 90,000 were later calculated by Adriaan Vlacq in his table of logarithms of the numbers 1 to 100,000 being accurate to 10 places. Alexander John Thompson published a table of logarithms of the numbers 1 to 100,000 accurate to 20 places in 1952. Briggs was one of the first to use finite-difference methods to compute tables of functions.
He also completed a table of logarithmic sines and tangents for the hundredth part of every degree to fourteen decimal places, with a table of natural sines to fifteen places, and the tangents and secants for the same to ten places; all of which were printed at Gouda in 1631 and published in 1633 under the title of Trigonometria Britannica; this work was probably a successor to his 1617 Logarithmorum Chilias Prima ("The First Thousand Logarithms"), which gave a brief account of logarithms and a long table of the first 1000 integers calculated to the 14th decimal place.
English translations of Briggs's Arithmetica and the first part of his Trigonometria Britannica are available on the web.
Bibliography
A Table to find the Height of the Pole, the Magnetical Declination being given (London, 1602, 4to)
"Tables for the Improvement of Navigation", printed in the second edition of Edward Wright's treatise entitled Certain Errors in Navigation detected and corrected (London, 1610, 4to)
A Description of an Instrumental Table to find the part proportional, devised by Mr Edward Wright (London, 1616 and 1618, 12rno)
Logarithmorum Chilias prima (London, 1617, 8vo) (http://locomat.loria.fr contains a reconstruction of this table)
Lucubrationes et Annotationes in opera posthuma J. Neperi (Edinburgh, 1619, 4to)
Euclidis Elementorum VI. libri priores (London, 1620. folio)
A Treatise on the North-West Passage to the South Sea (London, 1622, 4to), reprinted in Samuel Purchas's Pilgrims, vol. iii. p. 852
Arithmetica Logarithmica (London, 1624, folio) (http://locomat.loria.fr contains a reconstruction of this table)
Trigonometria Britannica (Goudae, 1633, folio) (http://locomat.loria.fr contains a reconstruction of this table)
two Letters to Archbishop James Usher
Mathematica ab Antiquis minus cognita.
Some other works, as his Commentaries on the Geometry of Peter Ramus, and Remarks on the Treatise of Longomontanus respecting the Quadrature of the Circle have not been published.
See also
CORDIC algorithm
References
Article at Encyclopædia Britannica
External links
400 Years of Geometry at Gresham College, lecture by Robin Wilson on Henry Briggs, given at Gresham College, 14 May 2008 (available for video, audio and text download)
1561 births
1630 deaths
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
16th-century English mathematicians
17th-century English mathematicians
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Savilian Professors of Geometry
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
Professors of Gresham College
17th-century English Puritans
|
[
-0.7105492949485779,
0.5265010595321655,
-0.20938538014888763,
-0.332329124212265,
-0.46196162700653076,
1.0953378677368164,
0.31971558928489685,
-0.48459771275520325,
-0.291317880153656,
-0.3497250974178314,
-0.06556864827871323,
0.033334262669086456,
-0.43946412205696106,
0.5633530616760254,
0.06563428044319153,
0.29719120264053345,
0.3624967634677887,
-0.5865110158920288,
-1.0516769886016846,
-0.023552656173706055,
0.23873496055603027,
-0.018985718488693237,
0.3062727749347687,
-0.45903918147087097,
0.0008926953887566924,
0.0014907580334693193,
0.03491082042455673,
0.19276051223278046,
0.2778080403804779,
-0.01822524145245552,
0.03733816370368004,
0.7378947138786316,
0.5617203116416931,
0.0696779265999794,
-0.2766832113265991,
-0.1428060233592987,
-0.3207480013370514,
-0.03646441549062729,
-0.09944892674684525,
-0.08966418355703354,
0.17013302445411682,
-0.44327113032341003,
0.4527014493942261,
0.1772555410861969,
-0.5318432450294495,
-0.1777636557817459,
-2.0556914806365967,
-0.4048636555671692,
-0.7458885908126831,
-0.20414447784423828,
-0.22214825451374054,
0.5670580863952637,
0.29591110348701477,
0.3185288608074188,
-0.2099330574274063,
0.7228906750679016,
-0.30238914489746094,
-0.6265292763710022,
0.5570182204246521,
-0.18233175575733185,
0.1176842674612999,
-0.012807567603886127,
0.27146193385124207,
0.09485075622797012,
0.09302365779876709,
0.24148865044116974,
-0.1749022901058197,
0.18229836225509644,
-0.6545171737670898,
-0.003883946454152465,
-0.608127236366272,
0.16197170317173004,
-0.2545586824417114,
0.5348979234695435,
-0.17900550365447998,
-0.1101449579000473,
-0.21810497343540192,
-0.1400449126958847,
0.31295138597488403,
0.12737233936786652,
-0.3787371516227722,
-0.33071503043174744,
0.8376055359840393,
0.2956291437149048,
0.3110750615596771,
0.6508524417877197,
-0.3996756970882416,
0.21640141308307648,
-0.4768911600112915,
0.42098358273506165,
0.030512262135744095,
-0.36720260977745056,
0.27296051383018494,
0.07812968641519547,
-0.26022976636886597,
0.6381503939628601,
0.255397766828537,
-0.032584693282842636,
0.14833685755729675,
-0.01879274472594261,
0.029511313885450363,
0.293253630399704,
0.3187571167945862,
0.04928635060787201,
-0.10830356180667877,
-0.04955487698316574,
0.016832098364830017,
-0.3574197292327881,
0.16611722111701965,
0.06882544606924057,
-0.725581705570221,
0.17495979368686676,
0.535717248916626,
0.19369344413280487,
0.14894652366638184,
0.14508628845214844,
0.12730923295021057,
-0.2447805106639862,
-0.7016633152961731,
-0.33260735869407654,
-0.19106751680374146,
0.4777677059173584,
-0.03866139054298401,
0.5460113286972046,
-0.1108635887503624,
0.05086774379014969,
0.23292776942253113,
0.8041192889213562,
-0.13083262741565704,
-0.027057630941271782,
-0.11874951422214508,
0.9480512142181396,
0.3654497265815735,
-0.040632881224155426,
-0.3423105478286743,
-0.07420288026332855,
-0.4931979775428772,
-0.08398889750242233,
-0.6782890558242798,
0.1284123659133911,
-0.35724207758903503,
0.11954380571842194,
-0.15454523265361786,
0.20787115395069122,
0.6248792409896851,
0.5150010585784912,
0.07685528695583344,
-0.013113313354551792,
-0.4064951539039612,
0.18124260008335114,
-0.1288183629512787,
0.06406991928815842,
-0.17514845728874207,
-0.43905696272850037,
0.04224212467670441,
0.3979043960571289,
-0.02297941781580448,
-0.0720321461558342,
-0.33897536993026733,
0.09833145141601562,
-0.534792423248291,
-0.12393700331449509,
-0.47740691900253296,
-0.4496820569038391,
0.21128959953784943,
-0.7505331635475159,
0.8518140316009521,
-0.045374929904937744,
-0.05297559127211571,
0.12387455999851227,
-0.14548416435718536,
-0.7395669221878052,
0.5813491940498352,
-0.0751514807343483,
-0.7006555795669556,
0.20443683862686157,
1.2537065744400024,
0.238982692360878,
0.6029872894287109,
-0.5508738160133362,
-0.8389686346054077,
-0.30331170558929443,
0.3022529184818268,
0.27586129307746887,
0.38051915168762207,
0.20349206030368805,
0.4866885840892792,
-0.525323212146759,
0.49571600556373596,
-0.3463709056377411,
-0.14921437203884125,
-0.1495407074689865,
0.5302615165710449,
-0.5734155178070068,
1.3327279090881348,
0.29488712549209595,
-0.3737984299659729,
-0.15566471219062805,
0.059811729937791824,
0.4688203036785126,
-0.08977548778057098,
-0.02447030320763588,
-0.09216078370809555,
0.03419312834739685,
0.47950103878974915,
0.4391923248767853,
-0.3393579125404358,
-0.2534083425998688,
0.04310590773820877,
0.5114849209785461,
-0.031947627663612366,
-0.37964046001434326,
0.6321330666542053,
-0.4114760160446167,
-0.5209766030311584,
-0.1395852118730545,
-0.34718647599220276,
0.1526605784893036,
0.6272392868995667,
-0.5745323896408081,
0.5723667144775391,
0.0646531879901886,
0.5231009721755981,
0.4891964793205261,
0.5223618149757385,
0.984272837638855,
0.47947102785110474,
0.06699597835540771,
0.27851271629333496,
-0.37299495935440063,
-0.46798932552337646,
-0.09408587962388992,
0.5014127492904663,
0.09869195520877838,
0.35296228528022766,
-0.0816294476389885,
0.18807604908943176,
-0.5563859343528748,
0.18325231969356537,
-0.09217337518930435,
-0.10157639533281326,
0.42521724104881287,
-0.3918641209602356,
-0.1952342540025711,
0.006165808532387018,
0.03447981923818588,
-0.4087943732738495,
-0.4137130379676819,
0.00022321558208204806,
0.15394362807273865,
-0.29045823216438293,
0.6129871010780334,
0.19909635186195374,
0.34140241146087646,
-0.3450030982494354,
0.06569962948560715,
-0.023745596408843994,
-0.2812778353691101,
0.28709131479263306,
0.5805193781852722,
-0.3043563663959503,
-0.03685476630926132,
0.2492779791355133,
-0.3168444037437439,
0.08748720586299896,
-0.549646258354187,
-0.1294463872909546,
-0.34913554787635803,
0.16789808869361877,
-0.4398071765899658,
0.503486156463623,
-0.5797575116157532,
-0.4875912368297577,
0.5102707743644714,
0.323379248380661,
-0.5150006413459778,
-0.33758077025413513,
-0.40681666135787964,
-0.5072225332260132,
-0.37332767248153687,
0.28871628642082214,
0.6955575346946716,
-0.5705548524856567,
0.13377727568149567,
0.06319086253643036,
-0.15634669363498688,
-0.3935558497905731,
-0.4147211015224457,
0.671876072883606,
-0.7696889638900757,
-0.6323009133338928,
0.629223108291626,
-0.6247672438621521,
-0.5223855376243591,
0.09588823467493057,
0.5989974737167358,
-0.3718613386154175,
-0.9984704852104187,
0.2208261787891388,
-0.5495181679725647,
-1.1270748376846313,
-0.06657663732767105,
0.19820433855056763,
-0.10922764986753464,
0.12282527983188629,
0.06551452726125717,
0.08195450901985168,
0.05268319323658943,
-5.473038196563721,
-0.042801957577466965,
-0.3701312243938446,
-0.07499221712350845,
0.30519646406173706,
0.37107038497924805,
0.24089445173740387,
-0.17841996252536774,
-0.08188073337078094,
-0.04249844327569008,
0.06129063665866852,
-0.5093706250190735,
-0.6024966835975647,
0.38413575291633606,
0.6843804121017456,
0.18638132512569427,
0.510382354259491,
0.3183775246143341,
0.3869333267211914,
0.3489929735660553,
0.357792466878891,
-0.45246368646621704,
-0.3165982961654663,
0.16626033186912537,
-0.09696700423955917,
0.7675577402114868,
0.18954724073410034,
0.7321359515190125,
-0.5025337934494019,
-0.140404611825943,
-0.8018742203712463,
-0.37875306606292725,
-0.5139709115028381,
-0.40484169125556946,
-0.3703268766403198,
0.31175941228866577,
0.43237558007240295,
0.6758246421813965,
0.14174991846084595,
-0.1588635891675949,
0.14684222638607025,
0.37129291892051697,
0.024605287238955498,
-0.011503199115395546,
0.3102499842643738,
-0.2644414007663727,
-0.48852261900901794,
0.7068724632263184,
-0.48233455419540405,
0.32426872849464417,
0.3529733717441559,
0.15875831246376038,
0.034590985625982285,
-0.3722413182258606,
-0.24334251880645752,
-0.13086795806884766,
0.3030972480773926,
0.12269549816846848,
-0.3719804584980011,
0.3151732385158539,
0.6838038563728333,
-0.358257532119751,
0.04410577937960625,
-0.3258633613586426,
-0.2501874566078186,
-0.2571077048778534,
-0.27359873056411743,
0.025231633335351944,
0.25125348567962646,
-0.2495812177658081,
-0.24603718519210815,
1.1171928644180298,
0.564165472984314,
-0.6710678935050964,
0.13560046255588531,
-0.06932129710912704,
0.19096605479717255,
0.2226843386888504,
-0.37480321526527405,
0.4942397475242615,
-0.0260121189057827,
-1.167458415031433,
-0.2252179980278015,
0.5912389755249023,
0.5350589156150818,
-0.19004985690116882,
-0.7855034470558167,
0.5569398999214172,
-0.7247060537338257,
0.16035982966423035,
0.17400464415550232,
-0.4297741651535034,
0.28116708993911743,
0.6416633129119873,
1.0868752002716064,
0.21003592014312744,
0.041094500571489334,
0.41021034121513367,
0.49837255477905273,
-0.01705734059214592,
-0.4230128824710846,
-0.2339951992034912,
0.3367716670036316,
-0.48214828968048096,
-0.04816228151321411,
-0.17123879492282867,
-0.8177663683891296,
0.48024049401283264,
0.2991785705089569,
0.5139124393463135,
0.36080682277679443,
0.1585000902414322,
-0.9553797245025635,
0.32074424624443054,
-0.15018153190612793,
-0.286974161863327,
-0.022967640310525894,
0.4240797162055969,
0.6950176358222961,
-0.027056308463215828,
-0.29791519045829773,
0.0033155307173728943,
-0.04490536451339722,
-0.6981193423271179,
-0.17240892350673676,
-0.29338839650154114,
0.37939202785491943,
0.16328029334545135,
-0.10937691479921341,
-0.26853734254837036,
-0.009048393927514553,
0.9172722697257996,
-0.23201100528240204,
0.41415372490882874,
-0.015983058139681816,
-0.1252547800540924,
-0.3139457404613495,
-0.19518518447875977,
-0.21978983283042908,
-0.14363721013069153,
0.6783077716827393,
-0.3503916263580322,
0.2656468451023102,
-0.11884891986846924,
0.34118005633354187,
0.11016000062227249,
0.41648069024086,
-0.41848936676979065,
-0.2498975247144699,
0.4686729907989502,
0.012153415009379387,
-0.31893256306648254,
0.6603266000747681,
-0.2940550446510315,
-0.020975787192583084,
-0.004053023643791676,
-0.2996245324611664,
0.3196917474269867,
-0.39396366477012634,
-0.3184777796268463,
0.16520553827285767,
0.039784498512744904,
-0.6366442441940308,
-0.5933743119239807,
-0.0034066971857100725,
0.02950599230825901,
-0.6185025572776794,
0.12862373888492584,
0.18912120163440704,
1.0148241519927979,
0.04433226212859154,
-0.16917432844638824,
-0.5735835433006287,
-0.534121572971344,
0.22886250913143158,
0.04289192333817482,
0.19266384840011597,
-0.06794307380914688,
-0.26622480154037476,
-0.30615857243537903,
0.06862664967775345,
-0.26961851119995117,
-0.30464568734169006,
0.09251708537340164,
1.1573258638381958,
-0.3622487485408783,
-0.5014738440513611,
0.011565194465219975,
0.10036496073007584,
-0.14306122064590454,
-0.8108460903167725,
-0.41104164719581604,
0.47803884744644165,
0.6583857536315918,
0.07225863635540009,
-0.09721546620130539,
0.4296009838581085,
0.8170682191848755,
-0.20733702182769775,
-0.6270706653594971,
-0.18400315940380096,
-0.14683213829994202,
-0.3616212010383606,
-0.1357247531414032,
0.7962309718132019,
-1.0290930271148682,
-0.07166197896003723,
-0.517278790473938,
-0.15504078567028046,
0.6573765873908997,
-0.39360877871513367,
-0.5468257665634155,
-0.5530920624732971,
-0.007701849564909935,
-0.0660628080368042,
-0.24079665541648865,
-0.08087141066789627,
0.17047303915023804,
-0.3509702682495117,
-1.2214053869247437,
-0.2595196068286896,
-0.34522193670272827,
-0.2658834457397461,
-0.0657673180103302,
-0.09274619072675705,
-0.2948480546474457,
0.3420722782611847,
0.46254849433898926,
0.8814186453819275,
-0.3251658082008362,
-0.08446937054395676,
-0.29872095584869385,
-0.2338319718837738,
0.7050485014915466,
-0.43336060643196106,
-0.1470956951379776,
0.040840718895196915,
0.37757810950279236,
-1.0114351511001587,
0.1272573471069336,
0.47936776280403137,
1.1905409097671509,
0.2059023231267929,
-0.2850860357284546,
0.1102863997220993,
-0.6208280324935913,
0.5150529146194458,
-0.19288194179534912,
0.047683533281087875,
0.30383217334747314,
-0.08868343383073807,
-0.33178576827049255,
-0.6916123032569885,
-0.10648925602436066,
0.6484113335609436,
-0.6014903783798218,
0.186507448554039,
-0.5862624645233154,
0.46793967485427856,
-0.158782497048378,
0.19571949541568756,
-0.023336339741945267,
0.12101832032203674,
-0.022600745782256126,
-0.19621340930461884,
0.5847424864768982,
-0.37217947840690613,
-0.06960413604974747,
0.6189152002334595,
-0.21386566758155823,
-0.06087479367852211,
-0.5195318460464478,
-0.5068544149398804,
0.8883667588233948,
0.08222603052854538,
-0.2542927861213684,
0.4186776876449585,
0.3110388517379761,
0.6184945702552795,
-0.33621183037757874,
-0.5931253433227539,
0.3069874346256256,
0.5121791958808899,
-0.3751303255558014,
-0.06298844516277313,
-0.18682318925857544,
-0.2493084818124771,
-0.4104822278022766,
0.24284926056861877,
0.6716864109039307,
-0.6635768413543701,
0.7704159617424011,
-0.20490172505378723,
-0.16332218050956726,
-0.5711321830749512,
0.014997164718806744,
0.19628916680812836,
0.2822645604610443,
0.2167767584323883,
-0.014881288632750511,
-0.19042620062828064,
0.9924976825714111,
0.29773852229118347,
-0.07753565162420273,
0.21282802522182465,
0.30112627148628235,
-0.13310599327087402,
0.27809473872184753,
-0.5470755696296692,
-0.26101475954055786,
0.31499746441841125,
0.2545662820339203,
0.014732645824551582,
0.17396701872348785,
-0.7460190653800964,
-0.5705735087394714,
0.8464367389678955,
-0.4991888105869293,
-0.19539396464824677,
0.3535548150539398,
-0.29799190163612366,
0.29319247603416443,
0.45986035466194153,
-0.7590169906616211,
-0.34960412979125977,
0.4842519760131836,
-0.3019329011440277,
-0.302933931350708,
-0.5324141979217529,
0.43641623854637146,
0.10765895992517471,
0.062284715473651886,
-1.016222596168518,
0.5937305092811584,
0.1952272653579712,
-0.1728598028421402,
-0.1452648639678955,
-0.5532991290092468,
0.2325897514820099,
0.43013861775398254,
0.5107403993606567,
0.06618958711624146,
-0.2127515971660614,
0.17209546267986298,
-0.6188282370567322,
0.3919292986392975,
-0.55057293176651,
-0.2685197591781616,
-0.29504334926605225,
0.5970232486724854,
0.14223213493824005,
0.5407819747924805,
0.27066054940223694,
-0.6383015513420105,
-0.361235111951828,
0.10545458644628525,
0.5634979605674744,
-0.2812388837337494,
-0.12949343025684357,
0.1804904192686081,
0.1100378930568695,
0.07942172884941101,
0.4286823570728302,
-0.4878635108470917,
-0.6425005793571472,
0.33753031492233276,
0.7347362637519836,
-0.6009824872016907,
0.37537387013435364,
0.6665663719177246,
0.3064475357532501,
0.24090363085269928,
-0.17526347935199738,
0.7196270227432251,
0.1569625586271286,
0.22261551022529602,
0.36954477429389954,
0.4127391278743744,
0.15749120712280273,
-0.33625608682632446,
-0.37722206115722656,
-0.2944096326828003,
-0.048466142266988754,
0.07645939290523529,
-0.2382219135761261,
-0.33948802947998047,
-0.10326973348855972,
0.30988776683807373,
-0.2165893167257309,
-0.10336051881313324,
0.3028206527233124,
-0.6395440697669983,
-0.09546532481908798,
-0.22054311633110046,
-1.1900389194488525,
0.425123929977417,
-0.3340332508087158,
0.8178452253341675,
0.625242292881012,
0.08908027410507202,
-0.20763489603996277,
-0.1683020293712616,
0.28288018703460693,
0.21109861135482788,
-0.3405667543411255,
0.1585017889738083,
-0.35630276799201965,
0.5497499108314514,
-0.4911101758480072,
0.564930260181427,
0.40111851692199707,
0.0032648970372974873,
-0.5745201706886292,
-0.003817465156316757,
-0.41206324100494385,
0.3323867917060852,
0.5673841834068298,
0.08689750730991364,
-0.11279544979333878,
-0.43474313616752625,
0.06162010878324509,
0.3242388367652893,
-0.0748264417052269,
-0.2751152515411377,
0.33377552032470703,
0.4566030204296112,
0.5933816432952881,
-0.5371298789978027,
-0.09251444786787033,
0.5111023783683777,
-0.17492616176605225,
-0.02652525156736374,
-0.8790926337242126,
-0.11608851701021194,
-0.1438428908586502,
-0.08118955045938492,
0.685526430606842,
0.41795405745506287,
-0.09930464625358582,
-0.8807500600814819,
0.07154172658920288,
0.15882182121276855,
-0.35521191358566284,
0.341440349817276,
-0.22689466178417206,
0.7533085942268372,
0.0686233639717102,
-0.5785435438156128,
0.0684036836028099,
0.9907821416854858,
0.4761822521686554,
0.07356106489896774,
-0.20185606181621552,
-1.089474081993103,
0.5012670755386353,
-0.034675683826208115,
-0.054548993706703186,
-0.3865731656551361,
0.5024741888046265,
0.36606207489967346
] |
210400
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetteraukreis
|
Wetteraukreis
|
The Wetteraukreis is a Kreis (district) in the middle of Hesse, Germany. Neighbouring districts are Landkreis Gießen, Vogelsbergkreis, Main-Kinzig-Kreis, district-free Stadt Frankfurt, Hochtaunuskreis and Lahn-Dill-Kreis.
History
The district was created in 1972 when the two districts Friedberg and Büdingen were merged.
Geography
The district is located between the Taunus mountains and the Vogelsberg volcanic mountain. The main rivers of the district are the Nidda River and the Wetter River.
Coat of arms
The imperial eagle in the top of the coat of arms was chosen because the Wetterau was imperial possession in the past. The bars in the bottom derive from the lords of Isenburg-Büdingen, who owned most of the area. The wavy line depicts the river Wetter which flows through the capital Friedberg.
Towns and municipalities
References
External links
Official website
Districts of Hesse
|
[
-0.0641961470246315,
0.7830587029457092,
0.7822631597518921,
-0.55623459815979,
-0.04995159059762955,
0.41186094284057617,
0.8631179928779602,
0.3940327763557434,
0.03868572413921356,
-0.8504825830459595,
-0.31327497959136963,
-0.20132820308208466,
0.2709027826786041,
0.4432196617126465,
-0.04736199975013733,
0.9216875433921814,
0.5272935628890991,
0.3201475143432617,
0.09185495972633362,
-0.773564875125885,
-0.19133414328098297,
-0.23357990384101868,
0.4911671280860901,
-0.024599263444542885,
-0.3517996072769165,
-0.500846803188324,
0.6664115190505981,
0.3234131932258606,
0.20890627801418304,
-0.08648787438869476,
-0.22730694711208344,
0.8095250129699707,
-0.3197207450866699,
-0.22353766858577728,
0.7734028100967407,
0.021632099524140358,
0.10643652081489563,
-0.602234959602356,
0.32821667194366455,
-0.49814820289611816,
-0.05479643866419792,
0.2504560947418213,
0.10978055000305176,
-0.39475172758102417,
0.012504915706813335,
-0.6700778603553772,
-1.492525577545166,
0.2083156853914261,
-0.764661431312561,
0.12363571673631668,
-0.1541084200143814,
0.27294397354125977,
0.5221138596534729,
0.6264652609825134,
-0.04366549104452133,
0.2691025733947754,
-1.2285597324371338,
0.38411474227905273,
0.5841324925422668,
0.8062008023262024,
0.41594353318214417,
0.33306726813316345,
-0.7034775614738464,
0.25356417894363403,
0.25837650895118713,
0.15729622542858124,
0.11997153609991074,
0.5682871341705322,
-0.04803251102566719,
-0.8257144093513489,
-0.6923519372940063,
-0.4838698208332062,
0.21031999588012695,
0.02573748677968979,
-0.09433501958847046,
0.040818795561790466,
-0.838848352432251,
0.2133774608373642,
0.2539193332195282,
-0.2286512553691864,
-0.23381762206554413,
0.10690590739250183,
0.862577497959137,
0.11441005766391754,
0.41442355513572693,
0.31075823307037354,
-0.2608703672885895,
-0.5090920925140381,
-0.4355565905570984,
0.09567523002624512,
-0.17916864156723022,
-0.15188585221767426,
-0.3692375123500824,
0.0274503156542778,
0.499102383852005,
-0.6486231684684753,
-0.10690530389547348,
-0.11429671198129654,
0.3944098651409149,
0.7250471115112305,
-0.09663224965333939,
0.10827785730361938,
0.7385503649711609,
0.1451733410358429,
-0.3209761083126068,
0.04063594341278076,
-0.4979584217071533,
-0.44632023572921753,
-0.5663822293281555,
0.022975297644734383,
-0.5162951946258545,
0.6146050095558167,
0.4398360550403595,
-0.17897872626781464,
-0.08944885432720184,
-0.15107783675193787,
0.4545857012271881,
-0.5901409387588501,
0.3714291751384735,
-0.14536842703819275,
0.681538462638855,
0.6991044282913208,
-0.1684214025735855,
0.4142981767654419,
-0.029595818370580673,
0.09814499318599701,
0.08687204867601395,
0.6246829628944397,
-0.4441281855106354,
0.3512985110282898,
0.8985922932624817,
0.7315384149551392,
-0.027987776324152946,
-0.46536949276924133,
0.17416316270828247,
-0.25449711084365845,
0.86332106590271,
0.15700756013393402,
0.336161345243454,
0.12870420515537262,
-0.6994261741638184,
-0.10929423570632935,
-0.7523341774940491,
0.03532601520419121,
-0.12485308945178986,
-0.35832205414772034,
-0.4152807593345642,
-0.7110437750816345,
-0.2833968997001648,
-0.4605811536312103,
0.348886102437973,
0.2249492108821869,
-0.6150733232498169,
0.504326343536377,
-0.9181903600692749,
0.7021515965461731,
0.7818896770477295,
-0.2456297129392624,
0.7044770121574402,
0.2706604599952698,
0.7550269961357117,
-0.5357456803321838,
0.4765782058238983,
0.20655640959739685,
0.7293638586997986,
-0.14056336879730225,
0.020236441865563393,
-0.15250706672668457,
-0.31853383779525757,
0.380276083946228,
-0.7994863986968994,
0.08323786407709122,
0.09215075522661209,
-0.13823319971561432,
0.6031109094619751,
-0.4883864223957062,
0.4454822540283203,
0.4888474643230438,
0.22015120089054108,
-0.2202741652727127,
-0.7850874066352844,
0.2168700397014618,
0.18209493160247803,
0.217481330037117,
0.012440443970263004,
0.17805299162864685,
0.13099713623523712,
0.06228253245353699,
0.38659927248954773,
0.33550092577934265,
0.04112367331981659,
-1.1656725406646729,
0.6192731857299805,
-0.2767409682273865,
1.0344386100769043,
0.4300268292427063,
-0.20848096907138824,
-0.329751193523407,
-0.28752636909484863,
0.27237483859062195,
-0.244268000125885,
-1.0005929470062256,
0.08833421766757965,
0.0017184712924063206,
-0.40561094880104065,
0.17583300173282623,
-0.6518823504447937,
-0.3884875178337097,
-0.38202789425849915,
0.10539595037698746,
0.2365167737007141,
0.02739790268242359,
0.11018799245357513,
0.010417950339615345,
0.45818209648132324,
-0.653592586517334,
-0.10318688303232193,
-0.13215021789073944,
-0.17548386752605438,
-0.4354046583175659,
0.14079074561595917,
0.39198675751686096,
-0.12070263177156448,
0.5034677982330322,
0.07654647529125214,
0.5296738743782043,
0.1679094433784485,
0.4379686415195465,
0.08609204739332199,
-0.844199001789093,
0.4026339054107666,
0.5514478087425232,
0.08022382855415344,
0.02298782207071781,
0.5486816167831421,
-0.6128600239753723,
-0.03444922715425491,
-0.294092059135437,
0.37612536549568176,
-1.0186915397644043,
0.3257598280906677,
-0.03476541116833687,
-0.7656529545783997,
0.11227407306432724,
0.09117764234542847,
0.6677860617637634,
-0.4632652997970581,
0.3206283450126648,
-0.4700012505054474,
-0.14532752335071564,
0.5316846370697021,
0.3323674499988556,
-0.04844909906387329,
-0.8208480477333069,
-0.26250696182250977,
0.10233989357948303,
0.10864989459514618,
0.24851731956005096,
-0.2007007747888565,
0.031068747863173485,
-0.4770522713661194,
0.20789234340190887,
0.38270774483680725,
-0.12085991352796555,
-0.4784819483757019,
0.11071030795574188,
0.08699902147054672,
-0.4008730351924896,
-0.2879398763179779,
0.28282806277275085,
0.3406358063220978,
-0.2350640743970871,
-0.5202913880348206,
-0.4039742350578308,
0.03460163250565529,
-0.5687673091888428,
-0.599202573299408,
0.5834277272224426,
-0.9131414890289307,
0.06218693032860756,
0.4626871645450592,
0.7991579174995422,
0.03505566343665123,
-0.6362929940223694,
-0.3922620415687561,
0.12318891286849976,
0.8533425331115723,
0.0009789684554561973,
-0.6510292887687683,
0.6035406589508057,
0.031048225238919258,
-0.028864046558737755,
-0.5935413241386414,
0.10777415335178375,
0.024587463587522507,
0.1728622168302536,
-0.20744548738002777,
-0.08486257493495941,
0.46608051657676697,
-0.2057579606771469,
-0.608328640460968,
0.27563056349754333,
-0.2590218782424927,
-0.057812079787254333,
-0.629506528377533,
-0.5247653722763062,
-0.6874620914459229,
-0.09213902801275253,
-4.917318344116211,
-0.9433815479278564,
-0.09862320125102997,
-0.19943362474441528,
-0.10259491950273514,
0.24456244707107544,
0.30596792697906494,
-0.30723246932029724,
-0.4071165919303894,
-0.02130323275923729,
0.5531644821166992,
-0.21404965221881866,
0.0029733108822256327,
0.7484756708145142,
0.9191856980323792,
0.09584168344736099,
0.0033807982690632343,
0.3314594030380249,
0.1449991911649704,
-0.4712395966053009,
-0.3334335386753082,
0.08569706976413727,
0.4380456209182739,
0.23968645930290222,
0.7182417511940002,
-0.02106543816626072,
-0.23193399608135223,
-0.07367732375860214,
-0.8356900215148926,
-0.9039367437362671,
0.647487461566925,
-0.1929505616426468,
-0.3284391462802887,
0.49998190999031067,
0.2287745475769043,
0.03271840512752533,
0.6041363477706909,
0.5419620871543884,
0.5230526328086853,
-0.6238458752632141,
0.02501138485968113,
0.8116142749786377,
-0.6598489880561829,
-0.01231000293046236,
0.47928091883659363,
-0.3665521442890167,
-0.2943461239337921,
0.3976181149482727,
-0.3899553716182709,
1.5344164371490479,
0.049816492944955826,
-0.08915208280086517,
0.767300009727478,
0.04883132502436638,
0.06779476255178452,
0.3456396460533142,
0.20915955305099487,
0.26598063111305237,
-0.04699251055717468,
0.25240573287010193,
0.20036472380161285,
-0.49400821328163147,
0.06795966625213623,
-0.41514477133750916,
-0.21188317239284515,
-0.5677253603935242,
-0.14674144983291626,
-0.12948141992092133,
0.06526361405849457,
-0.22928403317928314,
-0.7875407934188843,
-0.0379503071308136,
-0.26239439845085144,
-0.860917866230011,
0.07518033683300018,
-1.2255173921585083,
-0.7684596180915833,
-0.4672929644584656,
0.4026409983634949,
-0.024266036227345467,
0.03111429326236248,
-0.18961602449417114,
0.29812854528427124,
0.560472846031189,
0.5752309560775757,
0.0008546956814825535,
-0.597280740737915,
-0.3399265706539154,
0.7321611642837524,
-0.2202395349740982,
-0.5793367028236389,
-0.47729289531707764,
0.15622559189796448,
0.22060929238796234,
-0.9277399182319641,
1.1841446161270142,
-0.24313189089298248,
-0.5041135549545288,
-0.015099819749593735,
-0.16661915183067322,
1.3294554948806763,
-0.6895138025283813,
-0.08001258224248886,
0.5117868781089783,
-0.03993209823966026,
-0.18286773562431335,
0.6213637590408325,
0.04823903739452362,
0.15431348979473114,
0.24280939996242523,
0.11479395627975464,
-0.01335608959197998,
-0.1781669408082962,
-1.009782075881958,
0.1724364459514618,
-1.0746105909347534,
-1.377000093460083,
1.2219399213790894,
-0.22365808486938477,
0.11842527985572815,
0.7576472759246826,
-0.25169166922569275,
0.1747974157333374,
-0.7189875841140747,
-0.028897011652588844,
0.4391702115535736,
0.2008984386920929,
-0.29346132278442383,
-0.22239652276039124,
0.7379428744316101,
-0.01800079084932804,
-0.3245653808116913,
-0.2743450701236725,
-0.389746755361557,
0.19511714577674866,
-0.011550836265087128,
0.31549444794654846,
-0.22124485671520233,
0.210325226187706,
0.2989718019962311,
0.6955212354660034,
0.672834575176239,
-0.6162111163139343,
0.19107460975646973,
0.1519462913274765,
-0.029731817543506622,
0.16602589190006256,
-0.13367225229740143,
-0.8295155167579651,
0.34564751386642456,
-0.22645233571529388,
-0.04770859330892563,
0.2601819336414337,
-0.39013686776161194,
-0.39505642652511597,
-0.09864215552806854,
0.10124325752258301,
0.4729744791984558,
0.4211219251155853,
-0.3001957833766937,
0.1917787343263626,
-0.1554369181394577,
-1.158728003501892,
0.5332608819007874,
0.7414535880088806,
-0.46106910705566406,
-0.40658318996429443,
0.2779237627983093,
-0.6565303802490234,
0.6481515169143677,
-0.030509671196341515,
-0.3323407471179962,
-0.35529255867004395,
0.6717397570610046,
-0.26294639706611633,
-0.4690278470516205,
-0.21538490056991577,
0.5595333576202393,
0.0962160974740982,
-0.13618914783000946,
-0.13104715943336487,
0.11440054327249527,
-0.2157466560602188,
0.4028044044971466,
0.016817960888147354,
-0.11680992692708969,
-0.23110747337341309,
0.02490825392305851,
-0.6850008368492126,
-0.26148733496665955,
0.6764125227928162,
-0.35535770654678345,
0.2897413969039917,
0.15735803544521332,
-0.2976064383983612,
-1.1834522485733032,
0.2182590812444687,
-0.27670520544052124,
-0.01928175427019596,
-0.40028610825538635,
0.4268074929714203,
0.5543215274810791,
-0.3829454481601715,
0.8167706727981567,
0.25779128074645996,
-0.511868417263031,
0.604997992515564,
0.6231124997138977,
-0.19656866788864136,
0.2928696274757385,
-0.676697850227356,
-0.47652679681777954,
0.17481762170791626,
0.8276192545890808,
-0.8184294104576111,
0.002713587135076523,
0.16872045397758484,
-0.6824007630348206,
-0.38698941469192505,
0.1011214405298233,
-0.6006541848182678,
-0.29253336787223816,
-0.3066609501838684,
0.06847283244132996,
-0.910081148147583,
0.15508969128131866,
0.3620520830154419,
-0.6223978996276855,
0.7483344674110413,
-0.5190165042877197,
0.28878188133239746,
0.284037709236145,
0.624832272529602,
-0.20849770307540894,
-0.43594521284103394,
-0.1247282549738884,
-0.09680696576833725,
0.7130345106124878,
0.1532352864742279,
0.991686999797821,
0.20961005985736847,
0.6622710824012756,
0.7743901014328003,
-0.9487397074699402,
0.2928493916988373,
-0.00390773918479681,
0.6961280703544617,
-0.6295062899589539,
-0.7338212728500366,
0.4777041971683502,
0.15672068297863007,
-0.193309485912323,
-0.6770381331443787,
-0.3537123203277588,
1.0904436111450195,
-0.2841753363609314,
-0.24055379629135132,
0.5040131211280823,
0.6359127759933472,
0.07029803842306137,
-0.04265361651778221,
-0.20643573999404907,
0.19710923731327057,
-0.029429562389850616,
-0.07059267163276672,
-0.4797924757003784,
-0.6101248264312744,
-0.1343376636505127,
-0.1259385496377945,
-0.20812900364398956,
-0.4077274799346924,
-0.14116990566253662,
-0.5367563962936401,
-0.7095129489898682,
-0.03460652753710747,
-0.10522033274173737,
-0.22124943137168884,
-0.8807345032691956,
0.3059745728969574,
-0.4805740714073181,
-0.6096807718276978,
-0.13544611632823944,
-0.013963977806270123,
-0.8750373721122742,
-0.14065706729888916,
-0.7956470847129822,
-0.8486547470092773,
0.0016538456548005342,
-1.1301395893096924,
0.255498468875885,
-0.1095823422074318,
-0.36112454533576965,
-0.6922443509101868,
0.10288061201572418,
0.5548738837242126,
0.3450813591480255,
-0.06889078766107559,
0.2430398166179657,
0.13530315458774567,
0.19691742956638336,
-0.26358968019485474,
0.3386359214782715,
0.3081279695034027,
0.0963750034570694,
0.42552420496940613,
0.27395302057266235,
-0.5142530798912048,
-0.40611231327056885,
-0.27655524015426636,
-0.1502329409122467,
0.3174878656864166,
-0.28591108322143555,
-0.3261578381061554,
1.1419124603271484,
0.26248353719711304,
0.9207427501678467,
0.9453814029693604,
-0.13551045954227448,
0.31861549615859985,
0.6424118876457214,
0.39824363589286804,
-0.9547494649887085,
1.245842695236206,
0.6901172995567322,
-0.3149840235710144,
0.9801874756813049,
0.2235863208770752,
-0.25428515672683716,
0.45174655318260193,
-0.2177162915468216,
0.25198450684547424,
0.4131951928138733,
-0.5261714458465576,
0.2699092626571655,
-0.5531799793243408,
-0.20802456140518188,
-0.05529564991593361,
0.07382253557443619,
-0.3907393515110016,
-0.17554685473442078,
0.18908347189426422,
0.9014188051223755,
0.3157382011413574,
0.2238938808441162,
0.3558923900127411,
0.6931657791137695,
-0.2787124514579773,
-0.4149968922138214,
0.2596163749694824,
-0.03748932108283043,
0.7792815566062927,
0.14607584476470947,
0.2562022805213928,
-0.5970134139060974,
0.12477170675992966,
0.7444372177124023,
0.45072853565216064,
-0.4052654206752777,
-0.41720134019851685,
0.5565921068191528,
0.5617168545722961,
-0.7550197839736938,
-0.5160791873931885,
0.19708381593227386,
-1.0204544067382812,
-0.48347416520118713,
-0.3034103512763977,
-0.2061208188533783,
-0.49246931076049805,
-0.31701022386550903,
0.38826948404312134,
-0.13434863090515137,
0.06054632365703583,
0.04162759706377983,
0.6513863205909729,
-0.045429568737745285,
0.5406526327133179,
-0.3491547703742981,
0.31831178069114685,
0.7590839266777039,
-0.36628660559654236,
0.07181566953659058,
-0.08185407519340515,
0.03525485843420029,
-0.16218973696231842,
0.09960857033729553,
0.2341320961713791,
-0.3906719386577606,
0.6236823797225952,
-0.13826657831668854,
0.11255349218845367,
0.2962769865989685,
-0.03833502531051636,
-0.14341261982917786,
-0.8874724507331848,
-0.2888876497745514,
-0.46330729126930237,
0.6427872776985168,
-0.26339662075042725,
-0.5083326101303101,
0.04638069495558739,
0.413834810256958,
-0.19175496697425842,
0.11035607010126114,
-0.5654309391975403,
0.7337760925292969,
-0.5629075765609741,
0.2648882269859314,
-0.14547443389892578,
0.7716473340988159,
0.5479169487953186,
0.26116958260536194,
-0.009313290007412434,
0.5803834795951843,
-0.24866819381713867,
-0.45218393206596375,
0.942176103591919,
-0.13689787685871124,
0.16900406777858734,
-0.08091192692518234,
0.3572959005832672,
-0.2656989097595215,
0.3657193183898926,
0.2978402078151703,
0.17255675792694092,
-0.140263631939888,
-0.07498713582754135,
0.3997332751750946,
-0.4709707796573639,
0.4996587634086609,
-0.14059215784072876,
0.04380258172750473,
-0.7682449221611023,
0.1048559844493866,
-0.7035353779792786,
0.42849379777908325,
0.06553402543067932,
0.5491272211074829,
0.21037998795509338,
-0.5258265733718872,
-0.28432926535606384,
-0.6022644639015198,
0.8014035224914551,
0.008194861933588982,
-0.3101612627506256,
0.3644830584526062,
-0.5658445954322815,
-0.6484205722808838,
-0.3669049143791199,
0.31758925318717957,
0.26940444111824036,
-0.19627630710601807,
0.19632703065872192,
-0.3418741226196289,
-0.3981325328350067,
0.03237135708332062,
0.1916726976633072,
-0.8528796434402466,
0.688492476940155,
-0.10094177722930908
] |
210402
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s%20Bay
|
Hudson's Bay
|
Hudson's Bay may refer to:
Places
Hudson Bay, a very large bay in northern Canada
Brands and enterprises
Hudson's Bay Company, the oldest surviving corporation in Canada, founded in 1670
Hudson's Bay (department store), a retail subsidiary of the Hudson's Bay Company
Hudson's Bay point blanket wool blanket traded by the Hudson's Bay Company in exchange for beaver pelts.
Art, entertainment, and media
Hudson's Bay (film), a 1941 American film
Hudson's Bay (TV series), a 1959 Western television series
Other
Hudson's Bay (HBC vessel), operated by the HBC from 1689-1697, see Hudson's Bay Company vessels
See also
Hudson Bay (disambiguation)
|
[
-0.351313054561615,
0.5142748355865479,
-0.23014426231384277,
-0.12746283411979675,
0.279086172580719,
0.4837615191936493,
0.06446607410907745,
1.1010468006134033,
0.013498162850737572,
-0.7457908391952515,
-0.23691163957118988,
0.05077878013253212,
-0.11632898449897766,
0.5840116143226624,
-0.32858046889305115,
0.5485324263572693,
0.09406060725450516,
0.3380514681339264,
-0.03458492457866669,
-0.4705224335193634,
-0.41671115159988403,
0.05917844921350479,
0.3265319764614105,
0.0857161283493042,
0.557056725025177,
-0.4124942421913147,
0.5350309610366821,
0.046591274440288544,
0.04714877903461456,
0.28707659244537354,
-0.042554158717393875,
0.6694605946540833,
-0.14132818579673767,
-0.1466744840145111,
-0.24285559356212616,
-0.35673364996910095,
-0.3231591582298279,
-0.21381445229053497,
-1.2477408647537231,
-0.5745710730552673,
-0.10078850388526917,
-0.10307756811380386,
-0.017099155113101006,
0.29049164056777954,
0.27214205265045166,
0.2832702398300171,
-1.6765239238739014,
0.07705625146627426,
-0.6617223620414734,
-0.02999154105782509,
-0.3039795756340027,
0.1652703434228897,
-0.4884025454521179,
0.22664529085159302,
-0.2227780669927597,
0.6250560879707336,
-0.1117614209651947,
0.03534208983182907,
0.19100336730480194,
0.08168509602546692,
0.5653057098388672,
0.0035174910444766283,
0.06614966690540314,
0.7733392715454102,
-0.022696394473314285,
-0.1700233519077301,
0.25307369232177734,
0.5515711903572083,
-0.05395514518022537,
-0.7230616807937622,
-0.0725555270910263,
0.14709432423114777,
-0.004447400104254484,
0.29997318983078003,
0.20251432061195374,
-0.003464226145297289,
-0.03455802798271179,
-0.2078935205936432,
0.2510184049606323,
0.10138111561536789,
-0.3614751696586609,
0.24647009372711182,
0.22125613689422607,
0.009974735789000988,
-0.19477711617946625,
0.548204779624939,
-0.28125664591789246,
0.027737071737647057,
-0.13346244394779205,
0.37814024090766907,
-0.2736022472381592,
-0.20406056940555573,
0.5234410166740417,
-0.2395244985818863,
-0.048743683844804764,
-0.11422773450613022,
0.11097536981105804,
0.2752927839756012,
0.2201869785785675,
0.04246683046221733,
-0.7632680535316467,
0.32500872015953064,
0.7430588603019714,
0.3243313431739807,
-0.8690070509910583,
-0.03337476775050163,
-0.01912720687687397,
0.3079339563846588,
-0.3998187780380249,
-0.2724493741989136,
0.3290282189846039,
-0.08999316394329071,
0.23309430480003357,
0.9406161308288574,
0.20017249882221222,
0.16113899648189545,
0.11356218159198761,
-0.7621495723724365,
-0.11842385679483414,
-0.398101270198822,
0.37214043736457825,
0.05860545113682747,
-0.0012184983352199197,
-0.8222591280937195,
0.08845511823892593,
-0.28171369433403015,
0.2252821922302246,
-0.5042681097984314,
-0.34980449080467224,
-0.07577919214963913,
-0.22447608411312103,
0.7445334196090698,
-0.43002963066101074,
-0.16825993359088898,
-0.4095275402069092,
0.48526236414909363,
-0.3100362718105316,
-0.3746021091938019,
0.000050122442189604044,
-0.24910478293895721,
-1.4435864686965942,
-0.14699383080005646,
-0.3810720145702362,
-0.04255135357379913,
0.5735604166984558,
0.2167515605688095,
-0.07690905034542084,
-0.4160507917404175,
-0.2487560510635376,
-0.17524206638336182,
-0.37253621220588684,
-0.367127001285553,
0.20784810185432434,
0.06421355903148651,
0.016150793060660362,
0.21253760159015656,
0.28434234857559204,
0.2891148328781128,
0.46142178773880005,
0.246069073677063,
-0.03502366319298744,
0.6265376806259155,
0.6849966645240784,
-0.11642869561910629,
0.2602042853832245,
-0.08788240700960159,
0.21767793595790863,
-0.2456645369529724,
-0.33263543248176575,
-0.130131334066391,
0.45376378297805786,
0.026403440162539482,
0.7948144674301147,
-0.5209417939186096,
-0.5801136493682861,
-0.06417161226272583,
0.8062178492546082,
0.43887022137641907,
-0.009371267631649971,
-0.12765592336654663,
-0.41358667612075806,
0.49206045269966125,
0.4467724561691284,
-0.40039968490600586,
-0.25778067111968994,
-0.29143571853637695,
0.20969149470329285,
0.003367489669471979,
-0.09315523505210876,
-0.03146125748753548,
0.00702674500644207,
-0.5741885900497437,
0.447961688041687,
-0.7140899300575256,
0.7288434505462646,
0.06368051469326019,
-0.23299868404865265,
1.0167076587677002,
0.09869088977575302,
0.21786250174045563,
-0.3249402940273285,
-0.42985010147094727,
0.5403710007667542,
-0.22134485840797424,
-0.798396646976471,
0.22538971900939941,
0.08250308781862259,
0.31185808777809143,
0.3450186550617218,
0.15628385543823242,
0.17088595032691956,
-0.1853243112564087,
0.49173831939697266,
0.188796728849411,
0.17586682736873627,
-0.47858744859695435,
0.4267047345638275,
0.15616871416568756,
-0.13153572380542755,
-0.5841664671897888,
0.6840682625770569,
-0.14475373923778534,
0.19970150291919708,
0.1337171345949173,
0.323541522026062,
0.6714541912078857,
0.0941491425037384,
0.07556147128343582,
0.6989268064498901,
-0.45394226908683777,
0.46745947003364563,
0.007032668683677912,
0.41301560401916504,
-0.4046204686164856,
-0.2432738095521927,
-0.398270845413208,
0.19932933151721954,
-0.2966434359550476,
0.2321612387895584,
0.37808606028556824,
0.4031548798084259,
-0.38878124952316284,
-0.5403304696083069,
0.1657882034778595,
0.10471884906291962,
-0.3118482828140259,
0.06896476447582245,
0.05025342479348183,
-0.12456482648849487,
-0.8058707118034363,
0.3067266643047333,
0.3481018543243408,
0.12473519146442413,
0.3548367917537689,
0.8123973608016968,
-0.07716760784387589,
-0.11553461104631424,
-0.021373573690652847,
0.3217785358428955,
0.017987992614507675,
0.10128886252641678,
0.3681824803352356,
-0.27490323781967163,
0.7502478361129761,
-0.014866049401462078,
-0.7119911909103394,
0.1503172069787979,
-0.15643391013145447,
-0.4901863634586334,
0.5550491809844971,
0.6056628823280334,
-0.13337808847427368,
-0.6113304495811462,
-0.33576223254203796,
0.7243825793266296,
-0.12445463985204697,
0.25716453790664673,
-0.21637095510959625,
-0.37026703357696533,
0.04630878195166588,
-0.11076392978429794,
0.5133214592933655,
-0.15392139554023743,
-0.5727852582931519,
0.36706021428108215,
-0.6887842416763306,
-0.36189284920692444,
0.17227603495121002,
-0.2691443860530853,
0.5103374123573303,
0.2165171355009079,
-0.4708247482776642,
-0.2087085098028183,
-0.2017783373594284,
0.07499879598617554,
0.283928781747818,
0.02656111679971218,
-0.1979568600654602,
0.08949518203735352,
-0.4469796121120453,
-0.5488153696060181,
-0.18340231478214264,
-0.16424576938152313,
0.042034782469272614,
0.3225378692150116,
-0.08539023995399475,
0.12197678536176682,
-0.27783721685409546,
-5.678559303283691,
0.21857169270515442,
-0.054987832903862,
-0.4357622265815735,
-0.01526535116136074,
-0.817099928855896,
0.44105401635169983,
-0.06164935231208801,
0.4947391450405121,
-0.18735142052173615,
0.08598621189594269,
-0.03444942086935043,
-0.4334762990474701,
0.20671160519123077,
0.44297000765800476,
0.37798357009887695,
0.17390382289886475,
0.394111305475235,
0.01577972248196602,
-0.218074768781662,
0.07144198566675186,
-0.0772978737950325,
-0.10606739670038223,
-0.0491313636302948,
0.08927056193351746,
0.8460075259208679,
-0.001969623379409313,
-0.036162517964839935,
-0.39896589517593384,
-0.11067066341638565,
-0.45722007751464844,
-0.2141970545053482,
0.7844693064689636,
-0.3398500680923462,
-0.15932731330394745,
-0.5744323134422302,
0.17747780680656433,
0.7407848834991455,
0.75141441822052,
-0.4539574980735779,
0.4352530837059021,
1.1108428239822388,
0.004863413982093334,
-0.1406055986881256,
0.14961080253124237,
-0.4323869049549103,
-0.5051180720329285,
0.6503499746322632,
0.14756016433238983,
0.35419386625289917,
0.47255969047546387,
0.18543218076229095,
-0.10665293037891388,
0.16086125373840332,
0.46004652976989746,
-0.23790185153484344,
0.8320979475975037,
-0.6035969853401184,
-0.7217605710029602,
0.07675760984420776,
0.5540013313293457,
-0.15604692697525024,
-0.2724643647670746,
-0.22443915903568268,
-0.022417347878217697,
-0.6422514319419861,
-0.35155802965164185,
0.2535635530948639,
0.3982783257961273,
-0.07702498883008957,
-0.11284555494785309,
0.22190943360328674,
-0.2734709680080414,
-0.7214932441711426,
-0.2742782533168793,
-0.5939208269119263,
-0.4850435256958008,
0.39299359917640686,
0.3907604217529297,
-0.2299734652042389,
0.12844917178153992,
0.45104458928108215,
-0.008916652761399746,
0.3036205470561981,
-0.22397226095199585,
-0.6132237315177917,
-0.1606733798980713,
0.6831662058830261,
-0.8471701145172119,
-0.21688175201416016,
0.5488991141319275,
0.05455348640680313,
0.57586270570755,
0.12238483130931854,
0.05961155146360397,
0.03046472743153572,
0.2782057225704193,
-0.2676204741001129,
0.15934531390666962,
-0.5569957494735718,
0.8617696762084961,
0.1786089688539505,
-0.08534089475870132,
-0.869498074054718,
-0.5475209951400757,
-0.11525115370750427,
-0.732844352722168,
0.13374248147010803,
1.0206283330917358,
0.07977330684661865,
0.09145013988018036,
0.09437063336372375,
-0.1221623495221138,
-0.761605441570282,
0.2057841718196869,
0.20987842977046967,
-0.548622190952301,
0.5026095509529114,
1.1425752639770508,
-0.30108195543289185,
0.22353419661521912,
-0.24699807167053223,
-0.5808162093162537,
0.23334723711013794,
0.37043699622154236,
0.030579635873436928,
0.5482985377311707,
0.40917307138442993,
-0.23082119226455688,
0.6522848010063171,
0.44148755073547363,
-0.5537774562835693,
0.2147310972213745,
-0.298821359872818,
0.06751704961061478,
0.20153681933879852,
-0.7064586281776428,
-1.0843404531478882,
-0.15876884758472443,
-0.6148169636726379,
-0.1577376127243042,
-0.0695149153470993,
0.5451515913009644,
0.17136375606060028,
-0.21853502094745636,
0.4206232726573944,
-0.21791885793209076,
0.13951615989208221,
0.11164280772209167,
0.4877506196498871,
-0.6356031894683838,
-0.43628793954849243,
-0.14541295170783997,
0.04535345733165741,
0.17758360505104065,
-0.7630302906036377,
0.3254063129425049,
0.09084797650575638,
-0.32395851612091064,
-0.14444798231124878,
0.7200632691383362,
-0.21583989262580872,
-0.5985847115516663,
-0.009813559241592884,
0.046200767159461975,
-0.22935882210731506,
-0.1277560293674469,
-0.01215568371117115,
-0.12095774710178375,
0.9603425860404968,
0.39821913838386536,
-0.6535326242446899,
-0.6664687991142273,
0.16572928428649902,
0.5583319664001465,
-0.1622849404811859,
-0.142397940158844,
-0.0006938125006854534,
0.05188402533531189,
0.010984372347593307,
-0.0690407007932663,
-0.55392986536026,
-0.4103488028049469,
0.7671827673912048,
0.6452372074127197,
-0.39950501918792725,
-0.259682834148407,
0.12022878229618073,
0.00036284312955103815,
-0.09174509346485138,
-0.0610731765627861,
0.173651322722435,
0.32249537110328674,
0.6141935586929321,
-0.13041260838508606,
-0.04054119065403938,
0.13309556245803833,
-0.10251873731613159,
-0.09215658158063889,
0.05643775314092636,
0.15805773437023163,
0.3575330376625061,
-0.45453187823295593,
-0.32282036542892456,
0.06878802180290222,
-0.4491264820098877,
0.6328682899475098,
-0.5184803605079651,
-0.5083944797515869,
0.7141132354736328,
-0.39074546098709106,
-0.08727332949638367,
0.5653017163276672,
0.9977508783340454,
-0.002597850514575839,
-0.3484658896923065,
0.22108067572116852,
-0.08696188777685165,
-0.23541994392871857,
-0.2697218358516693,
0.043132975697517395,
-0.009881356731057167,
-0.6134716272354126,
-0.35775837302207947,
-0.32778018712997437,
1.0713554620742798,
0.5400456190109253,
-0.15011999011039734,
0.12756329774856567,
-0.37893250584602356,
0.08092735707759857,
-0.8270755410194397,
-0.1325981616973877,
0.2994621992111206,
0.44058236479759216,
0.2094832956790924,
0.2677173316478729,
-0.34280627965927124,
0.37956681847572327,
0.5088173151016235,
0.9293290376663208,
1.1390634775161743,
0.42063647508621216,
-0.4377979338169098,
-0.22579964995384216,
-0.06658577919006348,
0.2501930892467499,
-0.16472308337688446,
-0.2871873378753662,
0.4500012695789337,
-0.10852616280317307,
-0.8218987584114075,
-0.7616212368011475,
0.0031386136543005705,
0.8585835695266724,
0.042491670697927475,
-0.24096249043941498,
0.6381439566612244,
-0.6588432788848877,
0.14497418701648712,
0.32305973768234253,
0.03541764244437218,
-0.3865325152873993,
0.5001998543739319,
0.35434412956237793,
-0.09168309718370438,
-0.641879141330719,
0.0842958465218544,
0.013750719837844372,
-0.17409995198249817,
0.19592277705669403,
-0.3164876401424408,
0.3941088616847992,
0.24431633949279785,
-0.08057581633329391,
-0.20877264440059662,
0.5295072793960571,
0.043264612555503845,
0.7647013068199158,
-0.5562645792961121,
-0.708042323589325,
-0.006867370568215847,
0.17439644038677216,
-0.264578640460968,
0.6158923506736755,
-0.7768833041191101,
-0.22130262851715088,
0.05376916006207466,
0.10757512599229813,
-0.03786688297986984,
0.10365335643291473,
0.21584270894527435,
-0.649549126625061,
-0.0208206158131361,
-0.5869532823562622,
0.07786832004785538,
0.31499552726745605,
0.480398952960968,
0.21328607201576233,
0.4398515820503235,
-1.1300275325775146,
0.4769695997238159,
0.09274448454380035,
-0.6382774114608765,
0.6613703966140747,
0.1497589498758316,
-0.16547051072120667,
0.057849522680044174,
-0.5494503378868103,
-0.21283304691314697,
0.5684005618095398,
0.11946438997983932,
-0.13543516397476196,
0.123094342648983,
-0.059857506304979324,
-0.19022248685359955,
0.2576262652873993,
-0.6756287217140198,
0.2337813675403595,
-0.026502881199121475,
-0.20038282871246338,
-0.2406054437160492,
0.11075593531131744,
0.18015451729297638,
0.19775070250034332,
0.5568760633468628,
-0.7589691281318665,
-0.33624541759490967,
0.027373332530260086,
0.46656230092048645,
0.3713372051715851,
0.0998229905962944,
-0.47794249653816223,
0.13241559267044067,
-0.8574207425117493,
0.09880772233009338,
-0.232673779129982,
-0.4989956319332123,
-0.4564352035522461,
0.2426447719335556,
0.6686728000640869,
0.36097288131713867,
-0.48807573318481445,
-0.44196316599845886,
-0.32221725583076477,
0.4105568528175354,
0.4370538592338562,
0.07158392667770386,
0.07064776867628098,
-0.16613896191120148,
0.5999991297721863,
-0.7077023983001709,
0.2993778586387634,
0.4207470118999481,
-0.297696977853775,
-0.029414935037493706,
0.12641195952892303,
-0.061147090047597885,
-0.3576819896697998,
-0.29001832008361816,
-0.4697401523590088,
-0.060097143054008484,
0.3769100308418274,
-0.014161312021315098,
0.2717568576335907,
-0.3498776853084564,
0.2724417448043823,
-1.064408540725708,
0.339071124792099,
0.062856025993824,
-0.053913556039333344,
0.5596377849578857,
-0.020643871277570724,
-0.10968479514122009,
-0.46540728211402893,
0.966178297996521,
-0.03432358056306839,
0.6756605505943298,
0.15364591777324677,
0.07924144715070724,
-0.4162948429584503,
0.05341591686010361,
0.06326202303171158,
-0.025620820000767708,
-0.16786585748195648,
-0.8235302567481995,
-0.2532273232936859,
0.6536991596221924,
-0.9996809363365173,
-0.05968056246638298,
-0.12442214787006378,
-0.6905769109725952,
0.01863715425133705,
0.044498153030872345,
-0.2449398636817932,
-0.26529163122177124,
-0.6752259135246277,
0.3024469316005707,
0.29484573006629944,
0.27691593766212463,
-0.3152539134025574,
0.1633853167295456,
0.19756968319416046,
0.017125779762864113,
-0.23636753857135773,
0.6258209943771362,
-0.22341451048851013,
0.2147403508424759,
-0.48253530263900757,
0.41697025299072266,
0.19140443205833435,
-0.08046793192625046,
-0.6977812051773071,
0.41333717107772827,
-0.448294073343277,
0.19370819628238678,
0.4710695147514343,
0.2135663628578186,
0.12418603897094727,
-0.6154940724372864,
0.13708122074604034,
-0.39373987913131714,
-0.2977558672428131,
0.3939064145088196,
-0.37716296315193176,
-0.47031810879707336,
-0.4972340166568756,
-0.08620107918977737,
-0.46710294485092163,
0.8950381875038147,
0.43516620993614197,
-0.34613484144210815,
-0.7169817686080933,
0.2831030786037445,
-0.08367688953876495,
-0.4939185678958893,
0.07568293064832687,
0.03298190236091614,
0.4933391511440277,
-0.39163723587989807,
0.044703274965286255,
-0.3929225206375122,
0.030801936984062195,
0.17529483139514923,
-0.17741046845912933,
0.180003359913826,
0.5741437673568726,
-0.3442704677581787,
-1.053676962852478,
0.4464612305164337,
0.30639296770095825,
-0.2812955677509308,
0.38066548109054565,
-0.002924829488620162,
0.09823621809482574,
-0.2428380846977234,
0.2886703908443451,
-0.563473105430603,
-0.0915108174085617,
0.15137718617916107
] |
210404
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20Scarfe
|
Gerald Scarfe
|
Gerald Anthony Scarfe (born 1 June 1936) is an English cartoonist and illustrator. He has worked as editorial cartoonist for The Sunday Times and illustrator for The New Yorker.
His other work includes graphics for rock group Pink Floyd, particularly on their 1979 album The Wall, its 1982 film adaptation, and tour (1980–81), as well as the music video for "Welcome to the Machine". Scarfe was the production designer on the Disney animated feature Hercules (1997). Scarfe also provided the opening titles for Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister.
Early life
Scarfe was born in St John's Wood, London. As Scarfe was severely asthmatic as a child, he spent many of his early years bed-ridden, so drawing became a means of entertainment as well as a creative outlet. Scarfe speculated that the dark and grotesque images that often characterise his work are a result of his loneliness and asthma. He has himself stated that the irreverence apparent in much of his work can be traced back to "dodgy treatments" and a reliance on what he feels were incompetent doctors.
The cartoonist Ronald Searle was an early influence for Scarfe. At the age of 14 and now living in Hampstead, north London, he decided it would be easy to cycle to Bayswater and visit Searle. He went several times but never rang the doorbell. It would be many years later in 2005 that he would actually meet Ronald Searle. He went to Saint Martin's School of Art (now part of the University of the Arts London) in Holborn, London. He also went to the London College of Printing, and attended East Ham Technical College (now Newham College of Further Education).
Career
Early work
After briefly working in advertising, a profession he grew to dislike intensely, Scarfe's early caricatures of public figures were published in satirical magazine Private Eye throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Beginning in 1960, he produced illustrations for Punch, The Evening Standard and The Daily Sketch. The Sunday Times magazine assigned Scarfe to cover the 1964 US presidential election. He continued to work for The Sunday Times for two years, also producing several cover illustrations for Time magazine, including caricatures of The Beatles in 1967.
In the mid-1960s he took a job at the Daily Mail following a Dutch auction for his services with the Daily Express. His decision to work for the Daily Mail led to his estrangement from fellow cartoonist Ralph Steadman, alongside whom he had studied art at East Ham Technical College. Soon after, Steadman was commissioned to illustrate Scarfe and "produced an image that was half saint and half Superman, but with a disconnected heart". Scarfe spent only one year working for the Daily Mail, during which time he was sent to provide illustrations from the Vietnam War.
Pink Floyd and Roger Waters
Scarfe was approached to work with Pink Floyd after Roger Waters and Nick Mason both saw his animated BBC film A Long Drawn Out Trip. Pink Floyd's 1974 programme for their tour in the UK and US, in the form of a comic, included a centre-spread caricature of the band. Scarfe later produced a set of animated short clips used on the 1977 In The Flesh tour, including a full-length music video for the song Welcome to the Machine.
Scarfe also drew the illustrations for their 1979 album The Wall and provided animation and stage props, including enormous inflatable characters for the subsequent 1980–1981 concert tour in support of that album. In 1982, he worked on the film version of The Wall, although he and Roger Waters fell out with director Alan Parker during the latter stages of editing. As well as the artwork, Scarfe contributed 15 minutes' worth of elaborate animation to the film, including a sequence depicting the German bombing campaign over England during World War II, set to the song "Goodbye Blue Sky". Some of the animated footage was not original to the film, having been produced for and used in the 1980–81 concert tour, as well as being featured in the 1979 music video for "Another Brick in the Wall: Part 2".
Scarfe continued to work with Roger Waters after the latter left Pink Floyd, creating the graphics and animation for Waters' solo album The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking (1984) and its supporting tour. Scarfe was also involved in subsequent theatrical adaptations of The Wall, including The Wall Concert in Berlin (1990), and Waters' worldwide The Wall Live (2010-2013) tour, where his animations were projected on a vast scale. Scarfe's collaboration with Waters was marked in 2008 by the release of a signed limited-edition eight-print series, "Scarfe on the Wall", which contained a monograph book with an extended new interview with Scarfe and was signed by Roger Waters. Early editions of "Scarfe on The Wall" (by date of pre-order, not issue number) came with an additional print giving a total of nine in the set - making these the rarest and most valuable sets. In 2010, Scarfe's book The Making of Pink Floyd: The Wall was published, detailing the artist's work with Pink Floyd and Roger Waters from 1974 to 2010. The book contains contributions from Floyd members Roger Waters, Nick Mason, and David Gilmour, as well as director of the film, Alan Parker.
The Fall And Rise of Reginald Perrin
He designed the 'Grot' logo for the BBC TV series The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin.
Yes Minister
He provided caricatures of Paul Eddington, Sir Nigel Hawthorne and Derek Fowlds (as their respective characters) for the opening and closing sequences of Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister.
Hercules
Scarfe was approached to work on the 1997 Disney film Hercules by Ron Clements and John Musker, longtime fans who had risen to prominence within Disney following the success of The Little Mermaid. Scarfe worked as a conceptual character artist, designing almost all of the characters and then supervising the 900 Disney artists charged with adapting his designs for the film.
Postage stamps
The Royal Mail used Scarfe's artwork for a set of five commemorative postage stamps, issued on 23 April 1998. Honoring English comedians, the stamps feature Scarfe caricatures of Tommy Cooper, Eric Morecambe, Joyce Grenfell, Les Dawson and Peter Cook.
Millennium Dome sculpture
He was invited to create a sculpture for the Millennium Dome, which was entitled "Self Portrait". The Dome's chief executive PY Gerbeau said "it mirrors what we like – and what we don't – about our nation".
Theatre/stage design
Scarfe has designed sets for a number of operatic productions, including an adaptation of Roald Dahl's Fantastic Mr Fox. Following a chance meeting at a BBC prom he worked with Peter Hall on his version of Mozart's The Magic Flute, which drew critical acclaim. He is lined up to provide animation for Jim Steinman's Bat Out of Hell, a stage show featuring Steinman's music. Scarfe designed the sets and costumes for the English National Opera's 1988 production of Orpheus in the Underworld; among the costumes Scarfe designed were those of the characters Orpheus, Eurydice, and the Gods of Mount Olympus. He also produced all the costume and scenery designs for the 2002 Christopher Hampson production of The Nutcracker, for the English National Ballet.
Heroes and Villains
In 2003 Scarfe collaborated with the National Portrait Gallery and BBC Four to make caricatures of a number of famous Britons, to depict (along with guest commentary) their heroic and villainous attributes. Amongst the over 30 portraits he depicted included caricatures of Henry VIII, Winston Churchill, Queen Elizabeth I, Pete Best, Richard Branson, Adam Smith, William Blake, The Beatles, Agatha Christie and Diana, Princess of Wales. In 2009, he also created a caricature of James May out of Lego which was shown in episode 5 of James May's Toy Stories. Scarfe and Jane Asher also appeared in the episode.
Netanyahu cartoon
In its edition of 27 January 2013 (Britain's Holocaust Memorial Day), London's Sunday Times published a cartoon by Scarfe depicting Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu paving a wall with the blood and bodies of Palestinians, captioned "Israeli elections—will cementing peace continue?" The cartoon's timing and content was criticised by groups including the European Jewish Congress and the Board of Deputies of British Jews, with accusations of antisemitism leveled against Scarfe.
Unaware the cartoon would appear on Holocaust Memorial Day, Scarfe argued that the cartoon was clearly aimed specifically at Netanyahu and his policies, and were in response to his election, rather than being related to Holocaust Memorial Day. The newspaper's proprietor, Rupert Murdoch, apologised for the cartoon on Twitter, and acting editor Martin Ivens promised to be more vigilant in future.
The cartoon was published in the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, where Anshel Pfeffer discusses the cartoon in great detail, giving four reasons why, in his opinion, the cartoon is not antisemitic. Writer Howard Jacobson claimed the cartoon was not antisemitic. British Chief Rabbi Lord Sacks condemned the cartoon.
Recycled Radio
Since June 2013, Scarfe has presented a programme on BBC Radio 4 called Recycled Radio, which is described as "the chopped-up, looped-up, sped-up world...where old programmes are reused to explore a series of weighty subjects".
Bristol Charity Auction
In October 2013, Scarfe donated his time to decorate one of the large Wallace & Gromit statues to be auctioned for the Bristol hospital charity that was featured live on the BBC. His contribution finally ending up being sold to an internet bidder from Miami Florida where the statue was exported into a private collection, ultimately topping all estimates on value with a bid second highest only to the Pixar statue contribution.
Personal life
He is married to actress Jane Asher, whom he met in 1971. The couple wed in 1981 and have a daughter Katie and two sons Alex and Rory.
Awards and accolades
On 22 November 2005 the United Kingdom's Press Gazette named its 40 most influential journalists, and included Scarfe alongside just two other cartoonists, Carl Giles, and Matt Pritchett.
Scarfe was awarded 'Cartoonist of the Year' at the British Press Awards 2006.
Scarfe was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours.
In 2011, a fossil pterosaur discovered in Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset, was named Cuspicephalus scarfi in his honour.
Bibliography
authored with Bel Mooney
References
External links
Official website
British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent
Interview with Scarfe, picture of Scarfe and examples of his work
Radio interview with Scarfe, streaming audio and transcript
Scarfe discusses his collected works, Scarfe by Scarfe, with George Melly and Michael Kustov - a British Library sound recording
An interview with Gerald Scarfe by "Floydian Slip" host Craig Bailey, October 2010
Videos
Alumni of Saint Martin's School of Art
British editorial cartoonists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English animators
British animated film directors
English caricaturists
English cartoonists
English illustrators
British illustrators
Scarfe
British surrealist artists
Private Eye contributors
1936 births
Living people
English atheists
Blood libel
|
[
0.32421913743019104,
0.20654802024364471,
-0.6697647571563721,
-0.6763033270835876,
-0.10713249444961548,
0.5136294960975647,
-0.08044987916946411,
0.344821572303772,
-0.4287552535533905,
-0.0010531527223065495,
-0.7403425574302673,
0.23366224765777588,
-0.2500479221343994,
-0.3503383994102478,
0.20174376666545868,
0.10266181081533432,
-0.9174434542655945,
0.14632514119148254,
-0.9414486885070801,
-0.29648298025131226,
-0.051906928420066833,
-0.5923548340797424,
-0.47048845887184143,
-0.07648242264986038,
-0.6808604598045349,
0.4273873269557953,
0.22784079611301422,
-0.10929638147354126,
0.09336910396814346,
-0.05396640673279762,
0.4751729667186737,
0.24165844917297363,
0.7508249878883362,
-0.46890127658843994,
0.01378459669649601,
-0.3567947745323181,
-0.6650190353393555,
-0.3506581783294678,
-0.18054980039596558,
-0.09751708060503006,
-0.17312324047088623,
0.5229914784431458,
0.4807959496974945,
0.033348359167575836,
-0.008281293325126171,
-0.37006133794784546,
-1.9097936153411865,
0.3518274128437042,
-0.5680794715881348,
-0.06470434367656708,
-0.5842731595039368,
0.7401353716850281,
0.2394751012325287,
0.3521280586719513,
0.03189028054475784,
0.5195544958114624,
-0.09374126046895981,
-0.19672627747058868,
-0.017077529802918434,
-0.6082043051719666,
0.39652904868125916,
-0.2648056149482727,
0.2986776530742645,
-0.08182228356599808,
-0.1418677568435669,
0.2848925292491913,
0.07174042612314224,
0.4195791184902191,
-0.25549986958503723,
-0.08905298262834549,
0.30303412675857544,
0.5100367665290833,
0.21941450238227844,
0.27658846974372864,
0.043686725199222565,
-0.4035044014453888,
0.16162317991256714,
-0.4139171838760376,
-0.345936119556427,
0.6264390349388123,
0.11380546540021896,
-0.27672436833381653,
1.0621432065963745,
0.9306064248085022,
0.49034377932548523,
0.12279823422431946,
-0.6191352605819702,
0.375588595867157,
-0.5371181964874268,
0.6501268148422241,
-0.4056996703147888,
-0.7114673852920532,
0.16213072836399078,
-0.18889552354812622,
0.10343734174966812,
-0.18863840401172638,
-0.22551357746124268,
0.5070552825927734,
0.30446237325668335,
-0.43727269768714905,
-0.23815155029296875,
-0.03501919284462929,
0.03091956302523613,
-0.32637453079223633,
-0.6928390264511108,
-0.2310432493686676,
-0.31987810134887695,
-0.3965717852115631,
0.4785383343696594,
0.16079649329185486,
-0.2385735958814621,
0.09562168270349503,
-0.12688805162906647,
-0.1183580532670021,
0.18266089260578156,
-0.1159823089838028,
-0.32887181639671326,
-0.45746657252311707,
-1.2530544996261597,
0.4675707519054413,
-0.11632823944091797,
0.06322617083787918,
0.014157025143504143,
0.21067945659160614,
-0.8075764179229736,
-0.30305856466293335,
0.2240297943353653,
0.27402806282043457,
-0.6402732133865356,
0.4291665852069855,
0.2370252162218094,
1.1893131732940674,
-0.41707080602645874,
-0.3485180735588074,
-0.35681331157684326,
-0.10297660529613495,
-0.0924449935555458,
0.15319888293743134,
-0.05268486216664314,
-0.2689908742904663,
-0.2536084055900574,
0.24786041676998138,
-0.6627660393714905,
0.02466694824397564,
0.06804360449314117,
-0.06623588502407074,
-0.12830431759357452,
-0.0062177288345992565,
0.14070722460746765,
-0.5055694580078125,
0.14784951508045197,
-0.5739587545394897,
-0.1184452623128891,
-0.4961439073085785,
-0.010277061723172665,
0.601166307926178,
0.5554327964782715,
0.39881590008735657,
-0.006793588399887085,
-0.3246862590312958,
0.3971094489097595,
-0.4123365581035614,
-0.35949939489364624,
0.32996246218681335,
0.29056835174560547,
-0.03859440237283707,
-0.01292532216757536,
-0.020381024107336998,
0.0029260916635394096,
0.25217515230178833,
0.0428415909409523,
-0.26538652181625366,
0.42617735266685486,
-0.4500516653060913,
-0.0303143672645092,
0.4776593744754791,
0.6993566751480103,
0.5973598957061768,
0.6824581027030945,
-0.05575273931026459,
-0.4084937572479248,
-0.3561041057109833,
0.15375036001205444,
0.4262120723724365,
0.4922788739204407,
-0.34189149737358093,
0.33525070548057556,
-0.5241873264312744,
0.5058630108833313,
0.565762460231781,
-0.9496306777000427,
-0.3075312077999115,
0.16926833987236023,
-0.5556687116622925,
0.7357558012008667,
0.31612586975097656,
-0.7236605286598206,
0.3258570432662964,
0.5526583194732666,
1.0259829759597778,
-0.5477500557899475,
0.06054553762078285,
0.15909138321876526,
-0.5153595209121704,
0.24222557246685028,
0.6024724841117859,
0.49685198068618774,
0.3680303692817688,
-0.1170920804142952,
0.8625489473342896,
0.22925008833408356,
-0.75603848695755,
0.07447133958339691,
0.9113628268241882,
-0.2308131754398346,
-0.4726599454879761,
-0.6991827487945557,
-0.28123044967651367,
0.218638613820076,
-1.1063135862350464,
0.13492895662784576,
0.8634910583496094,
-0.4973415732383728,
0.7001973986625671,
-0.1708383560180664,
1.059445858001709,
0.12242408096790314,
-0.17809367179870605,
1.1585006713867188,
-0.49160414934158325,
0.15618307888507843,
0.7671152949333191,
0.42964044213294983,
-0.42901915311813354,
-0.18243654072284698,
-0.21564774215221405,
0.9947690963745117,
-0.5975782871246338,
0.42728543281555176,
-0.2805321514606476,
0.2416338473558426,
0.2547612190246582,
-0.33266308903694153,
0.03858440741896629,
0.2603580057621002,
0.30886173248291016,
-0.18143458664417267,
0.7015627026557922,
0.22613663971424103,
0.3367913067340851,
0.7522727251052856,
1.0417650938034058,
0.3047127425670624,
0.05374094843864441,
-0.4016220271587372,
0.4101469814777374,
-0.02855263650417328,
-0.34613245725631714,
0.8635058999061584,
0.27538803219795227,
0.09984160959720612,
0.12222529202699661,
0.17445383965969086,
0.313482403755188,
-0.30924853682518005,
-0.8184162378311157,
-0.3757491707801819,
-0.24115797877311707,
0.43544551730155945,
-0.015580677427351475,
0.5314543843269348,
-0.37095728516578674,
-0.18387190997600555,
-0.40099406242370605,
0.29193127155303955,
0.012530174106359482,
0.32950055599212646,
0.09348350763320923,
-0.10834724456071854,
-0.5858926773071289,
-0.039452001452445984,
0.6040864586830139,
-0.28084251284599304,
-0.10478759557008743,
0.20112654566764832,
0.23416876792907715,
0.07628414034843445,
0.008741113357245922,
-0.1932031810283661,
-0.32547834515571594,
-0.08465481549501419,
1.345715880393982,
-0.37967392802238464,
0.6047824621200562,
-0.7602554559707642,
0.346241295337677,
-0.7539578676223755,
-0.788299560546875,
-0.2752184271812439,
-0.47303515672683716,
0.03678964450955391,
0.47737041115760803,
0.06214556470513344,
0.023175464943051338,
0.09966284036636353,
0.8036105632781982,
-0.49420633912086487,
-0.7054966688156128,
-5.36013126373291,
-0.009844710119068623,
0.3645150065422058,
0.3442153036594391,
-0.29124686121940613,
-0.236772358417511,
0.4162490665912628,
-0.19456131756305695,
-0.05220425873994827,
-1.0054984092712402,
-0.1775578111410141,
-0.3372313678264618,
0.07571670413017273,
0.8251827955245972,
0.6930289268493652,
0.5323474407196045,
0.4626528322696686,
-0.4548676311969757,
0.4469635784626007,
0.47243374586105347,
-0.1979730725288391,
-0.02355535700917244,
-0.039200130850076675,
-0.017376473173499107,
-0.08110323548316956,
0.5069755911827087,
-0.6756190657615662,
-0.24761295318603516,
-0.5850943326950073,
0.04036813974380493,
0.31234729290008545,
-0.3818029761314392,
-0.3713093101978302,
0.07439218461513519,
-0.6110169887542725,
-0.3197331428527832,
0.47830572724342346,
0.25926703214645386,
0.21297110617160797,
-0.008738192729651928,
0.25578373670578003,
0.3609839677810669,
-0.6827129125595093,
0.0862741619348526,
0.3514966368675232,
-0.05736638233065605,
-0.9710947275161743,
-0.965858519077301,
0.3625548183917999,
0.38816291093826294,
0.4071758985519409,
0.40101858973503113,
0.18871335685253143,
0.17168498039245605,
-0.07302351295948029,
0.07607091218233109,
0.08701052516698837,
-0.27130693197250366,
-0.9335194230079651,
0.2473984807729721,
0.2595927119255066,
-0.4610908329486847,
0.42753905057907104,
-0.2604832947254181,
-0.14967620372772217,
0.3378245532512665,
-0.08218952268362045,
-0.5053688883781433,
0.25838467478752136,
-0.7966936826705933,
-0.017143363133072853,
0.30825379490852356,
-0.3068616986274719,
-1.14647376537323,
-0.5113905668258667,
-0.462454229593277,
0.32008057832717896,
-0.3004925549030304,
-0.07654386013746262,
-0.5360243916511536,
0.32700419425964355,
-0.9861271977424622,
-0.6435115933418274,
0.7194263935089111,
-0.17984232306480408,
-0.690684974193573,
-0.6844424605369568,
0.28724104166030884,
-0.13225898146629333,
-0.27850279211997986,
0.6520087122917175,
0.24172408878803253,
-0.3505663275718689,
0.13991890847682953,
0.21793732047080994,
-0.05292617902159691,
0.6426154971122742,
0.21818546950817108,
0.31963762640953064,
0.06769221276044846,
-0.5927764773368835,
-0.6546503305435181,
-0.3956902027130127,
-0.4782453775405884,
-0.14122222363948822,
0.30014240741729736,
0.3622989058494568,
-0.108741894364357,
0.8021808862686157,
-0.05740400031208992,
-0.2260013371706009,
0.16621851921081543,
-0.9755502343177795,
0.17817895114421844,
-0.08841388672590256,
-0.15953637659549713,
0.543677806854248,
-0.06825584173202515,
-0.008486178703606129,
0.3433125615119934,
0.22143740952014923,
0.42161691188812256,
-0.20967580378055573,
-0.1775936335325241,
-0.007839292287826538,
0.10635378211736679,
0.15325923264026642,
-0.3395805060863495,
0.4734184443950653,
0.021798864006996155,
-0.3732960820198059,
1.0959738492965698,
-0.046670764684677124,
0.1253821849822998,
0.09399238228797913,
-0.27185872197151184,
-0.9480419158935547,
-0.25859329104423523,
0.1997249722480774,
-0.061099592596292496,
0.2978134751319885,
0.05885336920619011,
0.22209303081035614,
0.21778889000415802,
0.2791004180908203,
0.09766071289777756,
-0.17061592638492584,
-0.050541456788778305,
-0.09550834447145462,
0.902280867099762,
0.12623053789138794,
-0.08945216238498688,
-0.3278704881668091,
-0.6010854840278625,
-0.41521695256233215,
0.07771234214305878,
-0.9692983627319336,
-0.08487026393413544,
-0.21694481372833252,
-0.041308652609586716,
0.7245603203773499,
-0.3379104733467102,
-1.330227255821228,
-0.043824583292007446,
-0.2131020426750183,
-0.3732421398162842,
0.07671032100915909,
-0.647910475730896,
-0.4252488911151886,
0.22505879402160645,
0.16316008567810059,
-0.6400110721588135,
-0.05419282242655754,
-0.07180530577898026,
0.1537313312292099,
0.11842498928308487,
-0.043830033391714096,
0.20694559812545776,
-0.36924129724502563,
0.24394847452640533,
-0.12431148439645767,
0.33482423424720764,
-0.644795835018158,
-0.2622891366481781,
0.3727796971797943,
-0.47384002804756165,
-0.5363468527793884,
-0.20985662937164307,
-0.08242124319076538,
-0.3716007173061371,
0.20777961611747742,
0.002320137107744813,
0.4256875514984131,
0.8276601433753967,
-0.7658583521842957,
-0.0297519750893116,
0.11587074398994446,
-0.0052193161100149155,
0.04657303914427757,
-0.32286739349365234,
-0.39813655614852905,
0.11301551014184952,
-0.6441705822944641,
0.0533984936773777,
-0.2291511744260788,
-0.6683485507965088,
-0.22384648025035858,
0.20232504606246948,
-0.3527093231678009,
0.579811692237854,
-0.21419674158096313,
-0.13718464970588684,
-0.2332843393087387,
0.015659911558032036,
-0.6206912994384766,
0.375049352645874,
-0.1362610012292862,
0.35312992334365845,
0.08805136382579803,
-0.3408224582672119,
-0.5996561050415039,
-0.02501177415251732,
-0.6214426159858704,
0.26216253638267517,
-0.1558935046195984,
0.27839457988739014,
0.4192507266998291,
-0.20167501270771027,
0.2185543328523636,
0.06486956030130386,
0.35213109850883484,
-0.28061097860336304,
0.4460524022579193,
0.48141688108444214,
-0.11818864941596985,
0.36976349353790283,
0.036990370601415634,
0.29787880182266235,
-0.16950723528862,
-0.22859744727611542,
0.6467874646186829,
0.8618548512458801,
0.5072081089019775,
-0.07408999651670456,
0.3905714750289917,
0.7295142412185669,
0.5592395067214966,
-0.5091617107391357,
-0.5328903198242188,
0.21154902875423431,
0.06036640331149101,
0.007628442253917456,
-0.1818038374185562,
0.03905869647860527,
0.8962677121162415,
-0.1836622804403305,
-0.25219255685806274,
0.36745500564575195,
0.28256115317344666,
-0.12428116798400879,
0.6521613597869873,
0.424279123544693,
-0.0592753030359745,
0.3345032334327698,
0.012157199904322624,
0.25083258748054504,
0.07389859855175018,
0.16338321566581726,
0.3205316364765167,
-0.02679123915731907,
-0.10436449944972992,
0.02411126345396042,
-0.18557393550872803,
1.0587608814239502,
0.013721595518290997,
-0.06311942636966705,
0.17452900111675262,
-1.016507625579834,
0.229302778840065,
-0.8656246662139893,
-0.18261468410491943,
0.03325563296675682,
0.3284464478492737,
-0.9447124004364014,
-0.10579697787761688,
-0.49772635102272034,
0.3739820420742035,
0.30430299043655396,
-0.24577917158603668,
-0.21463759243488312,
-0.2899738848209381,
0.3611437678337097,
-0.2813901901245117,
-0.2653330862522125,
-0.2534531056880951,
0.4205683469772339,
-0.7037758827209473,
0.7462194561958313,
-0.3120484948158264,
-0.7530127167701721,
-0.22888121008872986,
0.4460096061229706,
0.4497400224208832,
-0.028636280447244644,
0.4018456041812897,
0.18416914343833923,
-0.5574691295623779,
-0.1254793256521225,
-0.1219809353351593,
0.4374564588069916,
0.028691697865724564,
-0.3725619614124298,
-0.13450929522514343,
0.10157998651266098,
-0.2881716191768646,
0.18279841542243958,
0.6932727098464966,
-0.6163881421089172,
-0.20976890623569489,
-0.10020841658115387,
0.4675372242927551,
0.08311659842729568,
0.5601836442947388,
-0.14601588249206543,
-0.5719045400619507,
0.5976490378379822,
0.031751297414302826,
0.1316680610179901,
0.42731985449790955,
-0.11053325235843658,
-0.2661088705062866,
-0.34711629152297974,
-0.39363154768943787,
0.4405044913291931,
0.09664126485586166,
-0.4738463759422302,
0.2685282528400421,
0.06690401583909988,
0.6616381406784058,
-0.20585788786411285,
-0.30904439091682434,
0.5300821661949158,
-0.16569502651691437,
-0.1115078404545784,
-0.28527045249938965,
-0.2252478003501892,
0.08833502978086472,
0.20255373418331146,
-0.048830922693014145,
-0.03372666984796524,
0.549125075340271,
0.06800899654626846,
0.23466695845127106,
-0.14071151614189148,
0.8063991665840149,
-0.28940579295158386,
0.8046789169311523,
-0.49970296025276184,
-0.48279082775115967,
0.07668956369161606,
-0.29931169748306274,
-0.18360663950443268,
0.7126473188400269,
0.20646122097969055,
-0.6156637072563171,
0.30077603459358215,
-0.2718075215816498,
-0.6350292563438416,
0.350807785987854,
1.1093602180480957,
0.13279247283935547,
-0.20272065699100494,
0.050412748008966446,
0.6426348686218262,
0.1664327085018158,
0.49898573756217957,
0.4056383967399597,
0.5114322304725647,
-0.2970605790615082,
0.34952276945114136,
-0.7126705646514893,
0.037972401827573776,
-0.27773183584213257,
0.012959064915776253,
1.040521502494812,
-0.4697360396385193,
-0.12631970643997192,
0.10824108868837357,
-0.36949729919433594,
-0.05242792144417763,
0.06264163553714752,
-0.2539079785346985,
-0.6076180338859558,
0.28247034549713135,
-0.531209409236908,
0.43794891238212585,
-0.25122109055519104,
0.9261764883995056,
0.24410758912563324,
-0.3092232644557953,
-0.13344815373420715,
0.5616482496261597,
0.17934250831604004,
0.15270327031612396,
-0.3833138048648834,
-0.2587793469429016,
0.09695230424404144,
0.05216389149427414,
-0.678471565246582,
0.4462205469608307,
-0.01109811756759882,
-0.18882744014263153,
-0.31312185525894165,
-0.19666688144207,
-0.5241259932518005,
-0.02436896041035652,
0.08915090560913086,
-0.10555800795555115,
0.16555045545101166,
-0.04731813818216324,
0.6319653987884521,
-0.11520815640687943,
0.25296908617019653,
-0.1399562656879425,
0.09073735028505325,
0.08654873073101044,
0.13389362394809723,
0.11686648428440094,
0.014688905328512192,
0.3465723693370819,
0.044024690985679626,
0.6205474138259888,
-0.8545889258384705,
-0.06806813180446625,
-0.19424322247505188,
-0.10716849565505981,
0.8020710945129395,
0.9911643266677856,
0.42760148644447327,
-0.6900665760040283,
0.691138744354248,
0.0008378095808438957,
-0.07961159944534302,
-0.4945901334285736,
-0.8850308656692505,
-0.2940593957901001,
0.03141176700592041,
-0.25463998317718506,
0.14210115373134613,
0.32528939843177795,
0.13664354383945465,
0.17978307604789734,
0.11326577514410019,
-0.48840051889419556,
0.1000913679599762,
0.19518381357192993,
-0.08543645590543747,
0.1339094042778015,
0.2559373080730438,
0.4241410791873932
] |
210407
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon%20Street%20station
|
Cannon Street station
|
Cannon Street station, also known as London Cannon Street, is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Travelcard zone 1 located on Cannon Street in the City of London and managed by Network Rail. It is one of two London termini of the South Eastern Main Line, the other being , while the Underground station is on the Circle and District lines, between Monument and Mansion House. The station runs services by Southeastern, mostly catering for commuters in southeast London and Kent, with occasional services further into the latter.
The station was built on a site of the medieval steelyard, the trading base in England of the Hanseatic League. It was built by the South Eastern Railway in order to have a railway terminal in the City and compete with the rival London, Chatham and Dover Railway. This required a new bridge across the River Thames, which was constructed between 1863 and 1866. The station was initially a stop for continental services from Charing Cross, and that route was convenient for travel between the City and the West End, until the construction of the District Railway. It remained popular with commuters, though its off-peak services were discontinued in the early 20th century, leading to it being closed on Sundays for almost 100 years. The original hotel on the station was unsuccessful, and eventually closed. The station was controversially renovated in the late 1950s by John Poulson, while further construction on top of the station building occurred during the City's 1980s property boom. The Poulson building was replaced in 2007 as part of a general renovation of the station to make it more accessible. As part of the Thameslink Programme development in the 2010s, it was re-opened on Sundays and began to offer more long-distance services in place of Charing Cross.
Location
Cannon Street is a terminal station, approached across the River Thames by the Cannon Street Railway Bridge. Its approach by rail is through a triangular connection to both and . It is one of eighteen stations in the country that are managed by Network Rail.
There were originally eight platforms; a refurbishment in the late 1990s removed the original platform 1. It has entrances on Cannon Street itself and Dowgate Hill. It is located near London Stone (to the north of the station).
London Buses routes 15, 17, 21, 35, 43, 47, 133, 141, 149, 344, 388, 521 and night routes N8, N11, N15, N21, N25, N26, N133, N199, N242, N550 and N551 serve the station.
History
Original structure
Cannon Street station was built on a site where the Hanseatic merchants' steelyard had been based from the 10th century until 1598. The site was proposed in 1860 by the South Eastern Railway (SER) in response to its rival, the London, Chatham & Dover Railway (LC&DR), extending a line into the City of London as far north as Ludgate Hill. The SER had already made plans to extend its line towards , but decided that it should complement this with a terminus in the City.
In 1861, the company obtained an act for a station in Cannon Street, a short distance from Mansion House and the Bank of England. In addition to taking traffic from the LC&DR, the new station would provide a direct railway link between the City and the West End, over which a journey could be made in a fraction of the time taken travelling by road. The approach was a branch of the line to Charing Cross, west of London Bridge. Work started on the station and its approach in July 1863. The construction work was undertaken by Lucas Brothers.
The station was opened on 1 September 1866 at a cost of £4 million (now £ million). The original building was designed by Sir John Hawkshaw and John Wolfe-Barry and was characterised by its two Christopher Wren-style towers, square and high, which faced on to the River Thames. The towers supported an iron train shed, long and crowned by a high single arch, almost semicircular, of glass and iron. The station is carried over Upper Thames Street on a brick viaduct, long and containing 27 million bricks. Below this viaduct exist the remains of a number of Roman buildings, which form a scheduled monument. The bridge was open to pedestrians between 1872 and 1877; they paid a toll of ½d.
The five-storey City Terminus Hotel, which fronted the station, was opened in May 1867. It was an Italianate style hotel and forecourt, designed by E. M. Barry, and it provided many of the station's passenger facilities, as well as an appropriate architectural frontispiece to the street. This arrangement was very similar to that put in place at Charing Cross. The hotel was also built by Lucas Brothers. The hotel was not profitable, and was over £47,000 (now £) in debt by 1870. The City Terminus Hotel was renamed the Cannon Street Hotel in 1879. In July 1920, the hotel was the venue for the Foundation Congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Most of the hotel was closed in 1931, but the public rooms were kept open for meetings. The rest were converted into offices and renamed Southern House. The hotel is referred to in The Fire Sermon section of T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land.
Upon its opening Cannon Street station was a stopping point for all services to and from Charing Cross, including boat trains to Continental Europe. A shuttle service between the two stations ran every 20 minutes and became a popular way of travelling between the City and the West End. However, the opening of the District Railway as far as Blackfriars caused traffic to decline, and its extension to Mansion House the following year reduced it further. The SER's route could not compete with the Underground, which was more direct and reliable, but suburban traffic to Cannon Street remained popular, and the bridge was widened to in the late 1880s, allowing ten tracks with sidings. The rebuilt bridge was opened on 13 February 1892. The signal boxes outside the station were upgraded the following year.
The London and Southwestern Railway (LSWR) became interested in using Cannon Street as a terminus, as it would allow a connection between Waterloo and the City.
War years
Work on strengthening the bridge, by the addition of six new girders in between the existing ones, was completed in 1913.
Most Cannon Street train services ceased during World War I. Continental boat trains were stopped on 15 November 1914 and rerouted to Victoria. The station stopped being served by through services from Charing Cross on 31 December 1916, and was closed on Sundays. Services were reduced further on 1 May 1918, when it was closed after 3 p.m. on Saturdays and between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. Mondays to Fridays. This allowed Cannon Street to be used as a goods depot for war supplies.
Between 5 and 28 June 1926, the station was closed to allow the Southern Railway to carry out various works, including the rebuilding of the platforms, relaying of the tracks and installation of a new system of electrical signalling – the four-aspect colour light scheme. The station was also renovated and the glass roof cleaned. The number of platforms was reduced from nine to eight, with five set aside for the new electric trains. The signal box spanning the width of the railway bridge was removed. In July 1939, Cannon Street was closed for a week following a fire in Borough Market which prevented any trains accessing it.
The station, which had been subject to structural neglect prior to World War II, suffered extensive bomb damage and was hit by several incendiary devices which damaged the roof. A high explosive also hit platform 8. The original glass roof had been removed before the war, in an attempt to save it; however, the factory in which the roof was stored was itself badly bombed, destroying the roof.
Redevelopment
Following nationalisation of the railways in 1948, the station was managed by the Southern Region of British Railways. The station's prime location coupled with the property boom of the 1950s and the need for British Rail to seek alternative revenue streams made war-damaged Cannon Street a key target for property developers. Steam trains stopped running from Cannon Street in 1961
Various plans were mooted for the reconstruction of the station, from the installation of a new ticket hall and concourse under Southern House in 1955 as part of British Rail's Modernisation Plan to the construction of a car park estimated to cost £125,000 (now £) and even a helipad. In 1962, the British Transport Commission entered into an agreement with Town & Country Properties for the construction of a multi-storey office building above the station with of floor space. The cost of the development was £2.35 million (now £ million) and it was scheduled for completion by June 1965.
In preparation for redevelopment, the remains of the train shed roof had been demolished in 1958, and Barry's hotel (which had been used as offices since 1931) soon followed in 1960. The architect selected to design the new building was John Poulson who was good friends with Graham Tunbridge, a British Rail surveyor whom he had met during the war. Poulson took advantage of this friendship to win contracts for the redevelopment of various British Rail termini. He paid Tunbridge a weekly income of £25 and received in return building contracts, including the rebuilding of Waterloo and East Croydon stations. At his trial in 1974, Poulson admitted that, shortly before receiving the Cannon Street building contract, he had given Tunbridge a cheque for £200 and a suit worth £80. Poulson was later found guilty of corruption charges and given a seven-year concurrent sentence; Tunbridge received a 15-month suspended sentence and a £4,000 fine for his role in the affair.
All that now remains of the original station architecture are the twin yellow brick towers at the country-end and parts of the low flanking walls.
Modern era
The station's twin brick towers were listed Grade II in 1972. In 1974, the station was closed for five weeks from 2 August to 9 September to enable alterations to be made to the track and the approaches to London Bridge to be resignalled. Traffic was diverted to London Bridge, Charing Cross and . On 4 March 1976, a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) bomb of about 10 lb (4.5 kg) exploded on an empty commuter train leaving Cannon Street, injuring eight people on another train travelling alongside.
On 15 February 1984, it was reported in The Times that Cannon Street was to close. At the time, the station had been closed for weekends and evenings, and the publication of British Rail's new timetable for 1984–1985 revealed that it would lose all its direct off-peak services to the south-east. Services from Sevenoaks, , , , , , , Lewisham and Greenwich would instead terminate at except during peak hours. This was denied by British Rail (Southern)'s manager David Kirby, who pointed out that it had invested £10 million in redecking the railway bridge, and that passengers travelling from the south-east during off-peak hours would most likely be visiting the West End and not the City.
In 1986, the twin towers were restored in a project costing £242,000 (now £). The works revealed that the east tower still contained a large water tank which was used during the days of steam traction to replenish locomotives and to power the station's hydraulic systems. The brickwork was repaired, cleaned and repointed, and the weather vanes gilded to complement the dome of nearby St Paul's Cathedral. This work was one of the Railway Heritage Trust's first projects and coincided with an exhibition held in the station in August of the same year to mark its 150th anniversary.
In the 1980s, there was another property boom and British Rail again began looking into further commercial uses of the Cannon Street landspace, including of office space. The air rights over the platforms to the rear of Poulson's office were sold to Speyhawk which appointed Bovis Construction to build a free-standing structure comprising two office blocks on a 6,000 tonne steel deck constructed over the station's eight platforms. The Cannons Club, a sports club, was founded beneath the station's arches around this time, and quickly became one of the most prestigious squash clubs in the country. InterCity, the high-speed arm of British Rail, subsequently sponsored the National Squash Championships and National Squash Challenge.
The larger office block, the "Atrium building", provides of office space on six floors and is linked to the smaller building, the "River building", via a glazed link raised through a central glazed atrium. The River building, which has two storeys, is built on the steel deck and contained within the station's two flank walls, which were rebuilt, providing of office space. This building projects slightly beyond the restored twin towers which form the riverside boundary to the development. The Atrium building was later let to the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (Liffe). The River building has a roof garden. The project cost around £500,000 and was laid to comply with planning restrictions which required the building to be low and flat to maintain the sight lines from St Paul's to Tower Bridge.
Planning permission was granted in March 2007 to replace the Poulson building, with a new air rights building designed by Foggo Associates. Hines, the US developer, led a £360 million project involving the demolition of Poulson's office block, replacing it with a mixed-use development containing more than of office space alongside of station retail space. The redevelopment was part of a larger regeneration programme undertaken by Network Rail to modernise and "unlock the commercial potential" of the main London termini; and were also redeveloped. Network Rail's director of commercial property said that the finished station would be "less congested and more accessible for passengers." Cannon Street won the award for "Major Station of the Year" at the 2013 National Rail Awards.
In January 2015, the station's opening hours were extended to 0500–0100 Monday to Sunday (prior to this, the station had been closed on Sundays and during the evenings), and several services which previously terminated at Charing Cross were diverted to Cannon Street as a result of Thameslink Programme works. Some of these services will revert to terminating at Charing Cross following the completion of the works, while services from the Greenwich line and from New Cross and St Johns will permanently run to Cannon Street due to the removal of the Spa Road Junction.
National Rail
The station connects the south side of the City to south and south-east London via station. Some services run directly into Cannon Street from Kent and East Sussex, but only during rush hours. Occasionally during the weekends when track maintenance is in progress, the station serves as an intermediate station between London Bridge and . Either trains reverse at the station or rail passengers change trains here. From 1918 to 2015, the station was closed on Sundays; this changed with Southeastern's introduction of a new timetable from January 2015 which resulted in the station's opening hours being extended over the entire week, except when engineering works require its closure and services are diverted to Charing Cross.
Services
All services at London Cannon Street are operated by Southeastern using , , , and EMUs.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
2 tph to via
2 tph to via
2 tph to via and , returning to London Cannon Street via
2 tph to Slade Green via Sidcup, returning to London Cannon Street via Woolwich Arsenal and Greenwich
During peak hours, there are also services to via as well as long distance services to , , and , and to and via .
Accidents and incidents
On 26 December 1867, seven passengers and three train crew members were injured when, "during a very thick fog", a train arriving at Cannon Street from Greenwich collided with another from Waterloo due to a signaller's error.
On 27 June 1914, one person was killed and 20 were injured in a collision and subsequent derailment at Cannon Street. A train departing for was in a side-long collision with a train arriving, across its path, from and, although the collision occurred at low speed, part of the Plumstead service was derailed and one of its carriages overturned. The driver of the Plumstead service was blamed for a failure to observe, and a misreading of, signals which took his train into the path of the Hastings-bound service. An investigation found the man who died was likely leaning out of the window at the moment his carriage overturned, and he might have avoided serious injury had he been seated.
On 16 July 1919, 75 people were injured or left shaken when a train arriving from hit the buffers at the end of Cannon Street's platform seven. Twelve of the injured required hospital treatment. A Board of Trade report into the incident blamed "an error of judgment" on the driver's part while he was braking on his approach to the platform end.
On 11 May 1941, the station was bombed in a Luftwaffe air raid. At least one locomotive was severely damaged.
On 20 March 1951, a diesel electric multiple unit and an electric multiple unit were in a side-long collision when the driver of the latter misread signals.
On 5 April 1957, the signal box was destroyed by a fire due to an electrical fault. The station was consequently put out of action. Using hand signals, a skeleton service was put in place on 8 April. A temporary signal box was erected which came into operation on 5 May. Steam locomotives were temporarily banned from using the station, with Hastings Units being introduced into service earlier than planned. A full service was resumed from 6 May. Construction of a new signal box began on 19 April and it came into service on 16 December.
On 20 March 1961, a side-long collision and partial derailment resulted in injury to 12 people aboard an arriving service whose driver inadvertently passed a red signal and ran into an empty train as it left Cannon Street.
On 4 March 1976, a bomb exploded on an empty electric multiple unit at the station. Eight people in an adjacent train were injured.
On 20 August 1989, the Marchioness pleasure boat sank close to Cannon Street Railway Bridge, killing 51 people.
On 8 January 1991, two people were killed and hundreds were injured when an electric multiple unit failed to stop on a dead-end platform and collided with the buffers.
London Underground
The London Underground station is sub-surface, situated immediately below the main line station. It is served by the District and Circle lines. Entrances are located on Cannon Street, Dowgate Hill, and on the main line concourse upstairs at the National Rail station, providing an interconnection for commuters. An out of station interchange with Bank station has been running since 2018.
History
By 1876, the Metropolitan Railway (MR) and District Railway (DR) had constructed the majority of the Inner Circle (now the Circle line), reaching and respectively. The companies were in dispute over the completion of the route as the DR was struggling financially and the MR was concerned that completion would affect its revenues through increased competition from the DR in the City area. In 1874, city financiers who were keen to see the line completed established the Metropolitan Inner Circle Completion Railway (MICCR) to link Mansion House to Aldgate. Forced into action, the MR bought out the company, and it and the DR began construction of the final section of the Inner Circle in 1879.
On 6 October 1884, the final section of the Inner Circle was opened, along with Cannon Street station. Initially, the station was served by trains of both companies as part of the circular Inner Circle service, but various operational patterns have been used during the station's life. The Inner Circle service achieved a separate identity as the Circle line in 1949, although its trains were still provided by the District or Metropolitan lines.
A station here was part of the abandoned phase two expansion of the Fleet line (now Jubilee line). It had originally been planned in 1943, and was revived as a major transport plan in 1965. London Transport spent £10m (now £m) in 1972 safeguarding the route underneath Cannon Street and building reinforcements for laying a tube in the water-bearing ground around the station. The plan was abandoned in the early 1980s in favour of the current extension further south.
The Underground station underwent major reconstruction at the same time as the main line station, with the work being completed in 2012. From 14 December 2014, the station's opening hours changed significantly, with the station opening on Sundays and no longer closing early in the evenings. The station previously had restricted opening hours because it primarily served the local financial services sector, so there was low demand for services outside office hours. However, with the main line station's opening hours being extended due to the Thameslink Programme, the Underground station's opening hours were changed to accommodate the additional passengers.
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
Station information on Cannon Street railway station from Network Rail
Circle line stations
District line stations
Railway termini in London
Railway stations in the City of London
Tube stations in the City of London
Former South Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1866
Former Metropolitan and Metropolitan District Joint Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1884
Railway stations served by Southeastern
Network Rail managed stations
1866 establishments in England
John Hawkshaw railway stations
John Wolfe Barry railway stations
Railway stations located underground in the United Kingdom
London station group
John Poulson buildings
|
[
-0.08759383857250214,
-0.519842267036438,
0.3332274854183197,
-0.24534490704536438,
0.20449882745742798,
0.3444218933582306,
0.5958989262580872,
0.11487570405006409,
0.23875628411769867,
-0.5370622277259827,
-0.7939859628677368,
-0.2794845998287201,
-0.299866646528244,
0.3777362108230591,
0.058883991092443466,
-0.6872653365135193,
-0.2778204381465912,
-0.11360721290111542,
0.21838635206222534,
0.04366365075111389,
0.5880330801010132,
0.3799625039100647,
-0.04591720923781395,
0.03351229056715965,
0.0367429256439209,
-0.46263089776039124,
0.43728697299957275,
0.11478549242019653,
-0.31272801756858826,
0.056857239454984665,
0.5158874988555908,
0.22764278948307037,
0.0910966545343399,
-0.28687167167663574,
0.17555102705955505,
-0.021397806704044342,
0.18226777017116547,
-0.271625816822052,
-0.1382092833518982,
-0.42532578110694885,
-0.32357627153396606,
-0.0366794615983963,
0.08224344998598099,
-0.010927028022706509,
-0.12794452905654907,
-0.14577607810497284,
-1.0489412546157837,
-0.22002577781677246,
-0.892515242099762,
0.15262949466705322,
-0.8525530695915222,
0.3679549992084503,
-0.2611285448074341,
0.1322941929101944,
0.8092905879020691,
-0.06152355298399925,
-0.9366313219070435,
0.17795802652835846,
0.401088684797287,
-0.4182571470737457,
0.22877545654773712,
0.05990057811141014,
0.058728624135255814,
0.4162338376045227,
0.4498802125453949,
0.16999992728233337,
0.25561246275901794,
0.17245548963546753,
-0.18770404160022736,
-0.5628343224525452,
0.1795172244310379,
-0.07962922006845474,
0.319829523563385,
0.6380041837692261,
-0.5540294647216797,
-0.04431099817156792,
0.12806566059589386,
0.15174472332000732,
0.014197707176208496,
0.5736927390098572,
-0.4262322783470154,
-0.24007731676101685,
1.160943627357483,
0.19216491281986237,
0.589401125907898,
0.06119692698121071,
-1.066777229309082,
-0.2975946366786957,
-0.4764167070388794,
0.8705224990844727,
-0.8945941925048828,
0.28021207451820374,
0.4966789186000824,
0.3455927073955536,
-0.14852134883403778,
-0.19597935676574707,
0.3097393810749054,
0.4098406434059143,
0.5208901762962341,
0.057595133781433105,
-0.7114132642745972,
-0.45838961005210876,
0.5508185625076294,
-0.2826588749885559,
-0.08559831976890564,
-0.5588933229446411,
-0.7681112885475159,
-0.5986580848693848,
0.15008360147476196,
-0.06121343746781349,
-0.4324217140674591,
-0.22361724078655243,
0.09517458826303482,
0.026363510638475418,
-0.02361135184764862,
-0.16994532942771912,
0.35820430517196655,
-0.336465448141098,
0.12452999502420425,
-0.024795955047011375,
0.12138333171606064,
0.4841536581516266,
0.429060161113739,
0.18134939670562744,
-0.1473700851202011,
0.1507982611656189,
0.3592824935913086,
0.12313655763864517,
-0.1040542870759964,
0.3818552792072296,
0.3853752911090851,
1.669963002204895,
-0.06043870747089386,
-0.44795700907707214,
0.13048526644706726,
-0.3447236716747284,
-0.3604941666126251,
-0.04809223860502243,
0.2519106864929199,
0.29528680443763733,
-0.3535570800304413,
0.05515224486589432,
0.2495974600315094,
0.06980546563863754,
0.42028218507766724,
0.0728582963347435,
-0.3767021596431732,
-0.5782023072242737,
0.24190343916416168,
-0.6272848844528198,
-0.39002087712287903,
0.41424238681793213,
-0.5043457746505737,
-0.25944268703460693,
-0.6398832201957703,
-0.04861852154135704,
0.9180702567100525,
0.030763261020183563,
-0.4775756597518921,
0.24814310669898987,
-0.24937981367111206,
0.05090894177556038,
0.5178653597831726,
-0.10021452605724335,
0.39283645153045654,
0.3919505178928375,
0.12484700977802277,
-0.34373268485069275,
-0.07012160867452621,
0.06406432390213013,
-0.34172868728637695,
-0.2936325669288635,
0.7711990475654602,
-0.2414337396621704,
0.4785492718219757,
-0.2479669749736786,
0.69523024559021,
0.3808627724647522,
0.5532422661781311,
-0.3132115304470062,
-0.29340776801109314,
0.4135383367538452,
0.34786832332611084,
0.38667482137680054,
0.26011714339256287,
-0.16567635536193848,
-0.11956634372472763,
-0.14304983615875244,
-0.14289626479148865,
0.36040112376213074,
-0.4181327521800995,
-0.2726726830005646,
-0.3146478831768036,
-0.33273911476135254,
0.4880184233188629,
-0.26726964116096497,
-0.5352087020874023,
0.8450481295585632,
-0.22348721325397491,
0.2653346657752991,
0.14771337807178497,
-0.23720712959766388,
0.61011803150177,
0.121174156665802,
-0.43058061599731445,
-0.3923633098602295,
0.22334171831607819,
-0.04976153373718262,
0.08006900548934937,
0.6633032560348511,
-0.17413996160030365,
-0.6662689447402954,
0.019902434200048447,
0.438595712184906,
1.0186406373977661,
-0.4553159773349762,
-0.5554463267326355,
-0.340215265750885,
0.32163411378860474,
-0.5077555775642395,
0.6586049199104309,
0.16905954480171204,
0.5142675638198853,
0.3723108470439911,
-0.8484720587730408,
-0.17279887199401855,
0.19635331630706787,
0.9242672920227051,
0.35188210010528564,
-0.7879914045333862,
0.560184895992279,
0.20054863393306732,
-0.1379753202199936,
-0.0412110798060894,
0.08692476898431778,
-0.441612184047699,
0.1635948121547699,
-0.3311123549938202,
0.17798182368278503,
-0.5034691691398621,
-0.13706623017787933,
0.39532896876335144,
-0.4590856432914734,
0.2762508690357208,
0.2386682778596878,
0.21546298265457153,
0.40377166867256165,
0.4815807640552521,
-0.6197600364685059,
-0.35672882199287415,
0.18963761627674103,
0.3803909122943878,
0.015449294820427895,
0.1795477271080017,
0.5947953462600708,
-0.716503381729126,
0.2659482955932617,
0.022466663271188736,
-0.34654057025909424,
0.42935711145401,
0.48607707023620605,
-0.3154062330722809,
-0.07344263792037964,
-0.039291542023420334,
-0.2182188481092453,
-0.47176393866539,
-0.33327117562294006,
-0.4574468731880188,
0.43668076395988464,
0.30035200715065,
0.23320317268371582,
-0.1665066033601761,
-0.3048352003097534,
0.4602949321269989,
0.07081081718206406,
0.11382929980754852,
-0.03941645845770836,
0.5958219766616821,
-0.06383316218852997,
0.11032096296548843,
0.31153014302253723,
0.049002207815647125,
-0.13300980627536774,
-0.10983216762542725,
0.2537544071674347,
-0.5800285935401917,
0.12046719342470169,
0.5652085542678833,
-0.7146691679954529,
0.20026510953903198,
-0.7158564329147339,
-0.15657399594783783,
-0.015041381120681763,
0.5386179685592651,
-0.07941349595785141,
0.04107215255498886,
-0.3491494655609131,
0.0467449352145195,
0.08533117920160294,
-0.10474009811878204,
-0.22714877128601074,
0.849646270275116,
0.24053716659545898,
-0.0648370087146759,
-0.23653878271579742,
-0.39896082878112793,
-0.3440857231616974,
-0.8053815364837646,
-5.559251308441162,
0.9510018825531006,
-0.3454263508319855,
-0.18035860359668732,
0.17980483174324036,
-0.32264018058776855,
0.2524273693561554,
-0.3682076632976532,
0.315499871969223,
-0.7236403822898865,
0.42094090580940247,
0.32735851407051086,
-0.045623861253261566,
-0.29983124136924744,
0.41700780391693115,
0.10407336056232452,
0.3905370831489563,
-0.09701209515333176,
0.18655230104923248,
-0.20398423075675964,
-0.4652772545814514,
0.21915000677108765,
0.24632751941680908,
0.8079513311386108,
0.034876808524131775,
-0.11315537244081497,
-0.33099523186683655,
0.2835776209831238,
-0.9790465235710144,
-0.5755352973937988,
0.5981289744377136,
0.023290472105145454,
-0.444916695356369,
0.16953210532665253,
0.5059472918510437,
0.22536812722682953,
-0.27428460121154785,
-0.00909140519797802,
-0.041774775832891464,
-0.4168091416358948,
0.45430853962898254,
0.3974629044532776,
0.18222151696681976,
-0.8668031096458435,
0.24302512407302856,
-0.2698404788970947,
-0.6448239684104919,
0.9218757748603821,
-0.43778255581855774,
0.5615507960319519,
0.17164798080921173,
0.343948632478714,
0.6569380164146423,
0.008471779525279999,
-0.4089334309101105,
0.168760746717453,
0.2775043547153473,
-0.28079748153686523,
0.36616626381874084,
0.13384704291820526,
-0.0071454462595283985,
-0.5437705516815186,
-0.19090993702411652,
0.08443253487348557,
-0.39061805605888367,
-0.3897419571876526,
-0.6414638757705688,
0.4313015937805176,
0.6580172777175903,
0.2422279566526413,
-0.4509895443916321,
0.23336106538772583,
0.24159452319145203,
-0.979157567024231,
-0.13137412071228027,
-0.8684226274490356,
-0.19707299768924713,
0.03943321853876114,
0.568805456161499,
-0.22385816276073456,
0.08249355852603912,
-0.37823325395584106,
0.1297398954629898,
0.08901556581258774,
-0.05075676366686821,
-0.5908472537994385,
-0.3862455487251282,
0.1766968071460724,
0.05576859787106514,
-0.6475001573562622,
0.2615128457546234,
-0.11173468083143234,
-0.0775420293211937,
0.2673218250274658,
-0.2596428394317627,
-0.7862579226493835,
-0.43888068199157715,
0.6864098310470581,
-0.12534977495670319,
0.09900207072496414,
0.2203538864850998,
-0.2886922061443329,
-0.14182043075561523,
-0.4220038950443268,
-0.4324837028980255,
-0.1480417251586914,
-0.17949429154396057,
0.36859577894210815,
0.15995171666145325,
-0.3980470299720764,
0.23560254275798798,
-0.3397359848022461,
-0.5532912015914917,
-0.5289723873138428,
0.4013451635837555,
0.0006307424628175795,
-0.35033655166625977,
0.33307841420173645,
-0.32277947664260864,
0.17793339490890503,
0.06886730343103409,
-0.11564233899116516,
-0.15021081268787384,
0.014887123368680477,
-0.5861295461654663,
0.5776879191398621,
0.3903336524963379,
-0.21060039103031158,
0.5023956298828125,
-0.4039771854877472,
-0.24558058381080627,
0.42548662424087524,
-0.449064165353775,
0.1888682246208191,
-0.5044816136360168,
-0.6781994104385376,
-0.7689681649208069,
-0.15595774352550507,
0.432229220867157,
0.9721625447273254,
0.0857148990035057,
0.21613313257694244,
-0.23084503412246704,
0.1592794507741928,
0.6893220543861389,
0.5840712189674377,
-0.04779177904129028,
-0.004134055692702532,
-0.6494845747947693,
0.17069312930107117,
-0.26032018661499023,
-0.9743170738220215,
-0.25105345249176025,
-0.11823344975709915,
-0.07795891165733337,
-0.16323822736740112,
-0.34171196818351746,
0.31845271587371826,
0.3929021656513214,
-0.1303672045469284,
0.11410412937402725,
-0.10401324182748795,
-0.2891853451728821,
-0.3049091100692749,
-0.04654770717024803,
-0.2687344253063202,
0.2290692776441574,
-0.11300775408744812,
-0.15987971425056458,
-0.17342381179332733,
-0.16949951648712158,
-0.5213189721107483,
0.21556596457958221,
-0.38143476843833923,
-0.08180254697799683,
0.26997122168540955,
-0.9212611317634583,
0.18842564523220062,
0.3597351908683777,
-0.23953711986541748,
-0.05706346407532692,
-0.03529937192797661,
-0.15649032592773438,
0.2059658318758011,
0.2593345046043396,
-0.6203083992004395,
-0.34110477566719055,
-0.0521882064640522,
0.6695733070373535,
-0.655041515827179,
-0.14121299982070923,
0.10200441628694534,
0.0001836681622080505,
0.07570412755012512,
0.18048684298992157,
-0.7327750325202942,
0.41556352376937866,
0.4590182900428772,
-0.22893011569976807,
-0.676995038986206,
-0.49527767300605774,
0.2847682535648346,
-1.0692219734191895,
0.5577865242958069,
1.1451740264892578,
-0.2771068513393402,
0.5280909538269043,
0.20365691184997559,
-0.0013019551988691092,
-0.09146212786436081,
-0.20194938778877258,
-0.6881199479103088,
0.4049680829048157,
0.414053350687027,
-0.6074540019035339,
-0.4982219934463501,
-0.1014569103717804,
-0.40406304597854614,
-0.35816916823387146,
0.05881985276937485,
-0.4905795753002167,
-0.1728208065032959,
-0.5065276026725769,
0.2753395438194275,
-0.5057177543640137,
0.5889996886253357,
0.5232420563697815,
-1.1732453107833862,
0.20018959045410156,
-0.00641790684312582,
0.033472806215286255,
0.2845742404460907,
0.6714991331100464,
0.8666734099388123,
0.5750062465667725,
-0.2789028584957123,
-0.2579747140407562,
-0.6501497626304626,
0.18388494849205017,
0.14521382749080658,
0.15109539031982422,
0.6756969690322876,
0.16419902443885803,
-0.5342710614204407,
-0.05517198145389557,
0.020062241703271866,
0.8353780508041382,
-0.15754815936088562,
-0.7182584404945374,
0.4567887783050537,
0.7287654280662537,
-0.05562847480177879,
0.03267045319080353,
-0.13351218402385712,
-0.08626631647348404,
-0.6584950685501099,
0.32540205121040344,
0.3133695125579834,
0.11519040167331696,
0.2867007553577423,
0.6743144392967224,
-0.0691157802939415,
0.014801908284425735,
0.21644912660121918,
0.04136967286467552,
-0.1086927130818367,
0.11844893544912338,
-0.7582817077636719,
-0.03090846724808216,
-0.6210551857948303,
0.8022696375846863,
-0.3665022850036621,
-0.1619235724210739,
-0.01479947566986084,
0.6097907423973083,
0.2241787612438202,
-0.15485192835330963,
-0.35044899582862854,
0.08978663384914398,
-0.04640638083219528,
-0.5671293139457703,
0.10220345109701157,
0.062333378940820694,
-0.8001827597618103,
0.35516980290412903,
-0.6673243045806885,
0.5491746068000793,
0.08907433599233627,
-0.15467298030853271,
-0.14889605343341827,
-0.38978615403175354,
-0.13638867437839508,
0.12463082373142242,
0.5001630783081055,
-0.3143823444843292,
0.42205289006233215,
0.5815943479537964,
0.7833654284477234,
0.30837249755859375,
-0.14781276881694794,
-0.5174734592437744,
0.6362835764884949,
-0.2851879298686981,
-0.3877982199192047,
0.08929932862520218,
-0.009700090624392033,
-0.3013233244419098,
-0.4527914226055145,
0.13026182353496552,
-0.15499119460582733,
-0.03580779954791069,
-0.17476120591163635,
0.6221072673797607,
0.4293173849582672,
0.11992349475622177,
0.035670358687639236,
0.318785697221756,
0.08672209829092026,
-0.2043948620557785,
0.5588806867599487,
-0.12990009784698486,
0.7105823755264282,
0.8092167973518372,
0.17261338233947754,
-0.6546586751937866,
0.4158831238746643,
-0.3859882950782776,
0.04722079634666443,
-0.0053327688947319984,
0.7497305870056152,
-0.22400471568107605,
-0.6329496502876282,
-0.757079005241394,
0.7759184241294861,
0.0033440946135669947,
-0.5662422180175781,
0.0894017145037651,
-0.42572054266929626,
0.13713546097278595,
-0.29115769267082214,
-0.2504671812057495,
-0.05232105404138565,
-0.8236716389656067,
-0.08622656762599945,
0.296222984790802,
0.3005206286907196,
0.4910484254360199,
-0.23684190213680267,
-0.0065270233899354935,
0.6783864498138428,
0.30494406819343567,
-0.10211003571748734,
-0.06664242595434189,
-0.20305444300174713,
0.6788738369941711,
-0.21564818918704987,
-0.11216297000646591,
0.12975990772247314,
-0.15514671802520752,
-0.12820035219192505,
0.03412877768278122,
-0.1321667581796646,
0.21573293209075928,
-0.7512431740760803,
-0.39344874024391174,
-0.21969135105609894,
0.0627111941576004,
-0.3950866162776947,
0.3571111559867859,
0.3195026218891144,
-0.5083334445953369,
0.6752721667289734,
0.16303209960460663,
0.2647332549095154,
-0.10364150255918503,
0.1603516936302185,
0.048248451203107834,
0.3081016540527344,
0.5009910464286804,
-0.2989279329776764,
-0.274331659078598,
0.21216917037963867,
-0.012073586694896221,
-0.22911128401756287,
0.21327292919158936,
-0.6214764714241028,
-0.41982051730155945,
-0.19179370999336243,
-1.2493600845336914,
-0.8545094132423401,
0.07049238681793213,
-0.024190424010157585,
-0.6392208933830261,
-0.3670975863933563,
-0.5716821551322937,
-0.016518840566277504,
0.031996212899684906,
0.4846913814544678,
0.29749995470046997,
0.26820170879364014,
0.2173299491405487,
0.7352116703987122,
-0.2888304889202118,
0.6772693395614624,
0.13677401840686798,
0.6162623167037964,
-0.49678659439086914,
-0.3121395707130432,
-0.7620986104011536,
0.7429673671722412,
0.24830715358257294,
0.23541571199893951,
-0.2535535395145416,
0.4304744005203247,
-0.7131007313728333,
0.415414422750473,
0.10223138332366943,
0.2663852870464325,
0.26295655965805054,
-0.41571465134620667,
0.21195310354232788,
-0.4929130971431732,
0.21889452636241913,
-0.1858753263950348,
-0.19415484368801117,
-0.6994613409042358,
0.21270470321178436,
0.5524117946624756,
0.07471591234207153,
0.9706352949142456,
0.3190970718860626,
-0.0637180358171463,
-0.3679486811161041,
-0.2820557653903961,
-0.7163291573524475,
0.1900777965784073,
-0.15488575398921967,
1.226420283317566,
0.501598596572876,
-0.341261625289917,
0.4082093834877014,
0.5833839774131775,
0.44804847240448,
0.21025052666664124,
0.6998870372772217,
-0.03838503360748291,
0.07995087653398514,
-0.03335406258702278,
-0.6439878344535828,
0.580328106880188,
0.45897307991981506,
0.008272700943052769,
0.6408050656318665,
-0.3667478561401367,
0.3894505500793457,
-0.04917819797992706,
-0.02228505164384842,
-0.48428651690483093,
0.1442485898733139,
0.33821165561676025
] |
210408
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing%20Cross%20tube%20station
|
Charing Cross tube station
|
Charing Cross (sometimes informally abbreviated as Charing +, Charing X, CHX or CH+) is a London Underground station at Charing Cross in the City of Westminster. The station is served by the Bakerloo and Northern lines and provides an interchange with Charing Cross mainline station. On the Bakerloo line it is between Embankment and Piccadilly Circus stations and on the Northern line it is between Embankment and Leicester Square stations. The station is in fare zone 1.
Charing Cross was originally two separate stations, known for most of their existence as Trafalgar Square and Strand. The Bakerloo line platforms were opened by the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway in 1906 and the Northern line platforms by the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway in 1907. In the 1970s, in preparation for the opening of the Jubilee line, the two earlier stations were connected together with new below ground passageways. When the Jubilee line platforms opened in 1979, the combined station was given the current name. Jubilee line services ended in 1999 when the line was extended to Stratford.
The station has entrances in Trafalgar Square, Strand, Villiers Street, Adelaide Street, William IV Street and in the mainline station. It is close to the National Gallery, the National Portrait Gallery, Admiralty Arch, St Martin-in-the-Fields, Canada House, South Africa House, the Savoy Hotel, The Mall, Northumberland Avenue and Whitehall.
History
Planning
From the 1860s to the 1900s numerous schemes for underground railways through central London were proposed, often using similar routes. Many of the schemes submitted to Parliament for approval as private bills included proposals for lines through the Charing Cross area with stations serving the South Eastern Railway's (SER's) Charing Cross mainline terminus and the area around Trafalgar Square.
1860s and 1870s
The first proposal came before Parliament in 1864, a year after the opening of the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground railway, and the year the mainline station opened. The North Western and Charing Cross Railway (NW&CCR) proposed a line in a cut-and-cover tunnel between the London and North Western Railway's terminus at Euston and Charing Cross. The was to have its own station on the north side of Strand before it came to the surface alongside the main line station and connected to the tracks on Hungerford Bridge. The railway was approved in July 1864.
The following year, the Waterloo and Whitehall Railway (W&WR) received permission to construct a short railway between Waterloo station and a station at the western end of Great Scotland Yard at the junction with Whitehall. The line was to be a pneumatic railway with the carriages sucked and pushed through the tunnels like a piston by fans at Waterloo. Construction works began for the ends of the cut and cover tunnels on each side of the River Thames and part of the cast-iron cylinder that was to be sunk into a trench dredged into the bed of the river.
Progress on both railways was halted in the Panic of 1866, a major crash in the London and international stock markets that led to the collapse of a number of banks and prevented funds being raised to continue the works. The was liquidated in 1868, and the plans were abandoned in 1869.
The plans were revived with minor changes by the Euston, St Pancras and Charing Cross Railway in 1870. A station was planned at the same location as the . Parliamentary approval was granted in 1871 and the company changed its name to the London Central Railway, but the scheme was again unable to raise sufficient funds. It was abandoned in 1874.
1880s
In 1881, the Central Metropolitan Railway proposed a cut-and-cover line running from Parliament Square to St Pancras. At the southern end, the line was to run under Whitehall, Trafalgar Square and St Martin's Lane, though the location of the station was not recorded. The section under Whitehall was opposed by the government and it was removed so that the line was to terminate at Charing Cross, but the whole scheme was rejected by Parliament in 1882.
Another proposal in 1881 was the Charing Cross and Waterloo Electric Railway (CC&WER). The proposal was similar to the 17 years earlier; a short line running in iron pipes sunk into the river bed connecting Waterloo station to the north side of the river, this time to a station under Trafalgar Square. The scheme was the first in the UK to propose the use of electric traction for its trains and was supported by Sir William Siemens whose electrical engineering company Siemens Brothers was to provide the electrical equipment. The was approved in August 1882. A proposal to extend the route to the City of London was submitted to Parliament later that year, but was withdrawn the following year as the company struggled to raise funds. In 1883, the London Central Electric Railway, proposed an extension of the ; this time from the Charing Cross end with the line running to the General Post Office at St Martin's Le Grand. The plan was rejected. William Siemens died in 1883 and the plan was abandoned in 1885.
In 1884, proposals were made for two cut-and-cover lines to link Charing Cross with one of the northern terminals. The first proposal, the Charing Cross and Euston Railway, proposed a line between those two stations. At Charing Cross a terminal station was to be provided under Villiers Street which was to be closed to allow a separate branch to rise to the surface to cross the river on a new bridge adjacent to Hungerford bridge before connecting to the tracks south of the river. The bill was withdrawn in February 1885. The second proposal, the London Central Subway), proposed connecting Charing Cross and King's Cross. The station at Charing Cross was to be beneath the south side of Trafalgar Square below ground. The government's Office of Works objected to the proposed alignment on the north side of Trafalgar Square because it believed the tunnels would compromise the foundations of the National Gallery. The bill was withdrawn in April 1885.
Also in 1884, the King's Cross, Charing Cross and Waterloo Subway submitted a proposal to construct a line linking the three mainline terminals in its name. Unlike the earlier schemes and those of the Charing Cross and Euston Railway and London Central Subway, the company planned to construct its line at a deeper level with the tunnels constructed using a tunnelling shield and lined with cast-iron segments. The stations were to be constructed using the cut-and-cover technique with one platform above the other. Two stations were to be constructed close to Charing Cross: one to the south at the junction of Northumberland Avenue and Northumberland Street and one to the north in St Martin's Place. The bill was withdrawn in May 1885.
In 1889, the North and South London Subway was proposed. It was to connect Camden Town and Elephant & Castle, and proposed a station north of the National Gallery at the junction of Charing Cross Road and Green Street (now Irving Street). The bill was announced, but was not submitted to parliament.
1890s
Following the successful opening in 1890 of the City and South London Railway (C&SLR), the first deep-level tube railway and the first underground railway using electric traction, a number of railways were proposed in London to be constructed and operated by similar means. In 1891, two bills were submitted for tube railways that were to serve Charing Cross: the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway (BS&WR) and the Hampstead, St Pancras & Charing Cross Railway (HStP&CCR).
The was to connect Baker Street and Waterloo station and the was to connect Hampstead with Charing Cross with a branch to Euston, St Pancras and King's Cross. The former company's station was to be under Trafalgar Square and the latter's was to be at the junction of King William Street (now William IV Street) and Agar Street with a pedestrian subway under Strand to the forecourt of the mainline station. After a committee sat to consider these and the various other railways being proposed, the BS&WR was approved in March 1893 and the , renamed to the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR), was approved in August 1893. The and the would become the first two lines through Charing Cross to be completed, though it was several years before construction began on either line.
In 1896, the City and West End Railway proposed a route running between Cannon Street in the City of London and Hammersmith via the West End and Knightsbridge. A station for Charing Cross was to be provided at King William Street. The company's east–west route would have been competition for a number of other lines that had been permitted but which had not yet opened: the under construction Central London Railway (CLR), the Metropolitan District Railway's (MDR's) proposed deep level line and the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway's (B&PCR's) line. Lobbying from these companies led to the City and West End Railway bill being rejected in April 1897.
The final new scheme of the 1890s was the Paddington and Charing Cross Railway's proposal in 1897 to link these two mainline stations. Its station at Charing Cross was to be under and parallel with Craven Street on the south side of the main line station. When the bill was first considered in January 1898, the promoters failed to attend Parliament to support it and the bill was declared "dead".
Also in 1897, the submitted a bill to change the route of the final section of its line. Instead of turning east at the end of Charing Cross Road to Agar Street and Strand, the route was revised to run south past Trafalgar Square to end at a station under Craven Street. The change was approved in July 1898 and the previous routing was abandoned.
1900s
Like the opening of the ten years earlier, the successful opening of the in 1900 spurred another set of proposals for new lines with routes criss-crossing London.
1901
Proposals for the 1901 parliamentary session that planned to serve Charing Cross included three new lines and the extension of one already approved.
The Charing Cross, Hammersmith and District Railway (CCH&DR) proposed a line from just north of Charing Cross to Hammersmith via Knightsbridge and Kensington. Two stations were planned around Trafalgar Square: one to the north-east at Bedfordbury with its entrance probably to be located at the junction of Agar Street and Strand; the other on the south side of the Square.
The Piccadilly and City Railway (P&CR) proposed a line from Piccadilly Circus to Cannon Street. It planned to connect to other companies' lines at each end. The P&CR's station at Charing Cross was to be on the east side of Adelaide Street at the junction with Strand.
The Victoria, City and Southern Electric Railway proposed a line from Pimlico to Peckham Rye connecting Victoria with the City, Southwark and south-east London. Its tunnels would have run between Whitehall and Strand with a station to the south-west of the mainline station. The promoters failed to appear before the parliamentary committee and the bill was declared "dead" in January 1901.
The submitted a bill for an extension of its approved route south from Charing Cross to Westminster and Victoria.
To review all these bills and the others submitted for underground lines in London, Parliament established a joint committee under Lord Windsor. By the time the committee had produced its report, the 1901 parliamentary session was almost over so the promoters of the bills were asked to resubmit them for the 1902 session.
1902
The 1902 session saw an increase in the number of bills submitted for tube railways in London. The , and bills from 1901 were resubmitted along with new bills from the , the and the and from a newcomer, the London United Electric Railway (LUER). To manage the workload of reviewing all of the bills, two joint committees were established, one under Lord Windsor and the other under Lord Ribblesdale.
The Ribblesdale Committee considered the bills and rejected the extension to Victoria as being not in compliance with Commons standing orders. The new bill proposed a short extension of the line southwards beneath the station to the Charing Cross station (now Embankment) to provide an interchange with that line and the . It was approved in November 1892.
The other bills affecting Charing Cross were considered by the Windsor Committee. Several of these involved tunnels between Charing Cross and Piccadilly Circus and, either independently or in conjunction with other companies' proposals, formed parts of routes connection Charing Cross to Hammersmith. Although it did not plan a station in the vicinity of Strand or Trafalgar Square, the proposal for a short line to connect its planned station at Piccadilly Circus and the planned deep-level platforms at its Charing Cross station would have required tunnels to run one above the other, south under Adelaide Street and Craven Street on the south-west side of the mainline station before turning east into Northumberland Avenue and north under Victoria Embankment to connect to the planned tunnels. The link was rejected on engineering grounds.
The proposal was for a second line to connect its two existing termini at Shepherds' Bush and Bank via a more southerly route to form a deep-level loop. At Charing Cross, the new line would have run under Strand, then north-west passed Trafalgar Square towards Piccadilly Circus. The bill reintroduced its Charing Cross to Hammersmith scheme from the previous year and proposed an additional connection to the at Agar Street. The entirety of the scheme and the majority of the scheme, including all of the southern loop line, were rejected by parliament.
The proposal was amended from the previous year to run beyond Piccadilly Circus to Hammersmith. This required its platforms at Charing Cross to be deeper than in its previous scheme. The was promoted by the London United Tramways (LUT) and also planned to run between Hammersmith and Charing Cross. Approaching from the west beneath The Mall, at Charing Cross the line was to form a loop running from the Duke of York Column at the south end of Waterloo Place, under Trafalgar Square to the corner of Duncannon Street and Strand before turning south to run under the mainline station to the junction of Northumberland Avenue and Whitehall Place before running west to complete the loop. Its station would have been located on the loop.
Mergers and amalgamations led to the and the routes being joined into a combined scheme, the London Suburban Railway (LSR). The proposals were modified in a number of ways before bills were ready at the end of July 1902 for a third and final reading. At Charing Cross, a station building to be shared with the was to be located on the north side of Strand at the junction with Adelaide Street with a pedestrian subway under Strand connecting to the mainline station. While the bills were awaiting their final readings, the was taken over by Speyer Brothers, the financiers of the rival Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL). The planned route was similar to that of the -owned . Under Speyer Brothers' control, the withdrew the bill and the remainder of the proposals failed.
1903–1906
Fewer tube railway bills were proposed for the 1903 parliamentary session. Three bills included Charing Cross in their plans and were submitted by the , the and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR). The bill provided for the purchase of additional land for its station. The resubmitted its previous loop line bill unaltered expecting that the collapse of the plans would improve its chance of success.
The proposed a modification of the previous year's for a branch southwards from Piccadilly Circus. This time the branch would run under Leicester Square with platforms under King William Street and a station building at the junction of Agar Street and Strand. The tunnels would then turn eastwards under Strand to continue to Mansion House in the City of London where it would connect to the deep-level line. Between Piccadilly Circus and Ludgate Circus, the route was similar to the loop line proposal.
Neither of the bills proceeded as the Royal Commission on London Traffic was established on 10 February 1903 to consider future development of transport in London. During its deliberations consideration of any new proposals was suspended. After the Commission issued its report on 17 July 1905, an attempt was made to revive a bill that had been submitted too late for the 1903 session and had been waiting parliament's consideration since February 1903. The Hammersmith, City & North East London Railway (HC&NELR) was a re-presentation of the and schemes running from Hammersmith to Palmers Green. A station was planned between Agar Street and Bedford Street. The bill was rejected for not complying with standing orders in 1905, and resubmitted for the 1906 session with the station moved to the junction of Agar Street and Strand. Again the bill was rejected for procedural reasons and it was not presented again.
Construction and opening
Construction of the began in August 1898, with the boring of the tunnels under the River Thames beginning in February 1899. At the end of 1900, the collapse of the parent company, London & Globe Finance Corporation, put the railway company in financial difficulties. Tunnelling stopped in May 1901 with most of the running tunnels complete between Waterloo and the south end of Regent Street. At Trafalgar Square, the station tunnels had been excavated. In March 1902, the was taken over by a consortium of investors led by Charles Yerkes. Works restarted under the new owners and 80 per cent of the tunnels were complete by March 1903.
Construction of the began in September 1903. Tunnelling under the mainline station was done in compressed air to prevent any damage from ground movements. The railway had permission to construct the underground station's ticket hall under part of the station's forecourt, but it was to be done from below to avoid disrupting the station. In December 1905, the roof of the mainline station collapsed and the station closed for three months for rebuilding. During this period, the was given permission to excavate the forecourt for six weeks. Works to construct a lift shaft and form the walls around the ticket hall were carried out with a grid of steel beams placed across the site onto which the forecourt surface was reconstructed. Excavation of the ticket hall and a second lift shaft were carried out from the roofed-over space.
Trafalgar Square station was provided with two long platforms. There was nowhere to place a surface building, so the station had a sub-surface ticket hall under the square. The ticket hall had three entrances: one at the south-east corner of the central area of the square, one on the corner of Strand and one on the east side of the square. Lifts manufactured by the Otis Elevator Company and a spiral stair connected the platforms and ticket hall. Platform tiling at Trafalgar Square station was started in early 1904. The station had two long platforms with the lifts again provided by Otis.
Trafalgar Square station opened when the opened between Baker Street and Kennington Road on 10 March 1906. Charing Cross station opened as the southern terminus of the on 22 June 1907.
Extension and modifications
The and stations were not connected below ground. To make interchanging between the lines easier, on 6 April 1914, the was extended south under the mainline station to provide an interchange with the and the . For the opening of the extension, the station was renamed Charing Cross (Strand) with the new station to the south being named Charing Cross (Embankment). On 9 May 1915, these were changed again with the former Charing Cross station becoming Strand (causing a nearby station of the to change its name from Strand to Aldwych) and the other becoming Charing Cross.
Beginning in 1924, a number of central London stations were modernised with escalators being provided to replace lifts. At Trafalgar Square, two Otis escalators came into use on 13 April 1926, doubling the capacity of the station. The ticket hall was modernised and extended to use the space previously occupied by the lifts and a passage was constructed to a new entrance in Cockspur Street on the south side of the square. The improvements to the ticket hall included the installation of automatic ticket machines. Strand station retained its lifts.
War and new plans
In September 1938 during the Sudeten Crisis, when it appeared that war with Germany was imminent, the tunnels of the Bakerloo and Northern lines under the River Thames were closed and sealed with concrete to protect the system from flooding that might be caused by a bomb falling in the river and breaching the tunnels. As a consequence, between 27 September 1938 and 8 October 1938 both Trafalgar Square and Strand stations were closed. After the crisis was resolved and the concrete seals were removed, works began on installing flood gates to protect the lines each side of the river. Following Germany's ultimatum to Poland on the Polish Corridor, the Northern line tunnels were again plugged on 1 September 1939 and were not reopened until 17 December 1939, once the flood gates had been installed.
On 12 October 1940, a German bomb fell on Trafalgar Square station killing seven people sheltering from the Blitz.
In 1944, The County of London Plan recommended replacing the mainline station with one below ground served by two routes: Route A, running between Clapham and New Cross via Victoria station, Blackfriars, Cannon Street and Wapping and Route B, a loop line linking Waterloo, Charing Cross, Blackfriars, Cannon Street and London Bridge. The location of the station was not specified.
A post-war report in 1946 rejected the idea of moving the mainline station entirely underground, but did propose several new lines running in tunnels within the central area including two serving Charing Cross. Route 5 (running between Hither Green and Old Oak Common) and Route 9 (running between Raynes Park and Clapton) were mainline routes proposed to connect to existing surface lines to allow main line trains to cross London without using the terminals. A third route, Route 12A, was a London Underground route running between Golders Green and Waterloo. It was to run beneath the existing Northern line tunnels to relieve congestion on the line.
None of these proposals were developed by the mainline railway companies, the London Passenger Transport Board or their successor organisations.
In 1956, the London County Council planned to construct pedestrian subways from the ticket hall of Strand station under Strand to Duncannon Street and Adelaide Street with a travelator in the main passage from the station and escalators from the subways to street level. A separate subway from the north side of Strand to the ticket hall and another to connect to the subways from Trafalgar Square station were also proposed. The works were not carried-out.
Reconstruction and integration for the Jubilee line
Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s consideration was given to various routes connecting north-west and south-east London via the West End and the City of London including proposals to extend the Bakerloo line south-east from Elephant & Castle to Camberwell and beyond. Planning of the Victoria line had the greater priority and it was not until after construction of that line started that detailed planning began for the new line, first called the Fleet line in 1965 as it was planned to run in an east–west direction along Fleet Street to the City of London and then south of the River Thames to Lewisham. Lack of funding meant that only the first stage of the proposed line, from Baker Street to Charing Cross, received royal assent in July 1969; funding was agreed in August 1971.
Tunnelling began in February 1972 and was completed by the end of 1974. In 1977, during construction of the stations, the name of the line was changed to the Jubilee line, to mark the Queen's Silver Jubilee that year.
At Charing Cross, the tunnels for the Jubilee line were aligned east–west beneath Strand with the running tunnels passing under the Bakerloo line and Northern line tunnels and the new Jubilee line platforms between the two. A cross-over junction to the west of the platforms enabled trains to terminate and start from both platforms. In preparation for the second stage of the line continuing to Aldwych and beyond, the running tunnels were continued east of the new platforms at Charing Cross, running beneath Strand to end at Wellington Street. The original Strand station ticket hall beneath the forecourt of the mainline station was enlarged under the forecourt and under Strand itself. To enable this, piles were installed in the forecourt in January 1973 to support a steel umbrella structure erected over the area during the Easter weekend in 1973. The foundations of the Eleanor cross in the station forecourt also needed to be underpinned to avoid it being damaged during the excavations. With the enlargement of the ticket hall, linking subways were constructed to new entrances in Villiers Street, on the north side of Strand, in Adelaide Street and in William IV Street.
The new platforms were connected to both of the original stations, forming one new station. Strand station closed on 16 June 1973 so that an escalator shaft could be constructed diagonally through the original lift shafts down to an intermediate concourse. From here passages to and from the Northern line platforms branch off and a second set of three escalators descend to the eastern end of the Jubilee line platforms, which are below street level. At Trafalgar Square station, the existing concourse at the bottom of the 1926 escalator shaft was enlarged to connect to a new passage which ran eastwards towards another concourse at the top of a second set of two escalators and a fixed stair down to the western end of the Jubilee line platforms. To carry out the work on the station and the running tunnels, a site on the north-western corner of Trafalgar Square at Whitcomb Street was used to construct a pair of access shafts deep from which long passages were excavated beneath Trafalgar Square to the existing below ground concourses. Although not originally intended for passenger use, part of one of these became the interchange passage between the Bakerloo and Northern lines. A new electrical sub-station to supply the line was installed at the bottom of one of Strand station's redundant escalator shafts. Once the structural work to enlarge the ticket hall was completed, the umbrella structure was removed in October 1975.
Work on fitting out the tunnels and stations began at the end of 1975, but serious delays in the progress of the work prevented the line from opening in 1978 as intended. Tracks and signals were commissioned and trial running of trains on the line began on 14 August 1978, but work on the station was delayed by industrial action at the escalator contractor.
The official opening of the line by Prince Charles took place on 30 April 1979, starting with a train journey from Green Park to Charing Cross. The Jubilee line opened to the public on 1 May 1979. On the same day the Northern line service was reinstated and the combined station was named Charing Cross.
The new Northern line and Jubilee line ticket hall was decorated in lime green and blue moulded plastic panels with black tiles. Lime green was also used for the wall tiling of the Jubilee line platforms which was combined with decorative panels featuring images of Lord Nelson and Trafalgar Square by David Gentleman. Gentleman also designed the decorative scheme for the Northern line platforms. These have panels featuring a continuous mural illustrating, in the style of black and white woodcuts, the construction of the Eleanor Cross. The Bakerloo line platforms and ticket hall were not redecorated at the same time as those of the other two lines. This was carried out in 1983 when decorative panels for the platforms featuring artwork from the National Gallery and National Portrait Gallery were installed.
Closure of Jubilee line platforms
Although permission had been granted in 1971 and 1972, work on the Fleet line's stages 2 and 3 did not proceed and it was not until 1992 that an alternative route was approved. The Jubilee line extension took the line south of the River Thames via Waterloo. Due to the tightness of the curves required and speed restrictions that would have been needed it was impractical to reach Waterloo from Charing Cross. New tunnels branching from the original route south of Green Park would be constructed, and the line to Charing Cross would be closed. Tunnelling began in May 1994 and the new extension opened in stages starting at Stratford in the east, with services to Charing Cross ending on 19 November 1999 and the final section between Green Park and Waterloo opening the following day. The Jubilee line platforms were closed and walls constructed across the intermediate concourses at the top of the two banks of escalators.
The Jubilee line platforms are still used by Jubilee line trains as sidings to reverse trains from southbound to northbound. To do so southbound trains terminate and disembark passengers at Green Park station and run empty to one of the Charing Cross platforms.
Proposal for connection to Docklands Light Railway
In July 2005, a report, DLR Horizon 2020 Study, for the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) examined "pragmatic development schemes" to expand and improve the DLR network between 2012 and 2020. One of the proposals was an extension of the DLR from Bank to Charing Cross. The unused tunnels under Strand would be enlarged to accommodate the larger DLR trains. In 2011, the DLR published a proposal to continue the extension to Victoria via Green Park. No further work has been done on these proposals.
Ticket hall refurbishment and closure of subways
In 2016 and 2017, the two ticket halls were separately closed for refurbishment. In each one, interior finishes and lighting were replaced and new ticket barriers were installed. The Northern line ticket hall closed in September 2016 and was scheduled to reopen in July 2017, but reopened a month earlier. Following its reopening, Northern line Night Tube services began stopping at the station on 30 June 2017. They had been introduced on the line in November 2016, but did not serve Charing Cross until the Northern line ticket hall reopened.
In June 2020 a planning approval was granted to close the subways to Adelaide Street, William IV Street and the north side of Strand and convert the space to office and retail use linked to the building above.
Use in media
As the Jubilee line platforms and track are maintained by TfL for operational reasons, they can be used by film and television makers requiring a modern Underground station location.
Films, television production and videos that have been shot at Charing Cross include:
An American Werewolf in London (1981) (chase through tunnels)
The Fourth Protocol (1987)
Creep (2004)
Cry (2004), Alex Parks (music video)
28 Weeks Later (2007)
The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)
Flood (film) (2007)
The Escapist (2008)
Spooks (2009)
Skyfall (2012)
Thor: The Dark World (2013)
Whisky Story. (A music video by British recording artist Example.) (2015)The Rook (2019)Killing Eve'' (2019)
Services and connections
Services
Sometimes abbreviated as "Charing X" or "CX" on trains or timetables, the station is in Travelcard Zone 1, between Piccadilly Circus and Embankment on the Bakerloo line and Leicester Square and Embankment on the Northern line. On weekdays, Bakerloo line trains typically run every 2–2½ minutes between 05:43 and 00:29 northbound and 05:57 and 00:34 southbound; on the Northern line trains typically run every 2½–3½ minutes between 05:42 and 00:38 northbound and 05:56 00:34 southbound.
As of , Charing Cross is the station on the London Underground with million passengers using it per year.
Connections
London Buses routes 6, 9, 11, 12, 15, 24, 29, 87, 88, 91, 139, 159, 176 and 453 and night routes N3, N5, N9, N11, N15, N20, N21, N26, N29, N41, N44, N87, N89, N91, N97, N109, N113, N136, N155, N199, N279, N343, N550 and N551 serve Trafalgar Square and Charing Cross station.
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
The Charing Cross-Embankment-Strand conundrum explains the various names of the tube stations in this area.
London's Abandoned Tube Stations – Charing Cross
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
Note sign pointing way to Bakerloo line.
Platform murals
Tube stations in the City of Westminster
Former Baker Street and Waterloo Railway stations
Former Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1906
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1907
Bakerloo line stations
Northern line stations
London Underground Night Tube stations
Railway stations located underground in the United Kingdom
|
[
0.510313868522644,
-0.07171352207660675,
0.4447334408760071,
-0.51747065782547,
-0.1493823081254959,
0.3784884512424469,
0.5943872928619385,
0.42174118757247925,
0.23187939822673798,
-0.16884222626686096,
-0.004837709479033947,
-0.5726933479309082,
-0.33271971344947815,
0.4178553521633148,
0.2241254448890686,
-0.5225843191146851,
-0.09598585963249207,
-0.055177539587020874,
0.28425347805023193,
-0.401278018951416,
0.17083151638507843,
0.2600097954273224,
-0.23788443207740784,
-0.40050554275512695,
0.4896906912326813,
-0.3109213411808014,
-0.15768511593341827,
-0.5374802350997925,
-0.042338572442531586,
-0.2634718716144562,
1.004596471786499,
0.30104365944862366,
0.1563359498977661,
-0.6052861213684082,
0.2595873475074768,
-0.3645051121711731,
0.02336476370692253,
-0.7435017228126526,
-0.032657187432050705,
-1.0222725868225098,
0.0015647697728127241,
-0.34318745136260986,
0.3361213803291321,
0.08178336173295975,
-0.14357028901576996,
-0.11700915545225143,
-0.9036308526992798,
0.17476852238178253,
-1.1875461339950562,
0.12427234649658203,
-0.6155532598495483,
0.1712885946035385,
-0.44716110825538635,
0.23498792946338654,
0.40712031722068787,
0.6149682998657227,
-0.9431455135345459,
0.0020588913466781378,
0.3178212642669678,
-0.13456442952156067,
0.47668731212615967,
-0.2693328261375427,
-0.021093839779496193,
0.6518473625183105,
0.2727987468242645,
0.26950374245643616,
0.2244124859571457,
0.39233720302581787,
-0.3334437906742096,
-0.8206368088722229,
0.566740870475769,
-0.15797396004199982,
0.44217345118522644,
0.8506571650505066,
-0.7069673538208008,
-0.27056968212127686,
-0.35188987851142883,
-0.04868343472480774,
0.1968304067850113,
0.5316259264945984,
-0.26372137665748596,
0.28972917795181274,
0.7934901714324951,
0.35453248023986816,
0.6885992288589478,
0.2684389054775238,
-0.4977477192878723,
0.15227285027503967,
-0.6625186800956726,
1.2765603065490723,
-1.0896224975585938,
-0.07682153582572937,
0.3897629380226135,
0.17206424474716187,
-0.23890745639801025,
-0.20638258755207062,
0.2014525681734085,
0.09755691885948181,
0.15760670602321625,
-0.1928863376379013,
-0.7710952162742615,
-0.2521132230758667,
0.0931287631392479,
-0.28174182772636414,
-0.36837106943130493,
-0.41914328932762146,
-0.8516668081283569,
-0.48811426758766174,
0.6259216666221619,
-0.17935501039028168,
-0.37784215807914734,
-0.11825200915336609,
-0.43537473678588867,
0.6979331970214844,
-0.41070204973220825,
0.24328181147575378,
0.33701008558273315,
-0.07170087099075317,
0.12236664444208145,
-0.2963424623012543,
0.27295833826065063,
0.5076392292976379,
0.5255929231643677,
0.046959392726421356,
-0.06801547110080719,
0.20969624817371368,
0.4870084226131439,
0.22092610597610474,
-0.1462634652853012,
0.46679848432540894,
0.24502350389957428,
1.7621374130249023,
0.0931193083524704,
-0.41111359000205994,
-0.11354397982358932,
-0.5767949223518372,
-0.3158055543899536,
0.1616562157869339,
0.11213812977075577,
0.8145807385444641,
-0.35430750250816345,
-0.1381206214427948,
0.4348246455192566,
0.03778470680117607,
0.08078021556138992,
0.3748810291290283,
-0.49837371706962585,
-0.10616044700145721,
0.3330080509185791,
-0.5512524843215942,
0.062093593180179596,
0.2794938385486603,
-0.2647610306739807,
-0.48424431681632996,
-0.40718039870262146,
0.11523321270942688,
0.7916058301925659,
0.2928203046321869,
0.13483098149299622,
0.2585899233818054,
-0.15960773825645447,
0.20670519769191742,
0.4874665141105652,
-0.3391132950782776,
0.04389340803027153,
0.3167794644832611,
-0.0995088592171669,
-0.14077459275722504,
-0.3485266864299774,
0.28397175669670105,
-0.8244766592979431,
-0.48934540152549744,
0.7593297362327576,
-0.06840082257986069,
0.3606136739253998,
-0.35089030861854553,
0.5112848877906799,
0.307618647813797,
0.243326798081398,
-0.20421530306339264,
-0.5545985698699951,
0.5124480128288269,
0.28134313225746155,
0.4571990370750427,
0.2668410539627075,
-0.1730155050754547,
0.0008701654733158648,
0.31192851066589355,
-0.4151734411716461,
0.19734594225883484,
-0.5393745303153992,
-0.6825833320617676,
-0.2666715085506439,
-0.426378458738327,
0.7933720946311951,
-0.39103981852531433,
-0.13614186644554138,
0.8708101511001587,
-0.3747923970222473,
0.34718459844589233,
-0.28215473890304565,
-0.22201988101005554,
0.8888471722602844,
0.15133966505527496,
-0.3916267454624176,
-0.031738437712192535,
0.3434852063655853,
-0.5803930759429932,
0.14360199868679047,
0.3314957022666931,
0.02592378854751587,
-0.32717540860176086,
-0.051151152700185776,
0.5164610147476196,
0.611433207988739,
-0.6532488465309143,
-0.27759960293769836,
-0.521891713142395,
0.10532160103321075,
-0.6602802276611328,
0.7581069469451904,
0.0755389854311943,
0.5189098119735718,
0.3654228746891022,
-0.7025852203369141,
0.14873969554901123,
-0.1223519966006279,
1.0065423250198364,
0.4928172826766968,
-0.3714976906776428,
0.32457417249679565,
0.4328410029411316,
0.044679343700408936,
-0.11814765632152557,
-0.21510452032089233,
-0.3522266447544098,
-0.03971696272492409,
-0.40056121349334717,
0.15934641659259796,
-0.4453619420528412,
0.021504029631614685,
0.1128312200307846,
-0.834165096282959,
0.7130277752876282,
-0.021959945559501648,
-0.016849111765623093,
0.1966255158185959,
0.34806692600250244,
-0.4272298216819763,
-0.10934735834598541,
0.0750134065747261,
0.5569052696228027,
-0.13368691504001617,
-0.12202931940555573,
0.4999236464500427,
0.060962457209825516,
0.43818429112434387,
0.2654857635498047,
-0.07746534794569016,
0.5471648573875427,
-0.03970353677868843,
0.027001753449440002,
-0.062415607273578644,
-0.001780692022293806,
-0.0380505695939064,
-0.513932466506958,
-0.39516931772232056,
-0.6933193206787109,
1.301399827003479,
-0.36160704493522644,
0.24170006811618805,
-0.008388557471334934,
-0.39516744017601013,
0.6896268129348755,
-0.28200340270996094,
0.2317427545785904,
0.3756789565086365,
0.3345591425895691,
0.25495392084121704,
0.15314987301826477,
-0.028132496401667595,
0.39643368124961853,
-0.5347403287887573,
-0.4759097099304199,
0.2637023329734802,
0.14087963104248047,
-0.1330302208662033,
-0.1360543966293335,
-0.6502057909965515,
-0.13570673763751984,
-0.17688266932964325,
0.3894953429698944,
-0.5815869569778442,
0.3253665864467621,
-0.03325069695711136,
-0.1514376401901245,
0.08984631299972534,
-0.4273397624492645,
0.26238998770713806,
-0.06741055101156235,
-0.1941610425710678,
0.7400672435760498,
0.19120579957962036,
0.014449048787355423,
-0.04360003024339676,
-0.5146859884262085,
-0.14012426137924194,
-0.5658731460571289,
-5.366563320159912,
0.9120230078697205,
-0.1860906183719635,
-0.18352901935577393,
0.414284348487854,
-0.16415055096149445,
0.13758321106433868,
-0.38502103090286255,
0.0625620186328888,
-0.4236256182193756,
-0.3327528238296509,
0.18026837706565857,
-0.09754244983196259,
-0.09653779864311218,
0.3897785246372223,
0.12349310517311096,
-0.012264329940080643,
-0.35748961567878723,
0.61799556016922,
-0.19425852596759796,
-0.5503748059272766,
0.19976453483104706,
0.3588695228099823,
0.669837236404419,
-0.06574501842260361,
0.20453038811683655,
-0.7622400522232056,
0.2649824619293213,
-1.0429115295410156,
-0.42648863792419434,
0.71659255027771,
0.21113751828670502,
-0.25515589118003845,
0.08506825566291809,
0.2730303406715393,
0.18767191469669342,
0.2162461280822754,
-0.3423423171043396,
-0.029966553673148155,
-0.2949633002281189,
0.567555844783783,
0.3042137026786804,
0.19519419968128204,
-0.7951757311820984,
0.20279455184936523,
0.12057792395353317,
-0.5860662460327148,
0.4418480396270752,
-0.2683626711368561,
0.6947135925292969,
-0.23576109111309052,
0.7411442995071411,
0.9042815566062927,
0.013066312298178673,
-0.3438403904438019,
-0.2175665646791458,
0.10384036600589752,
-0.19506967067718506,
0.05108259990811348,
-0.13504384458065033,
0.3574405312538147,
-0.6414669752120972,
-0.22739364206790924,
-0.2703261375427246,
0.1578557789325714,
-0.6038528084754944,
-0.6622927188873291,
0.2814020812511444,
0.4482575058937073,
-0.045926231890916824,
-0.4825938940048218,
0.18459193408489227,
0.38872796297073364,
-0.7428421378135681,
-0.37148576974868774,
-0.8568306565284729,
-0.18623696267604828,
0.1049746572971344,
0.7052537202835083,
0.18624038994312286,
0.11595762521028519,
-0.5371480584144592,
-0.595026969909668,
0.3377719521522522,
0.10964509844779968,
-1.5306479930877686,
-0.33871617913246155,
0.35713306069374084,
-0.1384112685918808,
-0.3283977806568146,
0.22226400673389435,
-0.20173531770706177,
-0.08207907527685165,
0.25532832741737366,
-0.5309463739395142,
-0.4640914499759674,
-0.3221677541732788,
0.7693753242492676,
-0.1688109189271927,
0.22455616295337677,
0.4902712106704712,
-0.10860445350408554,
-0.29961997270584106,
-0.7614654898643494,
-0.41718608140945435,
-0.8505867123603821,
-0.1675119698047638,
0.13033457100391388,
0.08261087536811829,
-0.4598502516746521,
-0.38819968700408936,
-0.6923694014549255,
-0.626806378364563,
-0.1582944542169571,
0.14859922230243683,
0.27168145775794983,
-0.5721033215522766,
-0.22726251184940338,
-0.32678553462028503,
0.35711443424224854,
0.2160061001777649,
0.12819965183734894,
-0.37385618686676025,
0.5274797081947327,
-0.31268632411956787,
0.5704571008682251,
0.3686366379261017,
0.33693745732307434,
-0.2004399448633194,
-0.29618391394615173,
0.05005292966961861,
0.31381434202194214,
-0.4580811560153961,
-0.4569509029388428,
-0.47474175691604614,
-0.10843725502490997,
-0.7502670884132385,
0.24954666197299957,
0.18101371824741364,
0.5307861566543579,
0.10092946141958237,
0.033133506774902344,
-0.1985233873128891,
0.7723779678344727,
0.4227266013622284,
0.47299572825431824,
0.12189105898141861,
-0.0622783862054348,
-0.8697803616523743,
0.010238119401037693,
-0.21709422767162323,
-0.6482987999916077,
-0.07218461483716965,
0.047976262867450714,
0.367889940738678,
-0.053167086094617844,
-0.07590009272098541,
0.40637820959091187,
-0.2487526535987854,
0.09795393794775009,
-0.3370855152606964,
0.10082139819860458,
-0.5354487895965576,
0.09490180760622025,
0.11987952888011932,
-0.4005783200263977,
0.2422211468219757,
-0.323861688375473,
-0.18890440464019775,
0.0661478042602539,
-0.4114215075969696,
-0.28139442205429077,
0.2016703188419342,
-0.15888695418834686,
0.07544896751642227,
0.5763641595840454,
-0.6457442045211792,
-0.10897745192050934,
0.454559326171875,
-0.2561335861682892,
0.11063974350690842,
-0.009141647256910801,
-0.1415218561887741,
0.4002115726470947,
0.4523703455924988,
-0.6460933685302734,
-0.9153274893760681,
-0.12560011446475983,
0.5776443481445312,
-0.43114033341407776,
0.1500779688358307,
-0.3244865834712982,
-0.09856843948364258,
0.10195949673652649,
-0.45300647616386414,
-0.9607593417167664,
-0.31567639112472534,
0.34881356358528137,
-0.03388981148600578,
-0.49784061312675476,
-0.3716157376766205,
0.6001455783843994,
-0.22884105145931244,
0.055316705256700516,
0.835207462310791,
-0.5446659326553345,
0.3386801779270172,
0.7290444374084473,
-0.7193926572799683,
0.4068915843963623,
-0.25381943583488464,
-1.0500328540802002,
0.5758786797523499,
0.24171259999275208,
-0.4714825749397278,
-0.1204862892627716,
-0.4807437062263489,
-0.3820824921131134,
-0.03769967332482338,
-0.13095542788505554,
-0.47269126772880554,
0.06600022315979004,
-0.39582520723342896,
-0.15199939906597137,
-0.6536334753036499,
0.02372315339744091,
0.5125089287757874,
-1.0073312520980835,
0.1206963062286377,
-0.13266991078853607,
-0.10133013874292374,
0.1969173401594162,
0.6566750407218933,
0.6143897771835327,
0.4820142090320587,
-0.10075082629919052,
-0.2442869246006012,
-0.28186389803886414,
0.18008863925933838,
-0.0898899957537651,
0.46027517318725586,
0.2852902412414551,
0.1452939510345459,
-0.547622561454773,
0.05518839880824089,
0.5633116960525513,
0.5647526979446411,
-0.31369760632514954,
-0.8776715993881226,
0.6933546662330627,
0.6285325288772583,
-0.3254998028278351,
-0.06339578330516815,
-0.5047857165336609,
0.37757769227027893,
-0.25746357440948486,
0.30514952540397644,
0.13709041476249695,
0.24700725078582764,
0.45604580640792847,
0.11187830567359924,
-0.4534766376018524,
-0.08484455198049545,
0.5382562279701233,
-0.17799726128578186,
0.21516753733158112,
0.40324506163597107,
-0.3729582726955414,
-0.02426372654736042,
-0.7540749311447144,
0.3666864335536957,
-0.4099768400192261,
-0.0652875006198883,
0.14469192922115326,
-0.041399963200092316,
-0.14432860910892487,
0.10106702148914337,
-0.8147764801979065,
-0.43529012799263,
-0.308837354183197,
-0.5668536424636841,
0.1888214349746704,
0.10601412504911423,
-0.05155813321471214,
-0.05690309405326843,
-0.43652868270874023,
0.3113149106502533,
-0.05445539578795433,
0.022183841094374657,
0.004854029510170221,
-0.19990965723991394,
-0.14163675904273987,
0.19360211491584778,
0.7650671601295471,
-0.3221636414527893,
0.4011754095554352,
0.27529555559158325,
0.6302986145019531,
0.7647778391838074,
-0.02604718692600727,
-0.6390274167060852,
0.9174681901931763,
0.3934823274612427,
-0.5654845833778381,
-0.060608189553022385,
1.0712401866912842,
-0.04394793137907982,
-0.5416716933250427,
0.4015763998031616,
0.19907788932323456,
0.3067590594291687,
0.26429951190948486,
0.15793612599372864,
0.9422905445098877,
-0.16750633716583252,
-0.017298134043812752,
0.3540601432323456,
-0.27905258536338806,
0.1187661811709404,
0.5516318082809448,
-0.2171979397535324,
0.6665412187576294,
0.92863529920578,
0.3206637501716614,
-0.9238156676292419,
0.6760629415512085,
-0.5763680338859558,
-0.2753761112689972,
-0.03009198047220707,
0.7316595911979675,
0.38691723346710205,
-0.0648869201540947,
-0.56374591588974,
0.3871414065361023,
-0.049353212118148804,
-0.5026906132698059,
-0.3099246621131897,
-0.08932571858167648,
0.3638206124305725,
0.19095495343208313,
-0.4389255940914154,
-0.10400047898292542,
-0.8957139253616333,
-0.027317773550748825,
0.01909651793539524,
0.6190246343612671,
0.5571416616439819,
-0.08530983328819275,
0.030425354838371277,
0.5252112150192261,
0.24878939986228943,
0.34537583589553833,
-0.2303895801305771,
0.2636469602584839,
0.8725171089172363,
-0.01790386252105236,
-0.4240351617336273,
0.44971156120300293,
0.02107638120651245,
-0.09794431924819946,
0.14231674373149872,
0.3361014723777771,
0.12889134883880615,
-0.7333917617797852,
-0.4995806813240051,
-0.2622936964035034,
0.1478956937789917,
-0.629395604133606,
0.4213690757751465,
0.4857862591743469,
-0.213349387049675,
0.4272170066833496,
-0.06373127549886703,
-0.25620388984680176,
0.0230382289737463,
0.15620602667331696,
0.06367108225822449,
0.41170012950897217,
-0.038981202989816666,
-0.5616650581359863,
-0.5998939871788025,
0.2337033748626709,
-0.2282397598028183,
-0.4404504597187042,
-0.1750030815601349,
-0.31706470251083374,
-0.3934542238712311,
-0.2101382613182068,
-1.6484777927398682,
-0.5812328457832336,
0.27360329031944275,
-0.060283925384283066,
0.05055834352970123,
-0.42713358998298645,
-0.6222190856933594,
-0.2584925591945648,
0.0031327528413385153,
0.2880202531814575,
0.16288305819034576,
-0.1098840981721878,
-0.06249948590993881,
0.8567445278167725,
0.08513054996728897,
0.13150812685489655,
-0.4245516061782837,
0.9776945114135742,
-0.5204411149024963,
-0.032608117908239365,
-0.5036845207214355,
0.6238617300987244,
0.04856176674365997,
-0.08867048472166061,
-0.15734495222568512,
0.632024347782135,
-0.5033445954322815,
0.5449502468109131,
-0.2883260250091553,
0.12939590215682983,
0.14426873624324799,
-0.13338500261306763,
-0.2899951636791229,
0.1323929876089096,
-0.2806030511856079,
0.10213863104581833,
0.2265058308839798,
-0.2971627116203308,
0.43845421075820923,
0.4863809049129486,
-0.015697253867983818,
1.0699034929275513,
-0.21127301454544067,
0.03466738760471344,
-0.5308424234390259,
-0.4567582905292511,
-0.4016497731208801,
-0.0669778510928154,
-0.1629299372434616,
1.047607183456421,
0.17269347608089447,
-0.16067036986351013,
0.27309995889663696,
0.1807135045528412,
0.7028970718383789,
0.44242992997169495,
0.5296454429626465,
-0.09420963376760483,
-0.2676984965801239,
-0.2726934552192688,
-1.2525336742401123,
0.34774595499038696,
1.0995566844940186,
0.09876805543899536,
0.31872859597206116,
-0.025295685976743698,
0.9687941074371338,
-0.0948529839515686,
-0.012330004014074802,
-0.1937256008386612,
0.4773927628993988,
0.41029974818229675
] |
210411
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Democrat%20Union
|
International Democrat Union
|
The International Democrat Union (IDU) is an international alliance of right-of-centre political parties. Headquartered in Munich, Germany, the IDU consists of 77 full and associate members from 65 different countries. It is chaired by Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada.
The IDU allows centre-right conservative political parties around the world to establish contacts and discuss different views on public policy and related matters. Their stated goal is the promotion of "democracy and [of] centre-right policies around the globe". The IDU has some overlap of member parties with the Centrist Democrat International (CDI), but the CDI is more centrist and communitarian than the IDU.
The group was founded in 1983 as the umbrella organisation for the European Democrat Union (EDU), Caribbean Democrat Union (CDU), and the Asia Pacific Democrat Union (APDU). Created at the instigation of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush, the organisation was founded at a joint meeting of the EDU and APDU in London, United Kingdom.
The IDU has several regional affiliates: the Democrat Union of Africa, the Union of Latin American Parties, the Asia Pacific Democrat Union, the Caribbean Democrat Union, the European People's Party, and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party. It also has an affiliated youth wing in the International Young Democrat Union, and an affiliated women's wing in the International Women's Democrat Union.
Founding
The IDU was founded in London on 24 June 1983. According to Richard V. Allen, to be admitted as a member, a party must qualify as a "mainstream conservative" party influenced by classical liberalism.
The founding declaration was signed by 19 persons:
Member parties
Full members
Chairpersons
See also
Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe
Caribbean Democrat Union
Centrist Democrat International
European People's Party
European Conservatives and Reformists
Political internationals: such as Liberal International, the corresponding liberal organisation; and Socialist International
References
External links
IDU official website
IYDU official website
IDU enumeration of constituent members
International Democrat Union
International Democrat Union
Organisations based in Munich
Conservatism-related lists
1983 establishments in England
Conservative parties
|
[
0.27116280794143677,
-0.25964489579200745,
-0.031686943024396896,
-0.0810064896941185,
-0.5049439072608948,
0.06994881480932236,
-0.21242743730545044,
0.2347959280014038,
-0.212785005569458,
-0.4974942207336426,
-0.3736152648925781,
0.17455853521823883,
-0.6103358864784241,
0.3125055432319641,
0.1892395317554474,
0.4319220185279846,
0.1353462189435959,
0.11212141066789627,
-0.25547778606414795,
-0.18287581205368042,
-0.17985664308071136,
0.23005439341068268,
0.25416111946105957,
-0.2458154410123825,
-0.25560125708580017,
0.21378649771213531,
0.686357319355011,
0.0556420274078846,
-0.15658922493457794,
-0.009789111092686653,
0.2577837109565735,
0.44086405634880066,
-0.014870300889015198,
-0.06516707688570023,
0.01031668484210968,
0.07866373658180237,
0.14334307610988617,
-0.6151754260063171,
-0.15150070190429688,
-0.5219484567642212,
0.002526237163692713,
-0.185641348361969,
0.27787020802497864,
0.630962610244751,
0.3778826594352722,
-0.3044005334377289,
-1.3356261253356934,
0.8277170658111572,
-0.2266654521226883,
-0.2164272964000702,
-0.1677829772233963,
0.15746180713176727,
0.7726201415061951,
0.4993327558040619,
0.25985342264175415,
0.028694260865449905,
-0.6239725351333618,
-0.18918827176094055,
-0.08444441854953766,
-0.5989431738853455,
-0.21410565078258514,
0.3070997893810272,
0.2985242009162903,
-0.1661585122346878,
0.7092384099960327,
0.4363059401512146,
0.11621604859828949,
-0.27335116267204285,
-1.0104838609695435,
-0.7303217649459839,
-0.21224360167980194,
-0.4417679011821747,
-0.5317491888999939,
0.2751745581626892,
-0.07009874284267426,
-1.2510703802108765,
-0.23680517077445984,
0.3468887209892273,
-0.09010494500398636,
-0.22349143028259277,
0.2854907810688019,
0.06500013172626495,
0.8666357398033142,
-0.08379166573286057,
0.6226480007171631,
0.026018332690000534,
-0.45756635069847107,
-0.16966836154460907,
-0.32661986351013184,
0.2634132206439972,
-0.30712375044822693,
-0.34082987904548645,
0.5237200260162354,
0.21338336169719696,
0.06542803347110748,
-0.1831311583518982,
0.45371881127357483,
0.33175310492515564,
0.19307562708854675,
0.39908725023269653,
0.6187407970428467,
0.10694289952516556,
0.13881367444992065,
-0.6616129875183105,
-0.18511654436588287,
-0.46497780084609985,
-0.6427411437034607,
-0.5776742696762085,
-0.25761333107948303,
0.3466258943080902,
-0.8397178053855896,
0.3223126232624054,
0.016575904563069344,
-0.06303440034389496,
0.4202159345149994,
0.30639180541038513,
-0.21513614058494568,
-0.8194113373756409,
0.0519394725561142,
-0.10401993244886398,
-0.03824528306722641,
1.06324303150177,
-0.29774755239486694,
0.7481735944747925,
0.3723943531513214,
0.5235073566436768,
0.14179155230522156,
0.5069869160652161,
-1.0247844457626343,
-0.0838976576924324,
0.6097191572189331,
0.7595270872116089,
-0.2594544589519501,
-0.384548544883728,
0.013768642209470272,
-0.24390822649002075,
0.9476577043533325,
0.19746604561805725,
0.502623438835144,
0.4883868396282196,
-0.05172635614871979,
-0.5465651750564575,
-0.3369976580142975,
-0.31968358159065247,
0.18976788222789764,
-0.27684834599494934,
0.33369579911231995,
-0.32260116934776306,
0.08870590478181839,
-0.6226776838302612,
0.03715439885854721,
-0.2332465499639511,
-0.4128439724445343,
0.34437164664268494,
0.07131815701723099,
0.01426827535033226,
0.8260852098464966,
-0.8202598690986633,
0.8150610327720642,
0.7575202584266663,
0.22210076451301575,
-0.4529513120651245,
0.14437486231327057,
0.10412552207708359,
0.27846333384513855,
-0.80793696641922,
-0.26720452308654785,
0.10611708462238312,
0.1429927498102188,
0.39525356888771057,
-0.5861608386039734,
0.18895867466926575,
0.4074058532714844,
-0.32414510846138,
0.4699254631996155,
-0.3893836438655853,
0.35341253876686096,
-0.2554997503757477,
0.21244271099567413,
0.08742626011371613,
-0.7894394397735596,
-0.17218460142612457,
0.07121554762125015,
0.47196489572525024,
0.25056079030036926,
0.40086475014686584,
-0.0641494169831276,
0.22727014124393463,
-0.19464430212974548,
0.3839600086212158,
0.10615386813879013,
-0.10661002993583679,
-0.27118417620658875,
-0.5543749332427979,
0.6729113459587097,
-0.3734003007411957,
-0.15542460978031158,
0.7709166407585144,
-0.13473820686340332,
0.180067241191864,
0.030364761129021645,
-0.2465926706790924,
-0.018683549016714096,
-0.09773897379636765,
-0.2598749101161957,
0.2660626769065857,
-0.010991358198225498,
0.3314470946788788,
-0.2628934979438782,
0.5308421850204468,
0.5982853770256042,
-0.7891208529472351,
0.557070791721344,
0.40267878770828247,
-0.20214715600013733,
-0.5500772595405579,
-0.39538130164146423,
0.42458948493003845,
0.08569633215665817,
1.0060721635818481,
1.489206314086914,
-0.2854349613189697,
0.005862496327608824,
0.47871091961860657,
0.09666400402784348,
0.08403532952070236,
0.18649117648601532,
0.86793452501297,
0.27725154161453247,
-0.12859292328357697,
0.7688400149345398,
0.09684450179338455,
0.17787669599056244,
-0.08489420264959335,
-0.1528114229440689,
-0.19648584723472595,
-0.08335311710834503,
-0.4073115587234497,
0.6697470545768738,
-0.4301612973213196,
0.5346007943153381,
-0.29028433561325073,
0.16127745807170868,
0.3782199025154114,
-0.15985651314258575,
0.0722072497010231,
-0.011624675244092941,
0.5354303121566772,
-0.32946643233299255,
0.5522791743278503,
0.43417632579803467,
-0.12272448092699051,
0.037252623587846756,
-0.5231528282165527,
-0.297219455242157,
-0.10683828592300415,
-0.1528981328010559,
-0.17268691956996918,
0.5038900971412659,
0.2037370204925537,
-0.22624629735946655,
-0.677798867225647,
-0.1982186883687973,
-0.18284054100513458,
0.09912026673555374,
-0.29592469334602356,
-0.9352733492851257,
-0.2932526469230652,
0.18174350261688232,
-0.0012288079597055912,
0.37423741817474365,
0.6810895800590515,
-0.7217596769332886,
0.2735097110271454,
-0.8664962649345398,
-0.2292414754629135,
-0.42470017075538635,
0.7048991322517395,
-1.1722583770751953,
-0.6024225950241089,
-0.44819533824920654,
-0.14020763337612152,
0.051900338381528854,
-0.8565618395805359,
-0.4898627698421478,
0.43498891592025757,
-0.03570273518562317,
-1.1624460220336914,
-0.7548532485961914,
-0.37787795066833496,
0.00001787901419447735,
0.08009549230337143,
-0.0966026559472084,
-0.10978403687477112,
0.18813937902450562,
0.06001465395092964,
0.14682991802692413,
0.4828937351703644,
0.01617497019469738,
-0.32283273339271545,
0.5532107353210449,
1.0767033100128174,
-0.12877191603183746,
0.06255314499139786,
0.7896865010261536,
-0.5232174396514893,
-0.2253047227859497,
0.07034370303153992,
-5.5547261238098145,
0.15144367516040802,
-0.046828001737594604,
0.8931435942649841,
-0.22125700116157532,
-0.14564818143844604,
0.924507737159729,
0.004561319947242737,
-0.26247093081474304,
-0.5377336740493774,
-1.0103213787078857,
-0.004101868718862534,
0.22642949223518372,
0.4706418812274933,
0.1141333132982254,
0.39656516909599304,
0.4299328029155731,
0.12360586225986481,
0.32695257663726807,
0.08634117990732193,
-0.48189759254455566,
-0.1410418450832367,
-0.0001752172684064135,
0.5389707684516907,
0.4535709619522095,
-0.3553944230079651,
-0.09142833203077316,
-0.11827962100505829,
-0.4310664236545563,
-0.3519079089164734,
-0.1680242121219635,
0.3196164071559906,
-0.08313684910535812,
-0.30306729674339294,
0.7703226804733276,
0.05913848429918289,
0.5545748472213745,
0.11380898952484131,
0.13142701983451843,
-0.5495994091033936,
-0.2124217301607132,
0.8055663108825684,
-0.05173869431018829,
-0.3072148859500885,
0.11056814342737198,
0.03876489773392677,
-0.07841532677412033,
0.052621789276599884,
-1.0450080633163452,
0.6005216836929321,
-0.31334662437438965,
-0.14598670601844788,
0.2900550663471222,
0.11424725502729416,
-0.1457158327102661,
-0.01984318159520626,
0.5025216341018677,
-0.22670044004917145,
0.055826228111982346,
-0.1593085080385208,
0.05929003283381462,
0.16957473754882812,
-0.13097470998764038,
-0.7417189478874207,
-0.5404984354972839,
0.17486080527305603,
-0.6687330603599548,
-0.2616725564002991,
0.7515465617179871,
0.0037454222328960896,
-0.2524366080760956,
0.31814485788345337,
-0.26677724719047546,
-0.6294687390327454,
0.23965248465538025,
-0.32653799653053284,
0.3441699147224426,
-0.42819342017173767,
0.07071232795715332,
0.5821217894554138,
0.014202027581632137,
-0.07387012988328934,
0.05547516420483589,
0.4373471140861511,
-0.23262757062911987,
-0.5997081398963928,
0.37919771671295166,
0.471436083316803,
-0.5187762379646301,
0.1727583110332489,
-0.13793903589248657,
-0.09383722394704819,
0.12207797169685364,
0.06814393401145935,
0.2244214564561844,
0.47524452209472656,
-0.21588027477264404,
-0.08550207316875458,
0.19992084801197052,
-0.2901025414466858,
0.5925143361091614,
-0.35712236166000366,
-0.46347472071647644,
-0.2540605366230011,
0.247218519449234,
0.143284410238266,
0.2896891236305237,
0.44324374198913574,
0.6765027046203613,
-0.0444500595331192,
-0.09815826267004013,
-0.5908293128013611,
-0.38265642523765564,
-0.3469439148902893,
0.37132924795150757,
0.03173329308629036,
-0.1634288728237152,
0.15120278298854828,
-0.324788361787796,
0.43463146686553955,
-0.3515777289867401,
0.40909719467163086,
-0.14013275504112244,
0.0838761255145073,
-0.07113917917013168,
-0.066981740295887,
-0.5097137689590454,
0.13051240146160126,
0.2666619122028351,
0.4982932209968567,
0.26811346411705017,
-0.008039059117436409,
0.01878751628100872,
-0.44631946086883545,
0.1933668702840805,
0.19721727073192596,
-0.6041203141212463,
0.249091237783432,
-0.2172604352235794,
0.12001726031303406,
-0.023578038439154625,
0.249849334359169,
0.5187638401985168,
-0.31598132848739624,
0.7366137504577637,
0.18865573406219482,
-0.3254568576812744,
0.02675165981054306,
-0.29631415009498596,
0.8281688690185547,
0.2085876762866974,
-0.10018093883991241,
0.3486403226852417,
0.2194269895553589,
0.24092990159988403,
0.30382058024406433,
0.7663348317146301,
0.34154707193374634,
0.4632980227470398,
-0.5199944972991943,
-0.017080558463931084,
-0.3949640691280365,
-0.3551046550273895,
0.21093852818012238,
0.8672024607658386,
-0.03266206383705139,
-0.4969688355922699,
-0.5596595406532288,
-0.17261424660682678,
0.30589619278907776,
-0.0506560318171978,
0.5059748291969299,
-0.44631290435791016,
-0.37432384490966797,
-0.07219816744327545,
-0.09741559624671936,
-0.22855249047279358,
0.032736703753471375,
-0.028710829094052315,
-0.42464134097099304,
0.24193570017814636,
0.24641726911067963,
-0.45564529299736023,
0.5952392816543579,
0.14299936592578888,
-0.4236481785774231,
-0.010266579687595367,
-0.43097054958343506,
-0.38980796933174133,
0.3056465983390808,
0.7285926342010498,
0.5422362685203552,
0.5601456761360168,
-0.28595009446144104,
-0.1667681485414505,
-0.620887279510498,
-0.29015418887138367,
0.26893725991249084,
-0.6875239014625549,
-0.35935235023498535,
0.3599320650100708,
0.7040411829948425,
-0.8101000785827637,
-0.07578784972429276,
-0.6793495416641235,
-0.4800029993057251,
0.7002062797546387,
-0.519146740436554,
-0.03379102051258087,
0.0845794603228569,
-0.32365378737449646,
-0.7224520444869995,
-0.8198418021202087,
-0.21480673551559448,
-0.7678632736206055,
0.32603123784065247,
0.5786617398262024,
-0.8858269453048706,
-0.41281816363334656,
0.24204032123088837,
0.19271261990070343,
-0.1812710464000702,
-0.09384279698133469,
0.28372132778167725,
-0.41929829120635986,
0.38598114252090454,
0.2935674488544464,
-0.09868460148572922,
-0.12029074877500534,
-0.06820651143789291,
-0.32007288932800293,
-0.10278165340423584,
0.1826649308204651,
-0.07520424574613571,
-0.5252416133880615,
0.011146388947963715,
-0.47714468836784363,
-0.03210863471031189,
-0.28706738352775574,
0.2893381118774414,
0.03676864132285118,
0.5476462841033936,
0.2984999418258667,
-0.792218804359436,
-0.0037421698216348886,
0.12698008120059967,
0.47471749782562256,
-0.029255008324980736,
-0.9455124139785767,
-0.3307165503501892,
0.23101124167442322,
0.05091807618737221,
-0.35193368792533875,
-0.7266365885734558,
0.7368878722190857,
-0.3120598793029785,
-0.08540971577167511,
-0.4165797233581543,
-0.11533763259649277,
-0.12199614197015762,
-0.21634720265865326,
-0.6600590348243713,
-0.1440630853176117,
-0.19081737101078033,
-0.009201567620038986,
0.29408812522888184,
-0.10332415252923965,
-0.6747939586639404,
-0.18286503851413727,
-0.7842682600021362,
-0.2971034646034241,
0.2710990011692047,
0.6947783827781677,
0.07214071601629257,
0.29349854588508606,
0.07223137468099594,
0.20975688099861145,
-0.4189942479133606,
0.18456585705280304,
-0.08363663405179977,
0.1764506995677948,
0.5178256630897522,
0.24326126277446747,
-0.0668560341000557,
0.44063451886177063,
-0.5992522835731506,
-0.5255169868469238,
0.22455525398254395,
-0.8524709939956665,
-0.5928121209144592,
0.009733918122947216,
0.07783310860395432,
0.009896277450025082,
1.0364007949829102,
-0.3375312387943268,
0.5070124268531799,
-0.2127978503704071,
-0.2183007150888443,
-0.08102559298276901,
-0.3854057788848877,
-0.6017559766769409,
0.5317490100860596,
0.05920013040304184,
-0.10777289420366287,
0.12862032651901245,
-0.05697780102491379,
-0.04983775317668915,
-0.37566429376602173,
0.1810714155435562,
0.15302161872386932,
0.6695671677589417,
-0.38927772641181946,
0.2262440174818039,
0.6300824284553528,
-0.10731720924377441,
0.46798306703567505,
0.9059129953384399,
-0.42977026104927063,
0.3278229236602783,
0.3146364688873291,
0.5076635479927063,
0.3662477731704712,
-0.10080977529287338,
-0.055994901806116104,
0.28646406531333923,
0.08013035356998444,
-0.16055327653884888,
0.27747324109077454,
0.3944098949432373,
0.014645814895629883,
-0.03752075135707855,
-0.03682079166173935,
-0.12843962013721466,
0.4619472324848175,
-0.5254322290420532,
-0.6322693824768066,
-0.03606567159295082,
-0.41762402653694153,
-0.39179331064224243,
0.3958977162837982,
-0.09065937995910645,
0.8251593112945557,
-0.05644244700670242,
0.12876446545124054,
0.11947733908891678,
0.07639656215906143,
-0.26818323135375977,
0.43780621886253357,
-0.10517200082540512,
0.6783285140991211,
0.7106606364250183,
-0.4275967478752136,
-0.4701262414455414,
-0.00473333615809679,
-0.16756793856620789,
-0.6933500170707703,
0.6031609177589417,
-0.39760351181030273,
-0.067081518471241,
-0.5827270150184631,
-0.12904611229896545,
0.28314369916915894,
0.3448506295681,
-0.27171581983566284,
-0.07319346815347672,
0.318512886762619,
0.3617468774318695,
-0.7250193953514099,
0.3333575427532196,
0.13392381370067596,
0.3880663514137268,
-0.3643719255924225,
-0.4289119243621826,
0.35868051648139954,
0.007981429807841778,
-0.7672884464263916,
0.8614177107810974,
-0.007695279084146023,
-0.44057101011276245,
0.3815781772136688,
-0.8863710165023804,
0.6031299829483032,
-0.06370937824249268,
-0.1744644194841385,
-0.3768601417541504,
-0.3206731081008911,
-0.48813125491142273,
0.24904651939868927,
-0.14869388937950134,
0.36410415172576904,
-0.4856113791465759,
-0.8479203581809998,
-0.2489790916442871,
-0.060828015208244324,
0.02171368896961212,
-0.09214216470718384,
-0.2577133774757385,
0.8923012018203735,
0.6089386940002441,
0.10327818989753723,
-0.18650396168231964,
0.26058146357536316,
0.3590049147605896,
-0.26609140634536743,
0.38865426182746887,
0.260225772857666,
-0.8209546804428101,
-0.14287762343883514,
-0.5579239130020142,
0.38447895646095276,
0.8014269471168518,
-0.43725821375846863,
-0.003475185250863433,
1.1950161457061768,
-0.44243842363357544,
0.25941047072410583,
1.052662968635559,
-0.46789854764938354,
0.2503334581851959,
-0.2736731171607971,
-0.22245119512081146,
-0.3708696663379669,
0.3511258661746979,
-0.028055613860487938,
-0.11966358125209808,
-0.21582429111003876,
0.5956683158874512,
0.33386293053627014,
-0.19760149717330933,
0.406210333108902,
-0.1915242075920105,
-0.3740479052066803,
-0.00897608045488596,
0.30641278624534607,
-1.3334789276123047,
0.605745792388916,
-0.21684065461158752,
0.48949044942855835,
0.41905489563941956,
-0.37631624937057495,
-0.10217160731554031,
0.09545012563467026,
0.07726500183343887,
-0.10002034902572632,
0.4513268768787384,
-0.11960939317941666,
-0.017981627956032753,
0.026767617091536522,
-0.22134403884410858,
0.45878133177757263,
0.4351561665534973,
-0.36310896277427673,
-0.17204774916172028,
0.34049031138420105,
0.1465936303138733,
-0.12239079177379608,
0.13172034919261932,
-0.7490394711494446,
0.5039907097816467,
0.2604849338531494
] |
210413
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista%20Torricelli
|
Evangelista Torricelli
|
Evangelista Torricelli ( , also , ; 15 October 160825 October 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician, and a student of Galileo. He is best known for his invention of the barometer, but is also known for his advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles. The Torr is named after him.
Biography
Early life
Evangelista Torricelli was born on 15 October 1608 in Rome, the firstborn child of Gaspare Torricelli and Caterina Angetti. His family was from Faenza in the Province of Ravenna, then part of the Papal States. His father was a textile worker and the family was very poor. Seeing his talents, his parents sent him to be educated in Faenza, under the care of his uncle, Giacomo (James), a Camaldolese monk, who first ensured that his nephew was given a sound basic education. He then entered young Torricelli into a Jesuit College in 1624, possibly the one in Faenza itself, to study mathematics and philosophy until 1626, by which time his father, Gaspare, had died. The uncle then sent Torricelli to Rome to study science under the Benedictine monk Benedetto Castelli, professor of mathematics at the Collegio della Sapienza (now known as the Sapienza University of Rome).
Castelli was a student of Galileo Galilei.
"Benedetto Castelli made experiments on running water (1628), and he was entrusted by Pope Urban VIII with hydraulic undertakings."
There is no actual evidence that Torricelli was enrolled at the university. It is almost certain that Torricelli was taught by Castelli. In exchange he worked for him as his secretary from 1626 to 1632 in a private arrangement.
Because of this, Torricelli was exposed to experiments funded by Pope Urban VIII. While living in Rome, Torricelli became also the student of the mathematician Bonaventura Cavalieri, with whom he became great friends. It was in Rome that Torricelli also became friends with two other students of Castelli, Raffaello Magiotti and Antonio Nardi. Galileo referred to Torricelli, Magiotti, and Nardi affectionately as his "triumvirate" in Rome.
Career
In 1632, shortly after the publication of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Torricelli wrote to Galileo of reading it "with the delight ... of one who, having already practiced all of geometry most diligently ... and having studied Ptolemy and seen almost everything of Tycho Brahe, Kepler and Longomontanus, finally, forced by the many congruences, came to adhere to Copernicus, and was a Galileian in profession and sect". (The Vatican condemned Galileo in June 1633, and this was the only known occasion on which Torricelli openly declared himself to hold the Copernican view.)
Aside from several letters, little is known of Torricelli's activities in the years between 1632 and 1641, when Castelli sent Torricelli's monograph of the path of projectiles to Galileo, then a prisoner in his villa at Arcetri. Although Galileo promptly invited Torricelli to visit, Torricelli did not accept until just three months before Galileo's death. The reason for this was that Torricelli's mother, Caterina Angetti died. "(T)his short intercourse with the great mathematician enabled Torricelli to finish the fifth dialogue under the personal direction of its author; it was published by Viviani, another pupil of Galileo, in 1674." After Galileo's death on 8 January 1642, Grand Duke Ferdinando II de' Medici asked Torricelli to succeed Galileo as the grand-ducal mathematician and chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa. Right before the appointment, Torricelli was considering returning to Rome because of there being nothing left for him in Florence, where he had invented the barometer. In this new role he solved some of the great mathematical problems of the day, such as finding a cycloid's area and center of gravity. As a result of this study, he wrote the book the Opera Geometrica in which he described his observations. The book was published in 1644.
Little was known about Torricelli in regard to his works in geometry when he accepted the honorable position, but after he published Opera Geometrica two years later, he became highly esteemed in that discipline. "He was interested in Optics, and invented a method whereby microscopic lenses might be made of glass which could be easily melted in a lamp." As a result, he designed and built a number of telescopes and simple microscopes; several large lenses, engraved with his name, are still preserved in Florence. On 11 June 1644, he famously wrote in a letter to Michelangelo Ricci:
However his work on the cycloid involved him in a controversy with Gilles de Roberval, who accused him of plagiarizing his earlier solution of the problem of its quadrature. Although it appears that Torricelli reached his solution independently, the matter was still in dispute up to his death.
Death
Torricelli died of fever, most likely typhoid, in Florence on 25 October 1647, 10 days after his 39th birthday, and was buried at the Basilica of San Lorenzo. He left all his belongings to his adopted son Alessandro. "Belonging to that first period are his pamphlets on Solidi spherali, Contatti and the major part of the propositions and sundry problems which were gathered together by Viviani after Torricelli's death. This early work owes much to the study of the classics." Sixty-eight years after Torricelli had died, his genius still filled his contemporaries with admiration, as evidenced by the anagram below the frontispice of Lezioni accademiche d'Evangelista Torricelli published in 1715: En virescit Galileus alter, meaning "Here blossoms another Galileo."
Honours
In Faenza, a statue of Torricelli was created in 1868 in gratitude for all that Torricelli had done in advancing science during his short lifetime.
The asteroid 7437 Torricelli and a crater on the Moon were named in his honour.
In 1830, botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle published Torricellia, which is a genus of flowering plants from Asia belonging to the family Torricelliaceae. They were named in Evangelista Torricelli's honour.
Torricelli's work in physics
The perusal of Galileo's Two New Sciences (1638) inspired Torricelli with many developments of the mechanical principles there set forth, which he embodied in a treatise De motu (printed amongst his Opera geometrica, 1644). Its communication by Castelli to Galileo in 1641, with a proposal that Torricelli should reside with him, led to Torricelli traveling to Florence, where he met Galileo, and acted as his amanuensis during the three remaining months of his life.
Suction pumps and the invention of the barometer
Torricelli's work led to first speculations about atmospheric pressure, and to the corollary invention of the mercury barometer (from the Greek word baros, meaning weight)--the principle of which was described as early as 1631 by René Descartes, although there is no evidence that Descartes ever built such an instrument.
The barometer arose from the need to solve a theoretical and practical problem: a suction pump could only raise water up to a height of 10 metres (34 ft) (as recounted in Galileo's Two New Sciences). In the early 1600s, Torricelli's teacher, Galileo, argued that suction pumps were able to draw water from a well because of the "force of vacuum." This argument, however, failed to explain the fact that suction pumps could only raise water to a height of 10 metres.
After Galileo's death, Torricelli proposed, rather, that we live in a "sea of air" that exerts a pressure analogous in many ways to the pressure of water on submerged objects. According to this hypothesis, at sea level, the air in the atmosphere has weight that roughly equals the weight of a 34-feet column of water. When a suction pump creates a vacuum inside a tube, the atmosphere no longer pushes on the water column below the piston but still pushes down on the surface of the water outside, thus causing the water to rise until its weight counterbalances the weight of the atmosphere. This hypothesis might have led him to a striking prediction: That a suction pump might only raise mercury, which is 13 times heavier than water, to 1/13 the height of the water column (76 centimeters) in a similar pump. (It is possible however that Torricelli carried out the mercury experiment first, and then formulated his sea of air hypothesis).
In 1643, Torricelli filled a meter-long tube (with one end sealed off) with mercury—thirteen times denser than water—and setting it vertically into a basin of the liquid metal. The column of mercury fell to about , producing a Torricellian vacuum above. This was also the first recorded incident of creating permanent vacuum.
A second unambiguous prediction of Torricelli's sea of air hypothesis was made by Blaise Pascal, who argued, and proved, that the mercury column of the barometer should drop at higher elevations. Indeed, it dropped slightly on top of a 50-meter bell tower, and much more so at the peak of a 1460-meter mountain.
As we know now, the column's height fluctuates with atmospheric pressure at the same location, a fact which plays a key role in weather forecasting. Baseline changes in the column's height at different elevations, in turn, underlie the principle of the altimeter. Thus, this work laid the foundations for the modern concept of atmospheric pressure, the first barometer, an instrument that would later play a key role in weather forecasting, and the first pressure altimeter, which measures altitude and is often used in hiking, climbing, skiing, and aviation.
The solution to the suction pump puzzle and the discovery of the principle of the barometer and altimeter have perpetuated Torricelli's fame with terms such as "Torricellian tube" and "Torricellian vacuum". The torr, a unit of pressure used in vacuum measurements, is named after him.
Torricelli's law
Torricelli also discovered a law, regarding the speed of a fluid flowing out of an opening, which was later shown to be a particular case of Bernoulli's principle. He found that water leaks out a small hole in the bottom of a container at a rate proportional to the square root of the depth of the water. So if the container is an upright cylinder with a small leak at the bottom and y is the depth of the water at time t, then
for some constant k > 0.
Torricelli's principle
The concept of center of gravity was discovered by Archimedes. Torricelli, following in his footsteps, discovered an important new principle, Torricelli’s principle, which says: if any number of bodies be so connected that, by their motion, their centre of gravity can neither ascend nor descend, then those bodies are in equilibrium. This is essentially a version of the principle of virtual work. This principle was later used by Christian Huygens to study pendulum motion.
The study of projectiles
Torricelli studied projectiles and how they traveled through the air. "Perhaps his most notable achievement in the field of projectiles was to establish for the first time the idea of an envelope: projectiles sent out at [...] the same speed in all directions trace out parabolas which are all tangent to a common paraboloid. This envelope became known as the parabola di sicurezza (parabola of safety)."
Cause of wind
Torricelli gave the first scientific description of the cause of wind:
Torricelli's work in mathematics
Torricelli is also famous for the discovery of the Torricelli's trumpet (also - perhaps more often - known as Gabriel's Horn) whose surface area is infinite, but whose volume is finite. This was seen as an "incredible" paradox by many at the time, including Torricelli himself, and prompted a fierce controversy about the nature of infinity, also involving the philosopher Hobbes. It is supposed by some to have led to the idea of a "completed infinity". Torricelli tried several alternative proofs, attempting to prove that its surface area was also finite - all of which failed.
Torricelli was also a pioneer in the area of infinite series. In his De dimensione parabolae of 1644, Torricelli considered a decreasing sequence of positive terms and showed the corresponding telescoping series necessarily converges to , where L is the limit of the sequence, and in this way gives a proof of the formula for the sum of a geometric series.
Torricelli developed further the method of indivisibles of Cavalieri. Many 17th century mathematicians learned of the method through Torricelli whose writing was more accessible than Cavalieri's.
Italian submarines
Several Italian Navy submarines were named after Evangelista Torricelli:
A Micca class submarine, built in 1918, stricken in 1930
An Archimede class submarine (1934), transferred to Spain in 1937 and renamed General Mola, stricken in 1959
A Benedetto Brin class submarine (1937), sank in the Red Sea due to the British Navy in 1940
Evangelista Torricelli, the former USS Lizardfish, transferred to Italy in 1960 and decommissioned in 1976
Selected works
His original manuscripts are preserved at Florence, Italy. The following have appeared in print:
Trattato del moto (before 1641)
Opera geometrica (1644)
Lezioni accademiche (Firenze, 1715)
Esperienza dell'argento vivo (Berlin, 1897)
See also
Geometric median
Logarithmic spiral
Torricellian chamber
Vena contracta
Gasparo Berti
Stefano degli Angeli
Notes
References
External links
Evangelista Torricelli, Encyclopædia Britannica Evangelista Torricelli | Italian physicist and mathematician
Evangelista Torricelli, Treccani Enciclopedia Torricèlli, Evangelista nell'Enciclopedia Treccani
University of Florence article
The Galileo Correspondence Project at Stanford University
Scientist of the Day – Evangelista Torricelli at Linda Hall Library
1608 births
1647 deaths
Italian Roman Catholics
17th-century Italian mathematicians
Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
Deaths from typhoid fever
17th-century Italian inventors
17th-century Italian physicists
People from Faenza
Italian scientific instrument makers
University of Pisa faculty
|
[
-0.2244810312986374,
0.1623314470052719,
-0.07438716292381287,
0.17908038198947906,
0.051194045692682266,
0.7929564118385315,
0.38567015528678894,
0.006456081289798021,
-0.9526932835578918,
-0.3600965440273285,
0.001068685669451952,
0.19850696623325348,
-0.7250937819480896,
0.3198179304599762,
-0.48349764943122864,
-0.03421524539589882,
0.13200943171977997,
-0.9094201922416687,
-0.7590361833572388,
-0.06948758661746979,
0.3713134229183197,
0.2864982783794403,
-0.09976334124803543,
0.14991378784179688,
-0.3054126501083374,
0.13466542959213257,
-0.1768067330121994,
0.1419965624809265,
0.3266400694847107,
0.07544893771409988,
0.10802486538887024,
0.5497000813484192,
0.08142981678247452,
0.27327439188957214,
-0.7239686250686646,
0.47903379797935486,
0.015412054024636745,
-0.22081346809864044,
-0.13529662787914276,
0.05695134773850441,
0.5564163327217102,
0.2479109764099121,
0.07238009572029114,
0.1985854208469391,
-0.128696009516716,
0.003290124237537384,
-1.5170243978500366,
0.3814753293991089,
-0.28167596459388733,
-0.09185776859521866,
0.38860055804252625,
0.2607625424861908,
0.4106225073337555,
0.6400705575942993,
-0.533764123916626,
0.3732471764087677,
-0.6532651782035828,
-0.357519268989563,
0.21655024588108063,
-0.19746291637420654,
0.48290398716926575,
0.5695599317550659,
0.7505047917366028,
0.09349332749843597,
-0.30369439721107483,
0.14035959541797638,
-0.20361731946468353,
0.3355441391468048,
-0.1544523686170578,
-0.2817870080471039,
-0.33892694115638733,
0.4169183671474457,
-0.4610201120376587,
0.24420234560966492,
0.5208166837692261,
-0.702252209186554,
-0.2058052271604538,
0.45320531725883484,
0.39340031147003174,
0.3776227533817291,
0.22530992329120636,
-0.18337811529636383,
0.541028618812561,
0.1031569391489029,
0.2447638362646103,
0.3063648045063019,
-0.674468457698822,
0.5866850018501282,
-0.43254634737968445,
-0.10554216057062149,
0.13904355466365814,
-0.4188600182533264,
0.7708516120910645,
0.43782562017440796,
0.47588929533958435,
0.3695523142814636,
-0.42785435914993286,
-0.06278011202812195,
-0.7656933069229126,
-0.16693057119846344,
-0.05736052617430687,
0.2843646705150604,
-0.061260271817445755,
0.027990393340587616,
-0.069486603140831,
0.16602079570293427,
0.3710722327232361,
-0.3095593750476837,
-0.7225677967071533,
0.4623858630657196,
-0.34884166717529297,
0.06661136448383331,
-0.8197502493858337,
-0.14867395162582397,
-0.3399807810783386,
0.2337084412574768,
0.6070238947868347,
-0.9524142742156982,
-0.4240700602531433,
-0.02629019506275654,
0.18893598020076752,
0.12927033007144928,
0.3781122863292694,
-0.2437679022550583,
-0.25881427526474,
0.11403699219226837,
0.2712821662425995,
0.16984468698501587,
-0.18487535417079926,
0.34595805406570435,
-0.1789735108613968,
1.0738364458084106,
-0.26138249039649963,
-0.3032761812210083,
-0.2082500010728836,
-0.10585930943489075,
-0.06842576712369919,
-0.331615149974823,
-0.6961738467216492,
0.06333260238170624,
-0.48609235882759094,
-0.2888568341732025,
-0.47423747181892395,
0.09041330963373184,
0.05461787059903145,
-0.34285661578178406,
-0.022921526804566383,
-0.4138403534889221,
0.04044751077890396,
-0.06347391754388809,
-0.9273993372917175,
-0.1489134132862091,
-0.1239236518740654,
-0.6568821668624878,
0.14160916209220886,
-0.07651546597480774,
0.37334561347961426,
0.11691505461931229,
-0.04080928862094879,
-0.22561457753181458,
0.21435773372650146,
-0.044358991086483,
-0.41126105189323425,
-0.2586091160774231,
0.10219481587409973,
-0.38950738310813904,
0.7180575728416443,
-0.19041597843170166,
-0.08692614734172821,
0.005783118773251772,
-0.629768431186676,
0.19688716530799866,
-0.1992676854133606,
0.15703968703746796,
0.028246304020285606,
0.859073281288147,
0.64076167345047,
0.04280441626906395,
0.18488648533821106,
-0.49922484159469604,
-0.7351948618888855,
-0.42133623361587524,
-0.10756349563598633,
0.02382482960820198,
0.6419035792350769,
0.10354401171207428,
0.5245228409767151,
0.0150452870875597,
0.31105470657348633,
-0.04180523753166199,
-0.6193497180938721,
-0.20977498590946198,
0.05297612026333809,
0.12915697693824768,
1.1845661401748657,
-0.13015271723270416,
-0.5135816335678101,
0.5721157193183899,
0.19314274191856384,
0.6718162894248962,
-0.8722326755523682,
0.036000870168209076,
-0.06453359127044678,
0.32285138964653015,
0.10451002418994904,
0.02342943474650383,
0.12673930823802948,
-0.13292296230793,
0.0714697539806366,
0.3604491949081421,
0.800101101398468,
-0.5702340602874756,
0.2622259557247162,
0.11855938285589218,
-0.6149913668632507,
-0.23863323032855988,
-0.7398479580879211,
0.4715544581413269,
-0.0031868929509073496,
-0.2782328128814697,
0.5397568941116333,
0.3586740493774414,
-0.04432622715830803,
1.0797460079193115,
0.5127204060554504,
1.2687965631484985,
-0.28371402621269226,
0.24502266943454742,
0.30504512786865234,
-0.7373066544532776,
-0.14036491513252258,
-0.4481191635131836,
0.6838944554328918,
-0.24306350946426392,
-0.1672820746898651,
0.419910728931427,
0.23925654590129852,
-0.8740791082382202,
0.28678470849990845,
-0.46606144309043884,
0.5172021985054016,
0.7224969863891602,
-0.4912662208080292,
0.6508145332336426,
0.29956623911857605,
0.368738055229187,
-0.3050418198108673,
-0.08373217284679413,
-0.1713756024837494,
-0.16594961285591125,
-0.39219939708709717,
0.13877826929092407,
0.004214006941765547,
0.40424415469169617,
-0.11450039595365524,
-1.0943334102630615,
0.27994614839553833,
0.23706963658332825,
-0.2395065873861313,
0.2779448628425598,
0.24408824741840363,
-0.24166305363178253,
0.3249761164188385,
0.019037611782550812,
-0.08037354797124863,
-0.3268398940563202,
-0.12097206711769104,
-0.16572336852550507,
0.04270307719707489,
-0.13683298230171204,
0.39212939143180847,
-0.16804619133472443,
-0.5773702263832092,
0.5170270204544067,
0.00907476618885994,
-0.41227272152900696,
-0.32352307438850403,
0.24733613431453705,
-0.07975536584854126,
-0.3650245666503906,
-0.46081462502479553,
0.03706970065832138,
-0.2609749734401703,
0.21337153017520905,
-0.8708664178848267,
0.2626335620880127,
-0.13041406869888306,
-0.680094301700592,
-0.2576233148574829,
0.1150716170668602,
0.027418378740549088,
0.9025445580482483,
-0.15945453941822052,
-0.19722680747509003,
-0.38342639803886414,
0.6894131302833557,
-0.38409608602523804,
-0.6951264142990112,
0.3989783823490143,
-0.505199134349823,
-0.6578190326690674,
0.3743358552455902,
0.41547513008117676,
0.02092517912387848,
0.43944016098976135,
-0.18949541449546814,
0.04051798954606056,
0.38764339685440063,
-5.477945327758789,
0.5216480493545532,
-0.36588403582572937,
0.182937890291214,
-0.5056454539299011,
0.11028139293193817,
1.0659964084625244,
-0.03712044283747673,
0.5538477301597595,
-0.22406956553459167,
-0.007666119374334812,
-0.19978897273540497,
-0.6155390739440918,
0.18848055601119995,
0.06520888954401016,
0.8776472210884094,
0.25998640060424805,
0.13317307829856873,
0.21282203495502472,
0.43116724491119385,
0.0234574805945158,
-0.14885184168815613,
-0.19647681713104248,
0.6663021445274353,
0.1371392011642456,
0.14927779138088226,
-0.2041073739528656,
0.06227840483188629,
-0.6983392238616943,
0.07706198841333389,
-0.2200412005186081,
0.4079616665840149,
0.007950288243591785,
-0.3850519061088562,
0.4999920427799225,
-0.0003211714210920036,
0.7174678444862366,
-0.06635011732578278,
-0.24172969162464142,
0.37701931595802307,
-0.1281760036945343,
-0.15558083355426788,
-0.4170624315738678,
0.1349351704120636,
-0.027609549462795258,
-0.39079028367996216,
-0.49564453959465027,
0.3184274137020111,
-0.06133245676755905,
0.45752111077308655,
-0.026174290105700493,
0.03741522133350372,
-0.4072436988353729,
-0.20128439366817474,
-0.08504211902618408,
0.012027665972709656,
0.28061285614967346,
0.3382687270641327,
-0.7603655457496643,
0.735926628112793,
0.23538950085639954,
-0.09027474373579025,
-0.23454321920871735,
-0.30660754442214966,
0.2091754674911499,
0.40134236216545105,
0.425090491771698,
-0.4215056300163269,
-0.009088519029319286,
0.22403542697429657,
-0.3878925144672394,
1.1099579334259033,
0.05660504102706909,
-1.3218741416931152,
-0.0998457595705986,
-0.14379914104938507,
-0.4572150707244873,
0.22149743139743805,
-0.15645599365234375,
-0.17292296886444092,
-0.1998102366924286,
-0.5143945217132568,
-0.07094914466142654,
0.8203281760215759,
0.6138367056846619,
0.5869560241699219,
-0.4039442241191864,
-0.16429874300956726,
-0.8326513171195984,
0.5220977067947388,
0.4653405249118805,
-0.564456582069397,
-0.059075646102428436,
0.17313697934150696,
-0.12365315109491348,
0.354518324136734,
-0.5182169079780579,
0.3225485384464264,
0.4493238925933838,
0.4542929530143738,
-0.38941875100135803,
-0.07980527728796005,
0.3676490783691406,
-0.07660489529371262,
0.519389808177948,
-0.5091474652290344,
-0.14633113145828247,
0.17439953982830048,
0.9026106595993042,
0.49862805008888245,
0.1972411721944809,
0.3497332036495209,
-0.3419211506843567,
-0.31996190547943115,
0.29193514585494995,
-0.5970132350921631,
0.6252399682998657,
0.32773810625076294,
0.37095901370048523,
-0.11170782893896103,
-0.40911826491355896,
-0.6363033056259155,
0.005239591468125582,
-0.6212962865829468,
-0.3389755189418793,
0.1312772035598755,
0.2285030037164688,
-0.15559788048267365,
0.3586692810058594,
0.3329969048500061,
-0.10435276478528976,
0.521105945110321,
0.03485859930515289,
-0.14114055037498474,
-0.05370119586586952,
-0.07103191316127777,
-0.5523240566253662,
-0.8022003769874573,
0.3424983024597168,
-0.4476664364337921,
-0.02593892812728882,
-0.1196606233716011,
-0.09220943599939346,
0.2887481451034546,
0.27167972922325134,
0.2755403220653534,
0.09304837137460709,
-0.04150094464421272,
-0.33371686935424805,
0.6805979609489441,
0.44248124957084656,
-0.18967656791210175,
0.24027326703071594,
0.011625372804701328,
-0.019117260351777077,
0.20201702415943146,
-0.001446360838599503,
-0.0010937416227534413,
0.09852281212806702,
0.03376556932926178,
0.40575581789016724,
0.4364922046661377,
-0.8799039721488953,
-0.43299102783203125,
0.36371317505836487,
-0.24440819025039673,
-0.7322406768798828,
-0.5347629189491272,
-0.2818560004234314,
0.5418685674667358,
-0.17598941922187805,
-0.9320597052574158,
-0.4874880909919739,
-0.3222384452819824,
-0.09700064361095428,
0.022911494597792625,
-0.2030028998851776,
-0.07519786059856415,
0.08024857193231583,
0.10668972134590149,
0.2882104218006134,
-0.23368895053863525,
-0.32876884937286377,
0.1456315815448761,
0.41270801424980164,
-0.3660445809364319,
-0.39784058928489685,
-0.5528887510299683,
0.25937002897262573,
0.013905451633036137,
0.015633204951882362,
0.1787954866886139,
-0.09213413298130035,
0.2607138454914093,
0.777368426322937,
-0.4869273602962494,
0.230376198887825,
0.23319779336452484,
0.3025861382484436,
-0.5087932348251343,
-0.8270595073699951,
0.21329735219478607,
-0.7043566703796387,
-0.3178856074810028,
-0.4235038459300995,
-0.8271773457527161,
0.12504546344280243,
0.3921695947647095,
-0.1802234798669815,
0.9403680562973022,
-0.26619771122932434,
-1.0622388124465942,
-0.09019341319799423,
0.8011417984962463,
-0.0621628612279892,
0.7055596113204956,
0.02733481116592884,
-0.1905859112739563,
-0.8890033960342407,
-0.27100270986557007,
-0.5116331577301025,
0.3072385787963867,
-0.3679629862308502,
-0.6095066666603088,
0.14312021434307098,
-0.003088854718953371,
0.29453590512275696,
0.16474668681621552,
0.6663496494293213,
-0.23389112949371338,
0.16810275614261627,
0.19929863512516022,
0.07030259817838669,
0.1093711107969284,
-0.5350210070610046,
-0.1837952882051468,
0.4188348352909088,
0.252309650182724,
0.3630431294441223,
-0.026713324710726738,
0.5204266905784607,
0.49658527970314026,
0.023963315412402153,
0.32300257682800293,
0.5006839632987976,
0.14891360700130463,
0.29555022716522217,
0.10367541015148163,
-0.05029074475169182,
-0.31862857937812805,
-0.002893569180741906,
-0.24880358576774597,
-0.5156570672988892,
-0.6498271822929382,
0.33687371015548706,
-0.1761244237422943,
0.19944451749324799,
0.3307301998138428,
0.2245005965232849,
-0.4186092019081116,
0.09192713350057602,
0.8362084031105042,
-0.002724183490499854,
-0.45861881971359253,
-0.206875741481781,
0.3327450156211853,
0.02275618351995945,
-0.15123572945594788,
0.2261669784784317,
0.07856449484825134,
0.1642618626356125,
-0.7075450420379639,
0.10619840770959854,
0.7206791043281555,
-0.4629581570625305,
0.524713933467865,
0.2441456913948059,
0.12276219576597214,
0.8460056185722351,
-0.010112497955560684,
-0.924816370010376,
0.5891153812408447,
0.16109097003936768,
-0.3327687680721283,
-0.2801904082298279,
-0.177756205201149,
-0.4843834936618805,
0.40676188468933105,
0.250590443611145,
0.2256140559911728,
-0.7110810875892639,
-0.010414868593215942,
0.1077406257390976,
-0.06987107545137405,
-0.01342659629881382,
0.45698705315589905,
-0.42002665996551514,
-0.045586273074150085,
-0.5902551412582397,
-0.058494213968515396,
-0.944263219833374,
0.7612377405166626,
0.8048010468482971,
-0.32794156670570374,
0.055751338601112366,
-0.07690294086933136,
0.2550525367259979,
0.020790791139006615,
-0.5817074179649353,
-0.2395648956298828,
0.05045957863330841,
-0.1683439016342163,
-0.12484481930732727,
0.17154082655906677,
-1.0112955570220947,
-0.3654637336730957,
0.7809929847717285,
0.06541301310062408,
-0.604157567024231,
0.3969839811325073,
0.27060580253601074,
-0.1031591072678566,
0.5131547451019287,
-0.7342812418937683,
0.17936907708644867,
-0.07608429342508316,
0.12361758947372437,
0.23347525298595428,
-0.7346481084823608,
0.8024148941040039,
-0.002803256968036294,
0.06197045370936394,
-0.4140177071094513,
0.9006405472755432,
-0.17063625156879425,
-0.09645623713731766,
0.6913093328475952,
-0.8793620467185974,
-0.40757516026496887,
0.09747505933046341,
0.4428675174713135,
1.2242040634155273,
-0.5432310700416565,
0.3798820674419403,
-0.79412442445755,
0.12312618643045425,
-0.3094738721847534,
0.45869818329811096,
-0.11582817882299423,
0.1038464605808258,
-0.020501969382166862,
0.01844509318470955,
0.5611394643783569,
-0.2880946397781372,
-0.12368441373109818,
0.551942765712738,
0.5502951741218567,
-0.06509249657392502,
-0.5574549436569214,
-0.27648550271987915,
-0.15802603960037231,
0.005170895718038082,
1.0482171773910522,
-0.09056726843118668,
-0.3012744188308716,
0.5048844218254089,
-0.07443665713071823,
-0.6057471036911011,
0.15203087031841278,
-0.2885644733905792,
-0.20901785790920258,
-0.3666939437389374,
-0.3815116882324219,
0.6524468064308167,
0.38719379901885986,
-0.2676023840904236,
0.7478798627853394,
0.5735208988189697,
-0.014408175833523273,
0.06021426245570183,
-0.7635200023651123,
-0.03197355195879936,
0.17131759226322174,
-0.7443624138832092,
-0.14759479463100433,
-0.023475557565689087,
-0.22810155153274536,
-0.02910032495856285,
0.23281358182430267,
-0.23037777841091156,
0.10689318180084229,
-0.5054476857185364,
-0.08641476184129715,
0.2063361257314682,
-0.6381924748420715,
0.1282036006450653,
0.07425425946712494,
0.3616333603858948,
0.2074383944272995,
-0.34243595600128174,
0.023473214358091354,
-0.1966191977262497,
0.1271423101425171,
-0.47049474716186523,
-0.3482641577720642,
-0.27676960825920105,
0.23860163986682892,
0.5774098038673401,
-1.1143730878829956,
0.14392516016960144,
-0.0447092279791832,
-0.2813190817832947,
-0.0006907217903062701,
0.09317491203546524,
-0.7018696665763855,
-0.09267252683639526,
0.696473240852356,
-0.46071091294288635,
-0.2731093764305115,
0.10804899781942368,
0.11119415611028671,
-0.20666761696338654,
-0.18631432950496674,
-0.5038502216339111,
0.09686046838760376,
-0.013012059964239597,
0.10768820345401764,
-0.2586122155189514,
0.2329542636871338,
0.3854985535144806,
0.08143850415945053,
-0.3016641139984131,
-0.3588502109050751,
-0.21319051086902618,
-0.2660895586013794,
-0.7732350826263428,
0.6712533831596375,
0.4188016951084137,
0.6722434759140015,
-0.5626329183578491,
0.90920490026474,
0.42872685194015503,
-0.16458149254322052,
0.3260861933231354,
0.5953617095947266,
-0.03406902402639389,
-0.29914167523384094,
-0.13937605917453766,
0.5582751631736755,
0.606170117855072,
-0.07698054611682892,
-0.16167113184928894,
0.4509173333644867,
-1.1353241205215454,
0.29049885272979736,
-0.06717990338802338,
0.42139631509780884,
-0.8015915155410767,
0.3689102828502655,
0.4914332628250122
] |
210422
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment%20tube%20station
|
Embankment tube station
|
Embankment is a London Underground station in the City of Westminster, known by various names during its history. It is served by the Circle, District, Northern and Bakerloo lines. On the Bakerloo line and the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line, the station is between Waterloo and Charing Cross stations; on the Circle and District lines, it is between Westminster and Temple and is in Travelcard Zone 1. The station has two entrances, one on Victoria Embankment and the other on Villiers Street. The station is adjacent to Victoria Embankment Gardens and is close to Charing Cross station, Embankment Pier, Hungerford Bridge, Cleopatra's Needle, the Royal Air Force Memorial, the Savoy Chapel and Savoy Hotel and the Playhouse and New Players Theatres.
The station is in two parts: sub-surface platforms opened on 30 May 1870 by the District Railway (DR) as part of the company's extension of the Inner Circle eastwards from Westminster to Blackfriars and deep-level platforms opened in 1906 by the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (BS&WR) and 6 April 1914 by the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR). A variety of underground and main line services have operated over the sub-surface tracks and the CCE&HR part of the station was reconstructed in the 1920s.
History
Sub-surface station
The station was opened on 30 May 1870 by the DR (now the District line) when the railway extended its line from Westminster to Blackfriars. The construction of the new section of the DR was planned in conjunction with the building of the Victoria Embankment and was achieved by the cut and cover method of roofing over a trench. Due to its proximity to the South Eastern Railway's Charing Cross station, the station was originally called Charing Cross.
The DR connected to the MR (now the Metropolitan line) at South Kensington and, although the two companies were rivals, each company operated its trains over the other's tracks in a joint service known as the Inner Circle. On 1 February 1872, the DR opened a northbound branch from its station at Earl's Court to connect to the West London Extension Joint Railway (WLEJR, now the West London Line) at Addison Road (now Kensington (Olympia)). From that date the Outer Circle service began running over the DR's tracks. The service was run by the North London Railway (NLR) from its terminus at Broad Street (now demolished) in the City of London via the North London Line to Willesden Junction, then the West London Line to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House – at that time the eastern terminus of the DR.
From 1 August 1872, the Middle Circle service also began operations through South Kensington, running from Moorgate along the MR's tracks on the north side of the Inner Circle to Paddington, then over the Hammersmith & City Railway (H&CR) track to Latimer Road, then, via a now demolished link, on the WLEJR to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House. The service was operated jointly by the H&CR and the DR.
On 30 June 1900, the Middle Circle service was shortened to terminate at Earl's Court, and, on 31 December 1908, the Outer Circle service was withdrawn from the DR tracks. In 1949, the Metropolitan line-operated Inner Circle route was given its own identity on the tube map as the Circle line.
Deep-level station
In 1897 the DR obtained parliamentary permission to construct a deep-level tube railway running between Gloucester Road and Mansion House beneath the sub-surface line. The new line was to be an express route using electric trains to relieve congestion on the sub-surface tracks. Only one intermediate station was planned, at Charing Cross, below the sub-surface platforms. No immediate work was carried out on the deep-level line, and the subsequent take over of the DR by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) and the resignalling and electrification of the DR's routes between 1903 and 1905 meant that congestion was relieved without needing to construct the deep-level line. The plan was dropped in 1908.
On 10 March 1906, the BS&WR (now the Bakerloo line) opened with its deep-level platforms beneath and at ninety degrees to the platforms of the DR. Although an interchange was provided between the two separate railways, the BS&WR named its station differently as Embankment.
On 6 April 1914, the CCE&HR (now a part of the Northern line) opened a one stop extension south from its terminus at Charing Cross. The extension was constructed to facilitate a better interchange between the BS&WR and CCE&HR. Both lines were owned by the UERL which operated two separate and unconnected stations at the northern end of main line station – Trafalgar Square on the BS&WR and Charing Cross on the CCE&HR (both now part of a combined Charing Cross station). The CCE&HR extension was constructed as a single track tunnel running south from Charing Cross as a loop under the River Thames and back. A single platform was constructed on the northbound return section of the loop, and escalators were installed between both sets of deep-level platforms and the sub-surface station. The interchange time was reduced from three minutes fifteen seconds to one minute and forty-five seconds.
A new station building was constructed that Sir John Betjeman described as "the most charming of all the Edwardian and neo-Georgian Renaissance stations." For the opening of the CCE&HR extension, the deep-level parts of the station were named Charing Cross (Embankment) although the sub-surface platforms remained as Charing Cross. In 1915, this was rectified by changing the name of the whole station to Charing Cross. The CCE&HR station to the north was renamed Strand at the same time (causing a nearby station of the GNP&BR to change its name from Strand to Aldwych).
In the 1920s, as part of the construction of what is now the Northern line, the CCE&HR was extended south to Waterloo and Kennington where it was connected to the City & South London Railway. The loop tunnel under the river was abandoned (although the present northbound Northern line platform follows its course) and two new tunnels were bored south. To this day the southbound Northern line platform is the only one of the four deep level platforms that is not connected to any of the others by deep level walkways, being accessible only from the "mid concourse level". The new extension was opened on 13 September 1926.
The loop itself still exists, although it was penetrated by a bomb and flooded during the Blitz in the Second World War. The loop had been sealed off years before. In September 1938, during the Sudeten Crisis, when war appeared imminent, the Bakerloo and Northern line tunnels at Embankment were temporarily sealed with concrete to protect against flooding through bombing. The blockage was removed after little more than a week once the crisis had passed. At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the tunnels were blocked again until electrically powered emergency doors could be installed in the tunnel mouths. The tunnels reopened in December 1939.
On 4 August 1974, the station was once again renamed Charing Cross Embankment. Then, on 12 September 1976, it became Embankment, so that the merged Strand and Trafalgar Square stations could be named Charing Cross.
In 1984–5 the station was upgraded, and public art in the form of coloured lines, by the artist Robyn Denny, were installed on the platforms and passageways of the station.
Embankment's northbound Northern line platform remains the only place on the network where one of the earliest 'Mind the gap' announcements can be heard, recorded by actor Oswald Laurence.
Fatal accident
At about 09:55 on 17 May 1938, an eastbound Inner Circle train collided with an eastbound Ealing Broadway–Barking District line train to the east of the station. The Barking train had been stopped at an automatic signal on its way to Temple station. Six passengers were killed and 43 injured. The cause of the accident was a faulty signal, which showed a green "proceed" aspect to the second train even though the line ahead was not clear. This was a result of a wrong connection made during the previous night when some minor alterations to wiring were made.
Services
The station is in London fare zone 1. On the District and Circle lines, the station is between Westminster and Temple, and, on the Northern and Bakerloo lines, it is between Charing Cross and Waterloo. The Circle and District lines serve the same platforms at Embankment, but the Bakerloo and Northern lines each have their own platforms. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally District line trains operate every 2–6 minutes from approximately 05:27 to 00:40 eastbound and 05:47 to 00:35 westbound; they are supplemented by Circle line trains every 8–12 minutes from approximately 05:39 to 00:18 clockwise and 05:51 to 00:23 anticlockwise. Northern line trains operate every 2–5 minutes from approximately 05:57 to 00:35 southbound and 05:42 to 00:37 northbound. Bakerloo line trains operate every 2–5 minutes from approximately 05:58 to 00:35 southbound and 05:42 to 00:28 northbound.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
The Charing Cross-Embankment-Strand conundrum explains the various names of the tube stations in this area.
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
More photographs and Google Street View imagery
Circle line stations
District line stations
Bakerloo line stations
Northern line stations
Tube stations in the City of Westminster
Former Metropolitan District Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1870
Former Baker Street and Waterloo Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1906
Railway stations with vitreous enamel panels
London Underground Night Tube stations
Railway stations located underground in the United Kingdom
1870 establishments in England
Victoria Embankment
|
[
0.22271846234798431,
-0.5589680671691895,
0.13341930508613586,
-0.4464452266693115,
0.12906798720359802,
0.5181419849395752,
0.7341559529304504,
-0.03005162812769413,
0.13690729439258575,
-0.35535895824432373,
0.07236137241125107,
-0.5553107857704163,
-0.18639986217021942,
0.12989450991153717,
0.17458383738994598,
-0.8361262083053589,
-0.013281328603625298,
-0.0720057338476181,
0.7891489267349243,
0.04306766018271446,
0.0704767107963562,
0.4467703104019165,
0.11502537876367569,
-0.1934630572795868,
0.31472834944725037,
-0.6802943348884583,
0.03999698907136917,
-0.6100119352340698,
-0.0350438691675663,
-0.05373469367623329,
0.9339677691459656,
0.2150779515504837,
0.013284663669764996,
-0.6060847043991089,
0.5421236157417297,
-0.5573377013206482,
-0.08063840121030807,
-0.3097400665283203,
-0.30032384395599365,
-0.7687439322471619,
-0.20628517866134644,
-0.29562705755233765,
-0.06852129846811295,
0.22028124332427979,
-0.4519904851913452,
-0.3800845444202423,
-0.8786951899528503,
0.020974984392523766,
-1.2339931726455688,
0.2032497078180313,
-0.7383067011833191,
0.35845664143562317,
-0.3332245349884033,
-0.2125338464975357,
0.6212855577468872,
0.6595358848571777,
-0.5460721850395203,
0.13245274126529694,
0.4379328191280365,
-0.1226789802312851,
0.20824719965457916,
-0.09771931916475296,
0.28196796774864197,
0.16260725259780884,
0.4542841613292694,
0.22516892850399017,
0.21985863149166107,
0.027746399864554405,
-0.2567824423313141,
-0.8096079230308533,
0.385907918214798,
-0.10400984436273575,
0.6743927597999573,
0.7501627206802368,
-0.40497007966041565,
-0.3279259204864502,
-0.20271378755569458,
0.35944539308547974,
0.08746621012687683,
0.48235881328582764,
-0.3352532684803009,
0.23715414106845856,
0.43514037132263184,
0.714466392993927,
0.5874512791633606,
0.2123219072818756,
-0.6799371242523193,
0.031663719564676285,
-0.7151266932487488,
0.8221896886825562,
-0.6205957531929016,
0.1666208654642105,
0.22756166756153107,
0.23476970195770264,
-0.270541787147522,
-0.3357935845851898,
0.0010161532554775476,
0.14421066641807556,
0.43443194031715393,
-0.01810840703547001,
-0.5479028224945068,
-0.12019005417823792,
0.35699084401130676,
-0.5723466873168945,
0.10943707823753357,
-0.6996196508407593,
-0.5612024664878845,
-0.26429083943367004,
0.19756408035755157,
-0.4038965404033661,
-0.2753976583480835,
0.13790574669837952,
-0.3520728349685669,
0.24733008444309235,
-0.3961818516254425,
0.36422088742256165,
0.3309984505176544,
-0.10730700194835663,
-0.20511062443256378,
-0.02818378247320652,
0.3828268051147461,
0.20602799952030182,
0.445679634809494,
0.21817544102668762,
-0.025288337841629982,
0.1224590614438057,
0.44514575600624084,
0.07365221530199051,
0.3450206220149994,
0.5736119151115417,
0.2622016668319702,
1.6227006912231445,
0.16860942542552948,
-0.2571427822113037,
-0.11154884099960327,
-0.6561325788497925,
0.05269728973507881,
0.2932431399822235,
0.5115293860435486,
0.5255276560783386,
-0.5421758890151978,
0.04428974539041519,
0.45051783323287964,
-0.02365248091518879,
0.018526801839470863,
0.19370529055595398,
-0.33335915207862854,
-0.29642874002456665,
-0.006076137535274029,
-0.4999297857284546,
0.2550435960292816,
0.1961648166179657,
-0.3229534327983856,
-0.6123069524765015,
-0.44790998101234436,
0.13376034796237946,
0.8030380606651306,
0.021810390055179596,
-0.1519555300474167,
0.47115930914878845,
-0.06759265810251236,
0.346838116645813,
0.3571000397205353,
-0.14059308171272278,
0.06881102919578552,
0.23542071878910065,
-0.05022456496953964,
-0.3511062562465668,
0.2253846526145935,
0.022523917257785797,
-0.511411726474762,
-0.44035983085632324,
0.8447789549827576,
-0.40929171442985535,
0.4025264084339142,
-0.71954345703125,
0.22841154038906097,
0.23598144948482513,
0.24282939732074738,
-0.1445312649011612,
-0.43755394220352173,
0.35688862204551697,
-0.06302732229232788,
0.45919254422187805,
0.564237654209137,
0.06724599748849869,
0.36551761627197266,
0.317827969789505,
-0.743357241153717,
0.08298014104366302,
-0.7627350687980652,
-0.5439131855964661,
-0.4986667037010193,
-0.34349748492240906,
0.8751330971717834,
-0.2897361218929291,
-0.3927883505821228,
0.5822675824165344,
-0.16021479666233063,
0.4914592206478119,
-0.19470925629138947,
-0.4496158957481384,
0.7503299713134766,
0.1860412359237671,
-0.9586451649665833,
-0.13843940198421478,
0.29081279039382935,
-0.682299017906189,
0.49429768323898315,
0.7231414914131165,
0.2644384503364563,
-0.536494791507721,
-0.10615401715040207,
-0.01806151680648327,
0.5169824361801147,
-0.27137547731399536,
-0.5146629214286804,
-0.3235509395599365,
0.06630299240350723,
-0.4245767891407013,
0.8038917779922485,
0.21704761683940887,
0.8760285377502441,
0.43932968378067017,
-0.8946613073348999,
0.1057353988289833,
0.10791119933128357,
0.6174548864364624,
0.3740643560886383,
-0.928134560585022,
0.20904910564422607,
0.17986136674880981,
-0.0158939678221941,
-0.09283960610628128,
-0.2688884139060974,
-0.6254169344902039,
0.13905315101146698,
-0.3149239718914032,
0.19573812186717987,
-0.024752331897616386,
-0.1722716987133026,
0.2046913355588913,
-0.8611628413200378,
0.5109066367149353,
0.029379330575466156,
-0.033936917781829834,
0.570030689239502,
0.09204127639532089,
-0.6567761898040771,
-0.1526179015636444,
0.15999075770378113,
0.7892045378684998,
0.10110046714544296,
0.011315627954900265,
0.3429260551929474,
0.10953517258167267,
0.29032301902770996,
0.10103318840265274,
-0.020743120461702347,
0.7636502385139465,
-0.25306203961372375,
0.25693073868751526,
0.29039907455444336,
0.16324064135551453,
-0.19151972234249115,
-0.030857212841510773,
-0.35240787267684937,
-0.7402423620223999,
0.8293707370758057,
-0.07971960306167603,
0.8201745748519897,
-0.21311956644058228,
-0.6525894999504089,
0.5479099750518799,
0.015025957487523556,
-0.021265486255288124,
0.26111868023872375,
0.38965192437171936,
0.1582493633031845,
-0.2006671279668808,
0.3253609836101532,
0.5783212780952454,
0.017882011830806732,
-0.5102565288543701,
0.3859620988368988,
-0.1660098433494568,
0.16983576118946075,
0.07575206458568573,
-0.26035356521606445,
-0.06232656165957451,
-0.4597249925136566,
0.36338940262794495,
-0.6879743337631226,
0.6555817723274231,
0.14879965782165527,
-0.214731365442276,
0.34469830989837646,
-0.3374154567718506,
0.6991338729858398,
0.22419869899749756,
-0.1506841629743576,
0.5407668948173523,
-0.22823676466941833,
0.04441462457180023,
-0.0364200621843338,
-0.36992454528808594,
0.015082464553415775,
-0.5871466398239136,
-5.370213985443115,
0.5360016226768494,
-0.22194018959999084,
0.24756518006324768,
0.5504826903343201,
-0.17980745434761047,
0.5445746183395386,
-0.26101016998291016,
-0.1783076524734497,
-0.6745906472206116,
-0.09163782745599747,
0.19296221435070038,
0.10871564596891403,
-0.24832476675510406,
0.3044567406177521,
-0.33904269337654114,
0.6151770353317261,
-0.09363946318626404,
0.42833420634269714,
-0.19653354585170746,
-0.47724664211273193,
0.006724173203110695,
-0.029197143390774727,
0.6728647351264954,
0.21376171708106995,
0.26499366760253906,
-0.27733975648880005,
0.05265052616596222,
-1.1509230136871338,
-0.6545550227165222,
0.681159496307373,
-0.1314598172903061,
-0.07315437495708466,
-0.4120839238166809,
0.16880792379379272,
0.2823992371559143,
0.08401665836572647,
-0.2799185514450073,
0.39880797266960144,
-0.3731028735637665,
0.21312279999256134,
0.08797294646501541,
0.46325042843818665,
-0.4426453709602356,
0.09954101592302322,
0.03658933565020561,
-0.5228475332260132,
0.5923152565956116,
-0.1100568100810051,
0.6940291523933411,
0.07601688802242279,
1.004923701286316,
0.9743539690971375,
0.07791390269994736,
-0.4175988435745239,
0.146402046084404,
0.1646079272031784,
0.024719087406992912,
0.051648784428834915,
0.2613072097301483,
0.6974632143974304,
-0.3776049017906189,
-0.2691073417663574,
-0.17605122923851013,
0.179734006524086,
-0.8613891005516052,
-0.4835445284843445,
0.036558568477630615,
0.6143172383308411,
0.05496171489357948,
-0.34472930431365967,
0.10183469951152802,
0.19093671441078186,
-0.9190866351127625,
-0.31372687220573425,
-0.20984691381454468,
-0.38783764839172363,
-0.126364067196846,
0.7458531856536865,
-0.1585652381181717,
-0.223940908908844,
-0.4595138728618622,
-0.4176648259162903,
0.15163619816303253,
-0.10074912756681442,
-1.3493340015411377,
-0.5887117385864258,
0.2768746614456177,
-0.34171923995018005,
-0.7343423962593079,
0.31124013662338257,
-0.32334256172180176,
-0.3457437753677368,
0.11762699484825134,
-0.1721036583185196,
-0.16793414950370789,
-0.42624223232269287,
0.8032239079475403,
0.020676998421549797,
-0.05084693431854248,
0.11058025062084198,
-0.17626695334911346,
0.0340479351580143,
-0.19090834259986877,
-0.4203832447528839,
-0.7899321913719177,
-0.35491204261779785,
0.16556024551391602,
-0.42009133100509644,
-0.4535899758338928,
-0.34795185923576355,
-0.9181588888168335,
-0.4779573380947113,
-0.3573707640171051,
0.35624879598617554,
0.2694609463214874,
-0.43456360697746277,
0.12217112630605698,
-0.1057845875620842,
0.14863178133964539,
0.0683738961815834,
0.13931705057621002,
-0.23142068088054657,
0.30257394909858704,
-0.39460545778274536,
0.3393787741661072,
0.5683771967887878,
0.1205333024263382,
-0.16287733614444733,
-0.5631547570228577,
0.21047009527683258,
0.25922465324401855,
-0.6133502721786499,
-0.3096857964992523,
-0.7552298903465271,
-0.37387508153915405,
-0.5479035377502441,
0.047463156282901764,
0.37756988406181335,
0.8453137278556824,
0.05983322486281395,
0.022817227989435196,
0.037072233855724335,
0.31557950377464294,
0.7759178280830383,
0.6117573976516724,
0.1903296411037445,
-0.4032684862613678,
-0.8930789828300476,
-0.07761392742395401,
-0.582754909992218,
-0.7787907123565674,
0.254234254360199,
-0.46450406312942505,
0.23141203820705414,
-0.1565786898136139,
-0.40537330508232117,
-0.015562097541987896,
-0.33071011304855347,
0.21909411251544952,
-0.39286378026008606,
-0.18776629865169525,
-0.5045244693756104,
0.13573747873306274,
0.018506573513150215,
0.052356693893671036,
0.43184927105903625,
-0.36433717608451843,
0.08561079204082489,
0.21926702558994293,
-0.16982607543468475,
-0.4850684106349945,
0.040412548929452896,
-0.008584980852901936,
-0.06005554273724556,
0.45238178968429565,
-0.46120837330818176,
-0.17299045622348785,
0.11112893372774124,
-0.5661947131156921,
-0.09633665531873703,
0.2845558226108551,
0.10612802952528,
0.7965503334999084,
0.4569736123085022,
-0.5330101847648621,
-0.8614827990531921,
0.09039370715618134,
0.18028083443641663,
-0.350460022687912,
0.03529715910553932,
-0.29331251978874207,
0.12072420865297318,
-0.17677509784698486,
-0.5458375811576843,
-0.5279214978218079,
-0.19780924916267395,
0.21646156907081604,
-0.28034690022468567,
-0.5163000822067261,
-0.28513193130493164,
0.3508601486682892,
-0.31830891966819763,
0.2491414099931717,
0.8737761974334717,
-0.8997076749801636,
0.1042637899518013,
1.0758485794067383,
-0.2545294761657715,
0.3426129221916199,
-0.03289089351892471,
-0.8463912010192871,
0.04513528198003769,
0.08633546531200409,
-0.6061805486679077,
-0.3897193968296051,
-0.13675439357757568,
-0.34213608503341675,
-0.40543332695961,
-0.1695806235074997,
-0.1592002809047699,
-0.0007979296497069299,
-0.7242345213890076,
-0.07934633642435074,
-0.7966101169586182,
0.42993393540382385,
0.5479900240898132,
-1.0502605438232422,
0.09918829798698425,
-0.2092892974615097,
-0.17268481850624084,
0.3744910657405853,
0.7713786363601685,
0.5433645248413086,
0.2269512116909027,
-0.07174818962812424,
-0.044379107654094696,
0.02120951935648918,
0.2028529793024063,
0.2926613688468933,
0.20881287753582,
0.4425121545791626,
-0.231252983212471,
-0.701500415802002,
-0.051122985780239105,
0.8055119514465332,
0.7190433740615845,
-0.2520376741886139,
-0.8106822371482849,
0.6891896724700928,
0.4507569968700409,
-0.49042171239852905,
0.2161625474691391,
-0.42010313272476196,
0.26602664589881897,
-0.5709639191627502,
0.5179747343063354,
0.039843253791332245,
0.4367198646068573,
-0.042129188776016235,
0.052043285220861435,
-0.11004896461963654,
-0.32482409477233887,
0.4120204448699951,
0.40404531359672546,
-0.20910298824310303,
0.5541774034500122,
-0.20690412819385529,
0.6748558282852173,
-0.5809474587440491,
-0.027576234191656113,
-0.3151368796825409,
-0.3392917215824127,
-0.10476328432559967,
-0.016992883756756783,
0.10884156078100204,
0.20506329834461212,
-0.7640243768692017,
-0.013250411488115788,
-0.8698607683181763,
-0.7677522897720337,
0.36620694398880005,
-0.3109339773654938,
-0.2608615756034851,
-0.15859007835388184,
-0.33898603916168213,
0.1788731813430786,
-0.14004190266132355,
-0.1625053435564041,
-0.11438697576522827,
-0.4243168234825134,
-0.3118448853492737,
0.138200044631958,
0.4662971794605255,
-0.10396513342857361,
0.5046596527099609,
-0.02774018794298172,
0.3345131278038025,
0.258217453956604,
-0.16813385486602783,
-0.3058152198791504,
0.6349937915802002,
-0.058610644191503525,
-0.04245704039931297,
0.05569031089544296,
0.8497401475906372,
0.08928368985652924,
-0.6252906322479248,
0.4811614453792572,
-0.23897387087345123,
0.15439166128635406,
0.25475817918777466,
0.49280187487602234,
0.8697801828384399,
-0.04699332267045975,
0.1561463624238968,
0.21315017342567444,
-0.6185669302940369,
-0.07725007832050323,
0.717652440071106,
-0.4008823037147522,
0.7391311526298523,
0.7131308317184448,
0.40881821513175964,
-0.7856259942054749,
0.31180867552757263,
-0.3876047730445862,
-0.4787302315235138,
0.232174813747406,
1.0365700721740723,
0.21297875046730042,
-0.10650172829627991,
-0.7346876859664917,
0.5417219996452332,
-0.1406642198562622,
-0.7016899585723877,
-0.13307581841945648,
-0.33731380105018616,
0.3441416621208191,
0.23439663648605347,
0.018971893936395645,
-0.3757728934288025,
-0.7909850478172302,
0.40056362748146057,
0.0906340554356575,
0.2625841796398163,
0.8917213082313538,
-0.11554129421710968,
0.16051264107227325,
1.0858477354049683,
0.2200203388929367,
0.29065513610839844,
0.1597720980644226,
-0.045325927436351776,
0.6181509494781494,
0.13668133318424225,
-0.02042759209871292,
-0.032084207981824875,
-0.1597355306148529,
-0.07060029357671738,
-0.04760488122701645,
0.37365224957466125,
-0.3742140531539917,
-0.7477098107337952,
-0.611638605594635,
-0.2675381302833557,
-0.1952647715806961,
-0.3183634281158447,
0.4413936734199524,
0.41582056879997253,
0.27202799916267395,
0.49497202038764954,
-0.3655216097831726,
-0.2419949769973755,
0.129090815782547,
0.4281737506389618,
0.3674784004688263,
-0.07737328857183456,
0.26021644473075867,
-0.513692319393158,
-0.251324862241745,
0.6665393710136414,
-0.08884965628385544,
-0.11554300040006638,
-0.39477184414863586,
-0.15154586732387543,
-0.3197070360183716,
0.0013937129406258464,
-1.3322184085845947,
-0.6639389991760254,
0.18422088027000427,
0.11438711732625961,
0.14530381560325623,
-0.2429758757352829,
-0.7527599930763245,
0.07198909670114517,
-0.2008795440196991,
0.17706964910030365,
0.0672600194811821,
-0.42680326104164124,
0.23261994123458862,
0.8366832733154297,
-0.23626451194286346,
0.5377002954483032,
-0.5848007798194885,
1.3455380201339722,
-0.7361488342285156,
-0.6570908427238464,
-0.30895233154296875,
0.5960862636566162,
0.6173723936080933,
-0.01335398480296135,
0.14728432893753052,
0.3037167191505432,
-0.5094520449638367,
0.34796831011772156,
-0.520009458065033,
-0.060097310692071915,
-0.14517326653003693,
0.17809180915355682,
-0.01950271613895893,
-0.19479145109653473,
-0.1369115114212036,
0.3248658776283264,
0.05623728409409523,
-0.4355778992176056,
0.12400226294994354,
0.5124897956848145,
0.03794640302658081,
0.822172999382019,
-0.18163324892520905,
-0.14530223608016968,
-0.5345379114151001,
-0.4295342266559601,
-0.4087888300418854,
0.3308940827846527,
-0.2079448699951172,
1.1369349956512451,
0.5338404178619385,
-0.4428684115409851,
0.3004918098449707,
0.5957959294319153,
0.915450930595398,
0.4332578778266907,
0.7706915736198425,
-0.337703138589859,
-0.3897269666194916,
-0.3972579538822174,
-0.712173581123352,
0.46178993582725525,
0.7905638217926025,
0.04272608831524849,
0.2125682681798935,
-0.056722864508628845,
0.5791961550712585,
-0.11403064429759979,
0.06376483291387558,
-0.10440244525671005,
0.09801358729600906,
0.5599302053451538
] |
210423
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Reisz
|
Karel Reisz
|
Karel Reisz (21 July 1926 – 25 November 2002) was a Czech-born British filmmaker, one of the pioneers of the new realist strain in British cinema during the 1950s and 1960s. Two of the best-known films he directed are Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960), a classic of kitchen sink realism, and the romantic period drama The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981).
Early life
Reisz was born in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia of Jewish extraction. His father was a lawyer. He was a refugee, one of the 669 rescued by Sir Nicholas Winton.
He came to England in 1938, speaking almost no English, but eradicated his foreign accent as quickly as possible. After attending Leighton Park School, he joined the Royal Air Force toward the end of the war; his parents were murdered at Auschwitz. Following his war service, he read Natural Sciences at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and began to write for film journals, including Sight and Sound. He co-founded Sequence with Lindsay Anderson and Gavin Lambert in 1947.
Career
Free Cinema
Reisz was a founder member of the Free Cinema documentary film movement. His standard textbook The Technique of Film Editing was first published in 1953.
His first short film Momma Don't Allow (1955), co-written and co-directed with Tony Richardson, was included in the first Free Cinema program shown at the National Film Theatre in February 1956.
He produced Every Day Except Christmas (1957) directed by Lindsay Anderson and Band Wagon (1958).
Reisz and Anderson produced and directed March to Aldermaston (1959), then Reisz alone directed We Are the Lambeth Boys (1959), a naturalistic depiction of the members of a South London boys' club, unusual in showing the leisure life of working-class teenagers as it was, with skiffle music and cigarettes, cricket, drawing and discussion groups. The film represented Britain at the Venice Film Festival. (The BBC made two follow-up films about the same people and youth club, broadcast in 1985.) He produced I Want to Go to School (1959) directed by John Krish.
Early features
His first feature film Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960) was based on the social-realism novel by Alan Sillitoe, and used many of the same techniques as his earlier documentaries. In particular, scenes filmed at the Raleigh factory in Nottingham have the look of a documentary, and give the story a vivid sense of verisimilitude. The film won the Grand Award for Best Feature Film at the 1961 Mar del Plata International Film Festival. It was successful at the box office and made a film star of Albert Finney.
Reisz directed a TV series Adventure Story (1961). He produced Anderson's feature directorial debut This Sporting Life (1963), then he and Finney reunited on Night Must Fall (1964).
Reisz directed Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment (1966) adapted by David Mercer from his 1962 television play.
His fourth feature as director was Isadora (1968), a biography of dancer Isadora Duncan, with a screenplay by Melvyn Bragg that starred Vanessa Redgrave.
Hollywood
Reisz's first film shot in America was The Gambler (1974) with James Caan.
He did Who'll Stop the Rain (1978) with Nick Nolte and Tuesday Weld. He was meant to follow it with an adaptation of Brian Moore's novel The Doctor's Wife based on a script by Joe Eszterhas, but the film was never made.
Back in London, he directed The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), which was probably the most successful of his later films. Adapted from the John Fowles novel by Harold Pinter, it starred Jeremy Irons and Meryl Streep. In 1982 he directed John Guare's Gardenia Dreams on stage in Boston.
He did Sweet Dreams (1985), based on the life of country singer Patsy Cline, starring Jessica Lange. After it he did a script about Libby Holman for Ray Stark but it was never made.
Later career
Reisz's last feature was Everybody Wins (1990), with a screenplay by Arthur Miller and based on his play.
From 1991 to 2001, Reisz focused on theatre directing in London, Dublin and Paris. He directed an adaptation of The Deep Blue Sea (1994) for British TV. In 1995, he directed Moonlight by Harold Pinter with Jason Robards and Blythe Danner. At a Beckett festival at Lincoln Center in 1996, he directed Happy Days. In 1999, he did Pinter's Ashes to Ashes, with Lindsay Duncan and David Strathairn at the Roundabout Theater Company. At the Pinter Festival at Lincoln Center in 2001, he staged A Kind of Alaska and Landscape. When the Gate Theater filmed all Beckett's stage plays, Reisz did Act Without Words I (2001).
Personal life
Reisz had three sons by his first wife Julia Coppard, whom he later divorced. Reisz wed Betsy Blair, former wife of Gene Kelly, in 1963 and remained married until his death.
Filmography
Films
Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960)
Night Must Fall (1964)
Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment (1966)
Isadora (1968)
The Gambler (1974)
Who'll Stop the Rain (1978)
The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981)
Sweet Dreams (1985)
Everybody Wins (1990)
Short films
Momma Don't Allow 1955 (documentary)
Every Day But Christmas 1957 (documentary about Covent Garden Market)
We Are the Lambeth Boys 1958 (documentary)
March to Aldermaston 1959 (documentary) about the first of the Aldermaston Marches
Television
Adventure Story (1961) (6 episodes)
Performance (TV series) (1 episode) (1994)
Book
References
External links
1926 births
2002 deaths
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
BAFTA winners (people)
Czech people of Jewish descent
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United Kingdom
Kindertransport refugees
English film directors
English film producers
English-language film directors
English people of Czech-Jewish descent
People educated at Leighton Park School
Film people from Ostrava
Social realism
20th-century English businesspeople
|
[
-0.08695240318775177,
0.3076004087924957,
-0.5760043263435364,
0.00934021919965744,
0.12141690403223038,
0.8559352159500122,
0.3455893099308014,
-0.5275503396987915,
-0.13788218796253204,
0.2622629702091217,
-0.6658645868301392,
0.2158048003911972,
0.14258284866809845,
0.27712482213974,
0.3278341591358185,
0.04375534877181053,
-0.18164190649986267,
-0.7489610910415649,
-0.29941827058792114,
0.005031275097280741,
-0.44924303889274597,
-0.552674412727356,
0.22815822064876556,
-0.04653684049844742,
-0.9033592343330383,
0.047871991991996765,
-0.10507809370756149,
0.18677732348442078,
-0.07057720422744751,
-0.09848563373088837,
0.014890656806528568,
0.17252305150032043,
-0.18416814506053925,
0.1615353673696518,
0.2402416169643402,
0.16599123179912567,
-0.638992428779602,
-0.23524191975593567,
-0.0647808238863945,
0.12119549512863159,
0.03341948613524437,
0.487393319606781,
0.4714812636375427,
-0.2988990843296051,
-0.23108553886413574,
-0.8058571815490723,
-1.6513279676437378,
0.0727536603808403,
-0.851427435874939,
-0.6636346578598022,
-0.17342999577522278,
0.35418325662612915,
0.5820831060409546,
0.3224310278892517,
-0.16088347136974335,
0.5082841515541077,
-0.609148383140564,
-0.34315523505210876,
-0.18682540953159332,
0.03924174979329109,
0.38395175337791443,
-0.36180347204208374,
0.3091525733470917,
-0.19221936166286469,
0.032468684017658234,
0.4291995167732239,
0.11206230521202087,
-0.09669465571641922,
0.4430474638938904,
-0.1794338822364807,
0.12059003859758377,
0.1554275006055832,
0.32794928550720215,
-0.1416158229112625,
-0.05379819497466087,
-0.4510907232761383,
0.5022678375244141,
-0.2899820804595947,
-0.3002183735370636,
0.08260004222393036,
0.27782195806503296,
-0.6354578733444214,
0.6947896480560303,
1.0098897218704224,
0.35747209191322327,
0.03677749261260033,
-0.011272056959569454,
0.17358145117759705,
-0.4549911916255951,
0.25146374106407166,
-0.4247339367866516,
-0.35884422063827515,
0.022408053278923035,
0.3153553605079651,
-0.08520617336034775,
0.1573096513748169,
0.3921346068382263,
0.3150806128978729,
0.38070571422576904,
-0.30317553877830505,
0.20781786739826202,
0.2103007733821869,
-0.3710665702819824,
-0.6693491339683533,
-0.9487511515617371,
0.1684604436159134,
0.0013538844650611281,
-0.5051316618919373,
0.10294340550899506,
0.35420048236846924,
-0.5080264806747437,
0.3625229001045227,
0.14660337567329407,
0.1667475402355194,
0.056080445647239685,
-0.24808505177497864,
-0.7766004800796509,
-0.6649671792984009,
-0.7897529602050781,
0.3728301525115967,
0.023558322340250015,
0.24587249755859375,
-0.12344581633806229,
0.27801430225372314,
-0.5978921055793762,
0.3256968855857849,
-0.05072648078203201,
0.33222490549087524,
-0.25722700357437134,
0.4181128442287445,
0.5244670510292053,
0.812296450138092,
-0.4646132290363312,
-0.2806336581707001,
-0.3203810751438141,
-0.022819451987743378,
0.5060210824012756,
-0.31613293290138245,
-0.42864808440208435,
0.2524808943271637,
-0.0561300627887249,
-0.2871594727039337,
-0.2313055843114853,
0.39724692702293396,
0.795036792755127,
-0.3393310010433197,
0.3581792712211609,
0.04267122223973274,
-0.1253064125776291,
-0.300241619348526,
-0.06118560954928398,
0.10527127236127853,
0.14550653100013733,
-1.1533465385437012,
-0.390165776014328,
0.8733169436454773,
0.28114891052246094,
0.23076438903808594,
0.16628238558769226,
-0.5472069382667542,
0.3619893789291382,
-0.2544081509113312,
-0.30234527587890625,
0.4224931299686432,
0.2196502387523651,
-0.3253190219402313,
0.3144817352294922,
-0.1559467315673828,
0.1244058683514595,
0.6086390018463135,
-0.1398680955171585,
0.31840381026268005,
0.39386358857154846,
-0.19386763870716095,
-0.7413150072097778,
0.35395529866218567,
0.6860151290893555,
0.7733137607574463,
0.30571407079696655,
-0.5269008874893188,
-0.5551009178161621,
0.12109265476465225,
-0.3448094129562378,
0.19310738146305084,
-0.12714211642742157,
0.22768297791481018,
0.2813709080219269,
-0.16616813838481903,
0.32998061180114746,
-0.1543658971786499,
-0.1404227614402771,
-0.21032454073429108,
-0.22065207362174988,
-1.1304879188537598,
0.989558219909668,
-0.25055477023124695,
-0.6260647177696228,
0.3932681977748871,
-0.04016032814979553,
0.23294521868228912,
-0.32949256896972656,
-0.39942410588264465,
-0.20353609323501587,
0.19153688848018646,
0.46497273445129395,
-0.19826693832874298,
0.30084487795829773,
0.006244879215955734,
0.5829780101776123,
0.9981343746185303,
0.061814989894628525,
-0.173152893781662,
0.21314865350723267,
0.6239840984344482,
-0.2060064822435379,
-0.19779518246650696,
-0.6032819151878357,
-0.19036084413528442,
0.05539698153734207,
-0.1662418693304062,
0.502214252948761,
0.3978536128997803,
-0.27141129970550537,
0.24146439135074615,
0.5067465305328369,
0.6246612668037415,
0.06577470153570175,
-0.3668777048587799,
0.5354701280593872,
-0.4248598515987396,
0.24302922189235687,
0.9411707520484924,
-0.011229855008423328,
-0.13365164399147034,
-0.11866724491119385,
0.1159263402223587,
0.600773274898529,
-0.18499761819839478,
0.2697693407535553,
-0.3633868098258972,
-0.014082434587180614,
0.1807330995798111,
-0.1573057323694229,
0.02615899033844471,
-0.030437733978033066,
0.006851757876574993,
0.2917923629283905,
-0.1667996197938919,
-0.6669538021087646,
-0.02681439369916916,
0.1656125783920288,
0.7661536335945129,
-0.39170387387275696,
-0.2713278532028198,
-0.18030238151550293,
0.1512693464756012,
0.05569076165556908,
-0.6374576091766357,
0.8458160758018494,
0.46254608035087585,
0.6249932050704956,
0.20754234492778778,
0.4867529273033142,
0.3603227138519287,
-0.18718063831329346,
-0.3590989112854004,
-0.2729431092739105,
-0.48911744356155396,
-0.11069191992282867,
0.22757522761821747,
-0.010140765458345413,
-0.4302491843700409,
0.06265480816364288,
0.4624277651309967,
0.546578049659729,
-0.016892533749341965,
-0.2271198332309723,
0.36209288239479065,
0.07119090855121613,
-0.09367935359477997,
0.33525943756103516,
0.3638485372066498,
-0.49909862875938416,
0.14035700261592865,
-0.10830800235271454,
0.1297435462474823,
-0.7550050020217896,
-0.05751824751496315,
0.3798868954181671,
-0.2134539932012558,
-0.12002371996641159,
1.1492180824279785,
-0.5146735310554504,
0.03186393901705742,
-0.491384357213974,
0.899453341960907,
-0.9145720601081848,
-0.4924306273460388,
-0.14462165534496307,
0.15089289844036102,
-0.5509188771247864,
0.8488733172416687,
-0.184591606259346,
0.390398234128952,
0.7280373573303223,
0.5356457829475403,
-0.23179419338703156,
-0.276281476020813,
-5.684130668640137,
0.11670517176389694,
0.17474177479743958,
-0.10740356892347336,
0.5525704026222229,
-0.31703776121139526,
0.0431399904191494,
-0.17499546706676483,
0.23146656155586243,
-0.32221272587776184,
-0.1991833597421646,
-0.4451944828033447,
-0.5453478097915649,
1.0917751789093018,
0.5782093405723572,
0.40648189187049866,
0.12828505039215088,
0.028488263487815857,
0.1033991351723671,
0.36126768589019775,
-0.29643478989601135,
-0.48918092250823975,
0.133732408285141,
0.22448156774044037,
-0.31910499930381775,
0.43570834398269653,
-0.4346240758895874,
0.14989888668060303,
-0.9743801355361938,
-0.05495968088507652,
-0.4018688201904297,
-0.5658078193664551,
-0.14318841695785522,
-0.03182394802570343,
0.10244151204824448,
0.5911418199539185,
0.23026764392852783,
0.07935430109500885,
0.10584551841020584,
-0.003860073396936059,
-0.03426389768719673,
0.4148420989513397,
-0.9462718963623047,
0.13649559020996094,
0.052381593734025955,
-0.23326840996742249,
-0.19265532493591309,
0.13732010126113892,
0.1173500269651413,
0.03275219351053238,
0.5330299139022827,
0.08817726373672485,
-0.1268378645181656,
0.08378840237855911,
0.4015485644340515,
0.05312754213809967,
-0.20551757514476776,
-0.14430023729801178,
-0.5756279230117798,
0.24026812613010406,
0.23174361884593964,
-0.27556562423706055,
-0.027476917952299118,
0.07246948033571243,
0.02498972788453102,
-0.131158709526062,
-0.37170732021331787,
-0.3983013927936554,
0.1996447592973709,
-0.4269428849220276,
-0.12795346975326538,
0.41707703471183777,
0.22298598289489746,
-1.0320812463760376,
-0.1896885484457016,
-0.04590843990445137,
0.1760578155517578,
-0.14062264561653137,
-0.12014271318912506,
0.19918598234653473,
0.26156339049339294,
-0.5552561283111572,
-0.2153092473745346,
0.30974966287612915,
0.40836697816848755,
-0.2462540566921234,
-0.18491393327713013,
0.20859038829803467,
-0.4690599739551544,
-0.4288937747478485,
0.537928581237793,
-0.3118141293525696,
-0.10966324061155319,
0.337356299161911,
-0.11299512535333633,
0.1518465131521225,
-0.22373440861701965,
0.3127923905849457,
0.30246657133102417,
0.2997284531593323,
-0.44411367177963257,
-0.13284140825271606,
-0.19542959332466125,
-0.5087333917617798,
0.26997894048690796,
-0.18573591113090515,
0.016938241198658943,
0.3128631114959717,
0.5296698808670044,
-0.35565313696861267,
-0.23667676746845245,
0.9991352558135986,
-0.40599849820137024,
-0.35413554310798645,
0.20917056500911713,
-0.2788926959037781,
-0.24758419394493103,
-0.04338866099715233,
0.25227129459381104,
0.3444555699825287,
-0.21425125002861023,
0.3102811574935913,
-0.1715293973684311,
0.1568821221590042,
0.19498035311698914,
0.1735643744468689,
-0.211883082985878,
-0.0087663559243083,
-0.5795995593070984,
0.3975314795970917,
-0.6452615857124329,
0.642564594745636,
-0.085466668009758,
0.010163911618292332,
0.8126034140586853,
-0.465903103351593,
-0.5386623740196228,
0.2841217815876007,
0.05708897486329079,
-0.004528989549726248,
0.0004975081537850201,
0.132082000374794,
0.5939375758171082,
0.33716708421707153,
-0.26247450709342957,
-0.2596701383590698,
-0.1477503925561905,
0.030361086130142212,
-0.1505376696586609,
0.3626921772956848,
0.16673915088176727,
0.34454888105392456,
0.4055846035480499,
-0.22158794105052948,
-0.5220864415168762,
-0.12315141409635544,
-0.9812701940536499,
-0.18187281489372253,
0.04300044849514961,
-0.04898427054286003,
0.4493909776210785,
0.16344662010669708,
-1.0214678049087524,
-0.03645189478993416,
0.03382090851664543,
-0.22816216945648193,
0.02749296836555004,
-0.2868863642215729,
0.010392626747488976,
0.2306559681892395,
-0.0743100717663765,
-0.41574960947036743,
-0.052351854741573334,
-0.3781624734401703,
-0.2007969468832016,
0.560751736164093,
-0.42116039991378784,
-0.021062912419438362,
-0.19320352375507355,
-0.1586996465921402,
0.1932036429643631,
0.4594380557537079,
-0.7574708461761475,
-0.1450478881597519,
0.4014606475830078,
-0.8221232891082764,
-0.6445625424385071,
-0.34227442741394043,
-0.42388516664505005,
-0.16681750118732452,
0.06646686792373657,
0.3482190668582916,
0.7404540181159973,
0.7670124769210815,
-0.3619745969772339,
-0.6702655553817749,
-0.29379627108573914,
0.38659781217575073,
-0.33562248945236206,
-0.21487101912498474,
-0.04143277183175087,
0.2822599709033966,
-0.38702166080474854,
-0.12429003417491913,
0.5747693777084351,
-0.8251460790634155,
0.1669890433549881,
0.6195801496505737,
-0.08158954232931137,
0.7157683968544006,
-0.7791799306869507,
-0.5929020643234253,
-0.5398896932601929,
-0.24584567546844482,
-0.3706732988357544,
0.3022688925266266,
0.5337556004524231,
-0.13817255198955536,
-0.6045179963111877,
-0.15198750793933868,
-0.10055142641067505,
0.048824794590473175,
-0.937094509601593,
-0.1780146211385727,
-0.6784626245498657,
-0.4736272990703583,
0.10624425858259201,
-0.02257450483739376,
0.4243795573711395,
-0.06915940344333649,
0.1811167448759079,
-0.5465065836906433,
-0.04695185273885727,
0.18955394625663757,
-0.03516510874032974,
0.25269603729248047,
0.5571339130401611,
0.2780618369579315,
0.05866159498691559,
0.16484442353248596,
0.4178389608860016,
0.921951413154602,
0.6150139570236206,
0.4755224585533142,
0.5422210693359375,
0.9201549291610718,
-0.06013977900147438,
-0.6641381978988647,
-0.6321036219596863,
0.166964590549469,
0.005709928460419178,
0.2522701919078827,
-0.31738802790641785,
-0.18839102983474731,
0.6657493114471436,
-0.747241199016571,
0.0027501103468239307,
0.4052511155605316,
0.18851333856582642,
0.2948744595050812,
0.16142836213111877,
-0.18285787105560303,
-0.11878495663404465,
-0.3201856017112732,
-0.17534855008125305,
0.1892368495464325,
0.31534773111343384,
0.12667818367481232,
0.25709956884384155,
-0.28790372610092163,
-0.03955044597387314,
-0.1622377187013626,
-0.17451804876327515,
0.5955991148948669,
-0.15500131249427795,
-0.04567507281899452,
-0.411819189786911,
-0.7896363139152527,
-0.15100951492786407,
-1.1447103023529053,
-0.732920229434967,
0.2994324564933777,
0.11820200085639954,
-0.21355241537094116,
-0.6773950457572937,
-0.22587107121944427,
0.1716616004705429,
-0.4480525851249695,
-0.02929471619427204,
0.0851592943072319,
-0.5239647030830383,
0.32333680987358093,
-0.4023319482803345,
-0.18767619132995605,
0.09497575461864471,
0.05497332289814949,
-0.3765529990196228,
0.8833675980567932,
-0.623275876045227,
-0.2564998269081116,
0.42203474044799805,
0.37209680676460266,
0.24105484783649445,
-0.26336073875427246,
0.47637420892715454,
-0.018947763368487358,
-0.1526343673467636,
-0.46037110686302185,
0.06136016175150871,
0.4913955330848694,
0.4086412191390991,
0.010512778535485268,
-0.15002067387104034,
0.3921658992767334,
-0.07213526219129562,
-0.007238300517201424,
0.7466918230056763,
-0.07815771549940109,
-0.08660276234149933,
-0.3230822682380676,
0.26276180148124695,
0.3141838312149048,
0.6340871453285217,
-1.3922494649887085,
-0.19036400318145752,
0.5831462144851685,
0.343647301197052,
0.47205737233161926,
-0.06278630346059799,
-0.0941496193408966,
0.24807266891002655,
-0.5066767334938049,
-0.1961219608783722,
0.13222849369049072,
0.15021203458309174,
0.15237224102020264,
0.20483440160751343,
-0.27159395813941956,
0.4870288372039795,
0.0870695486664772,
-0.016586976125836372,
0.6213130950927734,
-0.47395142912864685,
-0.0006326801376417279,
0.3417110741138458,
0.2036072164773941,
0.7578723430633545,
0.38804736733436584,
-0.09564124047756195,
0.06419461965560913,
0.869499921798706,
-0.10212727636098862,
0.08039823919534683,
-0.26299238204956055,
0.6119186282157898,
-0.022529475390911102,
0.619488000869751,
-0.40639033913612366,
-0.12371643632650375,
0.3910861611366272,
0.06303247809410095,
-0.28385964035987854,
0.682348906993866,
-0.03363576531410217,
-0.25556680560112,
-0.06033848226070404,
-0.1242818534374237,
-0.879771888256073,
0.7088162899017334,
-0.034457940608263016,
0.13904181122779846,
0.1898084580898285,
-0.27760252356529236,
0.373802125453949,
0.4751288890838623,
0.05682342126965523,
0.27023330330848694,
-0.24141457676887512,
-0.13809648156166077,
0.2907502353191376,
-0.4217972755432129,
0.23758068680763245,
-0.07007551938295364,
0.010822953656315804,
0.06442472338676453,
-0.6007950901985168,
0.13062825798988342,
0.1153840497136116,
-0.022748298943042755,
-0.2071610391139984,
0.12023142725229263,
-0.6460058093070984,
0.06877994537353516,
0.514978289604187,
-0.7927114367485046,
0.17425061762332916,
-0.4602695405483246,
0.553632915019989,
-0.17975367605686188,
0.4052618145942688,
-0.37347137928009033,
0.7518303394317627,
-0.16860781610012054,
0.6923187971115112,
-0.204824298620224,
-0.19536305963993073,
-0.6753171682357788,
-0.03935055062174797,
-0.47946885228157043,
0.3056960999965668,
0.2975457012653351,
-0.29907456040382385,
0.01663806475698948,
0.08432073146104813,
-0.10992413014173508,
0.5711668133735657,
0.5005987286567688,
0.3248153328895569,
0.2800525426864624,
-0.038515180349349976,
-0.17032985389232635,
-0.4476347267627716,
0.3520164489746094,
-0.19876855611801147,
-0.5128396153450012,
-0.05986068770289421,
0.6430046558380127,
-0.11756020784378052,
0.0425841324031353,
0.44124677777290344,
-0.12098428606987,
0.4364706873893738,
-0.7422330379486084,
-0.174000084400177,
-0.37116503715515137,
-0.6778431534767151,
0.5350892543792725,
0.7740343809127808,
0.3384084105491638,
-0.8766630291938782,
0.20263339579105377,
0.3165067732334137,
0.25168856978416443,
-0.2830093502998352,
0.28197258710861206,
-0.5880080461502075,
-0.022925440222024918,
0.0710846334695816,
-0.3757910132408142,
0.30261507630348206,
0.06659072637557983,
-0.1564292311668396,
0.31326961517333984,
-0.7340781092643738,
-0.09332545101642609,
0.377212792634964,
-0.13737279176712036,
-0.3283179998397827,
0.4821099638938904,
-0.16144613921642303
] |
210425
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheeta
|
Cheeta
|
Cheeta (sometimes billed as Cheetah, Cheta, and Chita) is a chimpanzee character that appeared in numerous Hollywood Tarzan films of the 1930s–1960s, as well as the 1966–1968 television series, as the ape sidekick of the title character, Tarzan. Cheeta has usually been characterized as male, but sometimes as female, and has been portrayed by chimpanzees of both sexes.
While the character of Cheeta is inextricably associated in the public mind with Tarzan, no chimpanzees appear in the original Tarzan novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs that inspired the films. The closest analog to Cheeta in the Burroughs novels is Tarzan's monkey companion Nkima, which appears in several of the later books in the series.
Role
Cheeta's role in the Tarzan films and TV series is to provide comic relief, convey messages between Tarzan and his allies, and occasionally lead Tarzan's other animal friends to the ape-man's rescue.
Portrayers of the character
The character of Cheeta was a composite role created through the use of numerous animal actors, over a dozen according to one source. According to journalist R. D. Rosen, "In each Tarzan movie, the Cheeta role [was] played by more than one chimpanzee, depending on what talents the scene called for." Known and alleged performers of the role are given in the following table (see the comments following the table for the sources of the data).
More details about these performers:
Jiggs, a male chimpanzee born about 1929 owned and trained by Tony and Jacqueline Gentry, originated the role and appeared in the first two Johnny Weissmuller Tarzan films, Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) and Tarzan and His Mate (1934), as well as the Tarzan serials Tarzan the Fearless (1933), starring Buster Crabbe, and The New Adventures of Tarzan (1935), starring Herman Brix, which was also released in feature-film form as Tarzan and the Green Goddess (1938). In the Brix films, which were more faithful to Edgar Rice Burroughs' original stories than the Weissmuller ones, Jiggs was cast as Nkima, not Cheeta. He also appeared in the Laurel and Hardy film Dirty Work (1933), and Her Jungle Love (1938), starring Dorothy Lamour, his last film. Died on February 28, 1938 or March 1, 1938 at age 9, of pneumonia, and was buried March 2, 1938, in the Los Angeles Pet Cemetery. Not to be confused with Captain Jiggs, a well-known contemporary chimpanzee owned by Gertrude Davies Lintz, or with Mr. Jiggs, an orangutan who appeared in The Jungle Book and numerous other films, that was retired in May, 1943.
Jacky I, a male chimpanzee owned by Gertrude Davies Lintz for two years before appearing with Johnny Weissmuller in the latter's first Tarzan film
David Holt, who as a six-year-old child actor appeared uncredited as a human double for the role in Tarzan the Fearless (1933).
Cheetah-Mike (also known as Org) was a male chimpanzee owned by Suncoast Primate Sanctuary after being donated from Noell's Chimp Farm in Palm Harbor, Florida. Alleged to have been born about 1931 (claimed age in February 2008 was 77), to have been acquired from the estate of Johnny Weissmuller in 1957, and to have been "one of the original 'Cheetahs' from Johnny Weissmuller's Tarzan movies." It has been speculated that this chimpanzee, if he indeed has any connection to Weissmuller, may actually have come from a Florida tourist attraction the actor once launched that included chimpanzees, rather than having appeared in any of his Tarzan films. According to journalist Andrew Woods, this Cheeta was also known as Org. Died in Palm Harbor, Florida, of kidney failure on December 24, 2011.
Jiggs, Jr. (also known as Jiggs II) was a male chimpanzee born about 1935 owned and trained by Tony and Jacqueline Gentry, alleged to have appeared in a number of Tarzan films and possibly other movies. Stated to have gone to the Baltimore Zoo when Gentry went into the service in World War II, his ultimate fate is unknown.
Unknown 1 was a chimpanzee stated to have been a juvenile understudy to Jiggs in one of the Weissmuller Tarzan films, that on one occasion accompanied Weissmuller and a 14-foot boa constrictor on a visit to newspaper columnist Nelson B. Bell.
Skippy was a chimpanzee that reportedly "took over when Jiggs died in the late 1930s."
Unknown 2 was a chimpanzee stated to have portrayed Cheeta for 10 years from around 1933 until retirement in 1943, possibly the same as the above. This Cheeta's last film was presumably Tarzan's Desert Mystery (1943), as the first film of its successor was Tarzan and the Amazons (1945).
Jacky III was a male chimpanzee formerly owned by Gertrude Davies Lintz, that appeared "in the 'Tarzan' film released in early 1942" (presumably Tarzan's Secret Treasure, released December 1, 1941, or Tarzan's New York Adventure, released in May 1942).
Cheta was a chimpanzee of undetermined sex born about 1937 trained by George Emerson, stated to be the current chimpanzee under contract by Metro for the Tarzan films in March, 1943.
Unknown 3 was chimpanzee stated to have replaced the 1933-1943 Cheeta, cast in 1944 with a trainer from the St. Louis Zoo hired as handler for Tarzan and the Amazons (1945).
Unknown 4 was a chimpanzee trained by Albert Antonucci that had apparently played Cheeta for three years as of April, 1949; Antonucci is known to have been Cheeta's trainer for the films Tarzan and the Huntress (1947) and Tarzan's Magic Fountain (1949), so presumably this Cheeta played in these films and the intervening Tarzan and the Mermaids (1948); Antonucci himself was stated to be slated for an acting role in the next Tarzan film, to be titled Tarzan and the Golden Lion, presumably a working title for the actual next film in the series, Tarzan and the Slave Girl (1950), but if so, his role was uncredited or performed under a stage name. Whether he continued to serve as Cheeta's handler in that film, or indeed whether "his" Cheeta was the one who appeared in it, is unknown.
Harry was a male chimpanzee born about 1944, possibly the same as the above, stated to be playing Cheeta in the Tarzan films in May, 1948.
Cheeta was a chimpanzee owned and trained by Pinky Jackson, who made personal appearances in promotion of the Tarzan films at six Sidney Lust theaters in Maryland in early December, 1950. Possibly, he was the Cheeta that appeared in the then-current Tarzan film, Tarzan and the Slave Girl (1950), or may have been retained only for the promotional appearances.
Cheeta, a female chimpanzee born about 1948 owned by Ed Rogers, is stated to have appeared in 42 films, including Tarzan films as Cheeta and the television program Truth or Consequences as Beaulah. She died at age 9 on September 6, 1957, in Cypress, California, shot by deputy sheriffs after breaking out of her cage, attacking her owner, and charging at a group of children.
Zippy was a male chimpanzee born about 1951, owned and trained by Ralph Quinlan, and is stated to have appeared as Cheeta in Tarzan films of the mid-1950s, including the Gordon Scott film Tarzan's Hidden Jungle (1955).
Dinky was a female chimpanzee that appeared under that name in Tarzan and the Valley of Gold (1966) and as Cheeta in the Tarzan and the Great River (1967); both movies were filmed in 1965. She bit Mike Henry, the actor playing Tarzan, during the filming of the latter, after which she was put down; Henry later sued the producers for this accident and other unsafe working conditions on his three Tarzan films.
Cheetah was the chimpanzee appearing with Ron Ely in the 1966–1968 Tarzan TV series, said to be the only trained animal on the show.
C.J., a male orangutan, is stated to have played Cheeta in the 1981 remake Tarzan, the Ape Man, and (more famously) Clyde in the 1978 Clint Eastwood film Every Which Way But Loose. (However, the Clyde role has elsewhere been attributed to Manis, a different orangutan.)
Cheeta (also known as Jiggs IV) was a male chimpanzee born about 1960, formerly owned by Tony Gentry and now residing at the C.H.E.E.T.A. Primate Sanctuary (Creative Habitats and Enrichment for Endangered and Threatened Apes) in Palm Springs, California. He was claimed by Gentry to have been born in 1932 or later in the 1930s, and to have portrayed Cheeta in most of the Johnny Weissmuller and Lex Barker Tarzan films, and for that reason long celebrated as the longest-lived chimpanzee on reaching the supposed age of 64 in 1996 (chimpanzees typically live to be 35 in the wild). Both claims were debunked by journalist R. D. Rosen in 2008 in an article that settled the animal's true age and established that he had not appeared in any movies, let alone in the role of Cheeta. However, he did appear as Cheeta in the TV movie 07 Spaceys and a news segment featuring his "75th" birthday, both in 2007, and the documentary See No Evil in 2014. According to journalist Andrew Woods, who "interviewed" this Cheeta in 2008, his "offstage" name is Jiggs IV.
Tony Gentry's Cheeta hoax
Late in his life, Tony Gentry, who had been the co-owner and trainer of the original Cheeta (Jiggs), made extravagant claims in regard to another chimpanzee he owned and its connection with the Cheeta role. This animal, known as both Cheeta and Jiggs IV, was falsely alleged by Gentry to have been the primary animal actor portraying Cheeta in the Tarzan movies over the years. He also greatly exaggerated the age of the animal to support this claim. For a number of years both before and after Gentry's death this story passed unexamined and became a matter of general belief.
Gentry's allegations
Tony Gentry made various claims regarding Cheeta's (Jiggs IV) age, origins, and supposed movie roles. Some of these claims conflicted with each other.
In the usually related account, Gentry originally acquired the animal by purchase from Henry Trefflich, a New York animal importer and dealer. Cheeta was supposedly born in the wild in Liberia some months prior to 9 April 1932, which is celebrated as his birthday because it is the date he is said to have arrived in the United States, in New York City. Other accounts of Cheeta's origins from Gentry include having found the animal himself in the Belgian Congo in 1932 or having bought him in Santa Monica about 1938 or in the late 1940s.
Gentry's acquaintances and fellow animal trainers Hubert Wells, Stewart Raffill, and Cheryl Shawver have disputed all of these accounts, stating that "Tony got that chimp from Wally Ross ... one of the managers of Pacific Ocean Park on the pier in Santa Monica" when the park closed in 1967. According to them, Cheeta was only about 6 or 7 years old at that time, which would put his birthdate around 1960 or 1961 rather than 1932.
Gentry claimed Cheeta/Jiggs IV was the primary animal actor used in the role of Cheeta in the Tarzan movies. His first appearance as Cheeta is usually stated to have been in the second Johnny Weissmuller Tarzan film, Tarzan and His Mate (1934), uncredited as a young chimpanzee riding on the back of the older chimp (Jiggs) who originated the role. He was then allegedly cast in the role himself in the other Weissmuller Tarzans that followed, as well as the succeeding Lex Barker Tarzan films. Journalist R. D. Rosen, who investigated this story, counters that this animal in fact never appeared in any Tarzan film.
Besides his supposed role as Cheeta in the Tarzan films, Cheeta/Jiggs IV reputedly appeared as other chimpanzee characters in unrelated films, including Ramona the Chimp in Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla (1952) and Chee-Chee in Doctor Dolittle (1967) with Rex Harrison, supposedly his last role before retirement. However, according to Wells, Raffill, and Shawver, as reported by R. D. Rosen, Cheeta never appeared in any movies; Rosen himself confirmed that the animal could not have been the Chee-Chee in the Dolittle film.
Later life of Cheeta/Jiggs IV as a celebrity
In 1991, whatever the truth of his origins and prior life, Cheeta/Jiggs IV was given by Gentry to his distant cousin Don Westfall, the current caretaker. Gentry died two years later. In Westfall's care, Cheeta lived at a primate sanctuary called Creative Habitats and Enrichment for Endangered and Threatened Apes (or CHEETA) in Palm Springs, California, where he reportedly watched television, made abstract paintings, which were sold to benefit primate-related charities, and often watched "his" old films with his grandson, Jeeter. He also leafed through books and "played" the piano.
His birthdays, calculated from the date of his supposed 1932 arrival in the United States, were regularly celebrated. In 2006, coinciding with his "74th" birthday, Cheeta received an award for his supposed film career from the International Film Festival of Peniscola Comedy. Later that year, the 4 October 2006, edition of the Palm Springs newspaper, The Desert Sun, reported that he had received his first-ever visit from famed primatologist Jane Goodall the previous day. His "75th" birthday was covered by National Geographic. His "76th" birthday was celebrated on 9 April 2008, at his "Casa de Cheeta" in Palm Springs at an event hosted by Dan Westfall and Diane Weissmuller, (Johnny Weissmuller, Jr.'s widow). The press and many Palm Springs celebrities attended.
On the basis of his fictitious history, Cheeta was cited by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's oldest nonhuman primate. An equally fictitious purported ghost-written "autobiography" of the chimp, Me Cheeta, was published in the U.K. in October 2008. The American edition was published on March 3, 2009.
Honors
In March 1995, the character of Cheeta was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars.
Since 2004, unsuccessful attempts have been made to secure a star for Cheeta on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and as of 2008, filmmaker Matt Devlen was continuing the effort. Attempting for the seventh time to get a sidewalk star, the handlers of Cheeta/Jiggs IV launched an online petition to get supporters to urge the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce to give a star in 2009. The petition was unsuccessful.
Influences
The character of Chemistry, from the Doc Savage stories, is said to have been inspired by Cheeta.
See also
List of individual apes
References
Further reading
External links
"Jesse" http://www.northernrhodesia.org/boma/Jesse
"Cheetah dead at 80, but was chimp really Tarzan's sidekick?" https://web.archive.org/web/20120107225927/http://www.vancouversun.com/health/Cheetah%2Bdead%2Bchimp%2Breally%2BTarzan%2Bsidekick/5922661/story.html
Tarzan characters
Individual chimpanzees
Fictional chimpanzees
Literary characters introduced in 1932
2011 animal deaths
Animal actors
|
[
0.0014320601476356387,
-0.13761287927627563,
-1.0238076448440552,
0.14492158591747284,
0.09057614207267761,
0.4010283350944519,
0.39156344532966614,
-0.2374943047761917,
-0.7769161462783813,
0.34261852502822876,
-0.11826583743095398,
0.28370368480682373,
-0.5879524946212769,
-0.08606594800949097,
-0.24170364439487457,
0.013346056453883648,
0.42347288131713867,
0.4410967528820038,
-0.42890465259552,
-0.42321813106536865,
-0.6288350820541382,
-0.28086501359939575,
-0.17999176681041718,
-0.1359425187110901,
-0.41816040873527527,
0.21945621073246002,
0.08675799518823624,
0.5373246073722839,
0.402722030878067,
0.37835395336151123,
0.3332170248031616,
-0.4375706911087036,
0.4590725600719452,
0.16660159826278687,
-0.6466281414031982,
-0.17179791629314423,
-0.3765954375267029,
-0.05197514221072197,
-0.04659643769264221,
-0.8521411418914795,
0.09148860722780228,
0.06763097643852234,
-0.0036259584594517946,
0.5991398096084595,
-0.49029648303985596,
-0.3712872862815857,
-0.8612725138664246,
0.29322531819343567,
-0.25596505403518677,
0.2824195325374603,
-0.6984224915504456,
0.4000563323497772,
-0.11833459883928299,
0.32361385226249695,
0.372458815574646,
0.5448605418205261,
-0.5539069771766663,
-0.07557914406061172,
-0.2121185064315796,
-0.6969501376152039,
0.1705106645822525,
-0.08087683469057083,
0.9210166931152344,
-0.0498371422290802,
-0.6007654070854187,
0.2225135713815689,
0.33448466658592224,
0.039599619805812836,
0.4550723731517792,
-0.4169887602329254,
-0.17872637510299683,
0.19306237995624542,
-0.4303390681743622,
0.4490385353565216,
-0.0028492319397628307,
-0.5986865758895874,
0.23317381739616394,
0.12931595742702484,
0.42063507437705994,
0.831784188747406,
-0.11779806762933731,
0.4923233985900879,
0.04093490540981293,
0.2882254421710968,
-0.10162989795207977,
0.03703002631664276,
0.5274320840835571,
0.39983659982681274,
-0.15822848677635193,
0.00040677483775652945,
-0.507568895816803,
-0.025909477844834328,
-0.10964024066925049,
0.386402428150177,
-0.4982675015926361,
-0.29862073063850403,
0.04406033083796501,
-0.9256054162979126,
0.5642529726028442,
-0.27920541167259216,
-0.492403119802475,
-0.2783854901790619,
0.21144214272499084,
-0.17815901339054108,
-1.2919061183929443,
-0.02793770283460617,
0.045204874128103256,
-0.02360358275473118,
-0.7271550297737122,
-0.02499786764383316,
-0.6413192749023438,
-0.2889307737350464,
0.21878497302532196,
-0.3015475869178772,
0.00884647760540247,
-0.10656753927469254,
-0.22826389968395233,
-0.6489663124084473,
-0.9239556789398193,
-0.170212522149086,
-0.20269450545310974,
0.8175078630447388,
0.0962042361497879,
0.39291587471961975,
-0.12556372582912445,
0.12914949655532837,
0.1396942138671875,
0.3827442526817322,
-0.2530694603919983,
0.28269079327583313,
0.28143152594566345,
0.11338189989328384,
-0.08521059900522232,
0.19099831581115723,
-0.0367371030151844,
-0.1939244270324707,
0.05939224362373352,
0.6112095713615417,
0.0377398245036602,
-0.35366547107696533,
-1.0884385108947754,
0.2874797582626343,
0.03847159817814827,
0.35677623748779297,
-0.05874444171786308,
-0.08121611922979355,
0.05438314750790596,
0.5103058815002441,
-0.2978109121322632,
-0.5121287107467651,
-0.11532268673181534,
-0.4496118724346161,
0.5175386667251587,
-0.6312227249145508,
-0.20119580626487732,
0.3579699695110321,
0.3856770396232605,
-0.37178415060043335,
0.3124192953109741,
-0.5827440023422241,
0.33110758662223816,
-0.026046600192785263,
-0.28860530257225037,
-0.18688134849071503,
0.20150412619113922,
0.21157613396644592,
0.03081047534942627,
0.41264477372169495,
-0.1418113112449646,
0.6969226598739624,
0.03979552909731865,
-0.03099733218550682,
-0.19057638943195343,
0.2965353727340698,
-0.8562010526657104,
-0.08191771060228348,
-0.014196258038282394,
0.25074970722198486,
0.043110039085149765,
-0.1029985323548317,
-0.7707954049110413,
0.15106604993343353,
-0.04788322001695633,
-0.10087963193655014,
-0.3999122679233551,
-0.11909790337085724,
0.7870891094207764,
-0.07291990518569946,
-0.1631096452474594,
-0.03518335148692131,
-0.7840396761894226,
0.0840020626783371,
0.178238183259964,
-0.3848385512828827,
1.5253689289093018,
0.05175022408366203,
-0.691214382648468,
-0.025974242016673088,
0.1310228556394577,
0.004428219981491566,
0.18266494572162628,
-0.09523934125900269,
0.6764311790466309,
0.02324819006025791,
-1.1063454151153564,
-0.1405893862247467,
-0.08107747882604599,
0.7398831248283386,
0.2542893886566162,
0.37316861748695374,
0.04630453884601593,
0.5464520454406738,
-0.15927819907665253,
0.025675734505057335,
-0.02007204480469227,
0.2633989155292511,
-0.49900326132774353,
0.3650335967540741,
0.11444375663995743,
-0.46329429745674133,
0.39623668789863586,
-0.15169808268547058,
-0.7384228706359863,
0.016532085835933685,
0.5022250413894653,
0.9128892421722412,
0.2206985205411911,
-0.2984759211540222,
0.6805711984634399,
0.27494534850120544,
-0.08200512081384659,
0.15832798182964325,
0.05082816630601883,
-0.5206649303436279,
0.06812936067581177,
-0.5308434963226318,
0.5243648290634155,
-0.36932793259620667,
0.2353561967611313,
-0.2670415937900543,
0.13106189668178558,
0.5475370287895203,
-0.5246891975402832,
-0.23556528985500336,
0.3967842757701874,
-0.3746439218521118,
-0.08555381745100021,
-0.3770172894001007,
-0.8643912076950073,
-0.29619428515434265,
-0.26556137204170227,
0.5310178399085999,
0.6467559933662415,
0.31864526867866516,
0.1798108071088791,
-0.03831356018781662,
-0.7636998295783997,
-0.2933277189731598,
0.5350140929222107,
-0.014030876569449902,
0.33622416853904724,
-0.1149032711982727,
-0.3750975430011749,
0.059101641178131104,
0.32712602615356445,
-0.7716087698936462,
0.016497571021318436,
-0.516558051109314,
-0.28857845067977905,
0.34067511558532715,
0.8033361434936523,
-0.02615303359925747,
-0.32351571321487427,
-0.4919525682926178,
0.3845665156841278,
-0.2526164948940277,
-0.01998678594827652,
-0.3181900680065155,
0.07688844203948975,
-0.9083428382873535,
0.11788816004991531,
0.4055722653865814,
-0.12961158156394958,
-0.8381907939910889,
0.237904891371727,
-0.5140221118927002,
-0.21924909949302673,
-0.806524932384491,
-0.0664837658405304,
0.16621272265911102,
0.16548289358615875,
0.7403120994567871,
-0.5429533123970032,
0.002367476001381874,
-0.44579729437828064,
0.02132725901901722,
-0.0357276126742363,
1.2031168937683105,
0.4076130986213684,
-0.17924733459949493,
-0.05056068301200867,
0.04524785280227661,
0.26091039180755615,
-0.20459522306919098,
0.6897247433662415,
0.16573067009449005,
0.30374816060066223,
-0.48205024003982544,
-5.663771629333496,
0.28428807854652405,
-0.022922750562429428,
-0.4193503260612488,
0.050020214170217514,
0.19459877908229828,
0.1054234728217125,
0.16800977289676666,
-0.006554745603352785,
-0.13149140775203705,
0.15343523025512695,
-0.08435947448015213,
0.1256207674741745,
-0.2651697099208832,
-0.4623394012451172,
0.20004627108573914,
-0.20809757709503174,
0.07403595745563507,
0.022343577817082405,
0.8275476098060608,
-0.08405856788158417,
-0.11419671028852463,
-0.17753303050994873,
0.6175119280815125,
-0.015315501019358635,
0.504266083240509,
-0.5615487098693848,
-0.6048205494880676,
-0.1817997694015503,
-0.09928185492753983,
-0.32012075185775757,
0.05967187508940697,
0.0983237475156784,
-0.28589579463005066,
-0.4544234275817871,
0.2857513427734375,
0.5071783661842346,
-0.022360743954777718,
-0.5465013384819031,
-0.09371030330657959,
-0.26670798659324646,
0.009251546114683151,
0.04984307289123535,
-0.48998111486434937,
0.6449489593505859,
0.05273007974028587,
-0.12550465762615204,
-0.7400839328765869,
0.4719427525997162,
0.4375371038913727,
-0.37793856859207153,
0.4439370334148407,
0.42278560996055603,
0.41231924295425415,
0.6523600220680237,
-0.004809804726392031,
-0.06525185704231262,
0.31275424361228943,
-0.45576709508895874,
0.2618960738182068,
0.30341508984565735,
-0.596368134021759,
-0.34652024507522583,
-0.44121795892715454,
0.12609606981277466,
0.20772454142570496,
-0.09306494891643524,
-0.0931171178817749,
0.2246006280183792,
-0.12607930600643158,
-0.126202791929245,
-0.02796105481684208,
0.30705487728118896,
-0.897152841091156,
-0.1098884716629982,
-0.5349284410476685,
-0.5298420786857605,
-0.16736386716365814,
-0.5056888461112976,
0.008387110196053982,
-0.49607327580451965,
-0.846348762512207,
-0.2575035095214844,
-0.20271553099155426,
0.24357657134532928,
-0.9092102646827698,
-0.5810936689376831,
-0.20428280532360077,
-0.10483380407094955,
0.6056769490242004,
0.6948820948600769,
-0.472716748714447,
-0.16607387363910675,
0.47487494349479675,
0.6615198850631714,
0.27688515186309814,
-0.05264958366751671,
0.32388147711753845,
0.591565728187561,
0.12829343974590302,
0.09395359456539154,
-0.20519806444644928,
0.059125322848558426,
0.230683371424675,
0.2589464783668518,
-0.1422562599182129,
-0.06657610833644867,
-0.3824211657047272,
0.9690477252006531,
0.1293359398841858,
0.14714415371418,
-0.8946456909179688,
-0.5432217717170715,
0.1512548327445984,
0.6523309350013733,
0.5189402103424072,
0.5783330798149109,
0.7772036194801331,
1.2286276817321777,
-0.26529228687286377,
0.010233140550553799,
0.46633821725845337,
-0.185323566198349,
-0.044415056705474854,
0.35043463110923767,
-0.04012257605791092,
0.21411827206611633,
0.3398230969905853,
-0.09717714786529541,
-0.13768154382705688,
-0.7468974590301514,
0.3157412111759186,
0.19730433821678162,
-0.33655473589897156,
0.2516877055168152,
0.25040364265441895,
0.08395376801490784,
-0.3470078110694885,
-0.27730312943458557,
-0.5030951499938965,
-0.9378159046173096,
0.023543572053313255,
-0.3061409294605255,
0.4710114002227783,
0.5535342693328857,
-0.8408236503601074,
0.13896891474723816,
-0.2690941393375397,
0.006574373692274094,
0.06268129497766495,
0.4829154312610626,
-0.06873694807291031,
0.399692565202713,
0.06348269432783127,
-0.7770175337791443,
-0.6820347905158997,
0.10019651800394058,
0.05037258192896843,
-0.06666293740272522,
0.45690852403640747,
0.6741468906402588,
-0.3649255931377411,
-0.7922555804252625,
-0.06944698095321655,
-0.20902560651302338,
0.10038819164037704,
-0.07308344542980194,
-0.9106878042221069,
-0.3274894952774048,
0.12828251719474792,
-0.020747462287545204,
-0.5324869751930237,
-0.233267679810524,
0.3635459542274475,
-0.18934926390647888,
0.092041976749897,
-0.45670366287231445,
-0.013371673412621021,
0.08283785730600357,
0.5964253544807434,
-0.28825774788856506,
-0.029756074771285057,
-0.06252838671207428,
-0.1495157927274704,
0.5473251342773438,
-0.5168763399124146,
-0.6110280752182007,
0.46459418535232544,
0.036888059228658676,
0.27050504088401794,
0.5913366675376892,
0.5966780781745911,
0.024438275024294853,
0.4720490276813507,
-0.7784997224807739,
0.3985196053981781,
-0.5993512868881226,
0.04892919585108757,
1.1194214820861816,
-0.3446448743343353,
-0.45624005794525146,
-0.05857115983963013,
-0.058129992336034775,
0.12484557926654816,
0.39992254972457886,
-0.5040346384048462,
0.418771356344223,
-0.03138774633407593,
-0.503372848033905,
0.23993432521820068,
-0.2589431405067444,
-0.5034481883049011,
0.26329225301742554,
0.7654552459716797,
0.05530698969960213,
0.5534573197364807,
-0.31458544731140137,
0.10232765227556229,
-0.06351862847805023,
-0.34274667501449585,
0.4103391170501709,
-0.3984510600566864,
-0.2663179636001587,
-0.3829703629016876,
-0.41065841913223267,
0.37373214960098267,
0.23627446591854095,
-0.22273212671279907,
0.2045498639345169,
-0.16143132746219635,
0.06440580636262894,
-0.1411149501800537,
-0.11964578926563263,
-0.1562146544456482,
-0.4606579542160034,
-0.3077589273452759,
0.47335994243621826,
0.2653510272502899,
0.7974429726600647,
0.23170746862888336,
0.5295683145523071,
0.8946026563644409,
-0.34895986318588257,
0.21083234250545502,
0.49155178666114807,
0.7698304653167725,
-0.30576661229133606,
-0.9405750632286072,
-0.0915590152144432,
-0.3910808861255646,
0.013759792782366276,
-0.1486106514930725,
-0.6641445159912109,
0.14572827517986298,
0.31601935625076294,
0.05945879966020584,
0.027080422267317772,
-0.04925122484564781,
-0.15430228412151337,
-0.0728708878159523,
0.2765376567840576,
0.5321680307388306,
-0.7179657220840454,
0.11038350313901901,
-0.06098360940814018,
-0.1558285355567932,
-0.3547319173812866,
0.7880715727806091,
0.35289108753204346,
0.015157271176576614,
0.1904284805059433,
-0.2953570783138275,
0.5339096188545227,
0.502201497554779,
-0.21892108023166656,
-0.04542890563607216,
0.299081951379776,
-0.41036415100097656,
-0.24084581434726715,
0.10842663049697876,
-0.3047740161418915,
0.5600633025169373,
0.028285518288612366,
0.26772940158843994,
-0.15858325362205505,
-0.2675064206123352,
0.07310960441827774,
-0.7191774845123291,
-0.21941033005714417,
-0.07565145939588547,
-0.33564072847366333,
0.5320441722869873,
0.2255927175283432,
0.055180978029966354,
0.057409510016441345,
0.11944129317998886,
0.30961766839027405,
0.2773241698741913,
-0.17113688588142395,
0.018672244623303413,
-0.440058171749115,
0.8082418441772461,
0.22152116894721985,
-0.22535596787929535,
0.3382895290851593,
-0.2609488368034363,
0.3692289888858795,
-0.38478538393974304,
-0.48058098554611206,
0.4076595902442932,
-0.13571850955486298,
-0.15167154371738434,
-0.09499883651733398,
0.32004547119140625,
-0.03504128381609917,
0.2906908094882965,
0.45537200570106506,
-0.11211485415697098,
0.04954083263874054,
0.20823225378990173,
0.6327336430549622,
0.15348763763904572,
0.05756574496626854,
-0.12084861844778061,
0.1296004354953766,
0.2477508783340454,
-0.027403345331549644,
-0.25110939145088196,
0.37584638595581055,
1.0668671131134033,
0.5910763740539551,
-0.33780425786972046,
0.46751976013183594,
-0.11375866830348969,
0.17806768417358398,
-0.6397101283073425,
0.3536054491996765,
0.863710343837738,
-0.20227240025997162,
0.9463923573493958,
-0.34194138646125793,
0.07068566232919693,
-0.4298922121524811,
0.05045495182275772,
-0.07655742764472961,
-0.06745488941669464,
-0.0467691496014595,
0.025667795911431313,
0.48844462633132935,
0.46154847741127014,
0.38697901368141174,
0.2892986834049225,
0.2360379844903946,
-0.2778070271015167,
0.34248796105384827,
-0.037372052669525146,
0.2202189713716507,
0.18185244500637054,
-0.23468051850795746,
0.27713075280189514,
-0.18093682825565338,
0.3572846055030823,
0.699096143245697,
0.07497772574424744,
0.019352268427610397,
0.4080008268356323,
-0.8031949400901794,
-0.23563645780086517,
0.05804126709699631,
-0.0022721998393535614,
0.09718173742294312,
0.478868693113327,
-0.2520827353000641,
0.02248314954340458,
0.250180184841156,
0.667694091796875,
0.10422256588935852,
0.028018992394208908,
0.05859922245144844,
-0.09983571618795395,
-0.48871466517448425,
-0.38570013642311096,
-0.3024023473262787,
-0.485947847366333,
0.09872490912675858,
0.13651686906814575,
-0.18612249195575714,
0.2348337173461914,
-0.35774919390678406,
-0.018780436366796494,
0.3738185465335846,
-0.7927850484848022,
0.5398579239845276,
0.4066895544528961,
0.0022182452958077192,
0.07651500403881073,
-0.1045612171292305,
0.5936123132705688,
0.08449407666921616,
-0.3819928765296936,
0.14379793405532837,
0.05246830731630325,
-0.3376791477203369,
-0.1575932502746582,
0.24587665498256683,
-0.331895649433136,
-0.7779260873794556,
-0.32184723019599915,
-0.8677442669868469,
0.01125300396233797,
0.22617803514003754,
-0.17588704824447632,
0.06756222248077393,
0.07058430463075638,
0.29737770557403564,
0.8117380142211914,
-0.05383732169866562,
-0.009798548184335232,
-0.22949501872062683,
0.12401297688484192,
0.34974923729896545,
-0.37145188450813293,
-0.03767644241452217,
0.3526400625705719,
-0.02078118734061718,
0.1381712257862091,
0.6212249398231506,
-0.0893559530377388,
-1.3287314176559448,
0.39311620593070984,
0.6549350619316101,
0.6120172739028931,
-0.20769044756889343,
-0.013021048158407211,
-0.4935060143470764,
-0.6255648732185364,
0.5307128429412842,
0.5619940757751465,
-0.28916630148887634,
-0.4958312213420868,
0.3219173848628998,
-0.06522785127162933,
0.8451538681983948,
0.17612481117248535,
-0.10240907222032547,
-0.4367818236351013,
0.3141118884086609,
-0.059648528695106506,
-0.8228561282157898,
-0.06940923631191254,
0.21050848066806793,
0.11949095875024796,
0.27887439727783203,
-1.0557897090911865,
-0.06056716665625572,
0.6990347504615784,
0.22168269753456116,
-0.023815955966711044,
0.41557013988494873,
-0.00043418139102868736
] |
210429
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook%20Taylor
|
Brook Taylor
|
Brook Taylor (18 August 1685 – 29 December 1731) was an English mathematician best known for creating Taylor's theorem and the Taylor series, which are important for their use in mathematical analysis.
Life and work
Brook Taylor was born in Edmonton (former Middlesex). Taylor was the son of John Taylor, MP of Patrixbourne, Kent and Olivia Tempest, the daughter of Sir Nicholas Tempest, Baronet of Durham.
He entered St John's College, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner in 1701, and took degrees in LL.B. in 1709 and LL.D. in 1714. Taylor studied mathematics under John Machin and John Keill, leading to Taylor obtaining a solution to the problem of "center of oscillation." Taylor's solution remained unpublished until May 1714, when his claim to priority was disputed by Johann Bernoulli.
Taylor's Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa (1715) ("Direct and Indirect Methods of Incrementation") added a new branch to higher mathematics, called "calculus of finite differences". Taylor used this development to determine the form of movement in vibrating strings. Taylor also wrote the first satisfactory investigation of astronomical refraction. The same work contains the well-known Taylor's theorem, the importance of which remained unrecognized until 1772, when Joseph-Louis Lagrange realized its usefulness and termed it "the main foundation of differential calculus".
In Taylor's 1715 essay Linear Perspective, Taylor set forth the principles of perspective in a more understandable form, but the work suffered from brevity and obscurity problems which plagued most of his writings, meaning the essay required further explanation in the treatises of Joshua Kirby (1754) and Daniel Fournier (1761).
Taylor was elected as a fellow in the Royal Society in 1712. In the same year, Taylor sat on the committee for adjudicating the claims of Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. He acted as secretary to the society from 13 January 1714 to 21 October 1718.
From 1715 onward, Taylor's studies took a philosophical and religious bent. He corresponded with the Comte de Montmort on the subject of Nicolas Malebranche's tenets. Unfinished treatises written on his return from Aix-la-Chapelle in 1719, On the Jewish Sacrifices and On the Lawfulness of Eating Blood, were afterwards found among his papers.
Taylor was one of few English mathematicians, along with Isaac Newton and Roger Cotes, who was capable of holding his own with the Bernoullis, but a lack of clarity affected a great part of his demonstrations and Taylor lost brevity through his failure to express his ideas fully and clearly.
His health began to fail in 1717 after years of intense work.
Taylor married Miss Brydges of Wallington, Surrey in 1721 without his father's approval. The marriage led to an estrangement with his father, which improved in 1723 after Taylor's wife died in childbirth while giving birth to a son. Taylor's son did not survive.
He spent the next two years with his family at Bifrons, and in 1725 he married with his father's approval. Taylor married Sabetta Sawbridge of Olantigh, Kent, who died in childbirth in 1730. However, his only daughter, Elizabeth, survived.
Taylor's father died in 1729, leaving Taylor to inherit the Bifrons estate.
Taylor died at the age of 46, on 29 December 1731, at Somerset House, London.
Selected writings
Taylor's grandson, Sir William Young, printed a posthumous work entitled Contemplatio Philosophica for private circulation in 1793, (2nd Bart., 10 January 1815). The work was prefaced by a biography, and had an appendix containing letters addressed to him by Bolingbroke, Bossuet, and countless others.
Several short papers by Taylor were published in Phil. Trans., vols. xxvii to xxxii,which including accounts of experiments in magnetism and capillary attraction. In 1719, Brook issued an improved version of his work on perspective, New Principles of Linear Perspective, which was revised by John Colson in 1749.A French translation was published in 1757. It was reprinted, with a portrait and short biography, in 1811.
.
Annotated English translation by Ian Bruce
.
Tribute
Taylor is an impact crater located on the Moon, named in honor of Brook Taylor in 1935.
References
Further reading
External links
Beningbrough Hall has a painting by John Closterman of Taylor aged about 12 with his brothers and sisters. See also NPG 5320: The Children of John Taylor of Bifrons Park
Brook Taylor's pedigree
Taylor, a crater on the Moon named after Brook Taylor
1685 births
1731 deaths
English mathematicians
18th-century English mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from Edmonton, London
Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England
|
[
-0.7622384428977966,
0.18140707910060883,
-0.19299766421318054,
-0.06623157858848572,
0.11807156354188919,
1.0827374458312988,
0.6309245824813843,
-0.24075569212436676,
0.059761423617601395,
-0.2847934663295746,
0.11435378342866898,
0.21262343227863312,
-0.27833133935928345,
0.6243085265159607,
-0.410345196723938,
0.40513694286346436,
-0.03518882021307945,
-0.8593327403068542,
-0.3613460063934326,
-0.21573345363140106,
0.22943808138370514,
0.1508806198835373,
0.4534769058227539,
-0.04967612773180008,
-0.02266116626560688,
0.0017257359577342868,
0.14535248279571533,
-0.08543667942285538,
-0.10161474347114563,
0.13198579847812653,
0.2629673480987549,
0.46929728984832764,
0.6945074200630188,
-0.1133318543434143,
-0.2878367006778717,
-0.30826592445373535,
-0.5728089213371277,
0.40776628255844116,
-0.25170767307281494,
-0.34526681900024414,
-0.16943855583667755,
0.15631897747516632,
0.6643838882446289,
-0.05741176754236221,
-0.23688451945781708,
-0.021482154726982117,
-2.346846342086792,
0.002282635308802128,
-0.3809143006801605,
-0.8091433048248291,
0.12366405129432678,
0.25208917260169983,
0.39820683002471924,
0.5315700769424438,
-0.4880998432636261,
0.15059739351272583,
-0.20702844858169556,
-0.7616175413131714,
0.671407163143158,
-0.11552467942237854,
0.6236709952354431,
-0.01189197227358818,
0.618925154209137,
0.23241156339645386,
0.055819954723119736,
0.31137874722480774,
-0.5298417806625366,
-0.01332477293908596,
-0.5971753597259521,
-0.25071996450424194,
0.09876742959022522,
-0.05342615768313408,
-0.2875520586967468,
0.23542740941047668,
-0.16047613322734833,
-0.555530846118927,
-0.28964683413505554,
0.06162050738930702,
0.5556080341339111,
0.41004589200019836,
0.03194741904735565,
-0.30148473381996155,
0.30532339215278625,
0.24756364524364471,
-0.3765331506729126,
0.8798015713691711,
0.0626940056681633,
0.010618246160447598,
-0.6492252945899963,
0.2758415639400482,
-0.10976503044366837,
-0.48653730750083923,
-0.0628916546702385,
-0.2744140923023224,
-0.45277824997901917,
-0.14566998183727264,
0.274646520614624,
-0.08549331873655319,
-0.30538704991340637,
-0.19253194332122803,
-0.44714802503585815,
-0.19713495671749115,
0.1799393594264984,
-0.25939226150512695,
0.2516131103038788,
-0.09969465434551239,
-0.19056826829910278,
-0.46554067730903625,
0.3383926451206207,
0.012092751450836658,
-0.8169644474983215,
0.29412293434143066,
0.1983470618724823,
0.46350663900375366,
-0.3866903483867645,
0.5090723037719727,
0.38260987401008606,
-0.5270757079124451,
-0.1632755845785141,
-0.0677645206451416,
-0.07124486565589905,
0.1710413545370102,
0.40377819538116455,
0.6167342066764832,
-0.6197541356086731,
-0.06567402184009552,
0.30716943740844727,
0.6910532116889954,
-0.36662784218788147,
-0.040585026144981384,
-0.05932236462831497,
1.240570068359375,
0.2556370794773102,
0.2685779631137848,
-0.14890874922275543,
-0.49756962060928345,
-0.18647916615009308,
-0.2303505390882492,
-1.1766096353530884,
0.43618857860565186,
0.14807146787643433,
-0.3976987302303314,
-0.15041832625865936,
0.03733144700527191,
-0.11072228848934174,
-0.05245135724544525,
-0.20481397211551666,
-0.3305568993091583,
-0.5787813663482666,
0.2777203321456909,
-0.22582732141017914,
0.448014497756958,
-0.5581035017967224,
-0.45070210099220276,
0.07379768043756485,
0.15023447573184967,
0.32794180512428284,
0.38153403997421265,
-0.8218796849250793,
0.07550433278083801,
-0.5835626125335693,
-0.28080275654792786,
0.08786462992429733,
-0.5254222750663757,
0.3917663097381592,
-0.5658172965049744,
0.8330290913581848,
-0.11541198939085007,
-0.2756655812263489,
0.4541782736778259,
-0.608141303062439,
-0.3538537919521332,
0.4385067820549011,
0.0066942754201591015,
-0.0647527351975441,
0.5400222539901733,
0.8550018668174744,
-0.03339660167694092,
0.9189567565917969,
-0.11026240885257721,
-0.9448376297950745,
0.516304075717926,
0.16891135275363922,
0.1278757005929947,
0.24764928221702576,
0.4782975912094116,
0.6908921003341675,
-0.16902346909046173,
0.16528724133968353,
-0.24429507553577423,
-0.6045359969139099,
-0.16203086078166962,
0.14363786578178406,
-0.4737991392612457,
1.014830470085144,
0.4270687699317932,
-0.19066168367862701,
0.37177056074142456,
-0.2991514801979065,
0.3214879333972931,
-0.3884533643722534,
-0.40629976987838745,
-0.1729804426431656,
-0.0333457849919796,
0.318218469619751,
0.2015720009803772,
0.09188993275165558,
-0.13209836184978485,
0.27977463603019714,
0.3471823036670685,
-0.08382701873779297,
-0.1400647759437561,
0.1848217099905014,
-0.07903128117322922,
-0.38188403844833374,
-0.19227692484855652,
-0.5583401918411255,
-0.001073226798325777,
0.6391986608505249,
-0.4777645170688629,
0.24657490849494934,
0.03760330006480217,
0.10620536655187607,
0.7106612920761108,
0.8997955918312073,
0.9310460090637207,
0.24072124063968658,
0.04141783341765404,
0.24708743393421173,
-0.39554908871650696,
-0.3184444010257721,
0.04508091136813164,
0.5718715786933899,
0.06693102419376373,
0.237657830119133,
0.06922224164009094,
-0.3756360709667206,
-0.4981987476348877,
0.5562307834625244,
-0.6253171563148499,
0.4874189794063568,
0.12596870958805084,
0.07505853474140167,
0.06753803044557571,
-0.015174692496657372,
-0.21461321413516998,
-0.09862349182367325,
-0.25458407402038574,
-0.06593155860900879,
-0.12618377804756165,
-0.16543252766132355,
0.84576016664505,
0.03237372264266014,
0.32141944766044617,
-0.30690526962280273,
-0.19882185757160187,
0.352659672498703,
0.5807987451553345,
0.25548332929611206,
0.9384862184524536,
-0.062097981572151184,
-0.24795719981193542,
0.03979120030999184,
-0.008893159218132496,
0.17399057745933533,
-0.18260537087917328,
-0.3755296766757965,
-0.3115367889404297,
0.3864140808582306,
-0.2672410011291504,
0.2284918874502182,
-0.2976118326187134,
-0.1117202565073967,
0.5214351415634155,
-0.0744566097855568,
-0.6545290350914001,
-0.11818971484899521,
-0.2535078227519989,
-0.5558919906616211,
-0.41080379486083984,
0.02530277892947197,
1.0554105043411255,
-0.6360858082771301,
-0.5666970610618591,
-0.43695569038391113,
-0.15273478627204895,
-0.3650423586368561,
-0.3905026316642761,
0.5611336827278137,
-0.17069846391677856,
-0.4547119736671448,
0.6304605603218079,
-0.5868042707443237,
-0.5118635296821594,
-0.11567287147045135,
0.5487707853317261,
-0.2762954831123352,
-1.2467035055160522,
-0.2510741353034973,
-0.7335783839225769,
-0.40296483039855957,
0.21737106144428253,
0.4088941514492035,
-0.2509825825691223,
0.3287234902381897,
0.15359658002853394,
-0.2545942962169647,
0.3692806363105774,
-5.41615104675293,
0.23449116945266724,
-0.29444703459739685,
-0.13544173538684845,
0.5421636700630188,
0.36646148562431335,
0.38919612765312195,
0.041166841983795166,
-0.5000407099723816,
-0.4909925162792206,
0.5362710952758789,
-0.5160198211669922,
-0.6588966846466064,
0.41975823044776917,
0.5262462496757507,
0.07258062064647675,
0.3591890335083008,
0.12318743020296097,
0.46063145995140076,
0.9207255244255066,
0.17954511940479279,
-0.6896787881851196,
-0.5871416926383972,
0.06321460753679276,
0.01187191717326641,
-0.16635462641716003,
-0.08292112499475479,
0.7088690400123596,
-0.8091561794281006,
0.11652885377407074,
-0.20292975008487701,
0.09111471474170685,
-0.6827335953712463,
-0.22908800840377808,
-0.025819603353738785,
0.028300220146775246,
0.17672289907932281,
0.38294634222984314,
0.1411120444536209,
0.4372437596321106,
0.20792092382907867,
0.5633494853973389,
-0.487603098154068,
0.11911101639270782,
-0.3147386312484741,
0.003206484718248248,
0.00045484467409551144,
0.773678183555603,
-0.8291773796081543,
0.2377270609140396,
0.3640728294849396,
0.2909785211086273,
0.12595027685165405,
-0.3412744402885437,
-0.0976787656545639,
-0.22678719460964203,
0.14453762769699097,
-0.3393045961856842,
-0.610159695148468,
0.40341877937316895,
0.20237186551094055,
-0.8399720191955566,
0.5162855386734009,
0.08609738945960999,
-0.5374385118484497,
-0.13896456360816956,
-0.5086377859115601,
-0.3598290681838989,
0.05482082813978195,
-0.33956512808799744,
0.20452424883842468,
0.7512020468711853,
0.29828089475631714,
-1.0754142999649048,
-0.34096431732177734,
-0.03536820411682129,
0.2125951647758484,
-0.13392235338687897,
-0.24212509393692017,
0.20924372971057892,
0.5618019700050354,
-1.247337818145752,
-0.22608418762683868,
0.7181522250175476,
0.5440821647644043,
-0.19156372547149658,
-0.6070795059204102,
0.10210701078176498,
-0.7743322849273682,
-0.36610350012779236,
-0.2186342477798462,
-0.16120412945747375,
0.3487634062767029,
0.029938610270619392,
0.8818426728248596,
-0.039451148360967636,
0.047702059149742126,
0.14265769720077515,
0.17946486175060272,
0.31323832273483276,
-0.6172405481338501,
0.3211132287979126,
0.23472853004932404,
-0.23830394446849823,
0.7293872237205505,
-0.09355129301548004,
-0.6361439824104309,
0.6058947443962097,
0.41589272022247314,
0.4614202380180359,
0.21577967703342438,
0.0756792202591896,
-0.46950334310531616,
-0.0477035753428936,
-0.4138926863670349,
-0.25287434458732605,
-0.21325160562992096,
-0.16621637344360352,
0.6362305879592896,
-0.007048823870718479,
-0.5823525190353394,
0.32558006048202515,
-0.5029598474502563,
-0.05213243141770363,
0.45999613404273987,
-0.14937157928943634,
0.03693998605012894,
0.6234664916992188,
-0.2470184564590454,
0.15423819422721863,
0.32061630487442017,
0.6528405547142029,
-0.5650544762611389,
0.33049365878105164,
0.045117199420928955,
0.06254606693983078,
-0.33036932349205017,
-0.5150151252746582,
-0.51666659116745,
-0.37804627418518066,
0.40978649258613586,
0.07584290206432343,
0.3461970090866089,
-0.1888660490512848,
0.5315680503845215,
0.2197016477584839,
0.311644971370697,
-0.28122156858444214,
0.015850625932216644,
0.3470976948738098,
0.16488738358020782,
-0.3130960762500763,
0.611382246017456,
-0.24488332867622375,
0.06318144500255585,
0.08779239654541016,
-0.4567570388317108,
0.30535900592803955,
-0.23373226821422577,
0.07375684380531311,
0.3893619775772095,
0.21488264203071594,
-0.5829604864120483,
-0.7714828252792358,
-0.21746575832366943,
0.5411794781684875,
-0.6462201476097107,
0.05422122776508331,
-0.15231628715991974,
0.09348034113645554,
0.14379169046878815,
0.007368240039795637,
-0.018600862473249435,
-0.5356733202934265,
0.20175215601921082,
0.45909592509269714,
-0.123989038169384,
-0.2279534637928009,
0.13870424032211304,
-0.4534662067890167,
0.2035950869321823,
-0.39385709166526794,
-0.4211259186267853,
0.3390454351902008,
0.6706500053405762,
-0.5005339980125427,
0.05155540257692337,
-0.5053182244300842,
-0.44941166043281555,
-0.043862901628017426,
0.09373608976602554,
-0.2079869955778122,
0.010609141550958157,
0.8354847431182861,
0.060176946222782135,
-0.6542207598686218,
0.45537203550338745,
0.3705861568450928,
-0.3406375050544739,
-0.4289935827255249,
-0.4336695671081543,
0.08527395129203796,
-0.5193709135055542,
0.031563859432935715,
0.4939381778240204,
-0.8937057852745056,
-0.557340681552887,
-0.37241989374160767,
-0.4953070282936096,
0.6469471454620361,
-0.10837315768003464,
-0.2485700100660324,
-0.36807161569595337,
0.13233068585395813,
-0.4974779784679413,
0.09219051897525787,
0.6746216416358948,
0.1900462806224823,
-0.15114590525627136,
-0.6846439838409424,
-0.018362034112215042,
-0.1175323873758316,
-0.31613367795944214,
-0.4365456998348236,
-0.33666402101516724,
0.05571475625038147,
-0.046548981219530106,
-0.11267955601215363,
0.45791298151016235,
-0.09715481847524643,
-0.44155117869377136,
-0.08471165597438812,
-0.2728767991065979,
0.1971084475517273,
-0.12397623807191849,
-0.3865371346473694,
-0.1616329401731491,
0.005464519374072552,
-0.8509221076965332,
-0.514469563961029,
0.2504411041736603,
1.0347673892974854,
0.17154645919799805,
0.21229811012744904,
0.2523632347583771,
-0.23618479073047638,
0.2734750509262085,
0.004293754231184721,
0.20559364557266235,
0.6289087533950806,
-0.30385449528694153,
0.3458724915981293,
-0.5406525135040283,
0.14027227461338043,
0.265238493680954,
-0.19608139991760254,
0.29787304997444153,
-0.24457499384880066,
0.7230544090270996,
0.21983730792999268,
-0.10308615863323212,
0.1831609159708023,
-0.028810134157538414,
-0.08492723107337952,
0.05385760962963104,
0.4653622806072235,
-0.14695489406585693,
0.013815349899232388,
0.10569986701011658,
-0.2599742114543915,
0.24600379168987274,
-1.0318022966384888,
-0.7093461751937866,
0.9812237620353699,
-0.05865853652358055,
0.42753225564956665,
0.08854111284017563,
0.3409329354763031,
0.21592773497104645,
0.06058993190526962,
-0.6023187041282654,
0.09875356405973434,
-0.30120038986206055,
-0.6627259254455566,
-0.23810936510562897,
0.09252645075321198,
-0.018431706354022026,
-0.09784644097089767,
-0.0988919585943222,
0.265874445438385,
-0.8435955047607422,
0.4568219780921936,
-0.02468050830066204,
0.04497870057821274,
-0.10673658549785614,
0.5024407505989075,
0.36588332056999207,
0.9096622467041016,
0.006293044425547123,
-0.26566246151924133,
-0.019975479692220688,
0.31453803181648254,
0.4425864517688751,
0.03709546849131584,
0.35862061381340027,
0.4104081988334656,
-0.24933989346027374,
0.6679784059524536,
-0.1440468281507492,
-0.47373130917549133,
0.42846113443374634,
0.17096975445747375,
-0.17758850753307343,
0.229388028383255,
-0.39996498823165894,
-0.5855751037597656,
0.7771116495132446,
-0.18320544064044952,
-0.13311171531677246,
0.1007026806473732,
0.15245962142944336,
-0.13777649402618408,
0.6903491020202637,
-1.0496922731399536,
-0.3180142343044281,
0.3911623954772949,
0.05887087434530258,
0.0912940502166748,
-0.8257477879524231,
0.4299846291542053,
0.6348662376403809,
-0.2741027772426605,
-0.5161168575286865,
0.9232116341590881,
-0.11771472543478012,
-0.08256309479475021,
-0.22669406235218048,
-0.8190144896507263,
-0.17640504240989685,
0.008511437103152275,
0.7035408020019531,
0.5739073753356934,
-0.014186865650117397,
0.7166742086410522,
-0.582131564617157,
0.11317066103219986,
0.06033460050821304,
0.09420741349458694,
-0.8021121025085449,
0.41830793023109436,
0.3750908374786377,
0.13656756281852722,
0.6181103587150574,
-0.25950002670288086,
0.2643524408340454,
-0.4734746515750885,
0.6960556507110596,
-0.07678734511137009,
0.14690007269382477,
0.261878103017807,
-0.08431276679039001,
0.4988147020339966,
0.8284167647361755,
-0.5879753232002258,
-0.41325080394744873,
0.6525099277496338,
0.3684919774532318,
-0.4954166114330292,
0.022354334592819214,
0.19525569677352905,
0.012872551567852497,
0.05197659879922867,
-0.1554296761751175,
0.7261010408401489,
0.4584881365299225,
-0.20534063875675201,
0.11594344675540924,
0.20851701498031616,
0.11929555982351303,
-0.3422377407550812,
-0.35605764389038086,
-0.18502983450889587,
0.1882544457912445,
-0.5081763863563538,
0.028635241091251373,
-0.3043231666088104,
-0.13890478014945984,
0.0818352922797203,
-0.5862462520599365,
-0.407300740480423,
0.057947881519794464,
-0.308202862739563,
-0.1685190349817276,
-0.029132530093193054,
-0.8434752225875854,
0.6119986176490784,
-0.12855185568332672,
0.8512474894523621,
0.8450042605400085,
-0.2712147831916809,
0.004312901291996241,
-0.02025192603468895,
0.26305317878723145,
-0.0792037695646286,
-0.33166182041168213,
0.18035663664340973,
-0.16810812056064606,
0.9749227166175842,
-1.005965232849121,
0.96292644739151,
0.48690611124038696,
0.04322155937552452,
-0.14771699905395508,
-0.21812888979911804,
-0.470641553401947,
-0.16178330779075623,
0.4387611746788025,
0.1938798427581787,
0.10653848201036453,
-0.17069444060325623,
0.15670539438724518,
0.4258705675601959,
-0.034498993307352066,
-0.29048261046409607,
-0.1925661563873291,
0.12985381484031677,
0.3155900239944458,
-0.26581013202667236,
-0.12803302705287933,
0.6002235412597656,
0.07276096194982529,
0.1291472613811493,
-0.8003868460655212,
0.022459274157881737,
0.03564520552754402,
-1.0096830129623413,
0.809876561164856,
0.0825713723897934,
-0.4305417239665985,
-0.22463542222976685,
0.28594380617141724,
0.4888980984687805,
-0.8761307597160339,
0.667755663394928,
-0.0012240124633535743,
0.4587354362010956,
0.1199401393532753,
-0.18522387742996216,
0.061870869249105453,
0.6653130650520325,
0.8237690925598145,
0.22756975889205933,
-0.17851780354976654,
-1.0307523012161255,
0.7046121954917908,
-0.6275377869606018,
-0.0869356095790863,
-0.44085508584976196,
0.4564986526966095,
0.618818998336792
] |
210431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing%20Cross%20railway%20station
|
Charing Cross railway station
|
Charing Cross railway station (also known as London Charing Cross) is a central London railway terminus between the Strand and Hungerford Bridge in the City of Westminster. It is the terminus of the South Eastern Main Line to Dover via Ashford. All trains are operated by Southeastern, which provides the majority of commuter and regional services to south-east London and Kent. It is connected to Charing Cross Underground station and is near to Embankment Underground station and Embankment Pier.
The station was originally opened by the South Eastern Railway in 1864. It takes its name from its proximity to the road junction Charing Cross, the notional "centre of London" from which distances from the city are measured. During the 19th century the station became the main London terminus for continental traffic via boat trains, and served several prestigious international services. It was badly damaged by an engineering accident in 1905 and extensively rebuilt, subsequently becoming an important meeting point for military and government traffic during World War I. By this time, Charing Cross station was seen as out of date by some politicians and proposals were made to replace Hungerford Bridge with a road bridge or road/rail combination, with the station moving to the south bank of the River Thames in the case of a road-only replacement. The station was bombed several times during World War II, and was rebuilt afterwards, re-opening in 1951. In the late 1980s, the station complex was redesigned by Terry Farrell and rebuilt to accommodate a modern office block, now known as Embankment Place.
Location
Charing Cross station is located at the western end of the Strand in the City of Westminster, east of Trafalgar Square and northeast of Whitehall. It is close to the Embankment Pier, providing river services along the River Thames. The railway leads directly out onto Hungerford Bridge and across the river towards the London Borough of Lambeth.
The station code is CHX. It is one of twenty stations in Great Britain that are managed by Network Rail and is the 15th busiest station in the country. A number of key bus routes run in the area, and are designated "Trafalgar Square for Charing Cross".
History
The station was planned as the London terminus of the South Eastern Railway (SER). They had wanted to extend the line from Bricklayers Arms towards Hungerford Bridge, but a bill presented in 1846 was unsuccessful. In 1857, they proposed to Parliament that they would build a railway terminus in the West End, hoping to use Victoria, before reaching an agreement with the London, Brighton & South Coast Railway to build a line west from .
Later in the year, the SER secretary Samuel Smiles looked for potential routes and decided the best location would be on the site of the former Hungerford Market adjacent to The Strand, and that the line should be directly connected to Waterloo, allowing a link with London and South Western Railway services. The Charing Cross Railway Company was formed in 1859 in order to build the extension, and the SER paid £300,000 (now £) in capital to help build this. The line towards Charing Cross was expensive to build as it traversed a heavily built-up area, which was exacerbated in 1862 when the company chose to upgrade the two running lines to three, and doubled the capacity over the bridge to four tracks. The bridge replaced the original suspension bridge designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel which opened in 1845. Work began in June 1860 and took around three years. The old suspension bridge remained open until the new bridge was suitable to carry foot traffic. A trial run over the new line took place on 1 December 1863.
The station was designed by Sir John Hawkshaw, and featured a single span wrought iron roof, long and wide, arching over the six platforms on its relatively cramped site. It was built on a brick arched viaduct, the level of the rails above the ground varying up to . The space underneath the line was used as wine cellars. The roof above the tracks is a single wide great arch, rising to at its highest point. The station was built by Lucas Brothers.
Charing Cross station opened on 11 January 1864. The Charing Cross Railway was absorbed into the SER on 1 September, shortly after the station opened.
The Charing Cross Hotel, designed by Edward Middleton Barry, and built by Lucas Brothers, opened on 15 May 1865 and gave the station an ornate frontage in the French Renaissance style. It had 250 bedrooms spread over seven floors and extended along Villiers Street as well as the front of the Strand. The public rooms had balconies overlooking the main station concourse. It quickly became popular and was profitable, leading to a 90-bedroom annexe on the other side of Villiers Street opening in 1878. A bridge over the street connected the two parts of the hotel together.
In 1887, Hungerford Bridge was widened to in order to provide three more tracks into the station. On 1 January 1899, the SER merged with the London, Chatham & Dover Railway to form the South Eastern & Chatham Railway (SECR), which took over operations at Charing Cross.
Eleanor Cross
Contemporary with the Charing Cross Hotel was a replica of the Eleanor Cross in Red Mansfield stone, also designed by Edward Middleton Barry, that was erected in the station forecourt. It was based on the original Whitehall Cross built in 1291, that had been demolished in 1647 by order of Parliament. Distances in London are officially measured from the original site of the cross, now the statue of Charles I facing Whitehall, and not from this replica.
The cross deteriorated over time until it was in such a vulnerable condition that it was placed on English Heritage's "Heritage At Risk Register" in 2008. A ten-month project to repair and restore the cross was completed in August 2010. This work included recreating and attaching almost 100 missing ornamental features including heraldic shields, an angel, pinnacles, crockets and finials; securing weak or fractured masonry with stainless steel pins and rods and re-attaching decorative items which had previously been removed after becoming loose.
International services
After opening, Charing Cross became the main terminus of all SER services instead of London Bridge, including boat trains to Continental Europe. Along with Victoria, it became the main departure point from London to abroad, and was called "the Gates of the World" by Percy Fitzgerald. Thomas Cook established a travel office on the corner of the station forecourt. The SER route became the shortest from London to Dover after a diversion at Sevenoaks was built in 1868, and by 1913 it was possible to travel from Charing Cross to Paris in six and a half hours.
Owing to its international connections, Charing Cross played an important part in World War I as the main departure point for both the military and government towards the Western Front. All civilian and public boat services were suspended on 3 August 1914. Return journeys from Dover carried the sick and wounded towards Charing Cross and hence to hospitals around the country. Over the course of the war, 283 journeys departed from the station. On 26 December 1918, shortly after the war, the US President Woodrow Wilson met King George V at Charing Cross. Commercial cross-Channel services resumed to Ostend on 18 January 1919, Boulogne on 3 February and Calais on 8 January 1920, but by this time, Victoria had been expanded to accommodate the strict wartime immigration and customs checks, and Charing Cross ceased to be important as an international terminal.
1905 roof collapse
A length of the original roof structure, comprising the two end bays at the south of the station, and part of the western wall collapsed at 3:57 p.m. on 5 December 1905. A gang of men were employed at the time in repairing, glazing and painting the section of roof which fell. Shortly after 3:45 p.m, the roof emitted a loud noise, which was when someone noticed that one of the main tie rods had broken and was hanging down. Part of the roof began to sag and the western wall began to crack.
It was another 12 minutes before the collapse occurred, which enabled trains and platforms to be evacuated and incoming trains to be held back. The roof, girders and debris fell across four passenger trains, blocking all tracks. The part of the western wall that fell had crashed through the wall and roof of the neighbouring Royal Avenue Theatre (now the Playhouse Theatre) in Northumberland Avenue, which was being reconstructed at the time. Six people died (two workmen on the roof, a W.H. Smith bookstall vendor and three workmen on the Royal Avenue Theatre site).
At the Board Of Trade Inquiry into the accident, expert witnesses expressed doubts about the design of the roof, even though the cause of the failure was attributed to a faulty weld in a tie rod. Though the SECR believed the roof had a lifespan of at least forty more years, they decided not to repair it but to replace it entirely. A travelling timber gantry had to be constructed to take the remainder of the station roof down safely. The replacement was a utilitarian post and girder structure supporting a ridge and furrow roof. The curve of the original roof design can still be seen on the interior brickwork. The station was partially re-opened on 19 March 1906.
The old booking offices were demolished and the various rooms on the ground floor were rearranged. A new booking hall was constructed, along with a separate ladies' waiting-room. The additional remedial work was completed in 1913.
Proposed closure and relocation
By the late-19th century, Charing Cross was seen as being inconveniently placed. In 1889, the newly formed London County Council's John Burns proposed that the station and its approach should be demolished, with a road bridge put in place. The idea gained support within the council as it would allow the Strand to be widened and put a road crossing over the Thames that could bypass Whitehall. When the SECR went to Parliament asking for an act to strengthen the bridge in 1916, Burns suggested the station was in the wrong place and should be rebuilt on the south side of the Thames. The following year, an act was passed to reconstruct the bridge, with strict conditions about its appearance and a ban on enlarging the station building itself.
Ownership of Charing Cross passed to the Southern Railway (SR) in 1923 following the Big Four grouping. The line was electrified in 1926 to cater for suburban services. The lighter load of multiple-unit electric trains was found to put far less strain on the bridge, and so traffic was redesigned so that local services ran on the older section, with mainline services using the 1887 extension.
In 1926, the Royal Commission on Cross River Traffic proposed that Hungerford Bridge should be replaced by a double deck road / rail bridge, and a new Charing Cross station built to the east of the old one. The SR approved the idea as it would allow them to expand the station. Two years later, a proposal appeared again to build just a road bridge and relocate the station south of the Thames, as it was significantly cheaper. The Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin urged the SR to accept the proposal, as "a matter of national importance", but the bill failed in 1930 after the select committee did not accept building a new Charing Cross on the south bank. The proposal was formally rejected in 1936 by the London & Home Counties Traffic Advisory Committee, which revived the double-deck bridge option. The plans were all abandoned following the outbreak of World War II.
World War II
Charing Cross sustained substantial damage in air-raids during the war. On 8 October 1940, a train was hit during a daylight raid on Whitehall. On the evening of 16/17 April 1941, the hotel was damaged by fire and explosives, four trains caught fire and there were several fires on the bridge. A parachute mine landed next to platform 4. The station was closed to repair the damage and defuse the mine. A further raid took place on the night of 10/11 May, leading to the station's closure again. On 18 June 1944, a bomb took out a span of the bridge. Normal operation did not resume until 4 December.
Following the war, the hotel received extensive repairs in 1951. This consisted of a whole new set of top floors, while the mansard roof of the upper floors of the hotel was rebuilt in a plain neo-Georgian white brick.
Modernisation
The booking hall and ticket offices were modernised in 1974. Electronic ticket printing was first trialled at the station in 1983.
In 1986, redevelopment began over most of the area above the platforms. The new buildings were named Embankment Place, a postmodern office and shopping complex designed by Terry Farrell and Partners. This development led to the replacement of almost the whole of the 1906 roof. The rear two spans of this structure – immediately adjacent to the existing concourse roof – were retained as part of an enlarged waiting area. In addition the original retaining side walls of the station which once supported it remain in near complete condition. The works were completed in November 1990. Most of the Embankment Place complex is office space, with a selection of restaurants on the ground floor.
Services
The station has six platforms. All trains call at Waterloo East and London Bridge.
All services at London Charing Cross are operated by Southeastern using , , , and EMUs.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
2 tph to via
2 tph to Dartford via and
2 tph to via
2 tph to via
2 tph to via
2 tph to via (1 semi-fast, 1 stopping)
2 tph to of which 1 continues to
London Underground
The station is served by two London Underground stations, both within walking distance of the mainline terminal and sited at each end: Charing Cross (to the north), and Embankment (to the south). Both stations have an Oyster Out of Station Interchange, which allows passengers to change lines while still being charged as a single journey.
Numerous proposals for underground connections for the mainline station were considered in the decades after its opening. Almost as soon as work was complete on the station, the SER wanted to build a connection from Charing Cross to the railway terminals further north. Soon after Charing Cross station opened, the North Western and Charing Cross Railway Act was passed, a joint act between the SER and the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) that proposed a shallow sub-surface line to . The scheme collapsed in 1866 due to a shortage of funding caused by a banking crisis. The scheme was revived with the London Central Railway, that proposed to link Charing Cross to Euston and , but was again abandoned in 1874.
The first underground railway to serve Charing Cross was the District Railway (now the District line), which opened its station at Charing Cross on 30 May 1870.
In the 1884, bills were submitted to parliament by the Charing Cross and Euston Railway and the London Central Subway for sub-surface underground lines between Charing Cross and Euston and Charing Cross and King's Cross respectively and by the King's Cross, Charing Cross and Waterloo Subway for a deep-level railway linking the three terminals in its name. None of the three plans proceeded.
The Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (now the Bakerloo line) constructed a deep-level tube line on the west side of the station in the late 19th century, which opened on 10 March 1906 with a new station in Trafalgar Square and an interchange with the District Railway's station. The link between Charing Cross and Euston was finally built by the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (now part of the Northern line) as a deep-level tube line in 1906 which opened its station under the forecourt of the mainline station on 22 June 1907.
Originally, Embankment tube station was called Charing Cross, while the present Charing Cross tube station was the separate Trafalgar Square (Bakerloo line) and Strand (Northern line) stations. The two northern stations were combined under the current name when connected by the development of the Jubilee line. New below ground passageways were constructed linking the platforms so that an interchange could be made. The Northern line's Strand station was temporarily closed from 1974 to enable new escalators to be installed and it reopened along with the opening of the Jubilee line on 1 May 1979. The Jubilee line platforms were closed on 20 November 1999, following the extension of the Jubilee line where it was diverted to Westminster and onwards south of the River Thames.
Accidents and incidents
On 25 October 1913, two trains collided in thick fog at Waterloo junction, killing three people. On 31 July 1925, there was a minor side-on collision near platform 2.
In May 1927, a trunk was found in Charing Cross station's cloakroom that contain five severed parts of the body of Minnie Alice Bonati. She was later identified as having been murdered in Rochester Row by John Robinson, who was convicted of murder.
Cultural references
The statue A Conversation With Oscar Wilde is directly opposite the station. It was erected in 1998 and designed for people to sit on the monument and have a virtual conversation with Oscar Wilde.
Charing Cross is referenced in numerous Sherlock Holmes stories. In The Adventure of the Abbey Grange, Holmes and Watson catch a train from the station towards the fictional Abbey Grange in Kent, while in The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez, they travel to from the station.
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Station information on Charing Cross railway station from Network Rail
Railway termini in London
Railway stations in the City of Westminster
Network Rail managed stations
Former South Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1864
Railway stations served by Southeastern
Terry Farrell buildings
John Hawkshaw railway stations
Train driver depots in England
London station group
1864 establishments in England
Edward Middleton Barry buildings
|
[
0.35062065720558167,
-0.23162135481834412,
0.40968799591064453,
-0.5949406027793884,
0.15795189142227173,
0.2933467626571655,
0.4975258409976959,
0.2447577714920044,
0.26112130284309387,
-0.44493788480758667,
-0.012222377583384514,
-0.49116402864456177,
-0.053452637046575546,
0.6618384718894958,
0.1022629663348198,
-0.35333120822906494,
-0.4996039569377899,
-0.2436513453722,
0.33162960410118103,
-0.52321857213974,
0.1997939795255661,
0.5018928647041321,
-0.3917994201183319,
-0.2217966765165329,
0.5486416816711426,
-0.3448145389556885,
0.055147577077150345,
-0.10939792543649673,
-0.19433023035526276,
-0.3989432752132416,
0.9416531920433044,
0.029449740424752235,
0.033326178789138794,
-0.47699689865112305,
0.17759722471237183,
-0.4040062427520752,
0.22725233435630798,
-0.6940240263938904,
-0.3608056306838989,
-0.8544691801071167,
-0.4329991042613983,
-0.2676057815551758,
0.14442089200019836,
0.07935112714767456,
0.07804177701473236,
-0.12823019921779633,
-0.7372072339057922,
0.3696310222148895,
-0.8172269463539124,
0.29256969690322876,
-0.839516818523407,
0.3954406976699829,
-0.2386135458946228,
0.1401863545179367,
0.8356556296348572,
0.46136462688446045,
-0.8137686848640442,
0.16802231967449188,
0.27796414494514465,
-0.38382238149642944,
0.36617928743362427,
0.12446113675832748,
0.013034402392804623,
0.6417183876037598,
0.30503877997398376,
0.1069774180650711,
0.33321213722229004,
-0.028673147782683372,
-0.35731104016304016,
-0.6133587956428528,
0.4112316071987152,
-0.2686919569969177,
0.3808712959289551,
0.9362834095954895,
-0.49064934253692627,
-0.13334645330905914,
-0.23000875115394592,
0.10756288468837738,
-0.10520721226930618,
0.3995518684387207,
-0.01647377200424671,
0.016097811982035637,
1.2092839479446411,
0.1077205166220665,
0.7535038590431213,
0.18147669732570648,
-0.6579631567001343,
-0.2578141987323761,
-0.7138788104057312,
0.8828604817390442,
-0.7281395196914673,
0.19708940386772156,
0.00778163829818368,
0.23247510194778442,
-0.4065975844860077,
-0.39733511209487915,
0.028154972940683365,
0.4091981053352356,
0.1510603278875351,
0.13449126482009888,
-0.6179026961326599,
-0.3970998227596283,
0.3457184433937073,
-0.4104982614517212,
-0.20341631770133972,
-0.4403190612792969,
-0.6576938629150391,
-0.3137718439102173,
0.7416280508041382,
-0.15445491671562195,
-0.4107641875743866,
-0.23349882662296295,
-0.08229299634695053,
0.18134459853172302,
-0.33515027165412903,
-0.013583164662122726,
0.4723359942436218,
-0.3692607283592224,
0.08265604078769684,
-0.1780068725347519,
0.17856845259666443,
0.4279160499572754,
0.4481039047241211,
0.0959973856806755,
-0.18618252873420715,
0.08670982718467712,
0.46736061573028564,
0.4298102557659149,
-0.27227652072906494,
0.325680673122406,
0.21171270310878754,
1.7135282754898071,
-0.22288848459720612,
-0.339581161737442,
-0.036989305168390274,
-0.32249927520751953,
-0.34499505162239075,
0.12236577272415161,
0.23688648641109467,
0.4486696422100067,
-0.740476131439209,
-0.23660877346992493,
0.3081236779689789,
0.21627239882946014,
0.2690523862838745,
0.11615955829620361,
-0.25602200627326965,
-0.4093790650367737,
0.13056859374046326,
-0.6470208168029785,
0.004760429263114929,
0.7246942520141602,
-0.5022831559181213,
-0.3937096893787384,
-0.15544354915618896,
0.12000475078821182,
0.9616066217422485,
0.4362654983997345,
0.03343406319618225,
0.35979387164115906,
-0.2597842812538147,
0.2856774926185608,
0.5869055390357971,
-0.2896178960800171,
0.1813201755285263,
0.17198240756988525,
0.12310287356376648,
-0.06696875393390656,
-0.0953560471534729,
0.0816546082496643,
-0.4106105864048004,
0.009142665192484856,
0.7873661518096924,
-0.5263829231262207,
0.29973068833351135,
-0.2572794556617737,
0.4285551607608795,
0.2289058417081833,
0.21189166605472565,
-0.08543796092271805,
-0.17287372052669525,
0.6464970707893372,
0.09650062769651413,
0.5985320210456848,
0.058163974434137344,
-0.31520190834999084,
-0.06590141355991364,
0.27658531069755554,
-0.8193145394325256,
-0.029476046562194824,
-0.28769826889038086,
-0.7253342270851135,
-0.16761739552021027,
-0.36029380559921265,
0.6489636301994324,
-0.31878912448883057,
-0.3478583097457886,
0.7772930860519409,
-0.6130252480506897,
0.20831802487373352,
-0.002875162987038493,
-0.19326025247573853,
0.611332893371582,
0.2535220682621002,
-0.47405701875686646,
-0.022528713569045067,
0.5390684008598328,
-0.642911970615387,
0.0896277129650116,
0.6579760313034058,
0.10559996962547302,
-0.6286423206329346,
-0.22153735160827637,
0.5470224618911743,
0.934000551700592,
-0.6902456283569336,
-0.4698789417743683,
-0.5463516712188721,
0.25494036078453064,
-0.7118102312088013,
0.6686851382255554,
0.2088397890329361,
0.6535647511482239,
0.4183034896850586,
-0.6077684760093689,
0.0339086540043354,
-0.3023003935813904,
1.1717445850372314,
0.08015675097703934,
-0.4572905898094177,
0.18392980098724365,
0.3274754285812378,
0.10309900343418121,
-0.13131533563137054,
-0.1048603430390358,
-0.31138935685157776,
-0.14424064755439758,
-0.321149080991745,
0.3103351891040802,
-0.14913159608840942,
0.03983011096715927,
0.38164249062538147,
-0.5447413325309753,
0.579138457775116,
0.1981077641248703,
0.20114296674728394,
0.035235270857810974,
0.35995396971702576,
-0.47958946228027344,
-0.3958221971988678,
0.4481026530265808,
0.7521791458129883,
0.1789594292640686,
0.1063772588968277,
0.4352358281612396,
-0.12290119379758835,
0.14640481770038605,
0.25025665760040283,
0.07312789559364319,
0.6378453373908997,
0.34794577956199646,
-0.21060015261173248,
0.08792492747306824,
-0.19270683825016022,
-0.4592990577220917,
-0.3640829920768738,
-0.7413897514343262,
-1.000495433807373,
1.070413589477539,
-0.003180601168423891,
0.28714460134506226,
-0.13285605609416962,
-0.56439608335495,
0.5353774428367615,
-0.06892898678779602,
0.2870970070362091,
0.33123016357421875,
0.22327083349227905,
0.19596116244792938,
0.3161742389202118,
0.16420726478099823,
0.12485525757074356,
-0.2885817289352417,
-0.509803295135498,
0.14558596909046173,
-0.35512498021125793,
-0.1128816157579422,
0.2842772603034973,
-0.5005030035972595,
-0.15258775651454926,
-0.23633170127868652,
0.40889695286750793,
-0.4810584485530853,
0.45471814274787903,
-0.08396616578102112,
-0.13878226280212402,
-0.024265898391604424,
-0.5306425094604492,
0.19219891726970673,
-0.367119163274765,
-0.2234654575586319,
0.7808347940444946,
0.5013536214828491,
0.13305430114269257,
0.04577618092298508,
-0.5140565037727356,
-0.3581758439540863,
-0.5671570301055908,
-5.389843463897705,
0.7312716245651245,
-0.27306702733039856,
-0.1727709025144577,
0.4192489981651306,
-0.1357264369726181,
0.2306332141160965,
-0.6375247836112976,
0.5171633362770081,
-0.43581750988960266,
0.13958832621574402,
0.23059804737567902,
-0.0821075588464737,
-0.2816252112388611,
0.4840320646762848,
0.31601467728614807,
0.13582046329975128,
-0.5933113098144531,
0.6635217666625977,
0.1642225682735443,
-0.7742736339569092,
0.2527228593826294,
0.3356614112854004,
0.42357680201530457,
-0.13295191526412964,
0.35561108589172363,
-0.690361738204956,
0.19151605665683746,
-0.859819233417511,
-0.15086649358272552,
0.5250733494758606,
0.0508468896150589,
-0.05990242958068848,
-0.2513154447078705,
0.4983498156070709,
0.15622565150260925,
-0.028492765501141548,
-0.0279337540268898,
0.08887014538049698,
-0.23037375509738922,
0.5111737847328186,
0.47004464268684387,
0.10061510652303696,
-0.6455605626106262,
0.3063993752002716,
0.025682086125016212,
-0.3723595440387726,
0.5235555171966553,
0.017441321164369583,
0.7249131798744202,
-0.1731550395488739,
0.5632521510124207,
0.776473879814148,
-0.057246189564466476,
-0.2722087502479553,
-0.3371872007846832,
0.11784788966178894,
-0.6329423189163208,
0.19060714542865753,
-0.089224673807621,
0.38127368688583374,
-0.7503100037574768,
-0.017334790900349617,
-0.16268549859523773,
-0.050584301352500916,
-0.4226754307746887,
-0.45557987689971924,
0.3860483169555664,
0.33064690232276917,
0.18359656631946564,
-0.2512979507446289,
0.2769845128059387,
0.15562720596790314,
-0.6184688806533813,
-0.3144363760948181,
-0.706498920917511,
-0.26299020648002625,
0.027872256934642792,
0.8318636417388916,
-0.3211269974708557,
0.016489144414663315,
-0.47989001870155334,
-0.4887159764766693,
0.48859813809394836,
0.19655486941337585,
-1.2278963327407837,
-0.3526993691921234,
0.10354756563901901,
-0.6938037276268005,
-0.8222987055778503,
0.33596473932266235,
-0.2797076106071472,
-0.3322989344596863,
0.12126781791448593,
-0.5925469398498535,
-0.4722525477409363,
-0.44484344124794006,
0.7622154951095581,
-0.05737655237317085,
-0.00022981889196671546,
0.5196950435638428,
-0.10139336436986923,
-0.006416174583137035,
-0.48793545365333557,
-0.4936542212963104,
-0.5755230188369751,
-0.19654320180416107,
0.2986665666103363,
-0.05015868321061134,
-0.4181112051010132,
-0.1816057413816452,
-0.6306481957435608,
-0.769214928150177,
-0.23795835673809052,
-0.18995614349842072,
0.14896081387996674,
-0.40893858671188354,
0.1072201132774353,
-0.38829126954078674,
0.06422477215528488,
0.3229924738407135,
0.062196578830480576,
-0.35834336280822754,
0.3674379289150238,
-0.2994728684425354,
0.630718469619751,
0.2650243639945984,
0.16616448760032654,
-0.18941569328308105,
-0.4166802763938904,
-0.11215565353631973,
0.2048739194869995,
-0.4883113205432892,
-0.1462603062391281,
-0.6014267802238464,
-0.23597243428230286,
-1.0706806182861328,
-0.0033413853961974382,
0.5853281617164612,
0.4925496578216553,
0.47296345233917236,
-0.09683901816606522,
-0.018788116052746773,
0.44133853912353516,
0.31847721338272095,
0.6030060052871704,
0.0806920975446701,
-0.05931977182626724,
-0.6036775708198547,
0.07720673084259033,
-0.23392125964164734,
-0.6023502349853516,
-0.11167609691619873,
0.1965349167585373,
0.3753822445869446,
-0.38214895129203796,
0.07127915322780609,
0.2949899733066559,
-0.006270724814385176,
-0.09739407896995544,
-0.2608950436115265,
0.21725942194461823,
-0.1539294421672821,
-0.03212210163474083,
-0.019260037690401077,
-0.40825212001800537,
-0.016556022688746452,
-0.21816924214363098,
-0.2140396684408188,
0.017694838345050812,
-0.3154783844947815,
-0.4273090958595276,
0.11593970656394958,
0.005020342767238617,
-0.06491649150848389,
0.7087537050247192,
-0.7628071308135986,
-0.141740083694458,
0.2481088638305664,
-0.07421121746301651,
0.11856478452682495,
0.06560107320547104,
0.014397834427654743,
0.38333719968795776,
0.3458331823348999,
-0.29307231307029724,
-0.508187472820282,
0.0011074310168623924,
0.5695339441299438,
-0.3605996370315552,
0.21784408390522003,
-0.2590513229370117,
-0.09301476180553436,
0.12965987622737885,
-0.469915509223938,
-0.6887507438659668,
-0.043557897210121155,
0.6258475184440613,
0.021069172769784927,
-0.28765323758125305,
-0.43167853355407715,
0.5363835692405701,
-0.6663643717765808,
0.051196854561567307,
0.5685169696807861,
-0.42457616329193115,
0.10703051090240479,
0.5220299363136292,
-0.8062074780464172,
0.27795276045799255,
-0.40961185097694397,
-1.077152967453003,
0.8278704285621643,
0.31870365142822266,
-0.7084305286407471,
-0.2540609538555145,
-0.2817561626434326,
-0.17337794601917267,
-0.013714118860661983,
0.15746112167835236,
0.007471091113984585,
0.06923706084489822,
-0.35484278202056885,
0.03567324951291084,
-0.5874302387237549,
0.435104101896286,
0.7727615237236023,
-1.0238264799118042,
0.3265182375907898,
-0.07233776897192001,
-0.25791147351264954,
-0.03253965824842453,
0.5993069410324097,
0.6307340860366821,
0.4600469768047333,
-0.3788142800331116,
0.004978720564395189,
-0.5816746354103088,
0.2663797438144684,
0.04152817279100418,
0.7573444843292236,
0.5989484190940857,
0.13747480511665344,
-0.2942225933074951,
0.021183360368013382,
0.36321672797203064,
0.6653289198875427,
-0.4027579724788666,
-0.6754263639450073,
0.604863703250885,
0.7591056227684021,
0.07015925645828247,
-0.3504413962364197,
-0.05894894152879715,
0.0658441036939621,
-0.08990303426980972,
-0.025805940851569176,
0.5648153424263,
0.0934804156422615,
0.10070258378982544,
0.5110743641853333,
0.062335748225450516,
0.07138025760650635,
0.23628024756908417,
-0.028603028506040573,
-0.23209786415100098,
0.36557212471961975,
0.04031024128198624,
0.12278007715940475,
-0.41402897238731384,
0.4036876857280731,
-0.5450375080108643,
-0.10120725631713867,
0.2881917357444763,
0.013506639748811722,
0.06697039306163788,
-0.11742318421602249,
-0.6842371821403503,
0.31849393248558044,
-0.059813618659973145,
-0.563144862651825,
-0.2245442271232605,
0.09127875417470932,
-0.493411660194397,
0.0035405470989644527,
-0.6069614887237549,
0.27656808495521545,
0.026393907144665718,
0.035715337842702866,
-0.12842726707458496,
-0.4394623637199402,
-0.5882718563079834,
0.1394946277141571,
0.6640952229499817,
-0.3723565340042114,
0.4198157787322998,
0.40814536809921265,
0.9117878079414368,
0.432604044675827,
0.185799703001976,
-0.5576091408729553,
0.8661441206932068,
0.11871326714754105,
-0.7650452852249146,
-0.23312728106975555,
0.32583141326904297,
-0.15914103388786316,
-0.3907772898674011,
0.39664918184280396,
0.0013625494902953506,
0.3592967391014099,
0.06251893192529678,
0.0698239728808403,
0.8240289092063904,
0.04104620963335037,
0.05192897096276283,
0.2394431084394455,
-0.1957603096961975,
-0.05157945305109024,
0.7440024018287659,
-0.5245268940925598,
0.7284572720527649,
0.8427312970161438,
-0.012024132534861565,
-0.6524652242660522,
0.5655320882797241,
-0.084941066801548,
-0.4957781434059143,
-0.016283325850963593,
0.8539066910743713,
0.006908320356160402,
-0.22198127210140228,
-0.8545584082603455,
0.5088955163955688,
-0.0949031263589859,
-0.30227163434028625,
-0.07576286792755127,
-0.2162095457315445,
0.39405372738838196,
-0.2056460678577423,
-0.14344258606433868,
-0.08965350687503815,
-0.8126580715179443,
-0.04821545258164406,
0.09423483163118362,
0.19396838545799255,
0.5492323040962219,
-0.348027765750885,
0.22322820127010345,
0.49216777086257935,
0.5847644805908203,
0.15204061567783356,
-0.04299890995025635,
0.20269675552845,
0.935423731803894,
-0.053680241107940674,
-0.6480191349983215,
0.2645208537578583,
-0.20794306695461273,
-0.1894557625055313,
-0.02716810628771782,
0.1966606229543686,
0.3869083523750305,
-0.7181314826011658,
-0.36655932664871216,
-0.03819458186626434,
0.31906047463417053,
-0.6083932518959045,
0.44368743896484375,
0.5936130285263062,
-0.4305378198623657,
0.4302128255367279,
0.13582997024059296,
-0.3619699776172638,
-0.1344091147184372,
0.15250563621520996,
-0.006817575544118881,
0.5574361085891724,
-0.011724326759576797,
-0.6026079654693604,
-0.5104864239692688,
-0.05435656011104584,
-0.30369898676872253,
-0.45893049240112305,
-0.4076557755470276,
-0.5928035378456116,
-0.3423537015914917,
-0.37020930647850037,
-1.7234727144241333,
-1.1044938564300537,
0.10733837634325027,
-0.07003951817750931,
-0.1368507593870163,
-0.3334548771381378,
-0.9388682246208191,
-0.2942558228969574,
0.045006122440099716,
0.50574791431427,
0.00008877622167346999,
-0.08778709918260574,
-0.13976173102855682,
0.9143149256706238,
-0.4810408651828766,
0.17334410548210144,
-0.2626812756061554,
1.312008023262024,
-0.4135870337486267,
0.055820003151893616,
-0.5967133641242981,
0.7941538095474243,
0.04177718237042427,
0.1327667087316513,
-0.33409085869789124,
0.4765740931034088,
-0.7961492538452148,
0.8635879158973694,
-0.2059333622455597,
0.11268144845962524,
0.2547258734703064,
-0.10243995487689972,
-0.21464447677135468,
0.25387829542160034,
-0.3933921158313751,
0.033936984837055206,
0.268170565366745,
-0.48088759183883667,
0.47014495730400085,
0.7066835165023804,
-0.0486738421022892,
0.9046041965484619,
-0.16012713313102722,
0.0885675773024559,
-0.262035608291626,
-0.4575609862804413,
-0.24652177095413208,
0.3019452393054962,
-0.15983052551746368,
0.8907678723335266,
0.34813737869262695,
-0.15188872814178467,
0.5831002593040466,
0.5296778082847595,
0.8103958964347839,
0.2576316297054291,
0.36742642521858215,
-0.4019506573677063,
-0.2355135828256607,
-0.40402331948280334,
-1.2885093688964844,
0.32875967025756836,
0.9987840056419373,
-0.16565167903900146,
0.632787823677063,
-0.0683939978480339,
1.030482292175293,
-0.1615016609430313,
-0.13857151567935944,
-0.46127763390541077,
0.2882739007472992,
0.12178617715835571
] |
210432
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleed%20al-Shehri
|
Waleed al-Shehri
|
Waleed Mohammed al-Shehri (, , also transliterated as Alshehri) (December 20, 1978 – September 11, 2001) was one of five terrorist hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11, which was crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the September 11 attacks in 2001.
Born in Saudi Arabia, Waleed al-Shehri had been a student until he accompanied his mentally ill brother to Medina. He later went to fight in Chechnya along with his brother Wail, but was redirected to Afghanistan, where he was recruited for the attacks.
Al-Shehri arrived in the United States in April 2001 on a tourist visa. On September 11, 2001, he along with his brother, Wail, boarded American Airlines Flight 11 and was one of five that helped hijack it, so that Mohamed Atta could fly the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.
Early life and education
Studying to become a teacher like his brother, Wail, Waleed al-Shehri was from 'Asir province, a poor region in southwestern Saudi Arabia that borders Yemen. Since Al-Shehri's family adhered to the Wahhabi school of Islam, he grew up in a very conservative household. His family did not have satellite television or internet and he was forbidden to play music or have contact with girls until he was old enough for an arranged marriage.
Early media accounts said that Al-Shehri had earned his pilot's certificate at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in 1997. However, after a short investigation, Embry-Riddle was discovered to have not had any involvement in the flight training of the terrorists. A former student shared the same name as one of the hijackers, but the student, who is still alive, had no connections to al-Qaeda.
Career
2000
Waleed al-Shehri left his studies to accompany his brother's leave of absence after his brother complained of a mental symptom that had caused him grief, telling their father that he intended to seek aid from a religious healer in Medina.
The brothers arrived at the Al Farouq training camp in Afghanistan, where they met Ahmed al-Nami and Saeed al-Ghamdi. Before arriving at Al-Farouq, the four reportedly pledged themselves to jihad in Spring 2000, in a ceremony presided over by Wail al-Shehri, who had dubbed himself Abu Mossaeb al-Janubi after one of Muhammad's companions.
Waleed al-Shehri later served in the security forces at Kandahar International Airport with Saeed al-Ghamdi. After being selected for the operation, he trained with the other hijackers at al-Matar complex under Abu Turab al-Urduni.
Al-Shehri returned to Saudi Arabia with his brother in the fall of 2000 so they could obtain clean passports and U.S. visas, which they did on 3 October and 24 October 2000, respectively.
Locals reported that he and his brother disappeared from Khamis Mushayt in the south of Saudi Arabia in December 2000.
In mid-November, 2000, the 9/11 Commission believes that three of the future muscle hijackers, Wail al-Shehri, Waleed ak-Shehri, and Ahmed al-Nami, all of whom had obtained their U.S. visas in late October, traveled in a group from Saudi Arabia to Beirut, Lebanon and then onward to Iran where they could travel through to Afghanistan without getting their passports stamped. This probably followed their return to Saudi Arabia to get "clean" passports. An associate of a senior Hezbollah operative is thought to have been on the same flight, although this may have been a coincidence.
2001
After training, he would have moved to a safehouse in Karachi, Pakistan before travelling to the United Arab Emirates (UAE). From the UAE, the muscle hijackers came to the U.S. between April and June 2001. Waleed al-Shehri may have arrived in the U.S. on 23 April 2001. Some sources report that al-Shehri "at times" stayed at lead hijacker Mohamed Atta's apartment in Hamburg, Germany at some period between 1998 and 2001. Others place him with Zacarias Moussaoui in London.
Ramzi bin al-Shibh says that Osama bin Laden had given a message to Waleed al-Shehri for conveyance to Mohamed Atta earlier that spring, indicating that bin Laden preferred to attack the White House instead of the Capitol.
On May 4, 2001, he applied for and received a Florida driver's license. The next day, he filled out a change-of-address form to receive a duplicate license. Five other suspected hijackers also received duplicate Florida licenses in 2001. Some have speculated that this was to allow multiple persons to use the same identity. On 19 May 2001, al-Shehri and Satam al-Suqami flew from Fort Lauderdale to Freeport, Bahamas, where they had reservations at the Bahamas Princess Resort where al-Shehri and al-Suqami rented two cars, a black Buick Regal and a gray Ford Taurus. The two were turned away by Bahamian officials on arrival, however, because they lacked visas; they returned to Florida that same day. The 9/11 Commission felt that they likely took this trip to renew al-Suqami's immigration status, as al-Suqami's legal stay in the United States ended on 21 May 2001.
He was one of nine hijackers to open a SunTrust bank account with a cash deposit around June 2001. While living in Boynton, neighbors reported that he seemed to be an enthusiastic fan of the Florida Marlins.
On July 16, 2001, both Wail and Waleed were staying at a hotel in Salou, Spain where they were visited by Mohamed Atta. On July 30, al-Shehri traveled alone from Fort Lauderdale to Boston. He flew to San Francisco the next day, where he stayed one night before returning via Las Vegas.
According to librarian Kathleen Hensmen, Wail and Waleed al-Shehri used the Internet access at Delray Beach Public Library in August 2001, where they may have been looking at information on crop dusting; they reportedly left the library with a third Middle Eastern man thought to be Marwan al-Shehhi, who Hensmen said asked her for the name of a local restaurant.
On September 5, 2001, Wail and Waleed al‐Shehri traveled together on Delta Air Lines Flight 2462 from Fort Lauderdale to Boston. Wail al-Shehri checked in together with Waleed at the Park Inn Hotel in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts on 5 September 2001, staying in room 432. Abdulaziz al-Omari, may have also spent a night at the Park Inn before leaving with Mohamed Atta for Portland, Maine on 10 September 2001. When they checked out, the al-Shehri brothers may have left a discarded sheet of instructions on how to fly a transcontinental jetliner in their hotel room.
September 11 attacks
Waleed al-Shehri, his brother Wail, and Satam al-Suqami arrived together at Logan Airport at 06:45 on the morning of September 11, 2001, having left their Ford Focus rental car in the airport parking facility. Upon check-in, Wail al-Shehri was selected by the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), as was his brother Waleed, and Flight 11 hijacker Satam al-Suqami. Mohamed Atta, the pilot hijacker on Flight 11 had also been selected in Portland. Being selected by CAPPS meant that their checked baggage were subject to extra screening. As the CAPPS was only for luggage, the three hijackers did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint.
By 7:40 a.m., all five hijackers were aboard the flight, which was scheduled to depart at 7:45 a.m. Wail and Waleed al-Shehri sat together in first class in seats 2A and 2B respectively. The aircraft taxied away from Gate 26 and departed Logan International Airport at 7:59 a.m. from runway 4R after a 14-minute delay. The hijacking of Flight 11 began at approximately 08:14, which is when the pilot stopped responding to air traffic control. It is suspected that the brothers stabbed two flight attendants in the hijacking. At 08:46:40, Mohamed Atta deliberately crashed Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower (Tower 1) of the World Trade Center. The damage caused to the North Tower destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28, after burning for 102 minutes.
Aftermath
Reports after September 11 attacks
On September 23, 2001, BBC News reported that al-Shehri was "alive and well" in Casablanca, Morocco, and was talking to multiple media organizations; however, due to confusion over the man's identity and some editorial concerns over conspiracy theories, BBC News later modified the September 23 report by inserting "A man called ... " BBC News considers the September 23 report superseded by an October 5, 2001 report that lists Waleed as one of the alleged hijackers believed by the FBI to be responsible for the September 11 attacks.
Waleed and Wail were both reported to have been initially found, in error, by a Saudi newspaper editor as the sons of Ahmed Alshehri, a senior Saudi diplomat stationed in Bombay, India. On September 16, 2001, the diplomat Ahmed Alshehri denied that he was the father of the two hijackers. Wail claims he did attend Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida
— but was the victim of mistaken identity, since he used that training to secure his current position with a Moroccan airline company. Saudi Arabia has confirmed his story, and suggested he was the victim of identity theft.
Muhammad Ali al-Shehri, the Shehri brothers' true father, was identified prior to September 17, 2001, and told Arab News that he had not heard from his sons in 10 months prior to September 2001. An ABC News story in March 2002 repeated this, and during a report entitled "A Saudi Apology" for Dateline NBC on August 25, 2002, NBC reporter John Hockenberry traveled to 'Asir, where he interviewed the third brother, Salah, who agreed that his two brothers were dead and claimed they had been "brainwashed".
Furthermore, another article explains that the pilot who lives in Casablanca was named Walid al-Shri (not Waleed M. al-Shehri) and that much of the BBC information regarding "alive" hijackers was incorrect according to the same sources used by BBC. In September 2007, a video recording of his last testament was released to mark the 6th anniversary of the attacks.
See also
Hijackers in the September 11 attacks
PENTTBOM
References
External links
The Final 9/11 Commission Report
"The Will of the Martyr (as we see him) Abu Mus'ab al Shehri With a foreword by Sheikh Osama bin Laden, may Allah protect him" ; this video is about 15 minutes; it requires a Windows Media Player
American Airlines Flight 11
1978 births
2001 deaths
Participants in the September 11 attacks
Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members
Saudi Arabian mass murderers
People from 'Asir Province
|
[
-0.15983736515045166,
0.02843433991074562,
-0.6846184134483337,
-0.16488409042358398,
-0.13284221291542053,
-0.12156068533658981,
0.27737483382225037,
-0.37501582503318787,
0.2114703208208084,
-0.00904159713536501,
-0.2803046405315399,
0.09839749336242676,
-1.0072808265686035,
-0.07334727048873901,
-0.03674880787730217,
-0.2700344920158386,
0.07916507124900818,
-0.4352940320968628,
-0.3670664131641388,
-0.26815080642700195,
-0.049574676901102066,
-0.38586169481277466,
0.4734402894973755,
-0.25584933161735535,
0.3141135275363922,
0.01578938588500023,
-0.30313900113105774,
-0.007650887127965689,
0.007331447675824165,
0.5693972706794739,
1.1704519987106323,
0.40136873722076416,
0.7003527283668518,
-0.7476983070373535,
-0.44696640968322754,
0.5647841095924377,
0.39354801177978516,
-0.24665561318397522,
-0.15908698737621307,
-0.3009604513645172,
-0.5228865742683411,
-0.38325056433677673,
-0.1035185381770134,
0.6250759363174438,
-0.057757776230573654,
-0.8606136441230774,
-1.2150237560272217,
0.013552702963352203,
-0.3923967480659485,
-0.09565811604261398,
-0.1860332041978836,
0.1451338827610016,
-0.004632642492651939,
-0.11899983882904053,
0.7098468542098999,
0.6144539713859558,
-0.86512690782547,
-0.6833111047744751,
0.5019238591194153,
-1.2033336162567139,
1.201761245727539,
-0.07046809792518616,
1.2583965063095093,
-0.2407892644405365,
0.2862944006919861,
0.368732750415802,
0.14621175825595856,
0.16293643414974213,
-0.11479710787534714,
0.1686224341392517,
0.18125762045383453,
0.23356914520263672,
-0.09996794164180756,
0.3252050280570984,
0.2506389915943146,
0.034560903906822205,
0.046499546617269516,
-0.6215699315071106,
0.06488621234893799,
0.18098686635494232,
0.00017270359967369586,
0.0004445705853868276,
0.18961843848228455,
0.5034186840057373,
-0.05229736119508743,
0.26897141337394714,
-0.26565247774124146,
0.35492223501205444,
-0.0695141926407814,
0.2438110113143921,
-0.36644497513771057,
-0.021681925281882286,
0.5104607343673706,
0.5097411274909973,
-0.3814232051372528,
-0.057157691568136215,
0.5516117215156555,
0.22277987003326416,
-0.2779337465763092,
-0.40622109174728394,
0.31060323119163513,
0.6700728535652161,
0.17688629031181335,
-0.28204771876335144,
-0.23445378243923187,
0.0994851291179657,
0.2584769129753113,
-0.23627351224422455,
-0.05753311142325401,
-0.7483848929405212,
-0.27633824944496155,
0.03846832364797592,
-0.27267321944236755,
-0.3507291078567505,
-0.523695707321167,
0.9298531413078308,
0.512723445892334,
-0.3486025929450989,
-0.12381326407194138,
-0.19133546948432922,
-0.8188857436180115,
0.7234576344490051,
-0.6558296084403992,
-0.20960478484630585,
-0.4199119508266449,
-0.19650429487228394,
0.026147861033678055,
0.30339282751083374,
-0.485750287771225,
0.7326160073280334,
0.24616719782352448,
0.43435487151145935,
-0.41879504919052124,
0.14272327721118927,
-0.07323621958494186,
-0.3045644164085388,
0.4382622241973877,
-0.23528003692626953,
-0.05390239506959915,
0.6179721355438232,
-0.7545369267463684,
-0.7456015944480896,
-0.7688412666320801,
-0.3731897175312042,
0.050115350633859634,
-0.09503510594367981,
-0.06232969090342522,
0.1978193074464798,
0.027309762313961983,
-0.3771216869354248,
-0.2514153718948364,
-0.4318500757217407,
0.43896687030792236,
-0.509406566619873,
0.11657864600419998,
0.5455495715141296,
0.057540833950042725,
-0.37523317337036133,
0.12269727885723114,
-0.14747899770736694,
0.20606935024261475,
-0.02003396302461624,
0.20870637893676758,
-0.028652306646108627,
0.2682383358478546,
0.38336148858070374,
-0.0070659988559782505,
-0.0062138792127370834,
-0.08630066365003586,
-0.4154319763183594,
-0.27886903285980225,
-0.15329571068286896,
0.3649425208568573,
-0.28334707021713257,
0.022724706679582596,
0.3536090850830078,
0.4019160270690918,
-0.6208277940750122,
-0.16856640577316284,
0.16859273612499237,
-0.7612996101379395,
-0.49484893679618835,
0.3007834255695343,
0.3680783808231354,
0.22014541923999786,
-0.04088528826832771,
0.07607986778020859,
0.08995944261550903,
0.3453880846500397,
0.1598215252161026,
-0.283498615026474,
-0.6187060475349426,
0.1546807885169983,
-0.23316825926303864,
0.527836799621582,
0.3967393636703491,
-0.13504846394062042,
0.5707477331161499,
0.19564081728458405,
0.924747884273529,
-0.26616573333740234,
-0.10574723780155182,
0.22197186946868896,
-0.3098164200782776,
0.2535354793071747,
0.31158646941185,
0.2434706687927246,
0.43124523758888245,
0.21256379783153534,
0.6504226922988892,
0.5117639899253845,
-0.40286892652511597,
-0.5429366827011108,
0.8842269778251648,
0.1898452490568161,
-0.42206981778144836,
-0.5943326950073242,
0.5176434516906738,
0.45947837829589844,
0.08574941754341125,
0.5238255858421326,
0.2038007378578186,
-0.7093634605407715,
0.2467988282442093,
0.2701657712459564,
0.7040949463844299,
-0.3101162016391754,
-0.12166125327348709,
-0.08840236067771912,
-0.4316442012786865,
0.2219742387533188,
-0.3031385540962219,
0.2707507610321045,
-0.49325138330459595,
-0.45277026295661926,
0.15648964047431946,
0.3724793791770935,
0.11803071945905685,
0.7363445162773132,
-0.9876821637153625,
0.31280604004859924,
0.441745400428772,
-0.22645370662212372,
-0.34129956364631653,
0.42946431040763855,
-0.2892579138278961,
0.10264036804437637,
-0.18175436556339264,
-0.5085089206695557,
0.32847025990486145,
-0.38027939200401306,
0.4201688766479492,
0.18721698224544525,
-0.8510950803756714,
0.736972451210022,
0.3575928211212158,
0.5231847167015076,
0.8809032440185547,
-0.1828441321849823,
-0.012089600786566734,
0.13540764153003693,
0.3801225423812866,
0.2683643400669098,
0.5424968004226685,
-0.23628249764442444,
-0.620494544506073,
-0.1944262683391571,
-0.14685256779193878,
0.309242844581604,
0.1845754086971283,
0.49676546454429626,
-0.2553706169128418,
0.3692305088043213,
0.28973814845085144,
-0.07334248721599579,
-0.04574968293309212,
-0.6321555376052856,
0.6758690476417542,
-0.37873855233192444,
-0.1667393147945404,
0.6453951001167297,
0.6323779821395874,
0.41509342193603516,
-0.2805788516998291,
0.4909355938434601,
-0.4246770739555359,
-0.21188953518867493,
-0.5311794877052307,
-0.1804882287979126,
-0.46808508038520813,
-0.5428870916366577,
0.04162970185279846,
0.31001991033554077,
0.07497331500053406,
-0.4577714204788208,
0.300458163022995,
0.046399399638175964,
0.6368653178215027,
-0.029499327763915062,
0.09191907197237015,
-0.5043706297874451,
0.8151776194572449,
-0.7683528661727905,
-0.3021264970302582,
0.5346440672874451,
0.39406758546829224,
-0.5796238780021667,
0.27490636706352234,
-5.35505485534668,
1.041286826133728,
0.08405961096286774,
0.09887998551130295,
0.1728888601064682,
0.3445311188697815,
0.15323401987552643,
-0.9578210115432739,
0.024522656574845314,
-0.11089902371168137,
0.11846674978733063,
-0.3662404417991638,
0.40558668971061707,
-0.20554089546203613,
0.2877589762210846,
-0.24879759550094604,
0.3630317151546478,
-0.3664492070674896,
0.55143803358078,
0.03780548274517059,
-0.4670071601867676,
-0.7292625308036804,
-0.2917957901954651,
0.48633304238319397,
-0.05602424219250679,
0.4060642719268799,
-0.15788573026657104,
0.08141010254621506,
-0.8969897627830505,
0.10688892751932144,
-0.09613136947154999,
0.02568386122584343,
-0.47644421458244324,
0.34840115904808044,
-0.08686620742082596,
-0.4036789834499359,
0.7254829406738281,
-0.35444220900535583,
-0.27220526337623596,
-0.30868297815322876,
-0.03158046677708626,
-0.1076107993721962,
-0.6651288866996765,
-0.7292485237121582,
1.017394781112671,
-0.11404944211244583,
-0.3271830379962921,
0.1133619025349617,
-0.10274811089038849,
-0.043432626873254776,
0.5627253651618958,
-0.38032516837120056,
0.1748514026403427,
0.31033754348754883,
0.07982560247182846,
-0.2636178731918335,
0.004754703491926193,
-0.25904929637908936,
-0.014552369713783264,
0.14589855074882507,
0.25640344619750977,
-0.016872571781277657,
-0.17779473960399628,
-0.7599318623542786,
0.4486808180809021,
-0.4407324492931366,
1.0655462741851807,
-0.5370108485221863,
0.15955190360546112,
-0.01985340565443039,
-0.06906682997941971,
0.5931739211082458,
-0.04660739749670029,
-0.8403093814849854,
0.08782146126031876,
-0.5619179606437683,
0.17280814051628113,
0.0829315185546875,
-0.4369509518146515,
-0.20740361511707306,
0.01887543685734272,
-0.4092211425304413,
-0.12199731171131134,
-0.6102771162986755,
0.7433897256851196,
-0.3373205065727234,
-0.2248077541589737,
0.46968185901641846,
0.485896497964859,
0.5312496423721313,
0.41004714369773865,
-0.23801220953464508,
0.04724942892789841,
0.5630953907966614,
-0.04780967906117439,
0.3922054171562195,
-0.7028220891952515,
0.8388152122497559,
1.21125328540802,
0.12926916778087616,
-0.13987547159194946,
-0.8784012198448181,
0.3942723870277405,
-0.11596086621284485,
0.4378393292427063,
0.023474624380469322,
-0.15036307275295258,
-0.08606031537055969,
0.7267428636550903,
0.1326409876346588,
0.04806279018521309,
0.21288037300109863,
-0.27716392278671265,
-0.04320380091667175,
0.3378826379776001,
-0.3911714553833008,
0.18216067552566528,
0.44052764773368835,
0.37753936648368835,
0.25225356221199036,
-0.05668964236974716,
-0.4085625410079956,
-0.7020719051361084,
0.32247394323349,
0.7801885604858398,
0.0026717025320976973,
-0.4357717037200928,
0.4427347779273987,
0.01700599305331707,
0.25304117798805237,
0.3409470319747925,
0.42295417189598083,
-0.08120899647474289,
0.48841094970703125,
-0.16942572593688965,
-0.6433215737342834,
-0.32671746611595154,
-1.0145883560180664,
-0.21459680795669556,
0.37319162487983704,
-0.10892827063798904,
0.03348807245492935,
-0.21503502130508423,
0.239180788397789,
0.27628129720687866,
0.6437762975692749,
0.07705702632665634,
0.006633720826357603,
-0.22138497233390808,
0.8968440294265747,
0.18125340342521667,
-0.09678870439529419,
0.20079092681407928,
0.10365888476371765,
-0.7102792859077454,
0.4407917857170105,
1.2504255771636963,
0.2198241651058197,
-1.264892578125,
-0.20221099257469177,
0.571307897567749,
0.6448041796684265,
-0.8906635642051697,
-0.25451311469078064,
-0.10185620188713074,
0.45770901441574097,
0.218584805727005,
-0.10123392194509506,
-0.536993682384491,
0.45232880115509033,
-0.13337090611457825,
-0.7999761700630188,
-0.32831013202667236,
0.5048970580101013,
0.5576810240745544,
-0.18407149612903595,
-0.2140374779701233,
-0.4222448170185089,
0.7529104948043823,
-0.22057227790355682,
-0.16799351572990417,
0.3536810576915741,
-0.4684707224369049,
0.22586892545223236,
0.31209900975227356,
-0.24589933454990387,
-0.24727895855903625,
-0.5826191902160645,
-0.5959339141845703,
-0.05666680634021759,
0.4603329002857208,
-0.05191544070839882,
-0.3769371211528778,
0.8316221237182617,
0.23282994329929352,
-0.7936145067214966,
-0.047766171395778656,
0.440267950296402,
-0.23195528984069824,
0.4659781754016876,
0.12887336313724518,
0.062122441828250885,
-0.3511841297149658,
0.21093180775642395,
-0.14141061902046204,
-0.8937406539916992,
0.588168203830719,
0.4765491783618927,
0.4805554747581482,
0.2609996497631073,
-0.438066303730011,
-0.7149794697761536,
-0.6253640651702881,
0.8147592544555664,
0.18347783386707306,
0.05461858585476875,
0.0541045181453228,
-0.05303087458014488,
-0.16405227780342102,
-0.4797850251197815,
-0.43876561522483826,
-0.19120687246322632,
-0.1277124285697937,
-0.29212650656700134,
-0.6116926670074463,
0.15756841003894806,
-0.02227339707314968,
-0.05839741230010986,
0.5615810751914978,
0.19606129825115204,
-0.07213487476110458,
0.0011411476880311966,
0.4787944257259369,
0.955806314945221,
-0.057504311203956604,
-0.2792721092700958,
0.243503138422966,
-0.4700097441673279,
-0.25680503249168396,
-0.11848098784685135,
0.2962784469127655,
0.6203994154930115,
0.08081485331058502,
-0.554678201675415,
0.014123196713626385,
0.16499140858650208,
-0.023828895762562752,
-0.10382094979286194,
0.3181760311126709,
-0.39247044920921326,
-0.16154013574123383,
0.09384874999523163,
-0.7179038524627686,
-0.34157195687294006,
0.6116721630096436,
-0.5103088617324829,
-0.026375191286206245,
-0.6342951059341431,
0.03208579868078232,
-0.28445273637771606,
-0.238673597574234,
0.23201708495616913,
-0.5379550457000732,
0.46926963329315186,
-0.28210923075675964,
-0.09209746867418289,
-0.4717797636985779,
0.008877765387296677,
-0.25800102949142456,
-0.5998080372810364,
-0.7240529656410217,
-0.455696165561676,
-0.21285447478294373,
0.2546006143093109,
-0.32402825355529785,
0.20990228652954102,
0.7368970513343811,
-0.29533979296684265,
-0.400193989276886,
0.17930977046489716,
-1.0563156604766846,
-0.6030722260475159,
-0.3777647614479065,
-0.3823303282260895,
0.05612765997648239,
-0.7970426082611084,
0.3327590227127075,
-0.03592488169670105,
-0.39079514145851135,
-0.043868765234947205,
-0.2719385325908661,
0.7876778841018677,
0.150685116648674,
0.6611337661743164,
0.24199596047401428,
0.4630761742591858,
0.46695461869239807,
0.9739992618560791,
-0.5177132487297058,
-0.49207907915115356,
-0.4882931113243103,
0.08193251490592957,
-0.12804485857486725,
0.11758892238140106,
-0.03044315241277218,
-0.5938494801521301,
0.4549729526042938,
-0.3684910833835602,
0.5692486763000488,
0.4431428909301758,
-0.16122083365917206,
-0.13795673847198486,
-0.2450929582118988,
0.1437932699918747,
-1.0461586713790894,
-0.02719753049314022,
0.43802282214164734,
-0.5852714776992798,
-0.09842901676893234,
-0.13976600766181946,
0.2454622983932495,
-0.14836978912353516,
0.49994829297065735,
0.06880030781030655,
0.09699103981256485,
0.4039013683795929,
0.48959505558013916,
-0.030710861086845398,
-0.32421088218688965,
0.4734950363636017,
0.2042698711156845,
-0.18587084114551544,
-0.6294767260551453,
-0.3129335045814514,
0.12891314923763275,
-0.39385443925857544,
-0.2814807891845703,
-0.40713775157928467,
-0.1080559641122818,
0.056765489280223846,
0.4503626823425293,
0.7171384692192078,
0.42485132813453674,
-0.029991403222084045,
0.011066295206546783,
0.28476518392562866,
0.27451276779174805,
0.971635103225708,
0.6906031966209412,
-0.26490673422813416,
0.005030808970332146,
0.22142712771892548,
0.27727386355400085,
-0.8185053467750549,
0.682285726070404,
0.19278232753276825,
0.18288762867450714,
-0.2037246972322464,
-0.32555970549583435,
0.15854038298130035,
0.03657018020749092,
-0.1684415191411972,
1.270505428314209,
0.2882489562034607,
0.5667997598648071,
-0.5627428293228149,
-0.5767344236373901,
-0.7195598483085632,
0.2815408706665039,
0.2538367509841919,
0.23633068799972534,
-0.35869139432907104,
-1.1184608936309814,
0.4559580087661743,
0.1598576456308365,
0.7168342471122742,
0.3770703971385956,
-0.30589789152145386,
0.07885806262493134,
0.22123050689697266,
0.3139115869998932,
-0.8163859248161316,
-0.14109042286872864,
-0.13659918308258057,
-0.038023918867111206,
0.15803483128547668,
0.166120246052742,
0.4140413999557495,
-0.42624497413635254,
0.00019963654631283134,
0.3211461305618286,
-0.5825563073158264,
-0.564534068107605,
0.13701015710830688,
0.690211832523346,
0.01174604706466198,
-0.35439831018447876,
0.19485554099082947,
0.1129380315542221,
0.018498588353395462,
-0.1782844513654709,
0.18517109751701355,
-0.3492910861968994,
-0.40908128023147583,
-0.6398698091506958,
0.15207087993621826,
-0.3295772671699524,
-0.16212046146392822,
-0.9450915455818176,
0.6581153869628906,
-0.1502693146467209,
0.48741331696510315,
-0.273207426071167,
0.34501680731773376,
-0.8541940450668335,
0.13920271396636963,
0.892327606678009,
-0.4483209252357483,
-0.14119212329387665,
-0.3933347165584564,
-0.35538434982299805,
0.3191951513290405,
-0.34580057859420776,
-0.11780776083469391,
-0.31601008772850037,
0.14504145085811615,
0.053161002695560455,
0.4164793789386749,
-0.16875389218330383,
0.5745338797569275,
0.051545966416597366,
-0.5431047677993774,
-0.22290930151939392,
-0.5096185803413391,
-0.1156439334154129,
-0.7688438296318054,
0.32710766792297363,
0.6404596567153931,
0.4171718657016754,
-0.13140611350536346,
0.9682630300521851,
-0.4975598156452179,
-0.24165770411491394,
-0.8518531918525696,
0.2751109302043915,
-0.1750977784395218,
-0.4553702771663666,
-0.16609296202659607,
0.8331722617149353,
0.381218284368515,
0.14813494682312012,
-0.3361484706401825,
0.20711185038089752,
-0.7907072901725769,
0.368374228477478,
0.12454984337091446,
-0.31645169854164124,
-0.04703950881958008,
0.6547332406044006,
-0.03990337997674942
] |
210433
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial%20art
|
Commercial art
|
Commercial art is the art of creative services, referring to art created for commercial purposes, primarily advertising. Commercial art uses a variety of platforms (magazines, websites, apps, television, etc.) for viewers with the intent of promoting sale and interest of products, services, and ideas. It relies on the iconic image (pictorial representations that are recognized easily to members of a culture) to enhance recall and favorable recognition for a product or service. An example of a product could be a magazine ad promoting a new soda through complementary colors, a catchy message, and appealing illustrative features. Another example could be promoting the prevention of global warming by encouraging people to walk or ride a bike instead of driving in an eye catching poster. It communicates something specific to an audience.
People can obtain training, certifications, and degrees that incorporate commercial arts in many exercises, activities, and programs.
Skills
Commercial artists have the ability to organize information and knowledge of fine arts, visualization and media in a way to reach an audience's attention. Some of these skills may include the following:
Attention to detail
Ability to communicate effectively
Experience or skills in the fine arts (drawing, painting, photography, etc.)
Knowledgeable of certain computer software programs (graphics, editing, etc.) and ability to use them
Marketing skills
Advertising skills
Coordination skills
Animation skills
Genres
Commercial art can include many genres of art and categories of art technique, including:
Commercial character design
Illustration
Graphic design
Industrial design
Motion graphic design
Photography
Television commercials
Music videos
Animation
Computer art
Fashion designer
Store art
Decorative
Ornamental
Consumerism within commercial art
Commercial art is art that is created for commercial purposes to promote services, products, and ideas to viewers. In the process of creating commercial art, an audience is taken into consideration when designing and/or forming the goods that are being advertised/promoted. An example of this can be seen in the recognized works of American painter and consumer ad designer, Andy Warhol. Using Campbell's soup and Coca-Cola bottles as everyday products of consumers, he recreated a visually stimulating design through pop art that advertises the products through consumption habits of consumers. Consumerism was present when pop art was popular. Pop art could contain mass cultural objects and/or celebrities (popular culture and mass media) to endorse markets and goods.
References
Visual arts genres
Communication design
Graphic design
|
[
1.1475011110305786,
0.3648495078086853,
-0.29819604754447937,
0.07737621665000916,
-0.042344700545072556,
0.403476357460022,
-0.08201479911804199,
0.520457923412323,
-0.284359335899353,
-0.6343187689781189,
-0.4718901515007019,
0.9003589749336243,
-0.06908601522445679,
0.17146535217761993,
-0.3535242974758148,
0.09853706508874893,
0.3435547649860382,
0.4391670525074005,
0.2766663730144501,
0.08841124922037125,
-0.8923289179801941,
-0.23680078983306885,
-0.1525016725063324,
-0.8328521847724915,
0.15683595836162567,
-0.49252966046333313,
0.3930599093437195,
0.19200091063976288,
-0.5364564061164856,
-0.02106337621808052,
0.09012986719608307,
0.19089853763580322,
0.05857216194272041,
-0.04985089972615242,
-0.4377245604991913,
-0.05971375107765198,
-0.20390120148658752,
-0.7510969638824463,
-0.34746381640434265,
-0.45303353667259216,
-0.038822390139102936,
0.12381907552480698,
0.5910022258758545,
0.028546547517180443,
-0.053223371505737305,
-0.7402110695838928,
-1.7265739440917969,
0.6499972939491272,
-0.8425216674804688,
0.6122604012489319,
-0.5521408915519714,
0.45485028624534607,
0.0016442540800198913,
0.37339189648628235,
0.033442456275224686,
0.952894926071167,
-0.30101922154426575,
0.25626200437545776,
-0.01795417070388794,
-0.6171287298202515,
0.502268373966217,
0.23446150124073029,
0.13327592611312866,
-0.04784420505166054,
0.19920386373996735,
-0.5426549315452576,
0.2596919536590576,
-0.1428186446428299,
-0.1803121268749237,
-0.6742773056030273,
-0.18566329777240753,
-0.36173364520072937,
0.07968351244926453,
-0.259579062461853,
-0.32988685369491577,
-0.1465970277786255,
0.116072878241539,
-0.14316067099571228,
-0.587443470954895,
-0.21452565491199493,
-0.13891948759555817,
0.42099082469940186,
0.35208311676979065,
0.2703520655632019,
0.38139471411705017,
-0.1065462976694107,
0.07078885287046432,
0.31396007537841797,
-0.23572055995464325,
0.4842187464237213,
0.2069421261548996,
-0.1640223264694214,
0.8420534729957581,
-0.11308082193136215,
0.2720213234424591,
-0.15208806097507477,
0.28701353073120117,
-0.010052280500531197,
-0.15082013607025146,
0.057952843606472015,
-0.1508404016494751,
-0.05997588112950325,
0.46754005551338196,
0.24796730279922485,
0.059958573430776596,
0.1553998738527298,
0.2981606423854828,
-0.5869506001472473,
0.1550912857055664,
0.07134906947612762,
0.45427262783050537,
0.2955988943576813,
-0.28354769945144653,
0.2210625857114792,
-0.2247907966375351,
0.3707889914512634,
0.21941225230693817,
0.09230237454175949,
-0.846441924571991,
-0.012067125178873539,
0.4037238657474518,
0.6203259825706482,
-0.1904844045639038,
-0.5356206893920898,
-0.15235018730163574,
-0.10888271778821945,
0.3425079584121704,
0.724817156791687,
-0.8177181482315063,
-0.21935182809829712,
0.41277816891670227,
0.7045876383781433,
-0.2756024897098541,
-0.1750093251466751,
0.03030398301780224,
-0.27086448669433594,
0.32001274824142456,
-0.2669145464897156,
0.17963077127933502,
-0.1475442796945572,
-0.7241073250770569,
-0.3382289707660675,
-0.6626653671264648,
-0.25308334827423096,
0.2281305491924286,
-0.7318283319473267,
0.7237097024917603,
-0.6512385010719299,
-0.7738040685653687,
-0.15988998115062714,
0.24559463560581207,
-0.04462125524878502,
-0.041874583810567856,
0.38310712575912476,
0.20108261704444885,
0.00896836631000042,
0.7845299243927002,
0.2856763005256653,
0.04248737916350365,
0.042867597192525864,
0.28079965710639954,
-0.3864854574203491,
-0.21656164526939392,
-0.12918026745319366,
-0.37410977482795715,
-0.25175032019615173,
-0.285843163728714,
0.9588583707809448,
-0.14869780838489532,
-0.09985820949077606,
-0.07785658538341522,
0.0011319555342197418,
0.3009611964225769,
-0.3752865195274353,
0.15634121000766754,
0.11328446865081787,
0.42888233065605164,
0.33989188075065613,
0.6257144808769226,
0.7719550728797913,
-0.5561586022377014,
0.34096771478652954,
0.4173426628112793,
-0.0466371588408947,
0.34498485922813416,
-0.558941662311554,
0.38872939348220825,
0.10732382535934448,
-0.030297452583909035,
-0.009380847215652466,
-0.7843022346496582,
-0.44647806882858276,
-0.0688670426607132,
-0.7846033573150635,
0.36984574794769287,
0.2837487757205963,
-0.795130729675293,
0.8584628701210022,
-0.3461688458919525,
0.13013452291488647,
-0.246621236205101,
0.3226780295372009,
0.05216395482420921,
-0.6159096360206604,
-0.17677466571331024,
0.20098331570625305,
0.5223307013511658,
0.3609379529953003,
0.2863190770149231,
0.4923381209373474,
0.40202733874320984,
-0.6499861478805542,
0.42330241203308105,
-0.048861611634492874,
0.24159571528434753,
0.07608842849731445,
-0.6455762982368469,
0.31728798151016235,
-0.8227616548538208,
-0.2266804575920105,
0.3398872911930084,
-0.001952638034708798,
-0.3712313175201416,
0.3260369300842285,
-0.19289056956768036,
0.5567781329154968,
-0.32677555084228516,
-0.1743585169315338,
0.6530003547668457,
-0.17161254584789276,
0.3237673342227936,
0.4412301778793335,
0.5178656578063965,
-0.8070197105407715,
-0.3567946255207062,
0.5252496004104614,
0.6442413926124573,
0.18253104388713837,
0.4585585594177246,
-0.11604819446802139,
-0.29549112915992737,
0.0362362265586853,
-0.2986735999584198,
0.22803029417991638,
0.07626469433307648,
0.3355242908000946,
-0.5676570534706116,
0.19924631714820862,
-0.3698285222053528,
0.06699105352163315,
0.43488040566444397,
0.23753081262111664,
0.06760941445827484,
-0.3465038537979126,
-0.3873658776283264,
-0.2008926123380661,
-0.4996076226234436,
-0.32278919219970703,
0.566478967666626,
0.04954848811030388,
-0.23542338609695435,
-0.11392609030008316,
0.3214307427406311,
0.5638675689697266,
-0.16686595976352692,
-0.6309135556221008,
0.05915075168013573,
0.03914160281419754,
-0.1655268520116806,
0.232994943857193,
0.6293456554412842,
0.37305939197540283,
-0.5841686725616455,
-0.031298622488975525,
0.28712254762649536,
-0.21869152784347534,
0.17769411206245422,
-0.053712714463472366,
-0.04847950115799904,
-0.32658156752586365,
-0.043224986642599106,
0.7547081708908081,
0.5741034150123596,
-0.6050794124603271,
-0.3495900332927704,
-0.40793377161026,
-0.21167945861816406,
-0.4853671193122864,
0.08094749599695206,
0.18603424727916718,
-0.08755213767290115,
0.6973381042480469,
-0.15813839435577393,
0.1088818609714508,
-0.20145124197006226,
-0.023107346147298813,
-0.5454407334327698,
0.30450963973999023,
-0.19191235303878784,
-0.3903854191303253,
0.032677724957466125,
0.15936611592769623,
-0.07212287932634354,
0.10242345184087753,
0.09317205846309662,
0.05453457310795784,
-0.29054707288742065,
-0.03550536930561066,
-5.894694805145264,
-0.2848188281059265,
0.01123544480651617,
-0.07861310988664627,
-0.3595106601715088,
-0.1835479885339737,
0.2903188467025757,
-0.182917520403862,
0.25129643082618713,
-0.26258018612861633,
-0.31110915541648865,
-0.4285866618156433,
0.2232372909784317,
0.7279826998710632,
0.4643688499927521,
0.5229196548461914,
0.4507409632205963,
-0.21926790475845337,
-0.04119058698415756,
0.5355240702629089,
-0.1960507482290268,
0.22330909967422485,
0.19317926466464996,
0.7818102240562439,
0.22270534932613373,
-0.26414597034454346,
-0.904607892036438,
0.17305909097194672,
0.2324240505695343,
0.1385047286748886,
0.27127858996391296,
-0.11577972769737244,
0.06596338748931885,
0.1101163774728775,
0.4268267750740051,
0.2654068171977997,
0.7053304314613342,
-0.33763188123703003,
0.26353710889816284,
-0.19269999861717224,
0.2254185676574707,
0.6416102647781372,
-0.1916383057832718,
0.14655861258506775,
0.2891269028186798,
-0.15358613431453705,
-0.5197111368179321,
-0.23516753315925598,
-0.24045315384864807,
0.12158434092998505,
0.2614668011665344,
0.1848590075969696,
0.31840839982032776,
-0.477988600730896,
0.16850543022155762,
-0.37459108233451843,
0.2745964825153351,
-0.036484312266111374,
-0.1680087298154831,
-0.21520772576332092,
0.07406356930732727,
-0.35473373532295227,
-0.19362178444862366,
0.07061930000782013,
-0.40966227650642395,
0.10182807594537735,
-0.3305996060371399,
-0.5060598254203796,
0.4139762818813324,
-0.08573587238788605,
-0.3154216706752777,
1.0305153131484985,
-0.00770171545445919,
-0.7023667693138123,
0.34486570954322815,
-0.17253202199935913,
0.2919325530529022,
0.015479495748877525,
0.37482693791389465,
0.0644129067659378,
-0.11115512996912003,
-0.20587238669395447,
-0.04025343433022499,
-0.21562060713768005,
-0.11673057079315186,
-0.6505349278450012,
-0.15033848583698273,
0.4093973934650421,
-0.6508650779724121,
0.20130255818367004,
1.0331498384475708,
0.3308523893356323,
-0.08578328788280487,
0.30792513489723206,
0.5392550826072693,
0.33300521969795227,
0.766532301902771,
-0.18598489463329315,
0.21522806584835052,
-0.49927669763565063,
0.3140260875225067,
-0.10783195495605469,
-0.24934294819831848,
-0.11276634782552719,
-0.31445246934890747,
-0.0012165430234745145,
-0.05256510153412819,
-0.140221506357193,
0.8565925359725952,
-0.4405468702316284,
0.346143901348114,
0.4890131950378418,
-0.6141473054885864,
0.07513339817523956,
0.33408254384994507,
0.21538373827934265,
-0.2775961756706238,
0.2574981451034546,
0.17326286435127258,
-0.16552017629146576,
0.7202543616294861,
-0.3048418462276459,
-0.3688316345214844,
0.09379362314939499,
-0.2749001383781433,
-0.15520815551280975,
-0.21147823333740234,
0.4066583216190338,
-0.12396365404129028,
0.08274313062429428,
0.5832605361938477,
0.07356811314821243,
-0.17200647294521332,
-0.08047773689031601,
0.5112936496734619,
0.19422926008701324,
-0.09738064557313919,
-0.13191288709640503,
-0.08715546131134033,
-0.6627070307731628,
0.6807671189308167,
-0.2500956654548645,
0.4495489299297333,
0.19256162643432617,
0.5542638897895813,
0.23778657615184784,
-0.31335923075675964,
-0.25049445033073425,
0.34279686212539673,
0.2636336088180542,
-0.1563868224620819,
0.17338669300079346,
-0.07061754912137985,
0.006625357549637556,
0.36002981662750244,
-0.6001091599464417,
-0.1901322454214096,
-0.5427704453468323,
-0.05452434718608856,
-0.27800828218460083,
0.10984526574611664,
0.031030604615807533,
-1.0794694423675537,
-0.05514650419354439,
-0.27861854434013367,
-0.38522443175315857,
-0.7022309899330139,
0.017641369253396988,
0.1952315866947174,
0.25278037786483765,
0.3719528615474701,
-0.3335261940956116,
-0.2922714352607727,
-0.5284295082092285,
0.0209963396191597,
-0.1004483699798584,
-0.19890359044075012,
-0.10603267699480057,
-0.15804807841777802,
-0.16202206909656525,
0.21905724704265594,
-0.19648005068302155,
-0.2827991545200348,
-0.261175274848938,
0.30508697032928467,
-0.3144761919975281,
-0.2527382969856262,
0.23286975920200348,
-0.6392775774002075,
0.12282868474721909,
-0.05901601165533066,
0.11532340198755264,
0.5974123477935791,
0.23023393750190735,
-0.34856322407722473,
-0.714368462562561,
-0.2177431881427765,
0.3458869159221649,
-0.02330358698964119,
-0.30266764760017395,
0.3322315812110901,
0.23239284753799438,
-1.1580160856246948,
0.019084282219409943,
-0.15879349410533905,
-0.6331997513771057,
0.4227737486362457,
0.04867897555232048,
-0.1634867936372757,
0.3434232771396637,
-0.5107269883155823,
-0.09812372177839279,
-0.30439719557762146,
0.11502320319414139,
-0.4306377172470093,
-0.1563778817653656,
-0.31315848231315613,
-0.1656402051448822,
0.14342987537384033,
-0.24927078187465668,
0.7389819622039795,
-0.29751476645469666,
-1.2479242086410522,
0.3122803866863251,
-0.10669899731874466,
0.28200995922088623,
0.33093053102493286,
-0.7582656741142273,
-0.3937866687774658,
-0.3256368935108185,
0.338267058134079,
-0.1549120545387268,
0.0655132308602333,
0.26192712783813477,
0.11638684570789337,
-0.16862882673740387,
0.17232410609722137,
0.2723596394062042,
-0.06253442913293839,
-0.41580185294151306,
0.09271448105573654,
0.4140704274177551,
-0.589278519153595,
-0.2834073007106781,
0.10936959832906723,
0.6247632503509521,
0.15834084153175354,
-0.31091785430908203,
-0.740598201751709,
0.04596344009041786,
0.08100088685750961,
-0.7048547863960266,
-0.3192736804485321,
-0.31149759888648987,
0.23708166182041168,
-0.6832472681999207,
-0.17391477525234222,
0.3396165072917938,
-0.05461490899324417,
0.3063977360725403,
0.34525296092033386,
-0.019272012636065483,
-0.356592059135437,
-0.19881583750247955,
0.3030831217765808,
0.16964533925056458,
-0.15392811596393585,
0.22715385258197784,
-0.1445080190896988,
-0.07275421172380447,
0.30763790011405945,
0.422444224357605,
0.2903985381126404,
0.8076363205909729,
0.7378434538841248,
0.016494302079081535,
-0.17768380045890808,
-0.7472378611564636,
-0.33445701003074646,
0.09988780319690704,
0.42157799005508423,
-0.16742204129695892,
-0.12761764228343964,
-0.4128664433956146,
0.25382789969444275,
-0.7382739782333374,
0.5607179999351501,
-0.13499698042869568,
-0.5028862357139587,
-0.2964559495449066,
-0.0772249773144722,
-0.14370723068714142,
0.3141835629940033,
0.22203737497329712,
-0.5211085677146912,
-0.14003986120224,
0.3543345630168915,
0.1551198810338974,
-0.009996486827731133,
-0.08998558670282364,
-0.26898008584976196,
-0.05336432904005051,
0.03364107385277748,
-0.6429575085639954,
0.8700147271156311,
0.03061518631875515,
-0.1809096485376358,
-0.4134634733200073,
-0.39997318387031555,
-0.17767034471035004,
0.04455770179629326,
-0.4215030372142792,
0.12709826231002808,
0.10426530241966248,
-0.3534265458583832,
0.06868615001440048,
0.279948890209198,
-0.6024443507194519,
0.6625896692276001,
0.38778871297836304,
0.18618075549602509,
-0.45635318756103516,
0.4433569610118866,
-0.0983208641409874,
0.19831278920173645,
-0.13455215096473694,
-0.13692519068717957,
0.14138682186603546,
0.1727285236120224,
-0.29370152950286865,
0.4540717899799347,
0.08993058651685715,
-0.31014716625213623,
0.10750120878219604,
-0.271465003490448,
-0.38205114006996155,
0.2773091495037079,
-0.294502854347229,
-0.029047248885035515,
0.21581073105335236,
0.2546963095664978,
-0.1070128008723259,
0.02611551620066166,
0.31507396697998047,
0.05786607414484024,
-0.017465658485889435,
0.09397409111261368,
0.11491112411022186,
-0.3236459493637085,
0.03178925812244415,
0.6605050563812256,
0.11469172686338425,
0.5804739594459534,
0.18121525645256042,
0.4308396875858307,
-0.7000623345375061,
0.5087205171585083,
0.24547915160655975,
-0.24708884954452515,
0.006585369817912579,
0.39247065782546997,
0.39728233218193054,
0.2847250998020172,
-0.29176628589630127,
0.0764397531747818,
0.03550398722290993,
0.4072219729423523,
-0.40879762172698975,
-0.10303101688623428,
0.3630848228931427,
0.07946205139160156,
0.4500184655189514,
-0.3538365662097931,
0.5601641535758972,
0.032190680503845215,
0.5793452858924866,
0.6713001132011414,
0.23631659150123596,
0.18633122742176056,
0.15759485960006714,
-0.27358952164649963,
-0.031996503472328186,
-0.09396466612815857,
-0.3065504729747772,
-0.17211082577705383,
0.05179208889603615,
-0.06564199924468994,
0.46176040172576904,
-0.7294174432754517,
-0.308150053024292,
-0.2966495454311371,
-0.19652988016605377,
0.2584575414657593,
0.43990394473075867,
-0.46860241889953613,
0.18844006955623627,
0.16225814819335938,
1.2057058811187744,
-0.3318159580230713,
-0.4163326919078827,
-0.12378819286823273,
0.6443243622779846,
-0.10420485585927963,
0.07538492232561111,
-0.8588120341300964,
0.1759147346019745,
-0.32646873593330383,
-0.012275188229978085,
-0.33005499839782715,
0.6202678084373474,
-0.02750450000166893,
-0.09430473297834396,
0.18685220181941986,
-0.19077259302139282,
-0.42780253291130066,
0.5321113467216492,
0.3376730680465698,
-0.13242486119270325,
0.6216417551040649,
0.005784190725535154,
0.3337092101573944,
0.17628264427185059,
-0.021575218066573143,
0.1297316700220108,
-0.38704076409339905,
0.09095615893602371,
-0.14416781067848206,
0.32951071858406067,
0.2719687521457672,
0.3010310232639313,
-0.20537835359573364,
0.5224038362503052,
-0.6751020550727844,
0.8434628248214722,
-0.38002830743789673,
-0.5689709186553955,
0.42698973417282104,
0.38343381881713867,
0.4878600239753723,
-0.837152361869812,
0.09323601424694061,
-0.1881893426179886,
-0.0685296580195427,
-0.5805037617683411,
-1.3749663829803467,
0.2554778456687927,
0.27740558981895447,
0.09793272614479065,
-0.09203469008207321,
0.22882571816444397,
0.10091322660446167,
-0.5965338945388794,
0.10837841033935547,
0.010371528565883636,
-0.1568412333726883,
-0.07325972616672516,
0.4401673376560211,
-0.638204038143158,
0.3556436002254486,
0.2948417663574219
] |
210434
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Roy
|
U-Roy
|
Ewart Beckford OD (21 September 1942 – 17 February 2021), known by the stage name U-Roy, was a Jamaican vocalist and pioneer of toasting. U-Roy was known for a melodic style of toasting applied with a highly developed sense of timing.
Early life
Ewart Beckford was born in Jones Town, Saint Andrews Parish, Kingston, Jamaica, on 21 September 1942. He was raised within a religious and musical family; his mother was an organist for the choir at a local Seventh-day Adventist church. The sobriquet U-Roy originated from a younger member of his family who found it difficult to pronounce his first name. Beckford attended Denham Town High School in Kingston. As a young man Beckford listened to the music of Louis Prima, James Brown, Ruth Brown, Fats Domino, Rufus Thomas, Smiley Lewis and was especially influenced by the vocal phrasing of Louis Jordan.
Career
Inspired by Count Matchuki he started his professional career as a Deejay in 1961 on Dickie Wong's sound system (originally called Doctor Dickies later changed to Dickies Dynamic) moving later to the Sir George the Atomic sound system. Beckford then worked on Sir Coxsone Dodd's sound system where he ran the number two set while King Stitt "The Ugly One" ran the main set. This was followed by a period with Sir Percy before he moved to King Tubby's Hometown Hi-Fi sound system. Beckford's first single "Dynamic Fashion Way" (1969) was a Keith Hudson production. It was followed by the Lee "Scratch" Perry production "Earth's Rightful Ruler" with Peter Tosh.
In 1970, Jamaican singer John Holt (lead vocalist of the Paragons) heard Beckford toasting over a Duke Reid track at a dance. Holt told Reid about the performance and on his recommendation Reid asked Beckford to come and see him and an informal recording deal was arranged. Beckford's first two singles released on Duke Reid's Treasure Isle label, "Wake the Town" (1970) and "Wear You to the Ball" (1970), were Jamaican hits and established his reputation as one of Jamaica's most popular toasters. Beckford then went on to work with other major producers on the island including Lee "Scratch" Perry, Bunny Lee, Phil Pratt, Sonia Pottinger, Rupie Edwards, Alvin Ranglin and Lloyd Daley. 1971 saw the release of Beckford's Deejay version of The Paragons' "The Tide Is High". Beckford first toured the UK in 1972 with the artists Roy Shirley and Max Romeo. The tour was organized by Rita and Benny King; the owners of R & B Records based in Stamford Hill, London.
Beckford's album Dread in a Babylon was released in the US, Europe and Jamaica by Virgin Records in 1975. The album achieved significant sales in the UK which was due in part to the ongoing expansion of the Virgin label and stores. The track "Runaway Girl" from the album was released as a single in Europe that same year. The success of Dread in a Babylon led to a series of Tony Robinson produced albums: Natty Rebel (1976), Rasta Ambassador (1977) and Jah Son of Africa (1978). Beckford's international popularity led to the album Natty Rebel being released in 1976 on Virgin's imprint Front Line label in Nigeria as well as in France on Virgin and Polydor.
Beckford started his own sound system in 1978, which he named Stur Gav after his sons. The sound system would launch the careers of a younger generation of toasters and singers including Ranking Joe, Jah Screw, Charlie Chaplin and Josey Wales. The pop group Blondie had a world-wide hit with the reggae track "The Tide Is High" in 1980, which prompted Virgin to re-release the original Paragons' track from 1967 and the 1971 U-Roy version as a single that same year. His album Pray Fi Di People was released in 2012.
Beckford was featured on the album True Love by Toots and the Maytals, which won the Grammy Award in 2004 for Best Reggae Album, and showcased many notable musicians including Willie Nelson, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Trey Anastasio, Gwen Stefani / No Doubt, Ben Harper, Bonnie Raitt, Manu Chao, The Roots, Ryan Adams, Keith Richards, Toots Hibbert, Paul Douglas, Jackie Jackson, Ken Boothe, and The Skatalites.
Beckford was awarded the Order of Distinction in 2007 by the Jamaican government for his contribution to music.
U-Roy's music and Rastafari
Rastafari has been a feature of Beckford's lyrics from his earliest singles to his latest album Pray Fi Di People. Beckford's second single "Rightful Ruler" (1969) opens with a profession of Rastafari faith given in the Ethiopian language Amharic:
Kibir amlak (Glory to Jah)
Qedamawi ras fetari (First creator)
Qedamawi iyesus kristos (Holy Jesus Christ)
Lebdama mabrak isad
Tenayistilgn (Greetings)
Beckford's "Joyful Locks" (1975) is a DJ version of Linval Thompson's "Don't Cut Off Your Dreadlocks"; an encouragement to others to keep their dreadlocks and to "let it grow". The original song and Beckford's DJ version both allude to the biblical Samson who as a Nazarite was expected to make certain religious vows including the ritual treatment of his hair as described in Chapter Six of the Book of Numbers:
All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth himself unto the Lord, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow.
Death
Beckford's death was confirmed on 17 February 2021 when his partner, Marcia Smikle, told the Jamaican newspaper The Gleaner. Trojan Records was also informed about his death. While no cause of death was made public at the time, he suffered from diabetes, hypertension, and problems with his kidneys prior to his death, and had been undergoing surgery at the hospital.
Legacy
Beckford was preceded by the toasters Count Matchuki, King Stitt and Sir Lord Comic who themselves were influenced by the jive talk of the US disc jockeys that they heard on American radio stations whose broadcasts reached the Caribbean. Beckford was the first toaster to popularize the form through a series of successful releases on the Duke Reid label gaining a wider audience for toasting. This approach to production and the remixing of previously recorded tracks with a new vocal influenced the early hip-hop pioneers. Kool Herc states:
"Hip-hop….the whole chemistry of that came from Jamaica…..In Jamaica all you needed was a drum and a bass. So what I did was go right to the ‘yoke’. I cut off all the anticipation and just played the beats. I’d find out where the break in the record was and prolonged it and people would love it. So I was giving them their own taste and beat percussion wise….cause my music is all about heavy bass."
Many internationally known dancehall deejays have acknowledged U-Roy as an influence on their careers, including Sean Paul and Shabba Ranks.
Album discography
Version Galore (1970)
Version Galore Vol. 2 (1972)
U Roy (1974)
Dread in a Babylon (1975) – produced by Prince Tony Robinson
Natty Rebel (1976)
The Best of U Roy (1976)
Right Time Rockers-The Lost Album (1976)
African Roots (1976)
Rasta Ambassador (1977)
Jah Son of Africa (1978)
With Words of Wisdom (1979)
The Originator (1980)
Love Gamble (1980)
Line Up and Come (1986)
Music Addict (1987) - produced by Prince Jazzbo
True Born African (1991) – produced by Mad Professor
Smile a While (1993) – produced by Mad Professor
Babylon Kingdom Must Fall (1996) – produced by Mad Professor
Reggae Live Sessions Vol-1 (1998)
Serious Matter (2000)
Now (2001) – produced by Guillaume Bougard/Pierre Simonin
Rebel in Styylle (2005) – Mediacom
Old School/New Rules (2007) – produced by Mad Professor
Pray Fi Di People (2012) – produced by Ewart Beckford
Talking Roots (2018) – produced by Mad Professor
Solid Gold U-Roy (2021)
References
External links
Smokeyroom's Version Galore
[ U-Roy biography] at the AllMusic website
Natty Rebel (1976) Nigerian release at Discogs
"Joyful Locks" (1975) Bunny Lee production at Discogs
U-Roy Live & Interview
"Heavy Duty" (2016) at Spotify
1942 births
2021 deaths
Jamaican Rastafarians
Jamaican reggae musicians
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Performers of Rastafarian music
Recipients of the Order of Distinction
Trojan Records artists
Former Seventh-day Adventists
Converts to the Rastafari movement
Jamaican former Christians
Virgin Records artists
Place of death missing
|
[
0.0935935229063034,
0.8518980145454407,
0.20818059146404266,
-0.4753112196922302,
-0.5869325995445251,
0.5914191007614136,
0.6457550525665283,
0.27309998869895935,
-0.2988572120666504,
0.05253724753856659,
-0.0835455060005188,
0.14406251907348633,
-0.034153904765844345,
0.2365114688873291,
0.6446492671966553,
-0.004234820604324341,
0.16122838854789734,
0.05048384889960289,
-0.3995117247104645,
-0.4784993529319763,
-0.1565089076757431,
-0.10747930407524109,
0.09431865066289902,
-0.2607841491699219,
0.6113521456718445,
0.936646044254303,
-0.6133204698562622,
-0.12484677135944366,
-0.3066301643848419,
-0.2670923173427582,
0.23033300042152405,
0.38708266615867615,
0.8199928998947144,
-0.19500091671943665,
-0.2015499472618103,
0.4747346043586731,
-0.8318241238594055,
-0.3307858407497406,
-0.18861396610736847,
-0.27221331000328064,
-0.67508864402771,
-0.3691900670528412,
0.6909709572792053,
0.3109694719314575,
-0.49177950620651245,
-0.4756811261177063,
-1.715118169784546,
0.45657432079315186,
-0.9200832843780518,
-0.42032232880592346,
-0.22452093660831451,
0.15646816790103912,
-0.40444329380989075,
-0.2283165603876114,
0.11869867146015167,
0.13973335921764374,
-0.44284141063690186,
0.3839127719402313,
0.024453455582261086,
-0.2124502956867218,
0.14306844770908356,
-0.26179879903793335,
-0.018674345687031746,
-0.5457135438919067,
-0.09161463379859924,
0.2229609340429306,
-0.19946196675300598,
0.34911274909973145,
-0.43084269762039185,
-0.04661966487765312,
-0.011295327916741371,
0.6333125829696655,
0.03180667385458946,
-0.3142331540584564,
0.282964289188385,
-0.8066516518592834,
0.21177299320697784,
-0.10087381303310394,
0.14294973015785217,
0.753084659576416,
-0.39599108695983887,
-0.5168378949165344,
0.5080556273460388,
0.8030515909194946,
0.07124640792608261,
0.23623649775981903,
-0.09582807868719101,
0.600349485874176,
-1.0381337404251099,
0.34897732734680176,
-0.9007798433303833,
-0.5299502611160278,
0.1461581438779831,
0.1002812534570694,
-0.9785506129264832,
-0.42078834772109985,
0.023874850943684578,
0.1397753655910492,
0.8009268641471863,
-0.47592416405677795,
0.08724474906921387,
-0.4530765414237976,
0.6210475564002991,
-0.0005839090445078909,
-0.6009221076965332,
0.439072847366333,
-0.027520660310983658,
-0.7470651865005493,
-0.3325470983982086,
-0.6042997241020203,
-0.21776244044303894,
-0.0068467408418655396,
-0.19551312923431396,
0.6121624708175659,
0.8524613380432129,
0.4471859633922577,
-0.23085811734199524,
-0.18616531789302826,
-0.6949141621589661,
-0.6274253726005554,
0.24507258832454681,
0.11164878308773041,
0.2237735092639923,
0.31619101762771606,
-0.36115917563438416,
-0.09838555008172989,
-0.6745313405990601,
0.169057235121727,
-0.2291664481163025,
0.15103481709957123,
0.3099502921104431,
0.5953747630119324,
-0.06947982311248779,
-0.19033470749855042,
-0.48851504921913147,
-0.018524864688515663,
0.4010326564311981,
0.2342979460954666,
-0.11168164014816284,
0.05553429573774338,
-0.7824329733848572,
-0.33432453870773315,
-0.5692377686500549,
-0.11342506110668182,
0.42623674869537354,
0.43976297974586487,
-0.6921244859695435,
0.12619246542453766,
0.16255545616149902,
-0.05316698178648949,
0.3188500702381134,
-0.06507346034049988,
0.2872629463672638,
-0.20439845323562622,
-0.5871059894561768,
0.7021317481994629,
-0.018809817731380463,
-0.17687954008579254,
0.3558214604854584,
-0.3887426257133484,
0.208400696516037,
0.5322574973106384,
-0.2876158654689789,
0.3062278628349304,
0.05067535862326622,
-0.026420390233397484,
0.07748086005449295,
0.12381556630134583,
-0.42038965225219727,
-0.327584445476532,
-0.24962705373764038,
0.06723836064338684,
0.23156321048736572,
-0.5201806426048279,
-0.43939751386642456,
0.3572237491607666,
0.7259319424629211,
0.19536352157592773,
0.25373905897140503,
0.31894156336784363,
-0.4862630069255829,
0.028460029512643814,
0.645670473575592,
-0.2491542100906372,
-0.13581691682338715,
-0.05521802604198456,
0.19200971722602844,
-0.24601800739765167,
0.2711755931377411,
0.43109047412872314,
-0.22118203341960907,
-0.3069625496864319,
0.24650557339191437,
-0.37110546231269836,
0.14257054030895233,
0.6672670245170593,
-0.04718034714460373,
0.641724705696106,
0.037046320736408234,
0.3630059063434601,
-0.23848794400691986,
0.6326640248298645,
0.18540966510772705,
-0.6371424794197083,
-0.6038647890090942,
0.5104807615280151,
0.38165050745010376,
0.3686167895793915,
0.583050549030304,
0.3697054088115692,
0.34776657819747925,
-0.3109017312526703,
0.3571356534957886,
-0.2885943055152893,
-0.30767449736595154,
-0.4408365786075592,
0.10194149613380432,
0.04647399112582207,
0.12357411533594131,
-0.26977822184562683,
0.30513307452201843,
0.6504966616630554,
-0.16151154041290283,
0.3562934398651123,
0.45841434597969055,
0.7625410556793213,
-0.12044909596443176,
-0.42692381143569946,
0.19476304948329926,
0.2687968909740448,
0.47049668431282043,
0.22522036731243134,
0.617840588092804,
-0.09302672743797302,
-0.18516181409358978,
0.25351154804229736,
0.3819350600242615,
-0.3114260137081146,
-0.016338789835572243,
-0.4222874343395233,
0.1677895486354828,
-0.25971952080726624,
-0.573979377746582,
-0.049188483506441116,
0.19975097477436066,
-0.11731426417827606,
-0.3902745544910431,
-0.11582344025373459,
-0.5218325853347778,
0.3025228977203369,
-0.11080003529787064,
0.7447679042816162,
0.34714454412460327,
0.341705322265625,
0.7638058662414551,
0.22487686574459076,
-0.10843325406312943,
0.21297556161880493,
0.5198044180870056,
0.604145884513855,
0.06294137984514236,
-0.2824660539627075,
0.3499544560909271,
0.16325581073760986,
0.05590686947107315,
-0.36544960737228394,
0.298407644033432,
-0.23590311408042908,
0.7820837497711182,
-0.2811562418937683,
-0.01198860164731741,
-0.264480322599411,
-0.19318021833896637,
0.42368283867836,
0.2106202095746994,
-0.31171637773513794,
0.22151654958724976,
-0.08688975870609283,
-0.4789503812789917,
-0.9639962315559387,
0.2764597237110138,
0.8148210048675537,
-0.9314323663711548,
-0.9867321252822876,
-0.271936297416687,
0.1937665492296219,
-0.5751005411148071,
-0.5948377847671509,
0.30146700143814087,
-0.7479339241981506,
-0.5623114109039307,
1.0544753074645996,
-0.09932207316160202,
0.027730336412787437,
0.25941237807273865,
-0.3760068118572235,
0.44420135021209717,
-0.26706328988075256,
-0.08918216079473495,
0.08265689015388489,
0.25991106033325195,
-0.07971813529729843,
-0.10060657560825348,
0.180115208029747,
0.5297495722770691,
0.1696036458015442,
0.19002489745616913,
-0.28028035163879395,
-5.676273822784424,
0.2062077671289444,
0.6547585129737854,
-0.365129679441452,
0.9088201522827148,
0.05650349333882332,
0.6236981749534607,
-0.24484242498874664,
0.4778529405593872,
-0.2459246814250946,
-0.18840742111206055,
-0.1146823987364769,
-0.21517732739448547,
0.09616260230541229,
-0.11420418322086334,
0.09852736443281174,
0.06161017715930939,
-0.5784303545951843,
0.1795065850019455,
-0.09441832453012466,
0.03130650520324707,
-0.08615231513977051,
-0.1431962251663208,
0.33623406291007996,
-0.38289186358451843,
-0.40689969062805176,
-0.3069726228713989,
0.3017931580543518,
-0.7936142086982727,
-0.12533394992351532,
-0.0822422131896019,
-0.03469166159629822,
0.048893701285123825,
-0.7534843683242798,
-0.2999849319458008,
-0.6176542043685913,
0.5381120443344116,
-0.01149926520884037,
0.1778889000415802,
0.09133631736040115,
0.20160646736621857,
-0.01504573505371809,
-0.17015813291072845,
-0.38884615898132324,
0.08696357905864716,
0.01030667219310999,
-0.5697339773178101,
-0.8538519740104675,
-0.35034310817718506,
-0.0037956051528453827,
0.4477575421333313,
-0.4719323515892029,
0.27972012758255005,
-0.4798753261566162,
0.6114771962165833,
-0.4947221279144287,
-0.46518027782440186,
0.5311336517333984,
-0.13601231575012207,
-0.07455404102802277,
0.841412365436554,
-0.1902976632118225,
0.01712978631258011,
-0.1956843137741089,
0.19236883521080017,
0.09074082225561142,
0.36535999178886414,
0.09110520035028458,
0.49033868312835693,
-0.45034098625183105,
0.21047921478748322,
0.3056637942790985,
0.28739091753959656,
-1.024855136871338,
-0.2924566864967346,
-0.35283467173576355,
0.20351345837116241,
-0.02551099844276905,
-0.4402937889099121,
-0.14133748412132263,
-0.15314196050167084,
0.15527908504009247,
-0.5587518215179443,
0.3669193983078003,
0.16843865811824799,
-0.21632833778858185,
-0.37244629859924316,
0.4990865886211395,
-0.30216020345687866,
0.09490708261728287,
0.3494787812232971,
-0.12768562138080597,
-0.2173081785440445,
0.4186462461948395,
0.13094037771224976,
0.1281542032957077,
-0.49304017424583435,
0.6258183121681213,
-0.08288975059986115,
-0.08745498955249786,
-0.15279027819633484,
-0.15990065038204193,
0.2501562237739563,
-0.3201086223125458,
0.5947293043136597,
0.29644009470939636,
-0.19968169927597046,
-0.5990660786628723,
0.3726864755153656,
0.2170075923204422,
-0.22367775440216064,
0.5734462738037109,
-0.23533980548381805,
0.40725767612457275,
0.19101467728614807,
-0.12459813058376312,
-0.3863867521286011,
-0.05589611083269119,
0.3154396116733551,
0.2689187824726105,
0.23628444969654083,
0.7007852792739868,
-0.31434157490730286,
0.047946102917194366,
0.42873382568359375,
-0.37543928623199463,
0.07780835032463074,
0.0999065563082695,
-0.20410679280757904,
-0.22563983500003815,
0.14919334650039673,
-0.04922898858785629,
0.05551082640886307,
0.19158412516117096,
0.3764156401157379,
-0.11091196537017822,
-0.26877647638320923,
-0.15535496175289154,
-0.5533819198608398,
-0.07559993863105774,
-0.09582417458295822,
-0.47051823139190674,
0.8135026097297668,
0.5726798176765442,
0.2843567728996277,
0.5951079726219177,
-0.22270500659942627,
-0.21335145831108093,
-0.11897251009941101,
0.506368100643158,
0.25056833028793335,
0.2349805384874344,
0.4094705581665039,
-0.8400523662567139,
-0.7208037376403809,
-0.027469413354992867,
-0.17075957357883453,
-0.29294252395629883,
-0.12049190700054169,
0.056661251932382584,
0.8639724254608154,
-0.5600149631500244,
-0.9678418040275574,
0.3101065456867218,
-0.2211472988128662,
0.15821486711502075,
-0.07023701816797256,
-0.04947085678577423,
-0.4668346643447876,
0.12991593778133392,
-0.07969127595424652,
-0.3535331189632416,
-0.839694619178772,
0.006011759862303734,
0.27595919370651245,
0.20956504344940186,
-0.12552890181541443,
0.21320438385009766,
0.4912092387676239,
-0.20581473410129547,
-0.1500144898891449,
0.47233444452285767,
-0.26637381315231323,
-0.10666000843048096,
0.4631694555282593,
-0.9433401823043823,
-0.07867009937763214,
-0.23297223448753357,
-0.09274498373270035,
0.14307978749275208,
-0.3798886835575104,
0.2301882803440094,
0.6746720671653748,
0.04288836196064949,
-0.15940850973129272,
-0.6126317381858826,
-0.505861759185791,
0.8033674955368042,
0.1514372080564499,
-0.19809475541114807,
0.6060260534286499,
-0.22926251590251923,
-0.1974450796842575,
0.18416573107242584,
0.7433858513832092,
-0.6774161458015442,
-0.4641220271587372,
0.2636356055736542,
-0.437622606754303,
0.3415508270263672,
-0.1638060212135315,
-0.8414566516876221,
-0.08966489881277084,
0.4124423861503601,
0.17812880873680115,
-0.23506134748458862,
0.16460013389587402,
0.29493629932403564,
0.5152007937431335,
-0.4850793182849884,
-0.3600587844848633,
0.174480140209198,
-0.5510209202766418,
0.8371562957763672,
-0.7535797953605652,
0.5220047235488892,
0.08108389377593994,
0.15944799780845642,
0.32216140627861023,
-0.5064553022384644,
-0.12280333042144775,
0.11557044088840485,
0.5056034922599792,
1.3131763935089111,
-0.28373727202415466,
0.1445542424917221,
0.08003290742635727,
0.4290216267108917,
0.2929975092411041,
0.31469425559043884,
0.3948538303375244,
0.7035948038101196,
0.05064384266734123,
-0.3500651717185974,
-0.0062165409326553345,
0.4583483934402466,
0.4401404559612274,
0.023352835327386856,
-0.21418088674545288,
0.04690717160701752,
0.2725934088230133,
0.1340569406747818,
-0.3658626973628998,
-0.15977974236011505,
0.3021278977394104,
-0.9800020456314087,
0.13245129585266113,
-0.19403673708438873,
0.10392780601978302,
-0.5441367030143738,
-0.22350049018859863,
0.6046796441078186,
0.005103300791233778,
-0.2253580093383789,
-0.24474062025547028,
0.6994707584381104,
-0.7343834042549133,
-0.06380419433116913,
-0.14978186786174774,
-0.3726401925086975,
0.2356397807598114,
-0.4639628827571869,
-0.28824833035469055,
0.30783653259277344,
0.3707471489906311,
0.40603575110435486,
0.0416136160492897,
-0.263750821352005,
0.13925448060035706,
-0.02713240496814251,
-0.003243123646825552,
0.12099549919366837,
-0.09597727656364441,
-0.08957739174365997,
0.34055545926094055,
-0.7296581268310547,
-0.3818495571613312,
-0.5896016359329224,
0.3757322430610657,
0.10293927788734436,
-0.0751907005906105,
1.4354835748672485,
-0.009541371837258339,
0.3705396056175232,
-0.6929395794868469,
0.011565892025828362,
0.1784890592098236,
0.47198939323425293,
-0.7599867582321167,
-0.3380858898162842,
0.20264312624931335,
-0.10935510694980621,
0.26833656430244446,
0.22445464134216309,
0.10389343649148941,
-0.12950387597084045,
-0.02423309162259102,
-0.5813512206077576,
-0.07376949489116669,
0.022046761587262154,
0.06299950182437897,
0.25400426983833313,
0.24333852529525757,
-0.17083369195461273,
-0.6044673919677734,
0.41983067989349365,
0.556559681892395,
-0.47981223464012146,
-0.2705419361591339,
0.73309725522995,
0.2274366021156311,
-0.36995112895965576,
0.46939021348953247,
0.11567094177007675,
0.9251378178596497,
0.36676597595214844,
0.0067633213475346565,
-0.583473801612854,
-0.14613905549049377,
0.29593196511268616,
-0.11649924516677856,
-0.0014452628092840314,
-0.07576865702867508,
0.057577945291996,
0.06140557676553726,
-0.10627389699220657,
-0.18578563630580902,
-0.09187479317188263,
-0.13967767357826233,
0.7595003843307495,
-0.09632883220911026,
0.5128248929977417,
-0.37173736095428467,
-0.1413692682981491,
0.5824933648109436,
-0.29018211364746094,
-0.005668380297720432,
0.3754580318927765,
-0.05077040195465088,
0.08078818023204803,
0.027526771649718285,
0.05634643882513046,
0.06496571004390717,
-0.5259739756584167,
0.613192081451416,
-0.3271246552467346,
-0.3098146319389343,
-0.08908765763044357,
-0.02877056784927845,
0.22978061437606812,
-0.10767092555761337,
-0.40360334515571594,
1.1664154529571533,
-0.01645553484559059,
-0.01923024095594883,
0.016316907480359077,
-0.38733142614364624,
-0.3966210186481476,
-0.018260901793837547,
0.6681257486343384,
-0.32480722665786743,
-0.41791224479675293,
-0.33729562163352966,
0.494596391916275,
-0.3266918361186981,
0.5100494623184204,
0.0024654881563037634,
0.12638670206069946,
-0.19361476600170135,
0.34436163306236267,
-0.7366050481796265,
-0.1155853122472763,
-0.3866163492202759,
-0.026271848008036613,
0.3411807119846344,
0.4136492908000946,
-0.9426562190055847,
-0.010424663312733173,
-0.8557361960411072,
0.5256097316741943,
0.23827168345451355,
-0.4641967713832855,
-0.010341629385948181,
0.09590835124254227,
-0.3625522255897522,
-0.28512540459632874,
-0.16168174147605896,
0.5358668565750122,
0.19654710590839386,
-0.1408955454826355,
0.09448795020580292,
0.5801404118537903,
0.3249935805797577,
-0.237329363822937,
0.10949365794658661,
0.312192440032959,
-0.573182225227356,
0.657961368560791,
-0.09338963776826859,
1.0411304235458374,
-0.3555617332458496,
0.3091047406196594,
-0.5024474263191223,
-0.048188675194978714,
-0.0836143046617508,
-0.042105454951524734,
0.4985821843147278,
0.053205158561468124,
-0.3459629416465759,
-0.49935635924339294,
-0.3643586039543152,
0.17319703102111816,
0.021409258246421814,
0.2693152129650116,
-0.144893079996109,
0.7005017995834351,
-0.2256443202495575,
-0.17702504992485046,
-0.6968485713005066,
0.43573012948036194,
-0.03556618094444275,
-0.1900658756494522,
-0.6691684126853943,
-0.5440189242362976,
-0.0031485878862440586,
-0.8000187277793884,
0.24408607184886932,
0.6972135901451111,
0.0864410474896431,
-0.43384695053100586,
0.3782625198364258,
0.2820502519607544,
0.22404934465885162,
-0.039994608610868454,
-0.6719642877578735,
-0.14583177864551544,
0.692659318447113,
-0.14593949913978577,
-0.6172896027565002,
0.09960565716028214,
-0.03403235971927643,
-0.9486416578292847,
-0.164978489279747,
0.11194879561662674,
0.24551790952682495,
-0.17382629215717316,
0.19547846913337708,
0.4834017753601074,
0.41774728894233704,
-0.23499801754951477
] |
210435
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Originator
|
The Originator
|
The Originator or Originator may refer to:
Bo Diddley (1928–2008), blues and rock and roll musician
U-Roy (born 1942), reggae musician
DJ Screw (1971–2000), DJ based in Houston, Texas
Originator (novel), a 1999 novel by Claire Carmichael
|
[
0.5630779266357422,
0.35595324635505676,
-0.37929388880729675,
-0.1597244292497635,
0.046107180416584015,
0.43296554684638977,
-0.08112765103578568,
0.03841997683048248,
0.1511848270893097,
-0.012396368198096752,
-0.5045103430747986,
-0.03478804975748062,
-0.36679860949516296,
0.7250977158546448,
-0.30580952763557434,
-0.0954914465546608,
0.05553315207362175,
0.05608413740992546,
-0.7600973844528198,
-0.13685651123523712,
-0.13509789109230042,
0.07405182719230652,
-0.05043482035398483,
0.18218077719211578,
0.26280274987220764,
0.2634408175945282,
0.04024864360690117,
-0.9153246879577637,
-0.03572004660964012,
0.4928586483001709,
0.15180431306362152,
0.19848276674747467,
0.1667078137397766,
-0.7826477289199829,
-0.4295842945575714,
-0.011079157702624798,
-0.5974053740501404,
0.049131378531455994,
-0.30112871527671814,
-0.5514233112335205,
-0.16869959235191345,
-0.4343411922454834,
0.6034023761749268,
0.3552210330963135,
-0.518080472946167,
-0.12817421555519104,
-2.157940149307251,
0.39028576016426086,
-1.1189265251159668,
-0.0825798436999321,
-0.11072491854429245,
-0.0379318967461586,
-0.0712992250919342,
0.05898338556289673,
0.21774166822433472,
0.5525572299957275,
-0.5192184448242188,
-0.14610819518566132,
0.2311360090970993,
-0.37970075011253357,
0.4886168837547302,
0.29711198806762695,
0.2624550461769104,
0.13236728310585022,
-0.09544035792350769,
0.4318349063396454,
-0.33346477150917053,
0.6029603481292725,
-0.184652179479599,
-0.3378768563270569,
-0.7225975394248962,
0.36145642399787903,
-0.3131037950515747,
0.0721450224518776,
-0.440854012966156,
-0.30767083168029785,
0.4839499592781067,
0.3041306436061859,
0.3958231508731842,
0.35961711406707764,
-0.18061628937721252,
0.2792634963989258,
0.7984850406646729,
-0.19208084046840668,
0.5784462690353394,
0.04763806238770485,
-0.6713953018188477,
-0.021758340299129486,
-0.2531345784664154,
-0.0663122832775116,
0.105361208319664,
-0.6896949410438538,
0.06738004088401794,
0.5262089967727661,
0.04036771133542061,
-0.5347674489021301,
0.4162931442260742,
0.01579645834863186,
-0.37406259775161743,
-0.11611201614141464,
-0.0986558049917221,
0.30319952964782715,
0.10108224302530289,
0.12813055515289307,
0.15394923090934753,
-0.005651948507875204,
-0.09455942362546921,
-0.7173956036567688,
0.0026370545383542776,
-0.10825913399457932,
-0.026618286967277527,
0.21216744184494019,
-0.2212902307510376,
-0.07283343374729156,
0.09851714223623276,
-0.204742431640625,
0.29607558250427246,
-0.40787363052368164,
-0.33295467495918274,
-0.09834595024585724,
0.04645824059844017,
0.38550451397895813,
-0.07357393205165863,
-0.0011733024148270488,
-0.365470290184021,
-0.025267653167247772,
0.0911651998758316,
0.529514491558075,
-0.6555469036102295,
-0.04314349219202995,
-0.013762013055384159,
0.39463287591934204,
0.13319066166877747,
-0.46432751417160034,
-0.065965436398983,
-0.11292093247175217,
0.4174354672431946,
0.0038558156229555607,
-0.30186522006988525,
0.22056186199188232,
-0.6502413749694824,
-0.11631106585264206,
-0.9610052108764648,
-0.1265541911125183,
0.34078916907310486,
-0.3831714689731598,
0.1554357409477234,
0.15186578035354614,
0.1712781935930252,
-0.17465044558048248,
0.24802660942077637,
-0.1254885196685791,
0.017259642481803894,
-0.002562854904681444,
0.028801361098885536,
0.5576091408729553,
0.202026829123497,
0.1585017591714859,
0.230442076921463,
0.07627396285533905,
0.19560810923576355,
0.406352698802948,
0.2057422697544098,
-0.24198018014431,
-0.068999283015728,
-0.33734533190727234,
0.44755497574806213,
0.4439842700958252,
-0.026484878733754158,
-0.07051597535610199,
-0.25356006622314453,
0.05697183310985565,
0.18713493645191193,
-0.036941707134246826,
0.2109784036874771,
0.11659516394138336,
0.9308920502662659,
0.1984802931547165,
-0.12668414413928986,
0.3896370232105255,
-0.4870871603488922,
0.6247150897979736,
-0.16095760464668274,
-0.3761768937110901,
0.09585600346326828,
-0.34610515832901,
0.16185683012008667,
0.2307250052690506,
0.31816136837005615,
0.2508825361728668,
-0.5279902219772339,
-0.4701489508152008,
0.075869120657444,
-0.5030152201652527,
0.7189807891845703,
0.29072776436805725,
-0.45072799921035767,
0.8113419413566589,
0.1639418751001358,
0.9396718740463257,
0.010712236166000366,
-0.15857334434986115,
-0.020392529666423798,
-0.07426468282938004,
0.0028237986844033003,
0.18792425096035004,
0.6257298588752747,
-0.2265387326478958,
0.48338058590888977,
-0.22473527491092682,
0.733157753944397,
0.10958591848611832,
0.715840756893158,
-0.2616196274757385,
-0.15220026671886444,
-0.4406481683254242,
-0.4679017663002014,
0.09004180133342743,
-0.1779576987028122,
-0.47753193974494934,
0.832274317741394,
0.2009798288345337,
-0.27133849263191223,
0.26048609614372253,
0.22849337756633759,
1.1494392156600952,
-0.12819954752922058,
-0.5040827989578247,
0.40615302324295044,
-0.08531494438648224,
0.08700588345527649,
0.3435739576816559,
-0.0265680979937315,
-0.18868528306484222,
0.4171838164329529,
-0.20907971262931824,
0.04733241721987724,
-0.3810540437698364,
0.4170008599758148,
0.21158893406391144,
0.353986531496048,
0.3052312433719635,
-0.8536357283592224,
-0.041979771107435226,
0.02380998432636261,
-0.14837633073329926,
-0.5243680477142334,
-0.3712044954299927,
-0.38781124353408813,
0.491851270198822,
0.05717327445745468,
0.5606744885444641,
0.6455779075622559,
0.5116083025932312,
0.167089581489563,
-0.03148144111037254,
-0.7422637343406677,
0.26842784881591797,
0.3943171799182892,
0.247552752494812,
-0.4125375747680664,
-0.015785682946443558,
0.0953512117266655,
-0.32874932885169983,
0.2855530083179474,
-0.8700245022773743,
-0.20185399055480957,
-0.39553332328796387,
0.3931621015071869,
0.19317705929279327,
0.38008296489715576,
0.1841982752084732,
-0.6031991839408875,
0.32605278491973877,
-0.46575042605400085,
-0.47171565890312195,
0.11445329338312149,
0.04360925033688545,
-0.4790741205215454,
-0.8236550092697144,
-0.1969231218099594,
0.2736721932888031,
-0.16437079012393951,
-1.2136629819869995,
0.2478066086769104,
-0.17670215666294098,
-0.0700145959854126,
0.049248285591602325,
-0.1263277530670166,
-0.052120160311460495,
-0.3461640775203705,
0.40346238017082214,
0.04614008218050003,
-0.09142927825450897,
0.034875549376010895,
0.6378227472305298,
0.5501253008842468,
-0.3831290602684021,
-0.08382314443588257,
-0.056916702538728714,
-0.2439584732055664,
-0.09670625627040863,
-0.13373738527297974,
0.3820188343524933,
0.550348699092865,
0.21884647011756897,
-0.17710062861442566,
0.18929365277290344,
-5.994637489318848,
0.17246811091899872,
-0.0506233349442482,
0.07654102891683578,
0.3831370770931244,
0.5282773375511169,
0.7242646813392639,
0.21429570019245148,
0.055156413465738297,
-0.8464980125427246,
-0.7739522457122803,
-0.4676947295665741,
-0.2239404320716858,
0.27864736318588257,
-0.23488366603851318,
0.6458454728126526,
-0.05673813447356224,
0.25876384973526,
-0.15515485405921936,
0.6279220581054688,
-0.004765600897371769,
0.03182787075638771,
0.03414951637387276,
0.10736794769763947,
0.0780201330780983,
0.6842136383056641,
-1.2551085948944092,
0.3832540512084961,
-0.24731086194515228,
0.28642261028289795,
0.40900206565856934,
-0.27636292576789856,
-0.032603684812784195,
-0.6435472369194031,
-0.11910892277956009,
0.40097174048423767,
0.1566750556230545,
-0.15613266825675964,
0.22889138758182526,
0.05795487388968468,
-0.36257055401802063,
0.23844529688358307,
0.036338288336992264,
-0.3648732006549835,
0.06472566723823547,
-0.11960867047309875,
-0.48576492071151733,
0.03897000849246979,
-0.34242501854896545,
0.5069645047187805,
-0.04631223529577255,
-0.30367061495780945,
0.3079766035079956,
0.15648153424263,
0.2577219605445862,
-0.32070425152778625,
0.31323349475860596,
-0.06625525653362274,
-0.29377150535583496,
-0.04170030355453491,
0.7483322620391846,
-0.04338211193680763,
0.36077773571014404,
-0.8073550462722778,
0.041831307113170624,
-0.2322084754705429,
0.0799456238746643,
-0.02179616317152977,
0.11736572533845901,
0.596142590045929,
0.2330641895532608,
0.5835769772529602,
-0.4606373906135559,
-1.0821892023086548,
-0.7492741942405701,
-0.24946989119052887,
-0.2637872099876404,
-0.3194618821144104,
-0.12522828578948975,
0.19583919644355774,
0.19281746447086334,
-0.08022177219390869,
-1.011227011680603,
0.3305131793022156,
-0.23049239814281464,
0.037185680121183395,
-0.46564021706581116,
0.4599062502384186,
-0.9859765768051147,
-0.01859927922487259,
-0.14376932382583618,
0.10420140624046326,
-0.2242041528224945,
0.13740049302577972,
0.27848750352859497,
-0.26115378737449646,
-0.08966097235679626,
0.15072935819625854,
0.2705196142196655,
0.3111135959625244,
0.0758293867111206,
-0.6903926730155945,
-0.035623446106910706,
-0.11938103288412094,
0.14239130914211273,
-0.33037427067756653,
-0.4969920516014099,
-0.0640237033367157,
0.5399983525276184,
0.20696990191936493,
0.05166434869170189,
0.13474273681640625,
-0.6430858373641968,
-0.6598344445228577,
0.2926701605319977,
0.025181783363223076,
0.4343140721321106,
0.1275794804096222,
0.5205700397491455,
-0.17274485528469086,
0.3174571692943573,
0.2940897047519684,
-0.39418044686317444,
-0.1802547127008438,
-0.009026897139847279,
-0.14922073483467102,
0.2034282237291336,
-0.23807844519615173,
0.4076705276966095,
0.1368042379617691,
-0.360919326543808,
-0.15669341385364532,
-0.19637270271778107,
0.2075081318616867,
-0.4088556170463562,
-0.00001551303648739122,
-0.5471928119659424,
-0.39074423909187317,
-0.30685433745384216,
-0.108851358294487,
0.2000955492258072,
-0.18565665185451508,
0.46780484914779663,
-0.09496138989925385,
0.7388229966163635,
0.11916586011648178,
0.0832299143075943,
-0.24297703802585602,
0.1236434057354927,
0.24339483678340912,
0.698987603187561,
0.23514549434185028,
0.5646765828132629,
-0.1815481036901474,
-0.39011630415916443,
-0.19670464098453522,
-0.06174752116203308,
0.002902134321630001,
0.08724614232778549,
0.03854966536164284,
0.2156262844800949,
-0.5470947623252869,
-0.7641560435295105,
0.03795182332396507,
-0.09308196604251862,
-0.03436511009931564,
-0.08573466539382935,
-0.41861581802368164,
-0.2951878011226654,
0.26677945256233215,
0.427272230386734,
-0.2541244626045227,
-0.28106874227523804,
-0.14005929231643677,
0.18614503741264343,
0.2596828043460846,
0.19512534141540527,
0.060928523540496826,
0.3376666307449341,
-0.19059257209300995,
-0.14376837015151978,
0.24057303369045258,
-0.41586005687713623,
0.2653014063835144,
0.7554524540901184,
-0.5304306745529175,
-0.31907859444618225,
-0.09189300239086151,
-0.41744938492774963,
-0.1435394138097763,
-0.4869324564933777,
0.4745403528213501,
0.494261771440506,
0.23978810012340546,
-0.5632946491241455,
-0.4737343192100525,
-0.29235830903053284,
0.5533701777458191,
0.06861905753612518,
-0.03591892868280411,
0.0353643074631691,
0.23937906324863434,
0.18461565673351288,
0.0670403391122818,
0.5163424611091614,
-0.8566172122955322,
-0.12434748560190201,
-0.64138263463974,
-0.2684932053089142,
0.7355349063873291,
0.20482267439365387,
-0.32432839274406433,
-0.12971855700016022,
-0.10476374626159668,
-0.005640740506350994,
-0.04149654507637024,
0.428438276052475,
-0.25908634066581726,
-0.360857218503952,
-0.16327670216560364,
0.2337043583393097,
0.046722207218408585,
-0.02875315397977829,
0.07587910443544388,
-0.0074747484177351,
0.42464298009872437,
0.07885362952947617,
-0.2729963958263397,
0.22057919204235077,
-0.48582470417022705,
-0.21442236006259918,
0.27842187881469727,
-0.06932631880044937,
0.20708520710468292,
-0.6497801542282104,
-0.23926037549972534,
0.38546302914619446,
0.015411920845508575,
-0.2978428900241852,
0.24923524260520935,
0.40539270639419556,
0.23322317004203796,
0.28924497961997986,
-0.22650644183158875,
-0.09652905911207199,
0.38776493072509766,
0.303922563791275,
0.3638593852519989,
-0.37700486183166504,
0.13710598647594452,
-0.14523278176784515,
-0.22551636397838593,
-0.7915399670600891,
-0.5090439319610596,
0.6443139910697937,
-0.36278170347213745,
-0.25826936960220337,
-0.07670775055885315,
0.06793159991502762,
-0.20680248737335205,
0.36541426181793213,
0.5272456407546997,
-0.34398555755615234,
0.3650018870830536,
-0.26477834582328796,
0.1093950942158699,
-0.151863694190979,
-0.09130796045064926,
0.2275165170431137,
-0.972507655620575,
0.07610174268484116,
0.020917203277349472,
0.20947547256946564,
0.8993715047836304,
0.03817503899335861,
-0.4523375928401947,
-0.05105598643422127,
0.021167797967791557,
0.3150310516357422,
-0.3356371819972992,
-0.060251813381910324,
0.44362780451774597,
0.35480251908302307,
-0.49440136551856995,
0.26400503516197205,
-0.272197961807251,
-0.051409587264060974,
-0.5377094149589539,
-0.013276389800012112,
-0.3650583028793335,
-0.3463859260082245,
0.10802646726369858,
0.4180119037628174,
0.31561344861984253,
-0.4890047013759613,
0.2580397427082062,
-0.13324439525604248,
0.13232629001140594,
0.16736485064029694,
-0.3705357611179352,
-0.6534579992294312,
0.4163869619369507,
0.37248438596725464,
-0.4830667972564697,
0.2711150646209717,
0.031932614743709564,
0.19593824446201324,
-0.016817521303892136,
-0.3022461235523224,
-0.3539218306541443,
0.3383776545524597,
-0.20613358914852142,
-0.33778971433639526,
0.3824837803840637,
-0.6131215691566467,
0.1581640988588333,
-0.04581599682569504,
-0.6702278256416321,
0.3033031225204468,
0.5238949060440063,
0.03030695579946041,
0.2761784791946411,
0.7119935750961304,
-0.18207870423793793,
0.3561767041683197,
0.29394879937171936,
-0.38435590267181396,
-0.217755526304245,
-0.11526110768318176,
-0.01257553230971098,
0.31479084491729736,
0.0032842487562447786,
-0.18204833567142487,
0.5613866448402405,
-0.2877851128578186,
-0.24383217096328735,
-0.0982513278722763,
-0.38673123717308044,
-0.4783940613269806,
0.22605089843273163,
0.16304969787597656,
0.788896381855011,
-0.13054928183555603,
-0.09170792996883392,
0.020028313621878624,
-0.31657811999320984,
0.0049661207012832165,
0.48638662695884705,
0.2995310127735138,
0.3053736984729767,
-0.06639768928289413,
0.02385055087506771,
0.08539248257875443,
-0.5404781103134155,
0.20902040600776672,
-0.09508908540010452,
0.20893006026744843,
0.33727455139160156,
0.2527264356613159,
-0.24510304629802704,
-0.163354754447937,
0.5019184350967407,
0.599689245223999,
-0.27312171459198,
0.13227444887161255,
0.4126795828342438,
0.2185439169406891,
-0.38028937578201294,
-0.24887807667255402,
0.324179470539093,
1.0010074377059937,
0.21110692620277405,
0.011452478356659412,
0.44509637355804443,
0.2898634374141693,
0.582565426826477,
0.8238959908485413,
0.5629812479019165,
-0.2642490863800049,
-0.1942768692970276,
-0.3532449007034302,
-0.572689414024353,
-0.2200547456741333,
0.3938007056713104,
0.4533216655254364,
-0.22326594591140747,
-0.11197316646575928,
0.07054551690816879,
-0.5084980726242065,
-0.2979086935520172,
0.15216919779777527,
-1.024043321609497,
-0.16731330752372742,
-0.04103059694170952,
-0.00039241297054104507,
0.17691083252429962,
-0.09099698811769485,
0.16222453117370605,
-0.17041265964508057,
-0.06773003190755844,
-0.17111101746559143,
-0.028758959844708443,
0.3120652437210083,
0.27180802822113037,
0.013652831315994263,
0.5435717105865479,
-0.12631382048130035,
0.396601140499115,
-0.5260898470878601,
1.0836503505706787,
0.04689287021756172,
-0.3147973418235779,
-0.38459664583206177,
0.7978028655052185,
0.16252253949642181,
-0.1675873100757599,
0.03378085047006607,
-0.08388493210077286,
-0.09401428699493408,
-0.2197488695383072,
-0.08339210599660873,
0.6650668978691101,
-0.7392881512641907,
0.2719634473323822,
-0.6908106207847595,
-0.12249169498682022,
0.31133317947387695,
-0.13128836452960968,
-0.11463180929422379,
0.5197444558143616,
0.13595013320446014,
-0.15505538880825043,
0.0412667877972126,
0.08632179349660873,
-0.27271243929862976,
-0.14698545634746552,
0.5133964419364929,
0.9468355178833008,
-0.4239748418331146,
-0.2880232036113739,
0.33359295129776,
-0.026605013757944107,
-0.04674829542636871,
0.2080095112323761,
-0.6289500594139099,
0.27818745374679565,
0.1660877764225006,
-0.14335164427757263,
-0.21821101009845734,
0.5301797389984131,
0.2681521475315094,
-0.10562214255332947,
-0.37400901317596436,
0.02573399245738983,
0.01952102780342102,
-0.01067375484853983,
-0.17492292821407318,
-0.2320093959569931,
0.41145309805870056,
0.2891681492328644
] |
210447
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionessus
|
Prionessus
|
Prionessus is a genus of extinct mammal from the Paleocene of Central Asia. It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata within the suborder Cimolodonta and superfamily Taeniolabidoidea. The genus was named by Matthew W.D. and Granger W. in 1925 and is based on a single species.
The species Prionessus lucifer was named by Matthew W.D. and Granger W. in 1925. Fossil remains have been found in the Late Paleocene Nomogen and Khashat Formations of Gashato, Naran and Nomogen in Bayan Ulan of Mongolia and China.
References
Further reading
Matthew and Granger (1925), "Fauna and Correlation of the Gashato Formation of Mongolia". Am. Museum Novitates 189, p. 1-12.
Kielan-Jaworowska Z. and Hurum J.H. (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of Multituberculate Mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429.
Much of this information has been derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS: Eucosmodontidae, Microcosmodontidae and Taeniolabidoidea, an Internet directory
Cimolodonts
Paleocene mammals
Paleocene genus extinctions
Paleogene mammals of Asia
Prehistoric mammal genera
|
[
-0.5999162793159485,
-0.027035284787416458,
-0.757352352142334,
-0.1194036453962326,
-0.5586474537849426,
1.286881446838379,
0.7052822709083557,
0.09780707955360413,
-0.1334080547094345,
-0.08689156174659729,
0.46980929374694824,
0.1379745602607727,
-0.5481971502304077,
0.24462288618087769,
-0.25732454657554626,
0.2974236011505127,
-0.09275020658969879,
0.2941147983074188,
-0.025571061298251152,
-0.5330978035926819,
0.1526556760072708,
-0.7045798897743225,
0.39633968472480774,
-0.4913039207458496,
-0.26620349287986755,
0.12058912217617035,
0.208664208650589,
0.9377187490463257,
0.7627593278884888,
-0.26717180013656616,
-0.6543890237808228,
0.19320544600486755,
-0.27106723189353943,
-0.17577464878559113,
-0.15348294377326965,
0.021166983991861343,
-0.6605880856513977,
0.05516037717461586,
-0.2249644696712494,
-0.3610632121562958,
0.06897243112325668,
0.08321670442819595,
-0.3271218538284302,
0.7814530730247498,
-0.19251297414302826,
-0.22730927169322968,
-1.3094568252563477,
0.5448590517044067,
-0.5560198426246643,
-0.3376561403274536,
-0.12175044417381287,
-0.1506858468055725,
0.41988539695739746,
0.09322355687618256,
-0.3658895492553711,
0.29290175437927246,
-0.884856641292572,
-0.27316245436668396,
0.25772038102149963,
0.1278725564479828,
-0.48288342356681824,
0.19953617453575134,
-0.24156992137432098,
-0.38322845101356506,
0.23046694695949554,
0.5083650350570679,
0.5572396516799927,
0.49053865671157837,
0.26430681347846985,
0.22088170051574707,
-0.5925514101982117,
-0.13835600018501282,
0.19264264404773712,
0.784403383731842,
-0.03060937114059925,
-0.4038693606853485,
0.3802139461040497,
-0.13005828857421875,
1.0077104568481445,
-0.08721400052309036,
0.269641637802124,
0.5414802432060242,
0.7999831438064575,
0.1240963563323021,
0.0908731147646904,
0.19877754151821136,
-0.5323359370231628,
0.07220715284347534,
-0.7139644026756287,
-0.39691051840782166,
-0.3283507227897644,
-0.009994296357035637,
0.2273048460483551,
0.8277958631515503,
-0.42312493920326233,
-0.16439887881278992,
-0.7324408888816833,
0.3143349885940552,
0.5939797163009644,
-0.2719516158103943,
-0.6693069338798523,
0.19279788434505463,
0.15933309495449066,
-0.8134944438934326,
-0.0625997856259346,
-0.4387304484844208,
0.020554080605506897,
-0.2848634719848633,
-0.6472852826118469,
0.04271133244037628,
-0.6648427248001099,
0.45041170716285706,
0.24579083919525146,
0.10546134412288666,
-0.11028524488210678,
1.2187886238098145,
-0.04208758473396301,
-1.1061551570892334,
-0.1605355441570282,
-0.6623817682266235,
-0.23695887625217438,
0.7569199800491333,
-0.5032055974006653,
0.32114672660827637,
-0.2886534035205841,
0.3932840824127197,
0.5153650641441345,
0.05445870757102966,
-0.26679471135139465,
0.3590843677520752,
0.5286269783973694,
1.502049207687378,
-0.14689312875270844,
0.42265963554382324,
-0.38586533069610596,
0.1667441725730896,
-0.15104326605796814,
0.016590628772974014,
-0.0357169546186924,
0.45042183995246887,
-0.1780683398246765,
0.08591251075267792,
-0.18943671882152557,
-0.13861681520938873,
0.18805940449237823,
-0.06589861959218979,
0.38493645191192627,
0.021976182237267494,
-1.0703798532485962,
-0.5861932039260864,
-0.09971576184034348,
-0.2560397982597351,
0.2744201719760895,
0.16086983680725098,
-0.14320650696754456,
0.08702167868614197,
0.35530728101730347,
-0.30122023820877075,
0.6439235806465149,
-0.2973282039165497,
-0.08520583808422089,
-0.4904704689979553,
-0.8202680349349976,
0.4173736274242401,
0.23602207005023956,
-0.21774822473526,
0.37136492133140564,
0.000921709812246263,
0.23812173306941986,
0.8868300318717957,
-0.5393314361572266,
0.0394490510225296,
0.2183302938938141,
-0.288794606924057,
0.028809743002057076,
-0.3635948598384857,
-0.3011513948440552,
0.2958923876285553,
0.25375834107398987,
-0.6369244456291199,
-0.7039059400558472,
0.2809307873249054,
-0.06930079311132431,
0.18542058765888214,
0.26582032442092896,
0.213561549782753,
0.656866192817688,
0.4704480767250061,
0.16574262082576752,
-0.8175843358039856,
-0.5926241278648376,
-0.04616047069430351,
-0.009740427136421204,
0.1659373939037323,
1.6405576467514038,
0.3477347791194916,
-0.4727032780647278,
-0.31370458006858826,
0.039824701845645905,
0.6767956614494324,
-0.590747594833374,
-0.12476957589387894,
0.08936537802219391,
-0.16082000732421875,
-0.12038319557905197,
0.1910298615694046,
-0.1372743397951126,
-0.1462673544883728,
0.8870675563812256,
0.6906625628471375,
0.22928258776664734,
-0.1263655573129654,
-0.31873294711112976,
0.033828094601631165,
-0.07896073907613754,
-0.1123695820569992,
-0.36144813895225525,
0.6845024228096008,
-0.057712458074092865,
-0.44454774260520935,
0.927731990814209,
-0.5080533027648926,
0.7243090867996216,
-0.2539583444595337,
-0.22196778655052185,
0.5390660762786865,
0.8481165170669556,
-0.4431828558444977,
0.09810012578964233,
-0.6134186387062073,
-0.06066284328699112,
0.19974566996097565,
0.09909867495298386,
-0.5291274189949036,
-0.067147396504879,
-0.6459595561027527,
0.04681451991200447,
-0.9213446378707886,
0.6477718353271484,
-0.5238505005836487,
0.18799817562103271,
0.34715649485588074,
-0.0674162209033966,
0.4040459394454956,
0.30242490768432617,
-0.47697967290878296,
0.16327597200870514,
0.4277734160423279,
-0.8382103443145752,
-0.2185589075088501,
-0.6742768287658691,
0.6537074446678162,
0.2564017176628113,
-0.439260870218277,
-0.31167837977409363,
0.13523685932159424,
0.42327794432640076,
0.14962439239025116,
0.4589453637599945,
-0.06271832436323166,
-0.11702914535999298,
0.5182918310165405,
0.2130429893732071,
0.11307615786790848,
0.14650821685791016,
-0.14995437860488892,
-0.34681934118270874,
-0.5316890478134155,
0.7883034944534302,
-0.23992589116096497,
0.8653534054756165,
-0.5007928609848022,
-0.9701246619224548,
0.3123912811279297,
-0.04748693108558655,
-0.23376722633838654,
-0.36943039298057556,
-0.032654669135808945,
0.049889273941516876,
-0.7373566031455994,
0.052888110280036926,
1.0623592138290405,
0.08876644819974899,
0.32743486762046814,
-0.5778139233589172,
-0.7339474558830261,
0.4003724753856659,
-0.38580653071403503,
-0.07005172967910767,
-0.4759635329246521,
0.5507223606109619,
0.12321778386831284,
-0.2632690668106079,
0.43796423077583313,
-0.8484013080596924,
0.5180829167366028,
-0.19714878499507904,
0.14466559886932373,
0.3803389370441437,
-0.3365645706653595,
-0.9814709424972534,
-0.005143577698618174,
-0.19852882623672485,
0.6260154843330383,
0.41949695348739624,
-0.1576763540506363,
0.12490930408239365,
-0.24292266368865967,
-5.101086616516113,
0.0490061417222023,
0.03937172889709473,
-0.0008295326842926443,
0.5228748321533203,
0.6471624970436096,
0.547895610332489,
-0.32872989773750305,
-0.43710148334503174,
0.4310021996498108,
-0.10675998032093048,
0.2096547782421112,
-0.4550485908985138,
0.29140743613243103,
0.24743027985095978,
0.7028523683547974,
0.5104176998138428,
0.2625782787799835,
-0.058644890785217285,
-0.02938656322658062,
-0.018766315653920174,
-0.11534272879362106,
0.06596300005912781,
-0.05144134536385536,
0.1520460993051529,
0.0694420114159584,
0.17818686366081238,
-0.28009065985679626,
-0.3665897846221924,
-0.4826054275035858,
-0.3019775450229645,
-0.5686472058296204,
0.239773228764534,
0.41969484090805054,
-0.16937541961669922,
0.24916191399097443,
1.0294455289840698,
0.3715355694293976,
0.25257471203804016,
-0.39313745498657227,
-0.6748042106628418,
0.05568455159664154,
0.2209906131029129,
-0.0915703997015953,
0.34910523891448975,
0.25507405400276184,
-0.06091432645916939,
-0.5643144845962524,
-0.1459157019853592,
1.0115175247192383,
-0.5951038002967834,
0.05540629103779793,
0.08837444335222244,
0.9509803652763367,
0.7381444573402405,
0.10467739403247833,
0.7308954000473022,
0.4324474632740021,
-0.003446303540840745,
0.4139597713947296,
0.4722408056259155,
-0.49137401580810547,
-0.666746973991394,
-1.4944905042648315,
0.600976288318634,
-0.334217369556427,
0.08165750652551651,
-0.12109971791505814,
-0.06461136788129807,
-0.0739055648446083,
-0.6937242150306702,
0.4574352502822876,
-0.6506432294845581,
-0.7683457732200623,
0.509922444820404,
-0.16305051743984222,
-0.22768893837928772,
0.15042217075824738,
-0.8651977181434631,
0.444286972284317,
-0.20628611743450165,
-0.7689939141273499,
-0.3769627809524536,
0.4427655041217804,
0.07790572196245193,
0.169051855802536,
-0.023871494457125664,
0.10772883147001266,
-0.36176568269729614,
-0.26645004749298096,
0.6309338212013245,
-0.6062681674957275,
-0.3498349189758301,
0.47025060653686523,
0.15452174842357635,
0.5238897800445557,
0.3116389811038971,
0.5375242233276367,
0.18157413601875305,
-0.38766708970069885,
0.23360785841941833,
-0.28281140327453613,
-0.23711195588111877,
0.19638264179229736,
-0.2770032584667206,
-1.136714220046997,
-0.028912119567394257,
0.22242216765880585,
1.2543022632598877,
-0.30170729756355286,
0.49985238909721375,
-0.516230583190918,
0.001006532460451126,
-0.18052934110164642,
0.4766670763492584,
0.003505920758470893,
-0.25445273518562317,
0.33003607392311096,
0.3452855348587036,
-0.002773164538666606,
0.03392595052719116,
0.2649112641811371,
-0.9080795049667358,
0.043721284717321396,
-0.30001136660575867,
-0.7148266434669495,
-0.43326684832572937,
-0.005968786310404539,
-1.1819844245910645,
-0.24191012978553772,
-0.2569025456905365,
0.030527599155902863,
-0.39658665657043457,
0.11070751398801804,
-0.17710766196250916,
-0.18124248087406158,
-0.08725182712078094,
0.061209578067064285,
0.46068480610847473,
0.2993786036968231,
-0.6569225192070007,
-0.4557715654373169,
-0.38826611638069153,
-0.3134688436985016,
0.18275539577007294,
0.19827429950237274,
0.3037424683570862,
-0.5857782363891602,
-0.37107089161872864,
0.9007826447486877,
0.11712607741355896,
-0.6493772864341736,
0.1612146496772766,
-0.3243798315525055,
0.35452160239219666,
-0.16998447477817535,
0.26970374584198,
0.19391809403896332,
-0.03407459706068039,
-0.25071603059768677,
-0.403810977935791,
-0.3269481956958771,
-0.6196773648262024,
0.23754562437534332,
0.7899051904678345,
-0.49412405490875244,
-0.2931579351425171,
-1.0371934175491333,
-0.10725196450948715,
0.1146451085805893,
0.2259155809879303,
0.12230159342288971,
-0.25457558035850525,
-0.26403436064720154,
0.22663722932338715,
0.050881702452898026,
0.25432297587394714,
-0.18566620349884033,
-0.8516091704368591,
-0.5117979049682617,
0.41938331723213196,
0.41896817088127136,
0.044876713305711746,
-0.28200578689575195,
0.7534561157226562,
-0.22339069843292236,
-0.31131115555763245,
-0.8523668646812439,
-0.6541914343833923,
-0.3364613950252533,
0.22173652052879333,
0.46846747398376465,
0.6257784962654114,
0.07809045165777206,
-0.37494969367980957,
-0.1838599294424057,
0.22108039259910583,
0.2666342854499817,
-0.18403360247612,
-1.1236367225646973,
-0.4660690128803253,
0.4387894868850708,
0.2298944592475891,
0.08447930961847305,
0.13068591058254242,
-0.6748335957527161,
0.5201817750930786,
0.36148902773857117,
-0.02595156617462635,
0.04335908591747284,
-0.2432647943496704,
-0.8977253437042236,
-0.7092013359069824,
0.26928162574768066,
0.22296467423439026,
0.8433913588523865,
0.7233636379241943,
0.1932532638311386,
-0.9076433181762695,
-0.7332801818847656,
-0.1112399622797966,
-0.3161676824092865,
-0.3284716308116913,
-0.7155075073242188,
-0.9336859583854675,
-0.025409912690520287,
-0.07942695170640945,
0.10570178925991058,
0.3207096457481384,
-0.4963808059692383,
-0.03435928374528885,
-0.599304735660553,
0.4430093765258789,
-0.4409951865673065,
-0.36647704243659973,
-0.33095595240592957,
0.009537961333990097,
-0.11154522001743317,
-0.07668674737215042,
0.298465758562088,
0.8034144043922424,
0.8114600777626038,
0.595599889755249,
0.3001765012741089,
-0.10620668530464172,
-0.2948891520500183,
0.21367068588733673,
-0.008861134760081768,
-0.2742050886154175,
0.3128466010093689,
0.5241193175315857,
-0.0005935463705100119,
-1.2258520126342773,
-0.03522038087248802,
1.3286001682281494,
-0.6018041372299194,
0.3521122634410858,
0.4744967222213745,
-0.25850069522857666,
-0.10146697610616684,
-0.017379704862833023,
-0.25847509503364563,
-0.06055481359362602,
0.07505295425653458,
-0.40483957529067993,
0.10318685322999954,
-0.1343589723110199,
-0.27009284496307373,
0.4322977066040039,
-0.20948417484760284,
-0.06987149268388748,
-0.011664268560707569,
-0.1355995088815689,
0.03905336558818817,
-0.5309500694274902,
-0.10213614255189896,
0.5038748383522034,
-0.22895027697086334,
0.5474814772605896,
-0.223000630736351,
-0.38729459047317505,
0.38799530267715454,
0.13128726184368134,
0.30485621094703674,
-0.8103688359260559,
-0.553316056728363,
0.23886631429195404,
-0.5877635478973389,
-0.07132178544998169,
0.26651620864868164,
-0.3631863594055176,
-0.07155714929103851,
-0.46764159202575684,
-0.1916770040988922,
0.13112607598304749,
0.0892428457736969,
-0.38792645931243896,
0.7370494604110718,
-0.5560022592544556,
0.6122716665267944,
-0.45806288719177246,
0.01180869247764349,
0.607947051525116,
-0.12916620075702667,
0.015251222997903824,
0.026621002703905106,
-0.197006493806839,
0.17524579167366028,
0.07953175157308578,
0.3081768751144409,
0.3289031982421875,
-0.22883667051792145,
0.8498236536979675,
0.5057126879692078,
-0.5483649373054504,
0.5810701847076416,
0.47145411372184753,
-0.9044857621192932,
-0.3023403584957123,
0.3179267346858978,
0.6707330942153931,
0.7044740319252014,
0.14202485978603363,
-0.6756197214126587,
-0.44839292764663696,
0.648506224155426,
-1.4340565204620361,
-0.19311313331127167,
0.04496198892593384,
0.6766189336776733,
0.32558271288871765,
-0.022663399577140808,
-0.57721346616745,
0.0977097749710083,
0.18962834775447845,
-0.4391588270664215,
0.3652802109718323,
-0.503542423248291,
0.4672849178314209,
1.2146798372268677,
0.6794822812080383,
0.858954131603241,
-0.26609861850738525,
0.2474607527256012,
-0.021961649879813194,
0.7721328735351562,
0.05283427983522415,
-0.0007949077989906073,
1.0198358297348022,
0.38766106963157654,
-0.00800804141908884,
0.08134775608778,
-0.06598130613565445,
0.26553618907928467,
0.2835848927497864,
-0.25018033385276794,
-0.011645798571407795,
-0.3122061789035797,
-0.06473575532436371,
0.10823112726211548,
0.34613433480262756,
0.4326856732368469,
0.11938267201185226,
-0.25129711627960205,
-0.6967388987541199,
0.3474613428115845,
0.045197758823633194,
0.06091134250164032,
-0.0609685555100441,
0.07675391435623169,
0.4788213074207306,
0.06876292079687119,
0.1847563236951828,
-0.08107884228229523,
0.4244455397129059,
0.5614708065986633,
0.3831028938293457,
0.2541951537132263,
-0.19596423208713531,
-0.207168847322464,
-0.34467458724975586,
0.08416348695755005,
0.26221346855163574,
-0.20986177027225494,
0.4086911976337433,
-0.17983637750148773,
0.13495448231697083,
0.05460279807448387,
-0.1684257835149765,
-0.2217065393924713,
-0.3198879361152649,
-0.630202054977417,
0.3470553159713745,
0.3349781036376953,
-0.3311402201652527,
-0.3819636404514313,
-0.10667403042316437,
0.3740665018558502,
0.12266696244478226,
-0.2513262629508972,
0.3438771963119507,
0.0034989682026207447,
-0.7895393371582031,
-0.07936053723096848,
0.8545281887054443,
0.43735215067863464,
-0.7778610587120056,
0.3549182713031769,
-0.38605377078056335,
-0.06671462208032608,
0.5683813095092773,
0.27559390664100647,
-0.21360327303409576,
-0.05306287482380867,
-0.21094977855682373,
0.4931994080543518,
0.7849587798118591,
-0.456408828496933,
-0.3206378221511841,
0.01166236400604248,
-0.006313852034509182,
-0.13929273188114166,
0.11688210815191269,
0.4329468309879303,
-0.48535019159317017,
0.08710238337516785,
0.20619642734527588,
0.41603851318359375,
-0.5041064620018005,
0.7485539317131042,
0.6459714770317078,
-0.05080290883779526,
-0.5194570422172546,
-0.0052665588445961475,
-0.2838030457496643,
-0.3297154903411865,
0.6639828681945801,
0.809283435344696,
0.4142160713672638,
0.044010844081640244,
0.4377462863922119,
0.17081186175346375,
0.7618939876556396,
0.35893714427948,
-0.14011713862419128,
0.009509261697530746,
-0.8946412205696106,
-0.8884307146072388,
-1.126597285270691,
0.3086477518081665,
-0.2463255077600479,
-0.07580892741680145,
0.36216863989830017,
-0.10066855698823929,
-0.2181977778673172,
0.3125433027744293,
-0.20366284251213074,
-0.5830804705619812,
0.17298559844493866,
-0.021279828622937202
] |
210453
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Eyed%20Peas
|
Black Eyed Peas
|
Black Eyed Peas (also known as The Black Eyed Peas) is an American musical group consisting of rappers will.i.am, apl.de.ap, and Taboo and singer J. Rey Soul. Originally an alternative hip hop group, they subsequently refashioned themselves as a more marketable pop-rap act. Although the group was founded in Los Angeles in 1995, it was not until the release of their third album, Elephunk, in 2003, that they achieved high record sales.
Black Eyed Peas' first major hit was the 2003 single "Where Is the Love?" from Elephunk, which topped the charts in 13 countries, including the United Kingdom, where it spent seven weeks at number one and went on to become Britain's biggest-selling single of 2003. Their fourth album, Monkey Business, was an even bigger worldwide success, and became certified 3× Platinum in the United States. In 2009, the group became one of only 11 artists to have simultaneously held the number-one and number-two spots on the Billboard Hot 100, with their singles "Boom Boom Pow" and "I Gotta Feeling", which topped the chart for an unprecedented 26 consecutive weeks.
The album The E.N.D. produced a third Hot 100 number-one placement with "Imma Be", making the group one of few to ever place three number one singles on the chart from the same album, before being followed with "Rock That Body" and "Meet Me Halfway", which peaked in the top 10 of the Hot 100. "I Gotta Feeling" became the first single to sell more than one million downloads in the United Kingdom. At the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony, held in January 2010, they won three awards out of six nominations. In November 2010, they released the album The Beginning. In February 2011, the group performed in the Super Bowl XLV halftime show.
Black Eyed Peas have sold an estimated 80 million records, making them one of the best-selling groups of all time. They were ranked 12th on Billboards 2000s Decade-End Artist of the Decade Chart, and 7th on the Hot 100 Artists of the Decade.
History
1988–1994: Musical beginnings
In 1988 while attending two different high schools, William James Adams Jr and Allan Pineda Lindo Jr met at the all-ages dance venue Club What? in Los Angeles. They formed a hip-hop dance and music crew named Tribal Nation. Adams took the stage name Will 1X while Pinedo Lindo adopted the name apl.de.ap. Their friends joined the group – Dante Santiago and Mooky Mook, followed shortly by DJ Motiv8. Actor David Faustino opened an all-ages club named Balistyx in 1991 inside the old Whisky a Go Go, and Tribal Nation played there. Rapper Eazy-E caught their show and signed the group to Ruthless Records, changing the group name to Atban Klann. Their first album project, Grass Roots, was shelved at the end of 1993, never to be released. They released a promo song "Let Me Get Down" in 1994, billed as being produced by the Black Eyed Peas: the production team of DJ Motiv8 and Will 1X. Mooky Mook left the group in 1995, and Eazy-E died of HIV/AIDS. The group's contract with Ruthless was stalled, so Santiago also left the group. Will 1X changed his stage name to will.i.am.
1995–2001: Behind the Front and Bridging the Gap
In 1995 will.i.am and apl.de.ap formed a new group named Black Eyed Pods with Jaime Gomez (Taboo), and Kim Hill, a singer who featured on a selected number of their tracks. They later changed "Pods" to "Peas". Unlike the "gangsta rap" sounds of Los Angeles-based hip hop acts at the time, the trio performed with a live band and adopted a conscious musical and appearance style. After being signed to Interscope Records and releasing their debut, Behind the Front (1998) the group (and their accompanying live band) earned critical acclaim. One of the singles from the album was "Joints & Jam", and was featured on the Bulworth soundtrack. Singer Sierra Swan appeared as a guest on the 1998 song "Fallin' Up". Their second album, Bridging the Gap (2000), produced the singles "Weekends" featuring Esthero and "Request + Line" featuring R&B singer Macy Gray. Hill left the band while producing the album, but was still featured on the album tracks for "Hot" and "Tell Your Mama Come" as well as in the video for "Weekends".
2002–2005: Addition of Fergie and Elephunk
In 2002, Stacy Ferguson was chosen as the lead singer. Their new album, Elephunk, indicated a shift to a polished pop sound designed to attract mass audiences. In a positive review of the Black Eyed Peas' new-found style, Rolling Stone noted that after the group "hired a blond bombshell named Stacy 'Fergie' Ferguson and gave up their pursuit of backpack-rapper cred, they have made a kind of spiritual practice of recording futuristic songs – a total aesthetic commitment that extends from their garish wardrobes to their United Colors of Benetton worldview."
From Elephunk came "Where Is the Love?", which became the Black Eyed Peas' first major hit, peaking at No. 8 on the U.S. Hot 100. It was more successful abroad, topping the charts in several other countries, including seven weeks at No. 1 in the United Kingdom, where it became the biggest-selling single of 2003. The single had similar results in Australia, staying at No. 1 for six weeks. In an interview with TalkofFame.com, Taboo shared that Justin Timberlake's split with Britney Spears impacted the recording of "Where Is the Love?". The album subsequently spawned "Shut Up", which peaked at No. 2 in the UK and topped the charts and went gold and platinum in the U.S., UK, Germany, and other European markets. The third single from the album, although significantly restyled from the original Elephunk version, "Hey Mama" hit the top 5 in Australia and the top 10 in the UK, Germany and other European countries and reached No. 23 in the U.S. The song received even more exposure in 2003 when it was featured in the first "silhouette" television commercial for the iPod. The fourth single from the album was "Let's Get It Started". It won a 2005 Grammy for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group and also received two nominations for Record of the Year and Best Rap Song. In 2004, the Black Eyed Peas embarked on their international Elephunk Tour, touring many countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
2004–2008: Monkey Business
Their fourth album, Monkey Business, was recorded through 2004 and was released on June 7, 2005. Much of the pre-production writing was performed on the John Lennon Educational Tour Bus while on the Black Eyed Peas tour of 2004. The album's first single, "Don't Phunk with My Heart", was a hit in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100. This Billboard status was the highest peak yet of their career in the U.S. (this was later broken when "Boom Boom Pow" peaked at the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100) and earned them another Grammy for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. The song reached three in the UK, and five in Canada, and stayed at number one for three weeks in Australia. Some radio stations, concerned about complaints of obscenity, played an alternative version, "Don't Mess with My Heart". "Don't Lie", the second single from the album, saw success on the U.S. Hot 100, reaching No. 14, although becoming somewhat more successful in the UK and Australia, reaching a peak of No. 6 in both countries. "My Humps", another song from the album, immediately achieved commercial success in the U.S. and also garnered fairly substantial radio play despite the sexually suggestive lyrics. It reached number three on the U.S. Hot 100 and number one in Australia, making it their fourth Australian number one single. However, many mocked the song for its poor lyrical content. For instance, John Bush, writing for AllMusic, described it as "one of the most embarrassing rap performances of the new millennium". Despite this, the album Monkey Business debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart, selling over 295,000 copies in its first week and was later certified 3× platinum by the RIAA. Their next and final commercially released single from the album was "Pump It", which borrows much of its sound from "Misirlou", specifically Dick Dale's version. The track peaked at number 8 in Australia and number 18 in the U.S.
In September 2005, the Black Eyed Peas released an iTunes Originals playlist of their greatest hits, as well as some that were re-recorded specially available for purchase through iTunes. The playlist includes popular songs such as "Don't Lie", "Shut Up", and a new version of "Where Is the Love?". It has small stories containing info and commentary about the songs and how the group first met. In autumn 2005, the Black Eyed Peas set off to tour with Gwen Stefani as supporting act. In December 2005, they embarked on the "European Tour", which toured multiple countries in Europe. The European leg which opened in Tel Aviv, Israel, continued onto Ireland, the UK, France and Germany.
After heading to Europe and Asia, they toured the U.S. again. The tour concluded in South America.
In addition to touring, the Black Eyed Peas also headlined the halftime show at the Grey Cup on November 27, 2005.
The Black Eyed Peas starred in a series of web shorts for Snickers, called Instant Def, appearing as a group of hip-hop superheroes. On March 21, 2006, the Black Eyed Peas released a remix album, titled Renegotiations: The Remixes to iTunes. It features remixed versions of "Ba Bump", "My Style", "Feel It", "Disco Club", "They Don't Want Music", "Audio Delite at Low Fidelity" plus the standard version and video of "Like That". The following week, the iTunes compilation was released on CD (without the music video). Participants on the EP included DJ Premier, Pete Rock, Erick Sermon, DJ Jazzy Jeff, and Large Professor. In March 2006, the Black Eyed Peas hit the road again as the featured headliner for the 6th Annual Honda Civic Tour with supporting bands Flipsyde and the Pussycat Dolls. They again brought the John Lennon Educational Tour Bus on the tour with them to craft new songs for Fergie's solo debut album. In 2006, they went on tour with the Pussycat Dolls.
In 2007, the Black Eyed Peas embarked on the Black Blue & You World Tour, visiting more than 20 countries, including: Macau, Sweden, Poland, Romania, Hungary, South Africa, South Korea, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Israel, Singapore, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Australia, Nigeria, Mexico, Thailand, Venezuela, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Argentina, the Philippines, El Salvador and Brazil. This tour was presented by Pepsi, in conjunction with the new "Pepsi More" advertising campaign, featuring the Black Eyed Peas. They recorded the song "More" for the new Pepsi spot. On December 31, 2006, the Black Eyed Peas's tour concluded at Ipanema Beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for more than 1 million people, being their biggest concert ever. The Black Eyed Peas performed at the UK leg of Live Earth on July 7, 2007 at Wembley Stadium, London. will.i.am performed a new song, "Help Us Out", at the event, which would appear on his album, Songs About Girls, as "S.O.S. (Mother Nature)". They headlined the main Ocean Stage at the Summer Sonic Festival in Tokyo, Japan on August 11, and in Osaka, Japan on August 12, 2007.
2009–2011: The E.N.D, The Beginning and hiatus
The group's fifth studio album, The E.N.D, title that stands for "The Energy Never Dies", was released on June 9, 2009. The overall sound of the album has a more electro hop beat rather than the usual hip pop/R&B feeling of their previous albums. Following its release, will.i.am remarked that the album had been inspired by a trip to Australia, specifically the sound of The Presets' "My People". "The energy on the Presets' small little stage was crazy energy. That song My People – that shit is wild," will.i.am said, "That's the reason why this record sounds the way it does – my three months in Australia." In its first week, the album sold 304,000 copies and debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200. In the United States, the album became the ninth album to top the one million mark in sales in 2009. The album spent 38 weeks within the top 10 of the Billboard 200. The E.N.D was the 7th best-selling album of 2009 in the U.S. It also debuted at number one in Australia, number two in New Zealand and three in the United Kingdom. Three additional singles, "Imma Be", "Alive", and "Meet Me Halfway", were released through the iTunes Store in the three weeks running up to the album's release.
The first single "Boom Boom Pow" was released on March 30, 2009 in the U.S. on iTunes. The single sold 465,000 downloads in its first week of digital release, the third-largest number of download sales in a single week overall, and the largest single-week and debut-download totals by a group in the history of digital-download sales, reaching No. 1 on the U.S. The single also reached the top spot in Billboard Hot 100 and Pop 100. being the group's first U.S. No. 1, holding the spot for twelve consecutive weeks. It also reached number 1 in Australia, Canada, and the UK. On May 21, the Black Eyed Peas released "I Gotta Feeling" (produced by David Guetta) as the official second single from the album. The single charted at number three and then went to number one on the UK Singles Chart. It debuted at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 behind "Boom Boom Pow" and later surpassed it, taking the number 1 spot. The Black Eyed Peas joined a group of artists who have held the No.1 and 2 Spot on the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously. From April 18, 2009, when "Boom Boom Pow" reached No. 1, through October 10, 2009, the last week "I Gotta Feeling" was at No. 1, the group was on top of the chart for 26 weeks, more consecutive weeks than any other artist.
On July 30, 2009, Billboard announced that the Black Eyed Peas set a record for the longest successive No. 1 chart run by a duo or group in the Billboard Hot 100's history. "I Gotta Feeling" hit its fifth consecutive week at No. 1, following 12 weeks at the top by the Peas' "Boom Boom Pow"; Boyz II Men reigned on the chart for two 16-week runs in the mid-'90s. "Meet Me Halfway" was released as the third single from the album in September 2009. The single reached number one in the UK and Australia, making it their third chart topper from The E.N.D in both countries. It also peaked at seven on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, making it the group's third top-10 single from The E.N.D "Imma Be" was released as the fourth single in the U.S. on December 15, 2009, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, becoming the group's third number one single on that chart. Heavy airplay in Canada caused "Imma Be" to reach number 5 on the Canadian Hot 100, their fourth consecutive top-five hit from the album. "Rock That Body" was then released as the fifth single, and has so far reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100.
In September 2009, the group embarked on The E.N.D World Tour, visiting Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Australia, and New Zealand. In October 2009, they also were the opening acts for 5 concerts of the U2 360° Tour North America leg. The group performed at the Grammys on January 31, 2010. They performed a mash-up of "Imma Be"/"I Gotta Feeling". They won three awards out of the six nominations, including Best Pop Vocal Album for The E.N.D., Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Group for "I Gotta Feeling", and Best Short Form Video for "Boom Boom Pow".
On July 27, 2010, the Black Eyed Peas released a remix album: The E.N.D. Summer 2010 Canadian Invasion Tour: Remix Collection. It was released on iTunes in Canada only, during the Canadian leg of The E.N.D World Tour. It mostly features remixes of the singles taken from The E.N.D. It also features a remix of "Let's Get It Started" taken from Elephunk; the remix was also a bonus track on the deluxe edition of The E.N.D.
Their sixth studio album, The Beginning, was released on November 30, 2010, and received mixed reviews. The album's first single release was called "The Time (Dirty Bit)", and was revealed on October 20, 2010, through will.i.am's Twitter account. The music video was directed by Rich Lee, who had previously directed the video for "Imma Be Rocking That Body". "Just Can't Get Enough", the second single from The Beginning was released on February 18, 2011. Its music video was released on March 16, 2011, and it was filmed in Tokyo, one week before the earthquake and the tsunami. The video was directed by Ben Mor. The group's third single was "Don't Stop the Party" and it was released on May 10, 2011. On the same day, a music video for the song was released on iTunes, along with the single. The video, which is directed by Ben Mor, features on stage and backstage footage of the group during The E.N.D. World Tour in 2009–10. The video premiered on Vevo on May 12, 2011. On May 22, the group appeared on the 2011 Billboard Music Awards and won one of their four nominations, for "Top Duo/Group".
On February 6, 2011, the Black Eyed Peas headlined the Super Bowl XLV halftime show. The Black Eyed Peas were the second artist to have performed in both the Super Bowl and Grey Cup halftime shows, and are one of only three artists to have ever done so. . Shania Twain did it before them (performing in the 2002 Grey Cup and 2003 Super Bowl halftime shows) and Lenny Kravitz did it after them (performing in the 2007 Grey Cup and 2014 Super Bowl halftime shows).
On July 6, 2011, during a concert at Alton Towers in Staffordshire, the Black Eyed Peas announced they are taking an indefinite hiatus following the completion of their current tour. will.i.am later confirmed the news on Twitter, adding that the break does not mean they will "stop creating". On November 23, 2011, the group made their last performance for The Beginning Tour in Miami with opening acts including Cee Lo Green and Queen Latifah.
2015–2018: Fergie's departure, addition of J. Rey Soul, and Masters of the Sun
During an interview with NRJ, will.i.am, in talking about his solo album, also confirmed that the Black Eyed Peas would start recording sessions for their seventh studio album in 2015. In an interview on Capital Breakfast, will.i.am said that the Peas would reform in 2015 for their 20th anniversary. The Peas premiered a new song titled "Awesome", that was included in commercials for the 2015 NBA playoffs. The song did not include Fergie, with people questioning if she would be a part of the upcoming album. On the 20th anniversary of their debut, the Peas premiered a new song titled "Yesterday" through Apple Music, though the song also did not feature Fergie.
On August 31, 2016, the Black Eyed Peas released a new version of their 2003 song "Where Is the Love?". The song, titled "#WHERESTHELOVE", is credited to "The Black Eyed Peas featuring The World". The song, as well as the accompanying video feature all four members of the group, will.i.am, Fergie, apl.de.ap, and Taboo, and many other popular artists such as Justin Timberlake, DJ Khaled, and Jessie J. It is the group's most recent work with Fergie, and her last live performance with them happened in 2015. On June 3, 2017, they performed at the opening ceremony of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales. The performance, which included a pyrotechnic display, ran long and delayed the second-half kickoff by several minutes. On June 2, 2017, a Billboard article rumored that Fergie was departing from the band. will.i.am initially dismissed this, but they announced that she was taking a break from the group to work on her second solo album Double Dutchess, while the remaining members were working on the graphic novel Masters of the Sun.
On January 9, 2018, Black Eyed Peas released their first single without Fergie, titled "Street Livin'". On February 18, 2018, will.i.am confirmed Fergie would not feature on the group's seventh studio album, in an interview with the Daily Star. The next day, former The Voice of the Philippines season 1 finalist and Team Apl.de.ap member Jessica Reynoso (under the stage name "J. Rey Soul") joined the group as a female vocalist and "semi-official" member. On May 17, 2018, the Black Eyed Peas released a single called "Ring the Alarm". The single "Get It" was released on July 10, 2018. The music video for "Constant pt. 1 and 2" was released on YouTube on August 30, 2018. The group released a single named "Big Love" on September 12, 2018. The group released another single titled "Dopeness", featuring South Korean rapper CL, on October 25, 2018. Their seventh studio album, Masters of the Sun Vol. 1, was released the following day on October 26. This marked their first album since 2010's The Beginning. The album is considered to be a sequel to Bridging the Gap.
2019–present: Translation
In 2019, the group signed a deal with their new label Epic Records. On October 11, 2019, the group released the song "Ritmo (Bad Boys for Life)", taken from the Bad Boys for Life soundtrack (2020). The song debuted at number 100 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and became the Black Eyed Peas' 17th Hot 100 entry and their first since 2011's "Don't Stop the Party". "Ritmo" peaked at number 26 on the Hot 100.
On April 10, 2020, the group released the single "Mamacita", which featured J. Rey Soul alongside rapper Ozuna. In an interview with Billboard on May 19, 2020, Reynoso talked about an upcoming eighth album, describing it as "very Afrobeat, Latin vibe, dance -- just very uplifting music, which is what we need right now at this time of our life, you know?" On June 11, 2020, the band revealed the tracklist and album title as Translation. with the release date as June 19. While promoting the album, will.i.am said that Fergie had stepped back from the group because she wished to devote more time to her role as a mother. will.i.am continued "we're here for her, and she knows how to contact us for a retreat or a breakaway" should she wish to return to the group.
On August 30, 2020, the group closed for the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards. The performance was met with negative reception due to will.i.am., apl.de.ap and Taboo performing with glowsticks in their genital area.
The band was also criticized by longtime fans who were not yet aware of Fergie's previous departure from the group, or J. Rey Soul's membership.
Appearances
On September 8, 2009, the group performed live for Oprah Winfrey's 24th Season Kickoff Party, on Michigan Avenue in Chicago. An estimated 21,000 dancers in the streets performed a flash mob to the live performance of "I Gotta Feeling". The group performed at the American Music Awards of 2009 with the songs "Meet Me Halfway" and "Boom Boom Pow". They also won 2 out of 3 categories in which they were nominated; Favorite Rock/Pop Group & Favorite R&B/Soul Group.
On March 30, 2010, the Black Eyed Peas were the first group to broadcast a concert live in 3D. In June 2010, the Black Eyed Peas performed "Where is the Love?", "Pump It", "Meet me Halfway", "Boom Boom Pow", and "I Gotta Feeling" at the 2010 FIFA World Cup Kick-Off Celebration concert in South Africa. The concert had over 700 million viewers worldwide, making it the biggest event the group performed in. They also performed at T in the Park 2010 on the NME Stage on the Friday July 9 and Oxegen in Kildare, Ireland on Saturday July 10 on the Vodafone stage. In July 2010, the Black Eyed Peas performed "Boom Boom Pow", "Rock That Body" and "I Gotta Feeling" in Central Park as part of Good Morning America's free summer concert series. In December 2010 they appeared on the seventh series of The X Factor in the UK performing "The Time (Dirty Bit)".
The group headlined the Super Bowl XLV halftime show on February 6, 2011. On April 2, 2011, the group appeared on the 24th Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.
After taking a few years on hiatus the group made their first live appearance at the opening ceremony of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final in Millennium Stadium, Cardiff on June 3, 2017. The following day the group performed at the One Love Manchester benefit concert on June 4, 2017. They performed "Where Is the Love?" with headliner Ariana Grande.
In 2018 the Black Eyed Peas performed as part of the pre-game entertainment at the AFL Grand Final.
The Black Eyed Peas performed in the closing ceremony of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games in the Philippines.
The Black Eyed Peas performed in the 93rd Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in 2019. They appeared on the NHL float and performed their latest hit "Ritmo (Bad Boys For Life)."
Philanthropy
On December 10, 2005, the Black Eyed Peas' cover of the John Lennon classic "Power to the People", which was mostly recorded on the John Lennon Educational Tour Bus, was released by Amnesty International as part of the Make Some Noise campaign to celebrate human rights. The song was later released on the 2007 John Lennon tribute album, Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur.
The Black Eyed Peas dedicated the music video of their 2011 single "Just Can't Get Enough" to Japan as the country had been hit by an earthquake. The group filmed the music video a week before the earthquake struck. In July 2011, the Black Eyed Peas founded a school for New York teenagers where students of 13–19 years can learn video production and music using professional equipment. The Peapod Foundation, in collaboration with the Adobe Foundation, opened the music academy and media Peapod Adobe Youth Voices in Manhattan on July 19. The school will have its facilities in a building operated by the Urban Arts Partnership, which provides art-school programs for adolescents studying in areas of very low income. Young people will be admitted according to the recommendations of their teachers and their expressions of interest in the subjects taught, such as camera work, editing and graphic design. On September 3, 2011, the group performed a concert in Minot, North Dakota to benefit the victims of the 2011 Souris River flood that damaged over 4,000 homes and displaced over 12,000 people in Minot and along the Souris River. Fergie is married to Minot native, Josh Duhamel. On September 30, 2011 the group performed a free concert, "Chase Presents The Black Eyed Peas and Friends", for over 50,000 people in New York City's Central Park. The event raised over $4 million for the charity.
On August 31, 2016, the Black Eyed Peas' remake of their song, "Where Is the Love?", titled "#WHERESTHELOVE" was released and will.i.am told in an interview that all proceeds raised from the song will go to his "i.am.angel foundation", which funds educational programs and college scholarships in the United States.
Other media
In June 2011, Ubisoft announced they were developing The Black Eyed Peas Experience, a dance video game for Kinect and Wii. On November 11, 2011, the game was released internationally in association with Ubisoft.
Members
Current
Will.i.am – vocals, piano, synthesizer, bass (1995–present)
Apl.de.ap – vocals, drums (1995–present)
Taboo – vocals, DJ, guitar (1995–present)
J. Rey Soul – vocals (2018–present)
Former
Kim Hill – vocals (1995–2000)
Fergie – vocals (2002–2016)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Behind the Front (1998)
Bridging the Gap (2000)
Elephunk (2003)
Monkey Business (2005)
The E.N.D. (2009)
The Beginning (2010)
Masters of the Sun Vol. 1 (2018)
Translation (2020)
Tours
2003: Justified/Stripped Tour (featured for Justin Timberlake and Christina Aguilera)
2004: Elephunk Tour
2005: Harajuku Lovers Tour (featured for Gwen Stefani)
2005–06: Monkey Business Tour
2006: Honda Civic Tour
2007: Black Blue & You Tour
2009–10: The E.N.D. World Tour
2011: The Beginning
2018: Masters of the Sun Tour
2020: Translation
Comic books
Black Eyed Peas Present: Masters of the Sun ― The Zombie Chronicles #1 (2017)
Awards and nominations
See also
List of artists who have had number-one singles on the UK Official Download Chart
List of best-selling music downloads in the United Kingdom
List of Billboard Social 50 number-one artists
References
External links
Profile at Forbes
Black Eyed Peas YouTube channel
Hip hop groups from California
American pop music groups
American contemporary R&B musical groups
Pop-rap groups
Dance-pop groups
Electropop groups
Electronic music groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 1995
Juno Award for International Album of the Year winners
Rappers from Los Angeles
A&M Records artists
Sony Music Publishing artists
Universal Music Group artists
Interscope Records artists
Grammy Award winners for rap music
MTV Europe Music Award winners
1995 establishments in California
Alternative hip hop groups
|
[
0.3328171968460083,
-0.028710363432765007,
-0.8052247166633606,
0.059493809938430786,
0.1413125991821289,
0.171933114528656,
0.538918673992157,
0.41550835967063904,
-0.6775222420692444,
0.1135791465640068,
-0.17705196142196655,
0.2767130136489868,
-0.7617607712745667,
-0.004259129054844379,
-0.5649833679199219,
0.26074931025505066,
0.6075834631919861,
-0.25584688782691956,
0.18296344578266144,
-0.3610820174217224,
-0.025665000081062317,
0.1994429975748062,
0.41280341148376465,
-0.2919982671737671,
0.16706010699272156,
0.13470770418643951,
-0.45050835609436035,
-0.2080758959054947,
0.46733617782592773,
-0.008168185129761696,
0.38422346115112305,
0.5491363406181335,
0.797806978225708,
-0.07131513953208923,
-0.08829702436923981,
0.0908556878566742,
-0.4444117844104767,
0.20273204147815704,
-0.011508466675877571,
-0.2964709401130676,
-0.27319368720054626,
-0.2558359205722809,
0.18507599830627441,
0.24602653086185455,
0.37212643027305603,
-0.3681752383708954,
-1.3047138452529907,
0.48145946860313416,
-0.6884103417396545,
-0.3160744309425354,
-0.009290128014981747,
0.23430414497852325,
-0.44577568769454956,
0.5649147033691406,
0.16450601816177368,
-0.05718712881207466,
-0.40144509077072144,
-0.3224886655807495,
0.00811522826552391,
-0.21027570962905884,
0.03723807632923126,
0.27685731649398804,
0.09023791551589966,
-0.4386584460735321,
-0.20946817100048065,
0.05403652787208557,
-0.007951352745294571,
0.47616899013519287,
-0.5161595940589905,
0.20902079343795776,
-0.10507730394601822,
-0.07558523118495941,
-0.10296802967786789,
-0.11648888140916824,
0.04322711378335953,
-0.33293062448501587,
0.6958247423171997,
0.25902003049850464,
-0.1925504356622696,
0.3700144290924072,
0.4157870411872864,
0.521108865737915,
0.220432311296463,
0.9493336081504822,
-0.5325807929039001,
0.09939177334308624,
-0.24531307816505432,
0.23382434248924255,
0.024176262319087982,
0.5147829651832581,
-0.28106674551963806,
0.3804270923137665,
0.41878992319107056,
0.5672851800918579,
-0.09786564856767654,
-0.14680907130241394,
0.6647210717201233,
-0.13769498467445374,
0.06692458689212799,
0.306714802980423,
0.0220393817871809,
0.17340832948684692,
0.30937859416007996,
0.15642698109149933,
-0.6298088431358337,
-0.1655118316411972,
-0.15007059276103973,
-0.32855406403541565,
-0.35110926628112793,
0.08867300301790237,
-0.5083670020103455,
0.6635360717773438,
-0.27129316329956055,
0.2564161717891693,
0.02768542617559433,
0.49402546882629395,
0.27705463767051697,
-0.693185567855835,
-0.17967356741428375,
-0.06672648340463638,
-0.5380746126174927,
0.6017394065856934,
-0.11240985989570618,
0.710901141166687,
-0.4089313745498657,
0.5871106386184692,
0.27288392186164856,
0.3853747546672821,
-0.3045269250869751,
0.3058609366416931,
-0.1982201635837555,
0.3456016480922699,
0.25882968306541443,
-0.16808590292930603,
-0.4092595875263214,
0.07396400719881058,
0.32917070388793945,
-0.023556914180517197,
0.5691913962364197,
0.33130770921707153,
-1.0613471269607544,
-0.6351439952850342,
-0.4762842655181885,
-0.2896418869495392,
0.0024710625875741243,
-0.5077331066131592,
-0.47798898816108704,
0.3788270950317383,
-0.29193300008773804,
-0.15915246307849884,
0.11283532530069351,
-0.7972207069396973,
-0.5064128041267395,
-0.29870057106018066,
-0.13163377344608307,
-0.2189072221517563,
0.06904245167970657,
-0.34629538655281067,
0.0101570850238204,
0.17593123018741608,
-0.05093624070286751,
0.3142276108264923,
0.09170524030923843,
-0.014329941011965275,
0.15432891249656677,
-0.47259438037872314,
0.336250901222229,
-0.3228677213191986,
-0.4767015874385834,
-0.22275470197200775,
0.08369129151105881,
-0.21123813092708588,
-0.038315851241350174,
-0.0714341402053833,
0.30286428332328796,
-0.05170230194926262,
1.0412421226501465,
0.11735779047012329,
0.1591629683971405,
0.3397383391857147,
-0.469531387090683,
0.4296357333660126,
0.5636695027351379,
-0.649671733379364,
-0.08165989071130753,
0.1598949134349823,
-0.219960018992424,
-0.3912040591239929,
-0.05943719297647476,
-0.5155715942382812,
-0.8045383095741272,
-0.3026387095451355,
0.19330087304115295,
0.10788417607545853,
0.7822627425193787,
-0.3486230969429016,
-0.16678570210933685,
0.029351605102419853,
-0.024012265726923943,
0.10577508062124252,
0.005153366830199957,
-0.17125928401947021,
0.15378107130527496,
-0.063084676861763,
-1.2672803401947021,
0.231704443693161,
0.5821470618247986,
0.0564751923084259,
-0.13286319375038147,
0.3410244286060333,
-0.028072332963347435,
-0.3365086019039154,
0.12272290885448456,
0.06333864480257034,
0.06029164046049118,
0.15245786309242249,
-0.7001516819000244,
0.37941962480545044,
-0.007450539618730545,
-0.5342826247215271,
0.8620128035545349,
0.04330162703990936,
-0.029656214639544487,
-0.40467745065689087,
0.2549712359905243,
0.7693668007850647,
-0.20296211540699005,
-0.15408527851104736,
-0.04335586354136467,
0.04122336953878403,
0.6372005343437195,
0.16933298110961914,
-0.15770596265792847,
-0.47749000787734985,
-0.2695162892341614,
0.20669478178024292,
0.3610055148601532,
-0.1282835602760315,
0.23533958196640015,
-0.6442874073982239,
0.35595881938934326,
-0.15495523810386658,
-0.8038472533226013,
-0.28657016158103943,
-0.1994953602552414,
-0.4712550640106201,
-0.4559367001056671,
-0.16001687943935394,
-0.41530489921569824,
-0.22536762058734894,
0.1037827730178833,
0.34953269362449646,
0.6323828101158142,
0.07530325651168823,
0.4422457218170166,
0.27223923802375793,
0.3828147053718567,
0.27708494663238525,
0.4126405417919159,
-0.2074059247970581,
0.07859767228364944,
0.055237386375665665,
0.6233829855918884,
-0.09625587612390518,
-0.15757544338703156,
-0.457254558801651,
-0.18028372526168823,
0.5470184087753296,
0.31505098938941956,
0.29150858521461487,
0.2786998748779297,
0.20877236127853394,
-0.07410436123609543,
0.09148798882961273,
-0.44672635197639465,
-0.6084336042404175,
0.39071911573410034,
-0.12067695707082748,
-0.6138414144515991,
-1.1008527278900146,
-0.02991672232747078,
0.40535297989845276,
0.41899898648262024,
-0.6724164485931396,
0.06939596682786942,
-0.09549646079540253,
0.3091452717781067,
-0.18366459012031555,
0.41994842886924744,
-0.04724324494600296,
-0.18730664253234863,
0.5574533343315125,
-0.6613536477088928,
-0.2193266749382019,
0.6433621644973755,
0.03263488784432411,
0.30297428369522095,
0.7035359740257263,
-0.5003325939178467,
-0.174590066075325,
-0.19358666241168976,
0.31807294487953186,
0.23329854011535645,
-0.07522343099117279,
0.6041344404220581,
-0.5120735168457031,
0.06711431592702866,
0.14836016297340393,
-5.866431713104248,
0.7039684653282166,
-0.41960278153419495,
-0.15954560041427612,
-0.012427307665348053,
0.23842333257198334,
0.25127944350242615,
-0.7108548283576965,
0.42303428053855896,
-0.24224644899368286,
-0.5860395431518555,
0.08199016004800797,
-0.5120351314544678,
-0.225273996591568,
-0.5654393434524536,
0.06468834728002548,
-0.13425202667713165,
-0.4993520677089691,
0.4431304931640625,
0.38015177845954895,
0.473145991563797,
-0.15966618061065674,
-0.45985540747642517,
0.4097910225391388,
-0.4129396677017212,
0.43782883882522583,
0.022638576105237007,
-0.19025006890296936,
0.13575692474842072,
-0.01826135255396366,
0.16828031837940216,
0.35405802726745605,
-0.11604118347167969,
-1.0717390775680542,
0.005031730979681015,
-0.43415942788124084,
0.30417922139167786,
0.018019985407590866,
-0.008042978122830391,
0.2272835373878479,
0.27845439314842224,
0.5685164332389832,
-0.22794534265995026,
-0.2280626893043518,
0.8414946794509888,
0.6013477444648743,
-0.1710217148065567,
-0.6062197089195251,
-0.5229892134666443,
0.8959433436393738,
0.33238643407821655,
-0.3140377700328827,
0.41637128591537476,
0.0008394157630391419,
0.30596596002578735,
-0.3692837059497833,
0.5694455504417419,
-0.2628839910030365,
-0.06539701670408249,
0.4527508616447449,
0.5023865699768066,
-0.5472391247749329,
-0.37825313210487366,
-0.3411475718021393,
-0.09894590079784393,
-0.678372323513031,
-0.047543901950120926,
0.39531898498535156,
0.20333893597126007,
0.03590252995491028,
0.38999471068382263,
0.39205190539360046,
-0.5591875314712524,
-1.1911115646362305,
-0.29285216331481934,
0.24166174232959747,
-0.6729143261909485,
0.07629946619272232,
-0.32838472723960876,
0.13376106321811676,
-0.07712464779615402,
0.25715410709381104,
0.4129898250102997,
-0.009862790815532207,
-0.3351026773452759,
-0.774885892868042,
-0.688533365726471,
0.3516116142272949,
-0.8454030156135559,
0.013433859683573246,
-0.061943136155605316,
-0.8452933430671692,
0.1587422788143158,
0.09456419944763184,
0.6903563141822815,
0.3371235430240631,
0.3752061426639557,
0.34105420112609863,
0.0925535038113594,
0.4841565787792206,
0.4214073419570923,
-0.19375787675380707,
0.1892981231212616,
-0.403963565826416,
0.07071288675069809,
-0.1417275071144104,
-0.021014977246522903,
0.30682921409606934,
0.7014281153678894,
-0.5440906882286072,
0.33175069093704224,
-0.20706473290920258,
-0.018044888973236084,
-0.6285284757614136,
0.7996296286582947,
-0.26265600323677063,
0.006757833529263735,
0.1660631150007248,
0.16557075083255768,
0.2193772792816162,
-0.18712452054023743,
0.17204591631889343,
-0.10802845656871796,
0.3705189824104309,
-0.2706090211868286,
-0.24941232800483704,
0.0007640578551217914,
0.3747994303703308,
-0.1349976807832718,
0.4721343517303467,
0.048244889825582504,
0.05391528829932213,
-0.09441350400447845,
0.3065044581890106,
0.20169930160045624,
-0.048252250999212265,
0.2181025594472885,
-0.24104492366313934,
-0.10615381598472595,
-0.631066620349884,
0.10113460570573807,
-0.14513571560382843,
0.3020307421684265,
0.25334522128105164,
0.35205620527267456,
0.329019159078598,
-0.4188704490661621,
-0.21583227813243866,
-0.15119625627994537,
0.21797415614128113,
0.09643586724996567,
-0.04417744278907776,
0.5800312757492065,
-0.1424226462841034,
0.23381508886814117,
0.1125367060303688,
0.4501798450946808,
0.35998111963272095,
0.21493345499038696,
-0.4892447292804718,
0.718400776386261,
-0.37885144352912903,
-0.996427595615387,
-0.6644915342330933,
0.21637137234210968,
0.11135172098875046,
0.11101687699556351,
-0.2864171266555786,
-0.5420829057693481,
0.26934558153152466,
-0.14923962950706482,
-0.6334965229034424,
0.058844320476055145,
-0.3269491195678711,
0.057907067239284515,
0.30058932304382324,
0.19471149146556854,
0.04983222112059593,
-0.19106584787368774,
0.20057553052902222,
-0.4932524561882019,
0.044306542724370956,
-0.29130831360816956,
0.20394344627857208,
0.20807094871997833,
-0.31988289952278137,
-0.237172931432724,
-0.2473154515028,
-0.36509963870048523,
-0.006932847201824188,
0.04434048384428024,
-0.004613797180354595,
0.052326980978250504,
0.11970250308513641,
-0.14413943886756897,
-0.7235963344573975,
-0.3954542875289917,
0.06245319917798042,
0.09333133697509766,
-0.4807327687740326,
0.16235674917697906,
-0.23607197403907776,
0.14050281047821045,
0.3233138918876648,
0.7529979944229126,
-0.13263624906539917,
0.553209662437439,
-0.03141925856471062,
-0.8847895860671997,
0.21037201583385468,
-0.11134310066699982,
-0.4266990125179291,
-0.04940996319055557,
0.3940631151199341,
-0.2584196925163269,
-0.18217134475708008,
0.3689159154891968,
0.10777249932289124,
-0.3672405183315277,
-0.10614181309938431,
0.09673845022916794,
0.017495762556791306,
-0.5663299560546875,
-0.10641811043024063,
-0.4350372552871704,
0.4990883469581604,
0.09031371027231216,
0.15497437119483948,
0.11521528661251068,
-0.3232491612434387,
-0.46221470832824707,
-0.09413208812475204,
0.3160810172557831,
0.6146758794784546,
-0.9014062881469727,
0.21380670368671417,
0.07126648724079132,
0.5651990175247192,
0.8161275386810303,
0.4006311893463135,
0.37596395611763,
0.2270377278327942,
-0.02778055891394615,
-0.42448344826698303,
0.17588463425636292,
-0.4488648772239685,
0.5014301538467407,
0.5908377170562744,
-0.3824562430381775,
0.151730477809906,
-0.10410765558481216,
0.06537562608718872,
-0.3482051491737366,
-0.2240781933069229,
0.26868852972984314,
-0.12367808818817139,
-0.23133917152881622,
-0.28029632568359375,
-0.2751813530921936,
-0.1652815043926239,
0.230198934674263,
-0.04364374652504921,
-0.8424914479255676,
0.10948416590690613,
-0.009712109342217445,
-0.2006431221961975,
-0.07935092598199844,
0.09916049987077713,
0.28306037187576294,
-0.1799910068511963,
-0.11135857552289963,
0.06793725490570068,
0.5316455364227295,
0.42299649119377136,
-0.06819078326225281,
0.5199446678161621,
-0.022910816594958305,
-0.5339916944503784,
-0.21828097105026245,
0.6131875514984131,
-0.31934288144111633,
-0.23061123490333557,
-0.050663724541664124,
-0.0606713593006134,
1.099257230758667,
-0.06881365180015564,
0.11951752007007599,
-0.2776804566383362,
-0.24380946159362793,
-0.756685733795166,
0.02885689027607441,
0.04066195711493492,
0.22430334985256195,
0.15177884697914124,
-0.020214742049574852,
-0.1454402655363083,
0.2343033254146576,
-0.3792290687561035,
0.49028480052948,
0.010529270395636559,
-0.7602468132972717,
0.4192630350589752,
-0.33310696482658386,
-0.3167484998703003,
0.19388271868228912,
-0.5497567653656006,
0.3563878536224365,
-0.10906057059764862,
-0.00719056511297822,
0.3958181142807007,
-0.16807003319263458,
-0.48362910747528076,
-0.17890192568302155,
0.3985050618648529,
-0.9686916470527649,
0.636840283870697,
0.7091087102890015,
-0.3027309477329254,
0.719688355922699,
0.07885236293077469,
0.21728287637233734,
-0.15876024961471558,
0.3855055570602417,
0.6814191937446594,
0.1340969055891037,
0.3449340760707855,
0.04196963459253311,
0.013093966990709305,
0.6511930823326111,
0.3918142020702362,
0.4606957733631134,
-0.1528444141149521,
0.13877584040164948,
0.29331350326538086,
-0.2002170979976654,
-0.15203456580638885,
-0.32175537943840027,
-0.11083780229091644,
-0.7800548672676086,
1.3045222759246826,
0.18269774317741394,
0.23986071348190308,
0.2854997217655182,
0.1642676740884781,
-0.15426509082317352,
0.15048937499523163,
-0.30396682024002075,
0.3185160160064697,
0.5591739416122437,
-0.25488772988319397,
-0.1876436322927475,
-0.0072064707055687904,
-0.10240032523870468,
-0.05055544152855873,
0.6593887209892273,
0.17212766408920288,
0.45937612652778625,
-0.25531938672065735,
-0.8619980216026306,
-0.10397415608167648,
-0.1815910041332245,
0.04940418154001236,
0.41592520475387573,
0.12976312637329102,
-0.2167109102010727,
-0.054576899856328964,
-0.36150965094566345,
-0.46817252039909363,
-0.1256067305803299,
-0.008150090463459492,
0.2113838642835617,
0.09951535612344742,
-0.04744970053434372,
0.09296347945928574,
0.13198187947273254,
0.6411744952201843,
-0.0993272140622139,
0.3837531507015228,
-0.15458379685878754,
-0.18740305304527283,
0.2546235918998718,
-0.3444460332393646,
-0.5627330541610718,
0.038418881595134735,
0.49304530024528503,
0.03791654109954834,
-0.641811192035675,
0.4000246226787567,
-0.25566402077674866,
-0.21485252678394318,
-0.1957937479019165,
-0.9117603302001953,
0.028730563819408417,
-0.22150717675685883,
0.12682434916496277,
0.34658652544021606,
0.3851328492164612,
1.0897934436798096,
0.388673335313797,
0.17371296882629395,
0.22214040160179138,
-0.21119965612888336,
-0.08838123828172684,
0.15118996798992157,
-0.58018559217453,
0.20087930560112,
-0.9619377255439758,
-0.14307111501693726,
-1.23598051071167,
0.5879897475242615,
0.3427565097808838,
-0.5510581135749817,
0.16675230860710144,
0.549034059047699,
0.31333866715431213,
0.29053717851638794,
0.6376172304153442,
-0.25222262740135193,
-0.10229972004890442,
-0.45495468378067017,
0.25785741209983826,
0.048815034329891205,
-0.08017493784427643,
0.33868908882141113,
-0.5156883001327515,
-0.5924152135848999,
-0.049556221812963486,
-0.11744321882724762,
-0.2664724290370941,
0.3373270332813263,
0.24341672658920288,
-0.12654544413089752,
-0.3178316354751587,
-0.40124788880348206,
-0.3808390200138092,
-0.6170167326927185,
0.8888484835624695,
0.41958215832710266,
0.17648665606975555,
-0.2494182586669922,
0.5355666875839233,
-0.08092261105775833,
-0.21276335418224335,
-0.025683848187327385,
0.04737937077879906,
0.2192808985710144,
0.09927237778902054,
-0.12599895894527435,
-0.3106544613838196,
0.4368300437927246,
-0.22020110487937927,
-0.07334523648023605,
0.16355741024017334,
0.19831527769565582,
0.1685834378004074,
-0.2021026909351349,
0.1556718498468399,
-0.02514837682247162,
0.07319442182779312,
-0.7785636186599731
] |
210454
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams%20syndrome
|
Williams syndrome
|
Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects many parts of the body. Facial features frequently include a broad forehead, underdeveloped chin, short nose, and full cheeks. Mild to moderate intellectual disability is observed in people with WS, with particular challenges with visual spatial tasks such as drawing. Verbal skills are relatively unaffected. Many people with WS have an outgoing personality, an openness to engaging with other people, and a happy disposition. Medical issues with teeth, heart problems (especially supravalvular aortic stenosis), and periods of high blood calcium are common.
Williams syndrome is caused by a genetic abnormality, specifically a deletion of about 27 genes from the long arm of one of the two chromosome 7s. Typically, this occurs as a random event during the formation of the egg or sperm from which a person develops. In a small number of cases, it is inherited from an affected parent in an autosomal dominant manner. The different characteristic features have been linked to the loss of specific genes. The diagnosis is typically suspected based on symptoms and confirmed by genetic testing.
Treatment of WS includes special education programs and various types of therapy. Surgery may be done to correct heart problems. Dietary changes or medications may be required for high blood calcium. The syndrome was first described in 1961 by New Zealander John C. P. Williams. Williams syndrome affects between one in 20,000 and one in 7,500 people at birth. Life expectancy is less than that of the general population, mostly due to the increased rates of heart disease.
Signs and symptoms
The most common symptoms of Williams syndrome are heart defects and unusual facial features. Other symptoms include failure to gain weight appropriately in infancy (failure to thrive) and low muscle tone. People with WS tend to have widely spaced teeth, a long philtrum, and a flattened nasal bridge.
Most people with WS are highly verbal relative to their intelligence, and are often very sociable, having what has been described as a "cocktail party"-type personality. People with Williams syndrome hyperfocus on the eyes of others in social engagements.
Physical
People with WS experience many cardiac problems, commonly heart murmurs and the narrowing of major blood vessels, as well as supravalvular aortic stenosis. Other symptoms may include gastrointestinal problems, such as severe or prolonged colic, abdominal pain and diverticulitis, nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting) and urinary difficulties, dental irregularities and defective tooth enamel, and hormone problems, the most common being hypercalcemia. Hypothyroidism has been reported to occur in children, although no proof has been found of it occurring in adults; adults with WS have a higher risk of developing type-2 diabetes, with some cases apparent as young as 21 years old.
People with WS often have hyperacusia and phonophobia, which resembles noise-induced hearing loss, but this may be due to a malfunctioning auditory nerve. People with WS can also tend to demonstrate a love of music, and they appear significantly more likely to possess absolute pitch. Also, higher prevalences of left-handedness and left-eye dominance seem to occur.
Ophthalmologic issues are common in WS. Up to 75% of subjects in some studies have strabismus (ocular misalignment), particularly esotropia, due to inherent subnormal binocular visual function
and cognitive deficits in visuospatial construction. People with WS have problems with visual processing, but this is related to difficulty in dealing with complex spatial relationships rather than depth perception per se.
Nervous system
Because of missing multiple genes, many effects on the brain are seen, including abnormalities in the cerebellum, right parietal lobe, and left frontal cortical regions. This pattern is consistent with the visual-spatial disabilities and problems with behavioral timing often seen in WS.
Frontal-cerebellar pathways, involved in behavioral timing, are often abnormally developed in people with WS, which may be related to their deficits in coordination and execution of fine motor tasks such as drawing and writing. In addition, people with WS often exhibit gross motor difficulties, including trouble walking downstairs, overactive motor reflexes (hyperreflexia), and hyperactive, involuntary movement of the eyes (nystagmus).
Williams syndrome is also noteworthy for exhibiting abnormalities in the parietal-dorsal areas of the neocortex, but not the ventral areas. The parietal-dorsal area handles visual processing that supports visual-spatial analysis of the environment, while the ventral is related to semantic recognition of visual stimuli, and the recognition of faces. Thus, people with WS are often able to visually identify and recognize whole objects, and refer to them by name, but struggle with visuospatial construction (seeing an object as being composed of many smaller parts, and recreating it) and orienting themselves in space.
People with WS are often affable and hyperverbal, demonstrating the decreased inhibition ability that stems from dorsal-frontal deficits. Some studies suggest that the amygdala of a person with Williams syndrome has greater volume than the average person's (though it is smaller than average in childhood).
In general, neuroimaging studies demonstrate that people with WS have diminished amygdala reactivity in response to socially frightening stimuli (such as disapproving faces), but demonstrate hyperreactivity in the amygdala when presented with nonsocial fear stimuli (such as frightening animals). This may partially account for the apparent absence of social inhibition observed in people with the syndrome, as well as the prevalence of anxious symptoms (but see fear for details on the relationship between the amygdala and fear response). Also, some evidence indicates that people with WS exhibit amygdalal hyperactivity when viewing happy facial expressions. They are talkative and eager to please, indicating a cocktail party personality.
Increased volume and activation of the left auditory cortex has been observed in people with WS, which has been interpreted as a neural correlation of patients' rhythm propensity and fondness of music. Similar sizes of the auditory cortex have been previously reported only in professional musicians.
Development
The earliest observable symptoms of WS include low birth weight, failure to thrive, trouble breastfeeding, nocturnal irritability, and gastroesophageal reflux. Facial dysmorphies thought to be characteristic of the syndrome are also present early in development, as are heart murmurs. Research on the development of the syndrome suggests that congenital heart disease is typically present at an early age, often at the infant's first pediatric appointment. Heart problems in infancy often lead to the initial diagnosis of WS.
Developmental delays are present in most cases of WS, and include delay of language abilities and delayed motor-skill development. People with WS develop language abilities quite late relative to other children, with the child's first word often occurring as late as 3 years of age. Language abilities are often observed to be deficient until adolescence, in terms of semantics, morphology, and phonology, though not in vocabulary.
Williams syndrome is also marked by a delay in the development of motor skills. Infants with WS develop the ability to lift their heads and sit without support months later than typically developing children. These delays continue into childhood, where patients with WS are delayed in learning to walk. In young children, the observed motor delay is around 5-6 months, though some research suggests that children with WS have a delay in development that becomes more extreme with age. Children with motor delays as a result of WS are particularly behind in the development of coordination, fine motor skills such as writing and drawing, response time, and strength and dexterity of the arms. Impaired motor ability persists (and possibly worsens) as children with WS reach adolescence.
Adults and adolescents with Williams syndrome typically achieve a below-average height and weight, compared with unaffected populations. As people with WS age, they frequently develop joint limitations and hypertonia, or abnormally increased muscle tone. Hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, and genitourinary symptoms often persist into adulthood, as well as cardiovascular problems. Adults are typically limited in their ability to live independently or work in competitive employment settings, but this developmental impairment is attributed more to psychological symptoms than physiological problems.
Social and psychological
People with Williams syndrome report higher anxiety levels as well as phobia development, which may be associated with hyperacusis (high sensitivity to certain frequencies of sound). Compared with other children with delays, those with Williams syndrome display a significantly greater number of fears. 35% of these children met the DSM definition of having a phobia as compared with 1–4.3% for those with other types of developmental delays. Williams syndrome is also strongly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and related psychological symptoms such as poor concentration, hyperactivity, and social disinhibition.
Furthermore, cognitive abilities (IQs) of people with WMS typically range from mild to moderate levels of intellectual disability. One study of 306 children with Williams syndrome found IQ scores ranging from 40 to 112 with a mean of 69.32 (the mean IQ score of the general population is 100). IQ scores above this range have been reported in people with smaller genetic deletions. In particular, people with Williams syndrome experience challenges in visual-motor skills and visuospatial construction. Most affected people are unable to spatially orient themselves and many experience difficulty when given a task that requires even the most basic visual problem-solving. Many adults with Williams syndrome cannot complete a simple six-piece puzzle designed for young children, for example. These visuospatial deficits may be related to damage to the dorsal cortical pathway for visual processing.
Despite their physical and cognitive deficits, people with Williams syndrome exhibit impressive social and verbal abilities. Williams patients can be highly verbal relative to their IQ. When children with Williams syndrome are asked to name an array of animals, they may well list a wild assortment of creatures such as a koala, saber-toothed cat, vulture, unicorn, sea lion, yak, ibex and Brontosaurus, a far greater verbal array than would be expected of children with IQs in the 60s. Some other strengths that have been associated with Williams syndrome are auditory short-term memory and facial recognition skills. The language used by people with Williams syndrome differs notably from unaffected populations, including people matched for IQ. People with Williams syndrome tend to use speech that is rich in emotional descriptors, high in prosody (exaggerated rhythm and emotional intensity), and features unusual terms and strange idioms.
Among the hallmark traits of people with Williams syndrome is an apparent lack of social inhibition. Dykens and Rosner (1999) found that 100% of those with Williams syndrome were kind-spirited, 90% sought the company of others, 87% empathize with others' pain, 84% are caring, 83% are unselfish/forgiving, 75% never go unnoticed in a group, and 75% are happy when others do well. Infants with Williams syndrome make normal and frequent eye contact, and young children with Williams will often approach and hug strangers. People affected by Williams syndrome typically have high empathy and are rarely observed displaying aggression. In regards to empathy, they show relative strength in reading people's eyes to gauge intentions, emotions, and mental states. The level of friendliness observed in people with Williams is often inappropriate for the social setting, however, and teens and adults with Williams syndrome often experience social isolation, frustration, and loneliness despite their clear desire to connect to other people.
While these children often came off as happy due to their sociable nature, often there are internal drawbacks to the way they act. 76–86% of these children were reported as believing that they either had few friends or problems with their friends. This is possibly due to the fact that although they are very friendly to strangers and love meeting new people, they may have trouble interacting on a deeper level. 73–93% were reported as unreserved with strangers, 67% highly sensitive to rejection, 65% susceptible to teasing, and the statistic for exploitation and abuse was unavailable. There are external problems as well. 91–96% demonstrate inattention, 75% impulsivity, 59–71% hyperactivity 46–74% tantrums, 32–60% disobedience, and 25–37% fighting and aggressive behavior.
In one experiment, a group of children with Williams syndrome showed no signs of racial bias, unlike children without the syndrome. They did show gender bias, however, to a similar degree to children without the syndrome, suggesting separate mechanisms for these biases.
Cause
{{Quote box
| title = Williams syndrome genes
| align = right
| style = width:30%; min-width: 20em;
| quote = {{Flatlist|
ASL
BAZ1B
BCL7B
CLDN3 CLDN4 CLIP2 EIF4H ELN FZD9 FKBP6 GTF2I GTF2IRD1 HIP1 KCTD7 LAT2 LIMK1 MDH2 NCF1 NSUN5 POR RFC2 STX1A TBL2
TRIM50
TRIM73
TRIM74 WBSCR14 WBSCR18
WBSCR21
WBSCR22
WBSCR23
WBSCR24 WBSCR27
WBSCR28
}}
}}
Williams syndrome is a microdeletion syndrome caused by the spontaneous deletion of genetic material from the chromosomal region 7q11.23. This is a hemizygous deletion, which results in haploinsufficient expression of the 25-27 genes in this region. CLIP2, ELN, GTF2I, GTF2IRD1, and LIMK1 are among the genes typically deleted. Hemizygosity for the ELN gene, which codes for the extracellular matrix protein elastin, is associated with connective-tissue abnormalities and cardiovascular disease (specifically supravalvular aortic stenosis and supravalvular pulmonary stenosis). Elastin insufficiency may also contribute to distinct facies, harsh or hoarse voice, hernias, and bladder diverticula often found in those with Williams syndrome. Hemizygosity in LIMK1, GTF2I, GTF2IRD1, and perhaps other genes may help explain the characteristic difficulties with visual–spatial tasks. Additionally, some evidence shows that the hemizygosity in several of these genes, including CLIP2, may contribute to the unique behavioral characteristics, learning disabilities, and other cognitive difficulties seen in WS.
Diagnosis
According to the Williams Syndrome Association, its diagnosis begins with the recognition of physical symptoms and markers, which is followed by a confirmatory genetic test. The physical signs that often indicate a suspected case of WS include puffiness around the eyes, a long philtrum, and a stellate pattern in the iris. Physiological symptoms that often contribute to a WS diagnosis are cardiovascular problems, particularly aortic or pulmonary stenosis, and feeding disturbance in infants. Developmental delays are often taken as an initial sign of the syndrome, as well.
If a physician suspects a case of WS, the diagnosis is confirmed using one of two possible genetic tests: Micro-array analysis or the fluorescent in situ hybridization test, which examines chromosome 7 and probes for the existence of two copies of the elastin gene. Since 98-99% of individuals with WS lack half of the 7q11.23 region of chromosome 7, where the elastin gene is located, the presence of only one copy of the gene is a strong sign of WS. This confirmatory genetic test has been validated in epidemiological studies and has been demonstrated to be a more effective method of identifying WS than previous methods, which often relied on the presence of cardiovascular problems and facial features (which, while common, are not always present).
Reliance on facial features to identify WS may cause a misdiagnosis of the condition. Among the more reliable features suggestive of WS are congenital heart disease, periorbital fullness ("puffy" eyes), and the presence of a long, smooth philtrum. Less reliable signs of the syndrome include anteverted nostrils, a wide mouth, and an elongated neck. Even with significant clinical experience, reliably identifying Williams syndrome based on facial features alone is difficult.
Treatment
No cure for Williams syndrome has been found. Suggested treatments include avoidance of extra calcium and vitamin D, and treating high levels of blood calcium. Blood-vessel narrowing can be a significant health problem and is treated on an individual basis.
Physical therapy is helpful to patients with joint stiffness and low muscle tone. Developmental and speech therapy can also help children and increase the success of their social interactions. Other treatments are based on a patient's particular symptoms.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends annual cardiology evaluations for individuals with WS. Other recommended assessments include ophthalmologic evaluations, an examination for inguinal hernia, objective hearing assessment, blood-pressure measurement, developmental and growth evaluation, orthopedic assessments on joints and muscle tone, and ongoing feeding and dietary assessments to manage constipation and urinary problems.
Behavioral treatments have been shown to be effective. In regards to social skills, it may be effective to channel their nature by teaching basic skills. Some of these are the appropriate way to approach someone, how and when to socialize in settings such as school or the workplace, and warning of the signs and dangers of exploitation. For the fear that they demonstrate cognitive-behavioral approaches, such as therapy, they are the recommended treatments. One of the things to be careful of with this approach is to make sure that the patients' charming nature does not mask any underlying feelings.
Perhaps the most effective treatment for those with WS is music. Those affected have shown relative strength in regards to music, albeit only in pitch and rhythm tasks. Not only do they show strength in the field, but also a particular fondness for it. Music may help with the internal and external anxiety with which these people are more likely to be afflicted. Notably, the typical person processes music in the superior temporal and middle temporal gyri. Those with WS have reduced activation in these areas, but an increase in the right amygdala and cerebellum.
People affected by WS are supported by multiple organizations, including the Canadian Association for Williams Syndrome and the Williams Syndrome Registry.
Epidemiology
Williams syndrome has historically been estimated to occur in roughly one in every 20,000 live births, but more recent epidemiological studies have placed the occurrence rate at closer to one in every 7,500 live births, a significantly larger prevalence. As increasing evidence suggests WS is more common than originally noted (about 6% of all genetic cases of developmental disability), researchers have begun to theorize past underdiagnosis of the syndrome. One theorized reason for the increase in epidemiological estimates is that a substantial minority of individuals with the genetic markers of WS syndrome lack the characteristic facial features or the diminished intelligence considered to be diagnostic of the syndrome, and often are not immediately recognized as having the syndrome.
History
Williams syndrome was first described by J. C. P. Williams and his colleagues, who wrote in 1961 of four patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental disability, and facial features including a broad forehead, large chin, low-set, "drooping" cheeks, widely spaced eyes, and wide-set mouth. A year after this report, German physician A. J. Beuren described three new patients with the same presentation. This led to the syndrome's full original name, Williams-Beuren syndrome, which is still used in some medical publications. From 1964 to 1975, small research reports broadened medical knowledge of this syndrome's cardiovascular problems. Then in 1975, K. Jones and D. Smith conducted a large-scale report on numerous patients with WS, ranging in age from infancy to adulthood, and described the behavioral and observable physical symptoms in greater detail than previously recorded.
Society and culture
The adjective "elfin" may have originated to describe the facial features of people with WS; before its scientific cause was understood, people believed that individuals with the syndrome, who have exceptionally charming and kind personalities, had extraordinary, even magical, powers. This has been proposed to be the origin of the folklore of elves, fairies, and other forms of the 'good people' or 'wee folk' present in English folklore.
In a review of the symptoms and features of the syndrome, Laskari, Smith, and Graham emphasized that many family members of individuals with WS reject use of terminology such as "elfin", as well as descriptions of social symptoms as "cocktail party syndrome". Physicians, family members of individuals with WS syndrome, and WS associations alike have called for the curtailment of such terms.
One notable person with the syndrome is Gabrielle Marion-Rivard, a Canadian actress and singer who won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress in 2014 for her performance in the film Gabrielle. Another is Jeremy Vest, member of the How's Your News?'' team, featured in the TV series and film of the same name.
References
Further reading
Articles
Books
External links
GeneReview entry on Williams syndrome
Autosomal monosomies and deletions
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Syndromes affecting the heart
Syndromes affecting teeth
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities
Rare syndromes
Elves
|
[
0.2298382967710495,
0.4241558313369751,
-0.600445032119751,
-0.25075528025627136,
0.1698552966117859,
0.33277156949043274,
1.1450207233428955,
0.5543439388275146,
-0.32598912715911865,
-0.9357228875160217,
-0.4416953921318054,
0.022785095497965813,
-0.2747182250022888,
0.3555698096752167,
-0.4876592457294464,
0.6116101145744324,
0.30406653881073,
0.3979142904281616,
-0.3554580807685852,
-0.04741917550563812,
-0.250459760427475,
-0.6144040822982788,
0.25107356905937195,
-0.4400174617767334,
-0.23826226592063904,
-0.5708246827125549,
-0.12229830026626587,
-0.13957266509532928,
0.551699161529541,
0.026881301775574684,
0.28811022639274597,
0.48180946707725525,
0.24726602435112,
-0.39386263489723206,
-0.25272783637046814,
-0.09461062401533127,
-0.6952707767486572,
-0.246588796377182,
-0.07557839900255203,
-0.2793308198451996,
0.12891322374343872,
-0.528989851474762,
-0.04972681403160095,
0.2374429702758789,
-0.08629725128412247,
0.02049410715699196,
-1.9142273664474487,
0.5676906108856201,
-0.432528018951416,
-0.14271056652069092,
0.27250951528549194,
0.27197346091270447,
0.4744434952735901,
0.3126104474067688,
0.33284878730773926,
0.178811714053154,
-0.9407469630241394,
-0.26372474431991577,
0.21068915724754333,
-0.1835182160139084,
0.761432945728302,
-0.25060221552848816,
-0.33086705207824707,
0.16185612976551056,
0.10201332718133926,
0.20025040209293365,
0.0912029966711998,
0.5335402488708496,
-0.5300907492637634,
-0.21290624141693115,
0.12932711839675903,
-0.24938485026359558,
0.5401585102081299,
0.32614192366600037,
-0.43740877509117126,
0.3883676528930664,
-0.14359287917613983,
-0.6038976311683655,
0.5751335024833679,
-0.1254798024892807,
0.19363071024417877,
0.2765949070453644,
0.46589356660842896,
0.8041648864746094,
0.01711343228816986,
0.45747146010398865,
-0.38069984316825867,
0.7127570509910583,
-0.05865119397640228,
0.4243534803390503,
0.20203319191932678,
0.5160894393920898,
0.2863583564758301,
-0.26276758313179016,
-0.15150615572929382,
0.261186808347702,
0.23691920936107635,
0.11756737530231476,
-0.07912122458219528,
-0.19929912686347961,
-0.29678648710250854,
0.3088458180427551,
0.07682441920042038,
-0.5087862610816956,
0.6464594006538391,
0.06118807569146156,
0.36736539006233215,
-0.056887514889240265,
-0.13308148086071014,
-0.778974711894989,
-0.7078472375869751,
0.23720574378967285,
-0.1512937843799591,
-0.28779974579811096,
-0.9233075976371765,
0.5394411087036133,
0.40276551246643066,
0.0694907009601593,
-0.03182850778102875,
-0.700955331325531,
-0.6080955266952515,
-0.1194053664803505,
-0.41725975275039673,
0.0439080186188221,
-0.30053091049194336,
0.5289061665534973,
0.12989535927772522,
-0.0036474172957241535,
0.21390819549560547,
0.14248065650463104,
0.054851122200489044,
0.6142915487289429,
-0.13736701011657715,
-0.24844743311405182,
0.6644791960716248,
-0.13748107850551605,
0.3974975049495697,
0.12623201310634613,
0.2551473379135132,
0.2881685793399811,
-0.03129186853766441,
-0.2557018995285034,
-1.00482177734375,
0.17580102384090424,
-0.05176501348614693,
0.002851565135642886,
-0.2547614574432373,
0.2636752128601074,
0.29968661069869995,
-0.2512187957763672,
0.16594178974628448,
0.026448842138051987,
-0.07122458517551422,
0.1688331961631775,
-0.2426391988992691,
-0.10284888744354248,
0.15081214904785156,
-0.4713318645954132,
0.37965524196624756,
0.23317989706993103,
-0.1089199036359787,
0.046366579830646515,
-0.02619398571550846,
-0.04105357453227043,
0.1307908147573471,
-0.2415642887353897,
0.2803351879119873,
0.06994110345840454,
-0.22153237462043762,
0.1906966120004654,
-0.5008751749992371,
-0.14368434250354767,
0.41361677646636963,
-0.09947303682565689,
0.48751381039619446,
-0.04551834613084793,
0.15535971522331238,
0.08137108385562897,
1.0234923362731934,
0.05602971091866493,
-0.20518703758716583,
-0.06213356927037239,
0.4628518223762512,
0.32486146688461304,
0.877375602722168,
-0.21918076276779175,
0.5625945329666138,
0.021770931780338287,
-0.6581243276596069,
-0.33538565039634705,
-0.450377494096756,
-0.6746848821640015,
0.29877781867980957,
-0.10841228812932968,
0.8355194926261902,
-0.16639816761016846,
-0.6844711899757385,
0.5004415512084961,
0.24333837628364563,
0.7153283357620239,
-0.027879174798727036,
-0.5302453637123108,
0.38641148805618286,
-0.04594027251005173,
-0.6749420762062073,
0.482379674911499,
0.2565641403198242,
-0.19646351039409637,
0.27607014775276184,
0.1924680918455124,
0.4395080804824829,
-0.9361922740936279,
-0.004611770156770945,
0.08754967153072357,
0.04506292566657066,
-0.21397492289543152,
-0.06520753353834152,
0.03218908607959747,
-0.5066849589347839,
-0.0872189998626709,
0.5231378674507141,
-0.4194284677505493,
0.08838976919651031,
0.5294828414916992,
0.22135387361049652,
0.7765275239944458,
0.17446255683898926,
-0.15320293605327606,
0.5293245315551758,
-0.9520575404167175,
0.19770444929599762,
0.07113557308912277,
0.12000767141580582,
-0.41199520230293274,
0.23728393018245697,
-0.05816059187054634,
0.0894709974527359,
-0.6996646523475647,
-0.31175345182418823,
-0.10443664342164993,
-0.17571812868118286,
0.480385959148407,
-0.5502496361732483,
-0.02545272372663021,
0.05120983347296715,
-0.33237412571907043,
-0.2529202401638031,
0.0984707623720169,
-0.546165406703949,
-0.050793103873729706,
-0.08651678264141083,
1.2019429206848145,
0.17726841568946838,
-0.3660241663455963,
-0.16500535607337952,
0.271921306848526,
0.498226135969162,
0.14983269572257996,
-0.4114808440208435,
-0.19668583571910858,
-0.6552190184593201,
0.3155519366264343,
0.2578418254852295,
0.25030747056007385,
-0.5444503426551819,
-0.8978342413902283,
-0.41096803545951843,
-0.2745000720024109,
0.4403979480266571,
0.048372529447078705,
1.1092394590377808,
0.031013811007142067,
-0.8380189538002014,
-0.7447640299797058,
-0.3524683117866516,
-0.44524455070495605,
-0.027529150247573853,
-0.13151924312114716,
-0.6463944911956787,
0.015255169942975044,
0.5764772295951843,
1.0611836910247803,
0.3005124628543854,
-0.16162383556365967,
-0.245521679520607,
0.0903797522187233,
-0.29198938608169556,
-0.151851087808609,
-0.2638978958129883,
-0.18211068212985992,
-0.6173971891403198,
0.28325459361076355,
0.12819699943065643,
0.12418533861637115,
0.30660203099250793,
-0.23765884339809418,
0.4731677770614624,
-0.1568167507648468,
0.18016429245471954,
-0.056312188506126404,
-0.2157416194677353,
0.6941041350364685,
-0.07574087381362915,
-0.3391744792461395,
0.2253783792257309,
0.3477541208267212,
-0.37384775280952454,
0.03946604207158089,
-5.598409175872803,
-0.23757924139499664,
0.2953343987464905,
-0.6987842917442322,
0.6668937802314758,
0.4336884617805481,
0.9702309370040894,
0.14165586233139038,
-0.12293551862239838,
0.006936164572834969,
0.44627007842063904,
0.30295825004577637,
0.11941830813884735,
-0.179031103849411,
-0.10015369206666946,
-0.23138275742530823,
-0.31067609786987305,
-0.0699358880519867,
0.2193957418203354,
0.23560941219329834,
0.11825075000524521,
0.07651985436677933,
-0.2771517336368561,
0.45990535616874695,
-0.4241814613342285,
0.277556836605072,
0.07594792544841766,
0.15049996972084045,
-1.0947725772857666,
-0.09983161091804504,
0.3988736569881439,
-0.20487089455127716,
0.10324154049158096,
-0.17879272997379303,
-0.6260441541671753,
-0.4642958343029022,
0.1734219342470169,
-0.21075379848480225,
0.0844837874174118,
-0.1770429015159607,
-0.5841957926750183,
-0.43081462383270264,
-0.1882832944393158,
-0.4890643060207367,
0.05262726545333862,
0.07982710003852844,
-0.22736060619354248,
-0.08624859154224396,
0.1361456960439682,
0.7192175388336182,
0.0753583237528801,
-0.01474912092089653,
-0.03388706594705582,
0.18664595484733582,
0.1038818433880806,
0.22795607149600983,
0.5127059817314148,
-0.029401106759905815,
-0.12282942235469818,
0.14332282543182373,
0.584784746170044,
0.07881563156843185,
0.2211398333311081,
-0.8329259157180786,
-0.10528663545846939,
-0.3877779245376587,
-0.46182432770729065,
-0.06442856788635254,
0.5368313193321228,
0.18313559889793396,
0.5338781476020813,
0.45468413829803467,
0.12129977345466614,
-1.0800360441207886,
0.27617520093917847,
-0.1923276036977768,
-0.3381974697113037,
-0.2323683351278305,
-0.18483209609985352,
-0.6326790452003479,
-0.17722275853157043,
-0.25104817748069763,
-0.4477318823337555,
0.13625888526439667,
0.5916236042976379,
-0.2509688436985016,
-0.4675842821598053,
0.6666172742843628,
0.12265873700380325,
-0.10549286752939224,
0.7891952395439148,
0.12158670276403427,
0.5544278621673584,
0.2505902945995331,
0.04896155372262001,
0.9462960362434387,
0.23005570471286774,
0.9941016435623169,
0.41867631673812866,
0.1620568484067917,
0.3129339814186096,
-0.6000222563743591,
-0.10708695650100708,
-0.4922839105129242,
-0.21175673604011536,
-0.07699890434741974,
-0.699088454246521,
0.1375659555196762,
0.6593104600906372,
-0.060314618051052094,
0.03673718124628067,
-0.5405966639518738,
-0.20184025168418884,
-0.30701929330825806,
0.2433270364999771,
-0.12083308398723602,
-0.4151107370853424,
0.06835674494504929,
0.6567064523696899,
-0.23065879940986633,
0.10529734939336777,
0.9162758588790894,
-0.7526740431785583,
0.09059616178274155,
0.6615187525749207,
0.017600029706954956,
0.01931392028927803,
0.1484076976776123,
-0.8937084078788757,
0.1914556920528412,
0.013485461473464966,
0.5425527691841125,
0.41423726081848145,
0.6396355628967285,
-0.3757310211658478,
-0.2367250770330429,
-0.38611140847206116,
0.8087391257286072,
-0.08957937359809875,
-0.13125698268413544,
0.25120964646339417,
-0.015753941610455513,
-0.2928682565689087,
0.2659114599227905,
0.4509984254837036,
0.14330247044563293,
-0.332897812128067,
-0.32854440808296204,
-0.4231942296028137,
0.30605578422546387,
0.4342184066772461,
-0.7977630496025085,
0.25323888659477234,
0.2177114486694336,
-0.5068224668502808,
0.38220107555389404,
0.04627084359526634,
0.16807983815670013,
-0.060930248349905014,
-0.4025244414806366,
-0.569376528263092,
-0.3050117790699005,
-1.2196614742279053,
-0.10043497383594513,
0.21424804627895355,
-0.34572911262512207,
0.13958801329135895,
-0.9519999623298645,
-0.40553316473960876,
0.7067312002182007,
-0.46766629815101624,
-0.05191871523857117,
-0.08949220180511475,
-0.417417973279953,
0.3516045808792114,
-0.050297822803258896,
-0.5895695686340332,
0.12846438586711884,
0.010353454388678074,
-0.008986721746623516,
-0.15294267237186432,
0.13658507168293,
0.12446895241737366,
0.8293073773384094,
0.11524171382188797,
-0.08361178636550903,
0.09585229307413101,
-0.06216837465763092,
-0.46199122071266174,
-0.2484317421913147,
0.24200381338596344,
0.07258287072181702,
0.011870061978697777,
0.6302737593650818,
-0.2379477471113205,
0.3516383171081543,
-0.4869823753833771,
0.23769353330135345,
0.10750635713338852,
-0.37709206342697144,
-0.15379729866981506,
0.7145144939422607,
0.1822229027748108,
0.1580938994884491,
0.9429101943969727,
-0.8701179623603821,
0.010183021426200867,
-0.21964557468891144,
-0.6587855219841003,
0.31789714097976685,
-0.1249968484044075,
-0.48688459396362305,
0.17949509620666504,
0.5477802157402039,
-0.5257115960121155,
-0.29148781299591064,
0.2802406847476959,
-0.8974388837814331,
-0.10039323568344116,
-0.0875893235206604,
0.14695465564727783,
0.3154764473438263,
0.14567875862121582,
-0.300166517496109,
-0.46005553007125854,
0.06223438307642937,
0.20190748572349548,
-0.314981073141098,
1.5760879516601562,
-0.17685459554195404,
-0.32716408371925354,
-0.19624952971935272,
-0.20041245222091675,
-0.12475763261318207,
-0.20847247540950775,
-0.6978958249092102,
0.1654375195503235,
0.015996698290109634,
0.4166674315929413,
-0.03755156323313713,
0.6614364385604858,
0.7899584770202637,
-0.1902238428592682,
-0.27276062965393066,
-0.30427372455596924,
-0.2513870894908905,
0.5618823766708374,
-0.7199856042861938,
-0.07683012634515762,
0.4889376759529114,
0.5568994879722595,
-0.06593507528305054,
-0.23855681717395782,
-0.19090723991394043,
0.655838131904602,
-0.005848143715411425,
0.011533851735293865,
-0.9313114285469055,
-0.007645152509212494,
-0.5066233277320862,
-0.15020589530467987,
-0.006633348297327757,
0.20965561270713806,
0.4481216073036194,
0.02702307514846325,
-0.022673800587654114,
-0.044533517211675644,
0.1552807241678238,
0.5918823480606079,
-0.31860968470573425,
-0.11740599572658539,
-0.21021069586277008,
0.061858486384153366,
0.2221553921699524,
-0.49263879656791687,
0.32395991683006287,
0.15087823569774628,
-0.5697993636131287,
0.6272122859954834,
0.10016616433858871,
0.2557898759841919,
-0.40509477257728577,
0.2777842581272125,
-0.40951868891716003,
0.4599497616291046,
-0.3934131860733032,
0.13594721257686615,
-0.7628720998764038,
-0.3469979763031006,
0.03568446636199951,
-0.39725932478904724,
0.09370157867670059,
-0.298410564661026,
0.06324784457683563,
-0.033004406839609146,
-0.045563120394945145,
-0.39485278725624084,
0.4805985689163208,
-0.3834086060523987,
-0.30020013451576233,
-0.6787399649620056,
0.22186622023582458,
-0.16015510261058807,
-0.06731263548135757,
0.487124502658844,
-0.0005912565975449979,
-0.22074341773986816,
-0.4560561180114746,
0.30168336629867554,
-0.014871007762849331,
0.06700360774993896,
-0.12556466460227966,
0.42111608386039734,
0.7393270134925842,
-0.38371142745018005,
0.49113574624061584,
-0.16176219284534454,
-0.3282409608364105,
0.31034478545188904,
0.16797176003456116,
-0.08660627156496048,
0.530443012714386,
0.7733501195907593,
-0.5345078706741333,
-0.36957859992980957,
0.7943085432052612,
0.33413270115852356,
0.10521286725997925,
0.4266303777694702,
0.7312144041061401,
0.6383839249610901,
-0.1993371844291687,
-0.16537423431873322,
0.37891748547554016,
0.5036510229110718,
-0.16505371034145355,
0.2082722783088684,
-0.48949992656707764,
-0.3500240743160248,
0.16775211691856384,
0.7186105847358704,
0.16660454869270325,
0.7362268567085266,
0.521910548210144,
0.043668657541275024,
0.399798184633255,
-0.44108912348747253,
0.6695157885551453,
0.37858283519744873,
-1.044930100440979,
0.6679015159606934,
-0.6031694412231445,
-0.09914375096559525,
-0.4047006368637085,
0.161578968167305,
-0.0046792407520115376,
0.052199408411979675,
-0.6610384583473206,
-0.3466472625732422,
-0.24728618562221527,
-0.29280826449394226,
-0.40471041202545166,
0.2546151280403137,
0.18708918988704681,
0.19891077280044556,
-0.4147852063179016,
0.645395815372467,
-0.09682266414165497,
0.26531386375427246,
0.11190963536500931,
-0.009730290621519089,
-0.16605651378631592,
-0.27298951148986816,
0.4458147883415222,
0.6856557130813599,
-0.12831096351146698,
0.2099730223417282,
0.3416455388069153,
-0.15590552985668182,
-0.8504276871681213,
-0.014134423807263374,
-0.4456719160079956,
-0.5195730328559875,
-0.6785641312599182,
0.10664767771959305,
-0.042806778103113174,
-0.11913466453552246,
0.058441102504730225,
-0.14868026971817017,
0.3631126284599304,
0.17894479632377625,
0.008629565127193928,
0.2773759067058563,
-0.1256341189146042,
0.24920563399791718,
-0.3118927478790283,
-0.22174827754497528,
0.12343276292085648,
0.0032078439835458994,
-0.18763048946857452,
0.3261072337627411,
0.37414535880088806,
-0.13300803303718567,
-0.10654261708259583,
-0.9378697276115417,
0.42413583397865295,
0.5108273029327393,
0.5825782418251038,
-0.6214056611061096,
0.21535629034042358,
-0.00018384636496193707,
0.5634868144989014,
0.03207792341709137,
1.00010085105896,
0.04814927279949188,
-0.201460063457489,
0.7339110970497131,
-0.4254947900772095,
-0.6087103486061096,
-0.4874962866306305,
0.1868422031402588,
-0.28851327300071716,
0.6611877679824829,
-0.0014574253000319004,
-0.5989922285079956,
-0.18826031684875488,
0.43944740295410156,
0.17768989503383636,
-0.06772619485855103,
0.37831273674964905,
-0.7202497124671936,
0.8037644028663635,
-0.10283622145652771,
0.03089739754796028,
-0.3319636881351471,
-0.5117358565330505,
0.5286089777946472,
0.24767465889453888,
-0.3163251280784607,
0.2675362527370453,
0.21032743155956268,
-0.7015567421913147,
-0.1092054471373558,
0.11454436928033829,
-0.8191940188407898,
-0.13346080482006073,
-0.3807893395423889,
-0.313927561044693,
-0.39712992310523987,
-0.25189459323883057,
0.012348739430308342,
-0.27750104665756226,
-0.3115496337413788,
0.1167067140340805,
0.17389605939388275,
0.09624127298593521,
-0.16195441782474518,
-0.39250925183296204,
-0.35024818778038025,
0.4014975428581238
] |
210455
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Velveteen%20Rabbit
|
The Velveteen Rabbit
|
The Velveteen Rabbit (or How Toys Become Real) is a British children's book written by Margery Williams (also known as Margery Williams Bianco) and illustrated by William Nicholson. It chronicles the story of a stuffed rabbit's desire to become real through the love of his owner. The book was first published in 1922 and has been republished many times since.
The Velveteen Rabbit was Williams' first children's book. It has been awarded the IRA/CBC Children's Choice award. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association voted the book #28 on the "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."
Plot summary
A stuffed rabbit sewn from velveteen is given as a Christmas present to a small boy. The boy plays with his other new presents and forgets the velveteen rabbit for a time. These presents are modern and mechanical, and they snub the old-fashioned velveteen rabbit. The wisest and oldest toy in the nursery, the Skin Horse, which was owned by the boy's uncle, tells the rabbit about toys magically becoming real due to love from children. The rabbit is awed by this idea; however, his chances of achieving this wish are slight.
One night, the boy's nanny gives the rabbit to the boy to sleep with, in place of a lost toy. The rabbit becomes the boy's favourite toy, enjoying picnics with him in the spring, and the boy regards the rabbit as real. Time passes and the rabbit becomes shabbier, but happy. It meets some real rabbits in the summer, and they learn that the velveteen rabbit cannot hop as they do, and they say that he is not a real rabbit.
One day, the boy comes down with scarlet fever, and the rabbit sits with him as he recovers. The doctor orders that the boy should be taken to the seaside and that his room should be disinfected — all his books and toys burnt, including the velveteen rabbit. The rabbit is bundled into a sack and left out in the garden overnight, where he reflects sadly on his life with his boy. The toy rabbit cries, a real tear drops onto the ground, and a marvellous flower appears. A fairy steps out of the flower and comforts the velveteen rabbit, introducing herself as the Nursery Magic Fairy. She says that, because he has become real to the boy who truly loves him, she will take him away with her and "turn [him] into Real" to everyone.
The fairy takes the rabbit to the forest, where she meets the other rabbits and gives the velveteen rabbit a kiss. The velveteen rabbit changes into a real rabbit and joins the other rabbits in the forest. The next spring the rabbit returns to look at the boy, and the boy sees a resemblance to his old velveteen rabbit, and enjoys seeing the rabbit out in the wild.
Adaptations
The following adaptations have been made of The Velveteen Rabbit.
In 1973, LSB Productions made the classic, original 16 mm film version (running time: 19 minutes). It won the Chris Plaque Award, the Silver Plaque Award, and the Golden Babe Award, and it appeared at the Columbus Film Festival, the Chicago International Film Festival, and the Chicagoland Film Festival. It was a finalist at the American Film Festival. This film has been on TV and has been acclaimed by parents and teachers worldwide.
The 1976 Rankin/Bass television special The First Easter Rabbit adapts the plot of the book as first of part of its story of how a toy bunny is recruited as the Easter Bunny.
In 1984, it was part of the Enchanted Musical Playhouse series, where Marie Osmond played the part of the Velveteen Rabbit. Songs were composed by the Sherman Brothers.
The Velveteen Rabbit was adapted into a video recording and soundtrack in 1985 by Rabbit Ears Productions with Random House Video. It is narrated by Meryl Streep, with music by George Winston. It received a Parents' Choice Award for Multimedia and was nominated for a Grammy Award.
In 1985, two different animated adaptations were made at almost the same time:
The first, narrated by Christopher Plummer, was produced in Canada by Atkinson Film-Arts for CTV. This version aired in the United States on HBO.
The second was produced by Hanna-Barbera Australia and broadcast as an ABC Weekend Special.
In 1987, Don Bluth worked on an adaptation of The Velveteen Rabbit, to have been released by New Line Cinema. However, the project never was completed. Animation stills can be found online.
In 2003, it was adapted into a clay-animated film by Xyzoo Animation.
In 2007, a live-action short film adaptation was released by Horse Fly Studios. It was nominated for two Young Artist Awards.
Feature Films for Families, Family1 Films and Believe Pictures released their live-action/animated adaptation in 2009. It is distributed by Anchor Bay Entertainment, Thomas Nelson and Vision Films. The film adaptation was illegally telemarketed to over 500,000 telephone subscribers in the United States. Verizon successfully sued Feature Films For Families for the practice.
In 2014, Cat & Hutch produced a storytelling adaptation of The Velveteen Rabbit at Fulham Library for Hammersmith & Fulham ArtsFest. They then went on to perform this at various schools, libraries and other venues across London. In 2021, they adapted this version into an online storytelling over Zoom for various London libraries.
In October 2015, Atlantic Theater Company produced a new musical adaptation of The Velveteen Rabbit at The Linda Gross Theater. This production was adapted by Anya Saffir (book and lyrics) and Cormac Bluestone (book, lyrics, music).
In December 2018, Magic Light Pictures was reported to be adapting The Velveteen Rabbit as a Christmas special. It will be the company's first live action/animated production. Tom Bidwell was writing the scripts.
For many years ODC/Dance has performed in the San Francisco Bay Area a narrated contemporary dance adaptation of The Velveteen Rabbit with fanciful costumes, typically during the holiday season.
The independent film production company Storybook Studio began production of a new animated film adaptation of the book, to be written and directed by John Patrick. The film will feature narration by Gabi Smedra and original music by Heather Huntington Stewart, starring child actor Peter F. Piccini as the Velveteen Rabbit, Maureen Russell as the Nursery Magic Fairy, Therese Kincadeand as Nana and Paul Fowles as the Skin Horse. The film will be released sometime during the year 2022, in honor the 100th anniversary of the original book's publication.
References
External links
The Velveteen Rabbit Illustrated by William Nicholson. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., c1922 at A Celebration of Women Writers
The Velveteen Rabbit (flip book with original illustrations) at Internet Archive
1922 British novels
1922 children's books
British children's novels
ABC Weekend Special
British novels adapted into films
Books about Leporidae
Sentient toys in fiction
|
[
-0.19368737936019897,
-0.20472116768360138,
-0.17123419046401978,
0.36368608474731445,
0.5871900320053101,
0.49702349305152893,
-0.3812231421470642,
0.508746325969696,
0.03419416770339012,
0.24070945382118225,
-0.2818087041378021,
0.11160491406917572,
-0.09065333008766174,
0.14846369624137878,
-0.4300801753997803,
0.22195173799991608,
0.16857805848121643,
0.3147837519645691,
0.26408734917640686,
-0.5035932660102844,
0.058409184217453,
-0.6427344679832458,
-0.3531302213668823,
-0.28450268507003784,
0.6860259175300598,
0.2225823849439621,
0.4024123549461365,
-0.1061265766620636,
0.43935757875442505,
0.14750532805919647,
-0.35692793130874634,
0.26722657680511475,
0.07998981326818466,
-0.3583104610443115,
0.17667913436889648,
-0.47418031096458435,
-0.16218844056129456,
-0.4397866725921631,
-0.22642327845096588,
-0.42840680480003357,
0.45257318019866943,
0.7379984259605408,
0.28933045268058777,
0.06798290461301804,
-0.00922300387173891,
-0.5861470103263855,
-1.5469669103622437,
0.4300592541694641,
-0.048666637390851974,
-0.11678815633058548,
-0.07688900828361511,
0.6895698308944702,
0.6865234971046448,
0.24689367413520813,
0.4264529049396515,
0.6904550790786743,
-0.3176445960998535,
-0.047063879668712616,
0.016192279756069183,
0.20464655756950378,
0.16236692667007446,
0.76470947265625,
0.34174245595932007,
-0.03941628336906433,
-0.15510380268096924,
0.5800303816795349,
0.10969851166009903,
0.43493014574050903,
0.37542006373405457,
-0.22183482348918915,
-0.07152163237333298,
-0.15226143598556519,
0.07935348898172379,
0.22670161724090576,
-0.392525315284729,
-0.015126503072679043,
0.3328005075454712,
0.17908287048339844,
0.8652474880218506,
0.9604296088218689,
0.22558923065662384,
0.21743300557136536,
1.3733268976211548,
0.3161461055278778,
0.5000580549240112,
0.3814515471458435,
-0.26858770847320557,
0.42473676800727844,
-0.3234167993068695,
0.3513621985912323,
-0.5330523252487183,
-0.45616284012794495,
-0.28799575567245483,
0.0857837125658989,
-0.2632986605167389,
-0.848298192024231,
0.28977683186531067,
-0.09445951879024506,
0.09674566984176636,
0.4448154866695404,
-0.3423754572868347,
0.4577605426311493,
0.3746110200881958,
-0.224450945854187,
-0.8971343636512756,
-0.38856181502342224,
-0.05999205633997917,
-0.5839124321937561,
0.4004746973514557,
0.667307436466217,
-0.37872186303138733,
-0.00421126326546073,
0.4543438255786896,
0.08915422856807709,
0.14866888523101807,
0.8855791091918945,
-0.08848786354064941,
-0.07128182798624039,
-0.7367613315582275,
0.593859851360321,
-0.0822739452123642,
-0.08752862364053726,
0.6286503672599792,
-0.0077908895909786224,
0.39654892683029175,
0.17277580499649048,
0.02447153441607952,
0.30831068754196167,
0.07933066785335541,
0.558505654335022,
0.45185625553131104,
0.6790258288383484,
-0.19540168344974518,
-0.5907785296440125,
-0.174773707985878,
0.001074401312507689,
0.26411664485931396,
0.043380431830883026,
0.6696012020111084,
0.6292772889137268,
0.05979658663272858,
0.2869856655597687,
-0.18364259600639343,
-0.2965640425682068,
0.05951244756579399,
-0.03531879559159279,
-0.2490413337945938,
-0.29399099946022034,
-0.5772059559822083,
-0.3620940148830414,
0.18970301747322083,
0.013243233785033226,
-0.09070553630590439,
-0.7446332573890686,
-0.3644188940525055,
0.05423189327120781,
-0.14881378412246704,
0.1953912079334259,
-0.21210986375808716,
-0.1475062519311905,
-0.4766766428947449,
0.2797953188419342,
-0.26566043496131897,
-0.09794743359088898,
-0.5575578808784485,
-0.4563215970993042,
0.9610790014266968,
0.35769158601760864,
-0.21103626489639282,
0.6129621863365173,
-0.33643823862075806,
0.3696931004524231,
0.6188055276870728,
0.10015763342380524,
0.011339583434164524,
0.7512062788009644,
0.854777991771698,
0.2210121601819992,
0.35104602575302124,
-0.23353174328804016,
-0.4935814142227173,
0.35164007544517517,
-0.038295015692710876,
-0.503131091594696,
0.1438126415014267,
0.19722755253314972,
0.4248868227005005,
-0.22927948832511902,
0.0403422974050045,
-0.5955063104629517,
-1.1679188013076782,
-0.13954496383666992,
0.75249844789505,
0.1521696001291275,
0.9503471851348877,
0.0010434472933411598,
-0.19343464076519012,
0.3738797605037689,
0.30126044154167175,
0.5843194723129272,
-0.09188526123762131,
0.1277400404214859,
0.6755106449127197,
-0.08158710598945618,
-0.35896971821784973,
-0.3192169666290283,
-0.5919695496559143,
-0.15670785307884216,
0.5522149801254272,
0.31670379638671875,
0.1805783361196518,
-0.18214227259159088,
0.3591357171535492,
-0.01839502342045307,
-0.08543901145458221,
-0.36093392968177795,
0.15332293510437012,
0.602396547794342,
0.2027808278799057,
-0.4890439808368683,
0.5084299445152283,
0.15602318942546844,
-0.060466017574071884,
0.03945213928818703,
0.30033355951309204,
0.7051470279693604,
0.0796312615275383,
-0.21079540252685547,
0.2840162217617035,
-0.3820757567882538,
-1.0151283740997314,
0.0739944651722908,
0.31335946917533875,
-0.6492284536361694,
0.020658697932958603,
0.01134428009390831,
0.12341806292533875,
-0.5237633585929871,
0.35720494389533997,
-0.22629854083061218,
0.003756885416805744,
-0.08001328259706497,
0.08929740637540817,
0.3516390323638916,
-0.21729347109794617,
-0.19195498526096344,
-0.3418751358985901,
0.33039894700050354,
-0.4119410514831543,
-0.23962709307670593,
-0.20109429955482483,
0.7393976449966431,
-0.02731965482234955,
0.5323153138160706,
-0.29224005341529846,
0.06081173196434975,
-0.5969793200492859,
-0.07495317608118057,
1.0267524719238281,
0.809565007686615,
0.008287342265248299,
0.18628211319446564,
0.41297677159309387,
0.20379948616027832,
-0.5646715760231018,
-0.2084401249885559,
-0.05710701644420624,
-0.3061372935771942,
0.3310084342956543,
0.651481032371521,
0.4068102538585663,
0.220640629529953,
-0.26389434933662415,
0.20440945029258728,
0.10178479552268982,
-0.9229114055633545,
0.2745504677295685,
0.48254507780075073,
0.17101353406906128,
-0.9885671734809875,
0.1353340893983841,
0.6034534573554993,
0.34381288290023804,
-0.17270037531852722,
0.06269846856594086,
-0.3206373453140259,
0.47977715730667114,
-0.8354941010475159,
-0.0685233473777771,
0.051397453993558884,
-0.26267993450164795,
0.7439805865287781,
-1.0519063472747803,
-0.33959856629371643,
-0.4022677540779114,
0.5692707300186157,
-0.4142630994319916,
0.21372845768928528,
0.3085072338581085,
0.21655601263046265,
0.19903072714805603,
0.37334325909614563,
0.10335732996463776,
0.23538024723529816,
0.5215667486190796,
0.21595187485218048,
0.036761898547410965,
-0.509355902671814,
-5.692685127258301,
0.4223690927028656,
0.01173887588083744,
-0.25378021597862244,
0.18047669529914856,
0.1727774292230606,
0.5381156802177429,
-0.411064088344574,
-0.273491770029068,
0.23264078795909882,
-0.025479689240455627,
0.27617716789245605,
-0.5906351208686829,
-0.1793878674507141,
0.4317356050014496,
-0.21665768325328827,
-0.20774850249290466,
-0.1409640908241272,
0.04615158215165138,
0.008978065103292465,
-0.19791913032531738,
-0.023542728275060654,
0.10279807448387146,
0.2186206877231598,
0.13036926090717316,
1.0876028537750244,
-0.18151019513607025,
-0.6846256256103516,
-0.5696788430213928,
-0.26209795475006104,
0.015038195066154003,
-0.8611023426055908,
-0.17451778054237366,
-0.12142065912485123,
-0.10626064985990524,
-0.1180386170744896,
0.14641357958316803,
0.3131023049354553,
0.7883959412574768,
0.37962666153907776,
-0.04711811989545822,
0.5164434909820557,
0.359458863735199,
-0.11926613748073578,
0.6770451664924622,
-0.11727853119373322,
-0.03515909984707832,
-0.6410714387893677,
-0.6844518184661865,
0.43046602606773376,
0.4669121205806732,
-0.07735101133584976,
-0.21152853965759277,
-0.08289969712495804,
0.19160310924053192,
0.11882796883583069,
-0.09363120049238205,
-0.28248921036720276,
-0.6331113576889038,
0.04991339147090912,
0.4081781506538391,
-0.24173080921173096,
-0.5412405133247375,
0.034348782151937485,
-0.15320682525634766,
-0.7540503144264221,
-0.5035931468009949,
-0.22722123563289642,
0.33131664991378784,
0.3410828411579132,
-0.19114643335342407,
-0.856723427772522,
0.13409072160720825,
-0.9865208268165588,
0.2367435246706009,
-0.06039069965481758,
-0.4008665382862091,
-0.21717151999473572,
0.26078757643699646,
-0.07740440964698792,
0.08317990601062775,
-0.4078546464443207,
-0.09427996724843979,
0.5376990437507629,
-0.41102343797683716,
-1.0863070487976074,
-1.1489667892456055,
-0.2311774492263794,
-0.7855982780456543,
-0.23603278398513794,
0.2734907865524292,
-0.27882030606269836,
-0.5365363359451294,
0.1004963293671608,
0.513357937335968,
-0.3886004388332367,
0.7078273892402649,
0.3555973470211029,
-0.49448224902153015,
-0.23542451858520508,
-0.04823150113224983,
-0.4140760898590088,
0.6876510381698608,
-0.45674946904182434,
-0.2191549837589264,
-0.18397465348243713,
-0.007823196239769459,
0.035458195954561234,
1.1518540382385254,
-0.7166504263877869,
-0.41724693775177,
0.25157493352890015,
-0.20158682763576508,
-0.4204465448856354,
0.00014720224135089666,
-0.05504777655005455,
0.262518972158432,
-0.2815464735031128,
-0.0060037593357264996,
0.11517009139060974,
0.04060724005103111,
0.1024673730134964,
0.17452673614025116,
-0.4274674654006958,
-0.19680258631706238,
0.1493428498506546,
0.634452760219574,
-0.2406437247991562,
0.08357617259025574,
0.10420914739370346,
0.0798591673374176,
-0.7105334401130676,
-0.05648688226938248,
-0.5752335786819458,
-0.3556419909000397,
-0.04767483472824097,
-0.6738133430480957,
-0.43757280707359314,
0.14286550879478455,
0.4780291020870209,
-0.042829591780900955,
-0.12285877019166946,
0.3553408980369568,
0.04938238114118576,
0.47481080889701843,
-0.4999823570251465,
0.26508358120918274,
-0.5694745779037476,
-0.17008624970912933,
0.08125067502260208,
-0.044107917696237564,
0.3864908516407013,
0.8205612301826477,
-0.22719734907150269,
0.08081939071416855,
0.28598126769065857,
-0.1354711800813675,
0.3474530279636383,
-0.2690632939338684,
-0.1666896790266037,
-0.16304422914981842,
-0.41328561305999756,
-0.8427684307098389,
0.14112477004528046,
0.23711572587490082,
-0.18922469019889832,
-0.4622197151184082,
-0.6308111548423767,
0.12231364101171494,
0.018934227526187897,
0.8274451494216919,
-0.2483726590871811,
0.03024190478026867,
0.5866371393203735,
-0.17919008433818817,
0.1720597743988037,
0.03342483937740326,
-0.36372050642967224,
-0.28161728382110596,
-0.14483511447906494,
-0.02455100044608116,
-0.6348798274993896,
0.20967799425125122,
-0.2843594253063202,
0.36468926072120667,
-0.39543992280960083,
-0.10882110893726349,
0.04437447711825371,
-0.023257939144968987,
0.16897960007190704,
-0.20360492169857025,
0.07727061957120895,
0.6746379733085632,
0.11967352777719498,
-0.7385583519935608,
-0.4134604334831238,
0.033920615911483765,
0.2694944441318512,
-0.25362709164619446,
-0.38709357380867004,
-0.38777315616607666,
0.025984007865190506,
-0.48527753353118896,
0.0623609684407711,
0.29376211762428284,
-1.0569308996200562,
0.36902499198913574,
0.05045385658740997,
-0.09511969983577728,
0.4853156805038452,
-0.3440209925174713,
-0.5329277515411377,
-0.10127881914377213,
0.006586524657905102,
-0.25579261779785156,
0.06273549050092697,
-0.04483562335371971,
-0.1604524701833725,
-0.3081055283546448,
-0.2911834418773651,
-0.3543323874473572,
-0.47899699211120605,
-0.9781520962715149,
-0.09475027024745941,
-0.4858167767524719,
-0.2062195986509323,
0.32343730330467224,
-0.9334740042686462,
0.9358986616134644,
-0.6372836828231812,
0.11254754662513733,
-0.10378701984882355,
0.4082874059677124,
0.4529871642589569,
-0.6119698286056519,
0.5029832124710083,
-0.2441965490579605,
0.3995746970176697,
0.5819287300109863,
0.4875901937484741,
0.5754306316375732,
0.3386509418487549,
0.13536399602890015,
0.038914818316698074,
-0.13738150894641876,
0.726681113243103,
-0.22583582997322083,
-0.5308688879013062,
-0.8191114068031311,
0.17669619619846344,
-0.10576371103525162,
-0.3653842806816101,
0.1300508677959442,
-0.0997621938586235,
0.29883429408073425,
-0.23105916380882263,
-0.13667941093444824,
0.31861671805381775,
-0.3610793352127075,
-0.22534392774105072,
-0.24869988858699799,
-0.1462470293045044,
-0.39099860191345215,
0.15274451673030853,
0.32713067531585693,
0.10877709090709686,
0.2031925916671753,
-0.30834996700286865,
-0.12669019401073456,
-0.2593194246292114,
-0.0888746976852417,
-0.05962175875902176,
0.6585602760314941,
0.13242073357105255,
0.11232782155275345,
-0.14370888471603394,
-0.05485515668988228,
-0.6370948553085327,
-0.051193300634622574,
-0.6988858580589294,
-0.09151951223611832,
0.5630386471748352,
-0.12316607683897018,
-0.7095264792442322,
0.3691008687019348,
-0.2248046100139618,
-0.030814511701464653,
-0.3384656012058258,
0.1716967076063156,
-0.033994223922491074,
-0.33525970578193665,
0.31064373254776,
-0.3570619523525238,
0.19678086042404175,
0.5328523516654968,
0.44098523259162903,
-0.02027413621544838,
-0.1215624138712883,
0.7203879952430725,
-0.24455951154232025,
-0.44724178314208984,
0.8156154155731201,
0.23373271524906158,
-0.1743837296962738,
0.46372494101524353,
0.5002605319023132,
-0.45808708667755127,
0.23987284302711487,
-0.49394968152046204,
0.5142162442207336,
-0.06009990721940994,
-0.3057026267051697,
-0.42402154207229614,
0.30961206555366516,
-0.10988759249448776,
-0.47161850333213806,
0.29443079233169556,
-0.5422178506851196,
0.4125290811061859,
0.8212273716926575,
-0.022207163274288177,
0.18088001012802124,
0.4927615821361542,
0.1306811273097992,
-0.8276350498199463,
0.20241284370422363,
-0.4808192253112793,
0.7271544337272644,
0.568922758102417,
-0.206852987408638,
0.3423532545566559,
0.24374903738498688,
-0.025407802313566208,
-0.2442394345998764,
0.533706545829773,
-0.14255958795547485,
0.05625269562005997,
-0.23474976420402527,
0.1357101947069168,
0.6976870894432068,
0.048056699335575104,
-0.02809150330722332,
-0.19277432560920715,
-0.10111940652132034,
-0.3340146839618683,
0.00294322008267045,
0.8894867300987244,
0.09749139100313187,
-0.27685484290122986,
0.4281768202781677,
0.0332157276570797,
0.4281829297542572,
0.14651836454868317,
-0.812459409236908,
0.4658939838409424,
0.15174657106399536,
0.28720933198928833,
-0.7277191281318665,
-0.49437952041625977,
-0.015386810526251793,
-0.27714017033576965,
-0.22391681373119354,
0.07227545231580734,
0.44986867904663086,
0.17744672298431396,
0.5188469886779785,
-0.19536857306957245,
-0.40547484159469604,
0.29030194878578186,
0.04043913632631302,
0.38981136679649353,
-0.010712148621678352,
-0.06886909157037735,
0.31348487734794617,
-0.15357038378715515,
0.26074492931365967,
0.08595862984657288,
-0.02893711067736149,
-0.12859311699867249,
0.38509392738342285,
-0.5411030054092407,
-0.3665989339351654,
0.2975712716579437,
0.2539790868759155,
0.7561477422714233,
-0.09825844317674637,
-0.03277580067515373,
-0.009489845484495163,
-0.4788711965084076,
-0.405126690864563,
0.24629880487918854,
-0.9163421392440796,
-0.027009155601263046,
-0.07647547125816345,
-0.44774889945983887,
0.26239630579948425,
0.259571373462677,
0.7846450805664062,
-0.516916811466217,
0.26578906178474426,
-0.06714518368244171,
0.40145859122276306,
0.10096065700054169,
0.18934133648872375,
-0.47756239771842957,
0.5116560459136963,
-0.8772680759429932,
-0.08462440222501755,
-0.6695253849029541,
-0.12631987035274506,
-0.176321879029274,
0.21037383377552032,
0.3111637234687805,
-0.4331846237182617,
-0.3833659589290619,
-0.2850284278392792,
0.15066976845264435,
0.1724328100681305,
0.155386283993721,
-0.46148496866226196,
-0.05719505995512009,
-0.4643068313598633,
-0.10181651264429092,
0.4715825021266937,
-0.10853495448827744,
-0.4800945520401001,
0.6495510935783386,
-0.02038913033902645,
-0.7044572234153748,
0.09534929692745209,
-0.7619048357009888,
-0.3053009808063507,
-0.5090958476066589,
-0.06444994360208511,
-0.09616157412528992,
-0.4130007326602936,
0.25497275590896606,
0.8224727511405945,
0.5313117504119873,
-0.40702271461486816,
0.19814221560955048,
0.06143340840935707,
-0.10858148336410522,
0.5496155619621277,
0.053785521537065506,
0.2538500428199768,
-0.14764997363090515,
0.07815748453140259,
-0.696750819683075,
0.40748441219329834,
-0.38572919368743896,
-0.06715033203363419,
-0.004397478420287371,
-0.6763935685157776,
0.09823325276374817,
-0.012959620915353298,
0.06593040376901627,
-0.3280821144580841,
0.19142578542232513,
0.25222235918045044
] |
210456
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenopsalis
|
Sphenopsalis
|
Sphenopsalis is a genus of extinct mammal from the Paleocene of Central Asia. It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata, and lies within the suborder Cimolodonta and the superfamily Taeniolabidoidea. The genus was named by William Diller Matthew, W. Granger and George Gaylord Simpson in 1928.
The one known species, Sphenopsalis nobilis, was also named by Matthew, Granger and Simpson in 1928. It was found in the Late Paleocene Nomogen and Khashat Formations of Mongolia and China. The American Museum of Natural History in New York City has a specimen in its collection.
References
Further reading
Matthew, et al. (1928), "Paleocene Multituberculates from Mongolia". Am. Museum Novitates 331, p. 1-4.
Kielan-Jaworowska Z. and Hurum J.H. (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of Multituberculate Mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429.
Much of this information is derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS: Eucosmodontidae, Microcosmodontidae and Taeniolabidoidea, an Internet directory
Cimolodonts
Paleocene mammals
Paleocene genus extinctions
Paleogene mammals of Asia
Prehistoric mammal genera
|
[
-0.5674031972885132,
0.12486796081066132,
-0.8627662658691406,
-0.08514779061079025,
-0.9339155554771423,
1.0328081846237183,
0.7287081480026245,
0.18149536848068237,
-0.3931625187397003,
-0.003157248953357339,
0.4954226016998291,
0.09137525409460068,
-0.6059916615486145,
0.1686127632856369,
-0.2573292553424835,
-0.05422940477728844,
-0.18705622851848602,
0.5938439965248108,
0.017959970980882645,
-0.5849947929382324,
0.14217239618301392,
-0.862949550151825,
0.7675401568412781,
-0.3597524166107178,
-0.2467930018901825,
-0.1259058713912964,
0.524531900882721,
1.0808768272399902,
0.8923953175544739,
-0.19251649081707,
-0.6483215093612671,
0.3796025812625885,
0.023584548383951187,
-0.26376986503601074,
-0.15805749595165253,
0.10170275717973709,
-0.401650071144104,
-0.05000539496541023,
0.09968123584985733,
-0.544036865234375,
-0.08725152909755707,
0.11145201325416565,
-0.019092870876193047,
0.909024178981781,
0.08894472569227219,
-0.47924941778182983,
-1.5486457347869873,
0.5738853812217712,
-0.7865772843360901,
-0.015989992767572403,
-0.08074820041656494,
-0.04870525002479553,
0.54913729429245,
0.22518180310726166,
-0.5365012288093567,
0.7077887058258057,
-1.272417426109314,
0.2590840756893158,
0.30449727177619934,
0.21315120160579681,
-0.2815258204936981,
-0.06605610251426697,
-0.24172383546829224,
-0.11164744198322296,
0.487174928188324,
0.537109911441803,
0.12785576283931732,
0.6679685711860657,
-0.05988376587629318,
0.5191604495048523,
-0.626979649066925,
-0.1864064782857895,
0.29745084047317505,
0.8843238949775696,
0.06060235574841499,
0.0334780216217041,
0.003096170024946332,
-0.28535670042037964,
1.397680640220642,
-0.055886004120111465,
0.28026413917541504,
0.4952681064605713,
0.6025816202163696,
0.26554787158966064,
0.0630406066775322,
0.12999074161052704,
-0.8131040334701538,
0.10547767579555511,
-0.48528963327407837,
0.2649036943912506,
-0.08363079279661179,
-0.3638075590133667,
0.41557422280311584,
0.9066259860992432,
-0.14139504730701447,
-0.1835847645998001,
-0.7331862449645996,
0.07181759178638458,
0.4342336654663086,
-0.19566237926483154,
-0.410759836435318,
0.17780353128910065,
-0.168622687458992,
-0.5731377601623535,
0.014852452091872692,
-0.3556975722312927,
-0.18337702751159668,
0.16681110858917236,
-0.4454156458377838,
-0.6630298495292664,
-0.8978040218353271,
0.7300949096679688,
0.12062783539295197,
0.23678208887577057,
-0.15134119987487793,
1.2376652956008911,
0.19047915935516357,
-1.094282865524292,
-0.15361610054969788,
-0.5139065980911255,
-0.10287642478942871,
0.911620557308197,
-0.5932847857475281,
-0.09220590442419052,
-0.525604784488678,
0.4518325626850128,
0.8316600322723389,
0.3702984154224396,
-0.24060393869876862,
0.6446018815040588,
0.39369910955429077,
1.461283564567566,
-0.1256643831729889,
0.16689251363277435,
0.0054469951428473,
-0.35095444321632385,
0.12547175586223602,
0.18608152866363525,
0.10770269483327866,
0.6568672060966492,
-0.44312772154808044,
-0.041276250034570694,
-0.8943833708763123,
-0.06837581098079681,
0.22129443287849426,
-0.1251814216375351,
0.13926854729652405,
-0.30768752098083496,
-0.637010931968689,
-0.5456234812736511,
-0.07228174060583115,
-0.2765803635120392,
0.3755776286125183,
0.23034825921058655,
-0.3038731515407562,
0.259350448846817,
0.6334377527236938,
-0.6913014650344849,
0.6823219060897827,
-0.15223461389541626,
0.15614403784275055,
-0.5625342130661011,
-0.4942528009414673,
0.5017927885055542,
0.19978472590446472,
0.21793675422668457,
0.06464691460132599,
0.08788422495126724,
0.17547476291656494,
0.8981892466545105,
-0.5155164003372192,
-0.05526452884078026,
0.10636799782514572,
0.04633767902851105,
0.2860611379146576,
-0.3688330054283142,
-0.3103680908679962,
0.10651050508022308,
0.21781353652477264,
-0.5438750982284546,
-0.58416748046875,
0.556815505027771,
0.12343341112136841,
0.024193216115236282,
0.11050058901309967,
0.3443279266357422,
0.775875449180603,
0.4058106243610382,
-0.07467829436063766,
-0.8590370416641235,
-0.6762876510620117,
-0.1477416306734085,
0.20272040367126465,
0.22338858246803284,
1.7019054889678955,
0.2595402002334595,
-0.4543628394603729,
-0.7682158946990967,
0.16966955363750458,
0.4019984304904938,
-0.47061318159103394,
-0.3483138084411621,
-0.23965714871883392,
0.2831956148147583,
-0.4100797474384308,
0.3885091245174408,
-0.04204298183321953,
0.23159970343112946,
0.6314166188240051,
0.7090771794319153,
0.40957745909690857,
-0.291998028755188,
-0.2548564076423645,
0.10553808510303497,
0.034364569932222366,
-0.24230483174324036,
-0.878692626953125,
0.3924150764942169,
-0.3086264729499817,
-0.5305086374282837,
0.6575602293014526,
-0.4011748135089874,
0.14842171967029572,
-0.3947000205516815,
-0.13040511310100555,
0.2274094521999359,
0.8419152498245239,
-0.5626658201217651,
-0.21132324635982513,
-1.0966767072677612,
-0.34942495822906494,
0.5145217776298523,
0.49940192699432373,
-0.7512038350105286,
-0.22040188312530518,
-0.5897197723388672,
0.10238002985715866,
-1.114908218383789,
0.8959275484085083,
-0.753765881061554,
0.2755303978919983,
0.21084459125995636,
-0.1264059692621231,
0.2840830087661743,
0.16981396079063416,
-0.3589165508747101,
0.17577648162841797,
0.16039633750915527,
-0.5564078092575073,
-0.3555991053581238,
-0.17138074338436127,
0.7421690225601196,
0.49161115288734436,
-0.5953423380851746,
-0.13843375444412231,
0.20303259789943695,
0.7740787863731384,
0.25172024965286255,
0.07164254784584045,
-0.2092878371477127,
-0.12679070234298706,
0.653123140335083,
0.20579728484153748,
0.21052531898021698,
0.2225717455148697,
-0.5354152917861938,
-0.25443699955940247,
-0.586800754070282,
0.7121379971504211,
-0.30027034878730774,
1.0167946815490723,
-0.9472754001617432,
-1.143451452255249,
-0.3004618287086487,
0.09033350646495819,
-0.251037061214447,
-0.3859371244907379,
-0.32737332582473755,
-0.4953325092792511,
-0.5939747095108032,
-0.25331223011016846,
1.5784763097763062,
0.09161262959241867,
0.41063734889030457,
-0.4918312132358551,
-0.4826645851135254,
0.6646511554718018,
-0.098289854824543,
0.2007579356431961,
-0.613848090171814,
0.7551672458648682,
0.24150066077709198,
-0.019025342538952827,
0.5871590375900269,
-0.8132655620574951,
0.4820607602596283,
-0.4270535111427307,
0.2417166382074356,
0.43476665019989014,
-0.367850124835968,
-0.9482161998748779,
0.47703811526298523,
-0.18909960985183716,
0.20404505729675293,
0.07179531455039978,
-0.09070868790149689,
-0.11709002405405045,
0.003747618291527033,
-4.949164390563965,
0.273379921913147,
-0.21367372572422028,
-0.39387547969818115,
0.08442263305187225,
0.5685626864433289,
0.2446155548095703,
-0.49159958958625793,
-0.5912135243415833,
0.2865462899208069,
0.015096445567905903,
-0.20946788787841797,
-0.48345741629600525,
0.22198912501335144,
0.21288885176181793,
1.1324313879013062,
0.15652257204055786,
-0.17565706372261047,
0.18879076838493347,
-0.04938185214996338,
-0.06572232395410538,
0.136783629655838,
0.23282457888126373,
0.15044420957565308,
-0.16868603229522705,
-0.005671259481459856,
0.10072935372591019,
-0.3024396002292633,
-0.5238412022590637,
-0.4557799994945526,
0.0012042599264532328,
-0.5694112181663513,
0.32489851117134094,
0.22835926711559296,
-0.21124613285064697,
-0.0019905739463865757,
0.9722973108291626,
0.4241171181201935,
0.19204489886760712,
-0.4811987280845642,
-0.914304256439209,
-0.27146053314208984,
-0.021443355828523636,
-0.05806747078895569,
0.6661329865455627,
-0.05461503192782402,
-0.30080732703208923,
-0.625754714012146,
0.005301693920046091,
0.8272976875305176,
-0.1253092885017395,
-0.40737566351890564,
0.16627468168735504,
0.7563939094543457,
0.4326593279838562,
0.2762603759765625,
0.6095348000526428,
0.34376776218414307,
0.0007834908901713789,
0.6028249263763428,
0.618905246257782,
-0.2533593773841858,
-0.31666019558906555,
-1.3809309005737305,
0.6374950408935547,
-0.3767010271549225,
-0.06257068365812302,
-0.044829655438661575,
-0.15613438189029694,
-0.15074338018894196,
-0.47032248973846436,
0.6862913370132446,
-0.7835316061973572,
-0.8567183613777161,
0.6139011383056641,
-0.005829841364175081,
-0.35859256982803345,
0.16457372903823853,
-0.4174877405166626,
0.2228606790304184,
-0.02044556476175785,
-0.7227264046669006,
-0.10114344954490662,
0.3551003932952881,
-0.003684939118102193,
0.012542852200567722,
-0.38657814264297485,
0.38758423924446106,
-0.45120251178741455,
-0.20525094866752625,
0.8017928600311279,
-0.43275266885757446,
-0.005813059862703085,
0.8478958010673523,
0.007342727854847908,
0.7342772483825684,
0.6306062340736389,
-0.08349199593067169,
0.5525785088539124,
-0.4215635061264038,
-0.22387443482875824,
0.19355832040309906,
-0.6012783646583557,
0.4155614972114563,
-0.5389813780784607,
-1.2986557483673096,
-0.3166900873184204,
0.4913787543773651,
0.9243780374526978,
-0.563188374042511,
0.5831165909767151,
-0.21467040479183197,
-0.13919110596179962,
-0.5105845928192139,
0.682361364364624,
0.1455942988395691,
0.00519889872521162,
0.2094566524028778,
0.7527174949645996,
0.23643344640731812,
-0.0361553318798542,
0.1639593541622162,
-0.2678356468677521,
-0.07812006771564484,
-0.40291422605514526,
-0.282889723777771,
-0.2817814350128174,
0.11709605157375336,
-1.1371675729751587,
-0.2687464952468872,
-0.253365695476532,
-0.3493189811706543,
-0.33410584926605225,
0.04734371602535248,
-0.06102004647254944,
-0.3645855188369751,
-0.10010270029306412,
0.13815122842788696,
0.5109744668006897,
0.0005484715802595019,
-0.49594640731811523,
-0.353959858417511,
-0.6871118545532227,
0.3480147421360016,
0.4809577167034149,
0.26093557476997375,
0.3278183937072754,
-0.20769964158535004,
-0.3913590908050537,
0.8913097977638245,
-0.36196407675743103,
-0.39308276772499084,
0.1992773711681366,
-0.5734326243400574,
0.13494712114334106,
-0.019539013504981995,
0.38533154129981995,
0.24836215376853943,
-0.11752456426620483,
-0.37427693605422974,
-0.27459511160850525,
-0.25393059849739075,
-0.6858677268028259,
0.3081246018409729,
0.39382055401802063,
-0.2006935030221939,
-0.16804146766662598,
-0.7938181757926941,
-0.4575529098510742,
0.2483779788017273,
0.25091928243637085,
0.0417867936193943,
-0.1548262983560562,
-0.07921276241540909,
0.5066795349121094,
0.002124037826433778,
0.014484071172773838,
0.04178283363580704,
-0.5060549378395081,
-0.4770593047142029,
-0.088288314640522,
0.10940537601709366,
0.02797587215900421,
-0.2671372592449188,
0.8593075275421143,
-0.24125899374485016,
-0.5622755289077759,
-1.0376566648483276,
-0.9589481949806213,
-0.2874276340007782,
0.20124073326587677,
0.38588207960128784,
0.043145500123500824,
0.23332934081554413,
-0.21282799541950226,
-0.14997147023677826,
0.09960251301527023,
-0.3324744999408722,
-0.10019844770431519,
-1.24912691116333,
-0.1429206281900406,
0.5052005052566528,
0.35914427042007446,
0.2904209494590759,
0.08348005264997482,
-0.675096333026886,
0.8261810541152954,
0.5256964564323425,
-0.3213949203491211,
0.13768431544303894,
0.1780044436454773,
-0.8017275929450989,
-0.5768086314201355,
0.35383132100105286,
0.19639655947685242,
0.8647344708442688,
0.6350339651107788,
0.4519067406654358,
-0.769279956817627,
-0.3534736931324005,
-0.07112971693277359,
-0.2611970007419586,
-0.37825289368629456,
-0.8624110221862793,
-0.9615153670310974,
0.18341398239135742,
-0.11202355474233627,
0.21410919725894928,
0.526347279548645,
-0.6332341432571411,
-0.1993577927350998,
-0.26099950075149536,
0.46149784326553345,
-0.3402091860771179,
-0.006197012960910797,
-0.4510040581226349,
0.2204565405845642,
0.04691946506500244,
0.2538677453994751,
0.21094882488250732,
0.5397740006446838,
0.7110468745231628,
0.5297518372535706,
0.4871290922164917,
0.06220966950058937,
-0.24285529553890228,
0.22797930240631104,
-0.37354540824890137,
-0.5972000360488892,
0.0958670824766159,
0.42289456725120544,
-0.1268904060125351,
-0.96529221534729,
-0.02943541668355465,
1.0076193809509277,
-0.3970407247543335,
0.2779196500778198,
0.4540599286556244,
-0.34611281752586365,
-0.27337875962257385,
0.04591045156121254,
0.05227474123239517,
-0.2526269555091858,
0.03120430000126362,
-0.389443963766098,
0.32603803277015686,
0.12474237382411957,
0.06512577831745148,
0.28812941908836365,
-0.13991382718086243,
-0.28338488936424255,
-0.08985695242881775,
-0.38315653800964355,
0.1586267054080963,
-0.49751895666122437,
-0.08849038183689117,
0.2557956874370575,
-0.6913598775863647,
0.4460548460483551,
0.1207524836063385,
-0.16983847320079803,
0.10706871747970581,
0.18208050727844238,
0.47603508830070496,
-0.37730011343955994,
-0.3457185626029968,
0.34425055980682373,
-0.5693327188491821,
0.07085002958774567,
0.2965978682041168,
-0.2865780293941498,
0.05127392336726189,
-0.5784025192260742,
-0.26327741146087646,
0.2895832657814026,
-0.08034782856702805,
-0.33734896779060364,
0.3791234791278839,
-0.48109209537506104,
0.5068725347518921,
-0.9045844674110413,
0.35525014996528625,
0.3589099645614624,
0.003984721843153238,
0.16012611985206604,
0.14606037735939026,
0.024900970980525017,
0.006425449624657631,
0.04422016814351082,
0.41195598244667053,
-0.12250551581382751,
-0.3501688838005066,
0.4145163595676422,
0.420159250497818,
0.023805424571037292,
0.45154431462287903,
0.3869195580482483,
-0.6644285917282104,
-0.29941245913505554,
0.34788641333580017,
0.6588707566261292,
0.6886457204818726,
0.36533641815185547,
-0.4953363835811615,
-0.5504658818244934,
0.3895495533943176,
-1.243867039680481,
0.13456816971302032,
0.07197920233011246,
0.7531440854072571,
0.31214985251426697,
-0.02150689624249935,
-0.5839001536369324,
0.26300886273384094,
0.08804865181446075,
-0.6677887439727783,
0.12469077855348587,
-0.04373794421553612,
0.46808457374572754,
1.1337651014328003,
0.5351361036300659,
0.6132903099060059,
0.23218673467636108,
0.18784727156162262,
-0.08938177675008774,
0.9376559257507324,
-0.00613508652895689,
0.04914088174700737,
0.9817450046539307,
0.23101510107517242,
0.10656620562076569,
0.004867846611887217,
-0.23681794106960297,
0.1784392148256302,
0.2574179470539093,
-0.2263193577528,
0.19035100936889648,
-0.3690066337585449,
0.03991404175758362,
-0.0854748785495758,
0.21331274509429932,
0.15952880680561066,
-0.22203758358955383,
0.012630456127226353,
-0.6332764625549316,
0.5309900045394897,
-0.08262616395950317,
-0.07513295114040375,
-0.09787821769714355,
0.20252525806427002,
0.3762423098087311,
0.04982781782746315,
0.2079053819179535,
-0.046019840985536575,
0.3892074227333069,
0.6220067143440247,
0.24691586196422577,
0.4186945855617523,
0.059561796486377716,
-0.2529258728027344,
-0.23079945147037506,
0.09236785024404526,
0.055470775812864304,
-0.4667200446128845,
0.5712817907333374,
-0.3303675949573517,
-0.04668036103248596,
0.18885794281959534,
0.08194450289011002,
-0.27439454197883606,
-0.3150314688682556,
-0.5138325691223145,
0.3126034438610077,
0.14890149235725403,
-0.5006702542304993,
-0.3545975089073181,
-0.16454678773880005,
0.44512107968330383,
-0.07376018166542053,
-0.14552558958530426,
-0.12349526584148407,
-0.388416051864624,
-0.6234756708145142,
-0.20582282543182373,
0.5168211460113525,
0.8167816996574402,
-0.5464194416999817,
0.2836839258670807,
-0.565750002861023,
-0.04578637704253197,
0.20884676277637482,
0.454556405544281,
-0.0818876251578331,
0.12610192596912384,
-0.11375657469034195,
0.3153955638408661,
0.44485101103782654,
-0.7452032566070557,
-0.5197919011116028,
0.02707548253238201,
0.3004494905471802,
-0.18210843205451965,
0.18997833132743835,
0.4783281981945038,
-0.5942012071609497,
-0.17816801369190216,
-0.10619977116584778,
0.3716951012611389,
-0.2653118073940277,
0.6611259579658508,
0.6809517741203308,
0.41282135248184204,
-0.22016987204551697,
-0.41279780864715576,
-0.2238370031118393,
-0.1352192908525467,
0.6360208988189697,
0.9874791502952576,
0.45406198501586914,
-0.06759762763977051,
0.6290043592453003,
0.002394255483523011,
0.4621089696884155,
0.3665752410888672,
-1.0877094268798828,
0.020144686102867126,
-0.7657081484794617,
-1.0758353471755981,
-0.9901884198188782,
0.2966288626194,
-0.005314251407980919,
-0.06550282984972,
0.4461318254470825,
-0.2566876709461212,
-0.38079217076301575,
-0.07074986398220062,
-0.21800543367862701,
-0.6105940341949463,
0.4640602469444275,
0.15988841652870178
] |
210458
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffle
|
Waffle
|
A waffle is a dish made from leavened batter or dough that is cooked between two plates that are patterned to give a characteristic size, shape, and surface impression. There are many variations based on the type of waffle iron and recipe used. Waffles are eaten throughout the world, particularly in Belgium, which has over a dozen regional varieties. Waffles may be made fresh or simply heated after having been commercially cooked and frozen.
Etymology
The word waffle first appears in the English language in 1725: "Waffles. Take flower, cream..." It is directly derived from the Dutch , which itself derives from the Middle Dutch .
While the Middle Dutch is first attested to at the end of the 13th century, it is preceded by the French in 1185; both from Frankish 'honeycomb' or 'cake'.
Other spellings throughout modern and medieval Europe include waffe, wafre, wafer, wâfel, waufre, iauffe, gaufre, goffre, gauffre, wafe, waffel, wåfe, wāfel, wafe, vaffel, and våffla.
History
Medieval origins
In ancient times the Greeks cooked flat cakes, called , between hot metal plates. As they were spread throughout medieval Europe, the cake mix, a mixture of flour, water or milk, and often eggs, became known as wafers and were also cooked over an open fire between iron plates with long handles.
Waffles are preceded, in the early Middle Ages, around the period of the 9th–10th centuries, with the simultaneous emergence of / (communion wafer irons) and (wafer irons). While the communion wafer irons typically depicted imagery of Jesus and his crucifixion, the featured more trivial Biblical scenes or simple, emblematic designs. The format of the iron itself was almost always round and considerably larger than those used for communion.
The oublie was, in its basic form, composed only of grain flour and water – just as was the communion wafer. It took until the 11th century, as a product of The Crusades bringing new culinary ingredients to Western Europe, for flavorings such as orange blossom water to be added to the oublies; however, locally sourced honey and other flavorings may have already been in use before that time.
Oublies, not formally named as such until , spread throughout northwestern continental Europe, eventually leading to the formation of the guild in 1270. These oublieurs/obloyers were responsible for not only producing the oublies but also for a number of other contemporaneous and subsequent (light pastries), including the waffles that were soon to arise.
14th–16th centuries
In the late 14th century, the first known waffle recipe was penned in an anonymous manuscript, , written by a husband as a set of instructions to his young wife. While it technically contains four recipes, all are a variation of the first: Beat some eggs in a bowl, season with salt and add wine. Toss in some flour, and mix. Then fill, little by little, two irons at a time with as much of the paste as a slice of cheese is large. Then close the iron and cook both sides. If the dough does not detach easily from the iron, coat it first with a piece of cloth that has been soaked in oil or grease. The other three variations explain how cheese is to be placed in between two layers of batter, grated and mixed in to the batter, or left out, along with the eggs. However, this was a waffle / in name only, as the recipe contained no leavening.
Though some have speculated that waffle irons first appeared in the 13th–14th centuries, it was not until the 15th century that a true physical distinction between the oublie and the waffle began to evolve. Notably, while a recipe like the fourth in was only flour, salt and wine – indistinguishable from common oublie recipes of the time – what did emerge was a new shape to many of the irons being produced. Not only were the newly fashioned ones rectangular, taking the form of the , but some circular oublie irons were cut down to create rectangles. It was also in this period that the waffle's classic grid motif appeared clearly in a French and a Belgian – albeit in a more shallowly engraved fashion – setting the stage for the more deeply gridded irons that were about to become commonplace throughout Belgium.
By the 16th century, paintings by and clearly depict the modern waffle form. Bruegel's work, in particular, not only shows waffles being cooked, but fine detail of individual waffles. In those instances, the waffle pattern can be counted as a large 12x7 grid, with cleanly squared sides, suggesting the use of a fairly thin batter, akin to contemporary Brussels waffles ().
The earliest of the 16th century waffle recipes, – from the Dutch KANTL 15 manuscript () – is only the second known waffle recipe after the four variants described in . For the first time, partial measurements were given, sugar was used, and spices were added directly to the batter: Take grated white bread. Take with that the yolk of an egg and a spoonful of pot sugar or powdered sugar. Take with that half water and half wine, and ginger and cinnamon.
Alternately attributed to the 16th and 17th centuries, from the Belgian was published as the first recipe to use leavening (beer yeast): Take white flour, warm cream, fresh melted butter, yeast, and mix together until the flour is no longer visible. Then add ten or twelve egg yolks. Those who do not want them to be too expensive may also add the egg white and just milk. Put the resulting dough at the fireplace for four hours to let it rise better before baking it. Until this time, no recipes contained leavening and could therefore be easily cooked in the thin . , in its use of leavening, was the genesis of contemporary waffles and validates the use of deeper irons () depicted in the and paintings of the time.
By the mid-16th century, there were signs of waffles' mounting French popularity. I, king from 1494 to 1547, of whom it was said (loved them a lot), had a set of waffle irons cast in pure silver. His successor, enacted the first waffle legislation in 1560, in response to a series of quarrels and fights that had been breaking out between the oublieurs. They were required "" (to be no less than 4 yards from one to the other).
17th–18th centuries
Moving into the 17th century, unsweetened or honey-sweetened waffles and oublies – often made of non-wheat grains – were the type generally accessible to the average citizen. The wheat-based and particularly the sugar-sweetened varieties, while present throughout Europe, were prohibitively expensive for all but the monarchy and bourgeoisie. Even for the Dutch, who controlled much of the mid-century sugar trade, a kilogram of sugar was worth ½ an ounce of silver (the equivalent of ~$7 for a 5 lb. bag, 01/2016 spot silver prices), while, elsewhere in Europe, it fetched twice the price of opium. The wealthier families' waffles, known often as , were "smaller, thinner and above all more delicate, being composed of egg yolks, sugar, and the finest of the finest flour, mixed in white wine. One serves them at the table like dessert pastry."
By the dawn of the 18th century, expansion of Caribbean plantations had cut sugar prices in half. Waffle recipes abounded and were becoming decadent in their use of sugar and other rare ingredients. For instance, Menon's from included a livre of sugar for a demi-livre of flour.
Germany became a leader in the development and publication of waffle recipes during the 18th century, introducing coffee waffles, the specific use of beer yeast, cardamom, nutmeg, and a number of (sugar waffles). At the same time, the French introduced whipped egg whites to waffles, along with lemon zests, Spanish wine, and cloves. Joseph Gillier even published the first chocolate waffle recipe, featuring three ounces of chocolate grated and mixed into the batter, before cooking.
A number of the 18th century waffle recipes took on names to designate their country or region/city of origin – , and, most famous of all the 18th century varieties, , which were first recorded in 1740. These (Flemish waffles / ) were the first French recipe to use beer yeast, but unlike the Dutch and German yeasted recipes that preceded them, use only egg whites and over a pound of butter in each batch. They are also the oldest named recipe that survives in popular use to the present day, produced regionally and commercially by Meert.
The 18th century is also when the word "waffle" first appeared in the English language, in a 1725 printing of Court Cookery by Robert Smith. Recipes had begun to spread throughout England and America, though essentially all were patterned after established Dutch, Belgian, German, and French versions. Waffle parties, known as "wafel frolics", were documented as early as 1744 in New Jersey, and the Dutch had earlier established waffles in New Amsterdam (New York City).
waffles, the most popular contemporary Belgian waffle variety, are rumored to have been invented during the 18th century, as well, by the chef to the prince-bishop of . However, there are no German, French, Dutch, or Belgian cookbooks that contain references to them in this period – by any name – nor are there any waffle recipes that mention the waffle's distinctive ingredients, brioche-based dough and pearl sugar. It is not until 1814 that publishes a recipe in where brioche dough is introduced as the base of the waffle and (crushed block sugar) is used as a garnish for the waffles, though not worked into the dough. , the famous Parisian pastry chef, is the first to incorporate into several waffle variations named in his 1822 work, . Then, in 1834, Leblanc publishes a complete recipe for (hail waffles), where is mixed in. A full recipe does not appear until 1921.
19th–21st centuries
Waffles remained widely popular in Europe for the first half of the 19th century, despite the 1806 British Atlantic naval blockade that greatly inflated the price of sugar. This coincided with the commercial production of beet sugar in continental Europe, which, in a matter of decades, had brought the price down to historical lows. Within the transitional period from cane to beet sugar, Florian Dacher formalized a recipe for the Brussels Waffle, the predecessor to American "Belgian" waffles, recording the recipe in 1842/43. (Dutch syrup wafels), too, rose to prominence in the Netherlands by the middle of the century. However, by the second half of the 1800s, inexpensive beet sugar became widely available, and a wide range of pastries, candies and chocolates were now accessible to the middle class, as never before; waffles' popularity declined rapidly.
By the early 20th century, waffle recipes became rare in recipe books, and only 29 professional waffle craftsmen, the oublieurs, remained in Paris. Waffles were shifting from a predominantly street-vendor-based product to an increasingly homemade product, aided by the 1918 introduction of GE's first electric commercial waffle maker. By the mid-1930s, dry pancake/waffle mix had been marketed by a number of companies, including Aunt Jemima, Bisquick, and a team of three brothers from San Jose, Calif. – the Dorsas. It is the Dorsas who would go on to innovate commercial production of frozen waffles, which they began selling under the name "Eggo" in 1953. Manufacturers are now testing the production of waffles with potato starch, which increase the stability of the waffle and protect them from sticking to the iron.
Belgian-style waffles were showcased at Expo 58 in Brussels. Another Belgian introduced Belgian-style waffles to the United States at the 1962 Seattle World's Fair, but only really took hold at the 1964 New York World's Fair, when another Belgian entrepreneur introduced his "Bel-Gem" waffles. In practice, contemporary American "Belgian waffles" are actually a hybrid of pre-existing American waffle types and ingredients and some attributes of the Belgian model.
Even as most of the original recipes have faded from use, a number of the 18th and 19th century varieties can still be easily found throughout Northern Europe, where they were first developed.
Varieties
Brussels
Brussels waffles are prepared with an egg-white-leavened or yeast-leavened batter, traditionally an ale yeast; occasionally both types of leavening are used together. They are lighter, crisper and have larger pockets compared to other European waffle varieties, and are easy to differentiate from Liège Waffles by their rectangular sides. In Belgium, most waffles are served warm by street vendors and dusted with confectioner's sugar, though in tourist areas they might be topped with whipped cream, soft fruit or chocolate spread.
Variants of the Brussels waffles – with whipped and folded egg whites cooked in large rectangular forms – date from the 18th century. However, the oldest recognized reference to "Gaufres de Bruxelles" (Brussels Waffles) by name is attributed from 1842/43 to Florian Dacher, a Swiss baker in Ghent, Belgium, who had previously worked under pastry chefs in central Brussels. Philippe Cauderlier would later publish Dacher's recipe in the 1874 edition of his recipe book "La Pâtisserie et la Confiture". Maximilien Consael, another Ghent chef, had claimed to have invented the waffles in 1839, though there's no written record of him either naming or selling the waffles until his participation in the 1856 Brussels Fair. Neither man created the recipe; they simply popularized and formalized an existing recipe as the Brussels waffle.
Liège
The Liège waffle is a richer, denser, sweeter, and chewier waffle. Native to the greater Wallonia region of Eastern Belgium – and alternately known as gaufres de chasse (hunting waffles) – they are an adaptation of brioche bread dough, featuring chunks of pearl sugar which caramelize on the outside of the waffle when baked. It is the most common type of waffle available in Belgium and prepared in plain, vanilla and cinnamon varieties by street vendors across the nation. In the United States, they are best known for being sold at ski resorts, mostly in the Northeast, under the Waffle Cabin brand.
Flemish
Flemish waffles, or Gaufres à la Flamande, are a specialty of northern France and portions of western Belgium. The original recipe, published in 1740 by Louis-Auguste de Bourbon in Le Cuisinier Gascon, is as follows: Take "deux litrons" (1.7 liters or 7 cups) of flour and mix it in a bowl with salt and one ounce of brewer's yeast barm. Moisten it completely with warm milk. Then whisk fifteen egg whites and add that to the mixture, stirring continuously. Incorporate "un livre" (490 grams or 1.1 pounds) of fresh butter, and let the batter rise. Once the batter has risen, take your heated iron, made expressly for these waffles, and wrap some butter in a cloth and rub both sides of the iron with it. When the iron is completely heated, make your waffles, but do so gently for fear of burning them. Cooked, take them out, put them on a platter, and serve them with both sugar and orange blossom water on top.
American
American waffles vary significantly. Generally denser and thinner than the Belgian waffle, they are often made from a batter leavened with baking powder, which is sometimes mixed with pecans, chocolate drops or berries and may be round, square, or rectangular in shape. Like American pancakes they are usually served as a sweet breakfast food, topped with butter and maple syrup, bacon, and other fruit syrups, honey, or powdered sugar. They are also found in many different savory dishes, such as fried chicken and waffles or topped with kidney stew. They may also be served as desserts, topped with ice cream and various other toppings. A large chain (over 2,100 locations) of waffle specialty diners, Waffle House, is ubiquitous in the southern United States.
Belgian
Belgian waffles are a North American waffle variety, based on a simplified version of the Brussels waffle. Recipes are typically baking soda leavened, though some are yeast-raised. They are distinguished from standard American waffles by their use of 1 ½" depth irons. Belgian waffles take their name from the Bel-Gem brand, which was promoted by waffle vendor Maurice Vermersch, who came from Brussels, Belgium. The thicker style was also popularized at the 1964 New York World's Fair.
Bergische
Bergische waffles, or Waffles from Berg county, are a specialty of the German region of Bergisches Land. The waffles are crisp and less dense than Belgian waffles, always heart shaped, and served with cherries, cream and optionally rice pudding as part of the traditional afternoon feast on Sundays in the region.
Hong Kong
Hong Kong style waffle, in Hong Kong called a "grid cake" or "grid biscuits" (格仔餅), is a waffle usually made and sold by street hawkers and eaten warm on the street. It is similar to a traditional waffle but larger, round in shape and divided into four quarters. It is usually served as a snack. Butter, peanut butter and sugar are spread on one side of the cooked waffle, and then it is folded into a semicircle to eat. Eggs, sugar and evaporated milk are used in the waffle recipes, giving them a sweet flavor. They are generally soft and not dense. Traditional Hong Kong style waffles are full of the flavor of yolk. Sometimes different flavors, such as chocolate and honey melon, are used in the recipe and create various colors. Another style of Hong Kong waffle is the eggette or gai daan jai (鷄蛋仔), which have a ball-shaped pattern.
Pandan
Pandan waffles originate from Vietnam and are characterized by the use of pandan flavoring and coconut milk in the batter. The pandan flavoring results in the batter's distinctive spring green color. When cooked, the waffle browns and crisps on the outside and stays green and chewy on the inside. Unlike most waffles, pandan waffles are typically eaten plain. In Vietnam they are relatively cheap and so are popular among children. They are a popular street food made in either cast iron molds heated with charcoal or in electric waffle irons.
Croffle
Croffle (a compound word of croissant and waffle) is a dessert where croissant raw paper is baked in a waffle pan and eaten with ice cream or maple syrup. The chewy taste of the waffles makes it fun to eat them like a croissant. It is a popular dessert in Korea. On the Internet, jokes about "the greatest invention of the Covid-19 Age" spread. There are various types of croffles that utilize various toppings such as basil, corn, cheese and so on. It is also popular with people because it is easy to make and eat at home. The beginning of Croffle is the cafe “Le Petit Parisian” in Dublin, Ireland. According to the Irish newspaper Dublin Gadget (reported on July 20, 2017), Louise Lenox, a baker at the café in Camden Street, Dublin, first created a menu item called Croffle.
Kue gapit
Kue gapit is an Indonesian kue kering (dry snack) which originates from West Java. Generally made from tapioca flour, its name comes from the cooking process, in which it is grilled between iron molds like a waffle. The snack comes in a variety of shapes and flavors.
Scandinavian
Scandinavian style waffles, common throughout the Nordic countries, are thin and made in a round waffle iron. The batter is similar to other varieties, but does not contain sugar. The most common style are heart-shaped slices with a sweet topping such as cream or jam.
In Norway, brunost and gomme are also popular toppings. As with crèpes, there are those who prefer a salted style with various mixes, such as blue cheese.
In Finland, savory toppings are uncommon; instead jam, sugar, whipped cream or vanilla ice cream are usually used.
In Iceland, the traditional topping is either rhubarb or blueberry jam with whipped cream on top. Syrup and chocolate spread are also popular substitutes for the jam.
The Swedish tradition dates at least to the 15th century, and there is even a particular day for the purpose, Våffeldagen (waffle day), which sounds like Vårfrudagen ("Our Lady's Day"), and is therefore used for the purpose. This is March 25 (nine months before Christmas), the Christian holiday of Annunciation. They are usually topped with strawberry jam, bilberry jam, cloudberry jam, raspberry jam, bilberry and raspberry jam, sugar and butter, vanilla ice cream and whipped cream. Other, savory, toppings include salmon roe, cold-smoked salmon and cream fraiche.
Gofri
Gofri (singular gofre) are waffles in Italy and can be found in the Piedmontese cuisine: they are light and crispy in texture, contain no egg or milk (according to the most ancient recipe) and come both in sweet and savory versions. Central Italian cuisine also features waffle-like cookies, which are locally known as pizzelle, ferratelle (in Abruzzo) or cancelle (in Molise).
Stroopwafel
Stroopwafels are thin waffles with a syrup filling, which originated from the Dutch city of Gouda. The stiff batter for the waffles is made from flour, butter, brown sugar, yeast, milk, and eggs. Medium-sized balls of batter are put on the waffle iron. When the waffle is baked and while it is still warm, it is cut into two halves. The warm filling, made from syrup is spread in between the waffle halves, which glues them together. They are popular in the Netherlands and Belgium and sold in pre-prepared packages in shops and markets.
Galettes
Galettes campinoises/Kempense galetten are a type of waffle popular in Belgium. They are rigid and crunchy, but are buttery, crumbly and soft in the mouth.
Hotdog
Hotdog waffles (or waffle dogs) are cylindrical waffles with a hot dog cooked inside them, similar to a corn dog. It is made with specialized waffle irons with cylindrical hotdog-bun shaped molds.
They originate from Hawaii where it was first served at the KC Drive Inn in 1934, owned by the Japanese American Jiro Asato (who later legally changed his name to KC Jiro Asato). The original version has a distinctive shape, with an oblong middle section (containing the hotdog) surrounded by flattened square edges. It is served plain or with a combination of ketchup, mustard, and pickle relish. Its popularity spread to the continental United States, the Philippines (then an American colony), and throughout the rest of the Pacific Islands. Waffle dogs remain an iconic part of Hawaiian culture, though it has waned in popularity in the rest of the US.
It has also remained popular as a street food item in the Philippines, where variants can use other savory fillings like ham, bacon, longganisa, tuna, or cheese; as well as sweet fillings like ube, chocolate, or yema custard. The Filipino versions are also more uniformly cylindrical, with a grid pattern, and are usually served on bamboo skewers. The Filipino fast food chain Waffle Time, founded in 1998, specializes in hotdog waffles as well as other savory and sweet fillings.
In modern times, it has also gained popularity in Thailand and the rest of Southeast Asia, where it is served with ketchup, mayonnaise, or both.
On a stick
Waffles on a stick are long waffles cooked onto a stick, usually dipped in something like chocolate syrup, and with sprinkles on top.
Toppings
Waffles can be eaten plain (especially the thinner kinds) or eaten with various toppings, such as:
butter
chocolate chips
apple butter
dulce de leche
fruits:
bananas
blueberries
boysenberries
raspberries
blackberries
strawberries
honey
jam or jelly
chocolate spread
peanut butter
syrup:
maple syrup
chocolate syrup
caramel
flavored syrups
whipped cream
powdered sugar
Ice cream cones are also a type of waffles or wafers.
Waffles are also eaten with savory rather than sweet toppings.
Consistency
On the industrial scale, waffles are baked at 140–180 °C for 110 and 180 s, depending on thickness and batter type. Waffles should be fully baked and golden brown but not burnt. To decrease product loss, whether in the kitchen or in a factory, a waffle needs to be stable (not torn during takeoff). The ideal waffle should also have an even color throughout and not be crumbly. The perfect waffle is made of finely granulated wheat flour with low to medium protein content and low water adsorption capacity. The recommended pH value for waffle batter is from 6.1 to 6.5. High pH values can cause an increase in the browning reaction which causes an increase in the amount of batter residues on the waffle iron and therefore, more sticking.
Waffle batter temperature should be in the range of 21 to 26.6 degrees Celsius. If batter temperature is too high the batter forms clumps and sticks to the apparatus. Density and viscosity are also important aspects that have an effect on overall waffle quality. The recommended density of a waffle should be about 80–95 g/100 ml because it needs to be fluid enough to fill the whole plate of the waffle iron. Too stiff, and the dough's spreadability decreases. Too much liquid, and the batter runs right off the plate. Viscosity is influenced by density (higher the density the higher the viscosity) but in the case of waffles, the effect of CO2 gas is more prevalent. The more aeration, the stiffer the waffle gets and the more viscous it is (it becomes foam-like). Aeration is the major factor that determines viscosity in a recipe so overall, the higher the aeration, the lower the density, and the higher the viscosity. Recipes vary for different types of waffles. Usually, better air-filled batters contribute to softer, fluffier waffles but viscosity should remain lower in order to have sufficient spreadability. Softer waffles do not have a correlation with sticking behavior. Density and viscosity do not have effect on sticking or adhering properties.
Shelf stability and staling
Mixing is a critical step in batter preparation since overmixing causes the gluten to develop excessively and create a batter with too high of a viscosity that is difficult to pour and does not expand easily. A thick batter that is difficult spreading in the baking iron has an increased water activity of around 0.85. The increased viscosity made it harder for water to evaporate from the waffle causing an increase in water activity (aw). The control waffles with a softer texture had a water activity of 0.74 after cooking. The aw is less because the softer texture allows the water to evaporate. With an increased storage time, waffle physical and textural properties changes regardless of the batter viscosity. Aged waffles shrink because air bubbles leak out and the structure starts to condense. Hardness and viscosity also increases as time goes by. Aged waffle samples displayed a starch retrogradation peak that increased with storage time due to the fact that more crystalline structures were present. Starch retrogradation is mentioned previously in this paper. The enthalpy value for melting of starch crystals increased with storage time as well.
See also
Krumkake
Barquillo
List of quick breads
Moffle – a waffle prepared using mochi
Pancake
Pizzelle
Potato waffle mainly found in the UK and Ireland, made from potato formed into a waffle iron shape
Egg waffle
References
External links
Waffle recipes in the Cookbook wikibook
Quick breads
Sweet breads
European cuisine
French cuisine
Belgian cuisine
Articles containing video clips
Dutch cuisine
Dutch words and phrases
Belgian inventions
American breakfast foods
Yeast breads
|
[
0.45904308557510376,
0.06260807812213898,
0.0521797314286232,
-0.013805891387164593,
0.23040516674518585,
-0.2906709313392639,
-0.07459130138158798,
0.13294647634029388,
-0.36397334933280945,
-0.34232768416404724,
-0.3823949694633484,
-0.13552725315093994,
0.02341005764901638,
0.31036195158958435,
-0.7887066006660461,
-0.1069343090057373,
0.9690175652503967,
0.4613150954246521,
0.2107560783624649,
-0.2369077056646347,
-0.48363205790519714,
-0.726130485534668,
-0.16823069751262665,
-0.11035668104887009,
0.07743053138256073,
0.35318779945373535,
0.3984837830066681,
-0.15982873737812042,
0.3179134428501129,
0.10009755194187164,
-0.14671970903873444,
0.5874907970428467,
0.5362508893013,
-0.5450840592384338,
0.3133547604084015,
0.29907283186912537,
0.4494591951370239,
-0.23999495804309845,
-0.4357459247112274,
-0.5592854619026184,
0.296746164560318,
0.05562552809715271,
0.6220201253890991,
0.0003730358148459345,
-0.25769203901290894,
-0.7713981866836548,
-1.2068748474121094,
0.7455207109451294,
-0.8979690670967102,
-0.2396794706583023,
-0.3352231979370117,
-0.15459775924682617,
0.24670980870723724,
0.40128180384635925,
0.23139777779579163,
0.7750016450881958,
-0.5007119178771973,
0.5085102319717407,
0.11775851249694824,
-0.16025850176811218,
0.020078137516975403,
0.23778782784938812,
0.2645587921142578,
-0.8537392616271973,
0.20859545469284058,
0.11040352284908295,
-0.05835598334670067,
0.07943180948495865,
-0.008055909536778927,
0.2678019404411316,
-0.16058538854122162,
-0.8909385204315186,
-0.15045244991779327,
0.19525854289531708,
0.2927711308002472,
0.2996412217617035,
0.0030260514467954636,
0.10153480619192123,
0.027086300775408745,
0.3160398006439209,
-0.8911110758781433,
-0.005521685816347599,
0.7445210218429565,
0.2877313196659088,
0.4903395473957062,
0.058424536138772964,
-0.5252214074134827,
0.283355712890625,
-0.3223189115524292,
0.5405276417732239,
0.3228779733181,
-0.17420594394207,
0.5594742894172668,
0.2790646255016327,
-0.18388520181179047,
-0.4393582344055176,
-0.045245200395584106,
0.4542526602745056,
0.3971267640590668,
0.2068614810705185,
-0.11453515291213989,
0.4834565818309784,
1.3316348791122437,
0.1949511170387268,
-0.28494396805763245,
-0.06684257090091705,
-0.23283633589744568,
-0.5946987271308899,
0.1267094612121582,
-0.36344170570373535,
0.1873183399438858,
-0.11800801753997803,
0.07278342545032501,
0.46183091402053833,
-0.239951953291893,
0.05358044430613518,
0.17310546338558197,
0.32282939553260803,
-0.6159384846687317,
-0.48241984844207764,
0.36373308300971985,
0.6852520704269409,
0.3771896958351135,
-0.302595317363739,
0.4628353714942932,
0.2069939374923706,
0.290524423122406,
0.7340071797370911,
-0.23660527169704437,
-0.3425859808921814,
0.2980174124240875,
0.2583460807800293,
-0.2905523478984833,
-0.12189651280641556,
-0.14996817708015442,
-0.03145637735724449,
0.3109837770462036,
0.13401561975479126,
0.7014431357383728,
0.17362761497497559,
-0.7141342759132385,
0.006768679246306419,
0.04915887862443924,
-0.30696240067481995,
-0.1665111631155014,
-0.3248848021030426,
-0.1258506029844284,
-0.39077621698379517,
-0.568854033946991,
-0.26679056882858276,
0.16326457262039185,
0.39194589853286743,
-0.3023448884487152,
-0.16849131882190704,
-0.06362736970186234,
0.1410141885280609,
-0.2292703092098236,
-0.25887033343315125,
0.48615482449531555,
-0.2656153440475464,
-0.08518707752227783,
0.04151385277509689,
-0.15269988775253296,
-0.30261170864105225,
0.37083932757377625,
-0.14376039803028107,
0.08818353712558746,
0.5242088437080383,
-0.21086058020591736,
0.40637698769569397,
-0.0015691783046349883,
0.3876992166042328,
0.38571539521217346,
0.11644865572452545,
0.028966082260012627,
0.019722968339920044,
0.3225315511226654,
-0.021702563390135765,
0.5755894780158997,
0.08716839551925659,
-0.4670781195163727,
0.06615979969501495,
0.5683106184005737,
-0.6020273566246033,
0.10057613253593445,
0.26216134428977966,
0.061164990067481995,
0.1677449643611908,
-0.5073555707931519,
-0.2547774910926819,
-0.17051658034324646,
-0.7306501269340515,
-0.12356959283351898,
-0.6108595132827759,
0.35831767320632935,
0.265359491109848,
-0.8372244834899902,
0.9711107015609741,
0.3322755694389343,
-0.1002560630440712,
-0.07361190021038055,
0.19114135205745697,
0.21155594289302826,
-0.26885443925857544,
-0.6116862297058105,
0.05204911530017853,
0.29292646050453186,
0.4426537752151489,
0.4212234616279602,
-0.2539728581905365,
0.3814614713191986,
-0.30910179018974304,
0.4976935386657715,
0.19425897300243378,
-0.5969275236129761,
0.20320940017700195,
-0.14587219059467316,
0.44965052604675293,
0.16953568160533905,
-0.6588553190231323,
0.14055578410625458,
0.18539801239967346,
-0.7734546065330505,
0.3734409511089325,
0.19339333474636078,
0.9551723003387451,
-0.2411043494939804,
0.0789680927991867,
0.4688582420349121,
0.12758062779903412,
0.05624854564666748,
-0.5682099461555481,
0.19111418724060059,
-0.6267560720443726,
-0.16375134885311127,
-0.04794849827885628,
0.6419783234596252,
-0.15236929059028625,
0.3871898651123047,
-0.17101864516735077,
-0.05891435220837593,
0.10329524427652359,
-0.3802882730960846,
-0.2823360562324524,
0.6159865260124207,
-0.013824878260493279,
-0.120223768055439,
0.5049104690551758,
-0.17960365116596222,
-0.26491615176200867,
0.5973352193832397,
0.4682389199733734,
0.38964760303497314,
-0.5418066382408142,
-0.19182761013507843,
-0.17167283594608307,
-0.03638971969485283,
0.06195799633860588,
0.255246639251709,
0.4378376007080078,
-0.2757815718650818,
0.03227661922574043,
0.16621245443820953,
-0.19280044734477997,
-0.2403784543275833,
-0.5918461084365845,
-0.533656656742096,
-0.43493300676345825,
0.7170435190200806,
0.12236887216567993,
0.8499310612678528,
-0.17508788406848907,
-0.5612429976463318,
0.06531575322151184,
-0.13966552913188934,
-1.0418944358825684,
-0.13997319340705872,
-0.17930305004119873,
-0.3130759596824646,
-0.7728493213653564,
0.33277514576911926,
0.5731837153434753,
0.22711071372032166,
-0.12156423926353455,
-0.9753718972206116,
-0.6392723917961121,
0.6605125665664673,
-0.5387746095657349,
-0.27963340282440186,
0.03426847234368324,
0.0100437942892313,
0.8834353685379028,
-0.10030470788478851,
-0.11527694761753082,
0.028318751603364944,
0.3075646460056305,
-0.033050328493118286,
0.23311270773410797,
0.35210421681404114,
-0.4545351266860962,
0.19064626097679138,
-0.4438023269176483,
-0.47480037808418274,
-0.18381482362747192,
-0.23395831882953644,
0.08664251118898392,
0.08760561794042587,
-0.8579163551330566,
-5.826595306396484,
-0.37655317783355713,
-0.49337825179100037,
-0.4071437418460846,
-0.24795526266098022,
0.1335175782442093,
0.4121449589729309,
-0.466119647026062,
0.09210407733917236,
0.6583411693572998,
-0.20975928008556366,
-0.32613909244537354,
0.38351693749427795,
0.31409963965415955,
0.7714940905570984,
-0.3727593421936035,
0.05500948056578636,
-0.3530396521091461,
0.20352955162525177,
-0.10936333239078522,
0.26233208179473877,
0.2506745457649231,
0.6104451417922974,
0.5936377644538879,
-0.017296077683568,
-0.16310159862041473,
0.1544765681028366,
-0.2932921350002289,
-0.3032538890838623,
-0.4419196546077728,
0.13397334516048431,
-0.12663280963897705,
0.5898876786231995,
-0.17948868870735168,
0.10236956179141998,
-0.11795199662446976,
0.35776078701019287,
0.5299989581108093,
0.3038356602191925,
0.33415529131889343,
0.33606743812561035,
0.5143605470657349,
0.3594491183757782,
-0.3298032879829407,
0.6790852546691895,
-0.08656632155179977,
-0.21514569222927094,
-1.0954015254974365,
-0.5253996253013611,
0.6950091123580933,
0.8284194469451904,
0.23247504234313965,
0.25986000895500183,
-0.22759617865085602,
0.10997531563043594,
0.5372599363327026,
0.21455666422843933,
0.21051524579524994,
-0.6521099805831909,
-0.28112396597862244,
0.5132662653923035,
-0.31187766790390015,
0.0674762949347496,
-0.3495560884475708,
-0.14428237080574036,
-0.020132316276431084,
-0.5605497360229492,
-0.055639978498220444,
0.7990366220474243,
0.4292736351490021,
-0.2518593668937683,
-0.7004638910293579,
0.13202938437461853,
-0.7962144017219543,
0.6510249376296997,
-0.6084111928939819,
0.056894801557064056,
-0.18236199021339417,
0.10697180032730103,
0.15124619007110596,
-0.10779565572738647,
-0.020802536979317665,
-0.3273800313472748,
0.1621287614107132,
0.15349382162094116,
-0.44900909066200256,
-0.6364361643791199,
0.14018243551254272,
-0.4887098968029022,
-0.1181643009185791,
0.7332434058189392,
0.38247185945510864,
-0.10049579292535782,
0.06823032349348068,
0.24223387241363525,
0.47772490978240967,
-0.2135731726884842,
0.48560935258865356,
0.4714379906654358,
-0.8363199234008789,
0.06614037603139877,
-0.3415614664554596,
0.09403440356254578,
-0.22495687007904053,
0.32746562361717224,
-0.0798165500164032,
0.021503131836652756,
-0.06713608652353287,
0.7545167207717896,
0.23362213373184204,
-0.09116297960281372,
-0.09849440306425095,
-0.8014963865280151,
-0.38555261492729187,
-0.03765076771378517,
-0.37248265743255615,
-0.2923543155193329,
0.24707965552806854,
0.22942358255386353,
-0.1674049198627472,
0.38778382539749146,
0.052497051656246185,
-0.23489971458911896,
0.11035704612731934,
-0.262097030878067,
-0.630776584148407,
-0.09061592817306519,
-0.17025761306285858,
-0.028691265732049942,
0.16921424865722656,
0.8440843224525452,
-0.2678724229335785,
0.28428730368614197,
-0.13802312314510345,
0.26064160466194153,
0.08365678042173386,
-0.46351927518844604,
-0.4279772937297821,
-0.4029250144958496,
-0.5743298530578613,
0.4542108178138733,
-0.3795028030872345,
0.1231587678194046,
0.21917039155960083,
0.5286433100700378,
0.5038906931877136,
-0.8000819683074951,
-0.14283256232738495,
-0.08539643883705139,
0.33629852533340454,
-0.15905900299549103,
0.543884813785553,
-0.08670423179864883,
-0.055033884942531586,
-0.33715012669563293,
-0.017939379438757896,
0.6024414896965027,
0.14989478886127472,
0.10657820850610733,
-0.37508586049079895,
0.01315564289689064,
-0.4244174659252167,
-0.7186933755874634,
0.660773515701294,
-0.8190759420394897,
0.22706931829452515,
-0.9182576537132263,
0.12718936800956726,
-0.1776634156703949,
0.3428264558315277,
-0.25863951444625854,
-0.46204113960266113,
-0.43246468901634216,
0.3010823726654053,
0.23156023025512695,
0.35155555605888367,
0.7130517959594727,
0.05287303403019905,
-0.2843354642391205,
-0.4465251564979553,
-0.435068279504776,
-0.012981053441762924,
-0.1762336790561676,
0.5437636375427246,
0.08491142839193344,
0.2036294937133789,
-0.22448383271694183,
0.5324996113777161,
-0.4337622821331024,
0.017050851136446,
0.4081456959247589,
0.3018622100353241,
0.43329206109046936,
0.12181464582681656,
-0.2843220829963684,
-0.1252250373363495,
-0.27571386098861694,
0.4819314479827881,
-0.1259094625711441,
-0.31339192390441895,
0.12162230163812637,
-0.02230856753885746,
-0.7026487588882446,
0.16160550713539124,
-0.03097435086965561,
-0.6356172561645508,
0.08517853170633316,
-0.09559792280197144,
-0.40570881962776184,
0.2523244619369507,
-0.16498960554599762,
-0.40768566727638245,
0.05750587582588196,
0.2616589665412903,
-0.19542500376701355,
0.2519654929637909,
0.3137776255607605,
0.22015613317489624,
0.885427713394165,
-0.34970977902412415,
0.12206629663705826,
-0.10286859422922134,
-0.2400772124528885,
0.20735135674476624,
-0.6369587182998657,
0.4875405728816986,
0.22318121790885925,
-0.49820244312286377,
0.23439809679985046,
-0.4381454885005951,
-0.004371098708361387,
0.01737511157989502,
-0.5350728034973145,
0.36827588081359863,
0.4854632616043091,
-0.12102817744016647,
0.15577246248722076,
0.15566140413284302,
0.7200201749801636,
0.7894080877304077,
0.5022571682929993,
0.6082207560539246,
-0.016329405829310417,
0.20040294528007507,
-0.763167142868042,
0.377625435590744,
0.5589342713356018,
-0.7948323488235474,
-0.6285549998283386,
0.24480940401554108,
0.15068045258522034,
-0.38487130403518677,
0.2339870035648346,
0.10333628207445145,
0.7378804087638855,
-0.40130704641342163,
-0.2807021737098694,
0.09603928029537201,
-0.2863032817840576,
0.32706400752067566,
-0.3953244090080261,
0.10604839026927948,
-0.14544041454792023,
-0.029183147475123405,
0.6983183026313782,
0.046314287930727005,
-0.5836995840072632,
0.021267658099532127,
-0.20995181798934937,
-0.27366605401039124,
0.4429328441619873,
0.3231576979160309,
0.3478069305419922,
0.2955898940563202,
0.5707213282585144,
0.6490668654441833,
-0.041106607764959335,
-0.8730875253677368,
0.18507744371891022,
0.07545856386423111,
-0.3141849935054779,
-0.5070475935935974,
-0.4841710329055786,
-0.28534868359565735,
-0.3239990770816803,
-0.24823349714279175,
-0.19999802112579346,
-0.16144615411758423,
-0.4568488299846649,
-0.2389167696237564,
-0.3649132549762726,
0.13107803463935852,
0.2626429796218872,
0.2842477262020111,
-0.21494759619235992,
0.2980652451515198,
0.7138290405273438,
0.2907317280769348,
-0.5787060856819153,
0.2463587522506714,
-0.46349018812179565,
-0.0061033000238239765,
-0.39282655715942383,
-0.7822425961494446,
0.41599759459495544,
-0.027606533840298653,
-0.054489683359861374,
-0.19073323905467987,
-0.29922306537628174,
-0.12241717427968979,
0.47612109780311584,
-0.3963019549846649,
0.3095703423023224,
0.3417516350746155,
-0.53131502866745,
0.37740224599838257,
0.615736722946167,
-0.4824258089065552,
0.19736351072788239,
0.5656063556671143,
0.47708842158317566,
-0.5596884489059448,
0.08530260622501373,
0.06065861135721207,
-0.20048654079437256,
0.0004794592969119549,
0.01904282160103321,
-0.466172456741333,
0.029741225764155388,
-0.29063230752944946,
0.1132364422082901,
0.7598463892936707,
-0.4853714108467102,
-0.16998566687107086,
-0.04450342059135437,
-0.654566764831543,
-0.7188240885734558,
-0.010940181091427803,
-0.547265350818634,
0.6897773742675781,
0.8664848804473877,
0.6619077920913696,
-0.32491907477378845,
0.12504738569259644,
0.37133705615997314,
-0.22982493042945862,
0.42733824253082275,
0.32366833090782166,
0.3562668561935425,
0.2743682563304901,
-0.179434671998024,
0.41451558470726013,
0.8665445446968079,
-0.11637581884860992,
0.4467749297618866,
-0.33222728967666626,
-0.12947627902030945,
-0.39611008763313293,
0.06472703814506531,
0.19162531197071075,
-0.06508614867925644,
0.3202349543571472,
0.23100793361663818,
-0.10806472599506378,
0.11589574813842773,
-0.5712214112281799,
-0.8022809028625488,
-0.20696094632148743,
-0.5598244667053223,
0.6233082413673401,
0.05159878730773926,
0.15659628808498383,
-0.43482401967048645,
0.35550710558891296,
-0.6236451864242554,
-0.052290789783000946,
0.16398294270038605,
0.2951395511627197,
0.36155450344085693,
0.13645610213279724,
-0.5402438044548035,
-0.18951046466827393,
-0.44766268134117126,
-0.4066885709762573,
0.004243194125592709,
0.16721698641777039,
-0.10476108640432358,
0.4130787253379822,
-0.44349798560142517,
-0.11646703630685806,
-0.07983566075563431,
-0.45104169845581055,
-0.40963679552078247,
-0.02135922759771347,
0.34165158867836,
-0.3882703483104706,
0.13140569627285004,
0.47018206119537354,
0.16518962383270264,
-0.2682753801345825,
0.06729685515165329,
0.37951573729515076,
0.21997728943824768,
-0.2940051555633545,
-0.4073144495487213,
0.28998416662216187,
-0.016659600660204887,
-0.10775752365589142,
-0.8503899574279785,
0.28407740592956543,
0.14071491360664368,
-0.5947537422180176,
0.09218839555978775,
-0.438726544380188,
-0.036423951387405396,
-0.42019277811050415,
-0.01306955050677061,
-0.5150443911552429,
0.028932271525263786,
-0.547415554523468,
-0.030720992013812065,
0.06314058601856232,
0.6452010273933411,
-0.10700538754463196,
0.2234332114458084,
0.16699214279651642,
0.30399712920188904,
-0.14890654385089874,
-0.815516471862793,
0.4988660514354706,
-0.5052828192710876,
0.11520279198884964,
-0.21389374136924744,
0.4843501150608063,
0.07705820351839066,
-0.08825335651636124,
0.3974578380584717,
0.42105284333229065,
0.7103164196014404,
-0.2956104874610901,
0.28716209530830383,
-0.046235498040914536,
-0.37595516443252563,
-0.25862380862236023,
-0.22861553728580475,
0.009196520783007145,
0.2953290641307831,
0.040084272623062134,
-0.7634468078613281,
0.1742226481437683,
-0.1929454654455185,
-0.15638631582260132,
-0.07118159532546997,
-0.06246103346347809,
-0.21374617516994476,
0.14131702482700348,
0.10226661711931229,
-0.005188961513340473,
-0.27707770466804504,
0.0799839049577713
] |
210463
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia%20Robinson
|
Sylvia Robinson
|
Sylvia Robinson (née Vanderpool; May 29, 1935 – September 29, 2011) was an American singer, record producer, and record label executive. Robinson had two R&B chart toppers: as half of Mickey & Sylvia with "Love Is Strange" in 1957 and her solo record "Pillow Talk" in 1973. She later became known for her work as founder and CEO of the hip hop label Sugar Hill Records. Robinson is credited as the driving force behind two landmark singles in the hip hop genre; "Rapper's Delight" (1979) by the Sugarhill Gang, and "The Message" (1982) by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five; which caused her to be dubbed "The Mother of Hip–Hop". Robinson received a Pioneer Award for her career in singing and being the founder of Sugarhill Records at the 11th Annual Rhythm and Blues Awards Gala in 2000.
Life and career
Early life
Robinson was born as Sylvia Vanderpool on May 29, 1935, in Harlem, New York, United States, to Herbert, an immigrant from the Virgin Islands who worked for General Motors, and Ida Vanterpool. Robinson attended Washington Irving High School until dropping out at the age of 14, and began recording music in 1950 for Columbia Records under the alias "Little Sylvia".
Early career
In 1954, she began teaming up with Kentucky guitarist Mickey Baker, who then taught her how to play guitar. In 1956, the duo now known as Mickey & Sylvia, recorded the Bo Diddley and Jody Williams-penned rock single, "Love Is Strange," which topped the R&B charts and reached number eleven on the Billboard pop charts in early 1957. After several more releases including the modestly successful "There Oughta Be a Law", Mickey & Sylvia split up in 1958 and she later married Joseph Robinson. Sylvia restarted her solo career shortly after her initial split from Baker, first under the name Sylvia Robbins. In 1960, Robinson produced the record "You Talk Too Much" by Joe Jones, but she did not receive credit.
In 1961, Mickey & Sylvia recorded more songs together for various labels including their own. Their label was called Willow Records and was distributed by King Records of Cincinnati. That year, Baker provided vocals and Robinson played guitar on Ike & Tina Turner's hit single, "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" which earned Ike & Tina Turner their first Grammy Award nomination. "I paid for the session, taught Tina the song; that's me playing guitar," Robinson said in a 1981 interview with Black Radio Exclusive.
In 1964, frustrated with the music business, Baker moved to Paris.
In 1966, the Robinsons moved to New Jersey where they formed a soul music label, All Platinum Records, the following year, with artist Lezli Valentine, formerly of the Jaynetts, bringing the label its first hit with "I Won't Do Anything". In 1968, the duo signed a Washington, D.C. act named The Moments, who immediately found success with "Not on the Outside". Within a couple of years and with a new lineup, the group scored their biggest hit with "Love on a Two-Way Street" (1970), which Sylvia co-wrote and produced with Bert Keyes and (uncredited) lyrics by Lezli Valentine. Other hits on the label and its subsidiaries, including Stang and Vibration, included Shirley & Company's "Shame, Shame, Shame" (1975), The Moments' "Sexy Mama" and "Look at Me (I'm in Love)", Retta Young's "(Sending Out An) S.O.S." (1975), and the Whatnauts/Moments collaboration, "Girls". Robinson co-wrote and produced many of the tracks, although later she was supported by two members of The Moments, Al Goodman and Harry Ray, as well as locally based producers, George Kerr and Nate Edmonds.
Solo career
In 1972, Robinson sent a demo of a song she had written called "Pillow Talk" to Al Green. When Green passed on it due to his religious beliefs, Robinson decided to record it herself, returning to her own musical career. Billed simply as Sylvia, the record became a major hit, reaching number-one on the R&B chart and crossing over to reach the US Billboard Hot 100 (#3), while also reaching #14 on the UK Singles Chart in the summer of 1973. She was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in May 1973, and earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 1974 Grammy Awards. "Pillow Talk"'s subtly orgasmic gasps and moans predated those of the 1975 Donna Summer song "Love to Love You Baby". Reviewing Robinson's 1973 debut LP (also titled Pillow Talk), Robert Christgau wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981) that it is "Let's Get It On without production values. Call it underdeveloped if you want; I'll mention that it's unaffected. Including the best peace lyric heard lately, entitled 'Had Any Lately?'"
Robinson recorded four solo albums on the Vibration subsidiary and had other R&B hits including "Sweet Stuff" and "Pussy Cat". "Pillow Talk" was a soulful medium dance number.
Sugar Hill Records
In the 1970s, the Robinsons founded Sugar Hill Records. The company was named after the culturally rich Sugar Hill area of Harlem, an affluent African-American neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City, known as a hub for artists and performers in the early and mid-1900s. The song "Rapper's Delight" (1979), performed by The Sugar Hill Gang, brought rap into the public music arena by attaining one of the first commercially successful hip hop songs and revolutionized the music industry by introducing rap, scratch, and breakdance. Later acts signed to Sugar Hill Records included all-female rap/funk group The Sequence, featuring a teenage Angie Stone (recording as "Angie B"), who had a million-selling hit in early 1980 with "Funk U Up".
In 1982 Sylvia Robinson with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, produced the record "The Message", which was performed by Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five. Although Grandmaster Flash and the Furious five were important to the success of this record it is essential to recognize the contribution that Sylvia Robinson made in producing this historic track. The record discussed life in the ghetto and at the time it was produced became one of the most influential and impacting tracks. On December 5, 2012, Rolling Stone selected "The Message" as one of the "50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time". In order for Rolling Stone to compose this list, the business asked 33 different artists and experts from every genre of music including Busta Rhymes, Boots Riley, The coup, Mike Diamond, from the Beastie Boys and Talib Kweli just to name a few. Once the votes were in Rolling Stone crunched the numbers, "The Message" was placed in the number 1 spot on the list. Grandmaster Flash stated himself " And when that project was on the slate to be done-The message; I'm talking about-she would ask us for a period of time about doing a record having to do with the real life things that happen in the 'hood. And we kind of ducked it for a minute." Without Sylvia Robinson's insistence and pressure there would be no "The Message" neither Grandmaster Flash nor the other four members of the Furious Five had any type of involvement in creating the actual record they just performed it. This was the first record of its kind, where the DJ who was the cornerstone of Hip hop at the time (1980s) was not involved in creating a track that they performed.
Sugar Hill Records folded in 1985, due to changes in the music industry, the competition of other hip-hop labels, such as Profile and Def Jam and also financial pressures. Robinson, who had by now divorced Joe Robinson, continued her efforts as a music executive, forming Bon Ami Records in 1987. The label was noted for signing the act The New Style, who later left and found success as Naughty by Nature. Billboard referred to Robinson as the "Queen of Rap".
Personal life
Robinson was married to businessman Joseph Robinson Sr. (1932–2000) from May 1959 until his death in 2000. Together they had three children, sons Joseph "Joey" Robinson Jr. (1962–2015), Leland Robinson (b. 1965 or 1966) and Rhondo "Scutchie" Robinson (1970–2014). Robinson owned a bar in Harlem, New York named "Joey's Place" after her husband in the 1960s. Robinson also owned another New York bar and nightclub named the Blue Morocco during the mid-1960s.
Death
Robinson died on the morning of September 29, 2011, at the age of 76, at Meadowlands Hospital in Secaucus, New Jersey due to congestive heart failure.
In popular culture
In 2003 American electronic musician Moby sampled her song Sunday for his song "Sunday (The Day Before My Birthday)".
In the Drunk History episode "American Music" (2014), Sylvia Robinson was portrayed by Retta.
Sylvia Robinson is allegedly one of the inspirations for the character Cookie Lyon (portrayed by Taraji P. Henson) on the popular Fox television show Empire.
Robinson is featured on the documentary series Profiles of African-American Success.
In a March 2015 piece in The New York Times debating U.S. copyright laws, writer MK Asante cited the need for artists to return to Mrs. Robinson's mantra of "Don't copy things that are out there... come up with something new, something different."
Biopic
In 2014, producer Paula Wagner acquired the film rights to Robinson's life story from her son, Joey Robinson, an executive at Sugar Hill Records. Joey (who died in July 2015) was scheduled to executive produce and serve as a consultant on the project, along with rapper Grandmaster Melle Mel, while music executive Robert Kraft was to co-produce the film along with Stephanie Allain. In October 2015, Warner Bros. announced that it would be the studio producing the film, and that Malcolm Spellman and Carlito Rodriguez, two of the writers on Empire, were writing the script. In October 2018, it was announced that Wagner and Warner Bros. were still moving forward with the film, Spellman and Rodriguez had been joined by Tracy Oliver in completing the script, Justin Simien had been attached as the director, and that Oliver would join Robinson's son Leland as executive producers.
Discography
Albums
1973: Pillow Talk (Vibration VI-126) (US #3)
1975: Sweet Stuff (Vibration VI-127)
1976: Sylvia (Vibration VI-129)
1977: Lay It On Me (Vibration VI-131)
1996: Pillow Talk: The Sensuous Sounds of Sylvia (Rhino R2-71987) (CD compilation)
Singles
Little Sylvia
1951: "Little Boy" / "How Long Must I Be Blue" (Savoy 816)
1952: "I Went To Your Wedding" / "Drive Daddy Drive" (Jubilee 5093)
1952: "A Million Tears" / "Don't Blame My Heart" (Jubilee 5100)
1953: "The Ring" / "Blue Heaven" (Jubilee 5113)
1954: "Fine Love" / "Speedy Life" (Cat 102)
Sylvia Robbins
1960: "Frankie and Johnny" / "Come Home" (Jubilee 5386)
1964: "Don't Let Your Eyes Get Bigger Than Your Heart" / "From The Beginning" (Sue 805)
1964: "Our Love" / "I Can't Tell You" (Sue 106)
Sylvia
1968: "I Can't Help It" / "It's A Good Life" (All Platinum 2303)
Charted singles
References
External links
1935 births
2011 deaths
20th-century African-American women singers
African-American record producers
Record producers from New York (state)
American music industry executives
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
American funk singers
American female hip hop musicians
American soul singers
Singers from New York City
Songwriters from New York (state)
Washington Irving High School (New York City) alumni
American women record producers
Women hip hop record producers
African-American songwriters
Burials at George Washington Memorial Park (Paramus, New Jersey)
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
|
[
-0.18702135980129242,
-0.2813539505004883,
-0.9327563047409058,
-0.13123154640197754,
0.09481781721115112,
0.6629339456558228,
0.64649498462677,
-0.1227608248591423,
-0.88089919090271,
-0.014762001112103462,
-0.08178723603487015,
0.4608842432498932,
-0.069648377597332,
0.0871460884809494,
-0.9108317494392395,
0.011313484981656075,
0.2364405244588852,
0.2841094136238098,
-0.594679057598114,
-0.7820469737052917,
-0.5129593014717102,
-0.3813229501247406,
-0.07140787690877914,
0.2949804961681366,
-0.37841731309890747,
0.5600744485855103,
-0.8276581168174744,
-0.04100384935736656,
0.5236471891403198,
0.07805000245571136,
0.06071366369724274,
0.10726025700569153,
0.6816117167472839,
0.2747188210487366,
-0.21424226462841034,
0.7953352332115173,
-0.133943110704422,
-0.25846585631370544,
-0.4086558222770691,
-0.041280150413513184,
-0.2188286930322647,
0.04905610904097557,
0.5683292150497437,
0.13606277108192444,
-0.10622899979352951,
-0.32905837893486023,
-1.7216333150863647,
0.19906042516231537,
-0.46397334337234497,
-0.7283075451850891,
-0.24182376265525818,
0.7180102467536926,
0.24809379875659943,
0.3968946933746338,
0.314826101064682,
-0.35176682472229004,
-0.3918573260307312,
0.08149825036525726,
-0.12260716408491135,
-0.2022533416748047,
-0.22738811373710632,
-0.47446146607398987,
0.4008936882019043,
-0.682899534702301,
0.21413883566856384,
-0.08731548488140106,
0.4250476360321045,
0.4019586741924286,
-0.15719807147979736,
-0.44074222445487976,
-0.01410774327814579,
0.33400923013687134,
0.7230374217033386,
-0.3481632173061371,
0.36340469121932983,
-0.6401545405387878,
0.39322516322135925,
-0.8463690280914307,
0.12853452563285828,
0.5903643369674683,
0.06871184706687927,
-0.23529228568077087,
0.1850764900445938,
0.3958050608634949,
0.40720808506011963,
-0.37586185336112976,
-0.4442945420742035,
0.5166065692901611,
-0.5644766688346863,
-0.10226771980524063,
-0.3388740122318268,
-0.37305212020874023,
-0.10220975428819656,
0.39038726687431335,
-0.7569823265075684,
-0.021502697840332985,
0.7729389667510986,
-0.06611517071723938,
0.3061520457267761,
-0.050645098090171814,
-0.4372604191303253,
-0.21340686082839966,
-0.08517473191022873,
-0.5578421950340271,
-0.7262924909591675,
0.30357855558395386,
0.4960966408252716,
-0.543779730796814,
-0.22585779428482056,
-0.258632630109787,
-0.4672408699989319,
-0.25990158319473267,
-0.08946999162435532,
-0.23192386329174042,
-0.058099135756492615,
0.5946609377861023,
0.00838827807456255,
-0.03072466142475605,
-1.151055932044983,
-0.11079361289739609,
0.20091475546360016,
-0.407437264919281,
0.295928031206131,
-0.3037029206752777,
-0.9102585315704346,
0.10701417922973633,
-0.04521939530968666,
0.5133438110351562,
-0.037195440381765366,
0.2282109409570694,
0.010690804570913315,
0.18206165730953217,
-0.47425320744514465,
-0.17841321229934692,
-0.2170514613389969,
-0.03381361812353134,
0.15665581822395325,
0.3971753716468811,
-0.01796887069940567,
-0.20663884282112122,
-0.5305805802345276,
0.5913470983505249,
-0.6746727228164673,
-0.15007394552230835,
0.7863666415214539,
-0.3901340961456299,
0.058035388588905334,
0.11912887543439865,
-0.0680946633219719,
-0.12515532970428467,
0.08899007737636566,
0.0880504921078682,
0.4853712320327759,
-0.6594526171684265,
-0.6010341644287109,
0.08773350715637207,
0.4030689001083374,
0.3593594431877136,
0.37525561451911926,
-0.08108194172382355,
0.4402545392513275,
0.30579808354377747,
-0.08993864804506302,
0.5177416205406189,
0.04431450739502907,
0.2639622986316681,
-0.3125321865081787,
0.14633014798164368,
-0.14004087448120117,
0.2012968510389328,
-0.5991287231445312,
0.12284518033266068,
-0.14880380034446716,
0.2127332091331482,
-0.7934491634368896,
0.39619868993759155,
0.7564690113067627,
0.6159696578979492,
0.01679415814578533,
-0.31152623891830444,
-0.5486046075820923,
0.13586615025997162,
0.2889184057712555,
-0.046993136405944824,
0.2496166229248047,
0.7848442792892456,
0.22573332488536835,
0.008097133599221706,
0.28230926394462585,
-0.5720932483673096,
-0.7469495534896851,
-0.870800256729126,
0.1588321179151535,
0.1531604528427124,
0.2231602519750595,
0.41396045684814453,
-0.09276649355888367,
-0.13597971200942993,
-0.18465320765972137,
-0.15369926393032074,
-0.14939680695533752,
-0.24193385243415833,
-0.09102129191160202,
-0.6246481537818909,
-0.21313387155532837,
0.4084841012954712,
0.5104669332504272,
-0.1692110002040863,
-0.048141755163669586,
0.6716265082359314,
-0.35533788800239563,
-1.2355217933654785,
0.5259886980056763,
0.34479501843452454,
-0.32158833742141724,
-0.9889653921127319,
-0.8183870911598206,
-0.01767115108668804,
0.6779835224151611,
-1.0134832859039307,
0.23986150324344635,
1.0399272441864014,
-0.43977853655815125,
-0.11497438699007034,
0.3296533226966858,
0.48598945140838623,
-0.515092670917511,
0.05501478165388107,
0.07985886186361313,
0.7637733817100525,
0.34185123443603516,
0.54954594373703,
0.2984144687652588,
-0.5555883049964905,
0.2990310490131378,
0.559161901473999,
0.31273043155670166,
-0.19049231708049774,
0.009576702490448952,
-0.9560513496398926,
-0.18546487390995026,
-0.3777574598789215,
-0.7007572650909424,
0.5650127530097961,
-0.04598015174269676,
0.06076814606785774,
-0.2859637141227722,
-0.8548033833503723,
0.4759118854999542,
0.18975001573562622,
0.5224296450614929,
0.7629074454307556,
0.46571195125579834,
0.4796711206436157,
0.029456427320837975,
0.481471449136734,
0.3846517503261566,
-0.0008808617130853236,
0.9113847613334656,
0.4407459497451782,
0.3257502019405365,
-0.003968371078372002,
0.3315691351890564,
0.30152854323387146,
-0.07365398108959198,
-0.582915186882019,
0.15227565169334412,
-0.3503425717353821,
0.6111339330673218,
-0.6333734393119812,
-0.05208870768547058,
-0.00903437752276659,
-0.3080492615699768,
0.533097505569458,
0.010278766974806786,
0.46430984139442444,
-0.29149818420410156,
-0.13412806391716003,
-0.37813901901245117,
-1.0736154317855835,
0.7097910046577454,
0.5817965865135193,
-0.5528997778892517,
-0.29666778445243835,
0.009119337424635887,
0.2293655127286911,
-0.1545105129480362,
-0.711304247379303,
-0.05010739341378212,
0.19365619122982025,
-0.3722015917301178,
1.178056001663208,
-0.8482540845870972,
0.1645829826593399,
0.18469023704528809,
0.5217700600624084,
-0.25503677129745483,
0.005809012334793806,
-0.3624953329563141,
0.041214652359485626,
-0.1177438497543335,
0.17944379150867462,
-0.19472624361515045,
0.1785750538110733,
0.765502393245697,
0.29217830300331116,
0.4560255706310272,
-0.4532893896102905,
-5.229599475860596,
0.03677160665392876,
0.02830277755856514,
-0.8080268502235413,
0.40275830030441284,
0.03515242785215378,
0.251003623008728,
-0.28731027245521545,
0.4284181594848633,
0.18699698150157928,
0.05007791891694069,
-0.1337330937385559,
-0.4483151137828827,
0.6067039370536804,
0.34501874446868896,
0.20194457471370697,
0.5246723890304565,
-0.4892024099826813,
-0.031159088015556335,
0.3746037781238556,
0.32062625885009766,
-0.6647708415985107,
0.12669235467910767,
0.3434254229068756,
-0.3142428398132324,
0.013193330727517605,
-0.1971282660961151,
0.09516983479261398,
-0.9146004915237427,
-0.44671210646629333,
0.03857384994626045,
-0.41261500120162964,
-0.328021764755249,
-0.5062023401260376,
-0.015860464423894882,
-0.08040492236614227,
0.5676016807556152,
-0.10576727986335754,
-0.26103460788726807,
-0.055984240025281906,
-0.08010511100292206,
-0.11876232177019119,
-0.442714661359787,
0.07151103019714355,
0.09347079694271088,
0.19720786809921265,
0.12223438918590546,
-0.9382619857788086,
0.11349066346883774,
1.3221352100372314,
0.615369439125061,
0.0289106797426939,
0.5479097366333008,
-0.7813123464584351,
0.433338463306427,
-0.2000611424446106,
-0.11632411926984787,
0.15060004591941833,
-0.47442734241485596,
0.5033937692642212,
0.7715683579444885,
-0.5643332004547119,
0.18354761600494385,
-0.23461030423641205,
-0.4956265687942505,
-0.11755415052175522,
-0.21250581741333008,
0.3694208264350891,
0.09828735142946243,
-0.48691222071647644,
0.4011664092540741,
0.6601647734642029,
0.09653575718402863,
-1.4588515758514404,
-0.19670137763023376,
-0.3155983090400696,
0.5962243676185608,
0.18614846467971802,
-0.8374139666557312,
-0.11326389759778976,
0.23574769496917725,
-0.5550598502159119,
0.6437328457832336,
0.6901248097419739,
0.16971904039382935,
-0.07607975602149963,
-0.04233131185173988,
0.6500978469848633,
-0.8832624554634094,
-0.06288962811231613,
-0.2745118737220764,
-0.030323011800646782,
-0.28197571635246277,
0.422009140253067,
0.5407289266586304,
0.4393763840198517,
0.27298471331596375,
0.5899259448051453,
0.2994540333747864,
0.17152754962444305,
-1.086488127708435,
-0.4477843940258026,
0.3993722200393677,
-0.34692054986953735,
0.18707624077796936,
-0.563714325428009,
0.08118048310279846,
-0.5351399779319763,
0.6694744825363159,
-0.5727019309997559,
0.2732747495174408,
0.5597602725028992,
-0.2966650426387787,
-0.8847751617431641,
0.4828159511089325,
-0.6469109058380127,
0.39990243315696716,
0.35169553756713867,
0.27561283111572266,
0.3899706304073334,
0.742317259311676,
0.6605684161186218,
0.17378196120262146,
0.46933484077453613,
-0.408243864774704,
-0.18047714233398438,
0.3160386383533478,
-0.2332243174314499,
-0.5595728158950806,
0.3958226442337036,
-0.5858414173126221,
0.10949048399925232,
0.2414865642786026,
0.12149523943662643,
0.41985562443733215,
-0.07354431599378586,
-0.6127214431762695,
0.014421606436371803,
-0.44418925046920776,
0.06573791801929474,
-0.16416993737220764,
0.0702364593744278,
-0.16712631285190582,
0.4291459321975708,
0.09405043721199036,
0.23133352398872375,
-0.033684782683849335,
-0.24016256630420685,
0.15204478800296783,
-0.1878577619791031,
0.11343009024858475,
0.3199489116668701,
0.8958935141563416,
-0.695713996887207,
-0.25715112686157227,
-0.14645329117774963,
-0.2769612967967987,
-0.4651142954826355,
-0.09688675403594971,
-0.07468310743570328,
-0.30457615852355957,
-0.1690005213022232,
-1.1838968992233276,
0.18067404627799988,
-0.41936978697776794,
0.285383939743042,
-0.08764643222093582,
-0.041077613830566406,
-0.23859521746635437,
0.24530409276485443,
-0.11086168885231018,
-0.6097084879875183,
0.29569539427757263,
0.10995112359523773,
0.3790382146835327,
0.5218651294708252,
-0.05008821561932564,
-0.5054414868354797,
0.13605259358882904,
0.03471139818429947,
0.041756633669137955,
-0.2892186939716339,
-1.183079719543457,
-0.09118261933326721,
-0.012023883871734142,
-0.41295409202575684,
-0.22240903973579407,
-0.6284653544425964,
-0.518902063369751,
0.3470635712146759,
-0.136311873793602,
-0.6836277842521667,
-0.07162602245807648,
0.9262012839317322,
-0.4709141254425049,
0.10229101032018661,
0.19791828095912933,
-0.03286808729171753,
-0.12598711252212524,
0.10295221954584122,
-0.3032236397266388,
-0.03218797594308853,
0.19202689826488495,
-0.3793337047100067,
0.22763779759407043,
-1.5421090126037598,
-0.24500936269760132,
0.02180723287165165,
-0.6327818036079407,
0.7605478763580322,
-0.6148998141288757,
-0.08371859788894653,
0.29376742243766785,
0.5150152444839478,
-0.1113608106970787,
0.3258052170276642,
0.2157248854637146,
0.2723497450351715,
0.21027496457099915,
-0.6892293691635132,
-0.520394504070282,
-0.11457455158233643,
-0.08814488351345062,
0.19922228157520294,
-0.7127408385276794,
0.6315965056419373,
-0.30985960364341736,
-0.36892178654670715,
0.23702827095985413,
-0.5816571712493896,
-0.26595747470855713,
-0.10021248459815979,
-0.31849971413612366,
0.21564841270446777,
-0.3775882422924042,
-0.07513797283172607,
0.6177967190742493,
0.45628201961517334,
0.45701107382774353,
0.3463970422744751,
0.4037823975086212,
0.12457326054573059,
0.25887981057167053,
0.23897311091423035,
0.024722548201680183,
0.14947451651096344,
0.23844726383686066,
-0.9516640305519104,
-0.03353654220700264,
0.08757372945547104,
0.612760603427887,
0.07733481377363205,
-0.5872024893760681,
0.20648591220378876,
0.4365154802799225,
-0.5983411073684692,
-0.33259522914886475,
-0.0266585536301136,
-0.15012004971504211,
-0.3486488461494446,
0.2723192572593689,
0.52785724401474,
-0.09563030302524567,
-0.12746727466583252,
0.335528165102005,
0.3761686682701111,
-0.04261080548167229,
0.3090555667877197,
0.4114014208316803,
-0.18145033717155457,
0.028707168996334076,
0.2306065559387207,
-0.4529169201850891,
0.2904461622238159,
-0.03552907332777977,
0.42966189980506897,
0.37475430965423584,
-0.41614553332328796,
-0.05568883940577507,
-0.39643722772598267,
-0.8248558044433594,
-0.10533416271209717,
-0.21593663096427917,
-0.16621190309524536,
-0.3512340486049652,
-0.5176865458488464,
-0.11569485813379288,
-0.47339266538619995,
-0.15514656901359558,
-0.1682802140712738,
0.08972077071666718,
0.621030330657959,
0.09118173271417618,
-0.016154402866959572,
-0.5477245450019836,
-0.008974379859864712,
0.12023551017045975,
0.6379309892654419,
-0.36537542939186096,
-0.6904652118682861,
-0.12186744809150696,
-0.006314458791166544,
0.1282033622264862,
-0.18644888699054718,
0.3385223150253296,
-0.38104599714279175,
-0.29394471645355225,
-0.6153591871261597,
-0.24304255843162537,
0.5759094953536987,
0.3640701472759247,
0.28618618845939636,
0.4266083240509033,
0.814998209476471,
-0.44814980030059814,
-0.14983096718788147,
0.6289106607437134,
-0.4467479884624481,
-0.003568405983969569,
0.011772715486586094,
-0.30753082036972046,
0.09274785220623016,
0.2921200096607208,
0.2760303318500519,
-0.0189671628177166,
0.6099309921264648,
0.20675741136074066,
0.23992377519607544,
-0.16375158727169037,
0.13351431488990784,
0.5234696865081787,
-0.4306560158729553,
0.7585235834121704,
0.49941420555114746,
0.02077638730406761,
-1.0658930540084839,
0.014896972104907036,
-0.26879188418388367,
0.23074059188365936,
0.7336677312850952,
-0.32307299971580505,
0.2118454873561859,
0.4016551673412323,
0.2326754778623581,
0.3228321969509125,
-0.1322277933359146,
-0.30223649740219116,
0.5832305550575256,
-0.2870256006717682,
-1.0765913724899292,
0.3732796907424927,
0.1990877240896225,
-0.014647136442363262,
-0.47340166568756104,
1.2959223985671997,
0.23453405499458313,
0.28573793172836304,
-0.426019549369812,
-0.0019821852911263704,
0.10109531879425049,
-0.35308313369750977,
-0.7620363831520081,
1.1650208234786987,
0.43623003363609314,
0.023044878616929054,
-0.4091552793979645,
-0.04440067708492279,
-0.23440608382225037,
0.24684326350688934,
0.5164034962654114,
0.40317490696907043,
0.38215845823287964,
-0.3732188642024994,
0.7810144424438477,
0.35482609272003174,
0.4240038990974426,
0.2683827579021454,
-0.29357022047042847,
0.4348708689212799,
-0.24155190587043762,
-0.3945564031600952,
0.30426451563835144,
0.07019282132387161,
-0.43281450867652893,
0.17715232074260712,
-0.36776769161224365,
-0.2212817519903183,
-0.29765886068344116,
0.43200254440307617,
0.13117145001888275,
0.7775050401687622,
-0.6688706278800964,
-0.2482583373785019,
0.31370413303375244,
-0.20242652297019958,
0.21843044459819794,
0.09885495156049728,
0.7497154474258423,
0.4491308927536011,
0.13161395490169525,
0.11834673583507538,
0.7398950457572937,
0.4242972135543823,
-0.012621586211025715,
-0.12410043925046921,
0.21838365495204926,
0.11883237212896347,
-0.14157451689243317,
-0.5502712726593018,
0.49143198132514954,
-0.21543404459953308,
0.4808581471443176,
0.019002415239810944,
0.11726471781730652,
0.15037524700164795,
-0.19102627038955688,
0.5892878174781799,
0.47129637002944946,
-0.48212000727653503,
0.13907934725284576,
0.3717993497848511,
0.3317531943321228,
0.12558479607105255,
-0.27305033802986145,
0.1295110583305359,
0.7240744233131409,
-0.22789479792118073,
-0.4975813031196594,
-0.2324516624212265,
0.5889097452163696,
-0.3247583508491516,
0.2601122260093689,
-0.29847320914268494,
-0.5946750640869141,
-0.08256300538778305,
-0.30371132493019104,
0.43305718898773193,
0.3557819724082947,
0.9222667217254639,
-0.8240529894828796,
1.0216436386108398,
0.031005382537841797,
0.056429989635944366,
0.15488301217556,
-0.2110183984041214,
-0.03118390403687954,
0.5560056567192078,
-0.5225364565849304,
-0.04225846007466316,
0.7907853722572327,
-0.4904249906539917,
-0.8681535124778748,
0.13860532641410828,
-0.3218754827976227,
-0.04050036892294884,
-0.7025517821311951,
0.7103775143623352,
0.47909340262413025,
0.3196676969528198,
-0.5989624857902527
] |
210469
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20%28rapper%29
|
Common (rapper)
|
Lonnie Rashid Lynn (born March 13, 1972), known by his stage name Common (formerly Common Sense), is an American rapper and actor. He debuted in 1992 with the album Can I Borrow a Dollar?, and gained critical acclaim with his 1994 album Resurrection. He maintained an underground following into the late 1990s. He achieved mainstream success through his work with the Soulquarians.
Common's first major-label album Like Water for Chocolate (2000), received commercial success. In 2003, he won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Song for the Erykah Badu single "Love of My Life". His 2005 album Be was also a commercial success and was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards. Common received his second Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Southside" (featuring Kanye West), from his 2007 album Finding Forever. His best-of album, Thisisme Then: The Best of Common, was released in late 2007. In 2011, Common launched Think Common Entertainment, his own record label imprint, having previously released music under various other labels including Relativity, Geffen, and GOOD Music.
Common won the 2015 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Academy Award for Best Original Song, for his song, co-written and performed with John Legend, "Glory" from the 2014 film Selma, in which he co-starred as Civil Rights Movement leader James Bevel. Common's acting career also includes roles in the films Smokin' Aces, Street Kings, American Gangster, Wanted, Terminator Salvation, Date Night, Just Wright, Happy Feet Two, New Year's Eve, Run All Night, Being Charlie, Rex, John Wick: Chapter 2, Smallfoot and Hunter Killer. He also narrated the documentary Bouncing Cats, about one man's efforts to improve the lives of children in Uganda through hip-hop/b-boy culture. He starred as Elam Ferguson on the AMC western television series Hell on Wheels.
Early life
Common was born on March 13, 1972, at the Chicago Osteopathic Hospital in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood, the son of educator and former principal of John Hope College Preparatory High School, Mahalia Ann Hines and former ABA basketball player turned youth counselor Lonnie Lynn. He was raised in the Calumet Heights neighborhood. Lynn's parents divorced when he was six years old, resulting in his father moving to Denver, Colorado. This left Lynn to be raised by his mother; however, his father remained active in his life, and was able to get him a job with the Chicago Bulls as a teenager. Lynn attended Florida A&M University for two years under a scholarship and majored in business administration.
Music career
1987–1996: Career beginnings
Lynn began rapping in the late 1980s, while a student at Luther High School South in Chicago, when he, along with two of his friends, formed C.D.R., a rap trio that opened for acts such as N.W.A and Big Daddy Kane. When C.D.R dissolved by 1991, Lynn began a solo career under the stage name of Common Sense. After being featured in the Unsigned Hype column of The Source magazine, he debuted as a solo artist in 1992 with the single "Take It EZ", followed by the album Can I Borrow a Dollar?.
With the 1994 release of Resurrection, Common Sense achieved a much larger degree of critical acclaim which extended beyond the Chicago music scene. The album sold relatively well and received a strong positive reaction among alternative and underground hip hop fans at the time. Resurrection was Common Sense's last album produced almost entirely by his long-time production partner, No I.D., who would later become a mentor to a young Kanye West.
In 1996, Common Sense appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, America Is Dying Slowly (A.I.D.S.), alongside Biz Markie, Wu-Tang Clan, and Fat Joe, among many other prominent hip hop artists. The CD, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men, was heralded as "a masterpiece" by The Source magazine. He would later also contribute to the Red Hot Organization's Fela Kuti tribute album, Red Hot and Riot in 2002. He collaborated with Djelimady Tounkara on a remake of Kuti's track, "Years of Tears and Sorrow".
The song "I Used to Love H.E.R." from Resurrection ignited a feud with West Coast rap group Westside Connection. The lyrics of the song criticized the path hip hop music was taking, utilizing a metaphor of a woman to convey hip hop and were interpreted by some as directing blame towards the popularity of West Coast gangsta rap. Westside Connection first responded with the 1995 song "Westside Slaughterhouse," with the lyrics "Used to love H.E.R., mad cause I fucked her". "Westside Slaughterhouse" also mentioned Common Sense by name, prompting the rapper to respond with the scathing Pete Rock-produced attack song "The Bitch in Yoo". Common Sense and Westside Connection continued to insult each other back and forth before finally meeting with Louis Farrakhan and setting aside their dispute. Following the popularity of Resurrection, Common Sense was sued by an Orange County-based reggae band with the same name, and was forced to shorten his moniker to simply Common.
1996–1999: One Day It'll All Make Sense
Initially scheduled for an October 1996 release, Common finally released his third album, One Day It'll All Make Sense, in September 1997. The album took a total of two years to complete and included collaborations with artists such as Lauryn Hill, De La Soul, Q-Tip, Canibus, Black Thought, Chantay Savage, and Questlove – a future fellow member of the Soulquarians outfit. The album, which made a point of eschewing any gangsterism (in response to questions about his musical integrity), was critically acclaimed and led to a major label contract with MCA Records. In addition to releasing One Day, Common's first child, daughter Omoye Assata Lynn, was born shortly after the release of the album.
As documented by hip-hop journalist Raquel Cepeda, in the liner notes for the album, this event had a profound spiritual and mental effect on Common and enabled him to grow musically while becoming more responsible as an artist. She writes:
Rashid found out that he was going to become a daddy in about 8 months. Stunned and confused, Rashid had life-altering decisions to make with his girlfriend, Kim Jones. The situation led to the composition of his favorite cut on One Day... that offers a male slant on abortion. "Retrospect for Life", produced by James Poyser and No I.D. featuring Lauryn Hill (who was due on the same day as Rashid's girlfriend), is the song that is the driving force behind the project. Rashid listens to "Retrospect for Life" today at the mastering session geeked as if it were for the first time. He tells me as we listen to L-Boogie wail the chorus, "when I listen to the song now, I think about how precious her (Omoye's) life is".
Common addresses family ethics several times on One Day..., and the album sleeve is decorated with old family photos, illustrating the rapper's childhood, as well a quote from 1 Corinthians 13:11, which summarizes the path to manhood:
1999–2003: Soulquarians era
Following One Day..., Common signed a major label record deal with MCA Records and relocated from Chicago to New York City in 1999. He began recording almost exclusively with a loose collective of musicians and artists (dubbed the "Soulquarians" by central figure Questlove) throughout 1999, and made a few sporadic guest appearances on The Roots' Things Fall Apart, and the Rawkus Records compilation, Soundbombing 2.
In 2000, his fourth album, Like Water for Chocolate, was released to mass critical acclaim. Executive produced by Questlove and featuring significant contributions by J Dilla, (who helmed many tracks except – "Cold Blooded", "Geto Heaven Part II", "A Song For Assata", "Pop's Rap Part 3...All My Children" & the DJ Premier-produced track "The 6th Sense"), Like Water for Chocolate transpired to be a considerable commercial breakthrough for Common, earning the rapper his first gold record, and greatly expanding his fanbase among critics and listeners alike.
With both artists hailing from the Great Lakes region of the United States (Chicago and Detroit, respectively), Common and J Dilla established their chemistry early on. Both became members of the Soulquarians collective, and collaborated on numerous projects together, even placing one song, "Thelonius", on both the Slum Village album Fantastic, Vol. 2, and Common's Like Water for Chocolate. As Dilla's health began to decline from the effects of Lupus Nephritis, he relocated to Los Angeles, and asked Common to make the move with him as a roommate (Dilla would later lose his battle with the rare disease).
This album saw Common exploring themes (musically and lyrically), which were uncommon for a hip-hop record, as he does on the song "Time Travelin' (A Tribute To Fela)"; a homage to Nigerian music legend, and political activist Fela Kuti. The most popular single from the album "The Light" was nominated for a Grammy Award.
In 2002, Common released his fifth album, Electric Circus. The album was highly anticipated and praised by many critics for its ambitious vision. However, it was not as commercially successful as his previous album, Like Water for Chocolate, selling under 300,000 copies. An eclectic album, Electric Circus featured fusions of several genres such as hip hop, pop, rock, electronic, and neo-soul. The album's style tended to divide critics; some praised its ambitious vision while others criticized it for the same reason. Most of the criticism tended to revolve around the album's experimental nature; some felt Common had strayed too far from his previous sound. This was Common's second and last album for MCA, and the label's final release prior to its absorption into Geffen Records.
Around this time, Common appeared as a guest performer on singer and fellow Soulquarian Bilal's Love for Sale album, recording a remake of the 1977 Fela Kuti song "Sorrow, Tears & Blood". Bilal also featured on Electric Circus, the first of many future collaborations with Common.
2004–2011: GOOD Music era
In early 2004, Common made an appearance on fellow Chicagoan Kanye West's multi-platinum debut album, The College Dropout (on the song "Get Em High"), and announced his signing to West's then-newfound label GOOD Music. West had been a longtime fan of Common and the two even participated in a friendly on-air MC battle, where West took jabs at his lyrical idol for "going soft" and wearing crochet pants (as he does for his appearance in the video for the Mary J. Blige song "Dance for Me"). The pair worked together on Common's next album, Be, almost entirely produced by Kanye West, with some help from Common's longtime collaborator the late James Yancey (J Dilla) – also a favorite of West. The album was released in May 2005, and performed very well, boosted by Kanye's involvement and the singles "The Corner", and "Go". Be earned Common the second gold record of his career, with sales topping out at around 800,000 copies. The Source magazine gave it a near-perfect 4.5 mic rating, XXL magazine gave it their highest rating of "XXL", and AllHipHop gave the album 4 stars. The album was also nominated for four Grammy Awards in 2006.
Following the release of Be in 2005, several mixed-race artists from the UK hip-hop scene took exception to Common's comments about interracial relationships on the song "Real People." Yungun, Doc Brown and Rising Son recorded a track over an instrumental version of "The Corner" named "Dear Common (The Corner Dub)." Common states that he has heard of the track but never actually taken the time to listen to it, and has not retaliated in song.
Common's seventh LP titled Finding Forever was released on July 31, 2007. For this album, he continued his work with Kanye West, as well as other producers such as will.i.am, Devo Springsteen, Derrick Hodge, and Karriem Riggins, as well as the only J Dilla-produced track, "So Far To Go". The album features guest spots from artists such as Dwele, Bilal, D'Angelo, and UK pop starlet Lily Allen. The first single from the album was "The People" b/w "The Game". West predicted that Finding Forever would win the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. The album was nominated for Best Rap Album, but did not win, losing to West's Graduation; however, Common did win his second Grammy for "Southside," which won the 2008 Grammy for Best Rap Performance by Duo or Group.
On July 31, 2007, Common performed a free concert in Santa Monica, California, on the 3rd Street Promenade to promote the release of Finding Forever. Common explained to the audience that the title "Finding Forever" represented his quest to find an eternal place in hip-hop and also his wishes to be an artist for the rest of his life. The album debuted at #1 on the national Billboard 200 charts.
In an August 2007 interview with XXL, rapper Q-Tip of the group A Tribe Called Quest stated that he and Common were forming a group called The Standard. While the two were meant to hit the studio to record a Q-Tip-produced album, possibly with contributions from Kanye West, Common put out Universal Mind Control instead and has already planned the next album, The Dreamer, The Believer, for late 2011.
Common was instrumental in bridging the trans-Atlantic gap by signing UK's Mr. Wong and J2K to Kanye West's Getting Out Our Dreams recording outfit. Common met the pair during his tour in the UK earlier on in the year. It is speculated that the deal is not only to bring the UK and US hip hop genres together but that to rival Syco Music's cross-Atlantic success with Leona Lewis. He also has a deal with Zune mp3 players. In 2008 Common made an estimated 12 million dollars, making him equal in earnings to Eminem and Akon, tied for the 13th highest grossing Hip-Hop artist.
The eighth album from Chicago hip-hop artist Common was originally scheduled to be released on June 24, 2008, under the name Invincible Summer, but he announced at a Temple University concert that he would change it to Universal Mind Control. The release date was pushed back to September 30, 2008, due to Common filming Wanted. The release date was set for November 11, 2008, however, it was once again pushed back to December 9, 2008.
The album's eponymous lead single "Universal Mind Control", was officially released on July 1, 2008, via the US iTunes Store as part of The Announcement EP (sold as Universal Mind Control EP in the UK). The song features Pharrell, who also produced the track. The Announcement EP included an additional track titled "Announcement", also featuring Pharrell. The video for the lead single was filmed in September by director Hype Williams. In 2009, Common was prominently featured throughout his GOOD Music label-mate Kid Cudi's debut album Man on the Moon: The End of Day, as a narrator and featured artist. In late 2009, it was revealed Common was nominated for two Grammys at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, including Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Make Her Say", alongside Kid Cudi and Kanye West, as well as Best Rap Album for Universal Mind Control.
2011–present: Think Common Ent.
The Dreamer/The Believer and feud with Drake
American producer No I.D., stated that he and Kanye West would be producing Common's album The Dreamer/The Believer. In July 2011, it was announced that No I.D. would be the album's sole producer. Common made an appearance on The Jonas Brothers' most recent album, Lines, Vines and Trying Times as a guest rapper for the group's 2009 song, "Don't Charge Me for the Crime."
On July 6, 2011, Common released his first single, titled "Ghetto Dreams", from his next album. A second single, "Blue Sky", was released on October 4, 2011. On December 20, 2011, Common released his ninth solo album, titled The Dreamer, The Believer. Although he left GOOD Music in 2011, Common was featured on the label's first compilation album, 2012's Cruel Summer. Common released a song entitled "Sweet", from The Dreamer/The Believer, which included lyrics critical of rappers who sing, although this criticism was not aimed specifically at Canadian recording artist Drake. Drake took offense and responded by releasing "Stay Schemin'", a song with Rick Ross and French Montana. Common fans only had to wait two-and-a-half days for him to respond to Drake's diss track. On February 13, 2012, Common commented on the feud by saying "It's over. But it was all in the art of hip hop. He said some things to me so I had to say some things back...I wouldn't say [he started it] but I know I heard something that I felt was directed to me so I addressed it. That's all. But you know, thank God we were able to move forward from it and all is good."
Artium Recordings and Nobody's Smiling
After a quiet 2012, Common announced he would release an extended play (EP) in January 2013, and his first mixtape in April. In February 2013, Common announced his tenth solo studio album would be released in September 2013 and will feature Kanye West and production from Kanye West and No I.D. Later on September 8, 2013, he gave an update to his projects saying the previously announced EP would be released soon, and would feature a song with new Def Jam signee Vince Staples. He also told HipHopDX, his tenth solo studio album would be released in early 2014.
On January 6, 2014, Common announced his tenth studio album to be titled Nobody's Smiling and would be produced entirely by longtime collaborator No I.D.. The album, which Common revealed was originally going to be an EP, is set to feature Vince Staples, James Fauntleroy and "some new artists from Chicago." The concept of the album was inspired by his troubled hometown of Chicago: "We came up with this concept 'nobody's smiling.' It was really a thought that came about because of all the violence in Chicago," he says. "It happens in Chicago, but it's happening around the world in many ways." He continues, "We was talking about the conditions of what's happening, when I say 'nobody's smiling.' But it's really a call to action." On June 4, 2014, it was announced Common signed a recording contract with Def Jam Recordings and No I.D.'s Artium Records. It was also announced Nobody's Smiling would be released July 22, 2014. Lonnie "Pops" Lynn was to be featured on this album as well but the recording fell through as Lonnie's health declined. A recording was indeed made and is in process of being released on Dirty Laboratory Productions featuring production by AwareNess.
In 2018, Common also announced he would be forming a jazz group called August Greene.
Other work
Acting
In 2003, Common appeared on the American UPN sitcom Girlfriends. In the episode "Take This Poem and Call Me in the Morning", he appeared as Omar, a slam poet who competes with fellow poet Sivad (played by Saul Williams) for the affection of Lynn Searcy (played by Persia White). He also had a cameo appearance on an episode of UPN's One on One, where he played a drama class instructor named Darius. He also made an appearance on the ABC show Scrubs. In 2007, Common appeared with Ryan Reynolds, Jeremy Piven, and Alicia Keys in the crime film Smokin' Aces, making his big screen debut as villainous Mob enforcer Sir Ivy. He appeared alongside Denzel Washington, Russell Crowe, The RZA and T.I. in the 2007 crime thriller American Gangster. On January 20, 2007, one week before the opening of Smokin Aces, he appeared in a Saturday Night Live sketch as himself. The show's host was Piven, his Aces co-star.
In 2007, Common played the role of Smokin' Aces co-star Alicia Keys's boyfriend in the music video "Like You'll Never See Me Again".
In 2008, he had a supporting role in the film adaptation of the comic book Wanted alongside Morgan Freeman and Angelina Jolie. Common also appeared in the movie Street Kings with Keanu Reeves, Hugh Laurie, The Game, and Forest Whitaker. Common also starred in the 2010 movie Just Wright as a basketball player who falls in love with his physical therapist Queen Latifah. He appeared in the 2009 film Terminator Salvation as John Connor's lieutenant Barnes.
In 2009, Common was cast as John Stewart/Green Lantern in the unproduced film Justice League: Mortal.
Common starred as a corrupt cop in the 2010 comedy Date Night with Steve Carell and Tina Fey. He was also featured in the role of deployed soldier Chino in 2011's New Year's Eve (2011 film), the husband of Halle Berry's character, Nurse Aimee.
He was part of the ensemble cast of AMC's Hell on Wheels, as one of the lead characters, Elam Ferguson, a recently freed slave trying to find his place in the world.
In 2013, Common played the role of Agent Evans, an FBI agent in Now You See Me along with Mark Ruffalo, Jesse Eisenberg, Woody Harrelson, Isla Fisher, and Dave Franco. In the 2014 film Selma, for which he also co-wrote the Oscar-winning song "Glory", Common co-starred as 1960s civil rights leader James Bevel. In 2015, he played a hitman in Run All Night.
Common appeared as a gangster in the 2016 film Suicide Squad, directed by David Ayer and part of the DC Extended Universe.
In December 2015, Common appeared in the NBC TV special The Wiz Live!, as the Bouncer guarding the Emerald City.
In 2016, he co-starred in the film Barbershop: The Next Cut, alongside former rival Ice Cube.
In February 2017, he appeared alongside Keanu Reeves again, this time as professional hitman/bodyguard Cassian in John Wick: Chapter 2.
In August 2017, Common began voicing Kiburi the crocodile in Disney Junior's The Lion Guard.
Common played opposite Mary Elizabeth Winstead in Eva Vives's debut feature, All About Nina, which had its world premiere at the 2018 Tribeca Film Festival. It was a major, breakout role for which he has received much critical acclaim (Variety's Peter Debruge calling his performance "easily the strongest of the half-dozen supporting roles he's had this year").
In 2018, Common starred in the film adaptation of The Hate U Give, playing Starr's uncle Carlos, a black police officer that is forced to defend his colleague that is involved in the shooting of a black teen.
Film production
On October 27, 2015, Common inked a two-year deal with HBO that allowed to start his own film production company, Freedom Road Productions. He stated in an interview in February 2012 that one of his big career goals was to start his own film production company.
In 2016 Common also worked with Amazon Studios and American Girl, serving as an executive producer for the direct-to-video feature An American Girl Story – Melody 1963: Love Has to Win.
Modeling and clothing
In 2006, Common was a model for photos of The Gap's fall season collection, appearing on posters in stores. Later that year, he performed in The Gap's "Holiday in Your Hood" themed Peace Love Gap. In February 2007, Common signed a deal with New Era to promote their new line of Layers fitted caps. Common also stars in a television commercial for the 2008 Lincoln Navigator. He appears in NBA 2K8 in NBA Blacktop mode. In the fall of 2008, Common appeared in an ad for Microsoft's Zune, comparing his new song, "Universal Mind Control", to "Planet Rock", a song from hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa. Also, he featured in the Diesel campaign for a new fragrance called "Only The Brave". His song "Be (intro)" is featured in a commercial for BlackBerry .
In December 2008, Common launched a new clothing line in partnership with Microsoft titled "Softwear", based on 1980s computing.
Writing
Common was invited by First Lady Michelle Obama to appear at a poetry reading on May 11, 2011, at the White House. His poetry was found to be greatly influenced by Maya Angelou's works. This caused furor with the New Jersey State Police and their union, who disagreed with his lyrical content. The president of the New Jersey State Troopers Fraternal Association voiced concern to the White House. They cite the song "A Song For Assata" about a member of the Black Liberation Army and step-aunt of deceased rapper Tupac Shakur named Assata Shakur, previously known as Joanne Chesimard, who was convicted in 1977 of the first-degree murder of New Jersey state trooper Werner Foerster.
At another poetry reading, Common said, "flyers say 'free Mumia' on my freezer", a reference to Mumia Abu-Jamal, who was controversially convicted of killing Philadelphia Police Officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981. Common stated, "The one thing that shouldn't be questioned is my support for the police officers and troops that protect us every day."
Jay Carney, the White House Press Secretary at the time, spoke for President Obama on the matter by saying the president does not support, but actually opposes, some of the kind of words and lyrics that have been written by Common and others. Even though the president does not support the lyrics in question, he believed that some reports were distorting what Mr. Lynn stands for more broadly. Common gave a single line response to the entire controversy: "I guess Sarah Palin and Fox News doesn't like me."
Jon Stewart of Comedy Central's The Daily Show questioned Fox News' coverage of the controversy, saying that they "took the time to ignore Common's entire body of work, save for one poem he wrote in 2007 that they appear to misunderstand." Stewart also pointed out that in 2002, George W. Bush honored Johnny Cash, whose songs contain violent lyrics. Stewart further pointed out that Fox News itself offered positive coverage of Common's career in 2010, and that Sean Hannity, who criticized Common's White House invitation, is a friend of musician Ted Nugent, who in clips played on The Daily Show, used violent rhetoric in comments he made about President Obama and Hillary Clinton. Common later discussed the matter with Stewart during a September 14, 2011, appearance on the program.
In September 2011, Common published his memoir, One Day It'll All Make Sense, through Atria Books. As the book details how his close relationship with his mother influenced his life, it is partially narrated by her.
Common released his second memoir entitled "Let Love Have The Last Word: A Memoir" in May 2019. The book highlights his relationship with his daughter Omoye, romantic relationships, his parents, and his struggle to cement his perspective in the concept of love.
Activism
Common used to be vegan, but is now a pescetarian. In addition, he is a supporter of animal rights and PETA. He appeared in a print advertisement for PETA titled "Think Before You Eat," and in a documentary titled Holistic Wellness for the Hip-Hop Generation where he promoted vegetarianism.
Common is also part of the "Knowing Is Beautiful" movement, which supports HIV/AIDS awareness. He is featured in the video for "Yes We Can," a song in support of the candidacy of Barack Obama, which made its debut on the internet on February 2, 2008. Common has pledged to stop using anti-gay lyrics in his music.
Common is the founder of the Common Ground Foundation, a non-profit that seeks to empower underprivileged youth to be contributing citizens and strong leaders in the world. The foundation includes programs dedicated to leadership development & empowerment, educational development, creative expression, as well as a book club. In 2014, Common Ground inaugurated the AAHH! Fest music festival in Chicago's Union Park. After a one-year hiatus, AAHH! Fest returned in 2016, but was canceled one week before showtime in 2017. An official announcement stated the fest would return September 15, 2018.
In 2017, Common performed concerts in several California prisons, as well as on the grounds of the California State Capitol. This concert tour inspired him to found Imagine Justice, another non-profit organization, devoted to empowering communities and fighting injustice. The organization intends to address mental health and wellness, civic engagement, and leveraging the power of art to inspire and spark change; it plans to execute high impact initiatives.
In May 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Common launched a social media campaign through Imagine Justice, dubbed #WeMatterToo, with dozens of advocacy and activist groups calling attention to the threat that the pandemic poses for incarcerated men and women and intended to create greater public awareness about conditions facing incarcerated populations. The campaign includes the production of short films that will include recordings of inmates expressing their concern about the coronavirus spreading inside prisons.
Along with other rappers and activists, Common appeared in the award-winning documentary short film #Bars4Justice, which was shot in Ferguson, Missouri and produced by Nation19 Magazine. Common performed with Andra Day in the opening musical performance for the March for Our Lives anti-gun violence rally in Washington, D.C. on March 24, 2018. He also performed at the 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King's death in Memphis, at an event co-hosted by the labor union UNITE HERE. Common was later accused of joining anti-union efforts by crossing a UNITE HERE picket line in Boston.
Personal life
Common is a pescatarian. He continues to be both a Chicago Bulls and Chicago Bears fan. He is a Christian, attending Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. On May 4, 2019, Common served as spring commencement speaker at the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) and after his address, was awarded an honorary DFA degree. While at FAMU, he studied in the School of Business and Industry.
Common was in a relationship with comedian and actress Tiffany Haddish from mid-2020 to November 2021.
Discography
Studio albums
Can I Borrow a Dollar? (1992)
Resurrection (1994)
One Day It'll All Make Sense (1997)
Like Water for Chocolate (2000)
Electric Circus (2002)
Be (2005)
Finding Forever (2007)
Universal Mind Control (2008)
The Dreamer/The Believer (2011)
Nobody's Smiling (2014)
Black America Again (2016)
Let Love (2019)
A Beautiful Revolution (Pt. 1) (2020)
A Beautiful Revolution (Pt. 2) (2021)
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Common: Geffen Records Site
Common on Democracy Now! – video interview
1972 births
21st-century American male actors
African-American film producers
American film producers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
African-American male actors
African-American non-fiction writers
American non-fiction writers
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American memoirists
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Florida A&M University alumni
Def Jam Recordings artists
Golden Globe Award-winning musicians
Grammy Award winners for rap music
Hip hop activists
Living people
Male actors from Chicago
Midwest hip hop musicians
Native Tongues Posse
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Rappers from Chicago
Songwriters from Illinois
Warner Records artists
Writers from Chicago
21st-century American rappers
August Greene members
African-American songwriters
Soulquarians members
Cocaine 80s members
|
[
0.694874107837677,
0.2562921345233917,
-0.4678659439086914,
-0.259994775056839,
0.41726142168045044,
0.4745452404022217,
0.6813448071479797,
0.013533642515540123,
-0.39933013916015625,
-0.07007135450839996,
0.31068360805511475,
0.9281355738639832,
-0.8206034898757935,
-0.013979298993945122,
0.18993468582630157,
0.23028573393821716,
-0.020419104024767876,
-0.3335050046443939,
0.11239656805992126,
0.19644930958747864,
-0.7050822973251343,
0.299373596906662,
0.45291072130203247,
-0.24748066067695618,
-0.6066590547561646,
0.9643059372901917,
-0.4302648603916168,
0.4442406892776489,
-0.3316972553730011,
-0.7713298797607422,
0.4512330889701843,
0.4642622172832489,
0.9415854215621948,
-0.21334020793437958,
-0.10082019120454788,
-0.18507912755012512,
-0.366682231426239,
-0.43506836891174316,
-0.18813417851924896,
-0.36848101019859314,
-0.24396751821041107,
-0.34899526834487915,
-0.37603527307510376,
-0.369418740272522,
-0.5776916742324829,
-0.8093585968017578,
-1.5987389087677002,
0.9384452700614929,
-1.1602637767791748,
-0.0928659588098526,
0.1287003755569458,
0.26384276151657104,
-0.47371652722358704,
0.11778540909290314,
-0.06744039803743362,
0.2330082505941391,
-0.683970034122467,
-0.7452518939971924,
0.21894924342632294,
-0.2321654111146927,
0.34273868799209595,
-0.2586962878704071,
0.35090091824531555,
-0.6187745332717896,
-0.26822909712791443,
0.039790328592061996,
0.1682790368795395,
0.3434509336948395,
-0.5714213252067566,
0.025309571996331215,
-0.27104103565216064,
0.48066839575767517,
0.13413263857364655,
0.014344650320708752,
-0.036013517528772354,
0.18172945082187653,
0.7643356919288635,
-0.02390226162970066,
-0.027519237250089645,
0.6022318601608276,
-0.07726536691188812,
-0.1404246687889099,
0.6929331421852112,
0.8046457171440125,
-0.29538634419441223,
-0.313783198595047,
-0.5067615509033203,
0.4167439639568329,
-0.595621645450592,
0.3813995122909546,
-0.5057786107063293,
-0.05009957775473595,
0.20947296917438507,
0.4478888511657715,
0.11433660984039307,
-0.14064694941043854,
0.09585399925708771,
-0.503566563129425,
0.2450598031282425,
-0.28864866495132446,
-0.27212607860565186,
-0.2994231879711151,
0.2836723029613495,
-0.36036017537117004,
-0.3480120301246643,
0.6607776880264282,
-0.007583325728774071,
-0.3224789500236511,
-0.43105754256248474,
0.05360853672027588,
-0.47895804047584534,
0.44840162992477417,
0.1179996207356453,
0.25849705934524536,
0.04197799786925316,
0.9768925905227661,
0.6281335353851318,
0.01107728574424982,
-0.2975017726421356,
-0.13665816187858582,
-0.9693090915679932,
0.030995648354291916,
0.03404008969664574,
0.5978947877883911,
-0.7066965699195862,
0.05357038602232933,
0.13432125747203827,
-0.42250990867614746,
-0.3711184561252594,
0.3208009600639343,
0.1544179767370224,
0.6015107035636902,
0.11644219607114792,
-0.29030925035476685,
-0.5557898283004761,
-0.565012514591217,
0.045502670109272,
-0.2398514598608017,
-0.059785373508930206,
-0.1808166354894638,
-0.5317097902297974,
-1.0774052143096924,
-0.2971321940422058,
0.16787762939929962,
0.1887245774269104,
0.08797770738601685,
-0.32293808460235596,
-0.16098886728286743,
-0.019141046330332756,
0.5490704774856567,
0.016126632690429688,
0.32282963395118713,
-0.16134746372699738,
-1.0541503429412842,
0.150314599275589,
0.22109945118427277,
0.17923504114151,
-0.09948426485061646,
-0.031172314658761024,
-0.18660901486873627,
0.13267773389816284,
-0.16264668107032776,
-0.17296293377876282,
-0.5541940331459045,
0.5897700786590576,
-0.5636265873908997,
-0.33842262625694275,
-0.0494936928153038,
-0.66501384973526,
-0.129044309258461,
0.20796914398670197,
-0.21837033331394196,
0.14549629390239716,
-0.25200778245925903,
0.11056189984083176,
0.8670172095298767,
0.5746548175811768,
0.10834962129592896,
0.28402674198150635,
0.18758133053779602,
-0.5964320302009583,
0.02504546567797661,
0.42916834354400635,
-0.37322816252708435,
0.23754997551441193,
-0.28770771622657776,
-0.039631348103284836,
-0.6888979077339172,
1.0143338441848755,
-0.1362045407295227,
-0.7345715165138245,
-0.09850707650184631,
0.5690130591392517,
-0.17952366173267365,
0.47181805968284607,
-0.1341947764158249,
-0.1377117931842804,
0.6005191206932068,
0.35013076663017273,
0.23458054661750793,
-0.30773380398750305,
-0.2899925112724304,
0.5645074248313904,
-0.09561257064342499,
-0.5740681290626526,
0.1387006640434265,
0.5995116829872131,
-0.09095001965761185,
0.06724608689546585,
0.4385639429092407,
0.5004308223724365,
-0.5771830081939697,
0.2753741145133972,
-0.02101413533091545,
0.3967406451702118,
-0.6477171778678894,
-0.5484732985496521,
-0.048592712730169296,
-0.13150696456432343,
0.13309480249881744,
0.7247768640518188,
-0.03549172729253769,
0.08498508483171463,
0.5846723318099976,
-0.19468963146209717,
0.8961209654808044,
0.019548071548342705,
-0.19373950362205505,
0.20814882218837738,
-0.6666742563247681,
0.06216685473918915,
0.24422688782215118,
0.0742260292172432,
-0.8356760740280151,
-0.46488961577415466,
0.3573518693447113,
0.6297601461410522,
-0.12699073553085327,
0.12291556596755981,
-0.7469969391822815,
0.41400980949401855,
0.6754313707351685,
-0.7890415191650391,
-0.6798357367515564,
0.27407702803611755,
0.07705353200435638,
-0.45873963832855225,
-0.3776323199272156,
-0.37317073345184326,
0.20338302850723267,
0.1895526945590973,
0.3330932855606079,
0.8551012873649597,
-0.0730559229850769,
0.7150462865829468,
-0.3031221926212311,
0.6884117722511292,
0.29554319381713867,
-0.5671695470809937,
-0.48389795422554016,
-0.3560236990451813,
0.35267049074172974,
0.508901834487915,
0.00035414431476965547,
-0.05748946592211723,
0.3835100531578064,
0.006404586136341095,
-0.03660811483860016,
0.09323346614837646,
-0.18482978641986847,
1.038977026939392,
0.023165863007307053,
-0.18281815946102142,
0.11329233646392822,
0.4779617190361023,
-0.1444440484046936,
-0.056431759148836136,
-0.19860436022281647,
-0.1604682207107544,
-1.2021244764328003,
0.23408624529838562,
0.3836617171764374,
-0.16391190886497498,
-0.4897635579109192,
0.4325217008590698,
-0.43382489681243896,
-0.4528549015522003,
0.526880145072937,
-0.08069933950901031,
-0.37906479835510254,
-0.493784636259079,
0.39015671610832214,
-0.8031461834907532,
0.5269553065299988,
0.12014450877904892,
-0.4878898859024048,
0.1640339493751526,
0.32191845774650574,
-0.29899489879608154,
0.01259696763008833,
-0.040086597204208374,
0.6852256059646606,
0.3556073009967804,
0.2033153474330902,
0.5566588044166565,
-0.39265942573547363,
-0.06806010007858276,
-0.1156742051243782,
-5.3608856201171875,
0.6644799113273621,
-0.05450466647744179,
-0.09468529373407364,
0.5674667358398438,
-0.3391333520412445,
-0.15818752348423004,
-0.20899441838264465,
0.6647714972496033,
-0.2230401635169983,
-0.3616521954536438,
-0.43448400497436523,
-0.11495355516672134,
-0.35946401953697205,
0.0050772023387253284,
0.26508450508117676,
0.07620090246200562,
-0.6597519516944885,
-0.38669100403785706,
0.7413945198059082,
0.006768778432160616,
0.504107654094696,
-0.5384359359741211,
0.03317921981215477,
-0.365487664937973,
0.16278819739818573,
-0.9522263407707214,
0.5840559601783752,
-0.24406413733959198,
0.2749699056148529,
-0.10704811662435532,
0.4652559757232666,
-0.5012283325195312,
-0.10012108832597733,
-0.4368758201599121,
-0.3526565134525299,
0.2532505989074707,
-0.46351543068885803,
0.2659127712249756,
-0.18092016875743866,
0.3847656846046448,
0.2503875195980072,
-0.4954187572002411,
0.2900563180446625,
0.6774908900260925,
0.025102337822318077,
-0.56578129529953,
-0.37756285071372986,
-0.007840088568627834,
0.5645904541015625,
0.00709063233807683,
-0.4171770513057709,
0.49045807123184204,
0.4214863181114197,
0.4887385666370392,
-0.5472025275230408,
0.4173218905925751,
0.3467300832271576,
-0.6028649210929871,
0.5051819682121277,
0.41908979415893555,
-0.5327988266944885,
0.11488983780145645,
-0.009008972905576229,
0.22251325845718384,
-0.5484926104545593,
0.4525555968284607,
-0.30085253715515137,
0.354968786239624,
-0.01469617523252964,
-0.0611102469265461,
0.6103854775428772,
-0.0503888875246048,
-1.286436915397644,
0.013222616165876389,
-0.15365777909755707,
-0.0327574759721756,
0.7464116811752319,
-0.4014226794242859,
-0.32088062167167664,
0.16691407561302185,
-0.07446832209825516,
0.3345346450805664,
0.3463817834854126,
-0.22753454744815826,
-0.6158312559127808,
-0.09766769409179688,
0.12580852210521698,
-0.3820236027240753,
0.0660289004445076,
0.021443277597427368,
-0.5982938408851624,
0.42546236515045166,
0.3790982961654663,
0.23928022384643555,
-0.7242295145988464,
0.5098795294761658,
0.6092817187309265,
0.16462668776512146,
0.41160815954208374,
0.8600032329559326,
-0.539555549621582,
-0.013298813253641129,
-0.9978340268135071,
-0.027959389612078667,
-0.3343752324581146,
-0.10519387573003769,
0.4346727728843689,
0.23282834887504578,
-0.6493120789527893,
0.24228666722774506,
0.10881179571151733,
-0.6223182678222656,
-0.25375816226005554,
0.4026019871234894,
-0.05583929270505905,
-0.23886334896087646,
-0.05038268119096756,
0.5350245237350464,
0.5913816094398499,
0.2619442641735077,
0.6727189421653748,
0.1495240330696106,
0.3697894811630249,
-0.4555041790008545,
-0.12840536236763,
0.012331169098615646,
0.2545282542705536,
-0.4251469671726227,
-0.14213252067565918,
-0.5985840559005737,
0.38574275374412537,
-0.3344027101993561,
-0.26430389285087585,
0.2960151135921478,
0.014438649639487267,
-0.12491503357887268,
-0.23967160284519196,
-0.05325448885560036,
-0.5163726806640625,
0.48609310388565063,
-0.7466772198677063,
0.26158326864242554,
0.47568467259407043,
0.3372262418270111,
-0.11590765416622162,
0.2513508200645447,
0.2243044525384903,
-0.3114943206310272,
0.42022448778152466,
0.6242321729660034,
-0.6767823696136475,
0.33178406953811646,
-0.1660218983888626,
-0.4142172038555145,
0.32993051409721375,
-0.19861193001270294,
-0.055667899549007416,
0.16357257962226868,
-0.8501031398773193,
0.9402851462364197,
0.0029358507599681616,
-0.8511224985122681,
-0.18549011647701263,
-0.05381759628653526,
-0.38695791363716125,
-0.7302737236022949,
-0.08896864950656891,
-0.8738139867782593,
0.3370528221130371,
-0.12615327537059784,
-0.8298135995864868,
-0.2861855626106262,
-0.3744097352027893,
-0.21385668218135834,
0.15426388382911682,
-0.31115075945854187,
-0.13587327301502228,
0.2339976280927658,
0.6307534575462341,
-0.06255748122930527,
-0.05997157469391823,
-0.6411091685295105,
-0.08114557713270187,
0.4833338260650635,
-0.1373567283153534,
-0.0785708799958229,
-0.14183297753334045,
-0.06339584290981293,
0.14880742132663727,
0.19055718183517456,
-0.2871610224246979,
0.05630624666810036,
0.17899726331233978,
0.2702142298221588,
-0.5893082618713379,
0.4522697925567627,
0.07212833315134048,
-0.2947517931461334,
0.1547570824623108,
0.5495229363441467,
0.2387237250804901,
-0.17690622806549072,
0.03491056337952614,
1.1272687911987305,
-0.1210779994726181,
0.43047937750816345,
0.043436262756586075,
-0.1662358045578003,
0.5144730806350708,
0.14683948457241058,
-0.6651830673217773,
-0.11561710387468338,
-0.4905257523059845,
-0.21250703930854797,
-0.388242244720459,
0.3325306177139282,
0.011918571777641773,
-0.18294797837734222,
-0.9011722803115845,
-0.17005066573619843,
-0.6509405970573425,
-0.4014630615711212,
0.14374281466007233,
-0.7395954728126526,
0.07701877504587173,
0.2147260457277298,
0.13671503961086273,
0.7194598317146301,
-0.007332600187510252,
-0.4381718635559082,
-0.17401108145713806,
0.9789633750915527,
0.6245011687278748,
-1.1288634538650513,
-0.21384166181087494,
-0.2019992172718048,
0.8845214247703552,
0.33320415019989014,
-0.04318821802735329,
0.36814361810684204,
1.0740598440170288,
-0.1987776756286621,
-0.15972192585468292,
0.6436214447021484,
0.31954464316368103,
0.4125417470932007,
0.011430889368057251,
-0.3806205093860626,
-0.11302630603313446,
0.5249221920967102,
0.08972683548927307,
-0.4894905686378479,
0.29873818159103394,
0.3935103416442871,
-0.7769030332565308,
0.14072109758853912,
-0.1487094610929489,
-0.26470309495925903,
0.30968546867370605,
0.3072931170463562,
-0.4543616473674774,
-0.5084564089775085,
0.01832597889006138,
-0.4462873935699463,
-0.21856945753097534,
0.028587467968463898,
0.39751380681991577,
0.1799178272485733,
-0.3656105399131775,
-0.09500983357429504,
-0.5910416841506958,
0.06590184569358826,
0.731611430644989,
-0.5305697917938232,
0.11797463148832321,
0.22382691502571106,
0.19178274273872375,
-0.04455985873937607,
-0.16586880385875702,
-0.5698341727256775,
0.1293254792690277,
0.264281690120697,
-0.42653173208236694,
0.5809112787246704,
0.27080202102661133,
0.2357662171125412,
-0.16145889461040497,
-0.17670463025569916,
-0.15575826168060303,
-0.11297164112329483,
0.18489322066307068,
-0.348407506942749,
0.21738308668136597,
-0.2819848358631134,
-0.30523309111595154,
-0.106620654463768,
1.2921737432479858,
0.6090441346168518,
0.4064423739910126,
-0.10453197360038757,
1.1293151378631592,
0.9460695385932922,
-0.6415930986404419,
0.24475841224193573,
-0.3532997965812683,
0.21947486698627472,
-0.3202648460865021,
0.434537798166275,
0.3504749536514282,
-0.004536602646112442,
-0.06034509837627411,
0.3296719789505005,
0.5110493898391724,
-0.40855640172958374,
0.6261743307113647,
0.7821350693702698,
-0.15010514855384827,
0.3536417484283447,
-0.13576260209083557,
-0.07149457931518555,
-0.45621874928474426,
1.0241717100143433,
0.3653497099876404,
1.0727568864822388,
1.039100170135498,
0.03482004627585411,
-0.1625088006258011,
0.38243845105171204,
0.7855929136276245,
0.4293453097343445,
-0.41928258538246155,
0.041216496378183365,
0.17922790348529816,
0.1314295530319214,
-0.355781227350235,
-0.23394277691841125,
0.43414658308029175,
0.46671971678733826,
0.517340362071991,
-0.4311549663543701,
-0.042604777961969376,
-0.10187135636806488,
0.5660457611083984,
0.048886410892009735,
0.25329485535621643,
-0.08190716803073883,
0.10917327553033829,
-0.09546919912099838,
-0.35898199677467346,
0.14282940328121185,
-0.18671914935112,
0.43486806750297546,
-0.2228650450706482,
0.2613971531391144,
-0.24253623187541962,
-0.08354495465755463,
-0.051217786967754364,
-0.2219851166009903,
-0.009402991272509098,
0.5557519793510437,
-0.3465648889541626,
0.8268709778785706,
-0.18870976567268372,
-0.5105136632919312,
-0.050846319645643234,
0.09110843390226364,
-0.589910626411438,
-0.2269487828016281,
-0.04430016502737999,
-0.4063318073749542,
0.5816675424575806,
-0.622305691242218,
0.46143513917922974,
0.11589338630437851,
0.06111839413642883,
0.17713716626167297,
0.021406570449471474,
-0.7276304364204407,
-0.09526903927326202,
-0.33924245834350586,
-0.7458633184432983,
-0.6486488580703735,
-0.01251600868999958,
0.3854212164878845,
0.38715603947639465,
-0.41271886229515076,
0.5054791569709778,
-0.49213895201683044,
-0.07329579442739487,
-0.04183203727006912,
-0.9278825521469116,
-0.4940800964832306,
-0.03196558356285095,
-0.6457690000534058,
0.1749865859746933,
-0.18278302252292633,
0.9177596569061279,
0.33275410532951355,
0.41060101985931396,
0.49614202976226807,
0.04369122162461281,
-0.020153023302555084,
-0.2785501480102539,
-0.8589907884597778,
0.018996404483914375,
-0.9123006463050842,
0.028789054602384567,
-1.040593147277832,
0.8694461584091187,
0.28979921340942383,
-0.09186457842588425,
-0.5220117568969727,
0.2475138157606125,
-0.0938524603843689,
0.5651648044586182,
0.5145632028579712,
0.21324937045574188,
-0.026833949610590935,
-0.16328543424606323,
-0.002218400128185749,
0.5748418569564819,
0.19847121834754944,
0.08128435909748077,
-0.5969234108924866,
0.3664811849594116,
0.10710735619068146,
-0.04204701632261276,
-0.291893869638443,
0.5543761253356934,
-0.5081910490989685,
-0.09053055197000504,
-0.3825511634349823,
-0.29598766565322876,
-0.12922528386116028,
-0.8522329926490784,
0.4482792019844055,
0.8664422631263733,
0.0018770096357911825,
0.3437328636646271,
0.9315416216850281,
-0.34665563702583313,
-0.5079445242881775,
-0.08662857115268707,
0.13418088853359222,
0.06539816409349442,
-0.3034726083278656,
-0.15381242334842682,
-0.06442821025848389,
0.20798340439796448,
-0.06972510367631912,
-0.4084596633911133,
0.4438106119632721,
-0.4571998715400696,
-0.06436416506767273,
0.29884809255599976,
0.1619170606136322,
-0.11582601815462112,
0.34701934456825256,
-0.7199590802192688
] |
210471
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Sense
|
Common Sense
|
Common Sense is a 47-page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–1776 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Writing in clear and persuasive prose, Paine marshaled moral and political arguments to encourage common people in the Colonies to fight for egalitarian government. It was published anonymously on January 10, 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution and became an immediate sensation.
It was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time (2.5 million), it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in American history. As of 2006, it remains the all-time best-selling American title and is still in print today.
Common Sense made public a persuasive and impassioned case for independence, which had not yet been given serious intellectual consideration. Paine connected independence with common dissenting Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity and structured Common Sense as if it were a sermon. Historian Gordon S. Wood described Common Sense as "the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era."
The text was translated into French by Antoine Gilbert Griffet de Labaume in 1790.
Publication
Paine arrived in the American colonies in November 1774, shortly before the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Though the colonies and Great Britain had commenced hostilities against one another, the thought of independence was not initially entertained. Writing in 1778 of his early experiences in the colonies, Paine "found the disposition of the people such, that they might have been led by a thread and governed by a reed. Their attachment to Britain was obstinate, and it was, at that time, a kind of treason to speak against it. Their ideas of grievance operated without resentment, and their single object was reconciliation." Paine quickly engrained himself in the Philadelphia newspaper business, and began writing Common Sense in late 1775 under the working title of Plain Truth. Though it began as a series of letters to be published in various Philadelphia papers, it grew too long and unwieldy to publish as letters, leading Paine to select the pamphlet form.
Benjamin Rush recommended the publisher Robert Bell, promising Paine that although other printers might balk at the content of the pamphlet, Bell would not hesitate or delay its printing. The pamphlet was first published on January 10, 1776. Bell zealously promoted the pamphlet in Philadelphia's papers, and demand grew so high as to require a second printing. Paine, overjoyed with its success, endeavored to collect his share of the profits and donate them to purchase mittens for General Montgomery's troops, then encamped in frigid Quebec. However, when Paine's chosen intermediaries audited Bell's accounts, they found that the pamphlet actually had made zero profits. Incensed, Paine ordered Bell not to proceed on a second edition, as he had planned several appendices to add to Common Sense. Bell ignored that and began advertising a "new edition".
While Bell believed that the advertisement would convince Paine to retain his services, it had the opposite effect. Paine secured the assistance of the Bradford brothers, publishers of The Pennsylvania Evening Post, and released his new edition, featuring several appendices and additional writings. Bell began working on a second edition. This set off a month-long public debate between Bell and the still-anonymous Paine, conducted within the pages and advertisements of the Pennsylvania Evening Post, with each party charging the other with duplicity and fraud. Paine and Bell published several more editions through the end of their public squabble.
The publicity generated by the initial success and compounded by the publishing disagreements propelled the pamphlet to incredible sales and circulation. Following Paine's own estimate of the pamphlet's sales, some historians claim that Common Sense sold almost 100,000 copies in 1776, and according to Paine, 120,000 copies were sold in the first three months. One biographer estimates that 500,000 copies sold in the first year (in both America and Europe, predominantly France and Britain), and another writes that Paine's pamphlet went through 25 published editions in the first year alone. However, some historians dispute these figures as implausible because of the literate population at the time and estimated the far upper limit as 75,000 copies.
Aside from the printed pamphlet itself, there were many handwritten summaries and whole copies circulated. Paine also granted publishing rights to nearly every imprint which requested them, including several international editions. It was immensely popular in France, where it was published without its diatribes against monarchy. At least one newspaper printed the entire pamphlet: the Connecticut Courant in its issue of February 19, 1776. Writing in 1956, Richard Gimbel estimated, in terms of circulation and impact, that an "equivalent sale today, based on the present population of the United States, would be more than six-and-one-half million copies within the short space of three months".
For nearly three months, Paine managed to maintain his anonymity, even during Bell's potent newspaper polemics. His name did not become officially connected with the independence controversy until March 30, 1776. Paine never recouped the profits that he felt were due to him from Bell's first edition. Ultimately, he lost money on the Bradford printing as well, and because he decided to repudiate his copyright, he never profited from Common Sense.
Sections
The first and subsequent editions divided the pamphlet into four sections.
I. Of the Origin and Design of Government in General, With Concise Remarks on the English Constitution
In his first section, Paine related common Enlightenment theories of the state of nature to establish a foundation for republican government. Paine began the section by making a distinction between society and government and argues that government is a "necessary evil." He illustrates the power of society to create and maintain happiness in man through the example of a few isolated people who find it easier to live together rather than apart, thus creating society. As society continues to grow, a government becomes necessary to prevent the natural evil Paine saw in man.
To promote civil society through laws and account for the impossibility of all people meeting centrally to make laws, representation and elections become necessary. As that model was clearly intended to mirror the situation of the colonists at the time of publication, Paine went on to consider the English constitution.
Paine found two tyrannies in the English constitution: monarchical and aristocratic tyranny in the king and peers, who rule by heredity and contribute nothing to the people. Paine criticized the English constitution by examining the relationship between the king, the peers, and the commons.
II. Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession
The second section considers monarchy first from a biblical perspective and then from a historical perspective. He begins by arguing that since all men are equal at creation, the distinction between kings and subjects is a false one. Paine then quotes a sequence of biblical passages to refute the divine right of Kings. After citing , he highlights Gideon’s refusal to heed the people's call to rule, citing . He then reproduces the majority of (wherein Samuel relays God's objections to the people's demand for a king) and concludes: “the Almighty hath here entered his protest against monarchical government...”
Paine then examines some of the problems that kings and monarchies have caused in the past and concludes:
Paine also attacks one type of "mixed state," the constitutional monarchy promoted by John Locke, in which the powers of government are separated between a Parliament or Congress, which makes the laws, and a monarch, who executes them. The constitutional monarchy, according to Locke, would limit the powers of the king sufficiently to ensure that the realm would remain lawful rather than easily becoming tyrannical. According to Paine, however, such limits are insufficient. In the mixed state, power tends to concentrate into the hands of the monarch, eventually permitting him to transcend any limitations placed upon him. Paine questions why the supporters of the mixed state, since they concede that the power of the monarch is dangerous, wish to include a monarch in their scheme of government in the first place.
III. Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs
In the third section, Paine examines the hostilities between England and the American colonies and argues that the best course of action is independence. Paine proposes a Continental Charter (or Charter of the United Colonies) that would be an American Magna Carta. Paine writes that a Continental Charter "should come from some intermediate body between the Congress and the people" and outlines a Continental Conference that could draft a Continental Charter. Each colony would hold elections for five representatives, who would be accompanied by two members of the assembly of colonies, for a total of seven representatives from each colony in the Continental Conference. The Conference would then meet and draft a Continental Charter that would secure "freedom and property to all men, and… the free exercise of religion". The Continental Charter would also outline a new national government, which Paine thought would take the form of a Congress.
Paine suggested that a congress may be created in the following way: each colony should be divided in districts, and each district would "send a proper number of delegates to Congress." Paine thought that each colony should send at least 30 delegates to Congress and that the total number of delegates in Congress should be at least 390. The Congress would meet annually and elect a president. Each colony would be put into a lottery; the president would be elected, by the whole congress, from the delegation of the colony that was selected in the lottery. After a colony was selected, it would be removed from subsequent lotteries until all of the colonies had been selected, at which point the lottery would start anew. Electing a president or passing a law would require three-fifths of the congress.
IV. On the Present Ability of America, With Some Miscellaneous Reflections
The fourth section of the pamphlet includes Paine's optimistic view of America's military potential at the time of the revolution. For example, he spends pages describing how colonial shipyards, by using the large amounts of lumber available in the country, could quickly create a navy that could rival the Royal Navy.
Impact and response
Heavy advertisement by both Bell and Paine and the immense publicity created by their publishing quarrel made Common Sense an immediate sensation not only in Philadelphia but also across the Thirteen Colonies. Early "reviewers" (mainly letter excerpts published anonymously in colonial newspapers) touted the clear and rational case for independence put forth by Paine. One Marylander wrote to the Pennsylvania Evening Post on February 6, 1776, that "if you know the author of COMMON SENSE, tell him he has done wonders and worked miracles. His stile [sic] is plain and nervous; his facts are true; his reasoning, just and conclusive".
The author went on to claim that the pamphlet was highly persuasive in swaying people towards independence. The mass appeal, one later reviewer noted, was caused by Paine's dramatic calls for popular support of revolution, "giv[ing] liberty to every individual to contribute materials for that great building, the grand charter of American Liberty". On top of that Common Sense, sold 500,000 copies within its first year of it being published. Paine's vision of a radical democracy, unlike the checked and balanced nation later favored by conservatives like John Adams, was highly attractive to the popular audience which read and reread Common Sense. In the months leading up to the Declaration of Independence, many more reviewers noted that the two main themes (direct and passionate style and calls for individual empowerment) were decisive in swaying the Colonists from reconciliation to rebellion. The pamphlet was also highly successful because of a brilliant marketing tactic planned by Paine. He and Bell timed the first edition to be published at around the same time as a proclamation on the colonies by King George III, hoping to contrast the strong, monarchical message with the heavily anti-monarchical Common Sense. Luckily, the speech and the first advertisement of the pamphlet appeared on the same day within the pages of The Pennsylvania Evening Post.
While Paine focused his style and address towards the common people, the arguments he made touched on prescient debates of morals, government, and the mechanisms of democracy. That gave Common Sense a "second life" in the very public call-and-response nature of newspaper debates made by intellectual men of letters throughout Philadelphia. Paine's formulation of "war for an idea" led to, as Eric Foner describes it, "a torrent of letters, pamphlets, and broadsides on independence and the meaning of republican government... attacking or defending, or extending and refining Paine's ideas".
John Adams, who would succeed George Washington to become the new nation's second president, in his Thoughts on Government wrote that Paine's ideal sketched in Common Sense was "so democratical, without any restraint or even an attempt at any equilibrium or counter poise, that it must produce confusion and every evil work." Others, such as the writer calling himself "Cato," denounced Paine as dangerous and his ideas as violent. Paine was also an active and willing participant in what would become essentially a six-month publicity tour for independence. Writing as "The Forester," he responded to Cato and other critics in the pages of Philadelphian papers with passion and declared again in sweeping language that their conflict was not only with Great Britain but also with the tyranny inevitably resulting from monarchical rule.
Later scholars have assessed the influence of Common Sense in several ways. Some, like A. Owen Aldridge, emphasize that Common Sense could hardly be said to embody a particular ideology, and that "even Paine himself may not have been cognizant of the ultimate source of many of his concepts." They make the point that much of the pamphlet's value came as a result of the context in which it was published. Eric Foner wrote that the pamphlet touched a radical populace at the height of their radicalism, which culminated in Pennsylvania with a new constitution aligned along Paine's principles. Many have noted that Paine's skills were chiefly in persuasion and propaganda and that no matter the content of his ideas, the fervor of his conviction and the various tools he employed on his readers (such as asserting his Christianity when he really was a Deist), Common Sense was bound for success. Still others emphasized the uniqueness of Paine's vision, with Craig Nelson calling him a "pragmatic utopian" who de-emphasized economic arguments in favor of moralistic ones, thus giving credence to the argument that Common Sense was propaganda.
In response to Common Sense, Rev. Charles Inglis, then the Anglican cleric of Trinity Church in New York, responded to Paine on behalf of colonists loyal to the Crown with a treatise entitled The True Interest of America Impartially Stated.
See also
The American Crisis,
Rights of Man, and
The Age of Reason, also written by Thomas Paine
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
American philosophy
Notes
References
Secondary sources
Primary sources
External links
"Common Sense: The Rhetoric of Popular Democracy"—lesson plan for grades 9–12 from the National Endowment for the Humanities
Online full text scan and downloadable PDF at Google Books
Common Sense by Thomas Paine—at ushistory.org
Project Gutenberg: #147 and #3755
Pamphlets
Documents of the American Revolution
Works by Thomas Paine
1776 books
American political philosophy literature
|
[
0.1827128380537033,
0.18768703937530518,
-0.28889861702919006,
-0.1171407476067543,
0.10294533520936966,
0.1918407678604126,
0.5894340872764587,
0.21221408247947693,
0.22609175741672516,
-0.34376928210258484,
0.21601033210754395,
0.5043662190437317,
-0.6157667636871338,
0.10970407724380493,
-0.04124797135591507,
0.23987600207328796,
0.4493166208267212,
0.03148556500673294,
0.16355399787425995,
-0.1217261403799057,
-0.8047686219215393,
-0.2002621293067932,
0.07416468113660812,
-0.1405336558818817,
0.5422450304031372,
0.040087275207042694,
0.9106503129005432,
-0.1391029953956604,
-0.08956100791692734,
-0.31256699562072754,
-0.1091870442032814,
0.4059947729110718,
0.03894104063510895,
0.05549505725502968,
-0.33524462580680847,
0.033388156443834305,
-0.3705410063266754,
-0.08969897031784058,
-0.2474793940782547,
-0.4255026578903198,
0.3782941997051239,
-0.1600772738456726,
0.22815939784049988,
0.16351960599422455,
-0.19176512956619263,
-0.24349455535411835,
-1.7937901020050049,
0.5518561005592346,
-1.0458327531814575,
-0.10317184031009674,
0.105793796479702,
0.7266892790794373,
0.5319923758506775,
0.827621340751648,
-0.5228922367095947,
0.7981227040290833,
-0.1932859867811203,
-0.4693160355091095,
0.3059302866458893,
-0.6012366414070129,
-0.20198951661586761,
0.13994458317756653,
0.2643597424030304,
0.40664640069007874,
0.004911360796540976,
-0.19131261110305786,
-0.4314417243003845,
0.0977826863527298,
0.18033930659294128,
0.0840185359120369,
-0.38168394565582275,
0.037046898156404495,
-0.3474369943141937,
0.4286728799343109,
-0.3731299936771393,
0.2578238546848297,
0.4889965057373047,
-0.03464687243103981,
0.4627690315246582,
-0.12594842910766602,
-0.23310738801956177,
0.09637736529111862,
0.28202158212661743,
-0.0062796371057629585,
0.12249564379453659,
0.12963366508483887,
0.4730583429336548,
0.2937651574611664,
0.11916346848011017,
0.5625261068344116,
0.33114132285118103,
-0.03205094113945961,
0.1252904087305069,
-0.3664841949939728,
-0.12169477343559265,
-0.3760213255882263,
0.6225168704986572,
-0.1635565161705017,
-0.3289582431316376,
-0.037920065224170685,
-0.07220710813999176,
0.20316597819328308,
0.8526962995529175,
0.040460314601659775,
-0.6270891427993774,
0.27479317784309387,
0.09725644439458847,
-0.8057683110237122,
0.5162148475646973,
0.3158644735813141,
-0.1751714050769806,
0.45486077666282654,
0.27156949043273926,
0.142514169216156,
-0.16371862590312958,
0.7239905595779419,
0.7972502708435059,
-0.26949334144592285,
-0.25413304567337036,
-0.15178661048412323,
-0.3678964376449585,
0.38796350359916687,
-0.07060900330543518,
0.051942672580480576,
0.15195848047733307,
-0.37166640162467957,
0.3645819127559662,
-0.22922980785369873,
-0.6996253132820129,
0.06143994629383087,
0.2671765983104706,
0.3960704207420349,
-0.044750116765499115,
-0.549367368221283,
-0.7454899549484253,
0.031267549842596054,
0.5610506534576416,
-0.1192704364657402,
-0.2125723958015442,
0.18151403963565826,
0.22256848216056824,
-0.7477114200592041,
-0.37785595655441284,
-0.11698371917009354,
0.7525086998939514,
-0.4243103265762329,
-0.20120245218276978,
-0.31534549593925476,
-0.38084083795547485,
-0.0031457922887057066,
-0.21245995163917542,
0.2351960688829422,
0.02297026664018631,
-0.6656689643859863,
0.4254760444164276,
0.25139814615249634,
0.3320387303829193,
0.6346107721328735,
0.10803591459989548,
-0.06082969531416893,
-0.18194085359573364,
0.08445020020008087,
-0.23460468649864197,
-0.4265851378440857,
-0.34885820746421814,
-0.45970654487609863,
-0.12911923229694366,
0.27985966205596924,
-0.01789560541510582,
-0.16734816133975983,
0.15737281739711761,
-0.1610700637102127,
0.308089017868042,
-0.34128060936927795,
-0.1345880925655365,
0.44859778881073,
0.6287218332290649,
0.4275110065937042,
0.5199528932571411,
-0.1532658040523529,
-0.4629371166229248,
0.3117794990539551,
0.40087929368019104,
-0.6286768913269043,
-0.16357050836086273,
0.3852243423461914,
0.03974834829568863,
0.09915081411600113,
0.1622806042432785,
-0.12260101735591888,
-0.03931593522429466,
-0.47797268629074097,
0.28448688983917236,
-0.6100046634674072,
1.4790565967559814,
0.037048060446977615,
-0.15684525668621063,
1.3875629901885986,
-0.12083509564399719,
0.30095064640045166,
-0.12739859521389008,
0.032302021980285645,
0.19298407435417175,
0.5178545117378235,
-0.24521401524543762,
0.06230028718709946,
-0.28283920884132385,
0.309278666973114,
0.24327988922595978,
0.12012995779514313,
0.15923574566841125,
-0.005448945332318544,
0.5100212097167969,
-0.09104160219430923,
-0.20855554938316345,
-0.754528284072876,
0.15396814048290253,
0.507512092590332,
-0.04156336188316345,
-0.20982258021831512,
0.26432138681411743,
-0.463156133890152,
-0.03117217682301998,
0.7757092118263245,
0.3456355333328247,
0.13883458077907562,
-0.22145046293735504,
0.25483939051628113,
-0.23013773560523987,
-0.6729918122291565,
-0.3734675347805023,
0.31978559494018555,
0.3365870714187622,
-0.3281802535057068,
-0.03519927337765694,
-0.22927536070346832,
0.16085493564605713,
-0.07826520502567291,
0.3978760838508606,
0.07451276481151581,
0.4043613374233246,
-0.11902796477079391,
-0.2430868297815323,
0.20304329693317413,
-0.051861900836229324,
-0.1066831722855568,
-0.1453455090522766,
0.20645812153816223,
0.34039178490638733,
0.10862824320793152,
0.17454609274864197,
0.779776394367218,
0.49309390783309937,
0.5276505351066589,
0.4421473443508148,
-0.4294566810131073,
0.20827920734882355,
-0.1544238030910492,
0.015802159905433655,
0.32975634932518005,
-0.315286785364151,
0.18734221160411835,
0.3012390732765198,
0.3875071406364441,
0.323980450630188,
-0.4404730498790741,
0.3840411603450775,
-0.32653260231018066,
-0.3518126308917999,
0.37284043431282043,
0.32428497076034546,
0.18767762184143066,
-0.1803228110074997,
0.28553223609924316,
0.5090581774711609,
-0.36908578872680664,
0.44005286693573,
0.2463739514350891,
-0.45874708890914917,
-0.4835900664329529,
-0.25814592838287354,
0.42446190118789673,
0.22546030580997467,
-0.5355610251426697,
0.402882844209671,
-0.7453392148017883,
0.15902763605117798,
-0.33061039447784424,
-0.13307152688503265,
0.7091607451438904,
0.1875351071357727,
-0.0507093109190464,
-0.035482555627822876,
-0.8034139275550842,
-0.09928922355175018,
0.7261861562728882,
0.015088314190506935,
0.24296025931835175,
-0.39685460925102234,
0.07359737157821655,
-0.1321137249469757,
0.1215563714504242,
-0.016068344935774803,
0.22283466160297394,
0.39938533306121826,
-0.25136512517929077,
-0.07702312618494034,
-0.19187608361244202,
-5.940243244171143,
0.3908546566963196,
-0.30460596084594727,
-0.3114067316055298,
0.12511351704597473,
0.21323595941066742,
0.30145320296287537,
-0.1909870207309723,
-0.11382836848497391,
0.3182293176651001,
0.10791126638650894,
-0.19995731115341187,
-0.47234994173049927,
-0.06326167285442352,
0.24293836951255798,
0.18839244544506073,
0.06458622217178345,
-0.01954842358827591,
-0.05012359097599983,
0.4611067771911621,
0.3925362825393677,
0.2755142152309418,
0.06908609718084335,
0.3793533444404602,
0.3148043751716614,
0.2727818489074707,
-0.6118095517158508,
0.631267786026001,
0.22801265120506287,
0.5547783374786377,
-0.009422527626156807,
0.14556817710399628,
0.25314411520957947,
-0.31576070189476013,
0.028372570872306824,
0.06670762598514557,
0.038637690246105194,
0.15140840411186218,
0.30710726976394653,
0.15800341963768005,
-0.0630779042840004,
0.2625948488712311,
0.08651617914438248,
0.5671035051345825,
0.033559322357177734,
0.053477682173252106,
0.021936211735010147,
0.11033161729574203,
-0.10002480447292328,
0.40345683693885803,
-0.45431581139564514,
-0.15490390360355377,
0.6016867160797119,
-0.06236661970615387,
-0.20692700147628784,
-0.4313560426235199,
0.6522528529167175,
-0.021080754697322845,
-0.6373140215873718,
-0.33824780583381653,
0.4672671854496002,
-0.2520407736301422,
0.14649109542369843,
-0.27768412232398987,
-0.17096158862113953,
-0.6405785083770752,
-0.8190757036209106,
-0.31076347827911377,
0.28076449036598206,
0.22166158258914948,
-0.40412867069244385,
0.5541012287139893,
0.20412877202033997,
-0.9183871746063232,
-0.14408554136753082,
-0.20572520792484283,
0.022264642640948296,
-0.07294657081365585,
0.8186443448066711,
-0.058748260140419006,
0.17003874480724335,
-0.0656299740076065,
-0.5367013216018677,
0.6956812739372253,
-0.05190999060869217,
-0.2267673909664154,
-0.34360256791114807,
-0.025074725970625877,
-1.105648398399353,
-0.23998905718326569,
0.2751826345920563,
-0.0021207176614552736,
-0.24312010407447815,
0.32265785336494446,
0.48562192916870117,
-0.3332408368587494,
0.09878890961408615,
0.2709977924823761,
0.609386682510376,
0.10848506540060043,
0.3982331454753876,
0.47060152888298035,
-0.0035434968303889036,
-0.5447593927383423,
-0.008073004893958569,
-0.28270986676216125,
-0.6886594295501709,
0.42539089918136597,
0.7995231747627258,
-0.314857542514801,
-0.17749448120594025,
0.13075344264507294,
-0.2141314446926117,
-0.16036264598369598,
-0.31565871834754944,
-0.08830197900533676,
-0.02540203183889389,
-0.10111343860626221,
0.15958558022975922,
0.049224063754081726,
0.31676867604255676,
0.4318475127220154,
-0.29425373673439026,
-0.13746263086795807,
-0.3797147572040558,
0.07385242730379105,
-0.08348269015550613,
-0.26546522974967957,
-0.7745999097824097,
-0.05864652991294861,
0.8474903106689453,
-0.29227468371391296,
0.038475967943668365,
0.05248642712831497,
0.057085923850536346,
-0.2347368597984314,
-0.3800601661205292,
-0.0103854238986969,
-0.6741296052932739,
-0.25183650851249695,
0.01681443490087986,
-0.7150076627731323,
0.2636936902999878,
0.07990308105945587,
0.1968357264995575,
-0.6636292934417725,
0.3853149116039276,
-0.26203033328056335,
-0.5027507543563843,
0.7231824398040771,
0.14207929372787476,
-0.16065603494644165,
0.5468369126319885,
0.1862557828426361,
-0.3785611391067505,
-0.1337289661169052,
0.22935523092746735,
0.19031019508838654,
-0.4235411584377289,
-0.36990445852279663,
0.067839615046978,
0.12164875119924545,
-0.7523441910743713,
-0.8529066443443298,
0.36151549220085144,
-0.35142016410827637,
-0.7972069978713989,
0.037942271679639816,
-0.6227896213531494,
-0.10260562598705292,
0.5036664009094238,
0.023220017552375793,
-0.3080967664718628,
-0.11871026456356049,
0.16250228881835938,
0.37765949964523315,
-0.37296682596206665,
0.31198930740356445,
0.22097186744213104,
0.10001631081104279,
-0.020822273567318916,
-0.7352649569511414,
-0.5741522908210754,
-0.5098861455917358,
0.5484793186187744,
-0.9009930491447449,
0.40859878063201904,
-0.19374051690101624,
0.08515024185180664,
-0.34667283296585083,
-0.14780500531196594,
-0.035782407969236374,
0.669023871421814,
0.39353498816490173,
-0.5838714241981506,
-0.4481717348098755,
0.4101896584033966,
0.18628118932247162,
-0.5540714263916016,
-0.18736009299755096,
0.4062647223472595,
0.14975780248641968,
-0.8640657663345337,
-0.2328786998987198,
0.3275459408760071,
-0.8454281091690063,
0.3938625156879425,
-0.48755791783332825,
-0.41762909293174744,
0.9256743788719177,
-0.3573528230190277,
-0.25882384181022644,
-0.23696504533290863,
-0.20909160375595093,
-0.03159258887171745,
-0.47711727023124695,
-0.3977871537208557,
-0.30032607913017273,
-0.43757951259613037,
-0.43280383944511414,
0.12250905483961105,
0.2694934010505676,
-0.6221399307250977,
0.09081128984689713,
-0.3754778802394867,
0.04040457308292389,
0.3018750250339508,
0.24792197346687317,
0.3851911723613739,
-0.2962014377117157,
-0.7334336638450623,
-0.41959843039512634,
0.43397101759910583,
0.389554500579834,
-0.36496400833129883,
-0.17737090587615967,
-0.33617833256721497,
0.19546937942504883,
-0.17034408450126648,
0.241420716047287,
0.015413680113852024,
1.0373568534851074,
0.11381827294826508,
-0.33014699816703796,
0.2445470094680786,
0.35346296429634094,
0.03699205815792084,
-0.13960480690002441,
-0.44169148802757263,
-0.105350561439991,
-0.18959349393844604,
-0.05818868428468704,
-0.5157691240310669,
0.17175067961215973,
-0.07727338373661041,
-0.29212358593940735,
-0.31017494201660156,
0.043863024562597275,
-0.2272375226020813,
-0.2873133420944214,
0.3955827057361603,
-0.21112120151519775,
-0.5659674406051636,
0.10853416472673416,
-0.21217036247253418,
-0.11031711101531982,
-0.10651378333568573,
-0.21203234791755676,
-0.2869841456413269,
-0.6692516207695007,
0.1972225457429886,
-0.5775872468948364,
-0.3259718120098114,
0.0915878489613533,
0.03436969220638275,
-0.10559078305959702,
-0.4338441789150238,
0.18756841123104095,
0.5802048444747925,
-0.36089542508125305,
-0.4458121359348297,
0.15016670525074005,
-0.36353933811187744,
-0.21220947802066803,
-0.15038105845451355,
0.00802551954984665,
0.33601808547973633,
-0.3532109558582306,
0.06818936765193939,
-0.10291126370429993,
-0.6212719082832336,
0.03400344029068947,
0.0906594917178154,
-0.05410484969615936,
-0.34068360924720764,
0.0771699920296669,
-0.19524259865283966,
-0.0004461381759028882,
0.14694656431674957,
-0.18229827284812927,
0.0002639418817125261,
0.43462812900543213,
1.0598489046096802,
-0.5628250241279602,
0.39288124442100525,
-0.1927817463874817,
-0.40621206164360046,
0.1263551115989685,
-0.04795863851904869,
-0.1461631953716278,
0.3602955639362335,
-0.0014143326552584767,
0.011292185634374619,
0.4544726312160492,
-0.29293617606163025,
-0.36475521326065063,
0.3148840665817261,
-0.3558347821235657,
0.3570478558540344,
0.3545845150947571,
0.1352517455816269,
-0.16081775724887848,
0.28973230719566345,
-0.19417791068553925,
0.06768103688955307,
0.4314090609550476,
-0.4572960138320923,
-0.19632235169410706,
0.005521015729755163,
0.2793850600719452,
0.33166977763175964,
0.02495550364255905,
-0.36470410227775574,
0.25834664702415466,
-0.3318993151187897,
-0.3391062319278717,
-0.08981280028820038,
-0.5557102560997009,
-0.3348977267742157,
0.6179078817367554,
0.5509502291679382,
-0.5212826132774353,
-0.01497669704258442,
0.4167596101760864,
-0.5488859415054321,
0.37480437755584717,
0.5126386880874634,
-0.09854654222726822,
0.23669563233852386,
0.21251867711544037,
1.0080829858779907,
0.31992024183273315,
0.9471292495727539,
-0.14881525933742523,
0.05528094246983528,
-0.13072577118873596,
0.23194442689418793,
0.3245925009250641,
-0.15059371292591095,
-0.21657775342464447,
-0.128678560256958,
-0.34208232164382935,
0.3773183524608612,
-0.36715444922447205,
0.4026521146297455,
0.6539563536643982,
0.6622072458267212,
-0.022632025182247162,
-0.17251084744930267,
0.15103039145469666,
-0.29432785511016846,
0.17308509349822998,
-0.22268877923488617,
0.17675751447677612,
-0.6252292394638062,
0.16370323300361633,
0.5128569006919861,
0.4833134710788727,
0.3109256327152252,
0.06351780146360397,
-0.4673028886318207,
-0.5123128294944763,
-0.24793778359889984,
0.12431958317756653,
0.07754423469305038,
-0.08089955151081085,
-0.005970146041363478,
0.16101956367492676,
-0.41237872838974,
-0.07801655679941177,
-0.6361603736877441,
-0.7756831049919128,
-0.5149779915809631,
0.06296093761920929,
-0.8286579251289368,
0.28773418068885803,
0.31402117013931274,
1.5320333242416382,
0.018664877861738205,
0.267971009016037,
-0.38557663559913635,
-0.09741047769784927,
-0.019652729853987694,
0.4146023094654083,
-0.19457188248634338,
0.2826130986213684,
-0.7261526584625244,
-0.006845381110906601,
-0.9765507578849792,
0.2034188061952591,
-0.06443772464990616,
0.43335458636283875,
-0.07162801176309586,
0.1741478592157364,
-0.6294723153114319,
0.594345211982727,
0.49133720993995667,
-0.012250854633748531,
0.042956408113241196,
-0.010344189591705799,
-0.1848742961883545,
0.5923555493354797,
-0.38951125741004944,
-0.05238836258649826,
-0.7852930426597595,
-0.005845195613801479,
0.4901343882083893,
0.09604743868112564,
-0.49937793612480164,
0.3423652648925781,
-0.2137155532836914,
-0.17464874684810638,
-0.25461313128471375,
0.43026337027549744,
0.25162458419799805,
0.03413477912545204,
0.1631346195936203,
0.4152655303478241,
-0.24368026852607727,
-0.21057896316051483,
0.3471047282218933,
-0.2235318422317505,
-0.3209184408187866,
0.3306632339954376,
-0.015790950506925583,
-0.07776229828596115,
0.1392831951379776,
0.059554580599069595,
-0.194027841091156,
0.3297666609287262,
0.097430020570755,
-0.08338213711977005,
-0.19618037343025208,
-0.7565807700157166,
0.2244499921798706,
-0.041476771235466,
-0.15324491262435913,
-0.2978960871696472,
0.5742475986480713,
0.37766674160957336
] |
210472
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake
|
Pancake
|
A pancake (or hot-cake, griddlecake, or flapjack) is a flat cake, often thin and round, prepared from a starch-based batter that may contain eggs, milk and butter and cooked on a hot surface such as a griddle or frying pan, often frying with oil or butter. It is a type of batter bread. Archaeological evidence suggests that pancakes were probably the earliest and most widespread cereal food eaten in prehistoric societies.
The pancake's shape and structure varies worldwide. In the United Kingdom, pancakes are often unleavened and resemble a crêpe. In North America, a leavening agent is used (typically baking powder) creating a thick fluffy pancake. A crêpe is a thin Breton pancake of French origin cooked on one or both sides in a special pan or crepe maker to achieve a lacelike network of fine bubbles. A well-known variation originating from southeast Europe is a palačinke, a thin moist pancake fried on both sides and filled with jam, cream cheese, chocolate, or ground walnuts, but many other fillings—sweet or savoury—can also be used.
When potato is used as a major portion of the batter, the result is a potato pancake. Commercially prepared pancake mixes are available in some countries. Like waffles, commercially prepared frozen pancakes are available from companies like Eggo. When buttermilk is used in place of or in addition to milk, the pancake develops a tart flavor and becomes known as a buttermilk pancake, which is common in Scotland and the US. Buckwheat flour can be used in a pancake batter, making for a type of buckwheat pancake, a category that includes Blini, Kaletez, Ploye, and Memil-buchimgae.
Pancakes may be served at any time of the day or year with a variety of toppings or fillings, but they have developed associations with particular times and toppings in different regions. In North America, they are typically considered a breakfast food and serve a similar function to waffles. In Britain and the Commonwealth, they are associated with Shrove Tuesday, commonly known as "Pancake Day", when, historically, perishable ingredients had to be used up before the fasting period of Lent.
History
The Ancient Greeks made pancakes called τηγανίτης (tēganitēs), ταγηνίτης (tagēnitēs) or ταγηνίας (tagēnias), all words deriving from τάγηνον (tagēnon), "frying pan". The earliest attested references to tagenias are in the works of the 5th-century BC poets Cratinus and Magnes. Tagenites were made with wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk, and were served for breakfast. Another kind of pancake was σταιτίτης (staititēs), from σταίτινος (staitinos), "of flour or dough of spelt", derived from σταῖς (stais), "flour of spelt". Athenaeus mentions, in his Deipnosophistae, staititas topped with honey, sesame, and cheese. The Middle English word pancake appears in English in the 15th century.
The Ancient Romans called their fried concoctions alia dulcia, Latin for "other sweets". These were much different from what are known as pancakes today.
Regional varieties
Africa
Horn of Africa
Pancakes in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia) are known as injera (sometimes transliterated as enjera, budenaa (Oromo), or canjeero (Somali)). Injera is a yeast-risen flatbread with a unique, slightly spongy texture. Traditionally, it is made out of teff flour and is a national dish in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Canjeero, also known as lahooh or lahoh, is a similar kind of flatbread eaten in Somalia and Yemen.
In Eritrea and Ethiopia, injera are usually served with one or more stews known as wat or with salads (especially, for instance, during periods of Ethiopian Orthodox fasting) or with other injera (injera firfir). The right hand is used to tear small pieces from the injera to use to pick up and eat the stews or salads. The injera under these stews soaks up juices and flavours and, after the stews and salads are finished, is also consumed. Injera thus acts simultaneously as food, eating utensil, and plate. When the "tablecloth" formed by the injera is finished, the meal is over.
Lahoh is a pancake-like bread originating in Somalia, Djibouti and Yemen. It is often eaten along with honey, ghee and tea. During lunch, lahoh is sometimes consumed with curry, soup or stew.
Kenya
In Kenya, pancakes are eaten for breakfast as an alternative to bread. They are served plain with the sugar already added to the batter to sweeten them. Kenyan pancakes are similar to English pancakes and French crepes.
South Africa
A "pancake" in South Africa is a crêpe. In Afrikaans, it is known as a pannekoek (plural pannekoeke) and, traditionally, is prepared on gas stoves and eaten on wet and cold days. Pannekoeke are usually served with cinnamon-flavoured sugar (and, sometimes, lemon juice) that is either allowed to dissolve into and soften them or, if their crispy texture is to be retained, eaten immediately. They are a staple at Dutch Reformed Church fêtes.
Plaatkoekies ("flapjacks", or lit. "plate cookies") are American-style "silver dollar" pancakes.
Uganda
In Uganda, pancakes are locally made with bananas (one of the staple foods of the country) and usually served as a breakfast or as a snack option.
East Asia
China
Chinese pancakes may be either savoury or sweet, and are generally made with dough rather than batter. The dough mostly consists of water, flour, and vegetable oil. The dish can be served as a side, usually alongside duck, or as a snack, topped with scallions along with hot and sour sauce.
Japan
In Japan, okonomiyaki are made from flour, egg, cabbage and a choice of ingredients. Oyaki are pancakes often stuffed with anko, eggplant, or nozawana. Dorayaki are a sort of sandwich made from Western-style pancakes and anko. Sweet crepes are also very popular.
The Japanese have also created a soufflé-style cooked-in rings-pancake, which is taller and fluffier than the American pancakes it is inspired by, and found in Singapore, Toronto, Australia, and the United Kingdom.
Korea
In Korea, pancakes include savoury buchimgae (Korean pancakes) and jeon (egged and battered pan-fries, sometime pancakes), bindae-tteok (pan-friend mung bean cakes), as well as sweet hotteok (filled sweet pancake). These may be served during all times of the day as side dishes or just snacks. Variants of the dish use the batter of the pancake to make deep fried vegetables, meat, or fish.
South Asia
India
India has many styles of pancake. Variations range from their taste to the main ingredient used. All are made without the use of added raising agents.
Pancakes prepared using a north Indian cooking style are known as cheela. Sweet cheela are made using sugar or jaggery with a wheat flour-based batter. North Indian salty pancakes are made using batter prepared from gram flour or green gram paste (moong daal) and are sometimes garnished with paneer, a cottage-style cheese.
Dosa, appam, neer dosa and uttapam are pancakes made in a south Indian cooking style. They are prepared by fermenting rice batter and split-skinned urad bean (black lentil) blended with water. Meetha pooda – sweet pancakes often eaten with pickles and chutney – are a common breakfast food item in the Punjab. Most of the pitha in Assam are types of pancakes served on occasions such as Bihu festivals. The Bengali semi-sweet pancake pati-shapta is stuffed with grated coconut or thickened milk.
In Western India, the multi-grain thalipeeth is popular. In Goa, a traditional crêpe-like pancake known as alebele or alle belle is eaten at tea-time. It is usually filled with jaggery and coconut.
In Eastern India, malpuas are sometimes prepared in the form of pancakes.
In some regions of Middle India, thin green Cheelas are made with ginger or garlic leaves' paste, and rice flour batter. Other ingredients included are salt, cummin seeds, green chili, oil, curry leaves and coriander leaves.
Nepal
In Nepal, the Newar people have a savoury rice pancake called chataamari cooked with meat or eggs on top. This dish is also known as the Newari Pizza, as it is served and eaten similarly to American pizza. Besides being served with meat or eggs, it can also be served plain.
Pakistan
In Pakistani cuisine, rishiki is a pancake, slightly thicker than a crepe, which is made from whole wheat flour, water and eggs and usually served with honey. It is widely consumed in the far north and is a staple of Chitrali cuisine.
Southeast Asia
Banana pancakes are a menu item in backpacker-oriented cafes in Southeast Asia. This has given rise to the term Banana Pancake Trail or Banana Pancake Circuit, given to the growing routes travelled by backpackers across Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
Indonesia
Pancakes in Indonesia are called panekuk. The Indonesian pancake serabi is made from rice flour and coconut milk. The dish is often served with kinca, a thick, brown-colored coconut sugar syrup. Other toppings may include sugar, ground peanuts, sliced bananas, jackfruit, and other fruits, and chocolate. Other variations include cheddar cheese, corned beef, shredded chicken, and sausage.
Other types of pancakes in Indonesia are burgo, dadar gulung, kue ape, kue apem, kue cubit, kue cucur, kue terang bulan, laklak, murtabak, pannenkoek, poffertjes, roti canai, and roti jala.
Malaysia and Singapore
The traditional Malay pancake in Malaysia and Singapore is called Pek Nga or Lempeng Kelapa. Cooked very similarly to an American or Canadian –style pancake, albeit without a rising agent, it is a savoury pancake usually served during the breakfast hours with fish curry, coconut sticky rice, dried fish, rendang, or sambal.
Myanmar (Burma)
The traditional Burmese pancake is called bein mont, and is a traditional Burmese snack or mont. The pancake is baked in a rice flour batter immersed in jaggery, coconut shavings and garnished with sesame seeds, peanuts and poppy seeds.
Philippines
In the Philippines, traditional dessert pancakes include salukara, a rice pancake made from glutinous rice, eggs, and coconut milk. The batter is placed in a clay pot or pan lined with banana leaves or greased with oil (traditionally lard), and is baked over hot coals. Salukara is a subtype of bibingka (Philippine baked rice cakes). Panyalam, a similar rice pancake from Mindanao, is deep-fried rather than baked.
Traditional savory pancakes in the Philippines include pudpod (smoked fish flake pancakes) and okoy (a pancake made of battered shrimp, pumpkin, or sweet potatoes).
The American style of pancakes is also a common offering in fast-food establishments in the Philippines, usually as a breakfast fare, as well as in specialty restaurants like IHOP and the local restaurant brand Pancake House. The inexpensive local counterpart, called hotcakes, aside from being commonly prepared for breakfast, is also prepared as an afternoon snack, with street kiosks selling small hotcakes topped with the choice of margarine and sugar or condensed milk and flavored syrups.
Vietnam
In Vietnamese cuisine there are a variety of dish that called pancake (bánh xèo, bánh khọt which are sometime called Vietnamese pancake), as well as similar dish such as bánh căn and bánh khoái in central Vietnam.
Europe
Austria, Czech Republic, and Romania, Slovakia, and former Yugoslavia
In Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, pancakes are called palatschinke, palačinka and palacinka, respectively (plural: palatschinken, palačinky, and palacinky). Kaiserschmarrn is an Austrian pancake including raisins, almonds, apple jam or small pieces of apple, split into pieces, and sprinkled with powdered sugar. In Romania, they are called clătită (plural: clătite). In countries of former Yugoslavia, they are called palačinka (plural: palačinke). In these languages, the word derives from the Latin placenta, meaning "cake". These pancakes are thin and filled with apricot, plum, lingonberry, apple or strawberry jam, chocolate sauce, or hazelnut spread. Eurokrem, Nutella, and Lino-Lada fillings are favourite among the younger population. A traditional version includes filling pancakes with cheese, pouring yoghurt over them, and then baking in an oven.
Eastern Europe
Eastern-Slavic cuisines have a long tradition of pancake cooking and include a variety of pancake types. In Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, pancakes may be breakfast food, appetizers, main courses, or desserts.
Blini () or mlynci () are thin pancakes, somewhat thicker than crêpes, made from wheat or buckwheat flour, butter, eggs, and milk, with yeast added to the batter. The preparation of blini/mlynci dates back to pagan traditions and feasts, which are reflected in today's "pancake week" celebrated in the winter before the Great Lent. In pre-Christian times, blini and mlynci were symbolically considered by early Slavic peoples as a symbol of the sun, due to their round form.
Blintzes ( blinchiki) are thin crêpes made without yeast. Filled blintzes are also referred to as nalysnyky (), nalistniki () or nalesniki (). A filling such as jam, fruits, quark, or cottage cheese, potato, cooked ground meat or chicken, and even chopped mushrooms, bean sprouts, cabbage, and onions, is rolled or enveloped into a pre-fried blintz and then the blintz is lightly re-fried, sautéed, or baked.
Traditionally, Ashkenazi Jews who, prior to 1945, lived in what is today Poland, portions of the Czech Republic, Hungary, and other portions of the former Pale of Settlement also created blintzes, with the key difference of always using a kosher cheese filling with no rennet. The majority of recipes are sweet and are often served with berries or sour cream. These crepe-like dishes would often be served during Shavuot, and today the recipe still survives in places like Israel and New York. Latkes, potato pancakes with finely shredded or grated potato, can be eaten as part of the celebration of Hanukkah.
Small thick pancakes are called oladyi () or oladky (). The batter may contain various additions, such as apple and raisins.
There also exists a style of pancake made out of quark called syrniki.
Denmark
Æbleskiver are traditional Danish pancakes made in a distinctive spherical shape. (The name literally means "apple slices" in Danish, although apples are not an ingredient.) Æbleskiver are cooked on the stove top by baking in a special cast iron pan with several hemispherical indentations. Batter is poured into the oiled indentations and as the æbleskiver begin to cook, they are turned with a knitting needle, skewer or fork to give the cakes their characteristic spherical shape. Æbleskiver are not sweet themselves but are traditionally served dipped in raspberry, strawberry, lingonberry or blackberry jam and sprinkled with powdered sugar.
Finland
Finnish pancakes greatly resemble plättar (see the description in the Sweden section below) and are called lettu, lätty, räiskäle or ohukainen. In Finland pancakes are usually eaten as dessert with whipped cream or pancake-jam, sugar or vanilla ice cream. In Finnish, lettu and pannukakku (literally "pancake") have different meanings, the latter having a structurally closer resemblance to a hotcake, and is baked in an oven instead of using a frying pan. Ålandspannkaka, literally "pancake of Åland", is an extra thick variety of oven-made pancake that includes the addition of cardamom and either rice pudding or semolina porridge to the dough; it is only served in Åland and usually on its Autonomy Day.
France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Switzerland
Crêpes, popular in France, Belgium, Switzerland and Portugal, are made from flour, milk, and eggs. They are thin pancakes and are served with a sweet (fruit, ice cream, jam, chocolate spread, powdered sugar) or savoury filling (cheese, ham, seafood, spinach). In Francophone Europe, crêpes are often sold in special stands.
In Italy there is a similar dish called crespella or scrippella. In this country are also popular some traditional waffle cookies called pizzelle and in some part of Tuscany there are typical thin crispy pancakes named brigidini, made with aniseed.
In Brittany, a galette (or galette bretonne) is a large thin pancake made of buckwheat flour, often cooked on one side only.
Crêpes are popular in many South American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. They are consumed with sweet fillings (marmalade, dulce de leche) or with salty fillings (ground meat (Brazil), vegetables, tomato sauce, cheese).
They have also become popular East Asian countries, including Japan, South Korea and China, and Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Thailand, where they are sold in crêpe stands and kiosks. They are often served with whipped cream and fruits, or non-sweet spreads such as vegetables.
Farinata are popular in Mediterranean regions, including Nice. Also called socca, these are pancakes made from chickpea flour and seasoned with black pepper. They are popular street food in Nice.
Germany
German pancakes are known as Pfannkuchen (from the German Pfanne and Kuchen meaning "pan" and "cake") except in Berlin, Brandenburg and Saxony, where Pfannkuchen are Berliner pastries and pancakes are known as Eierkuchen. They are generally thicker than French-style crêpes and usually served with sweet or, occasionally, savoury fillings. Usage of a leavening agent or yeast is uncommon. Fried apple rings covered by pancake dough and served with sugar and cinnamon are called Apfelküchle. Kaiserschmarrn, a thick but light caramelized pancake popular in Bavaria and regions of the former Austria-Hungary, is usually split into pieces, filled with fruits or nuts, sprinkled with powdered sugar and served with a fruit sauce. It is believed that this was first prepared for Kaiser Franz Joseph I of Austria.
In Swabia, sliced pancake strips (flädle) are often served in soup.
Great Britain
England
English pancakes have three key ingredients: plain flour, eggs, and milk, though Gervase Markham's 1615 version in The English Huswife used water instead of milk, and added sweet spices. The batter is runny and forms a thin layer on the bottom of the frying pan when the pan is tilted. It may form some bubbles during cooking, which results in a pale pancake with dark spots where the bubbles were, but the pancake does not rise. English pancakes are similar to French crêpes and Italian crespelle. They may be eaten as a sweet dessert with the traditional topping of lemon juice and sugar, drizzled with golden syrup, or wrapped around savoury stuffings and eaten as a main course. On Shrove Tuesday, it is custom to eat pancakes, and lemon juice and sugar may be added on top. Yorkshire pudding is made from a similar recipe, but baked instead of fried. This batter rises because the air beaten into the batter expands, without the need for baking powder; the result is eaten as part of the traditional roast beef dinner. Oatcakes are a savoury variety of pancake particularly associated with Staffordshire.
A variation of pancake is the crumpet, made from a batter leavened with yeast (or with both yeast and baking powder) and fried in butter to produce a slightly raised flat cake. They are also eaten in the rest of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and certain areas of the Commonwealth.
Scotland
Pancakes (also called Scotch pancakes or Scottish pancakes) are more like the American type. In parts of Scotland they are also referred to as drop scones or dropped scones. They are made from flour, eggs, sugar, buttermilk or milk, salt, bicarbonate of soda and cream of tartar. Smaller than American or English pancakes at about 3.5 in / 9 cm in diameter, they are made by the traditional method of dropping batter onto a griddle (a girdle in Northumberland or in Scots). They can be served with jam and cream or just with butter. In Scotland pancakes are generally served at teatime.
Wales
Welsh pancakes, known as crempog, ffroes and other names, vary considerably. Generally, they are thick and layered on top of each other to form a tall mock-cake, but some are very much like American pancakes, others may be made with yeast (called crempog furum) or oatmeal (although this is also true of American pancakes) and some are like Scotch pancakes. Crumpets and pikelets are sometimes considered a variety of pancake.
Greece
Greek pancakes are called tiganites (τηγανίτες, from the ancient Greek τηγανίτης) and are popular across Greece and Cyprus. They are slightly thicker than crêpes and can be sweet or savoury. Their main ingredients are flour, olive oil or butter, milk and eggs. They are usually drizzled with honey and cinnamon and sometimes topped with cheese, nuts, fruits or vegetables. Various small shops in Cyprus called creperies sell crepes, either savoury or sweet varieties. Tiganites can be served for breakfast or dessert, and in some places like Corfu and Patras are customarily served in the feast days of Saint Spyridon and Saint Andrew. In Cyprus the pancake recipe is used for a similar dish such as Genoese cannelloni – ground meat with tomato sauce, cheese, and sometimes bechamel sauce – instead of the traditional cannelloni dried pasta sold at supermarkets.
Hungary
In Hungary, pancakes known as palacsinta (derived from the Latin placenta) are made from flour, milk or soda water, sugar, and eggs. Sweet wine may be added to the batter. The filling is usually jam, sugared and ground walnuts or poppy seeds, sugared cottage cheese, sugared cocoa, or cinnamon powder, but meat and mushroom fillings are also used (see Hortobágyi palacsinta). Gundel palacsinta is a Hungarian pancake stuffed with walnuts, zest, raisins and rum that is served in chocolate sauce and is often flambéed. Hungarian pancakes are served as a main dish or as a dessert.
Iceland
Icelandic crepe-like pancakes are called pönnukaka (pl. pönnukökur), whereas smaller, thicker and denser pancakes resembling North American pancakes are called lumma or skonsa. The pancakes are usually a bit browner than traditional Swedish ones. Pönnukökur are usually cooked on a special Icelandic pancake pan, which is made to get the pancake as thin as possible, which is traditionally never washed or rinsed, not even with water. Pönnukökur are traditionally served rolled up with sugar or folded with jam and whipped cream, but if eaten at a café they might contain ice cream instead. Pönnukökur are also a popular dessert in North America among people of Icelandic descent.
In Iceland, North American-style pancakes are cut in half and used as sandwich bread, similar to Icelandic flatbread.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, pancakes are known as pannenkoeken and are mostly eaten at lunch and dinner time. Pancake restaurants are popular with families and serve many sweet, savoury, and stuffed varieties. Pannenkoeken are slightly thicker than crêpes and usually quite large, or so in diameter. The batter is egg-based and fillings include such items as sliced apples, cheese, ham, bacon, and candied ginger, alone or in combination.
Stroop, a thick molasses-like sugar beet-based syrup is also popular, particularly in a classic filling of bacon and stroop.
Poffertjes are another Dutch quick bread, similar to American pancakes but sweeter and much smaller. Made in a specially dimpled copper or cast iron pan, they are flipped once with a fork. Unlike Dutch pancakes, the batter for poffertjes contains baking powder and therefore they have a softer interior than pancakes.
A spekdik is a pancake-like food which is traditionally eaten in the provinces Groningen and Drenthe in the Netherlands around New Year. Unlike pancakes, a spekdik is cooked with a waffle iron. The main ingredients of a spekdik are syrup, eggs and rye-flour, and some varieties include bacon.
Poland
In Poland, thin crêpe-style pancakes are called naleśniki (pronounced naleshniki). They are usually rolled and served with a variety of savoury or sweet fillings as a main dish or a dessert. Sweet fillings include fresh fruits (e.g. bilberries), jams (often apple jam), and soft white cheese with sugar. Savoury fillings include fried vegetables, fried chicken, minced meat, spinach, and a variety of added ingredients such as potatoes, mushrooms, cabbage or ham. Another Polish dish reassembling pancakes are racuchy. They are smaller and thicker than naleśniki and can be stuffed with apple slices.
Spain
Spanish pancakes are called frixuelos or filloas and are very popular in the north-west of Spain. They are made from flour, milk, and eggs. They are thin and are usually served with a large amount of sugar or honey. They are a typical Carnival sweet dessert in Galicia, Asturias and León.
Sweden and Norway
Nordic pancakes are similar to French-style crêpes. In some Nordic countries, they are served with jam or fruit, often lingonberry or strawberry jam as a dessert with a variety of savoury fillings. Traditional Swedish variations can be exotic. Besides the usual thin pancakes, called pannkakor, which resemble the French crêpes and, often served with whipped cream and jam, are traditionally eaten for lunch on Thursdays with pea soup, the Swedish cuisine also has plättar — very small pancakes, which resemble tiny English pancakes, and are usually fried in a special pan called a "plättlagg", a sort of frying pan with indentations to allow for several (normally seven) to be made at once. Another type of pancake is the ugnspannkaka (oven pancake), which is very thick and resembles German pancakes and is baked in the oven. There is also a variant that includes fried pork in the batter, fläskpannkaka (pork pancake).
Potato pancakes called raggmunk contain shredded raw potato, and may contain other vegetables (sometimes the pancake batter is omitted, producing rårakor). Raggmunk and rårakor are traditionally eaten with pork rinds and lingonberry jam. A special Swedish pancake is saffron pancake from Gotland, made with saffron and rice, baked in the oven. It is common to add lemon juice to the sugar for extra taste. The pancakes are often served after a soup. Another special "Swedish pancake" is the äggakaka (eggcake), also called skånsk äggakaka (Scanian eggcake), which is almost like an ordinary Swedish pancake but it is a lot thicker and also much more difficult to make due to the risk of burning it. It is made in a frying pan, is about thick, and is served with lingonberries and bacon. The Norwegian variety is commonly eaten for dinner, traditionally with bacon, jam (typically bilberry) or sugar.
North America
Costa Rica
Costa Rican chorreadas are similar to cachapas.
Guatemala
Guatemalan pancakes are called panqueques. They are made with the same ingredients as American pancakes. The toppings are usually fruits and honey. They are a very popular breakfast meal in Guatemala. Depending on the region, the panqueque can be thin as a crêpe or as fluffy as a North American pancake.
Mexico
Mexican hotcakes are similar to American pancakes. Crêpes became popular toward the end of the 19th century after their introduction by the French sometime between the First French Intervention (1838) and the Second French Intervention in Mexico (1861–67). Hotcakes are often made with cornmeal, as well as, or instead of wheat flour. Hotcakes are popular breakfast items at restaurants throughout the country and are often sold by street vendors in cities and during the local celebrations of towns throughout the day. They are also sold during fairs; the vendors sell a single hotcake topped with different sauces such as condensed milk, fruit jam or a sweet goat milk spread called cajeta.
United States and Canada
American and Canadian pancakes (sometimes called hotcakes, griddlecakes, or flapjacks) are usually served at breakfast, in a stack of two or three, topped with real or artificial maple syrup and butter. They are often served with other items such as bacon, toast, eggs or sausage. Other popular topping alternatives include jam, peanut butter, nuts, fruit, honey, powdered sugar, whipped cream, cane syrup, cinnamon and sugar, and molasses. In addition, when a pancake is occasionally served as a dessert, toppings such as ice cream, chocolate syrup, and various fruits are often used.
The thick batter contains eggs, flour, milk, and a leavening agent such as baking powder. The batter can have ingredients such as buttermilk, blueberries, strawberries, bananas, apples, chocolate chips, cheese, or sugar added. Spices such as cinnamon, vanilla and nutmeg can also be used. Yogurt may be used to give the pancakes a relatively moist consistency. Pancakes may be thick and are typically between in diameter.
Bannock is common to virtually all North America's first peoples. The European version (Scotland) was traditionally made of oatmeal. The bannock of native North Americans was made of corn, nut meal and plant bulb meal. Each region had its own variation of flour and fruit. Today, bannock is most often deep-fried, pan-fried and oven-baked.
Johnnycake (also jonnycake, johnny cake, journey cake or Johnny Bread) is a cornmeal flatbread that was an early American staple food, and is still eaten in the West Indies and Bermuda. The modern johnnycake is stereotypically identified with today's Rhode Island foods, though they are a cultural staple in all of the northern US. A modern johnnycake is fried cornmeal gruel, which is made from yellow or white cornmeal mixed with salt and hot water or milk, and frequently lightly sweetened.
Yaniqueques or yanikeke are a Dominican Republic version of the johnnycake. They are a fried bread rather than a pancake, and are a popular beach food.
Sourdough was used by prospectors and pioneers to make pancakes without having to buy yeast. Prospectors would carry a pot of sourdough to make pancakes and bread, as it could last indefinitely, needing only flour and water to replenish it. Sourdough pancakes are now a particular speciality in Alaska. They are also found in many American pancake houses and restaurants elsewhere in America.
A silver dollar pancake refers to a pancake about in diameter, or just a bit bigger than the pre-1979 silver dollar coins in the United States. This is usually made by frying a small spoonful of the same batter as any other pancake. One serving usually consists of five to ten silver dollar pancakes.
German pancakes or Dutch baby pancakes served in American pancake houses are bowl-shaped. They are eaten with lemons and powdered sugar, jam, or caramelized apples, as well as fritters. A David Eyre's pancake is a variation on the German pancake named for the American writer and editor David W. Eyre (1912–2008).
Toutons are small, tall pancakes traditional in Newfoundland. They are usually served with dark molasses.
Oceania
Australia and New Zealand
In Australia and New Zealand, small pancakes (about 75 mm in diameter) known as pikelets are also eaten. They are traditionally served with jam or whipped cream, or solely with butter, at afternoon tea, but can also be served at morning tea. They are made with milk, self-raising flour, eggs, and a small amount of icing sugar.
In some circles in New Zealand, very thin, crêpe-like or English pancake-like pancakes (around in diameter) are served with butter, or butter and lemon, sugar, and then rolled up and eaten.
American-style pancakes are also popular. They are eaten for breakfast or as a dessert, with lemon juice and sugar, butter and maple syrup, stewed fruits such as strawberries and cream, ice cream, or mascarpone.
South America
Brazil
(), () or () are cassava (manioc) starch flour unleavened pancakes. They are slightly thicker than crêpes and can be eaten plain or with sweet or savoury toppings. Tapioca flour must be moistened and strained through a sieve to become a coarse flour. The heat of an ungreased hot griddle or pan makes the starchy grains fuse into a flatbread which resembles a grainy pancake. Popular toppings include molten butter and dried, shredded coconut.
() are generally made from cow's milk and refined wheat flour, and generally eaten with savoury fillings as rolls (although dessert also exist). For those with celiac disease, corn starch might substitute for the wheat flour. Common fillings include shredded, seasoned chicken breast with tomato paste/sauce, and ground beef, seasoned with fried onion cubes or fried salted smashed garlic (), and often bell pepper cubes and tomato paste/sauce. Both kinds are generally topped with Parmesan cheese. Vegan recipes also exist, with texturized soy protein (, ) being particularly popular. Savoury is generally eaten for lunch or dinner, accompanied of white rice and salad, and less often pulses (prominently the beans Brazilian cuisine is famous for).
The exotic Brazilian pancake () is made from a mixture of coconut milk (, ) and (), a paste extracted from fermented cassava, most prominent in the cuisines of the Northern and Northeastern regions and relatively unknown elsewhere. The resulting product is significantly more watery, filling and strongly flavored than the unfermented , and care should be taken in rolling the pancakes if desired because it breaks very easily. Common toppings include molten butter and common sorts of savoury filling, but creative recipes might arise, such as fake lasagne.
Colombia and Venezuela
Cachapas are corn pancakes, popular in Venezuelan cuisine.
In Colombia a similar preparation to cachapas is "arepa de choclo" (sweetcorn arepa).
Restaurant chains
In the US, Mexico and Canada, the franchised restaurant chain International House of Pancakes (IHOP) serves pancakes all day. The Original Pancake House is another chain of pancake restaurants across the US, and Walker Brothers is a series of pancake houses in the Chicago area that developed as a franchised spin-off of The Original Pancake House.
The popularity of pancakes in Australia has spawned the Pancake Parlour and Pancakes on the Rocks franchised restaurants. In British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, the restaurant chain De Dutch serves Dutch and Flemish-style pannenkoeken.
Syndrome
Pancake syndrome is an allergic reaction which some people have after eating pancakes in tropical regions where certain mites can contaminate the flour in pancakes.
Day
Pancakes are traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday, which is known as "Pancake Day" in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, and "Pancake Tuesday" in Ireland and Scotland. (Shrove Tuesday is better known in the United States, France, and other countries as Mardi Gras or Fat Tuesday.) Historically, pancakes were made on Shrove Tuesday so that the last of the fat or lard was used up before Lent. No meat products should be eaten during Lent.
Charity and school events are organized on Pancake Day: in a "pancake race" each participant carries a pancake in a frying pan. All runners must toss their pancakes as they run and catch them in the frying pan. This event is said to have originated in Olney, England in 1445 when a housewife was still busy frying pancakes to eat before the Lenten fast when she heard the bells of St Peter and St Paul's Church calling her to the Shriving Service. Eager to get to church, she ran out of her house still holding the frying pan complete with pancake, tossing it to prevent it from burning, and still wearing her apron and headscarf. Every Shrove Tuesday since 1950, the towns of Olney and Liberal, Kansas have competed in the International Pancake Race. Only local women may compete; they race, and their times are compared to determine the international winner. In Olney the main women's race is augmented by races for local schoolchildren and for men.
The Rehab UK Parliamentary Pancake Race takes place every Shrove Tuesday, with teams from the British lower house (the House of Commons), the upper house (the House of Lords), and the Fourth Estate, contending for the title of Parliamentary Pancake Race Champions. The fun relay race is to raise awareness of the work of the national brain injury charity, Rehab UK, and the needs of people with acquired brain injury.
Gallery
See also
List of breakfast foods
List of quick breads
Pancake art - an artform where batter is applied to make an image
Pancake breakfast
Qistibi
Roti jala
Sarva Pindi
Waffle
References
Further reading
(At press.uchicago.edu via archive.org.)
External links
History of the pancake at foodtimeline.org
British cuisine
Canadian cuisine
Greek cuisine
Ancient Greek cuisine
Scandinavian cuisine
Fast food
Types of food
Carnival foods
Quick breads
Vermont cuisine
World cuisine
Breakfast
|
[
0.06324189901351929,
0.028467612341046333,
-0.06801857054233551,
0.29763129353523254,
-0.0656047910451889,
0.3894857168197632,
-0.14549227058887482,
0.4745924770832062,
-0.2984009385108948,
-0.6516976952552795,
-0.7240939140319824,
-0.2687474191188812,
0.09322464466094971,
0.4538749158382416,
-0.6550701260566711,
0.14900025725364685,
1.0950735807418823,
0.3588854968547821,
-0.000667630520183593,
-0.08049771934747696,
-0.44914305210113525,
-0.6895817518234253,
-0.13220030069351196,
-0.09632529318332672,
0.24210475385189056,
0.12568743526935577,
-0.3320399820804596,
-0.13361673057079315,
0.2972288727760315,
-0.0823233500123024,
-0.3142835199832916,
0.29118695855140686,
0.6410892605781555,
-0.24111872911453247,
0.34212613105773926,
-0.1709621399641037,
0.4049721658229828,
-0.16605836153030396,
-0.37443917989730835,
-0.18776169419288635,
0.08534235507249832,
0.012980403378605843,
0.8683000206947327,
0.2943333387374878,
-0.002097149146720767,
-0.2917814552783966,
-1.1066532135009766,
0.6310157775878906,
-0.8108378648757935,
0.17780882120132446,
0.12684254348278046,
-0.041861359030008316,
0.4351074695587158,
0.2569398581981659,
0.48055920004844666,
0.7633723020553589,
-0.584641695022583,
0.5221400260925293,
0.06743679940700531,
-0.24436059594154358,
-0.23438215255737305,
0.5869585275650024,
0.11435158550739288,
-0.5829464793205261,
-0.02092648111283779,
0.11211415380239487,
-0.087807297706604,
0.5427871942520142,
-0.297687828540802,
-0.10559000074863434,
-0.15567290782928467,
-0.947007954120636,
-0.0840669795870781,
0.5471400618553162,
0.12091201543807983,
-0.3035372495651245,
-0.21121343970298767,
-0.15838652849197388,
-0.2579438090324402,
0.5563672184944153,
-0.7521671056747437,
0.30319610238075256,
0.5373547673225403,
0.5569631457328796,
0.6232610940933228,
0.31609272956848145,
-0.30953896045684814,
0.40479886531829834,
-0.22746722400188446,
0.25147950649261475,
0.4288678467273712,
0.254633367061615,
0.7635341882705688,
-0.12741981446743011,
-0.3402654528617859,
-0.6180123686790466,
0.029203852638602257,
0.21010012924671173,
0.6085993647575378,
-0.07173103094100952,
-0.580565333366394,
0.11165594309568405,
1.0090842247009277,
0.25809428095817566,
-0.7661481499671936,
-0.06167612224817276,
-0.07741904258728027,
-0.33517149090766907,
0.30063262581825256,
-0.2237565815448761,
0.028659150004386902,
-0.1317676305770874,
-0.10230409353971481,
0.9328714609146118,
-0.4728294312953949,
0.03884374350309372,
-0.18503664433956146,
0.07031445950269699,
-0.8141649961471558,
-0.7986645102500916,
0.11913055926561356,
0.20552898943424225,
0.6189021468162537,
-0.25739800930023193,
0.23300524055957794,
0.07276596128940582,
0.45765531063079834,
0.9230741858482361,
0.12725961208343506,
0.004665277898311615,
0.562568724155426,
0.12683941423892975,
-0.37412041425704956,
-0.2639425992965698,
-0.1506863236427307,
0.21595467627048492,
-0.029898423701524734,
-0.0171844270080328,
0.7153783440589905,
0.38661321997642517,
-0.7084699273109436,
-0.03772588074207306,
0.2914924919605255,
-0.17040897905826569,
-0.08756708353757858,
-0.4079968333244324,
-0.06742744147777557,
-0.4099450409412384,
-0.5725795030593872,
-0.36387380957603455,
0.0883312001824379,
0.35042208433151245,
-0.04249754548072815,
-0.0460318997502327,
-0.2868189513683319,
-0.12491452693939209,
-0.178787961602211,
-0.18500392138957977,
0.025674333795905113,
-0.29294997453689575,
-0.11530733108520508,
0.23638923466205597,
-0.14390265941619873,
-0.34687095880508423,
0.2825339138507843,
-0.024357469752430916,
0.7232619524002075,
0.7889698147773743,
0.005939554423093796,
0.846403181552887,
-0.37918582558631897,
0.518526017665863,
0.33750611543655396,
0.5721786618232727,
-0.47496476769447327,
-0.1570950150489807,
0.681546151638031,
-0.02478617988526821,
0.7520099878311157,
0.10763859003782272,
-0.5325419902801514,
0.10433872044086456,
0.394443154335022,
-0.30446964502334595,
-0.06186797097325325,
-0.07076243311166763,
0.10319800674915314,
-0.22045505046844482,
-0.33031266927719116,
-0.11215244233608246,
-0.7419503331184387,
-0.48945561051368713,
-0.5708169341087341,
-0.49792763590812683,
0.6200506687164307,
-0.16496926546096802,
-0.8378707766532898,
0.9476986527442932,
0.5881026387214661,
0.14210505783557892,
-0.1956782042980194,
0.26914697885513306,
0.0905575156211853,
-0.5546541810035706,
-0.7340070605278015,
0.05931808426976204,
0.1085088700056076,
0.3810606896877289,
0.7032313346862793,
-0.5453548431396484,
0.08464017510414124,
0.0971803292632103,
0.596754789352417,
-0.050695717334747314,
-0.6726865768432617,
0.22317157685756683,
-0.023265959694981575,
0.3673590421676636,
0.19275148212909698,
-0.5650728940963745,
0.6739735007286072,
0.09456893801689148,
-0.3636457920074463,
0.17826643586158752,
0.2190152406692505,
0.9871315956115723,
-0.12476695328950882,
0.09588952362537384,
0.4881468713283539,
0.13050226867198944,
-0.007609861437231302,
-0.41203442215919495,
0.25453487038612366,
-0.5701802968978882,
-0.39847785234451294,
0.4139901101589203,
0.4338821470737457,
-0.17784172296524048,
0.3092830777168274,
-0.39805927872657776,
-0.04015683755278587,
0.30696848034858704,
0.001337395398877561,
-0.4673826992511749,
0.34537407755851746,
-0.13680827617645264,
-0.20168167352676392,
0.19769933819770813,
-0.1475943624973297,
0.10675744712352753,
-0.23648826777935028,
0.3909584879875183,
0.1218399927020073,
-0.24152524769306183,
-0.26501911878585815,
-0.045294128358364105,
-0.07940331846475601,
0.014800100587308407,
0.2542276978492737,
0.542811930179596,
-0.3812772333621979,
-0.08061826974153519,
0.16681784391403198,
-0.2286437600851059,
-0.15251876413822174,
-0.5620293617248535,
-0.5686305165290833,
-0.07269876450300217,
0.6430691480636597,
0.3812050223350525,
0.6636395454406738,
-0.17754526436328888,
-0.9752749800682068,
-0.12473968416452408,
-0.2681710124015808,
-0.890224814414978,
0.1016317754983902,
0.3189074695110321,
-0.2647205889225006,
-0.9252285957336426,
-0.131601020693779,
0.1440761685371399,
0.24202829599380493,
-0.154091939330101,
-0.647332489490509,
-0.3082285523414612,
0.7495864033699036,
-0.7296868562698364,
-0.48333704471588135,
0.023689549416303635,
-0.10702870041131973,
1.023478388786316,
-0.31097641587257385,
-0.1820191890001297,
0.8908633589744568,
0.3429616391658783,
-0.1998559534549713,
0.019860543310642242,
0.36746954917907715,
-0.4886851906776428,
0.11182093620300293,
-0.25636762380599976,
-0.22053298354148865,
0.0411604642868042,
0.08867228776216507,
0.033279478549957275,
0.2544556260108948,
-0.42761918902397156,
-5.754826545715332,
-0.17089568078517914,
-0.3432356119155884,
-0.510014533996582,
0.12623311579227448,
0.352756530046463,
0.4975385069847107,
-0.4082811176776886,
0.26677870750427246,
0.3507845401763916,
-0.11584997177124023,
-0.1891995519399643,
0.11571632325649261,
0.3586560785770416,
0.7368064522743225,
0.12559285759925842,
-0.12351022660732269,
-0.04711829870939255,
0.001504017156548798,
0.10700463503599167,
0.05400975048542023,
0.048203058540821075,
0.505456268787384,
0.7577710151672363,
-0.025322100147604942,
-0.11077072471380234,
0.11050985753536224,
-0.05400906130671501,
-0.2009330838918686,
-0.012856824323534966,
0.3666890859603882,
-0.2760359048843384,
0.9820926785469055,
-0.43557727336883545,
0.10837873071432114,
-0.03414544463157654,
0.0918249860405922,
-0.03282341733574867,
-0.2084326595067978,
0.26591119170188904,
0.05436253920197487,
0.5712448954582214,
0.08374416083097458,
-0.9754126667976379,
0.6536169052124023,
-0.131895512342453,
0.13781970739364624,
-1.040217638015747,
-0.4910520315170288,
0.5437644720077515,
0.567933976650238,
0.22761747241020203,
-0.21707779169082642,
-0.4236379563808441,
0.1859254240989685,
0.5107503533363342,
0.23064777255058289,
0.104660764336586,
-0.685250461101532,
-0.29036933183670044,
0.3321906328201294,
-0.24996721744537354,
-0.19495338201522827,
-0.19249238073825836,
0.19905954599380493,
-0.09440429508686066,
-0.769240140914917,
0.06592153757810593,
0.6838007569313049,
0.2728031873703003,
-0.6459153890609741,
-0.8165249824523926,
0.42567121982574463,
-0.8301170468330383,
0.2360718548297882,
-0.8874387741088867,
0.09232938289642334,
-0.4538915455341339,
-0.2663438022136688,
0.19962026178836823,
-0.29734963178634644,
-0.16755551099777222,
-0.398943692445755,
0.10221466422080994,
0.38288551568984985,
-0.36833420395851135,
-0.5983640551567078,
-0.46641460061073303,
-0.381339430809021,
-0.17093315720558167,
0.8345428109169006,
-0.10714127868413925,
0.12048698961734772,
-0.323690801858902,
0.4551736116409302,
0.629533052444458,
-0.25028738379478455,
0.3759821951389313,
0.09883712977170944,
-0.4587615728378296,
-0.2056039571762085,
-0.3743058741092682,
0.4586975574493408,
-0.12880770862102509,
0.4361058473587036,
0.058257851749658585,
0.14515763521194458,
0.11976733803749084,
0.6311379075050354,
-0.0383731834590435,
-0.021503403782844543,
0.2611367404460907,
-0.5861914157867432,
-0.7466340065002441,
0.1300024539232254,
-0.07479048520326614,
-0.23617975413799286,
-0.23061823844909668,
0.31923162937164307,
-0.22291512787342072,
0.5382689237594604,
-0.08592808991670609,
-0.3556782305240631,
0.04808662459254265,
0.0366317555308342,
-0.5105665326118469,
0.30871471762657166,
-0.23332412540912628,
0.6027981042861938,
0.08318936079740524,
0.9318797588348389,
0.018388789147138596,
0.13969233632087708,
-0.13645438849925995,
-0.02764975279569626,
0.1669331043958664,
-0.020673422142863274,
-0.2911747694015503,
-0.5630658268928528,
-0.4163803458213806,
0.055153217166662216,
-0.41903066635131836,
-0.025250880047678947,
0.1730150729417801,
0.41035592555999756,
0.6565474271774292,
-1.0344042778015137,
-0.13141898810863495,
0.1900164932012558,
0.3894904851913452,
-0.06724633276462555,
0.6655574440956116,
0.16043691337108612,
0.03004029020667076,
-0.20091980695724487,
-0.26792779564857483,
0.4390164911746979,
0.32442566752433777,
-0.021130027249455452,
-0.3818081021308899,
0.012292959727346897,
-0.6852433681488037,
-1.0640151500701904,
-0.0375417023897171,
-0.5794234275817871,
-0.29395759105682373,
-0.8146443367004395,
-0.22305510938167572,
0.275176465511322,
0.2922516465187073,
0.10763317346572876,
-0.41869449615478516,
-0.2024744153022766,
0.2593787908554077,
0.04247116670012474,
-0.09157031774520874,
0.35312145948410034,
0.09558967500925064,
-0.6420271396636963,
-0.1921166479587555,
-0.13055123388767242,
-0.23309391736984253,
0.16305987536907196,
0.23267680406570435,
0.2542461156845093,
-0.12544476985931396,
-0.2895406484603882,
0.7978512644767761,
-0.2821190357208252,
0.24712476134300232,
0.07367207854986191,
-0.15952341258525848,
0.34330666065216064,
0.03848721832036972,
-0.1551702320575714,
-0.08519525080919266,
-0.27459603548049927,
0.7576728463172913,
0.026435798034071922,
-0.05742279440164566,
-0.356760174036026,
-0.17300306260585785,
-1.1176543235778809,
0.16687044501304626,
0.056515730917453766,
-0.44688138365745544,
0.2706679403781891,
-0.25135791301727295,
0.07230270653963089,
0.08291865885257721,
-0.4326954185962677,
-0.4101477861404419,
-0.056333303451538086,
0.41415610909461975,
0.004075279459357262,
0.6814137697219849,
0.10368720442056656,
-0.09471577405929565,
0.8688846826553345,
-0.5257741212844849,
0.1374223232269287,
0.23504230380058289,
-0.2643398344516754,
0.4756310284137726,
0.13911089301109314,
0.5537936687469482,
0.3958624005317688,
-0.9080383777618408,
0.13408373296260834,
-0.35847848653793335,
0.41055697202682495,
-0.3219640552997589,
-0.6464837193489075,
0.3824290633201599,
0.17423947155475616,
-0.16344544291496277,
0.31653517484664917,
0.0486435741186142,
0.695929765701294,
0.5997840762138367,
0.43155521154403687,
0.43563780188560486,
0.08337225019931793,
0.18039187788963318,
-0.5290729999542236,
0.2788561284542084,
0.20983895659446716,
-0.7202070951461792,
-0.4601629078388214,
0.15958388149738312,
0.10931672155857086,
-0.1460508406162262,
-0.29112914204597473,
-0.6128202080726624,
0.08164235204458237,
-0.21854543685913086,
-0.2881340980529785,
-0.05553625151515007,
-0.21816155314445496,
0.4246883988380432,
-0.07601141184568405,
-0.17496518790721893,
0.11389794945716858,
-0.06285513192415237,
0.649101972579956,
-0.16360348463058472,
-0.2892588675022125,
-0.1858905404806137,
-0.40903347730636597,
-0.271849662065506,
0.33871129155158997,
0.5011469721794128,
0.34736087918281555,
0.18673329055309296,
0.804627537727356,
0.37902793288230896,
0.08276175707578659,
-1.026148796081543,
0.06505165994167328,
0.3031526803970337,
-0.4196425974369049,
-0.5589819550514221,
-0.14147093892097473,
-0.1930927187204361,
-0.21852733194828033,
-0.5266318321228027,
-0.09188370406627655,
-0.052754875272512436,
-0.5455300211906433,
-0.03312324732542038,
-0.1322558969259262,
0.23298485577106476,
0.01977493055164814,
-0.1484045386314392,
0.18943125009536743,
0.01575573720037937,
0.5356884598731995,
0.13717825710773468,
-0.26474466919898987,
0.04277427867054939,
-0.5688811540603638,
0.12322299182415009,
-0.23075351119041443,
-0.7801789045333862,
0.6597365736961365,
-0.03115984983742237,
-0.09878188371658325,
-0.4696182906627655,
-0.43686819076538086,
0.1703559011220932,
0.3752203583717346,
-0.13290876150131226,
0.6698693037033081,
0.15106986463069916,
-0.15241125226020813,
0.15338554978370667,
0.554676353931427,
-0.4616602957248688,
-0.05591356381773949,
0.698667585849762,
0.3909512460231781,
-0.15378308296203613,
-0.018623067066073418,
0.026921145617961884,
-0.0075469049625098705,
-0.05397339165210724,
-0.3171660006046295,
-0.23209814727306366,
-0.0707819014787674,
-0.1273752599954605,
0.4153698980808258,
0.6300045251846313,
-0.1971195489168167,
-0.23899565637111664,
0.05739753693342209,
-0.6672168970108032,
-0.7261477708816528,
-0.010185148566961288,
-0.5014169812202454,
1.0774681568145752,
0.7082825303077698,
0.19402360916137695,
-0.045949939638376236,
0.40126833319664,
0.4034288823604584,
0.369008332490921,
0.3441449701786041,
0.08285365253686905,
0.13080808520317078,
0.19157955050468445,
-0.0020541895646601915,
0.28105628490448,
0.5052016973495483,
0.18766221404075623,
0.19058243930339813,
-0.11496011167764664,
-0.10647603124380112,
-0.720158576965332,
0.12397059798240662,
-0.03326498717069626,
0.059399910271167755,
0.48959434032440186,
0.31232619285583496,
0.19817760586738586,
0.014727629721164703,
-0.1637323945760727,
-0.4414835274219513,
-0.4454236924648285,
-0.1593140959739685,
0.1873473972082138,
0.18398000299930573,
0.09681429713964462,
-0.4135522246360779,
0.4016108512878418,
-0.284295916557312,
-0.2193024754524231,
0.14723989367485046,
0.7943854928016663,
0.0526442751288414,
-0.17823739349842072,
-0.6998214721679688,
-0.5930894613265991,
-0.48211535811424255,
-0.7240695953369141,
-0.054297685623168945,
0.1688421070575714,
-0.21485339105129242,
0.24152569472789764,
-0.44928857684135437,
0.26275548338890076,
-0.21940872073173523,
-0.24102963507175446,
0.12811559438705444,
-0.11596918106079102,
0.10744837671518326,
-0.06514215469360352,
0.21965713798999786,
0.5932003855705261,
0.29947784543037415,
0.08174001425504684,
0.0455818697810173,
0.23042532801628113,
0.3285878896713257,
-0.1569644957780838,
-0.6591191291809082,
0.043823301792144775,
-0.03375986963510513,
-0.05075087025761604,
-0.5121316909790039,
-0.06626178324222565,
0.4689025580883026,
-0.42495179176330566,
0.11797437816858292,
-0.37688687443733215,
-0.09816397726535797,
-0.30898451805114746,
0.34934473037719727,
-0.3579651713371277,
0.3730664551258087,
-0.6858587861061096,
0.007012031506747007,
-0.34588098526000977,
0.800082802772522,
0.06344272196292877,
0.009208766743540764,
-0.15920187532901764,
0.7130699157714844,
0.10525542497634888,
-0.6985908150672913,
0.4679059386253357,
-0.5949079394340515,
0.536348283290863,
-0.6851949691772461,
0.5366920828819275,
-0.14015965163707733,
-0.25069698691368103,
0.5134491920471191,
0.34724268317222595,
0.12814348936080933,
-0.454380065202713,
-0.01016221009194851,
0.061624374240636826,
-0.5172727108001709,
-0.24310265481472015,
0.34739547967910767,
0.22907237708568573,
0.4282614588737488,
0.36639755964279175,
-1.056264877319336,
0.061054959893226624,
0.028373707085847855,
-0.2842462360858917,
0.04241369664669037,
0.1875244528055191,
-0.09886140376329422,
0.1386914849281311,
0.19912806153297424,
-0.008576435968279839,
-0.09765126556158066,
0.3525595963001251
] |
210473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniolabis
|
Taeniolabis
|
Taeniolabis ("banded incisor") is a genus of extinct multituberculate mammal from the Paleocene of North America.
Description
It is the largest known member of the extinct order Multituberculata, as well as the largest non-therian mammal: T. taoensis possibly exceeds 100 kg.
Taxonomy
It is within the suborder of Cimolodonta and is a member of the superfamily Taeniolabidoidea. The genus was named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1882. Species have also been placed with the genera Catopsalis and Polymastodon.
The species Taeniolabis lamberti was named by N.B. Simmons in 1987. It has been found in the Puercan (Paleocene)-age Tullock Formation of Montana. It is not quite as large as T. taoensis, but still a hefty size for a multituberculate.
The species Taeniolabis taoensis was named by Cope E.D. in 1882. It is also known as Catopsalis pollux (Cope, 1882); Polymastodon attenuatus (Cope, 1885); P. latimolis Cope, 1885; P. selenodus Osborn H.F. and Earle C., 1895; P. taoensis (Cope, 1882); T. attetuatus; T. scalper (Cope 1884); T. sulcatus (Cope 1882a); T. triserialis (Granger & Simpson, 1929). They are found in the Puercan-age Nacimiento Formation of New Mexico and in the Ravenscrag Formation of Saskatchewan. This species had a long skull. It is the largest known multituberculate, this creature was as big as the giant beaver.
References
Cope (1882), "A new genus of Taeniodonta". American Naturalist XVI, p. 604-605.
Osborn and Earle (1895), "Fossil mammals of the Puerco beds." Collection of 1892. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. VII, p. 1-70, with 21 figs.
Granger and Simpson (1929), "A revision of the Tertiary Multituberculata." Bulletin Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 56, p. 601-676, 43 figs.
Simons N.B. (1986), "Taeniolabis Cope, 1882 (Mammalia, Multituberculata): proposed designation of Polymastodon taoensis Cope, 1882 as type species." Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 43(3), p. 310-311.
Kielan-Jaworowska Z. and Hurum J.H. (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429.
Cope (1882), "Mammalia in the Laramie Formation'." American Naturalist 16, p. 830-831.
Much of this information is derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Eucosmodontidae, Microcosmodontidae and Taeniolabidoidea, an Internet directory.
Simmons (1987), "A revision of Taeniolabis(Mammalia: Multituberculata), with a new species from the Puercan of eastern Montana." J. Paleont. 61(4), p. 794-808.
Cimolodonts
Paleocene mammals of North America
Paleocene genus extinctions
Prehistoric mammal genera
|
[
-1.0130873918533325,
-0.5702572464942932,
-0.9590041637420654,
-0.2053314745426178,
-0.5872896313667297,
0.8447861671447754,
0.6700847744941711,
0.5876662135124207,
0.1037570983171463,
-0.6197469234466553,
0.785956859588623,
0.34359845519065857,
-0.5250216126441956,
-0.2533288896083832,
-0.07369501888751984,
0.6577748656272888,
-0.08950349688529968,
-0.08186285942792892,
0.31569230556488037,
0.20100295543670654,
0.11681454628705978,
-0.4254937767982483,
0.4310416877269745,
-0.7199310064315796,
0.05730767920613289,
-0.3039984405040741,
0.02438705787062645,
0.3353040814399719,
0.28282490372657776,
-0.08633005619049072,
-0.4031275808811188,
0.5261895060539246,
0.322607159614563,
-0.5733644366264343,
-0.17539970576763153,
-0.06300102919340134,
-0.38678479194641113,
-0.20231139659881592,
0.029521267861127853,
-0.7467787265777588,
0.018055995926260948,
-0.020532717928290367,
0.19242510199546814,
0.6494782567024231,
-0.825157880783081,
0.03901274502277374,
-1.7654633522033691,
0.36082619428634644,
-1.1142524480819702,
0.10110096633434296,
-0.5246493220329285,
0.15549030900001526,
0.6887717843055725,
0.4468916654586792,
-0.193631112575531,
0.23660771548748016,
-0.6260705590248108,
-0.20389947295188904,
0.4642948508262634,
-0.34342315793037415,
-0.32386165857315063,
0.42121654748916626,
-0.0029221565928310156,
-0.3930606544017792,
-0.1685258150100708,
0.8954055905342102,
0.028304802253842354,
0.6499639749526978,
-1.109954833984375,
0.25650307536125183,
-0.8087688088417053,
-0.2065614014863968,
0.37291619181632996,
0.5903356671333313,
-0.414578914642334,
-0.27741727232933044,
-0.5629652738571167,
-0.11719054728746414,
0.8650326132774353,
-0.2840529978275299,
0.04630026966333389,
0.730818510055542,
0.7249602675437927,
-0.3865646719932556,
-0.23227925598621368,
0.3151804506778717,
-0.8296322226524353,
0.06125756725668907,
-0.9082894921302795,
0.4040425419807434,
-0.27363449335098267,
-0.5355698466300964,
-0.001885377918370068,
0.91608726978302,
-0.3069049119949341,
-0.28236016631126404,
-0.14993658661842346,
-0.0023086427245289087,
-0.010148758068680763,
0.6390945911407471,
0.18787479400634766,
-0.31340551376342773,
0.6757080554962158,
-0.3682466745376587,
-0.27752313017845154,
-0.16845200955867767,
-0.32234567403793335,
-0.4602014720439911,
-0.41698288917541504,
0.5402169823646545,
-1.0538960695266724,
0.3416220545768738,
0.27197688817977905,
-0.3320807218551636,
-0.04072883725166321,
1.0935182571411133,
0.3601447343826294,
-0.2177051454782486,
-0.09401261806488037,
-0.059953607618808746,
-0.18992692232131958,
0.3725978136062622,
-0.09786443412303925,
0.03756524249911308,
-0.667951762676239,
-0.04279325529932976,
0.1482621282339096,
0.21331016719341278,
-0.07824185490608215,
0.4502410590648651,
0.37232452630996704,
1.0941076278686523,
0.4759586453437805,
0.41404739022254944,
-0.13813991844654083,
-0.0053743054158985615,
-0.19210568070411682,
-0.002910358365625143,
0.06137857586145401,
0.3086931109428406,
-0.4356636703014374,
0.14931946992874146,
-1.116686463356018,
-0.6827328205108643,
0.3369533121585846,
-0.22767077386379242,
0.2794015407562256,
0.2173977643251419,
-0.744295060634613,
-0.6312693357467651,
0.19001737236976624,
-0.29917019605636597,
0.5583517551422119,
0.7020710706710815,
-0.3360285758972168,
0.3677489757537842,
-0.1679351031780243,
-0.2631130516529083,
0.5160667896270752,
0.25184834003448486,
-0.3933304250240326,
-0.08568231016397476,
-0.7079086899757385,
0.36573684215545654,
-0.08815699070692062,
-0.43921801447868347,
0.39169633388519287,
-0.03225553035736084,
0.2704122066497803,
1.1121375560760498,
-0.07749339938163757,
-0.1334543228149414,
0.5978230237960815,
-0.03354286402463913,
-0.022374672815203667,
-0.1204453632235527,
-0.2590460479259491,
-0.014798835851252079,
0.4785996675491333,
-0.6429881453514099,
-0.7495845556259155,
0.1589280515909195,
0.7538672685623169,
0.04579736664891243,
0.26994219422340393,
-0.06484396755695343,
0.9996343851089478,
0.3372725546360016,
-0.15762431919574738,
-0.5799669623374939,
-0.6148788332939148,
0.27577853202819824,
-0.03374335169792175,
0.37721729278564453,
1.4080852270126343,
0.3591032028198242,
-0.7708839178085327,
-0.7654240131378174,
0.23796704411506653,
0.46029961109161377,
-0.26261982321739197,
-0.2655080556869507,
0.3078390061855316,
-0.5230773687362671,
0.34781214594841003,
0.2859923541545868,
0.23735302686691284,
0.1363736391067505,
1.029249668121338,
0.6166899800300598,
0.08600834012031555,
-0.5887820720672607,
-0.029804278165102005,
0.1419217735528946,
0.11929917335510254,
-0.4862477481365204,
-0.36702051758766174,
0.5208683609962463,
-0.013044632039964199,
-0.7785782217979431,
0.5140410661697388,
-0.2924381196498871,
0.2369895875453949,
0.2293740063905716,
-0.28455743193626404,
0.3938697576522827,
0.8172153234481812,
0.01785959117114544,
0.5484524369239807,
-0.38679900765419006,
-0.18219129741191864,
-0.3603806495666504,
1.0191819667816162,
-1.0410233736038208,
0.374059796333313,
-0.319790780544281,
-0.033058397471904755,
-1.1987680196762085,
0.9135382175445557,
-0.6360079646110535,
0.21077467501163483,
-0.13434629142284393,
-0.4985528588294983,
0.5110013484954834,
0.4992382824420929,
-0.4876939654350281,
0.3880392909049988,
0.7700789570808411,
-0.25382620096206665,
-0.09065403044223785,
0.0430363193154335,
1.1717900037765503,
0.4352923035621643,
-0.6777222156524658,
0.0005266310763545334,
0.5921893119812012,
0.7187215089797974,
-0.08792120218276978,
0.4056963324546814,
0.016268635168671608,
-0.26120513677597046,
1.103088617324829,
0.20731832087039948,
-0.1862843632698059,
-0.38879820704460144,
-0.5951700210571289,
0.11306872218847275,
0.23141294717788696,
0.6066508293151855,
-0.25607261061668396,
0.6583335399627686,
-0.4106200933456421,
-1.0304054021835327,
0.28415530920028687,
-0.4942898750305176,
-0.07187511771917343,
-0.15685398876667023,
0.1568479984998703,
-0.7749156355857849,
-0.6545960903167725,
0.47214198112487793,
0.7246368527412415,
0.41768157482147217,
0.11567021161317825,
-0.3393721878528595,
-0.4425842761993408,
1.0033389329910278,
-0.18582263588905334,
-0.2546299993991852,
-1.444846510887146,
0.16652749478816986,
-0.09010880440473557,
-0.9894291162490845,
0.3537203371524811,
-0.8357226252555847,
0.19483016431331635,
0.3128931224346161,
-0.5535532832145691,
0.22660818696022034,
-0.29465779662132263,
-0.47798600792884827,
0.24448001384735107,
0.09239589422941208,
0.0913158431649208,
-0.11163973063230515,
-0.08342218399047852,
0.5154018402099609,
0.2616811990737915,
-4.550948619842529,
0.3640337884426117,
0.09480408579111099,
-0.08241652697324753,
0.3962383270263672,
0.4425485134124756,
0.20883750915527344,
-0.3124980926513672,
-0.670158863067627,
-0.3871406018733978,
0.02111193723976612,
0.1677129864692688,
-0.5116166472434998,
0.24578139185905457,
0.238639697432518,
0.3827201724052429,
0.8021124005317688,
-0.08812142163515091,
-0.541288435459137,
0.5509833097457886,
0.06506026536226273,
-0.517250657081604,
0.4709315001964569,
0.05623893439769745,
0.1122678890824318,
-0.0283142551779747,
-0.07744921743869781,
-0.39429375529289246,
0.009500645101070404,
-0.35288602113723755,
-0.060088351368904114,
-0.3450470268726349,
-0.26505327224731445,
0.1286381632089615,
-0.4728776216506958,
0.22017528116703033,
1.3293389081954956,
0.4321523606777191,
0.6856718063354492,
-0.40487298369407654,
-0.7282744646072388,
0.2821631133556366,
0.19492891430854797,
0.34296852350234985,
0.5722886919975281,
0.14456713199615479,
-0.14347927272319794,
-0.45213159918785095,
-0.3797266185283661,
1.0102379322052002,
0.03143646568059921,
0.23906853795051575,
0.28752487897872925,
0.8337650895118713,
0.28136035799980164,
-0.2772682011127472,
0.542475700378418,
0.5053770542144775,
-0.4046994745731354,
0.5957689881324768,
0.6244298815727234,
-0.810457170009613,
-0.7019675374031067,
-1.7384772300720215,
0.6127842664718628,
-0.6303755044937134,
-0.3315831124782562,
1.2418785095214844,
0.8185762166976929,
0.10670797526836395,
-0.2464662790298462,
0.7280592918395996,
0.08199028670787811,
-0.8259021043777466,
0.9991651773452759,
-0.012271531857550144,
0.2567444145679474,
-0.7066762447357178,
-0.35499534010887146,
0.4871673285961151,
0.3025766611099243,
-0.7239995002746582,
0.09787087142467499,
0.445028156042099,
0.001452712225727737,
-0.6535062789916992,
-0.385985791683197,
0.45550504326820374,
-0.6329772472381592,
-0.19957800209522247,
0.15132427215576172,
-0.2620741128921509,
-0.10016016662120819,
0.4008176922798157,
0.10699968785047531,
0.5497121214866638,
0.6839543581008911,
0.1307966113090515,
0.09490006417036057,
-0.7854623198509216,
0.3783656656742096,
-0.35681262612342834,
-0.19522060453891754,
0.6517243981361389,
-0.2114374339580536,
-1.0063483715057373,
-0.7257981300354004,
0.25560328364372253,
1.0559804439544678,
-0.16824111342430115,
0.7891138792037964,
0.020840629935264587,
-0.3439294397830963,
-0.21920698881149292,
-0.004196802619844675,
0.3589637279510498,
-0.35464584827423096,
-0.04402734711766243,
0.8635542988777161,
-0.38180094957351685,
0.04415412247180939,
0.41842442750930786,
-0.3592491149902344,
-0.23816251754760742,
-1.0094443559646606,
0.07227551937103271,
0.22536148130893707,
0.1206102967262268,
-0.670489490032196,
-0.6303025484085083,
-0.2256413847208023,
0.005804008338600397,
-0.903441309928894,
0.3395715653896332,
-0.4155423939228058,
-0.4536510407924652,
-0.3884282410144806,
0.474262535572052,
0.08537082374095917,
-0.277412474155426,
-0.037692923098802567,
-0.4734984338283539,
-0.14439453184604645,
-0.5189883708953857,
0.4045688807964325,
0.1768481433391571,
0.2019474059343338,
-0.528276264667511,
-0.9627386927604675,
0.9740016460418701,
0.8302366733551025,
-0.8230553269386292,
0.0434175506234169,
-1.1372150182724,
0.4554518759250641,
0.5317135453224182,
-0.16740909218788147,
0.05729818716645241,
0.29813915491104126,
-0.995624840259552,
-0.06648950278759003,
0.19511623680591583,
-0.5737149119377136,
0.1824396848678589,
0.4640726149082184,
0.039261139929294586,
-0.32421138882637024,
-0.8701940178871155,
-0.08634857833385468,
-0.21716442704200745,
0.109482042491436,
0.2883356213569641,
-0.2844429612159729,
-0.5509558320045471,
0.27815914154052734,
-0.28565847873687744,
-0.2113678902387619,
0.0008015421917662024,
-0.23043616116046906,
-0.008773677982389927,
0.032249171286821365,
-0.019992826506495476,
0.35446083545684814,
-0.6107630729675293,
0.9445198774337769,
-0.9127458930015564,
-0.5084262490272522,
-0.4334131181240082,
-0.8578561544418335,
-0.14428767561912537,
0.3801325857639313,
0.284066379070282,
0.46862849593162537,
-0.04582373797893524,
-0.3960307836532593,
0.14163845777511597,
-0.07159654051065445,
0.4959788918495178,
-0.41499122977256775,
-0.993834912776947,
-0.5913228392601013,
0.539131760597229,
-0.13408638536930084,
0.5303606986999512,
0.5131058692932129,
-0.34144145250320435,
0.905099093914032,
0.10558506846427917,
-0.5828776359558105,
0.3272671401500702,
-0.09148389101028442,
-0.8820253610610962,
-0.6137921810150146,
0.2744654417037964,
0.2656417489051819,
0.016541510820388794,
0.16913729906082153,
-0.020956406369805336,
-0.8853380680084229,
-0.3986545503139496,
-0.3236507773399353,
0.05247658118605614,
-0.34727999567985535,
-0.4700712263584137,
-0.3884669244289398,
-0.23029349744319916,
-0.16923107206821442,
0.040477409958839417,
0.6903178691864014,
-0.09264391660690308,
-0.07563912123441696,
-0.31074878573417664,
0.44585537910461426,
-0.14667505025863647,
-0.3992062211036682,
0.16713953018188477,
0.16530843079090118,
0.09382151067256927,
-0.06931893527507782,
-0.16372080147266388,
1.2402716875076294,
0.9049896597862244,
0.4077340066432953,
0.1463257074356079,
0.2647741138935089,
-0.23048469424247742,
0.12357844412326813,
0.13040614128112793,
-0.6134595274925232,
0.4369617700576782,
0.6933858394622803,
-0.16618837416172028,
-0.9574669599533081,
-0.013351223431527615,
1.5145699977874756,
-0.6760474443435669,
0.4387485384941101,
0.0003676420310512185,
-0.1773531585931778,
0.03752106428146362,
0.14795339107513428,
-0.11489865183830261,
-0.19772163033485413,
0.29731953144073486,
-0.8396468162536621,
-0.4707100987434387,
0.002784768585115671,
-0.12089932709932327,
1.3574910163879395,
-1.1884448528289795,
0.16641037166118622,
0.02208343707025051,
-0.2340897023677826,
0.003722993191331625,
-0.35433515906333923,
-0.4822402894496918,
0.8625404834747314,
-0.9311215281486511,
0.5426796674728394,
-0.4073258638381958,
-0.4643695652484894,
0.05462178587913513,
0.03180396184325218,
0.0607556588947773,
-0.43572941422462463,
-0.313259094953537,
-0.22218766808509827,
-0.2476583570241928,
-0.30102887749671936,
-0.4346955418586731,
-0.523044228553772,
-0.07420840859413147,
-0.3258189857006073,
-0.2015540599822998,
-0.062457624822854996,
0.4324533939361572,
0.4761025905609131,
0.1270889937877655,
-0.2711256146430969,
0.5586534142494202,
-0.7700920701026917,
0.6357465386390686,
0.6221837997436523,
-0.18987774848937988,
0.24463029205799103,
-0.08450484275817871,
-0.0026330691762268543,
0.13899631798267365,
-0.0294047724455595,
-0.3982720375061035,
-0.3527717888355255,
-0.246970072388649,
0.5506366491317749,
0.8553366661071777,
-0.5619003772735596,
-0.00971827283501625,
0.27071288228034973,
-0.5105900764465332,
-0.06453816592693329,
0.854701817035675,
0.18650664389133453,
-0.0582566112279892,
0.17608582973480225,
-0.019911356270313263,
-0.3832947611808777,
0.32261013984680176,
-0.7702406644821167,
0.033623404800891876,
0.08052526414394379,
0.7511001229286194,
0.5377619862556458,
0.001236895564943552,
-1.0375422239303589,
0.4380739629268646,
-0.4942438006401062,
-0.31741809844970703,
0.14364977180957794,
0.0008201524615287781,
0.4553670585155487,
0.804317831993103,
0.10887394100427628,
0.6990478038787842,
0.5195144414901733,
0.32212069630622864,
-0.5689815282821655,
0.5546515583992004,
-0.3843914866447449,
-0.25282660126686096,
0.30848661065101624,
-0.30873894691467285,
0.3226240873336792,
-0.0035050520673394203,
0.6296093463897705,
0.4369576573371887,
0.4580322504043579,
-0.05819994583725929,
0.6549007296562195,
-0.6263313889503479,
-0.6387228965759277,
0.2785205543041229,
-0.6212671399116516,
0.1674584597349167,
0.4437653422355652,
-0.42905446887016296,
-1.1039807796478271,
0.13455730676651,
0.0022159391082823277,
0.12482035160064697,
-0.17816977202892303,
0.40767642855644226,
0.6084271669387817,
0.29010799527168274,
0.13912300765514374,
-0.2447737753391266,
0.24584083259105682,
0.9319060444831848,
0.15191157162189484,
0.6286187767982483,
0.024463586509227753,
0.09769522398710251,
-0.44615042209625244,
0.26903101801872253,
-0.3739023208618164,
0.01231436338275671,
0.46665158867836,
-0.3470473289489746,
-0.18253205716609955,
0.419721782207489,
0.2833830416202545,
-0.3531820774078369,
-0.06325239688158035,
-1.0159926414489746,
0.04090443626046181,
0.0022858513984829187,
-0.3030228912830353,
0.2233380377292633,
-0.25215426087379456,
0.9060199856758118,
0.6455406546592712,
-0.1924113631248474,
0.019196998327970505,
0.1507667601108551,
-0.43916958570480347,
-0.4439588785171509,
-0.2588091790676117,
0.8189446926116943,
-0.4388878047466278,
0.9351847171783447,
-0.8025546669960022,
-0.04986767843365669,
0.515784740447998,
0.059070102870464325,
-0.33250269293785095,
0.6250664591789246,
-0.26179951429367065,
0.2119510918855667,
0.9756800532341003,
0.03844715282320976,
-0.41857725381851196,
0.18353183567523956,
0.27275997400283813,
-0.00674984697252512,
-0.1945382058620453,
0.4802221357822418,
-0.04544273391366005,
-0.013697813265025616,
0.15422029793262482,
0.21453601121902466,
-1.0278077125549316,
0.6201400756835938,
-0.1325390338897705,
-0.727220892906189,
-0.5232024788856506,
-0.5917865633964539,
-0.2725459933280945,
-0.10323243588209152,
0.5531664490699768,
0.8201568722724915,
0.2278898060321808,
-0.3324146270751953,
0.4982419013977051,
0.02078085020184517,
-0.14067205786705017,
0.014084046706557274,
-0.2782447338104248,
0.5418314337730408,
-0.3149634897708893,
-0.8665041923522949,
-0.23530636727809906,
0.20248593389987946,
0.16671188175678253,
-0.0015473694074898958,
0.4522269070148468,
-0.24145959317684174,
-0.5385065078735352,
-0.12644530832767487,
-0.32438308000564575,
-0.2556678354740143,
0.0915520116686821,
0.46833476424217224
] |
210475
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kray%20twins
|
Kray twins
|
Ronald "Ronnie" Kray (24 October 193317 March 1995) and Reginald "Reggie" Kray (24 October 19331 October 2000), identical twin brothers, were the foremost perpetrators of organised crime in the East End of London, England from the late 1950s to 1967. With their gang, known as the Firm, the Krays were involved in murder, armed robbery, arson, protection rackets and assaults.
In the 1960s, as West End nightclub owners, the Kray twins mixed with politicians and prominent entertainers such as Diana Dors, Frank Sinatra and Judy Garland. They became celebrities themselves, were photographed by David Bailey and interviewed on television.
The Krays were arrested on 8 May 1968 and convicted in 1969 as a result of the efforts of detectives led by Detective Superintendent Leonard "Nipper" Read. Each was sentenced to life imprisonment. Ronnie was committed to Broadmoor Hospital in 1979 and remained there until his death on 17 March 1995 from a heart attack; Reggie was released from prison on compassionate grounds in August 2000, eight and a half weeks before he died of bladder cancer.
Early life
Ronald and Reginald Kray were born on 24 October 1933 in Haggerston, East London, to Charles David Kray (1907–1983), a wardrobe dealer, and Violet Annie Lee (1909–1982). Their father was of Irish descent and their mother was Romani. The brothers were identical twins, with Reggie born 10 minutes before Ronnie. Their parents already had a six-year-old son, Charles James (1927–2000). A sister, Violet (born 1929), died in infancy. When the twins were three years old, they contracted diphtheria.
The Kray twins first attended Wood Close School in Brick Lane, and then Daniel Street School. In 1938 the family moved from Stean Street in Haggerston to 178 Vallance Road in Bethnal Green.
During the Second World War, the twins were evacuated to East House in Hadleigh, Suffolk, with their mother Violet and their older brother Charles. They stayed at East House with the owners Dr and Mrs Style for about one year before moving back to London, as Violet missed her friends and family. While they were in Hadleigh, the twins attended Bridge Street Boys' School. When the twins were interviewed in 1989 while at Broadmoor Hospital, Ronnie described Hadleigh as their first time in the countryside. What appealed to the twins was the "quietness, the peacefulness of it, the fresh air, nice scenery, nice countryside – different from London. We used to go to a big 'ill called Constitution Hill and used to go sledging there in the winter-time."
The influence of their maternal grandfather, Jimmy "Cannonball" Lee, caused the brothers to take up amateur boxing, then a popular pastime for working-class boys in the East End. Sibling rivalry spurred them on, and both achieved some success.
Military service
The Krays were called up to do National Service in the British Army in March 1952. Although the pair reported to the depot of the Royal Fusiliers at the Tower of London, they attempted to leave after only a few minutes. When the corporal in charge tried to stop them, he was seriously injured by Ronnie when he punched him on the jaw. The Krays walked back to their East End home. They were arrested the next morning by the police and turned over to the army.
In September while absent without leave (AWOL) again, the twins assaulted a police constable who tried to arrest them. They became among the last prisoners to be held at the Tower of London before being transferred to Shepton Mallet military prison in Somerset for a month to await court-martial. After they were convicted, both were sent to the Buffs' Home Counties Brigade Depot jail in Canterbury, Kent. However, when it became clear they were both to be dishonourably discharged from the army, the Krays' behaviour became worse. They dominated the exercise areas outside their one-man cells, threw tantrums, emptied a latrine bucket over a sergeant, dumped a canteen full of hot tea on another guard, handcuffed a guard to their prison bars with a pair of stolen cuffs and set their bedding on fire. Eventually they were moved to a communal cell where they assaulted their guard with a vase and escaped. After being quickly recaptured, they spent their last night in military custody in Canterbury drinking cider, eating crisps and smoking cigarillos courtesy of the young national servicemen acting as their guards. The next day the Krays were transferred to a civilian prison to serve sentences for the crimes they committed while AWOL.
Criminal careers
Nightclub owners
The Krays' criminal records and dishonourable discharges from the Royal Fusiliers ended their boxing careers, and the brothers turned to crime full-time. They bought a run-down snooker club in Mile End where they started several protection rackets. By the end of the 1950s, the Krays were working for Jay Murray from Liverpool and were involved in hijacking, armed robbery, and arson, through which they acquired other clubs and properties. In 1960, Ronnie was imprisoned for 18 months for running a protection racket and related threats. While he was in prison, Peter Rachman, head of a landlord operation, sold Reggie a nightclub called Esmeralda's Barn to ward off threats of further extortion. The location is where the Berkeley Hotel now stands.
Ownership of Esmeralda's Barn increased the Krays' influence in the West End by making them celebrities as well as criminals. The twins adopted a norm according to which anyone who failed to show due respect would be severely punished. Both Ronnie and Reggie notoriously laundered money through dog and horse tracks as well as through businesses, which led to several others being investigated during the mid-1960s for their co-operation with the crimes. They were assisted by a banker named Alan Cooper who wanted protection against the Krays' rivals, the Richardson Gang, based in South London.
Celebrity status
In the 1960s, the Kray twins were widely seen as prosperous and charming celebrity nightclub owners and were part of the Swinging London scene. A large part of their fame was due to their non-criminal activities as popular figures on the celebrity circuit, being photographed by David Bailey on more than one occasion and socialising with lords, MPs, socialites and show business characters, including George Raft, Frank Sinatra, Peter Sellers, Judy Garland, Diana Dors, Shirley Bassey, Liza Minnelli, Cliff Richard, Jayne Mansfield, Danny La Rue and Barbara Windsor.
They were the best years of our lives. They called them the swinging sixties. The Beatles and the Rolling Stones were rulers of pop music, Carnaby Street ruled the fashion world... and me and my brother ruled London. We were fucking untouchable...
– Ronnie Kray, in his autobiography My Story
Lord Boothby and Tom Driberg
In July 1964, an exposé in the tabloid newspaper Sunday Mirror insinuated that Ronnie had begun a homosexual relationship with Lord Boothby, a Conservative politician, at a time when sex between men was still a criminal offence in the UK. Although no names were printed in the piece, the twins threatened the journalists involved and Boothby threatened to sue the newspaper with the help of Labour Party leader Harold Wilson's solicitor, Arnold Goodman. In the face of this, the Sunday Mirror backed down, sacking its editor, printing an apology and paying Boothby £40,000 in an out-of-court settlement. Because of this, other newspapers were unwilling to expose the Krays' connections and criminal activities. Decades later, Channel 4 established the truth of the allegations and released a documentary on the subject called The Gangster and the Pervert Peer (2009).
Police investigated the Krays on several occasions, but the brothers' reputation for violence made witnesses afraid to testify. There was also a problem for both main political parties. The Conservative Party was unwilling to press the police to end the Krays' power for fear that the Boothby connection would again be publicised, and the Labour Party, in power from October 1964 but with an extremely thin majority in the House of Commons and the prospect of another general election needing to be called in the very near future, did not want connections between Ronnie and Tom Driberg, a relatively openly gay Labour MP, to get into the public realm.
George Cornell
Ronnie shot and killed George Cornell, a member of the Richardson Gang, at the Blind Beggar pub in Whitechapel on 9 March 1966. The day before, there had been a shoot-out at Mr Smith's, a nightclub in Catford, involving the Richardsons and Richard Hart, an associate of the Krays, who was shot dead. This public shoot-out led to the arrest of nearly all the Richardson Gang. Cornell, by chance, was not present at the club during the shooting and was not arrested. After visiting the hospital to check up on his friends, he randomly chose to visit the Blind Beggar pub, only a mile away from where the Krays lived.
Ronnie was drinking in another pub when he learned of Cornell's whereabouts. He went to the Blind Beggar with his driver, "Scotch Jack" John Dickson, and his assistant Ian Barrie. Ronnie went into the pub with Barrie, walked straight to Cornell and shot him in the head in public view. Barrie, confused by what happened, fired five shots in the air warning onlookers not to report what had happened to the police. Just before he was shot, Cornell remarked, "Well, look who's here." He died at 3:30am in hospital. Ronnie was already suffering from paranoid schizophrenia at the time of the killing.
According to some sources, Ronnie killed Cornell because he referred to him as a "fat poof" (a derogatory term for gay men) during a confrontation between the Krays and the Richardsons at the Astor Club on Christmas Day 1965. Richardson member Frankie Fraser was tried for the murder of Hart at Mr. Smith's, but was found not guilty. Richardson member Ray "the Belgian" Cullinane testified that he saw Cornell kicking Hart. Witnesses would not co-operate with the police in the murder case due to intimidation and the trial ended inconclusively without pointing to any suspect in particular.
Frank Mitchell
On 12 December 1966, the Krays helped Frank Mitchell, "the Mad Axeman", to escape from Dartmoor Prison. Ronnie had befriended Mitchell while they served time together in Wandsworth Prison. Mitchell felt that the authorities should review his case for parole, so Ronnie thought that he would be doing him a favour by getting him out of Dartmoor, highlighting his case in the media and forcing the authorities to act. Once Mitchell had escaped, the Krays held him at a friend's flat in Barking Road, East Ham. He was a large man with a mental disorder, and he was difficult to control. He disappeared, but the Krays were acquitted of his murder. Freddie Foreman, a friend of the Krays, claimed in his autobiography Respect that he shot Mitchell dead as a favour to the twins and disposed of his body at sea.
Jack "the Hat" McVitie
In October 1967, four months after the suicide of his wife Frances, Reggie was allegedly encouraged by his brother to kill Jack "the Hat" McVitie, a minor member of the Kray gang who had failed to fulfil a £1,000 contract, £500 of which had been paid to him in advance, to kill their financial adviser, Leslie Payne. McVitie was lured to a basement flat in Evering Road, Stoke Newington, on the pretence of a party. Upon entering the premises, he saw Ronnie seated in the front room. Ronnie approached, letting loose a barrage of verbal abuse and cutting McVitie below his eye with a piece of broken glass. It is believed that an argument then broke out between the twins and McVitie. As the argument got more heated, Reggie pointed a handgun at McVitie's head and pulled the trigger twice, but the gun failed to discharge.
McVitie was then held in a bear hug by the twins' cousin, Ronnie Hart, and Reggie was handed a carving knife. He then stabbed McVitie in the face and stomach, driving the blade into his neck while twisting the knife, not stopping even as McVitie lay on the floor dying. Reggie had committed a very public murder, against someone who many members of the Firm felt did not deserve to die. In an interview in 2000, shortly after Reggie's death, Freddie Foreman revealed that McVitie had a reputation for leaving carnage behind him due to his habitual consumption of drugs and heavy drinking, and his having threatened to harm the twins and their family.
Tony and Chris Lambrianou and Ronnie Bender helped clear up the evidence of this crime, and attempted to assist in the disposal of the body. With McVitie's corpse being too big to fit in the boot of the car, it was wrapped in an eiderdown and put in the back seat. Tony Lambrianou drove the car with the body and Chris Lambrianou and Bender followed behind. Crossing the Blackwall tunnel, Chris lost Tony's car and spent up to 15 minutes looking around Rotherhithe area. They found Tony, outside St Mary's Church, where he had run out of fuel, McVitie's body still inside the car. The body was left in the car and the three gangsters returned home. Bender then went on to phone Charlie Kray informing them that it had been dealt with. When the Krays heard where they had left McVitie's corpse, the twins were livid and desperately phoned Foreman, who was then running a pub in Southwark, to see if he could dispose of the body. With dawn breaking, Foreman found the car, broke into it and drove the body to Newhaven where, with the help of a trawlerman, the body was bound with chicken wire and dumped in the English Channel. This event started turning many people against the Krays, and some were prepared to testify to Scotland Yard as to what had happened, fearing that what happened to McVitie could easily happen to them.
Arrest and trial
Detective Chief Superintendent Leonard "Nipper" Read of Scotland Yard was promoted to the Murder Squad and his first assignment was to bring down the Kray twins. During the first half of 1964, Read had been investigating their activities but publicity and official denials of Ron's relationship with Boothby made the evidence that he collected useless. Read went after the twins again in 1967 but frequently came up against the East End "wall of silence" which discouraged anyone from providing information to the police. They were represented in court by Nemone Lethbridge.
By the end of 1967 Read had built up enough evidence against the Krays. Witness statements incriminated them, as did other evidence, but none made a convincing case on any one charge. Early in 1968, the Krays employed Alan Bruce Cooper who sent Paul Elvey to Glasgow to buy explosives for a car bomb. Elvey was a radio engineer who put Radio Sutch on the air in 1964, later renamed Radio City. After police detained him in Scotland, he confessed to being involved in three murder attempts. The evidence was weakened by Cooper, who claimed that he was an agent for the US Treasury Department investigating links between the American Mafia and the Kray gang. The botched murders were his attempt to put the blame on the Krays. Cooper was being employed as a source by one of Read's superior officers and Read tried using him as a trap for the Krays but they avoided him.
Conviction and imprisonment
Eventually, Scotland Yard decided to arrest the Krays on the evidence already collected, in the hope that other witnesses would be forthcoming once the Krays were in custody. On 8 May 1968, the Krays and 15 other members of the Firm were arrested. Exceptional measures were used to stop collusion between the accused. Nipper Read then secretly interviewed each of the arrested and offered each member of the Firm a deal if they testified against the others. Whilst in prison, the Krays had come up with a plan, which included having Scotch Jack Dickson to confess to the murder of Cornell, Ronnie Hart to take the McVitie murder and Albert Donoghue to stand for Mitchell. Donoghue told the twins directly that he was not prepared to be cajoled into pleading guilty, to the anger of the twins. He then informed Read via his mother that he was ready to cooperate. Read set up another secret interview and Donoghue was the first to tell the police everything that he knew.
Ronnie Hart had initially not been arrested, and was not a name initially sought after by the police. With Donoghue's testimony, Hart was arrested. Offering the same terms as the others, Hart then told Read everything that had happened during McVitie's murder, although he did not know anything about what happened to the body. This was the first time that the police knew exactly who was involved and offered them a solid case to prosecute the twins for McVitie's murder. Although Read knew for certain that Ronnie Kray had murdered George Cornell in the Blind Beggar pub no one had been prepared to testify against the twins out of fear. Upon finding out the twins intended to cajole him, 'Scotch Jack' Dickson also turned in everything he knew about Cornell's murder. Although not a witness to the murder he was an accessory, having driven Ronnie Kray and Ian Barrie to the pub. The police still needed a witness to the murder. They managed to track down the barmaid who was working in the pub at the time of the murder, gave her a secret identity and she testified to seeing Ronnie kill Cornell. Frank Mitchell's escape and disappearance were much harder to obtain evidence for, since the majority of those arrested were not involved with his planned escape and disappearance. Read decided to proceed with the case and have a separate trial for Mitchell once the twins had been convicted.
The twins' defence under their counsel John Platts-Mills, QC consisted of flat denials of all charges and discrediting witnesses by pointing out their criminal past. Justice Melford Stevenson said "In my view, society has earned a rest from your activities". It was the longest murder hearing in the history of British criminal justice, during which Justice Melford Stevenson stated of the sentences "which I recommend should not be less than thirty years". In March 1969, both were sentenced to life imprisonment, with a non-parole period of 30 years for the murders of Cornell and McVitie. Their brother Charlie was imprisoned for ten years for his part in the murders.
Later years
Ronnie and Reggie Kray were allowed, under a large police guard, to attend the funeral service of their mother Violet on 11 August 1982, following her death from cancer a week earlier. They were not allowed to attend her burial in the Kray family plot at Chingford Mount Cemetery. The funeral was attended by celebrities including Diana Dors and underworld figures known to the Krays. To avoid the publicity that had surrounded their mother's funeral, the twins did not ask for permission to attend their father's funeral in March 1983.
Ronnie Kray was a Category A prisoner, denied almost all liberties and not allowed to mix with other prisoners. He was eventually certified insane, his paranoid schizophrenia being tempered with constant medication; in 1979 he was committed and lived the remainder of his life in Broadmoor Hospital in Crowthorne, Berkshire. Reggie Kray, constantly being refused parole, was locked up in Maidstone Prison for eight years (Category B). In 1997, he was transferred to the Category C Wayland Prison in Norfolk.
In 1985, officials at Broadmoor Hospital discovered a business card of Ronnie's that led to evidence that the twins, from separate institutions, were operating Krayleigh Enterprises (a "lucrative bodyguard and 'protection' business for Hollywood stars") together with their older brother Charlie Kray and an accomplice at large. Among their clients was Frank Sinatra, who hired 18 bodyguards from Krayleigh Enterprises on his visit to the 1985 Wimbledon Championships. Documents released under Freedom of Information laws revealed that although officials were concerned about this operation, they believed that there was no legal basis to shut it down.
Personal lives
Ronnie
In his book My Story and a comment to writer Robin McGibbon on The Kray Tapes, Ronnie stated: "I'm bisexual, not homosexual. Bisexual." In the 1960s, he also planned to marry a woman named Monica whom he had dated for nearly three years. He called her "the most beautiful woman he had ever seen." This is mentioned in Reggie's book Born Fighter. Also, extracts are mentioned in Ron's own book My Story and in Kate Kray's books Sorted; Murder, Madness and Marriage, and Free at Last.
Ronnie was arrested before he had the chance to marry Monica, and although she married his ex-boyfriend, 59 letters sent to her between May and December 1968 when he was imprisoned show Ronnie still had feelings for her, and his love for her was very clear. He referred to her as "my little angel" and "my little doll." She also still had feelings for Ronnie. These letters were auctioned in 2010.
A letter Ronnie sent to his mother Violet from prison in 1968 also refers to Monica: "if they let me see Monica and put me with Reg, I could not ask for more." He went on to say, "Monica is the only girl I have liked in my life. She is a lovely little person as you know. When you see her, tell her I am in love with her more than ever." Ronnie subsequently married twice, marrying Elaine Mildener in 1985 at Broadmoor chapel before the couple divorced in 1989, following which he married Kate Howard, whom he divorced in 1994. Kate Howard lived for a number of years in Headcorn Kent, in Forge Lane.
In an interview with author John Pearson, Ronnie indicated he identified with the 19th-century soldier Charles George Gordon: "Gordon was like me, homosexual, and he met his death like a man. When it's time for me to go, I hope I do the same."
In his biography of the twins, The Profession Of Violence, Pearson claims that Ronnie Kray admitted that he and Reggie discovered they were both gay in their adolescence and would often have sex together, activity which continued into their later life.
Reggie
Reggie married Frances Shea in 1965; she died by suicide two years later. Reggie married Roberta Jones, whom he met while still in prison. She was helping to publicise a film she was making about Ronnie, who had died in hospital two years earlier.
Controversies
There was a long-running campaign, with some minor celebrity support, to have the twins released from prison, but successive Home Secretaries vetoed the idea, largely on the grounds that both Krays' prison records were marred by violence toward other inmates. The campaign gathered momentum after the release of a film based on their lives called The Krays (1990). Produced by Ray Burdis, it starred Spandau Ballet brothers Martin and Gary Kemp, who played the roles of Reggie and Ronnie respectively. Ronnie, Reggie and Charlie Kray received £255,000 for the film.
Reggie wrote: "I seem to have walked a double path most of my life. Perhaps an extra step in one of those directions might have seen me celebrated rather than notorious." Others point to Reggie's violent prison record when he was being detained separately from Ronnie and argue that in reality, the twins' temperaments were little different.
Reggie's marriage to Frances Shea (1943–1967) in 1965 lasted eight months when she left, although the marriage was never formally dissolved. An inquest came to the conclusion that she had committed suicide, but in 2002 an ex-lover of Reggie Kray's came forward to allege that Frances was murdered by a jealous Ronnie. Bradley Allardyce spent three years in Maidstone Prison with Reggie and explained, "I was sitting in my cell with Reg and it was one of those nights where we turned the lights down low and put some nice music on and sometimes he would reminisce. He would get really deep and open up to me. He suddenly broke down and said 'I'm going to tell you something I've only ever told two people and something I've carried around with me' – something that had been a black hole since the day he found out. He put his head on my shoulder and told me Ronnie killed Frances. He told Reggie what he had done two days after."
A British television documentary, The Gangster and the Pervert Peer (2009), claimed that Ronnie Kray was a rapist of men. The programme also detailed his relationship with Conservative peer Bob Boothby as well as a Daily Mirror investigation into Lord Boothby's dealings with the Kray brothers.
Deaths
Ronnie died on 17 March 1995 at the age of 61 at Wexham Park Hospital in Slough, Berkshire. He had suffered a heart attack at Broadmoor Hospital two days earlier. Reggie was allowed out of prison in handcuffs to attend the funeral.
Reggie died in his sleep on 1 October 2000 at the age of 66. During his incarceration, Reggie Kray became a born-again Christian. He was freed from Wayland on 26 August 2000 on compassionate grounds, on the direction of Home Secretary Jack Straw, following the diagnosis of cancer. He had been diagnosed with bladder cancer earlier that year, and the illness had been declared as terminal. The final weeks of his life were spent with his wife of three years, Roberta, in a suite at the Townhouse Hotel at Norwich, after he left the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital on 22 September 2000. Ten days after his death he was buried beside his brother Ronnie in Chingford Mount Cemetery. During the funeral, crowds of thousands lined up to applaud.
Charlie Kray, Ronnie and Reggie's older brother, was released from prison in 1975, after serving seven years of his 10-year sentence for his role in their gangland crimes. Charlie was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment in 1997 for conspiracy to smuggle cocaine in an undercover drug sting. He died in prison of natural causes on 4 April 2000, aged 72, with Reggie allowed out of prison to attend his older brother's funeral.
In popular culture
The Kray twins have seeded an extensive bibliography leading to many autobiographical accounts, biographical reconstructions, commentaries, analysis, fiction and speculation.
Film
The Krays (1990), film biopic starring Spandau Ballet's Gary Kemp as Ronnie and Martin Kemp as Reggie.
Legend (2015), a biopic starring Tom Hardy as both Ronnie and Reggie
The Rise of the Krays (2015) a low budget film starring Simon Cotton as Ronnie and Kevin Leslie as Reggie
The Fall of the Krays (2016) a low budget sequel to the earlier 2015 film, again starring Simon Cotton as Ronnie and Kevin Leslie as Reggie
Code of Silence (2021) focusing on Leonard "Nipper" Read's final effort to get the Kray brothers convicted, starring Ronan Summers as both Ronnie and Reggie.
In addition to films explicitly about the twins, James Fox met Ronnie whilst the twins were held at HM Prison Brixton as part of his research for his role in the 1970 film Performance, and Richard Burton visited Ronnie at Broadmoor as part of his preparation for his role as a violent gangster in the 1971 film Villain.
Literature
Biography
Biography
autobiography
autobiography
autobiography
Autobiography of Reggie Kray
autobiography of the Kray twins
Music
Ronnie Kray is mentioned in the Blur song "Charmless Man", in the line: "I think he'd like to have been Ronnie Kray".
Ray Davies repeats the line "...and don't forget the Kray twins" in his song "London", later adding, "very dangerous people those Kray twins".
The former singer of the Smiths and solo artist Morrissey mentions each Kray brother by name in his song "The Last of the Famous International Playboys" saying, "Reggie Kray do you know my name?" and "Ronnie Kray do you know my face?". It was reported that Morrissey sent a wreath to Reggie Kray's funeral in 2000.
Renegade Soundwave released their first single, "Kray Twins", in 1986. They also recorded a video for the song. Lyrics reference the Blind Beggar pub.
The Libertines song "Up the Bracket" references the Kray twins as "two shadow men on the Vallance Road."
Lethal Bizzle mentions the Kray twins in his song London in the line "I'm a London boy like the Kray, Kray Kray" after which he repeats "Ronnie, Reggie" twice.
Reggie Kray is mentioned in the Idles song "Colossus" in the last line: "I'm like Reggie Kray"
Reggie Kray is mentioned in the Rock*A*Teens song "Betwixt or Between," from the 2000 album Sweet Bird of Youth, in the line "Kiss like Marvin Gaye, kill like Reggie Kray."
Television
The television drama series Whitechapel includes a three episode mini-series which was first aired 11 October 2010. In this series twin brothers were portrayed as the alleged biological sons of Ronnie Kray.
Monty Python's Flying Circus parodied the brothers as the ridiculously violent gangsters Doug and Dinsdale Piranha, and chronicled their arrest at the hands of Police Superintendent/amateur actor Harry "Snapper" Organs.
The Kray twins were one of the subjects of the fourth episode of the UK version of the TV show Drunk History.
The Kray twins were one of the subjects of the third episode of the documentary Gangsters:Faces of the Underworld
Alexei Sayle plays twin gangsters modeled on the Kray twins in The Comic Strip Presents... episode "Didn't You Kill My Brother?". The cover of the song named after the episode features Sayle posing as the twins. Sayle also played a Kray twin in an Alexei Sayle's Stuff sketch.
Portrayed as young children in the comedy Goodnight Sweetheart.
Theatre
Warped by Martin Malcolm directed by Russell Lucas opened at VAULT Festival in 2019. The play tells the story of two young men who idolise the Krays.
Two plays were produced in the 1970s that were based on thinly-veiled versions of the Krays:
Alpha Alpha, by Howard Barker in 1972
England England, a musical by Snoo Wilson with music by Kevin Coyne and directed by Dusty Hughes in 1977, starring Bob Hoskins and Brian Hall in the lead roles.
Art
Cornelia Parker at Fifth Street Gallery, London, photos depicting violent undertones of East End London during the Funeral of Reggie Kray. Demonstrating the fascination of newspaper photographers of his responsibility for his criminal actions.
References
External links
The Kray Twins: Brothers In Arms at the Crime Library
Krays BBC TV interview (1965)
BBC: On this day...1969: Kray twins guilty of McVitie murder, Richard Whitmore's BBC report on the Kray murder trial
"200 years of The Krays' Family History" from Time Detectives
1933 births
English gangsters
English male boxers
English memoirists
English people convicted of murder
English prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
20th-century English criminals
1960s crimes in London
20th-century English non-fiction writers
20th century in London
Criminal duos
Criminals from London
London crime history
Organised crime gangs of London
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales
20th-century deaths
Identical twins
Twin people from England
People from Bethnal Green
People from Hoxton
Crime families
Boxers from Greater London
Burials at Chingford Mount Cemetery
History of the Metropolitan Police
|
[
0.15390989184379578,
-0.03623645752668381,
0.29417046904563904,
-0.7136825323104858,
-0.22891515493392944,
0.06710422039031982,
0.6701614260673523,
-0.01857668347656727,
-0.7517013549804688,
0.3873988687992096,
-0.21035723388195038,
0.1949305385351181,
-0.43925154209136963,
0.6234872937202454,
0.09376160800457001,
0.22854024171829224,
0.02742963284254074,
-0.04716896638274193,
-0.11200916022062302,
0.05622360110282898,
-0.1459309160709381,
0.14578495919704437,
0.03542156517505646,
0.03742685541510582,
0.29655367136001587,
0.3708183765411377,
0.03871666267514229,
-0.2492050975561142,
0.03220321610569954,
0.28005385398864746,
1.1583752632141113,
0.7971691489219666,
0.5490646362304688,
-0.08110138773918152,
0.3913481831550598,
-0.3483922779560089,
-0.029763897880911827,
0.018740110099315643,
-0.13454987108707428,
-0.5022024512290955,
0.41946175694465637,
0.2101755440235138,
-0.24638721346855164,
0.02230020985007286,
-0.144585981965065,
-0.6327629685401917,
-1.254272222518921,
0.3509109914302826,
-0.09699972718954086,
-0.008727655746042728,
-0.41770848631858826,
0.22296705842018127,
-0.29315185546875,
-0.12724849581718445,
0.588712751865387,
0.3566100001335144,
-0.7802943587303162,
-0.4011596143245697,
0.3973708748817444,
-0.278531551361084,
0.6693414449691772,
-0.1732068955898285,
0.5323559045791626,
0.1777680665254593,
-0.4269109070301056,
0.6051336526870728,
0.4937884211540222,
1.1809309720993042,
0.16356033086776733,
-0.5558667778968811,
0.3799116611480713,
0.18135061860084534,
0.14064060151576996,
0.037726469337940216,
-0.3976929783821106,
-0.0632724016904831,
0.19035905599594116,
-0.557545006275177,
0.48176109790802,
0.2887236475944519,
0.3328973948955536,
-0.07566456496715546,
0.2430488020181656,
0.5707181096076965,
0.5595377683639526,
-0.36226195096969604,
-0.4102797508239746,
0.0988946259021759,
-0.1094297245144844,
0.9522840976715088,
-0.11601485311985016,
0.09390959143638611,
0.7642608880996704,
0.49628037214279175,
-0.1060287207365036,
-0.15814833343029022,
0.10096554458141327,
-0.22742247581481934,
0.8538801074028015,
-0.4379238486289978,
-0.05677869915962219,
0.10257270187139511,
-0.3482514023780823,
-0.19951705634593964,
-0.3438880741596222,
-0.1433688849210739,
-0.05357813835144043,
-0.44967249035835266,
-0.2025274932384491,
-0.3804655373096466,
-0.24787968397140503,
-0.4594125747680664,
-0.05407550185918808,
0.5358351469039917,
-0.02694680355489254,
0.156514972448349,
0.35659974813461304,
-0.7348365783691406,
-0.41138559579849243,
-0.12659719586372375,
-0.19280266761779785,
-0.18781881034374237,
-0.1661098748445511,
0.7379318475723267,
-0.17926141619682312,
-0.27990442514419556,
-0.19626641273498535,
0.16521838307380676,
-0.3213403820991516,
0.1496974378824234,
-0.06792054325342178,
0.9529629349708557,
-0.3274925649166107,
-0.4685041308403015,
-0.16320912539958954,
-0.40727755427360535,
-0.006746950559318066,
0.40785104036331177,
-0.34751343727111816,
-0.2887093722820282,
-0.11094008386135101,
-0.25275805592536926,
-0.5512080788612366,
0.05453787371516228,
0.5874960422515869,
-0.3148299753665924,
-0.07507618516683578,
-0.09692811220884323,
-0.1303723305463791,
-0.41942596435546875,
0.28084611892700195,
-0.20175734162330627,
0.45450520515441895,
-0.7884737253189087,
-0.20044012367725372,
0.13052386045455933,
0.45642903447151184,
-0.21464411914348602,
0.12904804944992065,
-0.420518696308136,
0.2260187417268753,
-0.011576912365853786,
-0.5222301483154297,
0.04320186749100685,
0.007288328837603331,
-0.08729051798582077,
-0.33056336641311646,
-0.36431872844696045,
-0.29387760162353516,
0.2751799523830414,
-0.5766164064407349,
0.6906272172927856,
0.5634928941726685,
0.26442950963974,
0.08569600433111191,
0.15360544621944427,
-0.10835213959217072,
0.3329365849494934,
-0.07307775318622589,
-0.6852060556411743,
-0.3256290555000305,
0.10992947965860367,
-0.0477910079061985,
0.21616274118423462,
0.21202503144741058,
0.23519107699394226,
0.18041375279426575,
-0.21769919991493225,
0.1468600034713745,
0.32460924983024597,
-0.12800535559654236,
-0.3171462416648865,
0.5612552165985107,
-0.037867847830057144,
0.7547913193702698,
-0.10339881479740143,
0.22286894917488098,
0.22253771126270294,
0.41879546642303467,
0.8622183203697205,
-0.296390563249588,
-0.3519822359085083,
0.3797258734703064,
-0.31145980954170227,
-1.1492228507995605,
-0.29877176880836487,
0.11222175508737564,
-0.09720966964960098,
0.013409022241830826,
0.4613489806652069,
-0.33193695545196533,
-0.5907749533653259,
-0.49069735407829285,
0.06138026714324951,
0.4945206642150879,
0.17435044050216675,
-0.36235949397087097,
0.3725121319293976,
0.13321331143379211,
-0.9194316267967224,
-0.009589139372110367,
-0.026340190321207047,
-0.2537500858306885,
0.06287053972482681,
0.2634716033935547,
1.2330914735794067,
0.20414285361766815,
-0.46151354908943176,
0.5112529993057251,
-0.6131399869918823,
0.21985022723674774,
0.5150283575057983,
0.5107879042625427,
-0.33413225412368774,
-0.48668554425239563,
0.25808972120285034,
0.31583261489868164,
-0.4680413603782654,
-0.21310202777385712,
-0.49646782875061035,
0.6123994588851929,
-0.0028036991134285927,
-0.21222172677516937,
0.48372626304626465,
0.059085603803396225,
0.13196207582950592,
-0.07711002230644226,
-0.08307415246963501,
-0.45860517024993896,
0.408294141292572,
0.3207988440990448,
0.4294613301753998,
-0.17962145805358887,
-0.12382257729768753,
1.1915050745010376,
-0.15963773429393768,
0.3369176387786865,
-0.04294540360569954,
0.3546852469444275,
-0.25930339097976685,
-0.5337657332420349,
-0.15400752425193787,
0.11433767527341843,
-0.023399319499731064,
-0.28579846024513245,
0.14335790276527405,
-0.08955199271440506,
0.020417746156454086,
0.4989168047904968,
-0.1211632713675499,
-0.18946197628974915,
0.0720440000295639,
-0.1946641355752945,
0.15182258188724518,
-0.03664218261837959,
-0.4554513096809387,
-0.03420279920101166,
0.16042573750019073,
0.6088593602180481,
-0.6401796340942383,
-0.2224275916814804,
0.23685482144355774,
0.17163074016571045,
-0.9424354434013367,
0.26851919293403625,
-0.32933902740478516,
-0.7266308069229126,
-0.19306744635105133,
-0.3703695237636566,
-0.526270866394043,
-0.5015006065368652,
-0.15574491024017334,
-0.8639339208602905,
0.21988452970981598,
-0.9846874475479126,
0.09211055934429169,
-0.7894781231880188,
0.5319352149963379,
0.6305335164070129,
-0.3979823589324951,
0.12965883314609528,
0.3601461946964264,
-0.5537019371986389,
-0.060131169855594635,
0.693581759929657,
-0.32310375571250916,
-0.5780751705169678,
0.2395515739917755,
-5.711840629577637,
0.5928624868392944,
-0.13587749004364014,
0.2603859007358551,
0.571973443031311,
0.3025623559951782,
0.9783117771148682,
-0.2277500480413437,
0.3371766209602356,
-0.5521901249885559,
0.07297558337450027,
-0.32142141461372375,
-0.4115070700645447,
-0.37449347972869873,
0.1295371800661087,
0.07606897503137589,
0.2623800039291382,
-0.2532740831375122,
0.15075236558914185,
0.29936879873275757,
0.35726332664489746,
-0.07906346768140793,
-0.26541516184806824,
-0.042643897235393524,
-0.2391037791967392,
0.8668423891067505,
-0.505201518535614,
-0.3896266222000122,
-0.9648743867874146,
-0.282306045293808,
-0.3758212625980377,
0.04034218192100525,
-0.295577734708786,
-0.0258338563144207,
-0.02002972736954689,
0.09606322646141052,
0.5761352181434631,
-0.030138980597257614,
-0.5085156559944153,
-0.512276291847229,
-0.2965849041938782,
0.2664338946342468,
-0.17379657924175262,
-0.1648063212633133,
0.875564455986023,
-0.23506152629852295,
-0.18464557826519012,
-0.03859627619385719,
-0.6863090991973877,
-0.007838062942028046,
0.2854647934436798,
0.14650294184684753,
-0.5413889288902283,
0.6063581705093384,
0.26005518436431885,
-0.5098457336425781,
-0.9455327987670898,
-0.2454373985528946,
-0.22445452213287354,
0.2704131007194519,
0.6348950862884521,
-0.28304141759872437,
0.3105804920196533,
0.09597275406122208,
0.21152310073375702,
-0.10532071441411972,
0.14673247933387756,
-0.5737412571907043,
0.18795379996299744,
-0.2606782615184784,
-0.32264846563339233,
0.1544084995985031,
-0.21327471733093262,
-0.6668784618377686,
-0.06896880269050598,
0.4468180239200592,
0.47900766134262085,
0.23782095313072205,
0.1910247504711151,
-0.23635272681713104,
-0.23525220155715942,
-0.1458367109298706,
-0.35865458846092224,
0.45228949189186096,
-0.07292646169662476,
-0.7343136668205261,
-0.6096562743186951,
0.49719002842903137,
-0.14874722063541412,
-0.4174853563308716,
0.12340405583381653,
-0.5573404431343079,
0.20413610339164734,
0.7726803421974182,
-0.21670490503311157,
0.41791674494743347,
-0.37249529361724854,
-0.025815395638346672,
-0.21000230312347412,
0.20249754190444946,
-0.0013488008407875896,
-0.48726728558540344,
-0.33842211961746216,
-0.6582172513008118,
-0.008840695954859257,
-0.3372248113155365,
0.3430284857749939,
0.08561426401138306,
-0.03418217599391937,
-0.4044697880744934,
0.2006266713142395,
-0.22340627014636993,
-0.3645484745502472,
0.27885207533836365,
0.8370310664176941,
-0.9284278750419617,
-0.13308729231357574,
0.11431590467691422,
0.7580376863479614,
0.1771247833967209,
-0.03221751004457474,
0.667399525642395,
-0.45565101504325867,
0.8501530289649963,
-0.639956533908844,
-0.28718966245651245,
0.011219855397939682,
-0.3870284855365753,
0.5031341910362244,
0.5396009087562561,
-0.043081726878881454,
0.36282870173454285,
0.16342784464359283,
-0.24167485535144806,
-0.1971442848443985,
-0.6155235171318054,
-0.2000935673713684,
-0.9336907267570496,
-0.2795690596103668,
-0.013084828853607178,
0.18540164828300476,
0.3905457556247711,
0.4848816394805908,
0.44943469762802124,
0.1589755415916443,
0.37353837490081787,
0.4568554759025574,
-0.14778919517993927,
0.0996248871088028,
0.0692906603217125,
0.08873699605464935,
-0.2547706961631775,
0.6936199069023132,
-0.3968184292316437,
-0.3843490481376648,
0.20521412789821625,
0.13781937956809998,
0.3260990381240845,
-0.1868830770254135,
0.19512587785720825,
0.3121044337749481,
0.23748089373111725,
-0.7723789811134338,
0.18306389451026917,
0.03221821039915085,
0.06952878832817078,
-0.10826612263917923,
-0.3414100706577301,
-0.05058455467224121,
0.5701848268508911,
-0.06131536886096001,
-0.7137266397476196,
-0.2796770930290222,
0.17892159521579742,
0.16107064485549927,
0.6451108455657959,
-0.5623661875724792,
-0.28512337803840637,
-0.28624677658081055,
0.0489913746714592,
0.12498383224010468,
0.4180319309234619,
-0.5445795059204102,
0.9779810905456543,
0.4824892580509186,
0.23037537932395935,
-0.5621439814567566,
-0.5840298533439636,
-0.2430950254201889,
-0.006409845780581236,
0.455600768327713,
0.016129683703184128,
0.5760961771011353,
0.5379614233970642,
-0.5756255388259888,
-1.0354455709457397,
0.020344018936157227,
0.8264932036399841,
-0.021148232743144035,
0.5032405853271484,
-0.0395369715988636,
0.9595030546188354,
0.008672389201819897,
-0.18615150451660156,
0.16659915447235107,
-0.3317030072212219,
0.10379685461521149,
0.01661156676709652,
-0.1386110931634903,
0.2657089829444885,
0.09110365062952042,
-0.33808407187461853,
-0.2318112552165985,
0.8754309415817261,
-0.14600321650505066,
-0.13393616676330566,
-0.09053976088762283,
-0.26491600275039673,
0.18164721131324768,
-0.3897382318973541,
-0.2552531957626343,
0.19859300553798676,
-0.8807442784309387,
-0.3239814341068268,
-0.45952534675598145,
0.8199514150619507,
0.20231035351753235,
-0.6441008448600769,
0.3375120759010315,
0.2025630623102188,
0.049626823514699936,
0.10523366928100586,
-0.2575823962688446,
0.333683043718338,
-0.2932961583137512,
0.2883817255496979,
0.6437349319458008,
0.31241703033447266,
0.586057186126709,
-0.04826943203806877,
0.35583066940307617,
0.5144709348678589,
0.40167391300201416,
-0.395530104637146,
0.02655543014407158,
0.06394656747579575,
0.7216455936431885,
-0.3280595541000366,
-0.2353440374135971,
0.41646742820739746,
-0.3534427583217621,
0.09297390282154083,
-0.1728382259607315,
-0.2595961391925812,
0.2063555270433426,
-0.34735140204429626,
0.14091384410858154,
-0.6961008906364441,
0.6302102208137512,
0.3271079659461975,
0.07588163763284683,
0.4311601519584656,
-0.6081805229187012,
-0.2041025012731552,
0.057145051658153534,
0.585417628288269,
-0.4929405450820923,
-0.0468839555978775,
0.07687793672084808,
-0.06270767748355865,
-0.1931145191192627,
-0.4509241282939911,
0.21681267023086548,
0.45760443806648254,
-0.4020364582538605,
0.03621968626976013,
0.118564672768116,
-0.33927661180496216,
-0.4788137674331665,
-0.2520475685596466,
-0.2981496751308441,
0.33638623356819153,
0.132584810256958,
-0.7939057946205139,
-0.014912917278707027,
-0.5877452492713928,
-0.38629916310310364,
-0.09711111336946487,
-0.41227325797080994,
0.11879988759756088,
-0.04968345910310745,
0.0983404591679573,
-0.10029232501983643,
0.5269530415534973,
-0.10975562036037445,
0.32568255066871643,
-0.5654532313346863,
0.7335717678070068,
-0.24454060196876526,
0.21549837291240692,
-0.16281169652938843,
0.22385013103485107,
-0.3378375768661499,
-0.6736865639686584,
0.5815554261207581,
-0.18177859485149384,
-0.07214811444282532,
-0.387285053730011,
0.057689204812049866,
0.014392081648111343,
0.13508187234401703,
0.027670716866850853,
-0.12405982613563538,
0.48471200466156006,
-1.613769292831421,
0.21188519895076752,
0.6190335154533386,
-0.33975258469581604,
-0.07828529179096222,
0.1422438621520996,
0.032411541789770126,
0.6352357864379883,
0.5617946982383728,
0.12527014315128326,
0.010509149171411991,
-0.020757457241415977,
0.19179515540599823,
0.4168795645236969,
0.4467146396636963,
0.4784410297870636,
0.04461553320288658,
-0.4595847725868225,
-0.41214248538017273,
0.30636197328567505,
0.29855236411094666,
-0.6191893219947815,
0.3362930417060852,
-0.1066378802061081,
-0.0781441479921341,
0.5110294222831726,
0.4215450584888458,
0.29516133666038513,
-0.4917021691799164,
-0.014395901001989841,
0.04991818219423294,
0.1500089168548584,
0.7049747109413147,
-0.3005923330783844,
0.5908351540565491,
0.18911190330982208,
0.5973202586174011,
-0.06590862572193146,
-0.05890977755188942,
-0.18752698600292206,
0.710647463798523,
0.1778871715068817,
-0.1654238998889923,
-0.40570971369743347,
-0.5871430039405823,
-0.4987380802631378,
0.12092331796884537,
0.21457114815711975,
0.42028191685676575,
0.0964576005935669,
-0.24785850942134857,
-0.16561172902584076,
0.5556811094284058,
-0.5706657767295837,
0.1159365102648735,
0.05771646648645401,
0.44643425941467285,
-0.12343697249889374,
0.12608182430267334,
0.25461477041244507,
0.1142173781991005,
-0.372665137052536,
0.5232416391372681,
0.07323962450027466,
0.08382641524076462,
-0.285777747631073,
-0.2598775327205658,
0.10666817426681519,
-0.1768355816602707,
-0.5576761960983276,
0.21120105683803558,
0.1868007779121399,
-0.06939108669757843,
0.2703835368156433,
-0.3620615005493164,
-0.10595494508743286,
0.6973583698272705,
0.0007883438956923783,
-0.05714227631688118,
-0.04736943170428276,
0.1456337571144104,
0.1090739443898201,
-0.6997403502464294,
0.521232545375824,
0.19140087068080902,
0.17409765720367432,
-0.06197292357683182,
0.22731618583202362,
-0.541663408279419,
0.029215900227427483,
-0.4364433288574219,
0.26715153455734253,
-0.6878014802932739,
-0.8441733717918396,
-0.12260505557060242,
0.8816875219345093,
0.3930089771747589,
-0.7174514532089233,
-0.18953172862529755,
-0.002895178273320198,
-0.1761132925748825,
0.15887586772441864,
0.29651132225990295,
-0.3153643012046814,
-0.672619104385376,
0.17548102140426636,
0.35394713282585144,
0.11029284447431564,
0.3149361312389374,
0.16021285951137543,
-0.429318368434906,
0.19177310168743134,
0.5064166784286499,
0.0058243731036782265,
-0.27861666679382324,
0.6360157132148743,
-0.3535730540752411,
0.1208694577217102,
-0.20324815809726715,
-0.6285662651062012,
-0.09076710790395737,
-0.9010252356529236,
0.17655548453330994,
0.4679146707057953,
0.13388366997241974,
0.5847199559211731,
0.9231880307197571,
-0.542871356010437,
0.6406691074371338,
-0.22373908758163452,
0.6490837335586548,
0.0655224472284317,
-0.06411349028348923,
-0.01697123609483242,
-0.4066852331161499,
-0.005692757200449705,
-0.12726710736751556,
-0.143844336271286,
-0.35280364751815796,
-0.24249716103076935,
0.7289987802505493,
-0.01650223135948181,
-0.4168723225593567,
-0.37811121344566345,
0.18300312757492065,
-0.2485821396112442
] |
210476
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM%20lock
|
SIM lock
|
A SIM lock, simlock, network lock, carrier lock or (master) subsidy lock is a technical restriction built into GSM and CDMA mobile phones by mobile phone manufacturers for use by service providers to restrict the use of these phones to specific countries and/or networks. This is in contrast to a phone (retrospectively called SIM-free or unlocked) that does not impose any SIM restrictions.
Generally phones can be locked to accept only SIM cards with certain International Mobile Subscriber Identities (IMSIs); IMSIs may be restricted by:
Mobile country code (MCC; e.g., will only work with SIM issued in one country)
Mobile network code (MNC; e.g., AT&T Mobility, T-Mobile, Vodafone, Bell Mobility etc.)
Mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN; i.e., only one SIM can be used with the phone)
Additionally, some phones, especially Nokia phones, are locked by group IDs (GIDs), restricting them to a single Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) of a certain operator.
Most mobile phones can be unlocked to work with any GSM network provider, but the phone may still display the original branding and may not support features of the new carrier. Besides the locking, phones may also have firmware installed on them which is specific to the network provider. For example, a Vodafone or Telstra branded phone in Australia will display the relevant logo and may only support features provided by that network (e.g. Vodafone Live!). This firmware is installed by the service provider and is separate from the locking mechanism. Most phones can be unbranded by reflashing a different firmware version, a procedure recommended for advanced users only. The reason many network providers SIM lock their phones is that they offer phones at a discount to customers in exchange for a contract to pay for the use of the network for a specified time period, usually between one and three years. This business model allows the company to recoup the cost of the phone over the life of the contract. Such discounts are worth up to several hundred US dollars. If the phones were not locked, users might sign a contract with one company, get the discounted phone, then stop paying the monthly bill (thus breaking the contract) and start using the phone on another network or even sell the phone for a profit. SIM locking curbs this by prohibiting change of network (using a new SIM).
SIM locking is very common if subsidized phones are sold with prepaid contracts. It is important to note, however, that the technology associated with the phone must be compatible with the technology being used by the network carrier. A GSM cell phone will only work with a GSM carrier and will not work on a CDMA network provider. Likewise, a CDMA cell phone will only work with a CDMA carrier and will not work on a GSM network provider. Note that newer (2013+) high end mobile phones are capable of supporting both CDMA and GSM technologies, allowing customers to use their mobile devices on any network. Examples of these mobile devices are the Apple iPhone 5c, 6 and newer, Motorola's G4, G5, X Pure, Samsung's Galaxy S6, S7, S8 smart phones, mostly phones based on a Qualcomm Snapdragon chipset or radio.
In some jurisdictions, such as Canada, Chile, China, Israel, and Singapore, it is illegal for providers to sell SIM locked devices. In other countries, carriers may not be required to unlock devices or may require the consumer to pay a fee for unlocking.
Unlocking the phone, however, is almost universally legal. Additionally, it is often legal for carriers to force SIM locks for certain amounts of time, varying by region.
Unlocking technology
A handset can be unlocked by entering a code provided by the network operator. Alternative mechanisms include software running on the handset or a computer attached to the handset, hardware devices that connect to the handset or over-the-air by the carrier. Usually the unlock process is permanent. The code required to remove all locks from a phone is referred to as the master code, network code key, or multilock code.
If the phone is network locked it will typically display one of the following messages: SIM network PIN blocked, Enter lock PIN.
There can also be multiple levels of locks placed on the phone by networks, which block the use of other networks' SIM cards. These are usually referred to as "Network Control Key" (NCK) and "Service Provider Control Key" (SPCK), additionally, a Regional lock exists which is specific to Europe and it is called "Region Control Key" (RGCK).
These locks can be removed using the corresponding unlock codes, which are unique to each phone depending on its IMEI.
Typically, a locked handset will display a message if a restricted SIM is used, requesting the unlock code. On recent phone models running Android software, the phone will display a message saying “SIM network unlock PIN” or “Enter Network Lock Control Key” if network locked. Windows phones will display the message, “This SIM card can only be used on specific networks. Contact your customer service center for the unlock code”. Other handsets may display different messages such as "Enter special code" or "Enter unlocking code," or in some cases the handset will simply display a message stating that it is locked. Once a valid code is entered, the handset will display "Network unlocked” or “Network unlock successful”.
The unlock code is verified by the handset and is generated by the manufacturer, typically by an algorithm such as a one way hash or trapdoor function. Sometimes big telecom providers change the original factory unlock codes as an extra layer of security against unlocking services. For various big brands such as Samsung and Motorola there is no algorithm but just a random code generator where the unlock codes are programmed in the phone itself and then saved in a big database managed by the manufacturer. For the other brands where the unlock codes are still based on algorithms those are based on the IMEI number and the MCC code and have been reverse-engineered, stolen or leaked. Some handsets can be unlocked using software that generates an unlock code from an IMEI number and country and operator details using the algorithm specific to the handset. Other manufacturers have taken a more cautious approach, and embed a random number in the handset's firmware that is retained by the manufacturer and the network on whose behalf the lock was applied. These handsets can still be unlocked by online services that have access to either inside people with the manufacturer or with the telecom networks, or they need to be connected to the computer with a cable where specific software will bypass the security and SIM-unlock the phone. Sometimes this is done by advanced calculations to bypass the security the official way and other times using exploits or overwriting parts of the firmware where the lock status is kept, and often even recover a phone that is bricked or completely damaged in the software sense.
Most handsets have security measures built into their firmware that protects them from repeated attempts to guess the unlock code. After entering more than a certain number of incorrect codes the phone becomes frozen. This is a state where the phone will display a security message that the phone needs a service. Older phones could no longer be used at all at this point, however modern smartphones often keep working with the original SIM but require extra work to then unlock them correctly. In extreme situations physical access to internal hardware via in-circuit debugging may be utilised (for example, via JTAG headers on a circuit board). Such access may be required to modify initialization software used for booting.
A hardlocked phone is one in which a telecom provider has modified the firmware on the phone to make it impossible to manually enter the unlock codes in any way. The only solution to SIM-unlock such a phone is to change the firmware to a firmware which has not been modified by any telecom provider, a so-called "unbranded firmware".
Economics
Handset manufacturers have economic incentives both to strengthen SIM lock security (which placates network providers and enables exclusivity deals) and to weaken it (broadening a handset's appeal to customers who are not interested in the service provider that offers it). Also, making it too difficult to unlock a handset might make it less appealing to network service providers who have a legal obligation to provide unlock codes for certain handsets or in certain countries.
In some cases, a SIM-locked handset is sold at a substantially lower price than an unlocked one, because the service provider expects income through its service. SIM locks are employed on cheaper (pay-as-you-go) handsets, while discounts on more expensive handsets require a subscription that provides guaranteed income. Unlocked handsets have a higher market value, even more so if they are debranded. Debranding involves reflashing or replacing the firmware to remove the operator logo or any limitations or customizations that have been imposed on the handset by the operator, and is usually accomplished with software designed for a particular handset model, however most smart-phones can be debranded and unlocked solely with use of special software.
The main reason to unlock a handset is to be able to use it with a different SIM card. Consumers may wish to continue using their previous provider with a new handset or when traveling abroad they may wish to connect to a foreign network with a prepaid subscription.
Nevertheless, the fundamental principle of GSM and its successors, is open interfaces which encourage competition among multiple vendors. This is the reason a mobile phone is, in fact, a combination of phone and the subscriber identity module (SIM). Locking the phone to a network is not much different from having the SIM built into the mobile phone. Network operators in many industrialized countries are not bound by law to give the phone unlocking code to subscribers even after the expiry of the contract period. Mobile phones with multiple SIM cards are quite common in India. Most phones sold in the UK are network locked and single SIM but SIM-free phones are available.
Box breaking
A practice known as box breaking is common in the United Kingdom and other markets. This involves purchasing subsidized handsets (usually pay-as-you-go) from retail stores, unlocking the phones, and then selling them (often abroad) for a higher price than the subsidised retail price. The SIM card that came with the handset is then either thrown away, sold or used elsewhere. This practice is legal in the UK and provides a de facto limit to the extent to which networks are willing to subsidize pay-as-you-go handsets. While the act of box breaking is legal, some businesses are also engaging in illegal activities such as exporting the box-broken phones to other countries, to sell as grey market goods without paying import duties (known as Carousel Fraud) or substituting counterfeit batteries and chargers.
Unlocking services
Some companies offer an online unlocking service. This service requires that individuals who wish to unlock a handset provide their IMEI number and sometimes also country and operator details to the company, either via email or a web site. The company will then provide the unlock code for the handset. For some brands such as Nokia and Samsung various services also offer special remote-unlocking software with instructions, where a cable is needed to remove the SIM lock at home. Such companies may email the unlocking code or software which will remotely unlock the device. Some companies also offer unlocking services that require sending the handset's IMEI number. Other companies sell unlocking hardware, including devices which fit between the SIM card and the phone to spoof the original network identifier during registration and devices to read and edit the handset's firmware. The pricing for unlocking a device will vary depending on the network it is locked to and the handset model itself, as each unlock code is unique to each individual handset.
Unlock code generators
There are online services that will provide an IMEI unlocking service for DCT4 and DCT3 Nokia mobile phones. This method of unlock requires the user to know which carrier the mobile phone is locked to, and also needs to provide an IMEI. Generally, older model Nokia unlock codes are free and instantly retrievable by these services. The unlock codes retrieved must be entered into the mobile phone using the keypad.
For DCT4 and DCT3 Nokia, unlock codes consist of a "#" key, followed by "pw+", 10 (DCT3) or 15 (DCT4) digits, "+", and another number ranging from 1-7, and finally ends with a "#". Depending on the carrier which the phone is locked to, only some codes will work with the mobile phone. Most phones respond to the unlock codes ending in +1# or +7#, however some phones are configured to allow only one of the seven codes to work. The following is an example of a DCT4/DCT3 unlock code:
# pw+931882753035021+7#
DCT4 and DCT3 Nokia will only allow a maximum of five unlock attempts using the unlock code method. After five incorrect codes have been inputted, the phone will not allow the user to try any more codes (even if it is correct) and will require the owner to try other unlock methods.
Laws and practices
Many countries listed below have some form of SIM-locking laws specifying the period of SIM locking and the cost of obtaining unlocking codes.
Andorra
In Andorra, the state-owned communications mobile company Mobiland does not sell SIM-locked phones. As there is no competition, consumers usually buy standard mobile phones that are not locked to any specific carrier.
Austria
In Austria, unlocking is allowed at any time by the owner of the device. A lawsuit was decided in favor of a mobile operator who encouraged the unlocking of phones by providing links to free/cheap unlocking services.
T-Mobile Austria charges 150 euro to unlock the iPhone for prepaid subscribers and in contract subscribers. For subscribers who have finished their 2-year iPhone contract, T-Mobile Austria charges 50 euro to unlock the iPhone.
Australia
In Australia, carriers can choose whether to SIM/Network Lock handsets or not and usually tend to only SIM/Network lock prepaid handsets. There does not appear to be any regulation or law on SIM locking in Australia.
One law professor, Dale Clapperton, gave a talk stating that bundling iPhone and mobile phone service could be violating the Trade Practices Act. However, no other legal professional or academic has come out in support of this viewpoint. This also doesn't address SIM locking per se, only as applied to subsidised iPhone purchases, and persistence of the lock beyond the contractual period.
Belgium
Until 2007, Belgium had laws prohibiting bundling, but they were challenged as violating European Directive 2005/29/EC The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive.
On April 23, 2009, the European Court of Justice ruled against Belgium and struck down Belgium's anti-bundling law. The Belgian government was given until May 2009 to change the law, failing which the European Commission would commence proceedings against Belgium.
This leaves Canada, China, Singapore, and Israel as the only countries in the world that forbid SIM locking and contract/phone bundling outright. Chile initiated a ban as of January 1, 2012.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
See also: SIM locking in Croatia
Brazil
In Brazil, SIM locks are not prohibited. However, the mobile carrier must inform the consumer of the existence of a SIM lock. Anatel, Brazil's telecom regulator, requires the carrier to unlock free of charge the mobile phone if required by the user. After this regulation most telecom operators started voluntarily unlocking the devices as soon as it was purchased so one could leave the store with an unlocked phone.
Canada
Under revisions to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) Wireless Code of Conduct effective 1 December 2017, all new devices must be sold unlocked, and carriers must offer to unlock phones purchased prior to this date free of charge. Fees may be required if the customer was not under a contract or prepaid plan with the carrier.
After the implementation of this rule, Bell Canada initially refused to offer unlocks for users who were not customers of the carrier (in contrast to Rogers and Telus), but reversed course in February 2018 due to public backlash. In a filing to the CRTC in August 2018, Bell also stated that it had begun to reimplement SIM locks on unsold phones as an anti-theft and safety measure (the phones are unlocked during the activation process when sold to a customer), citing increases in theft from store stocks since the implementation of the prohibition.
Under the original version of the Wireless Code implemented 2013, carriers were required to offer unlocks no later than 90 calendar days from the start of a contract for subsidized devices, or immediately upon purchase of an unsubsidized device. The Code, however, did not expressly prohibit carriers from charging an unlock fee.
Prior to the introduction of the Wireless Code, New Democratic Party MP Bruce Hyer first attempted to mandate SIM unlocking at the end of cell phone contracts when he introduced a private member's bill entitled the Cell Phone Freedom Act in 2010. The act would not have banned SIM locking but would have required wireless carriers to unlock phones at no charge at the end of a cell phone contract. The bill was introduced in two sessions of parliament but failed to pass either time.
China
Under a regulation enacted by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, locking phones to a specific carrier is prohibited if other carriers are also using the same type of network technology. Therefore, all phones approved to be sold in China are never locked to begin with regardless of whether the consumer purchased the phone under a contract or not. However, since all three Chinese carriers each uses a different network technology after the adoption of 3G, carriers started to ask phone manufacturers to disable support for network technologies not used by such carrier even if the phone has been originally designed to be capable of supporting those network technologies. Such a move does not result in violation of the ban on phone locking. For example, an iPhone 6 was designed to be capable of supporting LTE FDD, LTE TD, CDMA, and WCDMA technologies but China Mobile reached a deal with Apple to create a special model for China Mobile in addition to the off-contract retail model sold by Apple and third party vendors with the capability to support LTE FDD, CDMA, WCDMA, which are the technologies not used by China Mobile, disabled, effectively making such special contract model incompatible with the 3G and 4G networks of other carriers even though such phones are never locked.
Colombia
Starting October 1, 2011, all the mobile telephone services providers, must sell to all users unlocked devices and provide free of charge support to unlock previously sold devices. This regulation was ordered to enable mobile number portability and to facilitate the reduction on costs ordered simultaneously.
Chile
Since Chile 1 January 2012, newly sold phones must be unlocked. Previously bought locked phones had to be unlocked for free. The regulation was put in place in order to implement mobile number portability. However, the law only requires phones to be usable with all Chilean providers. It does not cover international unlocking for use outside Chile, so users may have to pay for the unlocking service.
A new related issue is present since 23 September 2017, every IMEI have to be registered so the phone works in the country. For local carriers, they do the process, but to use a phone from outside the country, each user has to register it. IMEI Registration.
Croatia
In Croatia, for devices bought on contract, the mobile operator must provide the unlock code on the user's request free of charge. Such request can be made immediately after buying the phone, and the operator has a 15-day period to fulfill the request. For devices bought on a prepaid plan, the user has to wait at least 12 months before submitting such request.
Denmark
The carrier can choose to bind contracts up to 6 months from the contract's start. Many of the carriers choose not to lock the phones. Only Hi3G ("3") lock their phones, but can only do so for six months. If the phone needs to be unlocked within the first six months, the carrier can charge DKK 500 (~ €67) for the unlock. After six months, the carrier is obliged by law to unlock the phone free of charge. But the consumer needs to contact the original supplier, and provide the IMEI and original phone number for which the phone was sold.
Ecuador
Although there is no specific law preventing SIM locking, as of December 2009 Ecuador's two biggest carriers, Porta and Movistar, unlock phones previously sold by them, without charge.
European Union
Countries in the European Union (EU) each have their own legislation on SIM locking, but must comply with the EU Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (Directive 2005/29/EC of 2005). As noted above, this directive has been successfully applied in Belgium to overturn that country's previous ban on bundling phones with contracts. However, carriers in many countries in the EU do not necessarily associate a phone's SIM lock status to the customer's tie-in contract status.
Finland
In Finland, carriers are not allowed to sell SIM-locked GSM phones, nor are they allowed to offer tie-in sales on GSM equipment. Under Finnish law, a tie-in sale is defined as selling the equipment for a discounted price contingent on the consumer also acquiring a new service contract from the seller. Under the terms of a provisional exception, valid from 2006 until 2009, tie-in sales were permitted with 3G handsets, and 3G equipment which is purchased under such tie-in sales may be SIM-locked. The SIM lock must be removed free of charge at the conclusion of the tie-in contract, within a maximum duration of 2 years. In 2008, the Finnish government was preparing to extend the exception, and at the same time, was considering reducing the duration of tie-in contracts to one year.
France
In France, SIM locks are not prohibited. However, the mobile operator must inform the consumer of the existence of a SIM lock, and the subscriber has the right to request that the lock be removed at any time. No later than three months after the subscription of the contract, the mobile operator must "systematically and free of charge" provide the subscriber with a procedure to deactivate the SIM lock. Proposal to shorten the time that operators may charge a fee for removing the SIM lock prior from six-month to the three-month deadline.
Germany
In Germany, there does not appear to be any effective law regulating SIM locking. For example, the iPhone was initially offered for sale in Germany exclusively through T-Mobile, and it was locked to T-Mobile's network. They began to provide unlocking codes for that phone after they were sued by Vodafone and a temporary injunction was issued requiring T-Mobile to do so. Vodafone's injunction was later overturned, and the iPhone is again available exclusively locked to T-Mobile. While T-Mobile Germany told the court that they would unlock the iPhone after the contract, they were doing it voluntarily.
While SIM locking is legal, a court ruled in 2012 that providers must clearly inform potential customers about the SIM lock.
As of 2015, usually only prepaid mobile phones are sold with a SIM lock. Phones sold with a contract stipulating monthly payments are not typically locked (as the monthly payments are due no matter what network the phone is used on). Also, most providers will unlock the phone on demand. Usually a fee is charged during the first two years after purchase; afterwards the unlocking is free.
Honduras
In Honduras, there is a general law applicable to all consumer relations engaged in the national territory and provided by natural or legal persons, public or private. This law is called "Ley de Proteccion al Consumidor" or "Consumer Protection Act of Honduras", approved by Legislative Decree No.24-2008, and it regulates the activities of any goods and services providers stating the principles that they must follow in order to operate in this country.
Article 20 of this law states the prohibitions that sellers are obliged to abide when selling a good or providing a service to people. Paragraph 7 of this article states that it is prohibited to a provider to "place seals, adhesives, duct tapes or analogous mechanisms, which prevent the consumer to make free use of the product, except those mechanisms used by the manufacturer for warranty purposes".
Even though the existence of this law, local carriers continue to apply SIM restrictions to the phones they sell. For example, the iPhone is sold by Claro in Honduras and is SIM-locked,. which suggests that this general consumer protection law does not prohibit SIM locking of cell phones
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, carriers are not allowed to SIM-lock a phone for the sole purpose of tying customers to their network. But Hong Kong carriers can SIM-lock a phone to protect the handset subsidy, to enforce mobile plan contracts or to protect from theft. After the initial purchase subsidy has been recovered, or the full cost of the equipment has been paid up under a rental or installment agreement, the carrier must provide a detailed procedure for unlocking the equipment free of charge upon request.
India
SIM locking is not common in India. Initially, each state in India had a different mobile network operator and roaming across states was prohibitive. It was cheaper to change the SIM card than pay high roaming charges. The number of inter-state travelers demanded unlocked phones. Usually, phones and SIM cards are sold separately. Mobile phone manufacturers sell phones directly to customers rather than through network operators. Dual SIM phones are quite common in use, with users choosing to make calls using a cheaper operator suitable for the particular call and time of the day from a Dual SIM phone without even switching it off. This along with other factors, encouraged competition among network operators and brought down the mobile phone call charges in from the initial 32 (US$0.75) in 1996 to 0.50 (US$0.005 approx.) in 2011. The rates still differ from one service provider to another and across different tariff schemes provided by the same operator. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) is the independent regulator of the telecommunications business in India, established to check call rates and resolve all communication related issues and holds the upper hand in fixing call rates.
Israel
According to the Arrangements Law passed on December 29, 2010, Israeli carriers are banned from locking handsets sold by them, and are obligated to unlock any handset previously sold at no charge.
Italy
Italy has SIM locking laws requiring that carriers must specify the amount of subsidies, and allow subscribers to obtain unlocking codes after nine months by paying half of the listed subsidies. After 18 months, the SIM lock must be removed.
Japan
Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has legislated that all smartphones and tablets released after May 1, 2015, by NTT DoCoMo, au/Okinawa Cellular and SoftBank Mobile (the three major carriers in Japan) must be sold without a SIM lock upon request from customers and without any cost to the customer involved. Before that, from 2011 until 2015, only NTT DoCoMo and au/Okinawa Cellular would remove the SIM lock from phones with a SIM unlock function after the phone is kept or used at least six months after purchase.
Macedonia
Monaco
In Monaco, the partially state-owned communications mobile company Monaco Telecom does not sell SIM-locked phones. As there is no competition, consumers usually buy standard mobile phones that are not locked to any specific carrier.
Montenegro
Netherlands
Dutch mobile carriers have an agreement with the Netherlands' telecom regulator, OPTA, to establish a code of conduct with respect to SIM locking — specifically, unlocking fees can be charged within the first 12 months and SIM lock cannot last longer than 12 months.
In a 2002 letter to the Dutch Secretary of State of Economic Affairs, OPTA stated that the telecom regulator has decided to start working on the formalization of the voluntary code of conduct into legislation. However, a 2006 report written by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, stated that competition in the Dutch mobile market is sufficient and the formalization of the voluntary code of conduct into legislation is not needed. Thus there are no SIM locking laws in the Netherlands.
New Zealand
Locking had occurred in New Zealand to a limited degree before May 2008 when Vodafone New Zealand announced they would begin locking handsets. The company had planned to charge $50 to unlock them, but then relented. It is speculated that the intention to lock was prompted by Telecom New Zealand building their new mobile network based on UMTS technology, allowing handsets to change networks for the first time. Until that point in time, Telecom's network (the only other mobile network at that time) was based on CDMA technology. 2degrees were also building a mobile network based on UMTS at this time.
After pressure from the Commerce Commission, Vodafone relented on its locking policy, and will unlock any locked phones for free once they have been owned for nine months. You can pay to have it unlocked prior to this.
Following speculation of a new lower cost, MNVO of Telecom XT details were leaked regarding the Skinny Mobile Network, which would SIM lock handsets.
As of 2015, Vodafone, 2Degrees, and Skinny all charged a $30 unlock fee for phones owned for less than 9 months. As of 2020, Spark charges a $30 unlock fee for phones owned for less than 9 months, unless the customer is on a Pay Monthly 24 Month Plan. 2Degrees dropped its fees for unlocking phones.
Norway
Phones sold with a subscription are usually SIM locked to Norwegian carriers. The fee varies depending on how long it has been since you purchased your mobile phone. After 12 months, you can enter the operator lock code yourself without paying for it.
Pakistan
Ufone has started SIM Locking with the release of its new smartphone named Smart U5 developed by Emitac Services, UAE. U5 comes SIM locked to Ufone only. No other SIM can be used on the U5.
Peru
According to OSIPTEL Peru's telecom regulator, article 23 of the Terms of use, mobile carriers can sell phones locked for a lower price for 12, 18 or 24-month contracts, but also must sell unlocked devices for the full price. The same article dictates the customer can request the unlock code for free after 12 months from the purchase date, no matter if the contract is still in place. The sole exception is if the customer cancels the contract before its end and pays the remaining cost, at which point the customer can request the device be unlocked at any time. OSIPTEL plans to reduce the time customers must wait to remove their SIM locks to 6 months.
Portugal
A 2006 study sponsored by the Portugal regulator, ANACOM, on handset subsidies and SIM locking concluded that there are no special regulatory concerns on offering subsidized SIM-locked equipment in exchange for signing a contract tying a customer to a particular network. Network providers are allowed to apply SIM locks as they see fit, and they may voluntarily remove them if they choose to do so. In the paper, the author stated that the average unlocking fee charged by Portuguese carriers is 90-100 euros.
A recently approved law requires network operators to unlock a device free of charge if the respective contract has already expired (But they refuse to do so charging at least 10 euros). It also establishes limits to the fees that operators may charge to unlock a device while it is still under contract.
Romania
Romanian telecom regulator ANCOM signed a code of conduct with several Romanian carriers providing that as of September 1, 2009 mobile operators selling handsets locked within their own network have to inform clients whether the handset is locked and provide unlocking upon request. It is "self-regulation" by the carriers to prevent the regulator from actually imposing regulations on them. If the handset is not purchased together with other electronic communications services, the mobile telephony operator that sells it will bear the unlocking costs and will not bind the terminal unlocking by the purchase of other services or by the payment of other fees.
If the handset is purchased as part of a promotional package or at a preferential price and the customer requires the unlocking before the expiry of the minimum period provided in the contract for communications services concluded with the operator, the customer will have to pay both the unlocking fee and the penalty for the anticipated unlocking of the handset. The price charged to unlock handsets will not exceed the costs of this operation and operators are obliged to meet unlocking requests within 15 days.
Russia
SIM locking is not common in Russia, but they have huge potentials to sell unlocked phones. Most mobile phones sold in Russia doesn't have extensive bundlings, customizations as well as the carrier-specific bloatware. Beeline-branded phones are always locked to their network operator.
Serbia
In telecommunication contracts it is frequent the practice to lock the use of a sim card of one operator with a phone acquired through the same mobile operator. Obstructing the unlocking of the phone may be illegal if the consumer is entitled to it.
Singapore
In 1997, Singapore's then-telecommunications regulator, Telecommunication Authority of Singapore (now Infocomm Media Authority of Singapore) enforced a legislation where telcos (Singtel, StarHub, M1, Circles.Life, MyRepublic, TPG Telecom and Zero1) are not allowed to SIM-lock devices, such as phones, tablets and smartwatches that are imported and sold in Singapore. In August 1997, TAS warned at least one operator, M1, for selling SIM-locked phones.
Spain
In 1998, the then-Spanish telecom regulator, Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia (now Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia), saw that Spanish mobile carriers already provided unlocking codes voluntarily for a fee within the first 12 months and for free after 12 months, so it decided not to establish any legal framework in Spain. CMT has not revisited this decision since then, therefore there are no SIM-locking laws in Spain.
Sweden
In Sweden, carriers are required to unlock handsets after 12 months since purchase. This applies both to on-contract and pay as you go phones. All carriers will charge a fee of 300 SEK (approximately $45) or 350 SEK (approximately $50), depending on carrier, to unlock the handset. However, as of 2016, most carriers have stopped locking phones altogether.
Switzerland
SIM locking may be particularly common there. Swisscom began lifting SIM lock since July 2013. Sunrise prepaid mobile phones have a SIM lock for 2 years from purchase.
Thailand
Thailand is also another country that forbids outright SIM locking and as a result, no phones are sold in the market are subsidized by carriers. Up until recently mobile phone manufacturers have their own store fronts and mobile carriers are only the service providers.
Turkey
SIM locking is not common in Turkey, but that can be considered as the one of bigger markets for unlocked phones. Leading national network provider, Türkcell as well as their closest rival, Türk Telekom never subsidized mobile phones.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, mobile phone network providers are not obliged to provide unlocking, even after the end of the contract. Ofcom, UK's telecom regulator, allowed 3 UK to sell a mobile phone with the SIM card permanently superglued to the phone. Most operators offer some form of unlocking service, depending on the state of the contract and the model of phone, but usually for a charge. The full Oftel 2002 SIM-lock position paper specifies that there is no SIM-locking law in the UK; the regulator wants only "consumer awareness". The examples within the position paper are just "examples" of current carrier practices for illustration purposes, but do not reflect any official Oftel regulation. The main networks often agree to unlock handsets for a charge, either at the end of a contract or, for prepaid handsets, after several months. Some Blackberry handsets supplied by Vodafone (e.g., Storm) are examples of a UK carrier not offering unlocking codes. As of April 2011 O2 will unlock any of their pay-monthly phones for free, even if they're still in contract, with the exception of handsets made exclusively for them, such as their Palm devices.
Carphone Warehouse, one of the largest UK phone retailers, offers unlocked phones with most PAYG deals.
As of January 1, 2014, all phones sold by 3 UK are unlocked. Phones bought before this date will be unlocked for free.
On 17 December 2019, Ofcom announced that it would explore a mandate banning SIM locking.
On 27 October 2020, The UK's mobile networks are to be forbidden from selling phones locked to their services from December 2021.
United States
One of the two American GSM carriers, T-Mobile, will unlock handsets for those with active account in good standing for at least 40 days and no unlock code request in the last 90 days. The other, AT&T Mobility, is required to do so upon request (with some exceptions and requirements) after ninety days of active service under the terms of a class action settlement. Prior to the settlement, AT&T would usually do so once one has concluded their contract, and in some other situations. AT&T had in the past stated that it would not unlock iPhones under any circumstances, regardless of the legality of doing so, even after customers are out of contract. However, AT&T has since announced that starting April 8, 2012, it will begin unlocking off-contract iPhones, provided that the customer's account is in good standing. AT&T also has an unannounced policy of unlocking iPhones for United States service members who are deployed overseas—even if they are still under contract.
Before carriers began voluntarily providing unlock codes for all phone models, in 2010 the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) successfully convinced the United States Copyright Office to allow an exemption to the general prohibition on circumvention of copyright protection systems under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 for unlocking of phones through user self-help (sometimes referred to as "hacking"). This exemption has become less important now that most carriers are voluntarily providing unlock codes.
According to a ruling effective October 28, 2012, it will be illegal to unlock phones purchased 90 days after this date or later without the carrier's permission. In other words, users can already unlock phones they already own, and phones purchased before January 29, 2013, but phones purchased after this point can only be unlocked with the carrier's permission.
In March 2013, the Obama administration and the Federal Communications Commission said consumers should also be able to switch carriers and keep their actual phones.
On August 1, 2014, President Obama signed into law the Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act (S. 517; 113th Congress), a bill legalizing unlocking cellphones in the US. The bill passed in the United States Senate on July 15, 2014, and in the United States House of Representatives on July 25, 2014.
Sprint agreed to allow domestic unlocking on all mobile devices launched after February 15, 2015.
It is possible to buy unlocked phones in the U.S. Some online retailers sell phones that come unlocked from the manufacturer, that is, they were never locked in the first place.
See also
Regional lockout
Android rooting
Hardware restrictions
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
Jailbreak (computer science)
iOS jailbreaking
Vendor lock-in
References
Hardware restrictions
Mobile telecommunications
|
[
0.5501947999000549,
-0.11379428952932358,
0.12351346015930176,
0.22004316747188568,
0.561851978302002,
-0.4292122721672058,
-0.16315622627735138,
0.012796949595212936,
-0.1042071133852005,
0.07600346207618713,
-0.7849170565605164,
0.18327486515045166,
-0.577448308467865,
0.05009317770600319,
-0.3405950665473938,
0.17186066508293152,
0.6922919154167175,
0.22857977449893951,
-0.3470926284790039,
-0.46215298771858215,
-0.101334348320961,
-0.23751454055309296,
0.03272971883416176,
-0.2197718471288681,
0.14872299134731293,
0.30514663457870483,
-0.11469989269971848,
0.020049165934324265,
-0.5560175180435181,
0.37096455693244934,
0.749594509601593,
-0.023734424263238907,
-0.0050523062236607075,
0.3569798767566681,
0.45157134532928467,
0.11376362293958664,
-0.29304563999176025,
-0.5404964685440063,
-0.30960550904273987,
-0.6971951127052307,
-0.22460325062274933,
-0.0690964013338089,
-0.007144727744162083,
0.4796973764896393,
-0.11372033506631851,
0.18677279353141785,
-1.4199810028076172,
-0.003864011960104108,
-0.5422210693359375,
-0.16409951448440552,
-0.3932037651538849,
0.23305198550224304,
-0.35582679510116577,
0.4072038233280182,
0.6098117828369141,
0.11869968473911285,
-0.6166391372680664,
-0.48017552495002747,
0.12135209143161774,
-0.5907474756240845,
0.8330534100532532,
-0.3211105763912201,
0.22452571988105774,
0.16614359617233276,
0.3709246814250946,
0.006608577445149422,
-0.27563586831092834,
0.13438402116298676,
-0.37007367610931396,
-0.6478028893470764,
-0.0607994943857193,
-0.1369653195142746,
-0.012774068862199783,
-0.4103378653526306,
-0.467669278383255,
0.27926400303840637,
-0.07148448377847672,
-0.09919910877943039,
0.16382057964801788,
0.2998408377170563,
-0.19405390322208405,
0.35800454020500183,
0.1445729285478592,
-0.22062751650810242,
0.5267135500907898,
-0.34636175632476807,
-0.45574066042900085,
0.3991583287715912,
0.1147555559873581,
0.7350670695304871,
0.24738407135009766,
0.1830359548330307,
0.6364890933036804,
0.1540362387895584,
-0.5127729773521423,
-0.004409841261804104,
-0.12761926651000977,
-0.338158518075943,
0.6925277709960938,
0.3110312819480896,
-0.013885010033845901,
-0.41111600399017334,
-0.14290040731430054,
0.1292528510093689,
-0.5827594995498657,
-0.31027403473854065,
-0.23406830430030823,
0.09675710648298264,
0.29283446073532104,
-0.03845938295125961,
-0.1916360706090927,
0.15318137407302856,
0.21539047360420227,
0.23565338551998138,
-0.03866181522607803,
0.0589841865003109,
-0.40047529339790344,
0.44190847873687744,
-0.018993450328707695,
0.2883724570274353,
0.341193825006485,
0.45289602875709534,
-0.4577387869358063,
-0.38513290882110596,
0.47497203946113586,
0.16238689422607422,
0.3010753393173218,
0.6857981085777283,
-0.5507282614707947,
-0.03417426347732544,
-0.0863008201122284,
0.8131415843963623,
-0.0529128797352314,
-0.11275966465473175,
-0.5222100019454956,
0.2355620414018631,
0.5153895616531372,
-0.2044624239206314,
0.6651966571807861,
-0.3276638686656952,
-0.7330085039138794,
-0.26185932755470276,
-0.06159666180610657,
-0.017981287091970444,
-0.2503441572189331,
-0.26750311255455017,
0.06448768824338913,
-0.14927224814891815,
-0.09851791709661484,
-0.012109742499887943,
-0.03266093134880066,
0.2277117371559143,
-0.03909016773104668,
0.0799613893032074,
-0.21747960150241852,
0.21177399158477783,
0.1648653894662857,
-0.12711958587169647,
-0.4628717303276062,
-0.17457033693790436,
-0.050611793994903564,
-0.18167053163051605,
-0.558211088180542,
0.5088702440261841,
0.2353619486093521,
0.16774508357048035,
0.17595894634723663,
0.4413873553276062,
0.2590307295322418,
0.5583326816558838,
-0.25811564922332764,
0.06273140758275986,
0.13403606414794922,
-0.20130473375320435,
-0.04054534435272217,
0.33091261982917786,
-0.09563133865594864,
0.14370858669281006,
0.8291767239570618,
0.2387600690126419,
-0.5579641461372375,
0.037439826875925064,
0.5071240067481995,
0.5489335656166077,
-0.026291975751519203,
-0.04252403602004051,
0.5346148610115051,
-0.3813226521015167,
-0.45989978313446045,
-0.7381470203399658,
-0.2614200711250305,
-0.1263369917869568,
0.10642525553703308,
-0.5530173182487488,
0.7917222380638123,
-0.5616938471794128,
0.029911458492279053,
0.8256880640983582,
-0.010382907465100288,
0.07719703763723373,
0.32784321904182434,
0.48886504769325256,
0.520691990852356,
0.09178987145423889,
-0.3235325515270233,
0.5036348700523376,
-0.16022594273090363,
0.01807253062725067,
-0.132051020860672,
-0.10741910338401794,
0.6499951481819153,
-0.5041120052337646,
0.20245522260665894,
-0.22981998324394226,
0.2891976237297058,
-0.22678999602794647,
-0.5620173811912537,
0.36457327008247375,
0.04310134798288345,
-0.12807996571063995,
0.29081812500953674,
-0.24599523842334747,
-0.3208775520324707,
0.5473915338516235,
-0.25814104080200195,
0.44867557287216187,
-0.3898784816265106,
0.3129524290561676,
0.9219355583190918,
-0.492545485496521,
-0.01169593259692192,
-0.07747069001197815,
0.08331330120563507,
-0.11408794671297073,
0.09509877860546112,
0.11299770325422287,
0.009320919401943684,
-0.2371290922164917,
-0.31652015447616577,
-0.3556360602378845,
-0.4314567744731903,
-0.09568550437688828,
-0.2710998058319092,
-0.1575232595205307,
0.05439786612987518,
0.0843057855963707,
-0.319354385137558,
0.1378297358751297,
0.22731812298297882,
0.37646952271461487,
0.604766845703125,
0.24759571254253387,
0.1493040919303894,
-0.38640424609184265,
-0.11034490913152695,
0.03761735185980797,
-0.24749694764614105,
0.3489920198917389,
-0.20289157330989838,
-0.4175701439380646,
-0.024625521153211594,
0.1529558002948761,
-0.44726720452308655,
-0.3681415915489197,
-0.5169390439987183,
-0.6692665219306946,
-0.13560092449188232,
0.40018343925476074,
0.31294476985931396,
0.11317301541566849,
-0.04022639989852905,
-0.11643926054239273,
-0.621543824672699,
-0.3500418961048126,
-0.907243013381958,
-0.0009337834198959172,
0.8629859685897827,
0.5678521394729614,
-0.0030074112582951784,
-0.2286812663078308,
-0.2910498082637787,
-0.22048772871494293,
0.08451680094003677,
-0.891883909702301,
-0.053863104432821274,
-0.2961626946926117,
0.01610841043293476,
-0.7191091775894165,
-0.07613518089056015,
-0.12340223044157028,
-0.08132678270339966,
0.5114850401878357,
-0.12854744493961334,
0.5596529841423035,
0.7760617733001709,
0.4958106279373169,
-0.5167753100395203,
0.2997042238712311,
0.5197383165359497,
0.2568129301071167,
-0.24917356669902802,
0.005383061245083809,
-0.24199002981185913,
-0.3079287111759186,
-0.009865187108516693,
-0.5341835618019104,
-0.5129179358482361,
0.2569558322429657,
-6.029856204986572,
0.47149160504341125,
-0.34035906195640564,
-0.08803410083055496,
0.005098331719636917,
0.3066818416118622,
0.5420779585838318,
0.5241443514823914,
-0.01739562302827835,
-0.0297382939606905,
-0.331283837556839,
-0.03643156588077545,
0.1914384365081787,
0.23647554218769073,
0.18724821507930756,
0.5791309475898743,
0.30552923679351807,
-0.4437560439109802,
-0.014114907942712307,
-0.04574486240744591,
-0.4412926435470581,
-0.2852413058280945,
0.7042459845542908,
0.20703139901161194,
-0.6055739521980286,
0.4736924171447754,
-0.255287230014801,
-0.02032599411904812,
-0.49303072690963745,
-0.362325519323349,
-0.2844597101211548,
-0.2334461361169815,
-0.24689152836799622,
-0.4382965564727783,
0.0071702939458191395,
0.4079442024230957,
0.6606563329696655,
0.36583808064460754,
-0.25639808177948,
-0.21366339921951294,
0.40168824791908264,
0.26605984568595886,
0.2537573277950287,
0.3213370144367218,
0.7746334671974182,
-0.36750882863998413,
-0.10752011835575104,
-0.046629343181848526,
-0.9200280904769897,
0.5010534524917603,
-0.020738329738378525,
0.060911450535058975,
0.0723498985171318,
0.0409974604845047,
-0.1671801060438156,
0.18814171850681305,
0.06024651974439621,
-0.593457043170929,
-0.5231029987335205,
0.5381916761398315,
-0.06182228773832321,
-0.5308036804199219,
0.06412757188081741,
-0.15687952935695648,
0.33868148922920227,
-0.1841363161802292,
-0.6416858434677124,
-0.65165114402771,
0.2708338499069214,
0.6560479998588562,
-0.46751725673675537,
0.09127636253833771,
0.643680214881897,
-0.7262587547302246,
0.10737564414739609,
-0.3964952528476715,
0.15446621179580688,
0.07302817702293396,
0.21912533044815063,
0.01920994557440281,
0.16463226079940796,
0.275856077671051,
-0.26163190603256226,
0.21322718262672424,
0.008047977462410927,
-0.6405240893363953,
-0.23655705153942108,
0.4601193070411682,
0.3067871332168579,
-0.21083882451057434,
1.0344219207763672,
0.050070542842149734,
-0.036208055913448334,
0.007006851490586996,
0.3070613443851471,
0.2225072830915451,
-0.3052796721458435,
0.43345871567726135,
0.057407837361097336,
0.10157180577516556,
0.5081472396850586,
-0.2466682493686676,
-0.1857365071773529,
-0.8612584471702576,
0.06298509240150452,
-0.12619942426681519,
-0.3232525587081909,
0.5211070775985718,
-0.008463960140943527,
-0.23348094522953033,
-0.28202784061431885,
0.42304104566574097,
-0.5370544195175171,
-0.49360862374305725,
-0.38912785053253174,
-0.23616299033164978,
0.0593220479786396,
0.16566835343837738,
0.19897131621837616,
-0.6546230912208557,
-0.2914915382862091,
0.5390432476997375,
0.47331371903419495,
-0.561476469039917,
-0.289948433637619,
-0.3543727993965149,
-0.29752129316329956,
0.42211899161338806,
0.5167759656906128,
-0.2327551692724228,
0.24099542200565338,
0.7366683483123779,
-0.009924719110131264,
-0.24607422947883606,
-0.2890673279762268,
-0.20321695506572723,
-0.26383671164512634,
0.399101585149765,
-0.13851602375507355,
-0.5916497707366943,
0.22249889373779297,
-0.2359384149312973,
0.328529953956604,
0.1057513952255249,
0.7123796343803406,
-0.4828018546104431,
-0.3113444745540619,
0.054846055805683136,
-0.010073365643620491,
-0.00042903050780296326,
-0.07878176867961884,
-0.7446767091751099,
0.5473159551620483,
-0.027808453887701035,
0.051128558814525604,
-0.025077922269701958,
0.6376523971557617,
0.41524818539619446,
0.34819677472114563,
-0.6967386603355408,
-0.020201805979013443,
-0.4185568690299988,
-0.6621957421302795,
-0.13540178537368774,
0.007660457864403725,
0.29716500639915466,
-0.6098170876502991,
-0.26459503173828125,
-0.3001669943332672,
0.5223808288574219,
-0.3077966570854187,
-0.2997702956199646,
-0.798937201499939,
-0.1290726363658905,
0.20959553122520447,
0.06015592813491821,
-0.23111087083816528,
-0.1820307821035385,
0.2755519449710846,
0.04335977882146835,
-0.06642967462539673,
-0.6092350482940674,
-0.3398902118206024,
0.3956233561038971,
0.7789696455001831,
-0.17439217865467072,
-0.16279646754264832,
0.21835260093212128,
-0.12300663441419601,
-0.5141888856887817,
0.05112100765109062,
0.003453312674537301,
0.27996885776519775,
0.15869417786598206,
0.4240533709526062,
-0.2924879789352417,
-0.06370009481906891,
0.7147261500358582,
-0.3012312948703766,
-0.4686850309371948,
0.07597837597131729,
0.5396702289581299,
-0.5602418184280396,
0.16119372844696045,
0.05875458940863609,
-0.03461332619190216,
0.18416129052639008,
-0.1991569846868515,
-0.2228819727897644,
0.3800106346607208,
-0.428449422121048,
-0.44271120429039,
-0.05695871263742447,
0.32213231921195984,
-0.30117562413215637,
0.023861398920416832,
-0.2386096715927124,
-0.20368483662605286,
-0.3421553075313568,
0.19579510390758514,
0.2311350554227829,
0.04981574788689613,
0.17457516491413116,
-0.03186735138297081,
0.05716807767748833,
0.3220832645893097,
0.29417094588279724,
-0.06442823261022568,
0.20945671200752258,
0.2829211354255676,
-0.42727530002593994,
-0.42710423469543457,
-0.07510129362344742,
0.24219505488872528,
-0.3109419643878937,
0.01614958606660366,
-0.09003104269504547,
0.41465768218040466,
-0.07493077218532562,
0.35849645733833313,
-0.08408650010824203,
0.3323257565498352,
0.2400461882352829,
-0.40755021572113037,
0.07326439023017883,
0.4807918071746826,
0.1939716786146164,
-0.40010538697242737,
-0.7272221446037292,
0.09086766093969345,
0.026399608701467514,
0.08941007405519485,
-0.11955799907445908,
-0.0007976455963216722,
0.6039580702781677,
0.07463210821151733,
0.18681073188781738,
-0.32577624917030334,
0.5890137553215027,
0.6963511109352112,
-0.42166978120803833,
-0.0829278752207756,
0.3190046548843384,
-0.2806471288204193,
0.31361517310142517,
0.037670549005270004,
-0.18698830902576447,
-0.248466357588768,
-0.16974355280399323,
-0.4291226863861084,
0.5868882536888123,
-0.16045919060707092,
1.2789109945297241,
0.47972357273101807,
0.5884456038475037,
-0.11223776638507843,
0.4303033947944641,
-0.8151422739028931,
0.18039654195308685,
0.14434581995010376,
-0.5026195645332336,
-0.4984947741031647,
0.0407797135412693,
-0.503145158290863,
0.4160909950733185,
-0.5102227926254272,
0.2929435670375824,
0.172915980219841,
-0.17117582261562347,
-0.3911028802394867,
-0.4446004629135132,
0.3192739188671112,
0.02067348174750805,
0.1465359330177307,
-0.6333078145980835,
-0.09283264726400375,
0.10366372019052505,
-0.21684110164642334,
0.3809869587421417,
-0.31344467401504517,
-0.31999263167381287,
0.4774402379989624,
0.13155417144298553,
-0.6285200119018555,
0.32398027181625366,
0.13054612278938293,
0.2984538674354553,
-0.7390809059143066,
0.25078001618385315,
-0.03763958066701889,
0.1680843085050583,
-0.09611731767654419,
-0.0006583176436834037,
0.8510828018188477,
0.22365279495716095,
0.05858814716339111,
0.7499440908432007,
-0.4870571792125702,
-0.30842846632003784,
0.4570055603981018,
0.48686763644218445,
0.39294102787971497,
0.040743388235569,
0.08180128782987595,
0.3892022669315338,
-0.030388686805963516,
0.1786269098520279,
-0.14751985669136047,
0.31302210688591003,
0.5681548714637756,
0.7106240391731262,
-0.35891544818878174,
0.3292945921421051,
0.7351450324058533,
-0.15468308329582214,
0.05394039303064346,
0.0712965577840805,
-0.444667249917984,
-0.6386839151382446,
0.5739262700080872,
-0.0021641349885612726,
0.4578778147697449,
-0.21395626664161682,
-0.06658057123422623,
-0.17455822229385376,
0.8304881453514099,
0.12057336419820786,
0.2091456651687622,
0.04284002259373665,
0.6863937377929688,
0.3460525572299957,
-0.24904996156692505,
-0.3788358271121979,
-0.3424716293811798,
-0.5318521857261658,
-0.04101484268903732,
0.3192897140979767,
-0.42611539363861084,
0.10099184513092041,
-0.5390106439590454,
0.09685959666967392,
0.3591203987598419,
0.0941341295838356,
0.030065329745411873,
-0.0036822850815951824,
-0.057090915739536285,
0.5081571340560913,
-0.3519696891307831,
0.3075399398803711,
0.21677681803703308,
-0.19132117927074432,
0.19692863523960114,
0.04230465367436409,
0.0645388811826706,
-0.1792466938495636,
-0.36048874258995056,
0.5582442879676819,
0.7427686452865601,
-0.3287618160247803,
0.09674686193466187,
-0.015090279281139374,
-0.30856651067733765,
-0.12675976753234863,
-0.7503456473350525,
-0.251554399728775,
-0.5439866185188293,
-0.19075296819210052,
0.1831512600183487,
-0.322314590215683,
0.36888641119003296,
-0.44638171792030334,
-0.39866313338279724,
0.0358775295317173,
-0.08684530854225159,
0.21601931750774384,
0.1612834632396698,
0.07278193533420563,
0.5545942187309265,
-0.04913291335105896,
-0.015003369189798832,
0.2051895707845688,
-0.22980178892612457,
0.3839801549911499,
-0.605445146560669,
-0.31446951627731323,
0.46558165550231934,
-0.11619570851325989,
0.4483262896537781,
-0.05637688934803009,
-0.14676742255687714,
0.5211610794067383,
0.07067015767097473,
-0.04797524958848953,
0.1452224999666214,
0.3289507031440735,
0.6151117086410522,
0.6511154770851135,
-0.4490053951740265,
-0.06811363250017166,
-0.36249250173568726,
0.18995749950408936,
-0.23835955560207367,
0.11124464124441147,
-0.07309072464704514,
0.5164137482643127,
0.32278114557266235,
0.8218231201171875,
0.16694922745227814,
-0.03191322088241577,
0.9810529351234436,
-0.6275354027748108,
-0.5511735081672668,
-0.3525507152080536,
0.04765825346112251,
-0.682388961315155,
0.014442384243011475,
0.01328761875629425,
-0.10372056812047958,
-0.09075211733579636,
-0.2959510087966919,
0.29601725935935974,
0.22675101459026337,
-0.25299474596977234,
-0.247708261013031,
-0.026739424094557762,
-0.23482996225357056,
-0.013315404765307903,
0.05597199499607086,
-0.3515949547290802,
-0.042982686311006546,
0.36536091566085815,
-0.8037443161010742,
0.09128930419683456,
0.07968907803297043,
0.16223235428333282,
0.3019659221172333,
0.12733948230743408,
-0.6343945264816284,
-0.7250004410743713,
0.44759708642959595
] |
210481
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull
|
Gull
|
Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari. They are most closely related to the terns (family Sternidae) and only distantly related to auks, skimmers and even more distantly to waders. Until the 21st century, most gulls were placed in the genus Larus, but that arrangement is now considered polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of several genera. An older name for gulls is mews, which is cognate with German Möwe, Danish måge, Swedish mås, Dutch meeuw, Norwegian måke/måse and French mouette, and can still be found in certain regional dialects.
Gulls are typically medium to large birds, usually grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They typically have harsh wailing or squawking calls; stout, longish bills; and webbed feet. Most gulls are ground-nesting carnivores which take live food or scavenge opportunistically, particularly the Larus species. Live food often includes crustaceans, molluscs, fish and small birds. Gulls have unhinging jaws which allow them to consume large prey. Gulls are typically coastal or inland species, rarely venturing far out to sea, except for the kittiwakes. The large species take up to four years to attain full adult plumage, but two years is typical for small gulls. Large white-headed gulls are typically long-lived birds, with a maximum age of 49 years recorded for the herring gull.
Gulls nest in large, densely packed, noisy colonies. They lay two or three speckled eggs in nests composed of vegetation. The young are precocial, born with dark mottled down and mobile upon hatching. Gulls are resourceful, inquisitive, and intelligent, the larger species in particular, demonstrating complex methods of communication and a highly developed social structure. For example, many gull colonies display mobbing behavior, attacking and harassing predators and other intruders. Certain species have exhibited tool-use behavior, such as the herring gull, using pieces of bread as bait with which to catch goldfish, for example. Many species of gulls have learned to coexist successfully with humans and have thrived in human habitats. Others rely on kleptoparasitism to get their food. Gulls have been observed preying on live whales, landing on the whale as it surfaces to peck out pieces of flesh.
Description and morphology
Gulls range in size from the little gull, at and , to the great black-backed gull, at and . They are generally uniform in shape, with heavy bodies, long wings, and moderately long necks. The tails of all but three species are rounded; the exceptions being Sabine's gull and swallow-tailed gulls, which have forked tails, and Ross's gull, which has a wedge-shaped tail. Gulls have moderately long legs, especially when compared to the similar terns, with fully webbed feet. The bill is generally heavy and slightly hooked, with the larger species having stouter bills than the smaller species. The bill colour is often yellow with a red spot for the larger white-headed species and red, dark red or black in the smaller species.
The gulls are generalist feeders. Indeed, they are the least specialised of all the seabirds, and their morphology allows for equal adeptness in swimming, flying, and walking. They are more adept walking on land than most other seabirds, and the smaller gulls tend to be more manoeuvrable while walking. The walking gait of gulls includes a slight side to side motion, something that can be exaggerated in breeding displays. In the air, they are able to hover and they are also able to take off quickly with little space.
The general pattern of plumage in adult gulls is a white body with a darker mantle; the extent to which the mantle is darker varies from pale grey to black. A few species vary in this, the ivory gull is entirely white, and some like the lava gull and Heermann's gull have partly or entirely grey bodies. The wingtips of most species are black, which improves their resistance to wear and tear, usually with a diagnostic pattern of white markings. The head of a gull may be covered by a dark hood or be entirely white. The plumage of the head varies by breeding season; in nonbreeding dark-hooded gulls, the hood is lost, sometimes leaving a single spot behind the eye, and in white-headed gulls, nonbreeding heads may have streaking.
Distribution and habitat
The gulls have a worldwide cosmopolitan distribution. They breed on every continent, including the margins of Antarctica, and are found in the high Arctic as well. They are less common on tropical islands, although a few species do live on islands such as the Galapagos and New Caledonia. Many species breed in coastal colonies, with a preference for islands, and one species, the grey gull, breeds in the interior of dry deserts far from water. Considerable variety exists in the family and species may breed and feed in marine, freshwater, or terrestrial habitats.
Most gull species are migratory, with birds moving to warmer habitats during the winter, but the extent to which they migrate varies by species. Some migrate long distances, like Franklin's gull, which migrates from Canada to wintering grounds in the south of South America. Other species move much shorter distances and may simply disperse along the coasts near their breeding sites.
A big influence on non-breeding gull distribution are food patches. Human fisheries especially have an impact since they often provide an abundant and predictable food resource. Looking at two species of gulls dependent on human fisheries, Audouin (Ichthyaetus audouinii) and black-backed gulls (Larus fuscus), their breeding distributions (especially the black-backed gull) was heavily impacted by human fishing discards and fishing ports.
Looking further at environmental drivers that structure bird habitat and distribution are human and climate impacts. Looking at waterbird distribution in wetlands, changes in salinity, water depth, water body isolation and hydroperiod altered bird community structure in both a species and guild specific way. Gulls in particular had high associations with salinity levels, being the main environmental predictor for waterbird assemblage.
Behaviour
Diet and feeding
Charadriiform birds drink salt water, as well as fresh water, as they possess exocrine glands located in supraorbital grooves of the skull by which salt can be excreted through the nostrils to assist the kidneys in maintaining electrolyte balance.
Gulls are highly adaptable feeders that opportunistically take a wide range of prey. The food taken by gulls includes fish and marine and freshwater invertebrates, both alive and already dead, terrestrial arthropods and invertebrates such as insects and earthworms, rodents, eggs, carrion, offal, reptiles, amphibians, plant items such as seeds and fruit, human refuse, chips, and even other birds. No gull species is a single-prey specialist, and no gull species forages using only a single method. The type of food depends on circumstances, and terrestrial prey such as seeds, fruit, and earthworms are more common during the breeding season while marine prey is more common in the nonbreeding season when birds spend more time on large bodies of water.
In addition to taking a wide range of prey, gulls display great versatility in how they obtain prey. Prey can be obtained in the air, on water, or on land. In the air, a number of hooded species are able to hawk insects on the wing; larger species perform this feat more rarely. Gulls on the wing also snatch items both off water and off the ground, and over water they also plunge-dive to catch prey. Again, smaller species are more manoeuvrable and better able to hover-dip fish from the air. Dipping is also common when birds are sitting on the water, and gulls may swim in tight circles or foot paddle to bring marine invertebrates up to the surface. Food is also obtained by searching the ground, often on the shore among sand, mud or rocks. Larger gulls tend to do more feeding in this way. In shallow water gulls may also engage in foot paddling. One method of obtaining prey involves dropping heavy shells of clams and mussels onto hard surfaces. Gulls may fly some distance to find a suitable surface on which to drop shells, and apparently a learned component to the task exists, as older birds are more successful than younger ones. While overall feeding success is a function of age, the diversity in both prey and feeding methods is not. The time taken to learn foraging skills may explain the delayed maturation in gulls.
Gulls have only a limited ability to dive below the water to feed on deeper prey. To obtain prey from deeper down, many species of gulls feed in association with other animals, where marine hunters drive prey to the surface when hunting. Examples of such associations include four species of gulls feeding around plumes of mud brought to the surface by feeding grey whales, and also between orcas (largest dolphin species) and kelp gulls (and other seabirds).
Looking at the effect of humans on gull diet, overfishing of target prey such as sardines have caused a shift in diet and behavior. Analysis of yellow-legged gull's (Larus michahellis) pellets off the northwest coast of Spain revealed a shift from a sardine to crustacean-based diet. This shift was linked to higher fishing efficiency and thus overall fish stock depletion. Lastly, closure of nearby open-air landfills limited food availability for the gulls, furthering creating a stress on their shift in diet. Between the years of 1974–1994, yellow-legged gull populations in Berlenga Island, Portugal, increased from 2600 to 44,698 individuals. Analyzing both adult and chick remains, researchers found a mixture of both natural prey and human refuse. The gulls relied substantially on the Henslow's swimming crab (Polybius henslowii). Yet, in times when local prey availability is low, the gulls shift to human-related food. These temporal shifts from a marine to terrestrial prey highlight the resilience adult gulls have and their ability to keep chick condition consistent. Human disturbance has also shown to have an effect on gull breeding, in which hatching failure is directly proportional to the amount of disturbance in a given plot.
Breeding
Gulls are monogamous and colonial breeders that display mate fidelity that usually lasts for the life of the pair. Divorce of mated pairs does occur, but it apparently has a social cost that persists for a number of years after the break-up. Gulls also display high levels of site fidelity, returning to the same colony after breeding there once and even usually breeding in the same location within that colony. Colonies can vary from just a few pairs to over a hundred thousand pairs, and may be exclusive to that gull species or shared with other seabird species. A few species nest singly, and single pairs of band-tailed gulls may breed in colonies of other birds. Within colonies, gull pairs are territorial, defending an area of varying size around the nesting site from others of their species. This area can be as large as a 5-m radius around the nest in the herring gull to just a tiny area of cliff ledge in the kittiwakes.
Most gulls breed once a year and have predictable breeding seasons lasting for three to five months. Gulls begin to assemble around the colony for a few weeks prior to occupying the colony. Existing pairs re-establish their pair-bonds, and unpaired birds begin courting. Birds then move back into their territories and new males establish new territories and attempt to court females. Gulls defend their territories from rivals of both sexes through calls and aerial attacks.
Nest building is also part of the pair-bonding. Gull nests are usually mats of herbaceous matter with a central nest cup. Nests are usually built on the ground, but a few species build nests on cliffs, including the kittiwakes, which almost always nest in such habitats, and in some cases in trees, and high places like Bonaparte's gulls. Species that nest in marshes must construct a nesting platform to keep the nest dry, particularly in species that nest in tidal marshes. Both sexes gather nesting material and build the nest, but the division of labour is not always exactly equal. In coastal towns, many gulls nest on rooftops and can be observed by nearby human residents.
Clutch size is typically three eggs, although it is two in some of the smaller species and only one egg for the swallow-tailed gull. Within colonies, birds synchronise their laying, with synchronisation being higher in larger colonies, although after a certain point, this levels off. The eggs of gulls are usually dark tan to brown or dark olive with dark splotches and scrawl markings, and are well camouflaged. Both sexes incubate the eggs, with incubation bouts lasting between one and four hours during the day and one parent incubating through the night. Research on various bird species including the gull suggests that females form pair bonds with other females to obtain alloparental care for their dependent offspring, a behavior seen in other animal species, like the elephants, wolves, and the fathead minnow.
Incubation lasts between 22 and 26 days, and begins after laying the first egg, although it is discontinuous until the second egg is laid. This means the first two chicks are born close together, and the third chick some time later. Young chicks are brooded by their parents for about one or two weeks, and often at least one parent remains with them, until they fledge, to guard them. Both parents feed the chicks, although early on in the rearing period, the male does most of the feeding and the female most of the brooding and guarding.
Taxonomy
The family Laridae was introduced (as Laridia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. The taxonomy of gulls is confused by their widespread distribution zones of hybridization leading to geneflow. Some have traditionally been considered ring species, but recent evidence suggests that this assumption is questionable. Until recently, most gulls were placed in the genus Larus, but this arrangement is now known to be polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of the genera Ichthyaetus, Chroicocephalus, Leucophaeus, Saundersilarus, and Hydrocoloeus. Some English names refer to species complexes within the group:
Large white-headed gull is used to describe the 18 or so herring gull-like species from California gull to lesser black-backed gull in the taxonomic list below.
White-winged gull is used to describe the four pale-winged, high Arctic-breeding taxa within the former group; these are Iceland gull, glaucous gull, Thayer's gull, and Kumlien's gull.
In common usage, members of various gull species are often referred to as sea gulls or seagulls; however, "seagull" is a layperson's term that is not used by most ornithologists and biologists. This name is used informally to refer to a common local species or all gulls in general, and has no fixed taxonomic meaning. In common usage, gull-like seabirds that are not technically gulls (e.g. albatrosses, fulmars, terns, and skuas) may also be referred to as seagulls by the layperson.
The American Ornithologists' Union combines the Sternidae, Stercorariidae, and Rhynchopidae as subfamilies in the family Laridae, but recent research indicates this is incorrect.
List of species
This is a list of the 54 gull species, presented in taxonomic sequence.
Evolutionary history
The Laridae are known from not-yet-published fossil evidence since the Early Oligocene, some 30–33 million years ago. Three gull-like species were described by Alphonse Milne-Edwards from the early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France. A fossil gull from the Middle to Late Miocene of Cherry County, Nebraska, USA, is placed in the prehistoric genus Gaviota; apart from this and the undescribed Early Oligocene fossil, all prehistoric species were tentatively assigned to the modern genus Larus. Among those of them that have been confirmed as gulls, Milne-Edwards' "Larus" elegans and "L." totanoides from the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of southeast France have since been separated in Laricola.
References
Further reading
External links
Rudy's Gull-index Pictures of less well-known plumages of large gulls
Gull videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Articles containing video clips
Bird common names
Laridae
Seabirds
pl:Mewy
|
[
-0.2787824273109436,
0.32782191038131714,
0.03444419056177139,
-0.4551216661930084,
-0.056402672082185745,
0.5826084613800049,
-0.038220103830099106,
0.8126348257064819,
-0.8844703435897827,
0.292164146900177,
-0.3390485346317291,
0.30340808629989624,
-0.08417943120002747,
0.30616286396980286,
0.3384593725204468,
0.7850132584571838,
-0.37487515807151794,
0.153784841299057,
0.11326618492603302,
-0.6599166393280029,
-0.46270185708999634,
-0.5560953617095947,
0.4568732976913452,
-0.532091498374939,
0.9444124698638916,
0.025606058537960052,
0.13263343274593353,
0.7823688387870789,
0.0906687006354332,
0.34819409251213074,
0.00314753083512187,
1.1937096118927002,
-0.06075247377157211,
0.31871527433395386,
-0.24249954521656036,
-0.1032046303153038,
-0.5852282047271729,
-0.46060073375701904,
-0.25698167085647583,
-0.5495111346244812,
0.34606289863586426,
-0.4872052073478699,
0.26609694957733154,
0.006263290531933308,
-0.39639779925346375,
-0.4427138566970825,
-0.9696161150932312,
0.3607540726661682,
-0.3271821141242981,
0.30990728735923767,
-0.43596944212913513,
0.6186385154724121,
-0.29838481545448303,
-0.07803918421268463,
0.1940525621175766,
0.7769747376441956,
-0.07681810110807419,
-0.09463756531476974,
0.12182484567165375,
-0.23870949447155,
0.19940069317817688,
0.0699385479092598,
0.10593490302562714,
-0.2652433216571808,
0.15382623672485352,
0.23139889538288116,
0.36501482129096985,
-0.01710962876677513,
-0.5382823348045349,
-0.4698639512062073,
0.28028789162635803,
0.08948840945959091,
-0.16830112040042877,
0.526776134967804,
-0.49622923135757446,
-0.06412363052368164,
0.09832432866096497,
-0.03800376132130623,
0.7150111198425293,
-0.12361869215965271,
0.5489066243171692,
0.8419225811958313,
0.8965602517127991,
0.28336939215660095,
-0.37370309233665466,
-0.03166435658931732,
-0.48800191283226013,
0.6192829608917236,
-0.5356967449188232,
0.5710643529891968,
0.28059789538383484,
-0.47929415106773376,
0.44277840852737427,
0.33381250500679016,
-0.2441733032464981,
-0.17879042029380798,
0.26608437299728394,
0.05264180526137352,
0.48477599024772644,
-0.09928763657808304,
-0.6378393173217773,
0.15444858372211456,
0.6271907687187195,
0.5400224924087524,
-0.713295578956604,
0.46142590045928955,
-0.36749759316444397,
-0.33115917444229126,
-0.4449985921382904,
0.05235343426465988,
-0.3594704270362854,
-0.16438505053520203,
-0.46814170479774475,
0.2363012582063675,
-0.17673997581005096,
-0.20816124975681305,
0.4357486665248871,
-0.30538076162338257,
0.17629526555538177,
-0.1951076090335846,
0.4466533064842224,
-0.012610361911356449,
-0.44180306792259216,
-0.4913882315158844,
0.1482423096895218,
-0.1925012618303299,
0.39911949634552,
0.5937848687171936,
-0.8990054130554199,
-0.3312433660030365,
0.5401653051376343,
0.8174623250961304,
-0.18032856285572052,
0.4190465807914734,
-0.0020519099198281765,
-0.45602214336395264,
-0.05228501185774803,
-0.5450071692466736,
0.520486056804657,
0.1223398968577385,
-1.3217238187789917,
-0.28052929043769836,
-0.6733375191688538,
-0.31536567211151123,
0.16007007658481598,
0.0346895232796669,
0.049099717289209366,
-0.6611107587814331,
-0.651205837726593,
-0.4117901921272278,
0.20220835506916046,
0.11590239405632019,
-0.39590662717819214,
0.10038003325462341,
0.01542580220848322,
-0.47148382663726807,
0.13040988147258759,
-0.24239668250083923,
0.8609240055084229,
0.08163544535636902,
-0.6178569793701172,
0.07917413115501404,
-0.3228389024734497,
-0.11935611814260483,
0.09343486279249191,
-0.3292589783668518,
-0.2758016586303711,
0.20995740592479706,
-1.0769736766815186,
0.02246851846575737,
-0.33925434947013855,
0.5613818764686584,
0.9337159395217896,
0.16708804666996002,
-0.14134523272514343,
-0.5116598606109619,
-0.33583611249923706,
0.00002412544381513726,
0.42472517490386963,
0.029227087274193764,
-0.5491042137145996,
0.316267192363739,
0.4512516260147095,
-0.047881342470645905,
-0.4767732322216034,
0.04031561687588692,
0.2647092044353485,
-0.11568529903888702,
0.5448274612426758,
-0.3933720886707306,
-0.5455034375190735,
-0.2669908106327057,
0.17239947617053986,
0.17219528555870056,
0.5474036931991577,
-0.106656514108181,
-0.5618466734886169,
0.652104914188385,
-0.057859156280756,
0.4297066628932953,
-0.5398989915847778,
0.010674512013792992,
0.6099604368209839,
-0.5376030206680298,
-1.0079807043075562,
0.42390376329421997,
0.06058694049715996,
-0.0760345384478569,
-0.06745243072509766,
0.3629848062992096,
-0.06500090658664703,
-0.2194986343383789,
0.14272825419902802,
0.10729403793811798,
-0.3390904664993286,
-0.3507605791091919,
-0.45184653997421265,
0.22549699246883392,
-0.11318118125200272,
-0.40111908316612244,
0.843132495880127,
0.20711277425289154,
-0.510094404220581,
0.5576136112213135,
-0.04414485767483711,
0.34265896677970886,
0.11544094979763031,
-0.0457049198448658,
0.2772672474384308,
-0.29687583446502686,
0.07824449241161346,
-0.22549881041049957,
-0.2665077745914459,
-0.24781841039657593,
-0.5384541153907776,
0.33089035749435425,
0.15880617499351501,
0.0409402996301651,
0.529647171497345,
-0.04682701453566551,
0.41217470169067383,
-0.4785054326057434,
-0.41870537400245667,
0.397414892911911,
0.4399321675300598,
0.13557259738445282,
-0.029685840010643005,
0.04703373834490776,
-0.3217428922653198,
0.09435375779867172,
0.11146432906389236,
0.8255442976951599,
-0.30107951164245605,
0.04528643935918808,
0.36843031644821167,
-0.05714334920048714,
0.2005026489496231,
0.4339406490325928,
0.33008232712745667,
-0.01068953052163124,
-0.33066651225090027,
0.23281031847000122,
0.2154369205236435,
0.05963631719350815,
-0.11659574508666992,
-0.6302371621131897,
-0.11039072275161743,
-0.1272810697555542,
0.37413057684898376,
0.4463282525539398,
0.10478132218122482,
0.5263662934303284,
-0.5552619099617004,
0.26695671677589417,
-0.3381950855255127,
-0.052259426563978195,
0.3474868834018707,
-0.7926416993141174,
-0.48939239978790283,
-0.35762661695480347,
0.19420023262500763,
0.030630793422460556,
0.12864680588245392,
-0.4119628369808197,
0.23945339024066925,
-0.07996080070734024,
0.47799941897392273,
-0.5439581274986267,
-0.15192128717899323,
-0.30839425325393677,
-0.2997910678386688,
-0.250207781791687,
0.14144529402256012,
0.22718368470668793,
-0.856784462928772,
-0.010009386576712132,
0.02326284535229206,
0.621427595615387,
0.1911047399044037,
-0.6002774834632874,
-0.2547125518321991,
0.4866059720516205,
-0.014126024208962917,
-0.17175455391407013,
0.1171441376209259,
-0.3081851005554199,
0.20727819204330444,
0.37504076957702637,
-5.5882344245910645,
-0.01833246648311615,
-0.26940634846687317,
-0.4045940935611725,
-0.4352923035621643,
0.5810354948043823,
0.27112841606140137,
-0.5645257830619812,
0.04992757365107536,
0.14420026540756226,
0.2149229794740677,
-0.07430977374315262,
-0.07427620142698288,
-0.11476054042577744,
0.7900566458702087,
0.05060090124607086,
0.02470880188047886,
0.16741010546684265,
-0.6402961611747742,
0.28539779782295227,
0.07188288867473602,
0.043406058102846146,
-0.17025376856327057,
0.781343400478363,
-0.18691664934158325,
0.2221374809741974,
0.47621235251426697,
-0.7881879210472107,
-0.4897269606590271,
0.06357599794864655,
-0.3616918921470642,
0.3522878587245941,
0.1171436607837677,
0.07125470787286758,
0.1688186526298523,
-0.14407984912395477,
0.7023587226867676,
0.13718974590301514,
0.8133876323699951,
-0.3694895803928375,
-0.27597618103027344,
0.14389486610889435,
0.038086432963609695,
-0.5135714411735535,
0.5582762956619263,
-0.3049643635749817,
-0.254407674074173,
-0.05472825467586517,
-0.41365697979927063,
0.46450716257095337,
-0.10701122134923935,
0.09542516618967056,
0.12830616533756256,
0.23999172449111938,
0.4355071783065796,
0.15273256599903107,
-0.13150884211063385,
0.00770384818315506,
-0.2037641406059265,
0.20622481405735016,
1.3438345193862915,
-0.14016970992088318,
-0.3791351914405823,
-0.19042526185512543,
-0.4531377851963043,
-0.00548792677000165,
-0.3172859847545624,
0.09417859464883804,
1.0735687017440796,
-0.3301292955875397,
0.21070577204227448,
0.25573012232780457,
-0.11434681713581085,
-0.5601713061332703,
0.3259966969490051,
-0.7744168043136597,
-0.10554859042167664,
-0.10892500728368759,
0.09770722687244415,
0.7330871820449829,
0.14754149317741394,
-0.32183369994163513,
-0.29786592721939087,
0.13795597851276398,
-0.5003699660301208,
-1.4022581577301025,
-0.5759929418563843,
-0.09928134083747864,
-0.07653114199638367,
-0.6204240918159485,
0.47416922450065613,
-0.41226696968078613,
0.42481234669685364,
0.11712313443422318,
0.5397032499313354,
0.2626892626285553,
0.4216650724411011,
-0.22668173909187317,
0.9446619749069214,
-0.5234906673431396,
1.3173187971115112,
0.40582045912742615,
-0.08038613945245743,
-0.693382203578949,
0.3481144607067108,
-0.35563206672668457,
0.4688573181629181,
0.3722907304763794,
1.205399751663208,
0.0011783841764554381,
0.3505493998527527,
-0.8237087726593018,
0.007373419124633074,
-0.05328937992453575,
0.08132869005203247,
-0.14665792882442474,
0.04247087240219116,
0.4128493368625641,
0.3014434576034546,
-0.15696197748184204,
0.1679924726486206,
-0.23775547742843628,
-0.2772715389728546,
-0.11487795412540436,
-0.06726105511188507,
-0.5109072327613831,
0.30015334486961365,
0.19026266038417816,
-0.790117621421814,
-0.02300584875047207,
0.24664542078971863,
0.14979426562786102,
0.4959878921508789,
-0.29394692182540894,
-0.14080651104450226,
-0.006287283264100552,
-0.27638840675354004,
-0.18518070876598358,
0.35012322664260864,
-0.28348878026008606,
-0.048769112676382065,
-0.4044080674648285,
0.2308560013771057,
-0.07173055410385132,
0.40828704833984375,
0.4193301796913147,
-0.32823342084884644,
-0.000379538832930848,
0.051745492964982986,
0.7186667323112488,
-0.43203499913215637,
0.07262574881315231,
0.015045952051877975,
-0.15599727630615234,
0.3104211688041687,
-0.6487294435501099,
0.30999407172203064,
0.031570445746183395,
-0.19826479256153107,
-0.6508458256721497,
-0.0067471954971551895,
-0.15587107837200165,
-0.8485257029533386,
-0.47367095947265625,
-0.36521241068840027,
0.33866438269615173,
-0.6898830533027649,
0.0587962381541729,
0.5607329607009888,
0.449756920337677,
-0.19580483436584473,
-0.3504694104194641,
-0.7951251864433289,
0.48373177647590637,
-0.10990651696920395,
-0.3486335277557373,
-0.7731332778930664,
-0.11351374536752701,
-0.19598154723644257,
-0.1400505155324936,
-0.4097709357738495,
0.20451290905475616,
0.049029722809791565,
0.37741124629974365,
0.5397632718086243,
-0.2871752381324768,
0.1274530589580536,
0.28102022409439087,
0.052690763026475906,
0.488081693649292,
0.19899004697799683,
0.12328130751848221,
0.33468014001846313,
0.49595722556114197,
-0.47979021072387695,
0.5106196403503418,
-0.18684396147727966,
0.4293833076953888,
-0.042004987597465515,
-0.2708752155303955,
-0.03713184595108032,
0.1469843089580536,
0.11477930843830109,
-0.23719556629657745,
-0.19149541854858398,
-0.49561625719070435,
0.751574695110321,
-0.17822927236557007,
-0.6852643489837646,
0.46865659952163696,
-0.5307374000549316,
-0.5669325590133667,
0.1134229451417923,
0.8220930099487305,
-0.1596674919128418,
0.4454338550567627,
-0.29040223360061646,
-0.26066747307777405,
-0.06031516566872597,
-0.27163246273994446,
-0.08479851484298706,
-0.49503272771835327,
-0.28138479590415955,
0.06789687275886536,
-0.7414839267730713,
0.14863978326320648,
-0.11388567835092545,
-0.20064425468444824,
0.6753793358802795,
-0.43561163544654846,
0.039335910230875015,
-0.08513689786195755,
0.3401665687561035,
-0.047825466841459274,
0.21097014844417572,
0.4372263550758362,
-0.04294142127037048,
-0.044809844344854355,
0.13304084539413452,
0.23078009486198425,
0.7833060622215271,
1.2279150485992432,
0.17398560047149658,
0.2859693169593811,
0.2529926002025604,
0.3495708107948303,
0.17051227390766144,
-0.2245124727487564,
-0.5114917159080505,
-0.2990029454231262,
0.4444767236709595,
-0.21983931958675385,
0.1815006285905838,
0.3142866790294647,
0.267294704914093,
-0.07038173824548721,
0.10394562035799026,
0.15166296064853668,
-0.06631859391927719,
0.24710391461849213,
0.6635723114013672,
0.15309728682041168,
-0.9035576581954956,
0.2576500177383423,
0.06596486270427704,
-0.14725811779499054,
-1.1084332466125488,
0.26248812675476074,
0.3438369035720825,
0.5847815275192261,
0.41275399923324585,
0.26263508200645447,
0.2658633589744568,
0.2656647562980652,
0.05261395126581192,
0.7381712794303894,
-0.1322443187236786,
-0.578853189945221,
0.25077852606773376,
0.2947506308555603,
-0.8303624987602234,
0.338407427072525,
-0.2551657259464264,
-0.860637903213501,
-0.3853211998939514,
-0.2817496359348297,
-0.10932620614767075,
0.221831813454628,
0.17942944169044495,
-0.4837411046028137,
0.05929433926939964,
0.15642504394054413,
-0.22788754105567932,
0.5899431705474854,
0.07251215726137161,
-0.0073852757923305035,
0.0339646078646183,
0.5013649463653564,
-0.06880611181259155,
0.2650042772293091,
-1.120950698852539,
-0.13096003234386444,
-0.19412627816200256,
-1.0521392822265625,
0.49561169743537903,
-0.4559314250946045,
-0.2781173288822174,
0.22032901644706726,
-0.22819368541240692,
-0.37492668628692627,
0.2572292685508728,
0.03852669522166252,
-0.5958628058433533,
0.6762790679931641,
-0.1137586459517479,
-0.04055418819189072,
0.43864870071411133,
-0.5683050155639648,
0.6040818691253662,
0.8758786916732788,
-0.05057390779256821,
0.33869117498397827,
0.25665441155433655,
0.015632255002856255,
-0.33320537209510803,
-0.2024485021829605,
-0.6304126381874084,
0.19551846385002136,
0.6729307770729065,
0.4383346140384674,
0.14080248773097992,
-0.0638677179813385,
-0.3940492868423462,
0.14240482449531555,
-0.07271981239318848,
-0.5328431725502014,
0.20781175792217255,
-0.39889469742774963,
-0.5738665461540222,
0.7520589828491211,
0.8264230489730835,
0.16949957609176636,
-0.02403838187456131,
-0.09906869381666183,
0.017458084970712662,
-0.09033647179603577,
0.09232155978679657,
0.3165847361087799,
0.1388617604970932,
-0.3455795347690582,
0.2322460263967514,
-0.12700749933719635,
0.9547469615936279,
-0.6047607064247131,
0.19114257395267487,
0.0458616204559803,
-0.5981564521789551,
0.18990558385849,
-0.8606649041175842,
-0.055541928857564926,
-0.4804067611694336,
0.45609214901924133,
0.26687178015708923,
-0.4892406463623047,
-0.37636247277259827,
0.28932616114616394,
-0.25065964460372925,
-0.21805499494075775,
-0.19641557335853577,
0.0034070792607963085,
-0.03460902348160744,
0.488897442817688,
-0.3371114432811737,
-0.1733638495206833,
-0.42501211166381836,
-0.041147686541080475,
-0.07094871997833252,
0.6821249127388,
-0.26601359248161316,
-0.14842359721660614,
-0.9680523872375488,
-0.016358911991119385,
0.6190791130065918,
-0.6815288066864014,
0.2904203236103058,
0.07925145328044891,
-0.029854021966457367,
0.1317518651485443,
-0.0927366241812706,
0.24975039064884186,
0.3152337372303009,
-0.436544269323349,
-0.34843510389328003,
0.19724665582180023,
-0.22078445553779602,
-0.8840319514274597,
0.14595356583595276,
0.9973337054252625,
0.05597023293375969,
-0.2340935617685318,
0.12193959206342697,
-0.15353772044181824,
-0.08678048849105835,
-0.0822521224617958,
-0.4785780906677246,
-0.24896714091300964,
-0.26445966958999634,
0.10325823724269867,
-0.2519407272338867,
0.7214661836624146,
0.695411741733551,
0.14088937640190125,
-0.46136531233787537,
0.11335025727748871,
-0.24449649453163147,
-0.0710630863904953,
0.7986766695976257,
-0.20802047848701477,
0.13801926374435425,
-0.1970638781785965,
-0.018856864422559738,
0.16827505826950073,
-0.01677596941590309,
0.2797529399394989,
0.6852436065673828,
0.42492249608039856,
-0.3914226293563843,
-0.10324070602655411,
-0.8834715485572815,
0.1983911544084549,
-0.5814478397369385,
0.5084151029586792,
-0.448983758687973,
0.5558524131774902,
0.07850388437509537,
-0.4415809214115143,
0.24254938960075378,
0.2047383040189743,
0.41127145290374756,
-0.30274713039398193,
0.4087817966938019,
-0.24982984364032745,
0.18644219636917114,
-0.6148689985275269,
0.7412065267562866,
-0.3310581147670746,
0.6835578680038452,
-0.38326069712638855,
-0.529740571975708,
-0.33538365364074707,
0.36665213108062744,
-0.8015303611755371,
0.30828168988227844,
0.07164864242076874,
-0.0187082402408123,
0.5888137221336365,
0.09873563796281815,
-0.289340078830719,
-0.14669691026210785,
-0.209895059466362
] |
210482
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta%20B.C.
|
Atalanta B.C.
|
Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio, commonly referred to as Atalanta, is a professional football club based in Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy. The club plays in Serie A, having gained promotion from Serie B in 2010–11.
Atalanta was founded in 1907 by Liceo Classico Paolo Sarpi students and is nicknamed La Dea, the Nerazzurri and the Orobici. The club plays in blue-and-black vertically striped shirts, black shorts and black socks. The club plays its home matches at the 21,747-seater Gewiss Stadium. In Italy, Atalanta is sometimes called Regina delle provinciali (queen of the provincial clubs) to mark the fact that the club is the most consistent among Italian clubs not based in a regional capital, having played 60 seasons in Serie A, 28 seasons in Serie B, and only one in Serie C. Atalanta has a long-standing rivalry with nearby club Brescia.
The club is also famed for its youth academy, which has produced several notable talents who have played in the top leagues of Europe.
The club won the Coppa Italia in 1963 and reached the semi-finals of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1988, when it was still competing in Serie B. This is still the best ever performance by a non-first division club in a major UEFA competition (together with Cardiff City). Atalanta also participated in four seasons of the UEFA Europa League (previously known as the UEFA Cup), reaching the quarter-finals in the 1990–91 season. Atalanta additionally qualified for the UEFA Champions League three times, reaching the quarter-finals in the 2019–20 season.
History
Founding and establishment in Serie A (1907–1959)
Atalanta was founded on 17 October 1907 by students of the Liceo Classico Paolo Sarpi and was named after the female athlete of the same name from Greek mythology. Though it immediately established a football sector, it was not the first football association based in Bergamo: Football Club Bergamo was founded by Swiss emigrants in 1904, and was absorbed into another club, Bergamasca, in 1911. The Italian Football Federation did not recognize Atalanta until 1914, and in 1919 announced that it would only allow one club from Bergamo to compete in the highest national league (then called the Prima Categoria). As Atalanta and Bergamasca were rivals and did not come to an agreement, admission to the Prima Categoria was decided by a playoff match; Atalanta won this match 2–0. A merger between the two clubs nevertheless occurred in 1920, forming the new club Atalanta Bergamasca di Ginnastica e Scherma 1907 (shortened to Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio) and establishing its black and blue (nerazzurri) colors.
Atalanta competed in the Seconda Divisione, the second tier, during the early 1920s. In the 1927–28 season, the club won its group and subsequently defeated Pistoiese in the playoffs to win promotion and its first second division league triumph. The club inaugurated its current home stadium in the Borgo Santa Caterina neighborhood in 1928, and was admitted to Serie B, the second tier of the restructured Italian league, in 1929. After almost a decade in Serie B, Atalanta achieved its first promotion to Serie A in 1937 under coach Ottavio Barbieri, though was relegated at the end of the season. The club returned to Serie A in 1940 as champion of Serie B.
During the 1940s, Atalanta performed consistently in the top flight, though the national league was halted between 1943 and 1945 due to World War II. Atalanta achieved a fifth-place finish in the 1947–48 Serie A under coach Ivo Fiorentini, its highest league finish until 2017. The club earned a reputation as the provinciale terribile (terrible provincial team) during this time as a result of its successes against well-known metropolitan teams such as the Grande Torino, who won Serie A five times during the 1940s. Atalanta achieved mid-table finishes during much of the 1950s and remained in Serie A until 1958, when it was relegated due to accusations of match fixing. These accusations were found to be false a year later, after the club returned to Serie A by winning its second Serie B title.
Coppa Italia victory, decline, and reemergence in Europe (1959–1994)
Atalanta won the Coppa Italia in 1963, defeating Torino 3–1 in the final thanks to a hat-trick by striker Angelo Domenghini. This was the senior team's first (and so far only) major trophy. During the early 1960s, the club made its debut in European competitions, among them the 1961–62 Mitropa Cup, the Coppa dell'Amicizia, and the Coppa delle Alpi. As domestic cup winners, the club qualified for the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup, its first major UEFA competition, though was eliminated by Portuguese club Sporting CP in the first round. The club made a few more appearances in international (though not UEFA) cups during the 1960s, though was relegated in 1969 after a decade in the top flight.
During the 1970s, Atalanta experienced several movements between Serie A and Serie B, and was in the second tier for four consecutive seasons between 1973 and 1977. Despite playing in Serie B at the time, the club developed several young players who moved on to historically bigger clubs and won the 1982 FIFA World Cup with Italy. Several difficult seasons then saw Atalanta fall into Serie B in 1980 and Serie C1 in 1981, when for the first time in its history, the club would play outside the top two tiers. This was a blow that revitalized the club, from which many changes in management followed.
Under new management, Atalanta comfortably won Group A of Serie C1 in 1982, returning to Serie B the next season and then to Serie A in 1984, where it would remain until 1987. Atalanta reached its second Coppa Italia final in 1987, though lost 4–0 to Napoli over two legs. As Napoli also won Serie A that season and therefore qualified for the European Cup, Atalanta qualified for its second European Cup Winners' Cup. This was a turning point for the club; Emiliano Mondonico was appointed as coach and the club would achieve promotion after only one season in Serie B. In the Cup Winners' Cup, Atalanta lost its first match against Welsh club Merthyr Tydfil, but won the return fixture and went on to reach the semi-finals, where it would be eliminated 4–2 on aggregate by Belgian club K.V. Mechelen, who would eventually win the tournament. In doing so, Atalanta achieved the best finish in a UEFA competition of a club playing outside its country's top flight league. With a sixth-place finish in the 1988–89 Serie A, Atalanta qualified for its first UEFA Cup, though was eliminated by Russian club Spartak Moscow in the first round. Atalanta then finished seventh in the 1989–90 Serie A and reached the quarterfinals of the 1990–91 UEFA Cup, losing to local rival and eventual winner Internazionale.
Fluctuating performances (1994–2016)
After several upper mid-table finishes and a narrowly missed UEFA cup qualification in 1993, the club was relegated in 1994 after an ambitious project failed, though would return to Serie A in 1995. In the 1995–96 season, Atalanta reached the Coppa Italia final again, losing against Fiorentina. In 1996–97 season, striker Filippo Inzaghi scored 24 league goals and became the first (and so far only) Atalanta player to be named capocannoniere (Serie A top scorer). The club then sold several key players, causing it to struggle and return to Serie B in 1998; it would remain there until 2000, when coach Giovanni Vavassori revitalized the team with youth academy players in a successful promotion campaign.
In the 2000s, Atalanta experienced more divisional movements: it was relegated in 2002–03 (despite finishing seventh just two years prior) and 2004–05, but achieved promotion to Serie A after only one season in Serie B both times, winning the 2005–06 edition. After a tumultuous 2009–10 season, which saw the club change coach three times, the club was once again relegated; after this relegation, entrepreneur Antonio Percassi became the club's new president. and Stefano Colantuono returned as coach. The club won Serie B in 2011 and thus immediately returned to Serie A. Despite this success, club captain Cristiano Doni was named among the suspects in a match-fixing scandal (also known as Calcioscommesse); Doni was handed a three-and-a-half-year ban from football and the club was docked six points in the 2011–12 league table and two points in the 2012–13 league table. Throughout the early and mid-2010s, Atalanta generally lingered in lower-midtable in Serie A.
New heights under Gasperini (2016–present)
Former Genoa coach Gian Piero Gasperini was appointed before the 2016–17 season. Despite initial difficulties, the club's results steadily improved throughout the season. Gasperini integrated players from the club's youth sector and led the club to a fourth-place league finish with 72 points, besting its previous records and qualifying for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League after a 26-year absence from UEFA competitions. In the Europa League, the club reached the round of 32, losing 4–3 on aggregate to Borussia Dortmund. In 2017–18, Atalanta finished seventh in the league, entering the qualifying rounds for 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, though was eliminated in a penalty shootout by Danish club Copenhagen. Despite a difficult start to the 2018–19 season, Atalanta achieved many positive results and finished third in Serie A, its best ever league finish; with this result, the club qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time in its history. Atalanta also reached the Coppa Italia final, though lost 2–0 to Lazio.
In the 2019–20 season, Atalanta lost its first three Champions League matches, but went on to qualify for the round of 16. Atalanta then defeated Spanish club Valencia in both legs of the round of 16, reaching the quarterfinals, where it would be eliminated by French champions Paris Saint-Germain. The club also repeated its third-place finish in Serie A and achieved a second consecutive Champions League qualification, breaking several club records. In the 2020–21 season, Atalanta reached the round of 16 in the Champions League for the second time, following an away victory over Ajax, and later secured Champions League qualification and third place in Serie A for the third consecutive time.
On 19 February 2022, a U.S. based consortium led by Stephen Pagliuca acquired a 55% stake of La Dea srl, the controlling company of Atalanta, previously wholly owned by the Percassi family. Under the new agreement, Pagliuca was named co-chairman, with Antonio Percassi staying on as chairman.
Colors, kits, and crest
Colors and kits
The first kits adopted by Atalanta after its founding featured thin black and white vertical stripes. These were Atalanta's colors until 1920, when the club merged with local rival Bergamasca (which had blue and white kits) in order to compete in the Italian league. Following the merger, the common color white was eliminated, leaving black and blue (nerazzurri) as the colors of the newly-formed Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio. In the first years following this merger, the club's kits featured black and blue quarters. Atalanta adopted its classic black and blue vertical stripes several years later.
Atalanta's home kits have characteristically had black and blue vertical stripes since their adoption in the 1920s. Slight variations in thickness of the stripes have existed over the years, though the club never strayed far from the classic design for its home kits. Atalanta's away kits have traditionally been mostly white, with various touches of black and blue and other details. The club's third kits and goalkeeper kits have not historically adhered to any strict pattern; many colors (among them green, red, light blue, and black) have been used for these over the years.
Since 2010, Atalanta plays its final home match of the calendar year, a "Christmas Match", in specially designed kits. The kits are then auctioned to raise money for charity.
Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Crest
Atalanta has had five crests since its foundation, all of which depict some combination of the team's name (except between 1984 and 1993), colors, and (since 1963) the Greek mythological athlete Atalanta, from whom the club derives its name as well as its nickname La Dea.
The club's first three crests were shields featuring the name Atalanta on top, colored stripes on the left, and another symbolic representation on the right. The original crest dates back to 1907 and had the club's original black and white stripes alongside a blue patch. In 1963, after the club won the Coppa Italia, the crest was redesigned to feature black and blue stripes alongside a running girl representing Atalanta. The crest's colors and representation of Atalanta changed again in the 1970s, though followed the same basic shape as the 1963 version.
In 1984, the crest underwent a major redesign: the club's name and the running girl's body were removed from the crest and its shape was changed from a shield to a circle. This "classic" crest featured a white silhouette of Atalanta's head on a black and blue background, enclosed in three concentric white, black, and golden yellow circles. Black, blue, and white were retained—as the club's colors—while yellow was added to represent the golden apples, which according to mythology, Hippomenes tossed to Atalanta to distract her and defeat her in a footrace.
The club's modern crest was designed in 1993. It incorporates the 1984 crest into its design, though tilts Atalanta's head and lacks the yellow circle. The name Atalanta and founding year 1907 were added respectively above and below the circle, which is enclosed in an ellipse featuring the same split black and blue background as the 1984 design.
Stadium
Atalanta has played at its current stadium, the 21,747-seater Gewiss Stadium in the Borgo Santa Caterina neighborhood of Bergamo, since 1928. Prior to its opening, Atalanta played at several other grounds in Bergamo. Between its founding in 1907 and recognition by the FIGC in 1914, the club did not have a dedicated playing field and only played friendly matches in public spaces—the Piazza d'Armi and the Campo di Marte in Bergamo. In 1914, Atalanta's first playing field was established on the Via Maglio del Lotto, near the Bergamo–Milan railway. It measured and had a seated capacity of 1,000 spectators. Due to financial hardship during World War I, though, Atalanta was forced to sell the land containing its field, leaving it without a home ground. As a solution, entrepreneur and philanthropist Betty Ambiveri sold the Clementina field, an older venue in Seriate that hosted sporting events such as cycling, to the club. The new field was inaugurated as the Atalanta Stadium and it hosted 14,000 spectators in its first match against La Dominante of Genoa.
With the growth of football in the 1920s, Atalanta needed a new stadium. The new stadium was constructed on Viale Margherita (now Viale Giulio Cesare), replacing a hippodrome that once occupied the site. Construction of the new stadium took one year; it opened in 1928 and cost 3.5 million lire. The stadium was named after fascist Mario Brumana; this was common naming practice in fascist Italy. The Brumana stadium was much larger than the Clementina field, having a seated capacity of 12,000 spectators in two tribune (side stands) and a larger field measuring ; it also featured a running track, as it was planned to form part of a larger complex. On 1 November 1928, Atalanta played its first unofficial match at the stadium (a 4–2 victory against Triestina); the stadium was then officially inaugurated on 23 December 1928, when Atalanta defeated La Dominante Genova 2–0 in front of over 14,000 spectators.
After World War II, the stadium was renamed the Stadio Comunale ("Municipal Stadium"), as fascism no longer existed in Italy. Expansion of the stadium began in the years following the war: the construction of a south stand (the Curva Sud) began in 1949, and a second stand at the north end (the Curva Nord) followed during the 1960s, opening in 1971. Later, in 1984, the running track was removed in order to expand the stadium's capacity upon Atalanta's return to Serie A after five years. The club's first match in the 1984–85 Serie A, a 1–1 draw against Inter, had an attendance of over 43,000 spectators, a record attendance for the Stadio Comunale.
The Tribuna Giulio Cesare underwent modernization during the early 1990s, and the stadium was renamed the Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia ("Blue Athletes of Italy") in 1994. In 1997, following the death of 22-year-old forward Federico Pisani in a car accident, the Curva Nord was nicknamed the Curva Pisani in his honor. Similarly, the Curva Sud was nicknamed the Curva Morosini in 2012 to posthumously honor 25-year-old youth academy player Piermario Morosini, who died following collapse on the field during a Serie B match between Pescara and Livorno. In 2015, the stadium also expanded its side stands to offer pitchside views only several meters (feet) from the benches, a revolutionary feature of Italian stadiums at the time.
On 10 May 2017, Atalanta announced the acquisition of the stadium from the comune for 8.6 million euros, becoming one of only four Serie A clubs to own its home stadium. This acquisition allowed the club to authorize a renovation project for the stadium, for like many Italian stadiums, much of its structure and facilities were considered outdated. This renovation project was also necessary to upgrade the stadium to meet UEFA standards for hosting matches in UEFA competitions. Because the stadium was not ready at the time, Atalanta had to play its Europa League home matches at the Mapei Stadium in Reggio Emilia and its Champions League home matches in its debut season at San Siro in Milan. Despite not playing in Bergamo, though thanks to the additional capacity of San Siro, Atalanta recorded its record home attendance of 44,236 during a Champions League knockout stage match against Valencia on 19 February 2020.
Following a sponsorship agreement with electronics company Gewiss lasting at least until 2025, the stadium was renamed the Gewiss Stadium on 1 July 2019. On 6 October 2019, the renovated Curva Nord was inaugurated for Atalanta's home match against Lecce; it has covered seating for over 9,000 spectators. A year later, both side stands underwent modernization and the Curva Sud had temporary seats installed on the concrete. These upgrades allowed Atalanta to play its Champions League matches in Bergamo starting in the 2020–21 season. The final phase will feature a rebuilt Curva Sud (mirroring the rebuilt Curva Nord), which will increase the stadium's capacity to about 25,000, as well as construction of a new underground parking garage and other improvements to the stadium's surroundings. It was originally expected to be completed in 2021, though has reportedly been delayed until February or March 2022. Atalanta will still be able to play its home matches at the Gewiss Stadium during construction.
The stadium in Bergamo has also been used as a home ground by local Serie C club AlbinoLeffe from 2003 to 2019 (when it moved to Gorgonzola), a period during which AlbinoLeffe spent nine years in Serie B and met Atalanta on several occasions. On occasion, Atalanta's youth team also plays competitive matches at the Gewiss Stadium, most recently the Supercoppa Primavera in 2021.
Training ground
Atalanta trains at the Centro Sportivo Bortolotti in , a complex first constructed during the community's development in the 1960s, before being acquired for Atalanta by president Achille Bortolotti and inaugurated in 1977. The complex is used by the senior team for training and some friendlies, and the youth teams for training and home matches in youth competitions such as the Campionato Primavera 1. Atalanta's renowned youth academy (Scuola di Calcio; see below) is also based in Zingonia, and has been a continuous point of investment for the club since its establishment.
Supporters
, Atalanta is the 10th-most supported club in Italy, with an estimated 350,000 supporters. Although Atalanta supporters are vastly outnumbered in Italy by fans of more titled clubs, the club's performances in recent years have drawn additional support, especially among younger generations; an increase of 43% was reported since 2019. The club has also worked to grow its fanbase with the Neonati Atalantini initiative, implemented in 2010 by president Percassi, which gifts a free Atalanta replica shirt to all newborns born within the city limits of Bergamo. , over 36,000 shirts have been distributed; similar programs have been more recently adopted by other Italian clubs as well.
Most of the club's fans reside within the Province of Bergamo; conversely, there are very strong ties between Atalanta and Bergamo's residents, who often gather together in close-knit groups in support of the club. Atalanta supporters (tifosi) are considered to be among the most passionate and loyal fans in Italy. Atalanta's Ultras gather mostly in the Curva Nord as the unified group Curva Nord 1907, formed from members of various Ultras groups under the leadership of Claudio "Il Bocia" Galimberti during the early 2000s. The Curva Nord Ultras were historically leftist but are now apolitical. A separate Ultras group, Forever Atalanta, gathers in the Curva Sud, and is believed to still be leftist. Atalanta Ultras have a reputation as one of the most violent Ultras groups in Italy, self-describing as "we hate everybody", and indeed having few friends and many strong rivalries. The club and its Ultras have been punished on multiple occasions by the Italian Football League for violent or racist conduct.
On match days, the Curva Nord often features flares, fireworks, and choreography, and sometimes is covered by a large black-and-blue striped flag (see image). During the 2018–19 season, Atalanta matches had an average home attendance of 18,248, of whom an estimated 15,676 were season ticket holders.
Since 2002, Atalanta supporters have organized La Festa della Dea (the Festival of the Goddess), a multi-day festival to celebrate the club, almost every summer. The celebration features music, local cuisine, and reverence for the club's history, management, and players (both former and current players). Some contemporary players and coaches also have appeared at the celebration, most recently in 2018.
Friendships and rivalries
Atalanta supporters have a long-standing friendship (gemellaggio; twinning) with supporters of Ternana. The friendship between the two clubs' supporters is one of the oldest and strongest in Italy, persevering since the 1980s. Historically, both clubs' Ultras were brought together by shared political views, and they frequently visit the other club's Curva. Supporters of the club also have a historical twinning with supporters of German club Eintracht Frankfurt, a friendship similarly rooted in shared political views. There are also friendly relations between fans of Atalanta and fans of Spezia (since Atalanta's run in the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1988), Cosenza, Cavese, and Austrian club Wacker Innsbruck.
Atalanta supporters share their most intense with supporters of nearby club Brescia. Meetings between the two clubs are sometimes known as the Derby Lombardo (Lombard Derby). This rivalry has its roots in a historical feud between Bergamo and Brescia dating back to the Middle Ages, beginning in 1126 when Bergamo expanded its territory by acquiring land put up for sale by Brescia; this led to a series of territorial disputes and armed conflicts between the two cities, among them the Battle of Cortenuova in 1237. Although armed conflict eventually ended and both cities were unified under the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, the cities' historical rivalry has defined the atmosphere of Atalanta–Brescia matches since the clubs' establishment. In 1993, tension between the clubs' supporters escalated further following a match (won 2–0 by Brescia) that was suspended three times due to violence in the stands and resulted in over 20 spectators being hospitalized.
Since at least 1977, a heartfelt rivalry has existed between fans of Atalanta and Torino. There have been various altercations between the clubs' Ultras during matches between the clubs, though some fans share a mutual respect or consider each other "respected enemies". The Atalanta–Torino rivalry also gave rise to a short-lived friendship (lasting until the early 1980s) between supporters of Atalanta and Juventus—Torino's city rival—though Atalanta supporters now also consider Juventus a hated rival. In addition to Juventus, there are also strong rivalries between Atalanta and Italy's other well-supported clubs: Roma, Milan, Inter, Napoli, and Lazio. The rivalry between Atalanta and Roma emerged in 1984 after once-friendly relations between the two clubs' Ultras deteriorated. Milan and Atalanta have had a long-standing rivalry fueled by the friendship between fans of Brescia and Milan as well as a controversial episode during a Coppa Italia match in 1990 that infuriated the Atalanta fans. Matches between Inter and Atalanta have seen violence among Ultras since the early 1970s, fueled by political differences as well as the clubs' shared black and blue colors. Atalanta's rivalry with Lazio has been historically characterized by opposing political views—respectively far left against far right—though has greatly intensified following Lazio's Coppa Italia triumph over Atalanta in 2019. There are also strong rivalries between supporters of Atalanta and supporters of Bologna, Como, Fiorentina, Genoa, Hellas Verona, Pisa, and Vicenza, as well as Croatian club Dinamo Zagreb.
Players
Current squad
Youth sector
Other players under contract
Out on loan
Retired numbers
12 – Dedication to fans, in particularly for Curva Pisani ones
14 – Federico Pisani, forward (1991–97) – posthumous honor
80 – , radio journalist.
Managers
Atalanta's current manager (head coach) is Gian Piero Gasperini, who assumed the role on 14 June 2016. The club has had a total of 59 managers (including player-managers, assistants acting as head coach, and caretaker managers) since the club hired its first professional coach, Cesare Lovati, in 1925. The club's longest-serving manager is Emiliano Mondonico, who oversaw 299 matches in all competitions—including a European Cup Winners' Cup and a UEFA Cup—in two spells (1987–90 and 1994–98). Stefano Colantuono, who was also manager on two occasions (2005–07 and 2010–15), is the manager with the most appearances in league matches (261, compared to 246 for Mondonico) and second-most appearances in total. Current manager Gasperini, who led the club to its highest league finishes and UEFA Champions League qualification between 2019 and 2021, has the third-most appearances as manager in the club's history and the longest uninterrupted tenure as Atalanta manager (five consecutive seasons).
Coaching staff
Finances and ownership
Presidential history
Atalanta have had several presidents (chairmen) ( or ) over the course of their history. Some of them have been the main shareholder of the club. The longest-serving chairman is Ivan Ruggeri, who was relieved of his duties after he suffered a stroke in January 2008, being replaced by his son Alessandro
who was named chairman of Atalanta in September 2008. Alessandro's father was unable to manage the team due to the consequences of the stroke.
In June 2010, after another relegation to Serie B, Alessandro Ruggeri sold his share of the club to Antonio Percassi, who became the new chairman of Atalanta.
Honours
Domestic
Coppa Italia
Winners: 1962–63
Runners-up (4): 1986–87, 1995–96, 2018–19, 2020–21
Serie B
Winners (6): 1927–28, 1939–40, 1958–59, 1983–84, 2005–06, 2010–11
Runners-up (4): 1936–37, 1970–71, 1976–77, 1999–2000
Serie C1 North
Winners: 1981–82
Divisional movements
UEFA club coefficient ranking
Youth system
The Atalanta youth system consists of four men's teams that participate in separate national leagues (Primavera, Allievi Nazionali A and B, and Giovanissimi Nazionali) and two that participate at a regional level (Giovanissimi Regionali A and B).
The first person who was committed to set up the Atalanta youth teams was Giuseppe Ciatto. Every organisational aspect was dealt with and resolved by him, and he also took care to train the various teams. In 1949 Atalanta won the Campionato Ragazzi.
In the late 1950s former Atalanta player Luigi Tentorio (then Special Commissioner of the club) felt the need to start investing more systematically in youth: he decided to create a real youth sector, with its own independent structure from the first team. The youth sector was entrusted to Giuseppe Brolis, who created a partnership with various clubs in the Veneto and Friuli regions, building a network of scouts and young coaches.
A crucial step in the history of the Bergamo youth sector took place in the early 1990s when the president Antonio Percassi implemented a new investment policy, especially at the youth level. He managed to convince Fermo Favini to leave Como and entrusted him with the responsibility of the youth sector.
The Atalanta youth system not only continued to increase the production of players for the first team, but began to win several honours in the most important national leagues. From 1991 to 2014, the various youth teams have won 17 national titles.
Apart from successes at youth level, the Atalanta youth system is also one of the most highly regarded in Europe: according to a ranking by the study centre in Coverciano, Atalanta have the top youth system in Italy and the sixth in Europe, behind Real Madrid, Barcelona and three French teams. The parameters used were the number of first division players produced by the club. In the 2007–08 season, 22 players from Atalanta's youth played in Serie A, 32 in Serie B and 3 abroad.
In 2014, a global study of the "CIES Football Observatory", placed the Atalanta youth system eighth place in the world, with 25 former youth players who play in the top 5 European leagues.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Atalanta at Serie A
Atalanta at UEFA
Official fans site
Tutto Atalanta: Atalanta News & Gossip
Sport in Bergamo
Football clubs in Italy
Football clubs in Lombardy
Association football clubs established in 1907
Italian football First Division clubs
Serie A clubs
Serie B clubs
Serie C clubs
Coppa Italia winning clubs
1907 establishments in Italy
|
[
0.4709622263908386,
-0.2241799533367157,
0.010590631514787674,
-0.043447837233543396,
-0.03558066487312317,
0.30350637435913086,
-0.14260870218276978,
0.49079617857933044,
-0.4332365393638611,
-0.6050636172294617,
0.1914045214653015,
0.37433457374572754,
-0.4324469566345215,
0.4520058333873749,
-0.12207737565040588,
-0.27268847823143005,
0.6164687871932983,
0.5150854587554932,
0.3982710838317871,
-0.9901140332221985,
0.18196405470371246,
-0.14426667988300323,
0.7852301001548767,
0.5757799744606018,
-0.31608638167381287,
-0.30610331892967224,
0.3904581069946289,
1.0069037675857544,
0.014840147458016872,
-0.22312451899051666,
0.13580679893493652,
-0.007791456300765276,
-0.17917822301387787,
-0.3100675940513611,
-0.13602684438228607,
0.03500786051154137,
0.3739882707595825,
-0.10862822830677032,
-0.45350733399391174,
-0.721648097038269,
-0.49461957812309265,
-0.014524504542350769,
0.25987952947616577,
0.20336800813674927,
0.23005402088165283,
-0.15859541296958923,
-1.0623512268066406,
0.90186607837677,
-0.6975018382072449,
-0.33041316270828247,
-0.07730262726545334,
0.07112200558185577,
-0.0644880160689354,
-0.21725128591060638,
0.4041345715522766,
0.2600429654121399,
-0.5170058012008667,
0.10500557720661163,
-0.17630787193775177,
-0.42837077379226685,
0.27749285101890564,
0.6203482151031494,
1.0406553745269775,
-0.6352464556694031,
-0.096155546605587,
0.4341074228286743,
-0.004503605421632528,
-0.7648817300796509,
0.03019416518509388,
0.5597149133682251,
-0.14869822561740875,
-0.335849404335022,
-0.7414199709892273,
-0.2063336819410324,
-0.07438573241233826,
-0.5796670317649841,
-0.2409709244966507,
0.44142991304397583,
0.19307930767536163,
0.25988301634788513,
0.631897509098053,
-0.3504103720188141,
0.9340884685516357,
0.08027598261833191,
0.5395464897155762,
0.8839098811149597,
-0.6229389309883118,
-0.622390866279602,
-0.249927818775177,
0.5641421675682068,
-0.5309276580810547,
-1.0311833620071411,
0.8281025886535645,
-0.16871006786823273,
-0.12633900344371796,
0.21230773627758026,
-0.41012150049209595,
0.5813916921615601,
-0.3713890314102173,
-0.022244084626436234,
-0.2217547744512558,
0.2787196636199951,
-0.043034277856349945,
-0.15647956728935242,
-0.2736796736717224,
0.4392293095588684,
-0.40322285890579224,
0.09616062790155411,
-0.5822038054466248,
-0.48984822630882263,
-0.683976948261261,
0.20303060114383698,
-0.11438500881195068,
-0.07014868408441544,
-0.01597057655453682,
-0.3696390390396118,
0.7466213703155518,
0.3885410726070404,
-0.5839080810546875,
0.2468651980161667,
-0.2752190828323364,
0.34515267610549927,
-0.5583255290985107,
-0.2204078733921051,
-0.13609927892684937,
0.6212160587310791,
0.6049138903617859,
0.25969648361206055,
0.4022670090198517,
-0.13050223886966705,
0.24511851370334625,
0.33113768696784973,
-0.32622700929641724,
0.49355176091194153,
0.5475208759307861,
-0.26095399260520935,
-0.32537204027175903,
-0.00884077325463295,
0.3189708888530731,
0.3219028413295746,
-1.085571527481079,
-0.04150230437517166,
-0.7828027606010437,
-0.4822414219379425,
0.40001538395881653,
-0.36167269945144653,
-0.03183051198720932,
-0.18917982280254364,
0.44513610005378723,
-0.1807011365890503,
0.052551012486219406,
-0.5240421891212463,
-0.6460736393928528,
-0.23232413828372955,
-0.0851922258734703,
0.0056930119171738625,
0.3957280218601227,
-0.44040951132774353,
0.3524039089679718,
0.11911854892969131,
0.059705208986997604,
-0.22506959736347198,
-0.16886726021766663,
0.2702389657497406,
0.4759593605995178,
-0.799231231212616,
0.08717559278011322,
0.02163187600672245,
-0.06471600383520126,
0.6564280986785889,
-0.6695747375488281,
-0.2100246250629425,
0.3031937777996063,
-0.2535654604434967,
-0.34673789143562317,
-0.04129635915160179,
0.19667580723762512,
0.07243648171424866,
0.2718967795372009,
-0.12140561640262604,
-0.5274758338928223,
0.354785293340683,
0.3643350899219513,
0.5017486810684204,
-0.16854290664196014,
-0.16079580783843994,
0.7028307914733887,
-0.24900761246681213,
0.040531303733587265,
-0.23729614913463593,
-0.4078333377838135,
-0.34819701313972473,
0.39534929394721985,
-0.3801177740097046,
0.878751814365387,
-0.612665057182312,
-0.5304879546165466,
1.1617602109909058,
-0.37913015484809875,
0.4048738181591034,
0.1907961219549179,
0.3076930344104767,
0.2845406234264374,
-0.26745307445526123,
-0.5547007918357849,
0.40578871965408325,
0.009202931076288223,
0.6851539015769958,
0.5330179333686829,
1.1938930749893188,
0.1859864741563797,
-0.2470371276140213,
-0.2502242922782898,
0.13396169245243073,
-0.029578324407339096,
-0.702750027179718,
-0.7760899662971497,
0.7745790481567383,
0.5450063347816467,
-0.22042611241340637,
0.10056278854608536,
0.19548632204532623,
-0.19772879779338837,
0.43619269132614136,
0.21376797556877136,
1.1207032203674316,
0.043060481548309326,
0.2429024577140808,
0.32056811451911926,
-0.7188420295715332,
0.692079484462738,
0.16994580626487732,
-0.01025413814932108,
0.13514113426208496,
0.16128161549568176,
-0.1691739410161972,
-0.03668230399489403,
-0.5845467448234558,
0.03613326698541641,
0.1035107895731926,
0.21357516944408417,
0.6458737254142761,
-0.6317927241325378,
0.3477399945259094,
0.686861515045166,
-0.45674967765808105,
0.30252546072006226,
0.5694121718406677,
0.07581056654453278,
-0.01763342134654522,
0.05998309329152107,
-0.3701187074184418,
0.16527162492275238,
0.18565064668655396,
-0.21334174275398254,
-0.4051002264022827,
0.1335318684577942,
0.07337600737810135,
0.38741061091423035,
-0.022140158340334892,
-0.304521769285202,
-0.4515243470668793,
0.7233901619911194,
0.31669312715530396,
-0.16951285302639008,
-0.3536638021469116,
-0.010684093460440636,
-0.38439029455184937,
0.2438647449016571,
-0.2648908197879791,
0.3265746831893921,
0.20787884294986725,
0.07033959776163101,
0.030621597543358803,
-0.4869014024734497,
-0.2004435658454895,
-0.38771116733551025,
0.16638626158237457,
-0.9540585279464722,
-0.299292653799057,
-0.18652604520320892,
-0.04589240625500679,
0.2852592170238495,
-0.2791794240474701,
-0.6470098495483398,
0.12915943562984467,
0.09097058326005936,
-0.6357538104057312,
-0.1200847178697586,
-0.04951866716146469,
-0.32407277822494507,
0.008912784047424793,
-0.6316900253295898,
0.5223298668861389,
0.21841156482696533,
-0.35231733322143555,
0.15795007348060608,
0.4187324643135071,
0.574563205242157,
-0.9007702469825745,
-0.45909592509269714,
0.05298876762390137,
-0.3804805278778076,
0.13608290255069733,
0.12035863101482391,
0.03567597642540932,
-0.008933989331126213,
-0.2087627649307251,
-5.453301906585693,
0.7338098883628845,
-0.1072390079498291,
-0.027276713401079178,
-0.008904319256544113,
-0.4347033202648163,
0.2352297008037567,
-0.24263766407966614,
0.3074364960193634,
0.1830461472272873,
-0.14872586727142334,
-0.05690595135092735,
0.4031493067741394,
0.7205301523208618,
-0.21101438999176025,
0.7287567257881165,
0.10617910325527191,
-0.22755217552185059,
-0.000018375520085101016,
0.449634313583374,
0.10868046432733536,
0.45916417241096497,
-0.12068820744752884,
0.9295728802680969,
-0.06492362916469574,
0.6758971214294434,
-0.39227357506752014,
-0.3884321451187134,
-0.9870755672454834,
-0.832872748374939,
0.04153341427445412,
-0.3003773093223572,
-0.023349454626441002,
0.05234851315617561,
0.03841845691204071,
-0.3322966694831848,
0.682321310043335,
0.20137761533260345,
0.45897799730300903,
-0.4583219289779663,
-0.16158415377140045,
0.5686216354370117,
-0.10275931656360626,
0.17710290849208832,
0.3800872266292572,
0.024450695142149925,
-0.6982024908065796,
-0.23755036294460297,
0.2831725776195526,
1.1705271005630493,
0.5310342907905579,
-0.22436559200286865,
0.7333440780639648,
0.26134976744651794,
-0.13990376889705658,
-0.2819867432117462,
0.7482232451438904,
-0.5856389999389648,
0.28263089060783386,
1.0773181915283203,
-0.06863421946763992,
-0.07415438443422318,
0.3998187482357025,
-0.6467146873474121,
-0.6655793190002441,
0.29327040910720825,
0.6186492443084717,
0.3622666001319885,
-0.06645742803812027,
0.26560279726982117,
0.028591517359018326,
0.2132207453250885,
-0.4820598363876343,
-1.04969322681427,
0.2449427843093872,
-0.2195388376712799,
-0.3815557360649109,
-0.026420410722494125,
0.04383073002099991,
0.07841582596302032,
0.22327663004398346,
-0.16423441469669342,
0.0997636541724205,
0.30234989523887634,
-0.19753552973270416,
0.2354576587677002,
0.16470064222812653,
0.348633348941803,
-0.27798861265182495,
-0.19915616512298584,
0.2279716432094574,
-0.5116302371025085,
0.2623109519481659,
0.20555734634399414,
-0.3411979675292969,
0.1339034140110016,
-0.09904130548238754,
0.18070964515209198,
0.15532757341861725,
-0.5423181653022766,
0.4777693450450897,
-0.339811235666275,
-0.2221684604883194,
0.3293399512767792,
-0.5419159531593323,
0.09777136147022247,
-0.06681995838880539,
0.17968909442424774,
0.972748339176178,
-0.4507778584957123,
0.5169354677200317,
-0.04746950417757034,
-0.36782577633857727,
-0.16207355260849,
0.4175792634487152,
-0.11149591952562332,
-0.24082262814044952,
0.3789956569671631,
0.05875103175640106,
-0.5063427090644836,
-0.052126865833997726,
0.10651138424873352,
-0.05826353281736374,
-0.30826297402381897,
-0.6056337356567383,
-0.11000070720911026,
0.05161363258957863,
0.9385201334953308,
-0.22389759123325348,
-0.7034440636634827,
-0.43204429745674133,
-0.31101033091545105,
0.6069434881210327,
0.24078424274921417,
0.231667160987854,
0.22544826567173004,
-0.8231117725372314,
-0.5137318968772888,
0.6404634714126587,
-0.13447816669940948,
-0.012015243992209435,
0.31629014015197754,
-0.3043281137943268,
0.10599960386753082,
0.14704401791095734,
0.08843950927257538,
0.06972629576921463,
0.13093464076519012,
-0.9549992084503174,
0.19310657680034637,
0.13045857846736908,
0.08689961582422256,
0.41135865449905396,
-0.44207754731178284,
-0.18097403645515442,
0.34383687376976013,
0.21422916650772095,
0.30147483944892883,
0.5709006786346436,
-0.7202970385551453,
0.5918272733688354,
-0.15943992137908936,
-1.269566535949707,
0.19350171089172363,
0.45495080947875977,
0.24691179394721985,
-0.07118774950504303,
-1.5605229139328003,
-0.49013715982437134,
0.3851854205131531,
-0.42475685477256775,
-0.5008276104927063,
0.0043462240137159824,
-0.4095272719860077,
-0.07740072906017303,
-0.23279942572116852,
-0.32969892024993896,
0.08526723086833954,
-0.1528109461069107,
0.025256823748350143,
0.469627320766449,
0.004503137432038784,
-0.15761636197566986,
0.21758654713630676,
0.14922365546226501,
0.054484061896800995,
-0.6180467009544373,
-0.11792871356010437,
-0.18489986658096313,
-0.027811896055936813,
0.10189840942621231,
0.46858319640159607,
0.30613863468170166,
-0.11290325224399567,
-0.009167580865323544,
-0.9937074184417725,
-0.05935850739479065,
-0.09308714419603348,
-0.4553251564502716,
-0.4383373558521271,
-0.17693722248077393,
-0.13508880138397217,
-0.43344226479530334,
-0.11693437397480011,
0.10059034824371338,
-0.23532673716545105,
0.9015482068061829,
0.019574569538235664,
-0.3074403703212738,
0.2898958623409271,
-0.382373183965683,
-0.8864830732345581,
0.5586007833480835,
0.20019622147083282,
-0.4418371617794037,
0.05706627294421196,
-0.039130859076976776,
0.004171634092926979,
-0.4986385405063629,
-0.12440891563892365,
-0.0319909006357193,
-0.22237446904182434,
-0.3036045432090759,
0.00004391548645799048,
-0.5566031336784363,
0.2977568507194519,
0.5531431436538696,
-0.36181536316871643,
0.2812959849834442,
0.10490673035383224,
0.5182502269744873,
0.2188081592321396,
0.23236852884292603,
-0.46186697483062744,
0.10762982815504074,
0.1619236171245575,
-0.02973916195333004,
0.3390246331691742,
0.03973708301782608,
0.13918437063694,
-0.16342557966709137,
0.37917807698249817,
-0.050621792674064636,
-0.028703823685646057,
0.5328709483146667,
0.24037927389144897,
0.24040792882442474,
0.050935741513967514,
-0.6609141230583191,
0.3559734523296356,
0.34287339448928833,
0.007956168614327908,
-0.22309857606887817,
0.1524018794298172,
0.5294878482818604,
-0.5726303458213806,
0.021362606436014175,
0.3050561249256134,
0.20347513258457184,
0.21331626176834106,
0.12049597501754761,
0.046455804258584976,
-0.5131857991218567,
1.0146623849868774,
0.3060109615325928,
0.025416450574994087,
0.12584054470062256,
-0.011288993991911411,
0.33405160903930664,
0.13291989266872406,
-0.41596847772598267,
-0.12537740170955658,
0.910262942314148,
1.0018479824066162,
0.2995941638946533,
-0.18657268583774567,
0.5467785000801086,
-0.9380007982254028,
0.8024206161499023,
-0.09533226490020752,
-0.661322295665741,
0.4226168394088745,
-0.15107294917106628,
-0.5919365882873535,
-0.20500193536281586,
-0.1329706460237503,
-0.3953971564769745,
0.7583584785461426,
-0.8475630283355713,
0.3523422181606293,
-0.31084901094436646,
-0.5112301707267761,
-0.3628527820110321,
0.27652716636657715,
0.025308849290013313,
-0.3013750910758972,
0.1250409483909607,
-0.06227440387010574,
0.36745139956474304,
-0.5212047696113586,
-0.7663467526435852,
0.6324222683906555,
0.46572861075401306,
0.3337094783782959,
0.13673405349254608,
-0.06121507287025452,
-0.07025682926177979,
-0.2723512351512909,
-0.5848357677459717,
0.013094726949930191,
-0.7048174738883972,
-0.2050555944442749,
0.5160983204841614,
0.7708281874656677,
-0.5984072089195251,
0.4639844000339508,
0.18159349262714386,
-0.529666006565094,
-0.13296560943126678,
0.2239823192358017,
0.032885268330574036,
-0.16375894844532013,
-0.25010445713996887,
0.5030902028083801,
0.47681400179862976,
0.4972802400588989,
-0.4526444971561432,
-0.4359341263771057,
0.669292688369751,
0.3217560052871704,
0.19384883344173431,
-0.20461559295654297,
-0.6181818842887878,
0.8017032146453857,
-0.19696815311908722,
0.1608487218618393,
0.2227727770805359,
-0.7429705858230591,
-0.10496839880943298,
0.5427258610725403,
0.6854256987571716,
0.33051449060440063,
-0.16072550415992737,
-0.23836247622966766,
0.26207980513572693,
0.19587235152721405,
0.3977610766887665,
0.1763836145401001,
-0.05495888739824295,
-0.46464359760284424,
0.11949123442173004,
0.13175609707832336,
0.47701436281204224,
-0.3945997655391693,
-0.012680168263614178,
0.41973069310188293,
0.18643322587013245,
-0.03513941168785095,
-0.8389216065406799,
0.0520528107881546,
0.01873832568526268,
-0.12812736630439758,
0.7718123197555542,
-0.7004197239875793,
-0.42898663878440857,
-0.32750213146209717,
-0.035883642733097076,
-0.557494580745697,
-0.36581557989120483,
0.6747487187385559,
0.005606045946478844,
-0.007776177022606134,
-0.37305185198783875,
-0.05800708755850792,
-0.060795705765485764,
-0.013848570175468922,
0.20203955471515656,
0.8524726629257202,
0.012001060880720615,
0.17108525335788727,
-0.698583722114563,
0.6730356812477112,
-0.4982505142688751,
-0.20845744013786316,
-0.44640597701072693,
-1.0259615182876587,
-0.39662954211235046,
0.039201363921165466,
-0.43666186928749084,
-0.19951942563056946,
-0.3241433799266815,
-0.7665995359420776,
-0.2957962155342102,
-0.049914371222257614,
0.428462952375412,
0.2953190207481384,
-0.26360172033309937,
0.618124783039093,
0.5678120255470276,
0.2525288462638855,
0.08601723611354828,
-0.22394399344921112,
0.10007114708423615,
-0.06728342920541763,
0.020331058651208878,
-0.19903670251369476,
-0.03021615743637085,
-0.028484849259257317,
-0.3170812129974365,
-0.26805177330970764,
0.47748681902885437,
-0.21603074669837952,
-0.26720938086509705,
0.5747120380401611,
-0.3718762695789337,
0.09253047406673431,
0.3553617000579834,
-0.3463697135448456,
-0.9466880559921265,
-0.5889556407928467,
0.09881187975406647,
-0.5560480356216431,
0.4029357433319092,
0.47946926951408386,
0.3631878197193146,
0.11378773301839828,
0.4345617890357971,
-0.22772471606731415,
-1.2165762186050415,
0.418425977230072,
0.3471168577671051,
0.22245658934116364,
-0.21571281552314758,
0.14074428379535675,
-0.3656318485736847,
-0.6228440403938293,
0.25361281633377075,
0.015383027493953705,
1.0470510721206665,
-0.009258490055799484,
0.2788834869861603,
0.08484520763158798,
0.897436797618866,
-0.23214896023273468,
0.055568523705005646,
0.22954855859279633,
-0.6935624480247498,
0.017025286331772804,
-0.4779546558856964,
-0.10297688096761703,
-0.07204848527908325,
-0.2611445486545563,
0.9477508068084717,
-0.004922798369079828,
-0.14411680400371552,
-0.3494929075241089,
0.17196235060691833,
-0.7288615107536316,
-0.39612090587615967,
-0.027855638414621353
] |
210483
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynton%20Marsalis
|
Wynton Marsalis
|
Wynton Learson Marsalis (born October 18, 1961) is an American trumpeter, composer, teacher, and artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center. He has promoted classical and jazz music, often to young audiences. Marsalis has won nine Grammy Awards, and his Blood on the Fields was the first jazz composition to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music. He is the only musician to win a Grammy Award in both jazz and classical during the same year.
Early years
Marsalis was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on October 18, 1961, and grew up in the suburb of Kenner. He is the second of six sons born to Dolores Ferdinand Marsalis and Ellis Marsalis Jr.,(his dad) a pianist and music teacher. He was named for jazz pianist Wynton Kelly. Branford Marsalis is his older brother and Jason Marsalis and Delfeayo Marsalis are younger. All three are jazz musicians. While sitting at a table with trumpeters Al Hirt, Miles Davis, and Clark Terry, his father jokingly suggested that he might as well get Wynton a trumpet, too. Hirt volunteered to give him one, so at the age of six Marsalis received his first trumpet.
Although he owned a trumpet when he was six, he did not practice much until he was 12. He attended Benjamin Franklin High School and the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts. He studied classical music at school and jazz at home with his father. He played in funk bands and a marching band led by Danny Barker. He performed on trumpet publicly as the only black musician in the New Orleans Civic Orchestra. After winning a music contest at fourteen, he performed Joseph Haydn's trumpet concerto with the New Orleans Philharmonic. Two years later he performed Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major by Bach. At seventeen, he was the youngest musician admitted to Tanglewood Music Center.
Career
In 1979, he moved to New York City to attend Juilliard. He intended to pursue a career in classical music. In 1980, he toured Europe as a member of the Art Blakey big band, becoming a member of The Jazz Messengers and remaining with Blakey until 1982. He changed his mind about his career and turned to jazz. He has said that years of playing with Blakey influenced his decision. He recorded for the first time with Blakey and one year later he went on tour with Herbie Hancock. After signing a contract with Columbia, he recorded his first solo album. In 1982, he established a quintet with his brother Branford Marsalis, Kenny Kirkland, Charnett Moffett, and Jeff "Tain" Watts. When Branford and Kenny Kirkland left three years later to record and tour with Sting, Marsalis formed another quartet, this time with Marcus Roberts on piano, Robert Hurst on double bass, and Watts on drums. After a while, the band expanded to include Wessell Anderson, Wycliffe Gordon, Eric Reed, Herlin Riley, Reginald Veal, and Todd Williams.
When asked about influences on his playing style, he cites Duke Ellington, Miles Davis, Harry Sweets Edison, Clark Terry, Dizzy Gillespie, Jelly Roll Morton, Charlie Parker, Wayne Shorter, Thelonious Monk, Cootie Williams, Ray Nance, Maurice André, and Adolph Hofner. Other influences include Clifford Brown, Freddie Hubbard, and Adolph Herseth.
Marsalis has established himself as a lecturer and musical ambassador, speaking and performing on six of the seven continents.
Jazz at Lincoln Center
In 1987, Marsalis helped start the Classical Jazz summer concert series at Lincoln Center in New York City. The success of the series led to Jazz at Lincoln Center becoming a department at Lincoln Center, then to becoming an independent entity in 1996 alongside organizations such as the New York Philharmonic and the Metropolitan Opera. Marsalis became artistic director of the center and the musical director of the band, the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra. The orchestra performs at its home venue, Rose Hall, goes on tour, visits schools, appears on radio and television, and produces albums through its label, Blue Engine Records.
In 2011, Marsalis and rock guitarist Eric Clapton performed together in a Jazz at Lincoln Center concert. The concert was recorded and released as the album Play the Blues: Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center.
Other work
In 1986, Marsalis guest starred in an episode of Sesame Street.
In 1995, he hosted the educational program Marsalis on Music on public television, while during the same year National Public Radio broadcast his series Making the Music. Both programs won the George Foster Peabody Award, the highest award given in journalism.
In December 2011, Marsalis was named cultural correspondent for CBS This Morning. He is a member of the CuriosityStream Advisory Board. He serves as director of the Juilliard Jazz Studies program. In 2015, Cornell University appointed him A.D. White Professor-at-Large.
Marsalis appeared in an episode of Bravo TV's Beats + Bites with the Potash Twins in 2018.
In addition to Jazz at Lincoln Center, Marsalis has also worked with the Philadelphia Orchestra as a composer for modern classical music. The orchestra premiered a Violin Concerto he composed in 2015, and a Tuba Concerto of his in 2021.
Marsalis was involved in writing, arranging, and performing music for the 2019 Daniel Pritzker film Bolden.
Debate on jazz
Marsalis is generally associated with straight-ahead jazz, jazz that kept to the original instruments used in jazz and eschewed electronica that gained prominence in the 70s and 80s. In The Jazz Book, the authors list what Marsalis considers to be the fundamentals of jazz: blues, standards, a swing beat, tonality, harmony, craftsmanship, and mastery of the tradition beginning with New Orleans jazz up to Ornette Coleman. Jazz critic Scott Yanow regards Marsalis as talented but criticizes his "selective knowledge of jazz history" and has said Marsalis considers "post-1965 avant-garde playing to be outside of jazz and 1970s fusion to be barren" and the unfortunate result of the "somewhat eccentric beliefs of Stanley Crouch". In The New York Times in 1997, pianist Keith Jarrett said Marsalis "imitates other people's styles too well ... His music sounds like a high school trumpet player to me".
Bassist Stanley Clarke said, "All the guys that are criticizing—like Wynton Marsalis and those guys—I would hate to be around to hear those guys playing on top of a groove!" But Clarke also said, "These things I've said about Wynton are my criticism of him, but the positive things I have to say about him outweigh the negative. He has brought respectability back to jazz."
When he met Miles Davis, one of his idols, Davis said, "So here's the police ...". For his part, Marsalis compared Miles Davis's embrace of rock and pop music (most notably in his 1970 album Bitches Brew) to "a general who has betrayed his country." Marsalis has called rap "hormone driven pop music" and said that hip hop "reinforces destructive behavior at home and influences the world's view of the Afro American in a decidedly negative direction."
Marsalis responded to criticism by saying, "You can't enter a battle and expect not to get hurt." He has said that losing the freedom to criticize is "to accept mob rule, it is a step back towards slavery."
Personal life
Marsalis is the son of the late jazz musician Ellis Marsalis Jr. (pianist), grandson of Ellis Marsalis Sr., and brother of Branford (saxophonist), Delfeayo (trombonist and producer), and Jason (drummer). Marsalis's son, Jasper Armstrong Marsalis, is a music producer known professionally as Slauson Malone.
Marsalis was raised Catholic.
Awards and honors
In 1983, at the age of 22, he became the only musician to win Grammy Awards in jazz and classical music during the same year. At the award ceremonies the next year, he won again in both categories.
After his first album came out in 1982, Marsalis won polls in DownBeat magazine for Musician of the Year, Best Trumpeter, and Album of the Year. In 2017, he was one of the youngest members to be inducted into the DownBeat Hall of Fame.
In 1997, he became the first jazz musician to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music for his oratorio Blood on the Fields. In a note to him, Zarin Mehta wrote, "I was not surprised at your winning the Pulitzer Prize for Blood on the Fields. It is a broad, beautifully painted canvas that impresses and inspires. It speaks to us all...I'm sure that, somewhere in the firmament, Buddy Bolden, Louis Armstrong and legions of others are smiling down on you."
Wynton Marsalis has won the National Medal of Arts, the National Humanities Medal, and been named an NEA Jazz Master. In 2001, he was also named a UN Messenger of Peace.
Approximately seven million copies of his recordings have been sold worldwide. He has toured in 30 countries and on every continent except Antarctica.
He was given the Louis Armstrong Memorial Medal and the Algur H. Meadows Award for Excellence in the Arts. He was inducted into the American Academy of Achievement and was dubbed an Honorary Dreamer by the I Have a Dream Foundation. The New York Urban League awarded Marsalis the Frederick Douglass Medallion for distinguished leadership. The American Arts Council presented him with the Arts Education Award.
He won the Dutch Edison Award and the French Grand Prix du Disque. The Mayor of Vitoria, Spain, gave him the city's gold medal, its most coveted distinction. In 1996, Britain's senior conservatoire, the Royal Academy of Music, made him an honorary member, the Academy's highest decoration for a non-British citizen. The city of Marciac, France, erected a bronze statue in his honor for the key role he played in the story of the festival. The French Ministry of Culture gave him the rank of Knight in the Order of Arts and Literature. In 2008, he received France's highest distinction, the insignia Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
He has received honorary degrees from the Frost School of Music at the University of Miami (1994), University of Scranton (1996), Kenyon College (2019), New York University, Columbia, Connecticut College, Harvard, Howard, Northwestern, Princeton, Vermont, and the State University of New York.
Grammy Awards
Best Jazz Instrumental Solo
Think of One (1983)
Hot House Flowers (1984)
Black Codes (From the Underground) (1985)
Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group
Black Codes (From the Underground) (1985)
J Mood (1986)
Marsalis Standard Time, Vol. I (1987)
Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)
Raymond Leppard (conductor), Wynton Marsalis and the National Philharmonic Orchestra for Haydn: Trumpet Concerto in E Flat/Leopold Mozart: Trumpet Concerto in D/Hummel: Trumpet Concerto in E Flat (1983)
Raymond Leppard (conductor), Wynton Marsalis and the English Chamber Orchestra for Wynton Marsalis, Edita Gruberova: Handel, Purcell, Torelli, Fasch, Molter (1984)
Best Spoken Word Album for Children
Listen to the Storytellers (2000)
Discography
Published works
Sweet Swing Blues on the Road with Frank Stewart (1994)
Marsalis on Music (1995)
Jazz in the Bittersweet Blues of Life with Carl Vigeland (2002)
To a Young Jazz Musician: Letters from the Road with Selwyn Seyfu Hinds (2004)
Jazz ABZ: An A to Z Collection of Jazz Portraits with Paul Rogers (2007)
Moving to Higher Ground: How Jazz Can Change Your Life with Geoffrey Ward (2008)
Squeak, Rumble, Whomp! Whomp! Whomp!: A Sonic Adventure with Paul Rogers (2012)
Further reading
Le Fabuleux Destin de Marciac (Editions Un autre Reg'art, 2014): a reference book about the French city of Marciac, the "Jazz in Marciac" festival and the key role played by Wynton Marsalis in the story of this festival
References
External links
– video
Video interviews by Charlie Rose
Narrator in the PBS America documentary series Jazz.
1961 births
Living people
20th-century American composers
20th-century jazz composers
21st-century American composers
21st-century jazz composers
African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz musicians
African-American music educators
American classical trumpeters
American male jazz composers
American male trumpeters
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz composers
American jazz educators
American jazz trumpeters
Big band bandleaders
Blue Note Records artists
CBS News people
Columbia Records artists
Fairview Baptist Church Marching Band members
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
George Peabody Medal winners
Grammy Award winners
Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra members
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
Jazz radio presenters
Juilliard School alumni
Post-bop jazz musicians
Pulitzer Prize for Music winners
The Jazz Messengers members
Marsalis family
National Humanities Medal recipients
|
[
0.08559641242027283,
0.4715255796909332,
-0.7988361120223999,
-0.44843870401382446,
0.3166353404521942,
0.2874559760093689,
0.2479187250137329,
-0.12327778339385986,
-0.27165040373802185,
-0.7338923215866089,
-0.13572655618190765,
0.47146955132484436,
-0.5699302554130554,
-0.07072440534830093,
-0.3736492991447449,
-0.07224320620298386,
0.5232491493225098,
-0.779296875,
-0.6723358631134033,
-0.6373653411865234,
0.16553054749965668,
-0.06255725771188736,
0.012832692824304104,
-0.025842860341072083,
-0.4783349931240082,
0.31399181485176086,
-0.5139632821083069,
0.13435843586921692,
0.6991423964500427,
-0.006048848852515221,
0.3832158148288727,
0.5087952613830566,
0.3486265242099762,
-0.9917206168174744,
-0.7205687165260315,
0.5333411693572998,
-0.189875066280365,
-0.05771563947200775,
0.25952208042144775,
0.17611181735992432,
-0.17447097599506378,
-0.3656090199947357,
0.29845955967903137,
0.2992846369743347,
-0.12223747372627258,
-0.17009039223194122,
-1.4489035606384277,
0.5367733240127563,
-0.9113158583641052,
-0.7250165343284607,
-0.2380153089761734,
-0.2827526032924652,
0.6184637546539307,
0.022722264751791954,
0.43625766038894653,
-0.4961569607257843,
-0.3474045693874359,
0.08161930739879608,
0.08800962567329407,
-0.445320188999176,
-0.10172256082296371,
0.5188611745834351,
0.08673485368490219,
-0.6859281659126282,
0.18303517997264862,
-0.004499148577451706,
0.34179216623306274,
0.02056218683719635,
0.4417780041694641,
0.09962305426597595,
-0.1694583147764206,
0.7596193552017212,
-0.19344353675842285,
0.19224220514297485,
0.20385679602622986,
0.38753825426101685,
0.8501033186912537,
0.14206574857234955,
-0.16080814599990845,
0.39644646644592285,
0.2391342967748642,
-0.4412960410118103,
1.5343056917190552,
0.1016906276345253,
-0.36636996269226074,
-0.09178099036216736,
-0.76950603723526,
0.24901235103607178,
-0.7021731734275818,
0.08715126663446426,
-0.5302205085754395,
-0.8097212910652161,
0.5681078433990479,
1.1359832286834717,
0.06546767801046371,
0.44619786739349365,
0.6432056427001953,
0.36481738090515137,
0.4612489342689514,
-0.06488525867462158,
0.19498953223228455,
-0.20447705686092377,
0.4536665380001068,
-0.187400683760643,
-0.17281371355056763,
0.06413818150758743,
0.6223174929618835,
-0.6450843811035156,
-0.4129958748817444,
-0.00433967774733901,
-0.5560672879219055,
0.1433909684419632,
0.25454676151275635,
-0.4437406063079834,
0.4121667146682739,
0.5975351929664612,
0.060238711535930634,
-0.4194968640804291,
-0.48176026344299316,
-0.47088155150413513,
0.13585399091243744,
0.6166980862617493,
-0.01384696364402771,
0.23568935692310333,
-1.1353950500488281,
-0.004271300509572029,
0.35567793250083923,
0.2753323018550873,
-0.48493117094039917,
-0.46291103959083557,
0.16012515127658844,
0.7417228817939758,
0.03110175020992756,
-0.0774926245212555,
-0.045961979776620865,
-0.2984718084335327,
0.2767808735370636,
-0.281623899936676,
-0.2089465707540512,
0.8569733500480652,
-0.3608161211013794,
-0.24909260869026184,
-0.6113905906677246,
-0.9287375211715698,
0.7339210510253906,
-0.40406304597854614,
-0.025431334972381592,
-0.021671267226338387,
0.7354356050491333,
0.24159343540668488,
0.37282153964042664,
0.07480564713478088,
-0.25510868430137634,
-0.287415087223053,
-0.7809213995933533,
-0.3233533799648285,
0.46665844321250916,
0.24744878709316254,
0.6103949546813965,
0.017659414559602737,
0.35558345913887024,
-0.24539200961589813,
-0.13236376643180847,
-0.10342072695493698,
0.12273463606834412,
-0.1208416298031807,
-0.15537938475608826,
0.07342274487018585,
-0.24488341808319092,
0.2848139703273773,
0.02289969101548195,
0.31161439418792725,
0.3143312335014343,
-0.07859431952238083,
-0.1854427605867386,
0.4575861394405365,
0.5807961225509644,
0.10509347170591354,
0.008265814743936062,
0.20571193099021912,
-0.40708354115486145,
-0.8217332363128662,
0.36076873540878296,
-0.08826147019863129,
0.9280572533607483,
-0.2722764313220978,
-0.11752449721097946,
-0.05383259057998657,
0.7033886313438416,
-0.3762279152870178,
-0.5401400923728943,
-0.6998901963233948,
0.3305690288543701,
-0.07033123075962067,
0.4371524155139923,
0.3908061683177948,
-0.6349485516548157,
0.7148889899253845,
0.7076781392097473,
0.35883456468582153,
0.13792119920253754,
-0.15250594913959503,
0.25151607394218445,
0.03966205567121506,
0.16733582317829132,
-0.13909290730953217,
0.6465151309967041,
-0.6414782404899597,
-0.15716221928596497,
0.366977721452713,
0.3956145644187927,
-0.9212068915367126,
-0.2355758249759674,
0.483165979385376,
-0.390769898891449,
-0.6528143286705017,
-0.6588301062583923,
-0.1507929265499115,
0.0285385362803936,
-0.10636363178491592,
1.2078849077224731,
0.09712561219930649,
0.28488627076148987,
0.15833716094493866,
-0.5134166479110718,
0.9290372133255005,
-0.381854772567749,
-0.31838127970695496,
-0.2955968379974365,
0.44820699095726013,
0.06391118466854095,
0.15420494973659515,
-0.3384891748428345,
-0.8649447560310364,
0.5691663026809692,
0.32863593101501465,
0.5013003945350647,
-0.50004643201828,
0.053617510944604874,
-0.5930181741714478,
0.36842992901802063,
0.15020544826984406,
-1.0321671962738037,
0.2659408450126648,
-0.14096850156784058,
0.24027417600154877,
0.153548926115036,
-0.3652884066104889,
-0.2973158359527588,
0.07689536362886429,
-0.23104257881641388,
0.31884801387786865,
0.6561439037322998,
-0.0815819576382637,
-0.12691111862659454,
0.5108199715614319,
0.25490573048591614,
-0.03912951052188873,
0.6245005130767822,
-0.21871477365493774,
0.12108376622200012,
-0.22497692704200745,
0.4791487157344818,
-0.2898559272289276,
-0.3846507966518402,
-0.5517933368682861,
0.6053069829940796,
-0.4088166356086731,
0.781964123249054,
-0.5412711501121521,
0.4582537114620209,
-0.030691970139741898,
-0.07133930176496506,
0.8136276006698608,
-0.32601386308670044,
0.5065116882324219,
-0.49896904826164246,
-0.8209531903266907,
-0.1842234581708908,
-1.039246916770935,
1.1333882808685303,
0.5995815396308899,
0.09176225960254669,
-0.32684341073036194,
-0.6477162837982178,
0.13732996582984924,
0.20008571445941925,
-0.3142532408237457,
0.5001935362815857,
0.07889682799577713,
-0.5728167295455933,
0.9729247689247131,
-0.025558704510331154,
0.14331352710723877,
0.21111498773097992,
0.5961551070213318,
-0.20237137377262115,
-0.541593074798584,
-0.6227912306785583,
-0.21559716761112213,
-0.12411952018737793,
-0.09174823760986328,
0.05567308887839317,
0.22378303110599518,
0.4288448691368103,
-0.1335463672876358,
-0.34296226501464844,
-0.2727450728416443,
-5.334700584411621,
0.35767483711242676,
-0.2455616295337677,
-0.3126508891582489,
-0.6507298946380615,
0.24059630930423737,
0.26744556427001953,
-0.7526940703392029,
0.4197998344898224,
-0.2971814274787903,
-0.5197270512580872,
0.16752751171588898,
-0.4485582113265991,
0.9566611647605896,
0.02009216509759426,
0.39094123244285583,
0.024655884131789207,
-0.5985070466995239,
0.06830146163702011,
0.570226788520813,
0.18495750427246094,
-0.21383559703826904,
-0.14928536117076874,
-0.12566548585891724,
-0.005845030304044485,
-0.3424193561077118,
-0.9715673923492432,
0.2355712503194809,
-0.770382285118103,
-0.4270564913749695,
0.05441896244883537,
-0.15158617496490479,
-0.5013370513916016,
-0.40790942311286926,
-0.3311263620853424,
0.42983826994895935,
-0.10519679635763168,
-0.14821036159992218,
-0.16738052666187286,
-0.0967327281832695,
0.33644217252731323,
0.04903683438897133,
-0.35497239232063293,
-0.28863468766212463,
-0.015628037974238396,
-0.26197728514671326,
-0.6947253942489624,
-0.25838804244995117,
-0.2654974162578583,
0.8181160092353821,
0.010435803793370724,
0.04807247221469879,
0.12869927287101746,
-0.14546672999858856,
-0.2956383526325226,
-0.05612291023135185,
0.27200278639793396,
-0.3200169503688812,
-0.13763350248336792,
0.35698843002319336,
0.7207540273666382,
-0.2917855978012085,
-0.023937607184052467,
-0.13085834681987762,
-0.34024494886398315,
-0.24589639902114868,
-0.36527544260025024,
0.6238608956336975,
0.24843811988830566,
0.3110041320323944,
0.8934731483459473,
0.8125205039978027,
0.20249025523662567,
-1.1800198554992676,
0.28104156255722046,
-0.9316102266311646,
-0.2801630198955536,
0.17265067994594574,
-0.5799559354782104,
0.002976364688947797,
0.05773986876010895,
-0.6498554944992065,
0.1770845204591751,
0.5656096935272217,
0.08754873275756836,
0.06542359292507172,
-0.7674537897109985,
1.050384759902954,
-0.7380524277687073,
-0.278414785861969,
0.19640257954597473,
-0.4823375344276428,
-0.0486159510910511,
0.03349269554018974,
0.1082054153084755,
0.14592602849006653,
0.2641141712665558,
0.9393479228019714,
0.8481862545013428,
0.7378748655319214,
0.00904344767332077,
-0.5586507320404053,
0.18437378108501434,
-0.5645471811294556,
0.08656381815671921,
-0.07079065591096878,
0.3125649690628052,
0.08938158303499222,
1.0318307876586914,
0.23000730574131012,
0.4977132976055145,
0.20262664556503296,
-0.6290251016616821,
-0.4942461848258972,
0.42807650566101074,
-0.5374631285667419,
0.2510015368461609,
0.5194419622421265,
-0.052437227219343185,
0.32498791813850403,
-0.5430374145507812,
-0.36280763149261475,
0.2524578273296356,
-0.039281848818063736,
0.04943406209349632,
-0.2994406223297119,
-0.26656797528266907,
-0.19665126502513885,
-0.5054967999458313,
0.5599431991577148,
-0.2198866605758667,
0.5889421105384827,
-0.11456743627786636,
0.4078051745891571,
0.2680494785308838,
-0.18709297478199005,
-0.6697845458984375,
-0.12473474442958832,
0.3795902132987976,
0.04246319830417633,
0.19906097650527954,
-0.42377325892448425,
0.5846958756446838,
0.26307281851768494,
0.1567029505968094,
0.6341164708137512,
-0.12350361794233322,
0.20083336532115936,
-0.4952828884124756,
0.2636338472366333,
0.14538165926933289,
-0.19418486952781677,
0.223821222782135,
-0.7745583057403564,
-0.48003679513931274,
0.238362118601799,
-0.25271984934806824,
-0.3736216425895691,
-0.011762146838009357,
-0.2104218304157257,
0.5884308815002441,
-0.3889990448951721,
-0.7152485251426697,
-0.2967107892036438,
0.1727423220872879,
0.3226335942745209,
-0.27147457003593445,
-0.536077618598938,
-0.8765977621078491,
-0.08200692385435104,
-0.01990746706724167,
-0.8508744239807129,
0.2484063357114792,
-0.7191742658615112,
0.00819779559969902,
-0.08279706537723541,
-0.2284296303987503,
-0.16802194714546204,
-0.15983961522579193,
-0.038599997758865356,
-0.08552878350019455,
0.18544843792915344,
-1.114210844039917,
-0.1431465744972229,
0.2083178609609604,
-0.25823894143104553,
-0.5939028263092041,
-0.688564121723175,
0.2569013833999634,
-0.36809787154197693,
-0.06803246587514877,
0.0002675814903341234,
0.08234044164419174,
0.3056033253669739,
0.22304779291152954,
-0.24381834268569946,
0.17488884925842285,
0.2509959936141968,
-0.46624258160591125,
-0.5843717455863953,
0.2845987379550934,
-0.08759872615337372,
-0.10638069361448288,
0.41005751490592957,
0.470556378364563,
-0.6504295468330383,
-0.03625284880399704,
-0.14239437878131866,
-0.3279212713241577,
0.2754811942577362,
-0.7811649441719055,
-0.43016043305397034,
0.33337485790252686,
-0.32662755250930786,
-0.22065964341163635,
0.5064767003059387,
0.3030450642108917,
0.07055601477622986,
-0.5891538858413696,
0.07377668470144272,
-0.20467674732208252,
-0.21284084022045135,
-0.29465925693511963,
-0.3420429229736328,
-0.6455338597297668,
-0.11263827234506607,
0.07558485865592957,
0.24601832032203674,
0.7768811583518982,
-0.2092384696006775,
0.03445826470851898,
0.32762154936790466,
-0.2394605129957199,
0.6353214383125305,
-0.7996335029602051,
-0.22419172525405884,
-0.2687767744064331,
0.2747044861316681,
0.33026084303855896,
0.6195325255393982,
0.6893085837364197,
0.7606740593910217,
-0.006213762331753969,
-0.10726404935121536,
-0.2853899300098419,
-0.3293444514274597,
0.7475157976150513,
0.20023120939731598,
-0.18491266667842865,
-0.03960954025387764,
0.6519748568534851,
-0.20569337904453278,
-0.31034359335899353,
-0.11660615354776382,
0.7972250580787659,
-0.22570744156837463,
0.3390868902206421,
-0.5059570670127869,
-0.15354928374290466,
-0.1472833752632141,
0.5460038781166077,
0.04583325982093811,
-0.2841007709503174,
0.27803459763526917,
-0.44662341475486755,
0.04739152267575264,
0.3050941228866577,
-0.5076351761817932,
0.18051181733608246,
-0.964650571346283,
-0.21363604068756104,
-0.13739852607250214,
-0.09478416293859482,
0.5664507746696472,
-0.019935131072998047,
0.16198064386844635,
0.5183238983154297,
0.030214866623282433,
0.18341462314128876,
0.04029480740427971,
-0.16906774044036865,
-0.13266099989414215,
0.005532874260097742,
-0.5253182053565979,
0.5634545087814331,
-0.04111018404364586,
-0.6477277874946594,
-0.5611308813095093,
0.2609145939350128,
-0.047139957547187805,
-0.18765754997730255,
-0.018814263865351677,
0.1607663631439209,
0.30895644426345825,
-0.12806156277656555,
0.11302759498357773,
0.48815056681632996,
0.508661150932312,
0.1491214781999588,
-0.43254703283309937,
-0.2786512076854706,
0.10946394503116608,
0.12296479940414429,
-0.4412057399749756,
-0.0578853040933609,
-0.3783687353134155,
0.20987355709075928,
-0.20073272287845612,
-0.31952881813049316,
0.38020920753479004,
0.2625161409378052,
-0.12162153422832489,
0.08366434276103973,
0.22807829082012177,
-1.0783888101577759,
0.6327877044677734,
0.7674192786216736,
0.09915822744369507,
0.6606842279434204,
0.2092801332473755,
-0.5471280813217163,
-0.40292608737945557,
0.09300681948661804,
0.2938999831676483,
0.6517548561096191,
0.3847554326057434,
0.15813948214054108,
-0.04850555583834648,
-0.03821691870689392,
-0.0024719072971493006,
-0.23360012471675873,
0.2316269725561142,
-0.0022697329986840487,
0.3013624846935272,
0.16747811436653137,
-0.2747732698917389,
0.13546304404735565,
-0.19058388471603394,
-0.41722336411476135,
0.19158905744552612,
0.22638389468193054,
0.7503197193145752,
0.2894546687602997,
0.509509265422821,
0.19692477583885193,
-0.2594497799873352,
-0.04419512301683426,
0.8766815662384033,
-0.2652641236782074,
-0.4178487956523895,
0.31388774514198303,
0.23285935819149017,
0.2542250156402588,
-0.655339777469635,
0.6867289543151855,
-0.5394409894943237,
0.2116040736436844,
-0.10775382816791534,
-0.2720336616039276,
0.3393639624118805,
0.1485048085451126,
0.022654522210359573,
0.9837196469306946,
0.32845577597618103,
-0.2170584797859192,
-0.07348088920116425,
-0.01529339887201786,
-0.4990733563899994,
0.08650145679712296,
0.2644539475440979,
0.26809173822402954,
0.4099632203578949,
-0.6965526938438416,
0.7457016706466675,
-0.06279798597097397,
0.3821994662284851,
0.02804190292954445,
0.007570852059870958,
0.13888834416866302,
-0.11736726760864258,
0.08644651621580124,
0.006544601637870073,
-0.6535021662712097,
0.07556723058223724,
0.29513463377952576,
-0.09474417567253113,
-0.3210795819759369,
-0.07082319259643555,
-0.5801703333854675,
-0.44493380188941956,
0.40404924750328064,
-0.6727952361106873,
-0.13988548517227173,
-0.07705004513263702,
-0.27580726146698,
-0.4361515939235687,
0.08750851452350616,
0.6059373617172241,
0.1660682111978531,
0.17603148519992828,
0.33264830708503723,
0.09456515312194824,
0.68514484167099,
-0.3590918481349945,
0.2370612621307373,
-0.060467615723609924,
-0.5405408143997192,
-0.4206443727016449,
-0.8207046985626221,
0.7788745760917664,
0.10446012765169144,
0.2569950520992279,
-0.4418541491031647,
0.5451170206069946,
0.3140931725502014,
0.9987550973892212,
0.4762232005596161,
0.02424873411655426,
-0.163465216755867,
-0.39910224080085754,
0.24214592576026917,
0.6339854598045349,
0.09473197162151337,
-0.046960022300481796,
-0.46248576045036316,
0.0216661524027586,
-0.10562949627637863,
0.2249821424484253,
0.11876624822616577,
0.9507846236228943,
0.23658804595470428,
-0.19559110701084137,
-0.3730006217956543,
-0.4603990912437439,
-0.26029184460639954,
-1.2204684019088745,
0.8635592460632324,
0.8168697357177734,
0.4986379146575928,
-0.5711854696273804,
0.2750262916088104,
0.4737047553062439,
-0.3105800449848175,
0.08099298179149628,
0.49408581852912903,
0.42578500509262085,
0.09386400133371353,
-0.554713249206543,
-0.5939456224441528,
0.9168933629989624,
-0.10751785337924957,
-0.8019042611122131,
0.15257777273654938,
-0.5813419818878174,
-0.1527685672044754,
-0.3398919999599457,
0.3264484405517578,
0.5368849039077759,
0.529996931552887,
-0.581829309463501
] |
210485
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatback%20Band
|
Fatback Band
|
The Fatback Band (later, simply Fatback) is an American funk and disco band that was popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The Fatback Band is most known for their R&B hits, "(Do the) Spanish Hustle", "I Like Girls", "Gotta Get My Hands on Some (Money)", "Backstrokin'" and "I Found Lovin'". Their 1979 single "King Tim III (Personality Jock)" is generally considered the first commercially released hip hop single.
History
Formed in New York City in 1970, the Fatback Band was the concept of Bill Curtis, an experienced session drummer, inspired to merge the "fatback" jazz beat of New Orleans into a funk band. In addition to Curtis, the band's initial line-up included guitarist Johnny King, bassist Johnny Flippin, trumpet player George Williams, saxophonist Earl Shelton, flautist George Adams, and keyboardist Gerry Thomas. The band specialized in playing "street funk". The group also later included conga player Wayne Woolford, vocalists Jayne and Gerry, Deborah Cooper saxophonist Fred Demerey, guitarist Louis Wright and George Victory.
The Fatback Band signed to Perception Records and had a hit single that summer with "Street Dance". The single reached the top 30 on the US Billboard R&B chart, but failed to cross over to the Pop chart, a pattern the group would follow for the rest of their career. The band released the albums Let's Do It Again, People Music, and Feel My Soul before signing to Event Records in 1974.
In the mid-1970s, the band incorporated jazz elements and moved more towards a disco sound resulting in the singles, "Keep On Steppin'", "Yum, Yum (Give Me Some)", and "(Are You Ready) Do the Bus Stop". The singles proved popular in dance clubs, but did not do as well on the R&B chart until the spring of 1976 when "(Do The) Spanish Hustle" came close to the top ten.
Now recording for Spring/Polydor, the group continued with the singles "Party Time", "The Booty", and "Double Dutch". Late 1977 brought a name change to Fatback, and in 1978 they found their first top ten single with "I Like Girls". The song "King Tim III (Personality Jock)" is often considered to be the first commercially released rap single, having shipped just a week before the Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper's Delight" in October 1979.
In 1980, Fatback had a pair of their biggest hits with "Gotta Get My Hands on Some (Money)" and "Backstrokin'". Also finding the charts in the 1980s were "Take It Any Way You Want It", "I Found Lovin'" and "Spread Love", with singer Evelyn Thomas, in 1985. Whilst American pop success proved elusive, the group made regular appearances on the UK Singles Chart, including the top ten twice with "(Do The) Spanish Hustle" and "I Found Lovin'"; the latter also covered by British disc jockey Steve Walsh, reached the top ten at the same time as the original version.
Keyboardist Gerry Thomas was simultaneously a member of the Jimmy Castor Bunch, so the band elected to remain close to the New York area instead of extensive touring. They had substantial success in South America, especially in Brazil (with "Money" and "Backstrokin'").
As recent as 2019, the Fatback Band performed at multiple concerts and festivals in London and other cities in England. Their 2020 tour was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They have a new album to be released in 2021 and have performances scheduled in July 2021.
Band members
Current
Bill "Fatback" Curtis – drums/percussions (1970–present)
Xavier Zack Guinn – bass Guitar, vocals (2015–present)
Ledjerick Todd Woods – trumpet (2002–present)
Darryl McAllister – guitar, vocals (2005–present)
Isabella Dunn Gordon – vocals
Montreal Parker – drums
Marell Glenn - keyboards (2018–present)
Past
Billy Hamilton – organ, keyboard (1970–1972)
Earl Shelton – saxophone (1970–1979)
Johnny King – guitar, vocals (1970–1979)
Johnny Flippen – bass, percussion, vocals (1971–1983)
Gerry Thomas – keyboard (1971–1985)
George Adams – flute (1972–1974)
Skip Walker - drums (1985–1988, 2007)
Tom Browne - trumpet (1976)
Najee - saxophone (1983)
John DeBerry - vocals (1985–1988, 1997)
Wayne Wilford – percussion (1973)
Fred Demery – saxophone (1977, 1979–1981)
Louis Wright – guitar (1976–1977)
George Victory – guitar (1977, 1979–1981, 1983)
Deborah Cooper – backing vocals (1977–1979)
Michael Walker – keyboard, vocals (1981, 1983)
Robert Damper – keyboard (1983–1987)
Linda Blakely (d.1994) – vocals (1982–1987)
Vernon Lloyd - bass guitar, vocals (1983–1990)
Ed Jackson - saxophone
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
The Fatback Band Official Site
Bill Curtis Official Site
The Fatback Band / Bill Curtis 2011 Interview at Soulinterviews.com
1970 establishments in New York (state)
American dance music groups
American disco groups
American funk musical groups
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups from New York (state)
Atco Records artists
|
[
0.10078290849924088,
-0.06963647902011871,
-0.49779027700424194,
0.22264955937862396,
-0.17319723963737488,
0.0822656899690628,
-0.004835318773984909,
0.2565808892250061,
-0.5162222385406494,
0.1736064851284027,
0.09393156319856644,
0.7913974523544312,
-0.6015328764915466,
-0.29544755816459656,
-0.6694639325141907,
-0.03524717688560486,
0.17013446986675262,
-0.2678321301937103,
-0.286634236574173,
-0.1722998023033142,
0.24540777504444122,
0.18582302331924438,
0.11270555108785629,
-0.2802167534828186,
0.11680996417999268,
0.05446801707148552,
-0.31647250056266785,
0.20014287531375885,
-0.19371888041496277,
0.07646310329437256,
0.5605062246322632,
0.3135473430156708,
0.09159940481185913,
-0.26546892523765564,
0.0032499516382813454,
0.14516864717006683,
-0.07509204000234604,
-0.03636655956506729,
0.09536254405975342,
-0.5618726015090942,
0.8033509254455566,
-0.25612714886665344,
0.28357619047164917,
0.43548715114593506,
-0.08647777885198593,
0.08562296628952026,
-1.075797438621521,
0.3838692009449005,
-0.5442915558815002,
-0.6086344718933105,
-0.10731163620948792,
0.48971810936927795,
-0.42357686161994934,
0.3708476424217224,
0.4689353108406067,
-0.04220520704984665,
0.058556534349918365,
0.11186069995164871,
-0.4121566414833069,
-0.48228928446769714,
0.6452486515045166,
-0.1524292528629303,
0.2603791356086731,
-0.2525129020214081,
-0.37782084941864014,
0.2985599935054779,
0.26452308893203735,
0.7202335596084595,
-0.26921364665031433,
-0.12388207018375397,
-0.22324053943157196,
-0.10270901769399643,
-0.27178826928138733,
-0.47861745953559875,
0.42384496331214905,
-0.3702901601791382,
0.250090092420578,
-0.17715393006801605,
-0.012584865093231201,
0.4841196537017822,
0.10512688010931015,
0.4290356934070587,
0.7121359705924988,
0.5642396211624146,
-0.10272789001464844,
-0.5357600450515747,
-0.08053300529718399,
0.5496929287910461,
-0.8871951699256897,
0.3164343535900116,
-0.5092923045158386,
-0.2287171483039856,
0.05677447468042374,
0.3913845717906952,
-0.26280272006988525,
-0.4815109968185425,
0.10728119313716888,
0.11036116629838943,
0.38050583004951477,
0.35198312997817993,
0.10976041853427887,
-0.3082576394081116,
-0.22114267945289612,
-0.11014680564403534,
-0.6715840101242065,
0.10198046267032623,
0.41373297572135925,
-0.2670038640499115,
0.25173836946487427,
-0.41045066714286804,
-0.17429278790950775,
-0.13908860087394714,
0.16743871569633484,
-0.00941966101527214,
0.32264336943626404,
0.08007611334323883,
-0.4444257915019989,
-0.9277067184448242,
-0.7654886245727539,
0.16264499723911285,
-0.43025943636894226,
0.1740226447582245,
0.0532047376036644,
0.3761375844478607,
0.038921207189559937,
0.4345364272594452,
0.5186177492141724,
0.5764910578727722,
-0.09756466001272202,
-0.10529271513223648,
0.04471129924058914,
0.5263258218765259,
0.10567460209131241,
-0.2116919606924057,
-0.11450275033712387,
0.0692204087972641,
0.35865142941474915,
0.22496217489242554,
-0.09111806005239487,
-0.007995273917913437,
-0.15031205117702484,
0.08614472299814224,
-0.6755009293556213,
-0.5362980365753174,
0.14945103228092194,
-0.6871836185455322,
0.0373644083738327,
-0.02086690627038479,
0.14683517813682556,
-0.3950514495372772,
0.12023012340068817,
-0.5238681435585022,
-0.27577584981918335,
-0.08903127908706665,
-0.07609402388334274,
0.3017268180847168,
-0.12291311472654343,
-0.48062947392463684,
0.2923114001750946,
0.2089129388332367,
-0.262776643037796,
0.029917340725660324,
-0.1582731008529663,
0.08840610086917877,
0.2037210464477539,
-0.515745997428894,
-0.22085796296596527,
-0.37637272477149963,
-0.03670647740364075,
0.14578334987163544,
-0.57867431640625,
0.3637709617614746,
-0.03200751915574074,
0.6052583456039429,
0.09852920472621918,
0.09193393588066101,
1.271401047706604,
-0.019101865589618683,
0.05803993344306946,
0.1086367666721344,
-0.3342234790325165,
0.11472004652023315,
0.6584450006484985,
0.10346949100494385,
0.27499720454216003,
0.009285303764045238,
0.31647610664367676,
-0.21118462085723877,
-0.02476482279598713,
-0.19491538405418396,
-0.504562258720398,
-0.41548848152160645,
0.33739253878593445,
-0.26244664192199707,
1.051242709159851,
-0.022500978782773018,
-0.4428933560848236,
-0.34086671471595764,
0.05278555676341057,
0.10797110944986343,
-0.28133296966552734,
-0.2076101452112198,
0.43730637431144714,
-0.434792160987854,
-0.17584893107414246,
0.13414938747882843,
0.08787254244089127,
-0.047448258846998215,
0.05242038518190384,
0.5268714427947998,
0.36127969622612,
-0.2687962055206299,
-0.24065028131008148,
-0.1486564427614212,
-0.7590525150299072,
-0.4144803583621979,
-0.4423558712005615,
0.4052790403366089,
0.03660745173692703,
-0.3146061301231384,
0.526221752166748,
0.3513652980327606,
-0.3771200478076935,
-0.21650083363056183,
0.36896219849586487,
0.91243577003479,
0.005476546473801136,
0.18582211434841156,
0.5368697047233582,
0.4338599741458893,
0.2609391212463379,
0.4410821497440338,
0.3268486559391022,
-0.553382396697998,
0.16043493151664734,
0.5761561989784241,
0.6156565546989441,
0.01439478900283575,
0.19420620799064636,
-0.18036052584648132,
0.14423072338104248,
0.17279915511608124,
-0.8819250464439392,
0.10867678374052048,
-0.07126226276159286,
-0.4641519784927368,
-0.09916573017835617,
-0.08906518667936325,
-0.6901954412460327,
0.2119334191083908,
0.26864466071128845,
0.5318723320960999,
0.26902633905410767,
-0.09150596708059311,
0.008229964412748814,
0.4184294044971466,
0.3465597629547119,
-0.2759045958518982,
0.3579042851924896,
-0.22026996314525604,
-0.47604161500930786,
0.11672054976224899,
0.35011765360832214,
0.18989622592926025,
-0.23915089666843414,
-0.2807299494743347,
-0.08220868557691574,
0.3028295636177063,
0.31463727355003357,
-0.41390010714530945,
-0.09581994265317917,
0.49634841084480286,
-0.24553024768829346,
0.5935969352722168,
-0.2835398316383362,
-0.45279717445373535,
-0.206965833902359,
0.074575275182724,
-0.0839170590043068,
-1.045193076133728,
0.1786854863166809,
1.032487392425537,
0.639761209487915,
-0.6137042045593262,
-0.5278225541114807,
0.29253828525543213,
0.0686694085597992,
-0.18327990174293518,
0.28896331787109375,
-0.1779405027627945,
-0.1342146396636963,
0.29672756791114807,
-0.7872195243835449,
0.059618234634399414,
-0.06419903039932251,
0.32647815346717834,
0.38362446427345276,
0.27755972743034363,
-0.2215632051229477,
0.16512884199619293,
-0.29172709584236145,
0.22424812614917755,
-0.39780572056770325,
0.12091967463493347,
0.9264202117919922,
-0.3127402365207672,
-0.5490184426307678,
-0.23972730338573456,
-5.952105522155762,
0.6049626469612122,
-0.2470695823431015,
-0.5521670579910278,
0.697762131690979,
0.3534318506717682,
0.46740734577178955,
-0.779920756816864,
0.021202415227890015,
-0.5407260656356812,
-0.7604423761367798,
0.19445163011550903,
-0.024891456589102745,
0.12440629303455353,
-0.06198745220899582,
-0.4454532563686371,
0.01666625589132309,
-0.536058247089386,
0.11236196756362915,
-0.24063818156719208,
0.37683433294296265,
-0.4009910523891449,
-0.2411613017320633,
0.5147837400436401,
-0.2766819894313812,
0.639430582523346,
-0.48661381006240845,
0.33287957310676575,
-0.06233266368508339,
0.159712016582489,
-0.02318718284368515,
0.43957972526550293,
0.11091765761375427,
-0.927537202835083,
0.29400601983070374,
-0.07361599057912827,
0.6988763213157654,
0.15681181848049164,
0.3460003733634949,
0.035158220678567886,
-0.0703430324792862,
0.3550364077091217,
0.09850510209798813,
-0.3313298523426056,
0.28499725461006165,
0.5257964134216309,
-0.10895736515522003,
-0.30040934681892395,
-0.2987522780895233,
0.9563468098640442,
0.16306772828102112,
-0.501986563205719,
-0.043313514441251755,
0.02684500254690647,
0.10294531285762787,
-0.6170402765274048,
-0.11433188617229462,
0.5044816732406616,
0.12105152755975723,
0.560853898525238,
0.3857053816318512,
-0.5213709473609924,
0.17721548676490784,
-0.664683997631073,
-0.40852442383766174,
-0.24360406398773193,
0.22572748363018036,
0.361512154340744,
0.6534727215766907,
0.09709615260362625,
-0.051122233271598816,
0.017472514882683754,
-0.21814587712287903,
-1.2727638483047485,
0.2356012463569641,
0.024902062490582466,
0.0836995542049408,
0.06333956867456436,
-0.4961484372615814,
0.35241708159446716,
0.31007441878318787,
0.14991705119609833,
-0.22323283553123474,
0.027049856260418892,
-0.6579188704490662,
-0.7951235771179199,
-0.5426169037818909,
0.2597171664237976,
-1.014610767364502,
-0.053714364767074585,
0.6702026724815369,
-0.6733092665672302,
0.02648252435028553,
0.1219797283411026,
0.03851504251360893,
0.5288361310958862,
0.11764034628868103,
0.32287558913230896,
0.148171529173851,
0.262034147977829,
0.21101190149784088,
-0.45717093348503113,
0.3811715841293335,
-0.5099630951881409,
-0.13745316863059998,
-0.5332831740379333,
-0.06429557502269745,
0.09478979557752609,
0.37791678309440613,
-0.24873510003089905,
0.06887197494506836,
-0.26752322912216187,
-0.3682851791381836,
-0.5628114342689514,
0.2434072494506836,
-0.23844090104103088,
-0.4449889659881592,
-0.43744415044784546,
0.14500562846660614,
0.4919746518135071,
0.38636335730552673,
0.0377429760992527,
0.06802096962928772,
-0.22008003294467926,
-0.6412724256515503,
0.22983889281749725,
0.05691872909665108,
0.21956871449947357,
0.3745083808898926,
0.3395509421825409,
0.0736519992351532,
0.06375395506620407,
0.12336520105600357,
0.5854331254959106,
0.18685971200466156,
-0.23587319254875183,
-0.6259496212005615,
-0.013473555445671082,
0.2652367949485779,
-0.5467511415481567,
0.3215751647949219,
-0.4170456826686859,
-0.032015714794397354,
0.028979307040572166,
0.2703234851360321,
0.7041316628456116,
-0.17644661664962769,
-0.19277730584144592,
0.14630578458309174,
0.2958321273326874,
0.06024588644504547,
0.14118538796901703,
0.3566989302635193,
-0.6331998705863953,
-0.028818253427743912,
0.28881946206092834,
0.04709436744451523,
0.23020689189434052,
-0.16549116373062134,
-0.12720182538032532,
0.2680531442165375,
-0.36422625184059143,
-0.8598505258560181,
-0.05382491648197174,
-0.2676571309566498,
0.15382632613182068,
0.19046227633953094,
-0.6462652087211609,
-0.3355593681335449,
0.42940497398376465,
-0.2835026681423187,
0.10226847231388092,
0.0959169864654541,
-0.1270986795425415,
0.3726866543292999,
0.1519574224948883,
0.2663595378398895,
-0.21290911734104156,
0.46266433596611023,
0.17103524506092072,
-0.28676921129226685,
0.5206946134567261,
-0.238672137260437,
0.1379583775997162,
0.3343763053417206,
-0.7053847908973694,
-1.069083571434021,
0.03267383575439453,
-0.39889609813690186,
0.26500824093818665,
0.20768117904663086,
0.1479312926530838,
0.4739198386669159,
0.014000431634485722,
-0.3985177278518677,
-0.5966488122940063,
-0.17419813573360443,
0.6714980602264404,
0.10601477324962616,
-0.5653060078620911,
0.26660463213920593,
-0.03032645955681801,
0.013191510923206806,
0.061767298728227615,
0.07009036093950272,
-0.3012712597846985,
0.6447153091430664,
-0.14026646316051483,
-0.4130719304084778,
0.33107495307922363,
-0.12116566300392151,
-0.5065672993659973,
-0.18131256103515625,
0.3569442629814148,
0.018442874774336815,
0.04802793636918068,
0.3466258645057678,
0.03587593883275986,
-0.6377553939819336,
-0.2724425494670868,
-0.40694722533226013,
0.006326380651444197,
-0.7182869911193848,
0.31641414761543274,
-0.6139609813690186,
-0.0729697123169899,
0.07454212754964828,
-0.028589898720383644,
-0.1305028349161148,
-0.16222809255123138,
0.40834829211235046,
0.14842766523361206,
-0.31791558861732483,
0.29611966013908386,
0.07254389673471451,
0.21924282610416412,
0.37958383560180664,
0.33991900086402893,
0.21752376854419708,
-0.13951963186264038,
0.37348541617393494,
0.5098775625228882,
0.30850034952163696,
-0.25871962308883667,
0.3988421559333801,
-0.22713418304920197,
0.41812801361083984,
0.14222091436386108,
-0.4488530158996582,
0.1791144609451294,
0.1663208305835724,
-0.2509661018848419,
-0.5414161682128906,
-0.1392955631017685,
0.42462608218193054,
-0.6734138131141663,
-0.43279021978378296,
-0.12980233132839203,
0.15990398824214935,
0.06029754877090454,
0.11701600253582001,
0.7231171131134033,
-0.8369062542915344,
0.1056920737028122,
-0.014280887320637703,
-0.05205715820193291,
-0.14634470641613007,
-0.1347476989030838,
0.3927299678325653,
-0.3395058214664459,
-0.06353884190320969,
0.03200948238372803,
0.7430320382118225,
0.16175612807273865,
-0.3588609993457794,
-0.0035468307323753834,
-0.07433739304542542,
-1.0026524066925049,
0.14426833391189575,
0.10262642800807953,
-0.5878612399101257,
0.20628668367862701,
-0.11246535181999207,
-0.5140582919120789,
0.4141453802585602,
-0.41639643907546997,
-0.22849944233894348,
-0.23914526402950287,
-0.23463048040866852,
-0.300139844417572,
-0.2095308154821396,
0.3531475365161896,
0.2528916597366333,
0.34426257014274597,
-0.49199631810188293,
0.29469621181488037,
0.011446178890764713,
-0.14221875369548798,
-0.05206146091222763,
-0.15739332139492035,
-0.11027219146490097,
-0.11051823943853378,
-0.18209190666675568,
-0.28858739137649536,
0.37892046570777893,
-0.6441632509231567,
0.2617417573928833,
0.29621902108192444,
-0.07408688217401505,
0.6461036801338196,
-0.0916934683918953,
-0.45704010128974915,
-0.4653245508670807,
0.6418059468269348,
-0.7902224659919739,
0.09087847918272018,
0.7495978474617004,
-0.20207884907722473,
0.6815094351768494,
-0.07631616294384003,
0.32350772619247437,
0.1951148509979248,
0.08612246811389923,
0.12174589931964874,
0.4069918394088745,
0.44694098830223083,
-0.13013771176338196,
0.2669218182563782,
0.7737362384796143,
0.2855302691459656,
0.3886321783065796,
-0.3774571716785431,
0.09450680017471313,
-0.2962273359298706,
-0.05832790583372116,
-0.40306904911994934,
-0.18128947913646698,
0.21398207545280457,
-0.47199249267578125,
0.8213539719581604,
-0.007911823689937592,
-0.35293877124786377,
-0.43584948778152466,
0.09634727239608765,
-0.04965236410498619,
-0.015027941204607487,
-0.30346688628196716,
-0.21342594921588898,
0.5193131566047668,
0.20797467231750488,
0.0769643634557724,
-0.15883639454841614,
-0.46266841888427734,
-0.2807791233062744,
1.134321689605713,
0.07697849720716476,
0.4550333023071289,
-0.2676272392272949,
-0.33721962571144104,
-0.11982528120279312,
0.2780055105686188,
0.27404770255088806,
0.6747068762779236,
0.11270537972450256,
-0.1598525047302246,
0.399314820766449,
-0.17842112481594086,
-0.482359915971756,
0.024709852412343025,
0.44194456934928894,
0.186698779463768,
0.38090014457702637,
-0.017595527693629265,
0.5891987085342407,
0.21241284906864166,
0.049013346433639526,
0.48982614278793335,
0.6563952565193176,
-0.182287335395813,
0.5629066824913025,
-0.3200169801712036,
0.2865566909313202,
-0.7771424055099487,
-0.36582833528518677,
0.5269902944564819,
-0.014937499538064003,
-0.14308686554431915,
0.17565150558948517,
-0.21940471231937408,
-0.4731268286705017,
0.25657525658607483,
-1.193598985671997,
-0.22682154178619385,
0.1132194772362709,
-0.06469341367483139,
-0.2413496971130371,
0.2548741400241852,
0.5551080107688904,
0.23371818661689758,
0.3080194592475891,
0.2400681972503662,
0.1691555231809616,
-0.0008016051724553108,
0.17804090678691864,
-0.4650622308254242,
-0.054381124675273895,
-0.49154743552207947,
-0.3572487533092499,
-0.3260919153690338,
0.8288113474845886,
0.0646018385887146,
0.12039356678724289,
0.1616804450750351,
0.5818777680397034,
-0.19270828366279602,
-0.4727630615234375,
0.6583595871925354,
-0.40009430050849915,
-0.7359946370124817,
0.22781209647655487,
-0.10206030309200287,
-0.16916732490062714,
0.30953249335289,
0.3145664632320404,
-0.17630498111248016,
-0.23911356925964355,
0.2783941924571991,
-0.3102169334888458,
-0.3865942060947418,
0.9807373881340027,
-0.07084327191114426,
-0.32372817397117615,
-0.6190763711929321,
-0.1441316455602646,
0.04849740490317345,
-0.23109140992164612,
0.253854900598526,
-0.15222880244255066,
0.38106852769851685,
0.269607275724411,
0.7845931649208069,
0.026496868580579758,
0.15900006890296936,
-0.1486402451992035,
-0.01019832119345665,
-0.10216876864433289,
0.4488109052181244,
-0.3549312353134155,
-0.6013194918632507,
0.49788299202919006,
-0.029786989092826843,
-0.2860296964645386,
0.07174914330244064,
-0.1750524491071701,
0.3093389570713043,
-0.16676560044288635,
0.21886928379535675,
-0.11195062845945358,
-0.08419150114059448,
-0.3182586133480072
] |
210486
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatback
|
Fatback
|
Fatback is a cut of meat from a domestic pig. It consists of the layer of adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat) under the skin of the back, with or without the skin (pork rind). Fatback is "hard fat" and is distinct from the visceral fat that occurs in the abdominal cavity which is called "soft fat" and is used to produce leaf lard.
Like other types of pig fat, fatback may be rendered to make a high quality lard. It is one source of salt pork. Finely diced or coarsely ground fatback is an important ingredient in sausage making and in some meat dishes.
Fatback is an important element of traditional charcuterie. In several European cultures it is used to make specialty bacon. Containing no skeletal muscle, this bacon is a delicacy.
At one time fatback was Italy's basic cooking fat, especially in regions where olive trees are sparse or absent, but health concerns have reduced its popularity. However, it provides a rich, authentic flavour for the classic battuto – sautéed vegetables, herbs and flavourings – that forms the basis of many traditional dishes. Today, pancetta is often used instead.
Bacon
Fatback is processed into slab bacon by many methods, including brine curing, dry curing, smoking, or boiling. Usually the skin (rind) is left on.
This fatback bacon is widely eaten throughout Europe. In Italy it is called lardo, and notable examples are Valle d'Aosta Lard d'Arnad and Lardo di Colonnata. In Ukraine, Russia, and other countries of the former Soviet Union, it is called salo. In Hungary, where it is called szalonna and in Bulgaria and Romania, where it is called slanina, it is very popular for campfire cookouts (szalonnasütés). In Germany, where it is called Rückenspeck (back pork fat), it is one of two cuts known as Speck.
Pork rinds
Fatback is a traditional part of southern US cuisine, soul food and the traditional cuisine of Quebec, where it is used for fried pork rinds (known there as cracklings, or oreilles de crisse in Quebec), and to flavor stewed vegetables such as leaf vegetables, green beans, and black-eyed peas. A common delicacy is strips of heavily salted and fried fatback. Fatback was extremely popular in the South during the Great Depression because it is an inexpensive piece of meat. In the southwestern United States, fried fatback is known by its Spanish name, chicharrón.
In sausages
Fatback is an important ingredient in notable traditional sausages including nduja, cudighi, and cotechino Modena.
In cooking
In French cooking, very thinly sliced fatback is used to line the mold when making a terrine or pâté, and thin strips of fatback are inserted under the skin of lean gamebirds for roasting. These techniques are barding and larding, respectively, and in both the fatback is used without the rind. Fatback also is used to make lardons, salt pork, and lard.
In popular culture
The 1954 rhythm and blues song "Fat Back and Corn Liquor" was written by Louisiana songwriter Rudy Toombs and sung by Louis Jordan. It was released by Aladdin Records as the A side of a ten-inch 78rpm record.
See also
References
External links
Cuts of pork
Charcuterie
Soul food
African-American cuisine
|
[
-0.09196465462446213,
-0.09386038780212402,
-0.5014500617980957,
0.22057758271694183,
-0.054188162088394165,
0.5151711106300354,
-0.08777304738759995,
0.8259387016296387,
-0.35868242383003235,
-0.27370685338974,
-0.5893358588218689,
0.6026803255081177,
-0.21444635093212128,
-0.0699787586927414,
-0.3775830566883087,
-0.02784603461623192,
0.6151966452598572,
0.16035757958889008,
0.06672484427690506,
-0.16291873157024384,
0.041129887104034424,
-0.6126177906990051,
-0.11303842812776566,
0.046787384897470474,
0.33722084760665894,
-0.19427742063999176,
0.1079343780875206,
0.23499776422977448,
-0.09768249094486237,
-0.07996469736099243,
-0.10050007700920105,
0.3791271150112152,
-0.07942718267440796,
-0.40004390478134155,
0.221251979470253,
0.05338815599679947,
0.37633225321769714,
-0.46579456329345703,
-0.2408067137002945,
-0.08314896374940872,
0.36528268456459045,
0.28815558552742004,
0.2928963005542755,
1.0675771236419678,
0.00016531592700630426,
-0.4927780032157898,
-0.8189671635627747,
0.6881307363510132,
-0.42770087718963623,
0.13882330060005188,
-0.24654489755630493,
0.411691278219223,
-0.6008787751197815,
0.18478895723819733,
0.379672646522522,
0.8937035799026489,
-0.6256487965583801,
0.18976089358329773,
0.049487579613924026,
-0.16935944557189941,
0.3514137864112854,
-0.16180391609668732,
0.012722265906631947,
0.18410883843898773,
-0.07996155321598053,
0.3318636417388916,
0.08876948803663254,
0.9273495674133301,
-0.5986840724945068,
-0.09065235406160355,
-0.3819817900657654,
-0.5524852871894836,
-0.5452504754066467,
0.19251476228237152,
-0.06234116479754448,
-0.330335408449173,
-0.3164054751396179,
-0.05340205505490303,
0.38791799545288086,
0.4536905586719513,
0.027095617726445198,
0.4819008409976959,
0.002349341055378318,
-0.2436491847038269,
0.31402459740638733,
0.6356212496757507,
-0.10249461233615875,
-0.16721661388874054,
-0.2384878396987915,
0.4995880722999573,
0.0552518293261528,
0.11042522639036179,
0.24706146121025085,
0.21022307872772217,
-0.40615761280059814,
-0.8936823010444641,
0.4486951529979706,
0.04665046185255051,
0.5127686262130737,
0.11220567673444748,
-0.5206870436668396,
-0.050978463143110275,
0.6216948628425598,
0.315712571144104,
-0.5045142769813538,
-0.09984986484050751,
-0.1448376178741455,
-0.0077450890094041824,
0.2968968451023102,
-0.5752611756324768,
-0.02760005183517933,
0.08574538677930832,
0.0956491082906723,
0.028300894424319267,
-0.3350062370300293,
0.29014623165130615,
0.0008107662433758378,
-0.6776772141456604,
-0.31152474880218506,
-0.42906081676483154,
-0.2040225714445114,
0.4458593726158142,
-0.5456908345222473,
-0.04453185200691223,
-0.11700507253408432,
-0.3529176414012909,
0.4298866391181946,
1.0771220922470093,
0.1658872812986374,
-0.22943346202373505,
0.6157770752906799,
0.6453275084495544,
0.03487872704863548,
0.05127543583512306,
-0.2154955267906189,
-0.2880057394504547,
0.544991672039032,
0.19087766110897064,
0.2954947054386139,
0.027322182431817055,
-1.004465103149414,
-0.1363247036933899,
-0.6625071167945862,
-0.2177831530570984,
0.07894100248813629,
-0.01471329852938652,
-0.3872404396533966,
-0.6473724246025085,
0.24153746664524078,
-0.4168263077735901,
0.15961728990077972,
0.09491989761590958,
0.21617354452610016,
0.053693339228630066,
-0.5034759044647217,
0.23058421909809113,
0.129220649600029,
-0.5635902881622314,
0.052768852561712265,
-0.23666413128376007,
0.3495936691761017,
0.02135222777724266,
-0.02213241346180439,
-0.8118362426757812,
0.0661260187625885,
-0.3469354808330536,
0.7512679696083069,
0.17918527126312256,
-0.6244082450866699,
0.19654710590839386,
-0.40117141604423523,
0.355259507894516,
0.7858580350875854,
-0.17508971691131592,
0.03906206786632538,
-0.08325446397066116,
0.08625279366970062,
0.031214136630296707,
0.6050654053688049,
0.18190094828605652,
-0.6456490159034729,
0.4404902756214142,
0.5591840147972107,
-0.42915648221969604,
-0.01342956256121397,
-0.3167792558670044,
0.352372407913208,
-0.27117693424224854,
-0.2878243923187256,
0.41765323281288147,
-0.929906964302063,
-0.29202091693878174,
-0.0911131277680397,
-0.2892482876777649,
1.2103466987609863,
-0.4743127226829529,
-0.5371761918067932,
0.3300803303718567,
-0.203098326921463,
0.21536889672279358,
-0.9179158806800842,
-0.242171972990036,
0.5176482796669006,
-0.49089398980140686,
-0.7928850054740906,
0.9373564124107361,
0.08187832683324814,
0.3058074116706848,
0.9754846096038818,
0.12133181095123291,
0.39853912591934204,
-0.081833116710186,
0.5603435039520264,
-0.33708229660987854,
-0.26429325342178345,
0.16139674186706543,
0.030010852962732315,
0.2642953097820282,
0.31391382217407227,
-0.619415819644928,
0.7656165957450867,
0.1833445280790329,
-0.26283419132232666,
0.398194819688797,
-0.08878400176763535,
0.4674597382545471,
-0.12999482452869415,
0.2504802942276001,
0.2822127342224121,
0.13696050643920898,
0.43828606605529785,
0.05305585637688637,
0.4592062532901764,
-0.29364636540412903,
-0.7812900543212891,
-0.26076754927635193,
0.1839756816625595,
-0.12237690389156342,
0.26403379440307617,
0.035187140107154846,
0.3356527090072632,
0.6786959767341614,
-0.1936449110507965,
-0.40309399366378784,
0.10160399228334427,
-0.32219743728637695,
0.03983080014586449,
0.6496454477310181,
-0.12126459926366806,
-0.7031475305557251,
0.6413958072662354,
0.8390154242515564,
0.42195791006088257,
-0.3858155906200409,
0.030358225107192993,
-0.5548902153968811,
0.1758720725774765,
0.3072236478328705,
0.08666690438985825,
0.20711082220077515,
-0.012485847808420658,
0.11189807206392288,
-0.15675383806228638,
-0.05262278765439987,
-0.09386438131332397,
0.08443862199783325,
-0.6488081216812134,
-0.061387889087200165,
0.29921284317970276,
0.12158374488353729,
0.5985297560691833,
0.5987349152565002,
-0.8138328194618225,
-0.09959692507982254,
0.025790877640247345,
-0.39960044622421265,
0.1371290385723114,
-0.1817493587732315,
-0.3650408983230591,
-0.5588670969009399,
0.0024174205027520657,
0.43905749917030334,
0.6066878437995911,
-0.6310552358627319,
-0.5059376955032349,
-0.3738294243812561,
0.1223505362868309,
-0.6398285627365112,
0.09251594543457031,
-0.0506172813475132,
-0.012322168797254562,
0.4079422354698181,
-0.22276568412780762,
0.07590999454259872,
-0.16012103855609894,
-0.11985782533884048,
0.12308193743228912,
0.4402239918708801,
0.7744401693344116,
-0.6389719247817993,
0.7019500136375427,
-0.38554996252059937,
-0.07598993182182312,
-0.018803788349032402,
0.4647957682609558,
-0.06047169119119644,
-0.3897714614868164,
-0.29998284578323364,
-5.76994514465332,
0.14742255210876465,
-0.39595937728881836,
-0.4814732074737549,
0.5856020450592041,
0.002453522989526391,
0.2099408209323883,
-0.6155369877815247,
0.1310521960258484,
0.06997859477996826,
-0.1696568727493286,
0.12910906970500946,
0.172193244099617,
-0.29903745651245117,
0.14309178292751312,
0.13851810991764069,
-0.0077569312416017056,
-0.08740436285734177,
0.11902682483196259,
0.08692385256290436,
0.11638481169939041,
0.17289668321609497,
-0.23441171646118164,
0.7432193160057068,
-0.17673195898532867,
0.5382434129714966,
-0.3851114511489868,
0.04057347774505615,
-0.03407741338014603,
0.02935689501464367,
0.09916264563798904,
-0.14770802855491638,
0.4416196346282959,
-0.6843997836112976,
0.31888461112976074,
-0.15785586833953857,
0.1829557716846466,
0.36772167682647705,
0.2080422043800354,
0.47932809591293335,
-0.3222925364971161,
0.37425684928894043,
0.11973051726818085,
-0.26831188797950745,
0.7911497354507446,
-0.16805525124073029,
-0.009475387632846832,
-0.5573664903640747,
-0.2239484339952469,
0.35253655910491943,
-0.00005768987466581166,
-0.10893010348081589,
0.004667550325393677,
0.2648560702800751,
0.32899782061576843,
-0.3318272531032562,
0.45313921570777893,
0.3454720377922058,
-0.15457436442375183,
-0.09554020315408707,
0.14648306369781494,
-0.25736573338508606,
-0.05434770882129669,
-0.0902971550822258,
-0.3023129403591156,
0.029097924008965492,
0.06711844354867935,
-0.44159260392189026,
0.2567666172981262,
0.48822590708732605,
-0.49825727939605713,
0.21914979815483093,
0.4146924614906311,
-0.9622125625610352,
0.6610496640205383,
-0.43176084756851196,
-0.7524783611297607,
0.27311232686042786,
-0.13246187567710876,
-0.03957346826791763,
0.3470161557197571,
-0.46647074818611145,
-0.2493819296360016,
-0.11578235775232315,
0.17209140956401825,
-0.7993548512458801,
-0.47113484144210815,
-0.46871647238731384,
-0.39513716101646423,
-0.450662761926651,
0.8035300970077515,
-0.8782923817634583,
0.34223613142967224,
-0.34645959734916687,
-0.09551206976175308,
1.0062963962554932,
0.09106816351413727,
0.16915233433246613,
-0.0978216603398323,
-0.046829331666231155,
1.0296828746795654,
-0.17848731577396393,
-0.2637684643268585,
-0.69521164894104,
-0.11591844260692596,
-0.4098823666572571,
0.13441716134548187,
0.6397635340690613,
0.7228499054908752,
-0.11649175733327866,
-0.04370313510298729,
0.15584595501422882,
-0.6714423298835754,
-0.33282384276390076,
0.11496514081954956,
0.7423813343048096,
-0.4914870858192444,
-0.30649372935295105,
0.41685813665390015,
0.08325847238302231,
0.5249409675598145,
-0.44211316108703613,
-0.3214765787124634,
-0.13727514445781708,
0.18958237767219543,
-0.3007766902446747,
0.3799184560775757,
-0.17584675550460815,
0.01953934319317341,
0.23610547184944153,
-0.1343776136636734,
-0.3986348509788513,
0.16892369091510773,
-0.06393667310476303,
-0.30833885073661804,
0.051325079053640366,
-0.3206462860107422,
0.17857812345027924,
-0.1166476234793663,
-0.639352023601532,
-0.15368357300758362,
-0.0350668728351593,
-0.09487875550985336,
0.20966428518295288,
0.030126241967082024,
0.7673658132553101,
-0.4932747483253479,
0.25494617223739624,
-0.6707850694656372,
0.48294198513031006,
-0.043631840497255325,
0.0844213217496872,
-0.0740172266960144,
0.08603022247552872,
-0.11491933465003967,
-0.29188182950019836,
0.6647056937217712,
0.8256813883781433,
-0.38616815209388733,
-0.426876425743103,
0.21497896313667297,
-0.4103125035762787,
-1.0460509061813354,
-0.09812629222869873,
-0.26729485392570496,
-0.28325918316841125,
0.03417360782623291,
-0.6973867416381836,
-0.4582856297492981,
0.715663731098175,
-0.3862101435661316,
-0.5803444385528564,
-0.08753175288438797,
0.1448594331741333,
0.5304674506187439,
-0.6156172752380371,
0.03498281538486481,
0.00726565346121788,
-0.07903733849525452,
0.3057083785533905,
-0.10221109539270401,
0.32769542932510376,
0.5888023376464844,
0.30789896845817566,
0.5237228274345398,
-0.9040825963020325,
-0.3661024868488312,
0.15821956098079681,
-0.04278060793876648,
0.21877819299697876,
-0.12361183762550354,
0.050007760524749756,
0.7241368889808655,
0.5074164271354675,
-0.2257613241672516,
0.3395143151283264,
-0.1549197882413864,
0.3248826265335083,
0.07276376336812973,
-0.7498794794082642,
0.134051114320755,
0.8655815720558167,
-0.20302028954029083,
0.3949466645717621,
0.1985815167427063,
-0.21396876871585846,
0.3316323161125183,
0.047489315271377563,
-0.24134016036987305,
0.36889633536338806,
0.020833110436797142,
-0.7926598787307739,
0.0003408352786209434,
1.0360509157180786,
-0.25242435932159424,
0.4229547381401062,
0.5386189222335815,
-0.08771762996912003,
-0.2762584984302521,
-0.11743396520614624,
-0.01592971198260784,
-0.5332045555114746,
-0.4371894598007202,
0.04757881164550781,
-0.145107239484787,
0.43236610293388367,
0.18527072668075562,
-0.5548936724662781,
0.8359156250953674,
-0.3038387596607208,
0.50858074426651,
-0.4987824559211731,
0.03722302243113518,
0.3602607250213623,
0.6024368405342102,
0.37499603629112244,
0.1490030437707901,
0.3030970096588135,
0.39666083455085754,
0.31971511244773865,
0.5463597774505615,
1.0056782960891724,
0.1988169103860855,
0.3617854416370392,
-0.625322699546814,
0.207957923412323,
0.0580340251326561,
-0.4995104670524597,
-0.33997201919555664,
-0.1699698269367218,
0.10447733104228973,
-0.3145256042480469,
-0.17089898884296417,
-0.18966588377952576,
0.17706681787967682,
-0.6116213798522949,
0.054790325462818146,
0.38117048144340515,
-0.048570889979600906,
0.028042493388056755,
0.14517724514007568,
0.4203992486000061,
-0.3397802412509918,
0.8099483847618103,
0.44526246190071106,
-0.41088515520095825,
-0.6197206974029541,
-0.13807423412799835,
0.023510795086622238,
0.18083836138248444,
-0.02358245477080345,
-0.18845532834529877,
0.5530763864517212,
0.3488628566265106,
0.1488150656223297,
0.1533835083246231,
-0.4419053792953491,
-0.7338786125183105,
-0.07152429223060608,
0.11783682554960251,
-0.05864560604095459,
-0.4188794791698456,
0.2831740081310272,
-0.5841749310493469,
0.00926750898361206,
-0.19416314363479614,
0.20827457308769226,
-0.40732747316360474,
-0.16956263780593872,
-0.04552898183465004,
-0.08632747083902359,
0.17862528562545776,
-0.07865037769079208,
0.15256176888942719,
0.046813663095235825,
0.07710220664739609,
0.04057983681559563,
-0.026429496705532074,
0.019965017214417458,
-0.0029399071354418993,
-0.770524263381958,
0.44397273659706116,
-0.3581913113594055,
-0.3024965524673462,
0.5465564131736755,
-0.1659100204706192,
-0.1329888254404068,
-0.1615358293056488,
-0.2147558331489563,
-0.03981645777821541,
0.34760311245918274,
-0.04355351999402046,
-0.4133352041244507,
0.26115602254867554,
0.39796212315559387,
-0.27955305576324463,
0.01652158424258232,
-0.5252233743667603,
-0.054791420698165894,
0.8180267214775085,
0.30927950143814087,
-0.19403521716594696,
0.15224114060401917,
0.23860019445419312,
-0.2974235713481903,
0.47755053639411926,
-0.6274144053459167,
-0.0826679989695549,
0.0627458244562149,
0.37101098895072937,
0.32887235283851624,
0.21633513271808624,
-0.1196809634566307,
-0.3026832342147827,
0.08843368291854858,
-0.3458705544471741,
-0.09222333878278732,
-0.42421630024909973,
-0.14121054112911224,
0.9867046475410461,
0.32658106088638306,
-0.03412935137748718,
-0.38824567198753357,
0.1930682510137558,
0.06816088408231735,
0.17994621396064758,
-0.20388685166835785,
-0.22580523788928986,
0.22764278948307037,
0.2681277394294739,
0.7254804968833923,
-0.20850832760334015,
0.267279714345932,
-0.2677953541278839,
0.5112442374229431,
-0.17086386680603027,
-0.04117881879210472,
0.04782217741012573,
-0.8183828592300415,
-0.2678431570529938,
0.062112946063280106,
0.4364781379699707,
0.20675282180309296,
-0.30918726325035095,
-0.1315722018480301,
0.3270779252052307,
-0.41486337780952454,
-0.9066188335418701,
-0.15045489370822906,
0.15531373023986816,
0.234523206949234,
0.1627120077610016,
-0.20748595893383026,
-0.0876101404428482,
0.30843907594680786,
0.38675668835639954,
0.07217559218406677,
0.5000459551811218,
-0.20212653279304504,
0.40545788407325745,
-0.79242342710495,
-0.16168029606342316,
-0.6218258142471313,
-0.39125069975852966,
0.08432945609092712,
0.04706577584147453,
-0.5395853519439697,
0.007268121466040611,
-0.9244498610496521,
-0.26033633947372437,
-0.10129334032535553,
-0.6656063199043274,
0.29680994153022766,
0.049518831074237823,
-0.18555781245231628,
-0.9915332794189453,
0.3043100833892822,
0.5341607332229614,
-0.03583381697535515,
0.36823904514312744,
0.12295167148113251,
0.2896276116371155,
-0.029953645542263985,
0.7896898984909058,
-0.6976586580276489,
0.1977650225162506,
-0.36898499727249146,
0.8167862296104431,
-0.5338973999023438,
0.45436179637908936,
0.41500598192214966,
-0.3083378076553345,
0.23507799208164215,
0.16513052582740784,
0.15904858708381653,
-0.12066339701414108,
0.23026476800441742,
-0.7476115822792053,
0.1069146990776062,
-0.07099853456020355,
-0.02582399733364582,
-1.0810877084732056,
-0.026796678081154823,
0.2298445701599121,
0.27618691325187683,
-0.04161776602268219,
0.4044691026210785,
0.07050618529319763,
-1.0182424783706665,
0.41785740852355957,
-0.9541854858398438,
0.5991264581680298,
-0.6868087649345398,
-0.046669427305459976,
0.18972459435462952,
-0.14082427322864532,
0.6179918646812439,
0.16243574023246765,
0.1923348307609558,
0.13227395713329315,
0.6463010907173157,
-0.10527266561985016,
-0.004601402208209038,
-0.19670717418193817,
-0.9528912901878357,
-0.1844904124736786,
0.4805566668510437,
-0.5082849264144897,
-0.8369209170341492,
0.4619959890842438,
0.29246944189071655,
-0.07836753129959106,
0.1487431824207306,
-0.08892107009887695,
-0.05162854120135307,
0.0649757981300354,
0.09633849561214447,
-0.24208995699882507,
0.042564865201711655,
-0.09392981231212616
] |
210489
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Wizzard%20Theodore
|
Grand Wizzard Theodore
|
Theodore Livingston (born March 5, 1963), better known as Grand Wizzard Theodore, is an American hip hop DJ. He is widely credited as the inventor of the scratching technique. In addition to scratching, he gained credibility for his mastery of needle drops and other techniques which he invented or perfected.
Early life
Born in the Bronx, New York, Theodore's brother, Mean Gene, was his mentor, who began teaching him the technique of DJing at an early age. Theodore was later apprenticed by Grandmaster Flash.
In 1975, Theodore was playing records in his bedroom with the volume all the way up. Furious with the noise, his mother entered the room and Theodore paused the record to hear his mother scold him about the volume of the music. While holding the record still, he accidentally moved it back and forth but liked the sound it made. From there on, he played with records often and developed the technique known as scratching.
A dramatization of Theodore's invention of the record scratch was featured on Comedy Central's television show Drunk History, narrated by Questlove.
Career
In the early 1980s, Theodore was a part of the group Grandwizard Theodore & the Fantastic Five. They released "Can I Get a Soul Clap" in 1982. He was also featured in the 1983 film Wild Style, as well as contributing to the film's soundtrack. He explains the origin of the scratch in the documentary, Scratch.
Legacy
Theodore's phrase "Say turn it up" from his track "Fantastic Freaks at the Dixie" was sampled by hip hop and rap acts such as Public Enemy (on the track "Bring the Noise"), Bomb the Bass (on the track "Megablast"), and many others.
References
External links
DJ Grand Wizzard Theodore Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2012)
1963 births
Living people
American hip hop musicians
American hip hop DJs
|
[
0.4041241407394409,
0.45793426036834717,
-0.27892249822616577,
-0.09272325038909912,
-0.06483639776706696,
-0.15794938802719116,
0.7617030143737793,
-0.18771237134933472,
-0.27313172817230225,
-0.1965324878692627,
-0.1350480318069458,
0.42853307723999023,
-0.3949378430843353,
0.46431276202201843,
-0.07271333038806915,
0.06020234152674675,
-0.028843950480222702,
-0.2895771861076355,
-0.06413021683692932,
-0.32791343331336975,
-0.11288753896951675,
0.06904126703739166,
0.1145394966006279,
-0.3809985816478729,
-0.5386940240859985,
1.0327515602111816,
-0.4645114839076996,
-0.1010449230670929,
-0.25287115573883057,
-0.4287612736225128,
0.38432857394218445,
-0.19378618896007538,
0.5733093619346619,
-0.4888138175010681,
-0.37686389684677124,
0.41376975178718567,
-0.002938564633950591,
-0.6681650280952454,
-0.456788033246994,
-0.2780401408672333,
-0.06393547356128693,
-0.08641818165779114,
0.27259206771850586,
0.09955768287181854,
-0.7146766185760498,
-0.5005927085876465,
-0.8714562058448792,
0.5151196122169495,
-1.1957416534423828,
-0.6980676054954529,
-0.1840069591999054,
0.008300529792904854,
-0.21773403882980347,
0.24704164266586304,
0.10682819038629532,
-0.03641160950064659,
-0.506158709526062,
-0.0655166506767273,
0.25559961795806885,
-0.319246381521225,
0.07568404823541641,
0.16952766478061676,
0.12108540534973145,
-0.4746706485748291,
0.06691882014274597,
0.1547928899526596,
0.14599451422691345,
0.9065118432044983,
-0.23424175381660461,
0.3606254756450653,
-0.2595519423484802,
0.510590672492981,
0.30130428075790405,
0.14686906337738037,
0.258734792470932,
0.10648353397846222,
0.3548192083835602,
-0.05034896731376648,
0.449532151222229,
0.6500750780105591,
-0.06260612607002258,
-0.31567493081092834,
0.9466041922569275,
0.30541250109672546,
-0.01795347034931183,
0.21719491481781006,
-0.6694809794425964,
0.21878844499588013,
-1.0904111862182617,
0.20362316071987152,
-0.6630874872207642,
-0.8113696575164795,
0.3091345727443695,
0.05877723544836044,
-0.40128782391548157,
-0.2124013602733612,
0.49634426832199097,
0.3081296682357788,
0.2950388491153717,
0.44225892424583435,
0.2980005443096161,
-0.10029858350753784,
0.28390300273895264,
0.09849007427692413,
-0.4201025366783142,
0.03080063872039318,
0.29989591240882874,
-0.692167341709137,
-0.062228307127952576,
-0.27570536732673645,
-0.0750836655497551,
0.39407646656036377,
-0.373393714427948,
-0.01114517543464899,
0.583364725112915,
0.8344424366950989,
0.3899229168891907,
-0.32542696595191956,
-0.7760646343231201,
-0.7687847018241882,
0.22627028822898865,
0.3208633363246918,
-0.11264754086732864,
0.021402381360530853,
-0.9746101498603821,
0.026043571531772614,
0.07147196680307388,
0.3709522783756256,
-0.23141424357891083,
0.18475572764873505,
0.1937360316514969,
0.3649980127811432,
0.2500174939632416,
-0.3402557969093323,
-0.775745153427124,
-0.08431629091501236,
0.5221328735351562,
0.314387708902359,
-0.06999795883893967,
-0.18658041954040527,
-0.2237042635679245,
0.09920704364776611,
-0.8982506990432739,
-0.017500566318631172,
-0.30880671739578247,
-0.029672810807824135,
-0.1516815721988678,
0.3763091266155243,
0.16755804419517517,
0.12643802165985107,
-0.017028657719492912,
0.36544299125671387,
-0.16522803902626038,
-0.5921077728271484,
-0.2463253289461136,
0.5852599740028381,
-0.17669767141342163,
-0.18878236413002014,
0.850106954574585,
-0.2232627421617508,
0.08036080002784729,
0.22247321903705597,
-0.29469040036201477,
0.3663950562477112,
0.2815130949020386,
-0.2811574339866638,
-0.07789932191371918,
-0.05510581284761429,
-0.40625882148742676,
-0.4506412744522095,
-0.2999102771282196,
0.2783600986003876,
0.09729878604412079,
-0.30622929334640503,
-0.4987182319164276,
0.4504135251045227,
1.4081218242645264,
-0.17234233021736145,
0.011581111699342728,
-0.36152544617652893,
-0.3570709824562073,
-0.5037861466407776,
0.23872804641723633,
-0.38810995221138,
1.1223349571228027,
-0.0017583795124664903,
0.42106857895851135,
-0.2380886673927307,
0.2326911836862564,
-0.5532799959182739,
-0.14522190392017365,
-0.5965354442596436,
0.3208359181880951,
-0.09549078345298767,
0.12559445202350616,
0.8623145818710327,
-0.39728596806526184,
0.6409482955932617,
0.4534795880317688,
0.2659079134464264,
-0.12807513773441315,
0.050111714750528336,
0.05016876012086868,
-0.558853268623352,
-0.5083217024803162,
0.32881373167037964,
0.6302378177642822,
-0.4161054491996765,
0.0748104676604271,
0.7976545691490173,
0.6517146229743958,
-1.2556473016738892,
0.2804376780986786,
0.023720350116491318,
-0.34040945768356323,
-0.49797573685646057,
-0.6166123151779175,
-0.19287210702896118,
-0.244469553232193,
-0.0857948586344719,
0.8188405632972717,
0.6869221329689026,
-0.2594328820705414,
0.670891523361206,
-0.14330175518989563,
0.49452152848243713,
-0.08917682617902756,
-0.7204715609550476,
-0.5192727446556091,
-0.2694553732872009,
-0.1940932720899582,
0.07279517501592636,
0.047675587236881256,
-0.9693161845207214,
0.1788388043642044,
0.33534377813339233,
0.6649479269981384,
-0.5827435851097107,
-0.005014455411583185,
-0.12584446370601654,
0.31559231877326965,
-0.006296592764556408,
-0.9084190726280212,
0.017370108515024185,
0.5752599239349365,
0.6570712327957153,
-0.1894327849149704,
0.14131347835063934,
-0.6166990995407104,
-0.10918755829334259,
0.1036112830042839,
0.6343211531639099,
1.0099624395370483,
-0.12732234597206116,
0.7417454123497009,
0.5007160902023315,
-0.028413429856300354,
-0.006618620827794075,
-0.03882639855146408,
-0.3158632218837738,
-0.16536203026771545,
-0.12479878962039948,
-0.07197331637144089,
-0.24286647140979767,
-0.0696839839220047,
-0.3527188003063202,
0.09038583934307098,
-0.2823255658149719,
0.7496854066848755,
0.009697183035314083,
0.6067988276481628,
0.06627660244703293,
-0.08027993142604828,
0.2965686321258545,
0.09690338373184204,
0.32455816864967346,
-0.17583395540714264,
-0.37089473009109497,
-0.41563236713409424,
-1.5719770193099976,
0.810103178024292,
0.8847768306732178,
-0.08898592740297318,
-0.028978735208511353,
-0.23559978604316711,
-0.24225398898124695,
0.09056174755096436,
-0.5947425961494446,
0.360770046710968,
-0.43463027477264404,
-0.4062075912952423,
0.22605803608894348,
-0.3100470304489136,
0.5933285355567932,
0.07677910476922989,
-0.2107830047607422,
0.17327871918678284,
-0.4899244010448456,
-0.4761780798435211,
0.08112797886133194,
-0.007286586798727512,
0.06480125337839127,
-0.6120789647102356,
0.035333141684532166,
0.6359755992889404,
-0.11998457461595535,
0.1372465342283249,
-0.40881356596946716,
-5.611398696899414,
-0.022694390267133713,
-0.039494212716817856,
-0.5809270143508911,
-0.08517075330018997,
0.017860691994428635,
0.08260934799909592,
0.2986295819282532,
-0.053073346614837646,
0.02433890476822853,
-0.5823743343353271,
-0.3080882430076599,
-0.11735241115093231,
0.1714005321264267,
0.5204787850379944,
0.12060675770044327,
0.5101045370101929,
-0.33543068170547485,
0.4190409481525421,
0.32875728607177734,
-0.11369694024324417,
-0.03716462478041649,
-0.04573705792427063,
-0.07104355841875076,
0.18170054256916046,
0.0035104164853692055,
-0.5496852993965149,
-0.047712646424770355,
-0.7573016285896301,
0.12576566636562347,
-0.18747282028198242,
0.10107430070638657,
-0.5955036878585815,
-0.4161575734615326,
-0.10651904344558716,
-0.22464099526405334,
0.5297144651412964,
-0.3295857310295105,
0.4634764492511749,
-0.30455484986305237,
0.14266446232795715,
-0.18473917245864868,
-0.10371614992618561,
-0.08314968645572662,
0.26986610889434814,
-0.22675834596157074,
-0.728791356086731,
-0.4501136541366577,
-0.2842645049095154,
0.6643538475036621,
-0.08293352276086807,
-0.4315475821495056,
0.09747426956892014,
-0.22826480865478516,
0.13994204998016357,
-0.6332164406776428,
0.14663423597812653,
0.2171911895275116,
-0.8107847571372986,
0.17323872447013855,
1.1083451509475708,
-0.32403990626335144,
0.03182973340153694,
-0.31009694933891296,
0.32637158036231995,
-0.11653199791908264,
0.6550503969192505,
0.21559685468673706,
-0.04071012884378433,
0.3947027921676636,
0.34299784898757935,
0.5899476408958435,
-0.05656925588846207,
-1.2568594217300415,
-0.1525985449552536,
-0.06692574918270111,
-0.0483306460082531,
0.5097465515136719,
-0.34921061992645264,
-0.16630910336971283,
0.08965194225311279,
0.022399675101041794,
0.08795034140348434,
0.7082878947257996,
-0.5478048920631409,
-0.4758231043815613,
-0.5311950445175171,
1.0435291528701782,
-0.7598810195922852,
0.24206972122192383,
-0.0732978880405426,
-0.2448345124721527,
-0.22812248766422272,
0.1177491620182991,
-0.036222703754901886,
-0.02183174155652523,
0.23077887296676636,
0.6674346327781677,
0.5617140531539917,
0.3586256206035614,
0.20576095581054688,
-0.24173294007778168,
0.411670446395874,
-0.30126506090164185,
0.431033730506897,
-0.3055252134799957,
-0.07327339053153992,
-0.126292422413826,
0.37375524640083313,
0.19158345460891724,
-0.2814629077911377,
0.40151211619377136,
-0.542511522769928,
-0.05208773910999298,
0.7531132102012634,
-0.3872743546962738,
-0.011725975200533867,
0.2883227467536926,
0.10812153667211533,
0.47522324323654175,
0.22454063594341278,
0.6937817335128784,
-0.12071570754051208,
0.35833293199539185,
-0.7624149918556213,
0.1212168037891388,
-0.08543195575475693,
0.340961754322052,
-0.3807108700275421,
-0.31407153606414795,
0.08686123788356781,
0.46952539682388306,
0.28694674372673035,
-0.25412216782569885,
-0.06278547644615173,
-0.5761294960975647,
0.01135961152613163,
-0.6520329713821411,
-0.07434818148612976,
-0.6594343185424805,
0.22587397694587708,
0.09380197525024414,
0.48803266882896423,
0.4564732611179352,
0.38619470596313477,
0.2560296356678009,
0.23766520619392395,
0.020584359765052795,
-0.2244851291179657,
0.38791608810424805,
0.21615907549858093,
-0.43292316794395447,
0.8459824323654175,
-0.6645791530609131,
-0.7584452033042908,
0.2967393398284912,
-0.12793323397636414,
-0.2624242901802063,
0.4331375062465668,
-0.3337486684322357,
0.5556254982948303,
-0.6342243552207947,
-0.612011730670929,
0.4463657736778259,
-0.13497674465179443,
0.7604712247848511,
0.0695313811302185,
-0.4686906635761261,
-0.9844347834587097,
0.36836448311805725,
-0.08904789388179779,
-0.24679884314537048,
-0.1330948770046234,
-0.8094810843467712,
-0.23733362555503845,
0.5742259621620178,
0.11954575777053833,
-0.23171038925647736,
0.6154088973999023,
-0.028752464801073074,
-0.0542081780731678,
0.1501968950033188,
-0.5405702590942383,
-0.12988272309303284,
0.24318820238113403,
-0.25975561141967773,
-0.6081664562225342,
-0.15208123624324799,
-0.05517252907156944,
0.0218130424618721,
-0.12758375704288483,
0.16108481585979462,
0.4087713062763214,
-0.03763977810740471,
0.20915193855762482,
-0.4413438141345978,
0.10496197640895844,
0.514744222164154,
-0.5355442762374878,
-0.17742536962032318,
0.31244927644729614,
-0.053624365478754044,
0.040355317294597626,
0.3958495259284973,
0.8559845685958862,
-0.7118557095527649,
0.021421922370791435,
0.05266459658741951,
-0.37377503514289856,
0.402433305978775,
-0.2559140920639038,
0.1105174720287323,
-0.08983854204416275,
-0.210732102394104,
-0.14157478511333466,
-0.22038641571998596,
0.5115597248077393,
0.21650896966457367,
-0.13948333263397217,
-0.877937376499176,
-0.4334377348423004,
-0.41484716534614563,
-0.34186530113220215,
-0.0030664864461869,
-0.47340917587280273,
-0.3871840536594391,
0.2712588906288147,
0.2596610188484192,
0.6473311185836792,
-0.3863551616668701,
-0.5458221435546875,
0.16238802671432495,
0.08737492561340332,
0.22430966794490814,
-0.6493238210678101,
-0.06881752610206604,
0.22439147531986237,
1.1384668350219727,
-0.17036131024360657,
0.03293316438794136,
0.5185774564743042,
1.0470598936080933,
0.07390866428613663,
-0.30162155628204346,
0.20272807776927948,
-0.2136169970035553,
0.5055531859397888,
-0.18840034306049347,
-0.4181743860244751,
-0.03493073582649231,
0.19893646240234375,
0.21056027710437775,
-0.6780056357383728,
0.01778135821223259,
1.1890521049499512,
-0.6685187220573425,
0.03965190425515175,
-0.21904121339321136,
-0.09701205790042877,
-0.3003161549568176,
-0.009113079868257046,
0.5747774243354797,
-0.24210438132286072,
0.4195822775363922,
-0.09221870452165604,
0.3331051766872406,
-0.13297432661056519,
0.09207189828157425,
0.3048107326030731,
-1.2085542678833008,
0.2689325213432312,
0.06025926023721695,
-0.06177932769060135,
0.254818320274353,
-0.22338391840457916,
0.33201703429222107,
0.3707238733768463,
-0.09514965862035751,
0.380429744720459,
0.0841117724776268,
0.061720896512269974,
0.026660576462745667,
0.20448850095272064,
-0.2967104911804199,
0.6657513976097107,
-0.33735033869743347,
-0.5394212603569031,
-0.3035888373851776,
0.17173734307289124,
-0.02192828059196472,
-0.2941599190235138,
0.6561654210090637,
0.18136683106422424,
0.17441363632678986,
-0.5869127511978149,
0.07994043081998825,
0.41898465156555176,
0.59693843126297,
0.014312638901174068,
-0.3141210079193115,
0.3551139831542969,
0.3584017753601074,
0.3662378489971161,
-0.7137961387634277,
-0.06002316623926163,
-0.4192931652069092,
0.24067066609859467,
-0.6144731640815735,
0.04597438871860504,
0.10946274548768997,
0.2972065806388855,
0.03596042841672897,
-0.005815706215798855,
0.23542705178260803,
-1.0032670497894287,
0.5783506631851196,
0.9580174684524536,
0.17309528589248657,
-0.0015580543549731374,
0.18849189579486847,
-0.5990268588066101,
-0.23640482127666473,
0.07164540886878967,
0.3651399314403534,
0.4546613395214081,
0.5649812817573547,
-0.37932443618774414,
-0.27889013290405273,
0.4830775856971741,
0.03563766926527023,
0.13431185483932495,
0.4228869676589966,
-0.5406283140182495,
0.49712035059928894,
0.13026167452335358,
-0.3067016303539276,
-0.24955801665782928,
0.3329853415489197,
-0.07913198322057724,
0.4062596559524536,
-0.38135823607444763,
0.661019504070282,
0.045146189630031586,
0.13782377541065216,
-0.12427838891744614,
0.2294498085975647,
-0.238312229514122,
0.3175817131996155,
-0.015098849311470985,
0.3065672814846039,
0.0682460144162178,
-0.2258339822292328,
-0.05697200074791908,
0.1465141326189041,
0.459493488073349,
-0.6423189640045166,
0.13121435046195984,
-0.26527342200279236,
-0.09068552404642105,
0.29370740056037903,
-0.18854255974292755,
-0.20390009880065918,
0.4019339382648468,
0.23537005484104156,
-0.4183982312679291,
-0.3488023281097412,
0.41868144273757935,
-0.6197493672370911,
0.44301438331604004,
0.43184563517570496,
0.3155975639820099,
0.41639629006385803,
-0.4381096065044403,
0.4628678560256958,
-0.08128240704536438,
-0.03907283395528793,
0.22576716542243958,
-0.16107217967510223,
-0.6514716744422913,
-0.13029353320598602,
-0.10252173244953156,
-0.07208441942930222,
-0.4165962040424347,
0.5427979230880737,
0.08134850114583969,
0.6110321283340454,
-0.35726869106292725,
0.025019066408276558,
-0.002552843652665615,
-0.08078404515981674,
0.5553713440895081,
-0.849243700504303,
-0.7249181270599365,
0.20491160452365875,
0.11618509888648987,
-0.10906345397233963,
-0.3163905441761017,
0.3858935534954071,
-0.2873937785625458,
0.15534663200378418,
0.28132882714271545,
0.03496725484728813,
0.4474389851093292,
-0.5154742002487183,
0.22622036933898926,
0.5051116347312927,
-0.34715479612350464,
-0.3591875731945038,
-0.814060389995575,
1.1275110244750977,
-0.3496423065662384,
0.13319824635982513,
-0.21671046316623688,
0.4101666808128357,
0.3275408148765564,
0.4768223464488983,
0.09189477562904358,
0.04788288101553917,
-0.060420915484428406,
-0.8139324188232422,
-0.3223259747028351,
0.7186835408210754,
0.25761157274246216,
0.04958263039588928,
-0.05916888639330864,
0.3701384365558624,
-0.10013199597597122,
-0.11815417557954788,
-0.5793477296829224,
0.5117384791374207,
-0.12238527834415436,
-0.695518970489502,
-0.2523784041404724,
-0.5896725058555603,
-0.4758296012878418,
-0.6945403218269348,
0.6071707606315613,
0.48760128021240234,
0.6122356057167053,
-0.31621456146240234,
0.8188316822052002,
0.45749861001968384,
-0.3756332993507385,
0.2137800008058548,
0.010557281784713268,
-0.234517902135849,
-0.18053573369979858,
-0.5850653052330017,
0.025977713987231255,
0.2726256549358368,
-0.2720014154911041,
0.028047239407896996,
-0.08874647319316864,
-0.31704917550086975,
0.12833905220031738,
0.12275124341249466,
0.62950199842453,
0.06628230959177017,
0.5732777714729309,
-0.34987276792526245
] |
210492
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagull%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Seagull (disambiguation)
|
A seagull or gull is a sea bird in the family Laridae.
Seagull or Sea Gull may also refer to:
Businesses
Sea-Gull, a Chinese watch company
Seagull Book, an American retail chain bookstore focusing on products for Mormons
Seagull Camera, a Chinese camera company
Seagull Guitars, a Canadian guitar company
Seagull Semiconductor, a computer networking company
British Seagull, a manufacturer of outboard engines
Arts and Entertainment
The Seagull, an 1896 play by Anton Chekhov
The Seagull (1959 film), an Australian film
The Sea Gull, a 1968 drama film
The Seagull (1970 film)
The Seagull (2018 film), a 2018 American film
A Woman of the Sea or Sea Gulls, a 1926 silent film
The Seagull (theatre), a theatre in Pakefield, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
The Seagull, a crime mystery novel in the Vera Stanhope series written by Ann Cleeves.
The Seagull, the novel's adapted episode of the TV show Vera based on the book series.
Music
The Seagull (opera), an opera by Thomas Pasatieri
Seagulls, an album by Hap Palmer
Songs
"Seagull", a song by Bad Company from Bad Company
"Seagull", a song by Bill Callahan from Dream River
"Seagull", a 1981 song by Kayak
"Seagull", a song by Ride from Nowhere
"Seagull", a song by Shout Out Louds from Howl Howl Gaff Gaff
"Seagull", a song by Steeleye Span from Tempted and Tried
Military
Operation Seagull, a British military action to destroy several Nazi targets
Operation Seagull (Ireland), a German military operation to infiltrate England
Places
Seagull Island (Tiwi Islands), Northern Territory, Australia
Seagull Rock, small islet off south-eastern Tasmania, Australia
Sports
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. or the Seagulls, an English football club
Gold Coast Seagulls, an Australian rugby league team
Helsinki Seagulls, a Finnish basketball team
Runaway Bay Seagulls, an Australian Rugby League club
MSIT Seagulls, the sports teams of Staten Island Technical High School
Transportation
Aviation
Flygfabriken LN-3 Seagull, an amphibian kitplane produced in Sweden
SOC Seagull, a biplane aircraft designed for the United States Navy, first produced in 1937
Supermarine Seagull (1921), a 1920s British flying boat
Supermarine Seagull (1948), an unrelated flying boat design, of which just two were built in the late 1940s
Supermarine Walrus or Supermarine Seagull V, a British Walrus flying boat that operated during World War II
Maritime
Sea Gull (skipjack), a historic fishing vessel
Bell Seagull, a type of sailing boat
HMS Seagull (1795), a 16-gun brig-sloop
HMS Seagull (1805),a 16-gun Seagull-class brig-sloop
HMS Seagull (1808), a 16-gun brig-sloop
HMS Seagull (1889), a Sharpshooter-class torpedo gunboat converted to a minesweeper
HMS Seagull (J85), a Halcyon-class minesweeper launched in 1937
USS Sea Gull (1818), a steamer
USS Sea Gull (1838), a survey ship
USS Sea Gull (SP-223), a patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918
USS Sea Gull (SP-544), a patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918
USS Seagull (AM-30), a minesweeper laid down in 1918
USS Seagull (AMS-55), a minesweeper laid down as YMS-402 in 1942
Rail
LNER Class A4 4902 Seagull, a British LNER Class A4 steam locomotive
Furness Railway K1 or Seagull, a type of locomotive
Road
Seagull intersection, a three-way atgrade intersection type
Other uses
"The Seagull" (poem), a poem by Dafydd ap Gwilym
Seagull (gamer) or Brandon Larned, American video game streamer and retired professional Overwatch player
Seagull manager, a manager who uses a type of poor management style
Seagull Monument, a monument in Salt Lake City, Utah, US
Seagull, a diacritic used in transcribing linguolabial consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet
'Seagull', a climbing rose by Pritchard in 1907.
People with the surname
Bobby Seagull, British television personality
See also
A Flock of Seagulls, a British band
Gabbiano (disambiguation)
Gull (disambiguation)
HMS Seagull, a list of ships of the Royal Navy
Jonathan Livingston Seagull, a novel by Richard Bach
Sea eagle
Segal
USS Sea Gull, a list of United States Navy ships
USS Seagull, a list of ships of the United States Navy
|
[
-0.4468255043029785,
0.15839968621730804,
-0.12385232001543045,
-0.43661656975746155,
0.23909153044223785,
0.53267902135849,
-0.2725692391395569,
0.41980987787246704,
-0.7440466284751892,
0.12172161042690277,
-0.1984436810016632,
0.4084455668926239,
-0.39958709478378296,
0.24168267846107483,
0.2830831706523895,
0.648248016834259,
-0.10160363465547562,
0.007137760054320097,
0.3078273832798004,
-0.42031756043434143,
-0.5472957491874695,
-0.2597987651824951,
0.1508747637271881,
-0.5855036377906799,
0.698544442653656,
0.15189126133918762,
0.1703215390443802,
0.5082749128341675,
0.10319433361291885,
-0.08346125483512878,
0.017384709790349007,
0.862321138381958,
0.2724396586418152,
0.15908494591712952,
-0.0288856104016304,
-0.2545377314090729,
-0.4701283574104309,
-0.6498064398765564,
-0.31978392601013184,
-0.5277580618858337,
0.007706350646913052,
-0.48522257804870605,
0.19003067910671234,
0.21653510630130768,
-0.5882825255393982,
-0.3945731818675995,
-1.1999666690826416,
0.07517427206039429,
-0.36085134744644165,
0.029109349474310875,
-0.13824696838855743,
0.3654041290283203,
-0.34832507371902466,
0.1885039210319519,
0.36094993352890015,
0.48954063653945923,
-0.4310993552207947,
-0.20266510546207428,
-0.02838844247162342,
-0.6780508160591125,
0.22070986032485962,
0.41825032234191895,
-0.0901620164513588,
-0.11910062283277512,
0.48845168948173523,
0.44830697774887085,
0.4135845899581909,
-0.028566213324666023,
-0.9189482927322388,
-0.12188614904880524,
0.10875608772039413,
-0.016592510044574738,
-0.259632408618927,
0.4797801971435547,
-0.7775098085403442,
-0.28327295184135437,
0.35234561562538147,
-0.26435935497283936,
0.7321590185165405,
-0.2660047113895416,
0.32876867055892944,
0.6207178235054016,
0.5373959541320801,
0.08744701743125916,
-0.23265095055103302,
0.07690170407295227,
-0.8811959028244019,
0.4294165372848511,
-0.5117526650428772,
0.43133264780044556,
-0.10804861038923264,
-0.26711222529411316,
0.23795060813426971,
0.389289915561676,
-0.10667436569929123,
-0.4570264220237732,
0.04704473912715912,
0.24822938442230225,
0.5218020081520081,
-0.11680809408426285,
-0.7535250782966614,
0.060230907052755356,
0.6337998509407043,
0.48998475074768066,
-0.6438500881195068,
0.25754979252815247,
-0.27401602268218994,
-0.12178413569927216,
-0.005537731107324362,
-0.0279292743653059,
-0.3111879825592041,
-0.061951301991939545,
-0.36982280015945435,
0.21092715859413147,
-0.030515490099787712,
0.09313137084245682,
0.23818789422512054,
0.087506964802742,
-0.08468553423881531,
-0.24502742290496826,
0.31570178270339966,
0.19477900862693787,
-0.26277443766593933,
-0.05707390606403351,
0.10165408253669739,
0.06160333752632141,
0.5457494258880615,
0.7466805577278137,
-1.1180652379989624,
0.09103622287511826,
0.5010616779327393,
0.974615216255188,
-0.5319831967353821,
0.5839847922325134,
-0.18129488825798035,
-0.1359548568725586,
-0.25360754132270813,
-0.18362197279930115,
0.38022276759147644,
0.24166832864284515,
-1.1552757024765015,
-0.012924173846840858,
-1.0133131742477417,
-0.019714757800102234,
-0.04053652659058571,
0.03885061293840408,
0.1615392118692398,
-0.4790134131908417,
-0.4131970703601837,
-0.5094828605651855,
0.271628737449646,
0.5768635272979736,
-0.5884422063827515,
-0.0073432219214737415,
-0.12702272832393646,
-0.3908235728740692,
0.26004230976104736,
-0.4409917891025543,
0.690966784954071,
-0.08898720145225525,
-0.6865262389183044,
0.1626628041267395,
-0.3051794767379761,
-0.20988762378692627,
0.4460242986679077,
-0.4372822046279907,
-0.28040099143981934,
0.12066684663295746,
-0.7726898193359375,
0.278486430644989,
-0.50966477394104,
0.23482050001621246,
0.7549314498901367,
0.38247621059417725,
-0.26790979504585266,
-0.5567692518234253,
0.05053127557039261,
-0.2349955439567566,
0.4815253019332886,
-0.23327606916427612,
-0.7609964609146118,
0.20727777481079102,
0.3109152317047119,
-0.2773559093475342,
-0.21881863474845886,
0.1679435819387436,
-0.03900783881545067,
0.1755194514989853,
0.4734804332256317,
-0.21582181751728058,
-0.3255881369113922,
-0.18394742906093597,
0.37775811553001404,
-0.10324103385210037,
0.45822927355766296,
-0.15038053691387177,
-0.8066209554672241,
0.661841094493866,
-0.21971414983272552,
0.14825992286205292,
-0.6748409271240234,
0.05116807296872139,
0.3157116174697876,
-0.23534832894802094,
-0.925633430480957,
0.9446523189544678,
0.2741590440273285,
0.3257301151752472,
0.2090655118227005,
0.3642405867576599,
-0.02938639558851719,
-0.13675756752490997,
0.21903912723064423,
0.13747623562812805,
-0.2935168445110321,
-0.4788624346256256,
-0.4168170392513275,
0.10434478521347046,
-0.1074119284749031,
-0.5432436466217041,
0.9682161808013916,
0.10133809596300125,
-0.5235589146614075,
0.7832598686218262,
0.12917467951774597,
0.42971307039260864,
0.1766188144683838,
-0.02088293805718422,
0.2091750055551529,
-0.3983033001422882,
-0.1036849096417427,
-0.0060365223325788975,
0.11203928291797638,
-0.10991238057613373,
-0.5290873646736145,
0.5239573121070862,
0.19556939601898193,
-0.0853102058172226,
0.5453836917877197,
0.10242480784654617,
0.3424759805202484,
-0.28432413935661316,
-0.16444696485996246,
0.3694376051425934,
0.2801594138145447,
-0.0069398535415530205,
-0.26852506399154663,
0.3460983335971832,
-0.0704481452703476,
0.14309215545654297,
0.10028807073831558,
0.5984035730361938,
0.1410582810640335,
-0.13605956733226776,
-0.09395977854728699,
0.32882988452911377,
0.056567639112472534,
0.35162439942359924,
0.2620890736579895,
-0.3252904415130615,
-0.4699484407901764,
0.39414164423942566,
-0.1417969912290573,
0.10118838399648666,
-0.09017767012119293,
-0.0066311839036643505,
-0.163399800658226,
0.023588214069604874,
0.6097292900085449,
0.49527522921562195,
0.12074436247348785,
0.3600004017353058,
-0.7498582601547241,
-0.12315254658460617,
-0.4240938425064087,
0.13486844301223755,
0.3337034285068512,
-0.5665662884712219,
-0.34699469804763794,
-0.3147001564502716,
0.468467652797699,
0.07683131098747253,
0.15614859759807587,
-0.3645245134830475,
0.15337136387825012,
-0.18767623603343964,
0.8120000958442688,
-0.4777570366859436,
-0.18442662060260773,
-0.6737269759178162,
-0.5025636553764343,
-0.07091689854860306,
0.04957858845591545,
0.08657048642635345,
-0.5231322050094604,
-0.03167462348937988,
-0.04900030046701431,
0.16072064638137817,
0.1845930814743042,
-0.5648858547210693,
-0.3765372335910797,
0.17282354831695557,
0.27086493372917175,
-0.20990921556949615,
0.01882258802652359,
-0.48713576793670654,
0.09187761694192886,
0.38637465238571167,
-5.716405868530273,
0.048426855355501175,
-0.10231617838144302,
-0.30877307057380676,
-0.39591288566589355,
0.42259740829467773,
0.1378321796655655,
-0.43874531984329224,
0.15527088940143585,
-0.08250204473733902,
0.49750369787216187,
0.050846874713897705,
0.021343233063817024,
0.10541374981403351,
0.8176608681678772,
-0.05751541256904602,
0.1280020773410797,
0.10744154453277588,
-0.16684791445732117,
-0.040236346423625946,
0.07387538999319077,
0.19890622794628143,
0.0877712219953537,
0.5833601355552673,
-0.2256983518600464,
0.4113321602344513,
0.05589039996266365,
-0.7497625946998596,
-0.5226455926895142,
-0.10021539032459259,
-0.37689274549484253,
0.41528981924057007,
-0.005732232704758644,
-0.08447699248790741,
0.3795425593852997,
-0.1976054310798645,
0.6888889074325562,
0.4602997303009033,
0.44209709763526917,
-0.25674203038215637,
-0.27854254841804504,
0.23964430391788483,
-0.07742687314748764,
-0.47260695695877075,
0.45625218749046326,
-0.22904181480407715,
-0.2144777476787567,
-0.05842529237270355,
-0.5668628811836243,
0.5706978440284729,
-0.42328500747680664,
0.08926259726285934,
0.2587593197822571,
0.3818795382976532,
0.4938506782054901,
0.12196385860443115,
-0.1741730272769928,
-0.09234632551670074,
-0.5894082188606262,
0.17093400657176971,
1.0516730546951294,
-0.20906391739845276,
-0.21806903183460236,
-0.46098431944847107,
-0.38374796509742737,
0.3574860394001007,
-0.5512248873710632,
-0.19508059322834015,
0.905437707901001,
-0.04102315753698349,
-0.3331206142902374,
0.2186528742313385,
0.1377582550048828,
-0.7196010947227478,
0.4350188374519348,
-0.5128166079521179,
-0.1139354333281517,
0.04107452183961868,
-0.013643674552440643,
0.274435430765152,
0.3873128592967987,
-0.20387408137321472,
-0.27418503165245056,
0.34761109948158264,
-0.35558223724365234,
-1.1967227458953857,
-0.5775198936462402,
-0.02368348464369774,
-0.02745063044130802,
-0.3438508212566376,
0.6461694240570068,
0.21139521896839142,
0.21054904162883759,
-0.04363755136728287,
0.7163164615631104,
0.3035663962364197,
0.053120311349630356,
-0.2102351039648056,
0.9686548709869385,
-0.46292218565940857,
1.23472261428833,
0.18567128479480743,
-0.08578618615865707,
-0.5459957122802734,
0.4720757007598877,
-0.7652830481529236,
0.45008009672164917,
0.2341834157705307,
1.0035558938980103,
-0.0985041931271553,
0.7424631118774414,
-0.4203082025051117,
-0.3039253354072571,
-0.08008173853158951,
0.1383461356163025,
0.045084454119205475,
-0.30900105834007263,
-0.17619211971759796,
0.21240194141864777,
-0.3006629943847656,
0.3633301556110382,
-0.03365198150277138,
0.15711548924446106,
-0.30502718687057495,
-0.31804153323173523,
-0.6238818168640137,
0.3053837716579437,
0.377024382352829,
-0.7291078567504883,
-0.2482452094554901,
0.43434005975723267,
0.35361248254776,
0.2624936103820801,
-0.5626605749130249,
-0.27183273434638977,
-0.10506832599639893,
-0.22630541026592255,
0.38301515579223633,
0.26073673367500305,
-0.14972025156021118,
-0.19290198385715485,
-0.6570302248001099,
-0.14962084591388702,
0.03303784132003784,
0.6324043273925781,
0.3921818435192108,
-0.43264123797416687,
-0.0071066636592149734,
0.348960816860199,
0.9615167379379272,
-0.09260616451501846,
-0.008386465720832348,
0.17611820995807648,
-0.5191884636878967,
0.5623487234115601,
-0.25893864035606384,
0.6767937541007996,
0.3861221969127655,
-0.34652984142303467,
-0.4348803758621216,
-0.10082221031188965,
-0.34109988808631897,
-0.9281755685806274,
-0.06978144496679306,
-0.2378259301185608,
0.12413962930440903,
-0.9835893511772156,
0.03814412280917168,
0.576796293258667,
0.39092159271240234,
-0.1076507419347763,
-0.4133317172527313,
-0.8316052556037903,
0.25388088822364807,
-0.11924954503774643,
-0.18520794808864594,
-0.5204644203186035,
0.04908006638288498,
-0.1768072098493576,
-0.39067843556404114,
0.010438636876642704,
0.0036062519066035748,
0.04681432992219925,
0.17878253757953644,
0.5704377293586731,
-0.32403600215911865,
0.05838235095143318,
0.02627500519156456,
-0.11711332947015762,
0.24009716510772705,
0.05744912475347519,
0.11852701753377914,
0.21303653717041016,
0.2369142770767212,
-0.20407919585704803,
0.325848788022995,
-0.3383703827857971,
0.6770280599594116,
0.10408350080251694,
-0.5893392562866211,
-0.3206990659236908,
0.167927548289299,
0.07643719762563705,
0.10203148424625397,
-0.3105374574661255,
-0.5491710305213928,
0.83357173204422,
-0.3437381982803345,
-0.5828782916069031,
0.529198169708252,
-0.37470388412475586,
-0.5837830901145935,
0.0897015929222107,
0.6779175996780396,
-0.13600116968154907,
0.4426516592502594,
-0.37660959362983704,
0.20126020908355713,
-0.06194094195961952,
-0.2195785641670227,
-0.04647792503237724,
-0.45325520634651184,
-0.12301648408174515,
0.3536781966686249,
-0.7045521140098572,
0.23684662580490112,
0.0059838127344846725,
-0.15311656892299652,
0.6235314607620239,
-0.2882241904735565,
-0.033195387572050095,
-0.12690837681293488,
0.07623755931854248,
-0.252954363822937,
0.2478553056716919,
0.28201261162757874,
0.08302167057991028,
-0.28082650899887085,
-0.24674442410469055,
0.35669857263565063,
0.8534346222877502,
1.293060302734375,
0.4253940284252167,
0.22571802139282227,
0.16066882014274597,
0.31132781505584717,
-0.0017449030419811606,
-0.17105810344219208,
-0.6208235621452332,
-0.2499222606420517,
0.4301324486732483,
-0.03168550878763199,
-0.10107405483722687,
0.04339112713932991,
0.4220305383205414,
0.1009008139371872,
-0.06709399819374084,
0.5678379535675049,
0.08415812253952026,
0.24620471894741058,
0.6147557497024536,
0.41792550683021545,
-0.8739952445030212,
0.16817662119865417,
0.07483260333538055,
-0.34909433126449585,
-1.0482090711593628,
0.26212984323501587,
0.21906855702400208,
-0.008844553492963314,
0.4099745452404022,
0.19682548940181732,
0.4872346520423889,
0.6063074469566345,
0.08727353811264038,
0.5123433470726013,
-0.2718682289123535,
-0.48890918493270874,
0.4451720416545868,
0.5341665148735046,
-0.5763075351715088,
0.009443293325603008,
-0.029768839478492737,
-0.538483202457428,
-0.4661477506160736,
-0.008910613134503365,
-0.022244932129979134,
0.01189042255282402,
-0.006243046838790178,
-0.5779838562011719,
-0.2658844292163849,
-0.13647177815437317,
0.043716661632061005,
0.13947510719299316,
0.11101263016462326,
0.09208425134420395,
-0.020270833745598793,
0.6009564995765686,
-0.042320333421230316,
0.26335784792900085,
-0.9247722625732422,
0.0008045254508033395,
-0.34869125485420227,
-0.6445925831794739,
0.19242002069950104,
-0.4763663113117218,
-0.262869656085968,
0.03229764103889465,
-0.24712572991847992,
-0.22926168143749237,
0.5006551742553711,
-0.003177114762365818,
-0.5340391397476196,
0.6382973194122314,
0.10853924602270126,
0.21532994508743286,
0.2926839590072632,
-0.34075143933296204,
0.3819282650947571,
0.5913522243499756,
-0.2124508172273636,
0.432491272687912,
0.23014995455741882,
0.17805621027946472,
-0.26753953099250793,
-0.3321082592010498,
-0.7387869358062744,
-0.10388042777776718,
0.39825910329818726,
0.2732989490032196,
0.10886314511299133,
0.004534856416285038,
-0.44055524468421936,
0.07285697013139725,
0.10758791118860245,
-0.14554795622825623,
0.44057369232177734,
-0.28072863817214966,
-0.6232296824455261,
1.0642579793930054,
0.8187578916549683,
0.023390281945466995,
0.1469900757074356,
0.23424790799617767,
0.2696594297885895,
0.13717663288116455,
0.0008823275566101074,
0.2529343366622925,
0.124906986951828,
-0.05047304928302765,
0.2098376303911209,
-0.03873031586408615,
0.6767919063568115,
-1.007267713546753,
0.1906597763299942,
0.1625642478466034,
-0.4245682954788208,
-0.04544879123568535,
-0.0510844886302948,
-0.18394111096858978,
-0.4515075087547302,
0.5412557125091553,
0.12403702735900879,
-0.21273839473724365,
-0.5405934453010559,
0.32490211725234985,
-0.37729212641716003,
-0.3247203528881073,
-0.4031565189361572,
0.23531410098075867,
0.01484147273004055,
0.34018564224243164,
-0.30846044421195984,
-0.3475189507007599,
-0.25268125534057617,
0.3073177635669708,
-0.6897903680801392,
0.9873409867286682,
-0.3563908040523529,
-0.20600372552871704,
-0.7898319363594055,
0.004966679494827986,
0.4702187478542328,
-0.25534194707870483,
0.24021106958389282,
-0.057046063244342804,
-0.11581973731517792,
-0.02886286936700344,
-0.24538958072662354,
0.5240895748138428,
-0.036182720214128494,
-0.6644078493118286,
-0.4706036150455475,
0.19219528138637543,
-0.5180193781852722,
-0.6855031847953796,
0.09591996669769287,
1.0453636646270752,
0.25963133573532104,
-0.4789701998233795,
-0.08252120018005371,
0.2101363092660904,
0.08194182813167572,
-0.038139455020427704,
-0.23502053320407867,
-0.40961405634880066,
-0.291869193315506,
0.5027141571044922,
-0.2922220528125763,
0.5927315950393677,
0.7146439552307129,
-0.12711431086063385,
-0.5978512763977051,
0.20548006892204285,
0.055773794651031494,
0.4185526967048645,
0.6157580614089966,
-0.31029683351516724,
-0.1293477565050125,
-0.14771492779254913,
-0.12630581855773926,
0.015910230576992035,
-0.1034165769815445,
0.2925665080547333,
0.41248971223831177,
0.07525695860385895,
-0.04937446862459183,
0.12168728560209274,
-0.8648038506507874,
0.3592805862426758,
-0.6131982207298279,
0.5823186635971069,
-0.7436202168464661,
0.303838849067688,
0.10827330499887466,
-0.2695528566837311,
0.5245805978775024,
0.16266708076000214,
0.049210771918296814,
0.2362930178642273,
0.42394691705703735,
0.17899362742900848,
0.33385276794433594,
-0.438103586435318,
-0.1686653345823288,
-0.5074641704559326,
0.3276447355747223,
-0.3180364966392517,
-0.19433006644248962,
-0.2562263011932373,
0.76211017370224,
-0.6153509616851807,
0.506944477558136,
0.10534312576055527,
0.15513552725315094,
0.6229426860809326,
0.1917427033185959,
-0.49379006028175354,
-0.2705412209033966,
0.19918487966060638
] |
210498
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional%20Golfers%27%20Association%20of%20America
|
Professional Golfers' Association of America
|
The Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA of America) is an American organization of golf professionals that was founded in 1916. Consisting of nearly 29,000 men and women members, the PGA of America's undertaking is to establish and elevate the standards of the profession and to grow interest and participation in the game of golf. On December 4, 2018, it was announced that the PGA plans to relocate its headquarters by the summer of 2022 from Palm Beach Gardens, Florida to a planned 600 acre mixed-use development in Frisco, Texas.
History
The Professional Golfers' Association of America was established on April 10, 1916, but the genesis of the first all-professional golf body in the United States was sparked by a luncheon on January 17, 1916, hosted by Rodman Wanamaker at Wanamaker's Store on Ninth Street and Broadway in New York City. Sixty attendees were invited by the Taplow Club, which was a business group within Wanamaker's Store and led by professional Tom McNamara of Brookline, Massachusetts, an outstanding player and talented salesman who was keenly aware of the welfare of the club professional. McNamara pressed upon Wanamaker that it was prime time to bring U.S. professionals together, and that the publicity generated would be advantageous. Locked into a retail battle with rival A.G. Spalding & Bros. for the sale of golf balls, Wanamaker enthusiastically approved the initiative. He asked McNamara to arrange the luncheon inviting prominent amateur and professional golf leaders from throughout the country.
Wanamaker's ninth floor restaurant was chosen as the site for the Monday luncheon, which attracted amateur great Francis Ouimet, noted writer, player and budding architect A.W. Tillinghast; and P.C. Pulver, the New York Evening Sun reporter and one of the first newspaper golf "beat" writers who later served as the first editor of The Professional Golfer, today's PGA Magazine. The guest list also included some of America's top professionals: Alex Smith, James Maiden, Robert White, Jack Mackie and Alex Pirie, as well as others who derived their livelihoods from their jobs at private and public golf facilities.
The Taplow Club was not an eatery or dining establishment. Instead, it was Wanamaker's nickname for his in-store business group. He had taken the name from a palatial estate he leased on Taplow Court some 25 miles outside London. He would later stamp "Taplow" on his store's lower-end, private-label golf balls. Wanamaker, who was not a golfer, was never reported to have attended the luncheon. He delegated the details to McNamara. With golf becoming more and more popular in the U.S., McNamara believed that his fellow professionals could benefit by working together. Wanamaker also believed consolidating professionals would also improve their social standing, having long been treated by club members as second-class citizens.
Toastmaster Joseph H. Appel, vice president of Wanamaker's foundation, presented Wanamaker's offer to conduct a match play championship for professionals, similar to Great Britain's News of the World Tournament. Appel also broached the subject of a national association of professionals.
In addition, Wanamaker would donate a cup and $2,580 in prize money, and would ultimately pay the travel expenses of the competitors. That "cup" became the Rodman Wanamaker Trophy, and the tournament the PGA Championship. The inaugural PGA Championship was held October 10–14, 1916, at Siwanoy Country Club in Bronxville, New York, and won by English-born Jim Barnes.
Former British PGA Secretary James Hepburn suggested that the 32 lowest finishers in the U.S. Open would be paired for match play, following Robert White's contention that the U.S. was too large for section qualifiers. The all-professional match play concept was in direct contrast to the United States Golf Association's medal (stroke) play format. Wanamaker requested that the proposal for the Championship be contingent upon approval by the USGA or other governing bodies.
Tillinghast spoke up and declared that the professionals should be independent of the USGA in handling their own affairs and competitions. Tillinghast's argument held, as a follow-up organizational meeting was planned the following day in Wanamaker's store.
Organizers then formed a seven-person group whose primary task was to define tentative bylaws for the new association. They named Hepburn to chair an organizational committee of professionals that included Maiden, White and Mackie, as well as Gilbert Nicholls, John "Jack" Hobens, and Herbert Strong - none of the group was American-born. This group drafted a constitution, turning to the British PGA for assistance.
The luncheon agenda addressed giving golf professionals say when it came to the organization and staging of tournaments, among other employment issues.
The response to creating such a body was positive, and additional meetings followed. On April 10, 1916, in the second-floor boardroom of the Hotel Martinique on 32nd and Broadway, the Professional Golfers' Association of America was born. There were 78 members elected that day, including 35 PGA Charter Members, of which 28 were born outside the U.S.
The Association began with seven PGA Sections: Metropolitan, Middle States, New England, Southeastern, Central, Northwestern and Pacific. Today, there are 41 PGA Sections nationwide.
From 1934 through November 1961, the PGA of America maintained a "Caucasian-only" membership clause in its bylaws. The clause was removed by amending its constitution. The previous year, it had voted to retain the clause, and had gained the ire of California's attorney general Stanley Mosk, who threatened to shut down the PGA in the state until the clause was removed. The 1962 PGA Championship was scheduled for Brentwood Country Club in Los Angeles, but the PGA moved it to Philadelphia at Aronimink.
With an increase of revenue in the late 1960s due to expanded television coverage, a dispute arose between the touring professionals and the PGA of America on how to distribute the windfall. The tour players wanted larger purses, where the PGA desired the money to go to the general fund to help grow the game at the local level. Following the final major in July 1968 at the PGA Championship, several leading tour pros voiced their dissatisfaction with the venue and the abundance of club pros in the field. The increased friction resulted in a new entity in August, what would eventually become the PGA Tour. Tournament players formed their own organization, American Professional Golfers, Inc. (APG), independent of the PGA of America. After several months, a compromise was reached in December: the tour players agreed to abolish the APG and form the PGA "Tournament Players Division," a fully autonomous division under the supervision of a new 10-member Tournament Policy Board. The board consisted of four tour players, three PGA of America executives, and three outside members, initially business executives. It hired its own commissioner and was renamed the "PGA Tour" in the mid-1970s.
In October 2014, PGA President Ted Bishop responded to Ian Poulter's criticism of the Ryder Cup captaincy of Nick Faldo and Tom Watson by calling Poulter a "lil' girl", which led to Bishop's firing. The PGA called Bishop's statements "unacceptable" and "insensitive gender-based".
Championships
The PGA conducts annual men's, senior, and women's major championships: the PGA Championship, the Senior PGA Championship, and the Women's PGA Championship (which was renamed from the LPGA Championship in 2015 after a partnership between the LPGA and the PGA of America to heighten the event's profile). All three tournaments feature professional golfers, but their fields also contain slots reserved for club professionals.
The PGA conducts more than 30 tournaments for its members and apprentices, including the PGA Professional Championship and the Assistant PGA Professional Championship. It also co-organizes the biennial Ryder Cup, PGA Cup and in 2019, the inaugural Women's PGA Cup.
Growth of the game
In 2003, the PGA of America created the Player Development department within the Association in an endeavor to reach out to new, past and sporadic adult golfers. This is accomplished through the growth, promotion and support of instructional programs and events at PGA Member facilities that support adults and families to play golf. Included in these programs is Play Golf America, instigated in 2004 with the help of the Allied Associations (LPGA, National Golf Course Owners Association, PGA Tour, USGA, and others involved in the annual Golf 20/20 Conference).
Organization
The PGA is organized into 14 districts and 41 sections.
District 1
Northeast New York
Connecticut
New England
District 2
Metropolitan
New Jersey
Philadelphia
District 3
Alabama-Northwest Florida
Gulf States
Tennessee
District 4
Central New York
Tri-State
Western New York
District 5
Michigan
Northern Ohio
Southern Ohio
District 6
Illinois
Indiana
Wisconsin
District 7
Gateway
Midwest
South Central
District 8
Iowa
Minnesota
Nebraska
District 9
Colorado
Rocky Mountain
Utah
District 10
Carolinas
Kentucky
Mid-Atlantic
District 11
Aloha
Northern California
Southern California
District 12
Northern Texas
Southern Texas
Sun Country
District 13
Georgia
Northern Florida
Southern Florida
District 14
Pacific Northwest
Southwest
PGA professionals
To be elected to membership of the PGA, aspirant golf professionals (apprentices) and students go through three levels of education courses, written exams, simulation testing, seminars, and must pass the PGA Playing Ability Test. These men and women have the option to pursue the PGA education through self-study, by the use of accredited PGA Golf Management Universities (currently 18 universities in the United States offer a PGA Golf Management program), or through an accelerated PGA Golf Management Program.
PGA Reach
PGA Reach is the charitable foundation of the PGA of America. The mission of PGA Reach is to positively impact the lives of youth, military, and diverse populations by enabling access to PGA professionals, PGA Sections and the game of golf.
PGA presidents
Robert White, Metropolitan PGA Section, 1916–19
Jack Mackie, Metropolitan PGA Section, 1919–20
George Sargent, Southeastern PGA Section, 1921–26
Alex Pirie, Metropolitan PGA Section, 1927–30
Charles Hall, Southeastern PGA Section, 1931–32
George Jacobus, New Jersey PGA Section, 1933–39
Tom Walsh, Illinois PGA Section, 1940–41
Ed Dudley, Philadelphia PGA Section, 1942–48
Joe Novak, Southern California PGA Section, 1949–51
Horton Smith, Michigan PGA Section, 1952–54
Harry Moffitt, Northern Ohio PGA Section, 1955–57
Harold Sargent, Southeastern PGA Section, 1958–60
Lou Strong, Illinois PGA Section, 1961–63
Warren Cantrell, Texas PGA Section, 1964–65
Max Elbin, Middle Atlantic PGA Section, 1966–68
Leo Fraser, Philadelphia PGA Section, 1969–70
Warren Orlick, Michigan PGA Section, 1971–72
William Clarke, Middle Atlantic PGA Section, 1973–74
Henry Poe, Dixie PGA Section, 1975–76
Don Padgett, Indiana PGA Section, 1977–78
Frank Cardi, Metropolitan PGA Section, 1979–80
Joe Black, Northern Texas PGA Section, 1981–82
Mark Kizziar, South Central PGA Section, 1983–84
Mickey Powell, Indiana PGA Section, 1985–86
James Ray Carpenter, Gulf States PGA Section, 1987–88
Patrick J. Rielly, Southern California PGA Section, 1989–90
Dick Smith, Philadelphia PGA Section, 1991–92
Gary Schaal, Carolinas PGA Section, 1993–94
Tom Addis III, Southern California PGA Section, 1995–96
Ken Lindsay, Gulf States PGA Section, 1997–98
Will Mann, Carolinas PGA Section, 1999–2000
Jack Connelly, Philadelphia PGA Section, 2001–02
M.G. Orender, North Florida PGA Section, 2003–04
Roger Warren, Carolinas PGA Section, 2005–06
Brian Whitcomb, Southwest PGA Section, 2007–08
Jim Remy, New England PGA Section, 2009–10
Allen Wronowski, Middle Atlantic Section, 2011–12
Ted Bishop, Indiana PGA Section, 2013–14
Derek Sprague, Northeastern New York PGA Section, 2015–16
Paul K. Levy, Southern California PGA Section, 2017–2018
Suzy Whaley, South Florida PGA Section, 2018–Current
PGA properties
PGA Golf Club (Port St. Lucie, Florida) — 54 holes of public-access resort golf designed by Tom Fazio and Pete Dye in PGA Village, which is ranked among the "75 Best Golf Resorts in North America" by Golf Digest (No. 51).
PGA Center for Golf Learning and Performance (Port St. Lucie, Florida) — golf park featuring a lighted driving range, short game practice area, and a three-hole teaching course. Ranked among the Top 100 Golf Ranges in America from 1999 to 2011 by Golf Range Magazine.
PGA Gallery - located in the halls of the PGA Golf Club clubhouse in Port St. Lucie, Florida. The PGA Gallery showcases the major trophies in golf, and artifacts of PGA Champions and many rare pieces of PGA history to connect visitors to the rich history of the game and the Association.
PGA Education Center (Port St. Lucie, Florida) — Provides education programs to serve both PGA members and apprentices.
Valhalla Golf Club (Louisville, Kentucky) — Designed by Jack Nicklaus. Site of the 2008 Ryder Cup; 2004 and 2011 Senior PGA Championships; 2002 PGA Professional National Championship; and 1996, 2000 and 2014 PGA Championships. Ranked No. 95 among "America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses" by Golf Digest.
See also
Dewey Brown
Golf in the United States
LPGA
References
- PGA of America History media guide
- PGA Village fact sheet
- PGA of America fact sheet
- PGA of America History at PGA.com
-PGA history
External links
PGA Village
Golf associations
+
Golf in the United States
Sports professional associations based in the United States
Sports in Palm Beach County, Florida
Companies based in Palm Beach County, Florida
Companies based in Frisco, Texas
Sports organizations established in 1916
1916 establishments in the United States
ko:PGA (골프)
|
[
0.22140759229660034,
0.3681733012199402,
-0.03132033720612526,
-0.2515944838523865,
0.4046066701412201,
-0.20776452124118805,
-0.13315756618976593,
0.5275071263313293,
-0.5321712493896484,
-0.03625871241092682,
0.29146283864974976,
0.42821142077445984,
-0.2614227831363678,
0.4434523582458496,
-0.9656615853309631,
0.5702484846115112,
0.257468044757843,
0.42653459310531616,
-0.25890564918518066,
-0.4213457703590393,
-1.0432145595550537,
-0.12552288174629211,
0.9017988443374634,
-0.39189183712005615,
-0.4465922713279724,
0.07589248567819595,
0.09463877230882645,
-0.11247841268777847,
0.03292130306363106,
0.06133967265486717,
0.3364587724208832,
0.16550546884536743,
0.79454106092453,
-0.6680641174316406,
-0.474829763174057,
-0.2475624829530716,
0.14750045537948608,
-0.07546429336071014,
0.019660500809550285,
-0.2472577691078186,
-0.1850046068429947,
-0.001951594022102654,
0.35925403237342834,
0.9876724481582642,
0.408333957195282,
0.06033513322472572,
-1.5852534770965576,
0.7054944038391113,
-0.5752823948860168,
0.16166472434997559,
-0.1883937269449234,
0.4054133892059326,
-0.11084587872028351,
0.7581990361213684,
0.5487401485443115,
0.3905288875102997,
-0.0877077654004097,
-0.20464125275611877,
-0.5623273253440857,
-0.06702310591936111,
0.036795563995838165,
1.0254820585250854,
0.5639095306396484,
-0.1796533614397049,
-0.0023881869856268167,
0.46080467104911804,
-0.19711998105049133,
0.16836628317832947,
-0.6430093050003052,
-0.18695688247680664,
0.20716360211372375,
-0.58981853723526,
-0.2049235850572586,
0.04643574729561806,
-0.06658609211444855,
-0.8330048322677612,
-0.32108214497566223,
0.022599607706069946,
0.594719648361206,
-1.1290395259857178,
0.21230745315551758,
0.17600460350513458,
0.5205750465393066,
0.3499258756637573,
-0.2857133448123932,
0.3651605248451233,
-0.14752958714962006,
-0.6623280644416809,
0.36596205830574036,
0.6466273069381714,
0.054522790014743805,
0.1273350715637207,
0.6914581656455994,
-0.35489875078201294,
0.0866120308637619,
-0.5460322499275208,
0.18918520212173462,
0.004124950151890516,
0.01722559705376625,
0.20924551784992218,
-0.22337256371974945,
0.5838351249694824,
0.48543715476989746,
0.034074485301971436,
-0.04493633657693863,
0.5751507878303528,
-0.050243739038705826,
-0.553827166557312,
-0.00969370361417532,
0.547951877117157,
-0.376526415348053,
0.6694513559341431,
0.00031021054019220173,
0.013507917523384094,
-0.2657093107700348,
0.43295106291770935,
0.16158980131149292,
-0.4742279052734375,
0.328340083360672,
-0.5419161319732666,
-0.2218232899904251,
0.5935797691345215,
0.0346217155456543,
0.0235843975096941,
-0.2259455770254135,
0.5148302316665649,
0.4593959450721741,
0.4822789132595062,
-0.4054930508136749,
-0.667873203754425,
0.47509151697158813,
0.2047101855278015,
-0.7504135370254517,
-0.18803294003009796,
-0.10091983526945114,
0.1501535326242447,
0.606070339679718,
-0.5335162281990051,
0.4848499894142151,
0.12118952721357346,
-0.6630604267120361,
-0.2546383738517761,
-0.46556225419044495,
-0.7386288046836853,
0.3461439609527588,
0.0255284421145916,
0.3841882646083832,
-0.6412995457649231,
-0.49244266748428345,
-0.2716452181339264,
0.49071958661079407,
-0.4726463258266449,
0.02877398580312729,
0.2588112950325012,
-0.14324350655078888,
0.30497312545776367,
0.7820263504981995,
-0.3602455258369446,
0.18564443290233612,
0.40664640069007874,
0.21069003641605377,
-0.5554236173629761,
0.14529404044151306,
-0.3882535696029663,
0.3936101794242859,
0.10429802536964417,
0.49934104084968567,
0.035175871104002,
0.002055143704637885,
1.0217491388320923,
-0.6789249181747437,
-0.169503316283226,
0.6764724850654602,
-0.43454501032829285,
-0.028978396207094193,
-0.1989315152168274,
0.37689387798309326,
-0.015577452257275581,
0.2421787679195404,
-0.24837149679660797,
-0.5968798995018005,
0.1800914704799652,
0.4818249046802521,
-0.4678176939487457,
0.5876228213310242,
-0.5623389482498169,
0.7032147645950317,
-0.15603534877300262,
0.1716228574514389,
-0.03539546951651573,
0.35293853282928467,
-0.6983743906021118,
-0.25528907775878906,
-0.054936330765485764,
1.0246984958648682,
-0.14036479592323303,
-0.8878166675567627,
0.6637507081031799,
-0.3979473412036896,
0.47315865755081177,
-0.40288466215133667,
0.32039883732795715,
-0.010850450955331326,
-0.29182466864585876,
-0.7750911116600037,
0.44394272565841675,
0.1564934402704239,
0.13745367527008057,
0.35181015729904175,
0.018923230469226837,
0.14637981355190277,
-0.8680357933044434,
-0.47784075140953064,
0.13681335747241974,
0.30886751413345337,
-0.3005877435207367,
-0.02892935276031494,
0.715375542640686,
0.0009746665600687265,
-0.18771380186080933,
0.6098285913467407,
0.5318347811698914,
0.1847551316022873,
0.5997378826141357,
0.3845074474811554,
0.6227999329566956,
-0.8148435354232788,
0.6439874768257141,
-0.07284873723983765,
0.4336088299751282,
1.0617434978485107,
-0.17123542726039886,
0.6831297874450684,
-0.5471729636192322,
0.08414646983146667,
-0.6792061924934387,
-0.3883191645145416,
-0.6144911050796509,
0.07991009950637817,
0.27288341522216797,
0.16124925017356873,
-0.16317695379257202,
-0.5868532657623291,
0.08922480046749115,
-0.26127392053604126,
-0.37721872329711914,
-0.2718524932861328,
0.12317070364952087,
0.38791024684906006,
0.22812791168689728,
0.018805939704179764,
-0.3979748785495758,
0.29895368218421936,
0.09389778971672058,
-0.3577021062374115,
0.24958786368370056,
-0.07301630824804306,
0.18410740792751312,
0.09805561602115631,
-0.16299618780612946,
-0.3245881199836731,
0.4885074198246002,
-0.24076491594314575,
0.422942578792572,
-0.16278016567230225,
-0.9832319021224976,
-0.31683123111724854,
0.052367910742759705,
0.0025602069217711687,
-0.0719485729932785,
0.5636852979660034,
0.15112851560115814,
-0.33126866817474365,
-0.281599760055542,
0.1576615422964096,
-0.18822650611400604,
-0.1707632690668106,
0.08549182862043381,
-0.960498034954071,
0.08829371631145477,
-0.09660156071186066,
0.08142491430044174,
0.7288480997085571,
-0.29582005739212036,
-0.5687994360923767,
0.2257055640220642,
0.15046434104442596,
-0.5292525887489319,
-0.13882996141910553,
0.45929163694381714,
0.012406197376549244,
0.27462252974510193,
-0.18797297775745392,
0.12198077142238617,
0.7555195689201355,
-0.3746068477630615,
-0.07799689471721649,
0.1710188388824463,
-0.21662385761737823,
-0.5697988271713257,
-0.5527325868606567,
0.08319669961929321,
-0.4579751789569855,
-0.8456345200538635,
0.27114957571029663,
-0.061180874705314636,
-0.2543717324733734,
-0.5552003383636475,
-5.545876502990723,
0.2651998996734619,
-0.7555230855941772,
-0.3132384121417999,
0.1534280776977539,
-0.13112592697143555,
0.42794379591941833,
-0.32198601961135864,
-0.41260504722595215,
-0.03535016253590584,
-0.09308194369077682,
-0.30464568734169006,
0.15238337218761444,
0.3422136902809143,
0.18365631997585297,
0.8255161046981812,
-0.2991392910480499,
-0.26157182455062866,
-0.1359066367149353,
0.11430517584085464,
0.6154857873916626,
-0.7640693187713623,
0.2306751012802124,
0.32904040813446045,
0.1247890517115593,
0.8411177396774292,
-0.26836591958999634,
-0.021997597068548203,
0.1913185715675354,
-0.29223060607910156,
0.19661982357501984,
0.39998480677604675,
-0.23187795281410217,
-0.2282484471797943,
-0.14320974051952362,
-0.3375970423221588,
0.3160548210144043,
0.26151105761528015,
0.1309320330619812,
-0.09943466633558273,
-0.362181693315506,
0.18085281550884247,
0.12796080112457275,
-0.3915988504886627,
0.4833507835865021,
-0.09517151862382889,
-0.0542280450463295,
0.06266643851995468,
-0.06879337877035141,
0.6273531913757324,
0.8288405537605286,
0.3997645974159241,
0.9604235291481018,
0.15539097785949707,
-0.1853545606136322,
-0.7893389463424683,
0.4644255042076111,
-0.2086258828639984,
-0.04645568132400513,
-0.05676395073533058,
0.12586750090122223,
0.17840197682380676,
0.6244407892227173,
-0.22543920576572418,
-0.30664345622062683,
-0.6741061210632324,
-0.37754619121551514,
0.2488110214471817,
0.8048396110534668,
0.5084721446037292,
0.1196179986000061,
0.5179647207260132,
-0.8455001711845398,
-0.6220038533210754,
0.09421340376138687,
-0.14798563718795776,
0.6677628755569458,
-0.5651858448982239,
-0.0607963465154171,
0.5670943260192871,
0.12765970826148987,
-0.11133003234863281,
-0.12088555097579956,
0.4242832064628601,
-0.02297278121113777,
-0.5332810282707214,
0.32302892208099365,
0.4005184769630432,
-0.9482926726341248,
-0.13511745631694794,
0.07902735471725464,
-0.23265430331230164,
0.42418286204338074,
0.08333712071180344,
0.158023402094841,
0.29139283299446106,
0.582813560962677,
0.16435256600379944,
0.24176931381225586,
0.03288672864437103,
0.5937965512275696,
-0.07744874805212021,
0.08411864936351776,
-0.48395833373069763,
-0.41109612584114075,
-0.7893930673599243,
-0.13069133460521698,
0.4331839084625244,
0.5566969513893127,
-0.17489349842071533,
-0.34122344851493835,
-0.29169851541519165,
-0.07463672757148743,
-0.039950642734766006,
-0.20589736104011536,
0.22559736669063568,
0.3541239798069,
-0.4438313841819763,
-0.3682838976383209,
0.11803323775529861,
-0.4496726095676422,
0.6414811611175537,
0.2840811312198639,
-0.02058304287493229,
0.22805562615394592,
0.000661598751321435,
0.13437864184379578,
-0.03068443387746811,
0.19249913096427917,
0.1888977736234665,
0.30692988634109497,
0.7182338237762451,
-0.2642661929130554,
0.2675996720790863,
0.6494674682617188,
0.5662171244621277,
-0.37328433990478516,
0.13504254817962646,
-0.18135970830917358,
-0.056648071855306625,
0.31476178765296936,
-0.19991765916347504,
0.012841165997087955,
0.3444136381149292,
0.4878918528556824,
0.0120908934623003,
-0.10342811793088913,
0.3296574056148529,
0.2616707384586334,
0.7346430420875549,
-0.036449916660785675,
0.019207093864679337,
0.17602090537548065,
-0.7468199133872986,
-0.07714538276195526,
-0.23869848251342773,
-0.21245361864566803,
0.09420143812894821,
-0.949957549571991,
-1.1553902626037598,
0.06056178733706474,
-0.2505166828632355,
-0.6512588262557983,
-0.47854822874069214,
0.07335473597049713,
-0.14620517194271088,
-0.0007982666720636189,
-0.763803243637085,
-0.28963881731033325,
0.2528531849384308,
0.2141936719417572,
-0.19316785037517548,
-0.24755500257015228,
-0.7295407056808472,
0.6579633355140686,
0.0055708144791424274,
0.3766651749610901,
-0.39887499809265137,
-0.43367108702659607,
-0.40939539670944214,
0.07156894356012344,
-0.40878501534461975,
-0.5233182907104492,
-0.13886915147304535,
0.06786096841096878,
-0.8754298090934753,
-0.050572119653224945,
-0.11405829340219498,
0.1382673978805542,
0.20158100128173828,
0.2803552746772766,
-0.018670247867703438,
0.10618773102760315,
0.16843010485172272,
-0.3822701871395111,
-0.2170119285583496,
0.20661310851573944,
0.5523025393486023,
-0.3402532637119293,
-0.2586882710456848,
0.6064441204071045,
0.11855574697256088,
-0.12060058116912842,
0.09409507364034653,
0.1208949014544487,
-0.45991024374961853,
-0.04355572536587715,
0.21685399115085602,
-0.7050272226333618,
0.9279748201370239,
0.086711585521698,
0.03451286256313324,
0.4569333493709564,
0.08154970407485962,
-0.5768916606903076,
0.15759940445423126,
0.3042881190776825,
0.2974720299243927,
-0.15324322879314423,
-0.34400561451911926,
-0.012630031444132328,
-0.12539194524288177,
-0.14578042924404144,
0.06357282400131226,
-0.49725326895713806,
0.6396109461784363,
0.18383903801441193,
-0.1173713281750679,
0.2981257438659668,
-0.41055935621261597,
-0.18688327074050903,
-0.2803601324558258,
-0.21785658597946167,
-0.5904412865638733,
0.7091279625892639,
0.16896554827690125,
-0.12014694511890411,
0.28467997908592224,
-0.22945235669612885,
0.11417855322360992,
-0.23210041224956512,
0.9692087173461914,
0.4089507758617401,
-0.24314378201961517,
-0.03251664713025093,
0.536577582359314,
-0.011950449086725712,
-0.3131357431411743,
-0.05079290270805359,
0.3405950367450714,
0.9912768602371216,
-0.37159237265586853,
-0.700325608253479,
0.3131526708602905,
-0.13676385581493378,
0.286040335893631,
-0.32253187894821167,
0.49577727913856506,
-0.4756043553352356,
-0.10165738314390182,
0.12774358689785004,
-0.1589583307504654,
-0.47480228543281555,
0.18353600800037384,
0.06038801372051239,
-0.07080133259296417,
-0.1270633339881897,
-1.0299230813980103,
-0.061388254165649414,
-0.2904331386089325,
-0.013840927742421627,
0.11622931808233261,
0.5042893886566162,
0.5876262784004211,
-0.27355024218559265,
0.0044784233905375,
0.5462726950645447,
-0.7699467539787292,
0.08912981301546097,
-0.12922605872154236,
-0.38557741045951843,
-0.16238729655742645,
0.1777864247560501,
-0.10487882047891617,
-0.4582953155040741,
-1.0106779336929321,
-0.4312196373939514,
0.3161432445049286,
-0.5022578835487366,
-0.33426541090011597,
-0.15964561700820923,
-0.5206384062767029,
-0.13653939962387085,
-0.0316009558737278,
-0.13642056286334991,
-0.4129202961921692,
0.6817706227302551,
0.2537981867790222,
0.2095741629600525,
0.053972113877534866,
-0.8446487188339233,
0.20764516294002533,
0.22290775179862976,
-0.15359298884868622,
-0.2071501612663269,
-0.12336660176515579,
-0.2672331929206848,
0.25440454483032227,
-0.5569721460342407,
0.4153236150741577,
0.08846422284841537,
-0.8343989849090576,
-0.21209940314292908,
0.6377556920051575,
-0.5123142600059509,
-0.3166915476322174,
0.02831638604402542,
-0.349016398191452,
0.04944656789302826,
0.34085068106651306,
-0.5275570750236511,
0.2649649381637573,
0.010817119851708412,
0.6230910420417786,
0.4144439995288849,
0.1829063594341278,
-0.01764361374080181,
-0.046987295150756836,
-0.3689539134502411,
-0.14422495663166046,
0.6806175708770752,
-0.2600024938583374,
-0.10930697619915009,
0.714438259601593,
-0.10638611018657684,
-0.7577499151229858,
-0.6030834913253784,
-0.8052820563316345,
-0.35025933384895325,
-0.0656561329960823,
0.397797554731369,
0.20520706474781036,
0.4921283721923828,
-0.1485176533460617,
-0.08084201067686081,
0.218369260430336,
0.3700520992279053,
0.12463023513555527,
0.11568759381771088,
-0.2764630615711212,
0.835307240486145,
-0.45225468277931213,
0.5102236270904541,
-0.029881676658988,
0.6149165630340576,
-0.1958741396665573,
0.3118686378002167,
0.3504406213760376,
-0.20331723988056183,
-0.03539024665951729,
-0.10327416658401489,
0.40299510955810547,
0.3277784585952759,
-0.24210244417190552,
-0.1928941160440445,
0.09958251565694809,
0.18304143846035004,
-0.2869965434074402,
-0.09971214830875397,
0.49244293570518494,
0.11469344794750214,
0.405981183052063,
-0.27026066184043884,
0.2412867695093155,
-0.4327567219734192,
-0.0907047912478447,
0.45151469111442566,
0.676787793636322,
0.4802735149860382,
0.26814907789230347,
-0.5277035236358643,
0.44770869612693787,
-0.1944965124130249,
-0.8636345863342285,
-0.43047457933425903,
-0.15900112688541412,
-0.3238281309604645,
0.11009856313467026,
0.5476610660552979,
0.12898583710193634,
0.04248737171292305,
-0.8145346641540527,
-0.35385608673095703,
0.06462027132511139,
0.3865930140018463,
-0.1863461434841156,
-0.10892408341169357,
0.44291046261787415,
0.7236371040344238,
-0.05241556093096733,
-0.7782560586929321,
0.16412650048732758,
0.542517900466919,
-0.1135568767786026,
-0.24826273322105408,
-0.19054889678955078,
0.20899821817874908,
-0.3510808050632477,
0.2590799629688263,
0.9281759262084961,
-0.046891164034605026,
0.05893944576382637,
-0.05196511372923851,
1.2199647426605225,
0.11339383572340012,
0.2669276297092438,
0.7567601799964905,
-0.022232316434383392,
-0.10354077070951462,
-0.5874617695808411,
0.5904747843742371,
-0.3135016858577728,
-0.34629330039024353,
0.56300950050354,
0.007329269777983427,
-0.3007100522518158,
-0.16780348122119904,
-0.05671282857656479,
-0.04873457923531532,
0.3993285894393921,
-0.6001025438308716,
-0.8706812262535095,
-0.5420913100242615,
-0.19526086747646332,
0.14120620489120483,
-0.7630110383033752,
0.515437662601471,
0.34374552965164185,
0.31474703550338745,
-0.2653137445449829,
-0.5781689286231995,
-0.13002453744411469,
-0.028084198012948036,
-0.3441513776779175,
0.9854611158370972,
0.6305912733078003,
-0.17500773072242737,
-0.48705241084098816,
-0.5708342790603638,
0.2710166275501251,
-0.15208135545253754,
-0.6890544295310974,
-0.281291663646698,
-0.16063456237316132,
0.18179528415203094,
-0.7986994981765747,
-0.2198055237531662,
-0.5387767553329468,
0.5493901968002319,
0.06532975286245346
] |
210503
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt-N-Pepa
|
Salt-N-Pepa
|
Salt-N-Pepa (also stylized as Salt 'N' Pepa or Salt 'N Pepa) is an American hip-hop group formed in New York City in 1985. Group members included Salt (Cheryl James), Pepa (Sandra Denton), and DJ Spinderella (Deidra Roper). They were signed to Next Plateau Records and released their single "Push It" in 1987, which hit number one in three countries and became a top 10 or top 20 hit in various countries. Their debut album, Hot, Cool & Vicious, sold more than 1 million copies in the US, making them the first female rap act to achieve gold and platinum status. Their fourth album, Very Necessary, sold over 7 million copies worldwide (5 million in the U.S.), making it the highest-selling album by a female rap act in history at the time.
Salt-N-Pepa have sold over 15 million records worldwide, making them one of the bestselling rap acts of all time. The group has been nominated for a Grammy Award several times. The trio won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for their song "None of Your Business", making them one of the first female rap acts to win a Grammy Award, along with Queen Latifah, who won during the same year. Their success in rap and hip hop culture has earned them the honorific title "The First Ladies of Rap and Hip Hop".
History
1985–1987: Formation and early years
In mid-1985, Brooklyn native Cheryl James met Queens resident Sandra Denton, both studying nursing at Queensborough Community College. The pair became close friends and co–workers at Sears. Co-worker Hurby "Luv Bug" Azor was studying record production at the Center of Media Arts and asked the pair to record for him as a class project. This resulted in the single "The Showstoppa", an answer record to Doug E. Fresh's hit single "The Show" by the duo, who originally called themselves Super Nature, along with DJ Latoya Hanson in late 1985, produced by Azor. The single used a melody from the 1984 film Revenge of the Nerds. The finished recording garnered some airplay on a New York City rap radio program. The independent Pop Art Records gave it an official release, and "The Show Stoppa (Is Stupid Fresh)" became a modest R&B hit, reaching No. 46 on the Billboard R&B chart. With the success of "The Show Stoppa," the group changed their name to Salt-N-Pepa, based on the lines "Right now I'm gonna show you how it's supposed to be 'Cause we, the Salt and Pepa MCs", which resulted in radio stations getting phone calls requesting "The Show Stoppa" by Salt & Pepper. In September 1985, the group signed to Next Plateau Entertainment (formerly Next Plateau Records) and in December 1986, they released their debut album Hot, Cool & Vicious, produced by Azor, Salt's boyfriend at the time and the group's manager. In 1987, the group recruited 15-year-old high school student Deidra Roper (a.k.a. Spinderella) after Hanson departed.
Hot, Cool & Vicious provided some moderate R&B hits with the singles "My Mic Sound Nice", "Tramp", and "Chick On The Side", but when San Francisco DJ and producer Cameron Paul created a remix to "Push It", the B-side of the "Tramp" single, it gave the group their first major hit. "Push It" (US #19, UK #2) became a platinum single in the United States, and a hit in several other countries, and was added to subsequent pressings of Hot, Cool & Vicious. It was nominated for a Grammy Award, and the strength of that single catapulted the album to platinum sales in the U.S. with over 1 million copies sold, making Denton, James, and Roper the first female rap act to go platinum. The album ultimately sold 1.4 million copies worldwide.
The group entered the music industry at a time when hip hop was believed to be a fad, and as major record companies were very reluctant to sign hip hop artists, many early hip hop artists recorded for independent labels. Salt-N-Pepa greatly impacted hip hop by being one of the first all-female rap groups. Concerned about sexist lyrics and video clips that objectified women's bodies in hip hop, many feminists disliked rap and hip hop because it negatively portrayed women. However, Salt-N-Pepa changed the look of hip hop. They were scantily clad in sexy clothing and were not afraid to talk about sex and their thoughts about men. Their song "Let's Talk About Sex" was a huge hit.
1988–1992: A Salt with a Deadly Pepa and breakthrough
Salt-N-Pepa's next album A Salt with a Deadly Pepa was released on July 26, 1988, contained the top 10 R&B hit "Shake Your Thang", featuring the go-go band E.U. A top 20 R&B hit and a minor pop hit were seen in "Get Up Everybody (Get Up)" and "Twist and Shout", respectively; with "Twist and Shout" becoming a major hit in the UK (#4), and several European countries. The album became certified gold-status, for excess sales of 600,000 copies sold in the U.S. and a total of 800,000 copies sold internationally.
The group's third album Blacks' Magic was released on March 19, 1990. Azor produced some songs on the album. As he was producing other acts, he agreed to let the artists work with different producers to finish the album. Salt and Spinderella took on some producing assignments themselves, and the trio hired different producers, such as Invincible's producer Dana Mozie. This was the first album to feature Roper on vocals as well as DJing. The result was six singles released by Next Plateau Records, several of which became hits: "Expression" (US #26, UK #40 in 1990, UK #23 in 1992), a platinum single that had been #1 on the R&B Chart for 8 weeks, and produced by Salt; "Independent"; "I Don't Know" (featuring Kid 'n Play); "Do You Want Me" (US #21, UK #5), certified gold; "Let's Talk About Sex" (US #13, UK #2), certified gold, and later re-recorded as "Let's Talk About AIDs"; and "You Showed Me" (UK #15). The album ultimately sold 1.5 million copies worldwide with 1 million of those sold in the U.S. A greatest hits album called A Blitz of Salt-N-Pepa Hits, featuring some remixed versions of songs from the group's first three albums later was released.
1993–1996: Groundbreaking success, Very Necessary
Salt-N-Pepa's fourth studio album Very Necessary was released on October 12, 1993 on London Records/PolyGram. The album featured songwriting and production by Salt, Pepa, Spinderella, and Azor. Buoyed by the hits "Shoop" (U.S. #4, UK #13), co-produced by Pepa; "Whatta Man" (U.S. #3, UK #7) (featuring En Vogue); and "None of Your Business", a top 40 U.S. hit and a top 20 UK hit, the album eventually sold 7 million worldwide, with 5 million in the U.S. (5x platinum), making them the first female rap act (solo or group) to have a multi-platinum selling album. The group toured, and Salt co-starred in the movie Who's the Man?. Pepa co-starred in the movie Joe's Apartment. Pepa had been romantically involved with Treach of the rap group Naughty By Nature. The trio won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1995 for the single "None of Your Business", making them the first female rap act to win Grammy. The album is the best-selling album by a female rap act.
1997–2004: Brand New and hiatus
By the time of their next album release, Salt-N-Pepa had gone through the legal process of completely breaking away from Azor, whom they accused of unfair royalty payments. Salt had stopped being romantically involved with him due to their many ups-and-downs. The trio also left London Records after one album and signed with Red Ant Records, though still distributed by PolyGram Records through its Island Records label. Red Ant offered the trio a $15 million signing bonus to sign. The group undertook production duties once again, but without Azor involved in any part of the album. The result was Brand New, released on October 21, 1997, which hit stores a few months later. However, Red Ant filed for bankruptcy soon afterward, halting promotion on all its releases, including Salt-N-Pepa's album. The group toured in support of the album, but without any promotion or marketing from the now-defunct Red Ant, they only scored minor hits with "R U Ready" and "Gitty Up". The album was certified gold in the U.S. for sales of over 500,000 and sold approximately another 200,000 worldwide. Although not as big a seller as its predecessor, it kept intact an unbroken string of platinum and gold studio albums by the trio.
In March 1999, Salt-N-Pepa embarked on a tour. Pepa married Treach of Naughty by Nature on July 27 of the same year. Salt-N-Pepa's greatest-hits album, titled The Best of Salt-N-Pepa, was released in Europe on January 25, 2000. Pepa and Treach remained married for two years, but their tumultuous marriage ended in divorce on July 31, 2001. With no albums contractually due at the time, Salt decided to quit the group, stating she had enough of the music industry and no longer wanted to be involved in it. They officially disbanded in 2002. Some time later, Salt announced that she would release her first solo album, but never ended up doing so. She was featured on the remix version of the Salt City Six's "Shine" on the album Holy South Worldwide, a compilation of Christian rap and Christian R&P (Rhythm & Praise) songs. The album was produced by ex-Three 6 Mafia member-turned-Christian rapper Mr. Del. Salt also revealed in later interviews that she had suffered from bulimia "many years ago". Pepa appeared on the fifth season of VH-1's The Surreal Life. Spinderella became a radio personality on KKBT 100.3 in Los Angeles. She hosted The Backspin (with DJ Mo'Dav), a nationally syndicated weekly radio show featuring old school hip hop music. She also periodically DJs at various clubs. The trio was disbanded for a total of five years.
2005–present: Reunion
Both Salt and Pepa appeared on VH1's Hip Hop Honors in September 2005 as the trio were honorees. All three women reunited the following year for the next Hip Hop Honors program and performed "Whatta Man" with En Vogue. It was the trio's first performance in six years, and was their first performance of "Whatta Man" with En Vogue on stage. Salt-N-Pepa reformed in 2007. All three women now have children: Spinderella's daughter with former NBA player Kenny Anderson appeared on MTV's My Super Sweet Sixteen in 2008, while both Pepa and Salt separately have a son and a daughter.
On October 14, 2007, The Salt-N-Pepa Show debuted on VH1. Pepa initially started the formation of the series as she previously appeared on the network in The Surreal Life. The Salt-N-Pepa Show chronicled events in the lives of Pepa and Salt as they work out past issues and return to the recording studio. Spinderella has been featured in several episodes. Later in 2008, the trio performed at the BET Hip Hop Awards. That August, Pepa released an autobiography titled Let's Talk About Pep, co-written by Karen Hunter, which features an introduction by Queen Latifah and an epilogue by Missy Elliott. To accompany the book, she launched her own social network for her fans and also starred in the reality TV series Let's Talk About Pep on the VH1 network.
On May 9, 2009 Salt-N-Pepa performed at the Ladies of the 80s concert in Honolulu, which also featured SWV and Lisa Lisa. They performed at the Good Vibrations Festival in Australia in February 2010, and the South West Four Festival, Clapham Common, London on August 29, 2010. On October 12, 2010, Salt-N-Pepa received the I Am Hip Hop Award at the BET Hip Hop Awards.
On February 4, 2011, Salt-N-Pepa headed on a national tour titled Salt-N-Pepa's Legends of Hip Hop Tour. Other acts on the tour included Whodini, Rob Base, Kurtis Blow, Doug E Fresh, Biz Markie, Naughty By Nature, MC Lyte, Big Daddy Kane, Kool Moe Dee, Slick Rick and Chubb Rock. On November 21, 2011, Salt-N-Pepa appeared on The X Factor Australia's third season with contestant and finalist Johnny Ruffo. They performed "Push It". On July 30, 2012, Salt-N-Pepa opened for rap group Public Enemy in Brooklyn, New York as part of the Martin Luther King Jr. Concert Series. They brought rap duo Kid 'n Play after performing "Whatta Man".
The trio made a November 2014 appearance in a Geico insurance commercial performing "Push It". DJ Spinderella replaced temporary DJ Wendy Williams (The Wendy Williams Show) during Salt-N-Pepa's performance of "Push It", first airing December 18, 2015. The trio's hit song "Shoop" made a comeback on February 12, 2016, as one of the main theme songs featured in the blockbuster Marvel movie Deadpool. The duo, along with DJ Spinderella performed in Red Deer, Alberta (Canada) for Westerner Days at the Enmax Centrium on July 21, 2016.
In 2017–2018, the group toured as part of the I Love the 90's tour, performing in various locations, including in the UK Wembley Arena, Glasgow SSE, Liverpool Echo Arena and Birmingham. On October 16, 2018, Salt-N-Pepa appeared on the U.S. version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, with Kid N Play serving as their "plus one" in-studio lifeline.
In March 2019, it was announced that Salt-N-Pepa would have a biographical miniseries coming to the Lifetime network, highlighting the rise of the group to become one of the first successful female rap groups in hip hop. Queen Latifah, as well as Salt-N-Pepa will be executive producers of the series.
On May 2, 2019, the Mixtape Tour commenced in Cincinnati, Ohio. Performers on this tour include Salt-N-Pepa, Debbie Gibson, Tiffany, and Naughty by Nature, with New Kids on the Block being billed as the headline performers. The next day, DJ Spinderella announced in an Instagram post that she had been "terminated" from Salt-N-Pepa as of January, and broke her silence after the band hadn't publicly announced their parting ways with her. DJ Cocoa Chanelle, formerly of BET Networks and HOT 97, became the replacement DJ.
On January 23, 2021, Lifetime released an eponymous biopic, directed by Mario Van Peebles, which starred GG Townson as Salt, Laila Odom as Pepa, Monique Jasmine Paul as DJ Spinderella, Cleveland Berto as Herbie, Daniel Keith Morrison as MC Hammer, Denver Taylor as Martin Lawrence, Bronson Phillip Lake as Christopher "Kid" Reid, and Devante Senior as Christopher "Play" Martin. Salt-N-Pepa serve as the executive producers while Queen Latifah serves as a producer. A "Special Edition" of the film was released on January 23, 2021.
Discography
Studio albums
Hot, Cool & Vicious (1986)
A Salt with a Deadly Pepa (1988)
Blacks' Magic (1990)
Very Necessary (1993)
Brand New (1997)
Awards and nominations
American Music Awards
|-
!scope="row" rowspan= "2" | 1989
|rowspan= "5" | Salt-N-Pepa
| Favorite Soul/R&B Band, Duo, or Group
|
|-
|rowspan= "3" | Favorite Hip-Hop Artist
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan= "4" | 1995
|-
|
|-
| Favorite R&B/Soul Duo or Group
|
|-
| "Whatta Man" (with En Vogue)
| Favorite Soul/R&B Single
|
|-
Grammy Awards
|-
!scope="row" | 1989
| "Push It"
| Best Rap Performance
|
|-
!scope="row" | 1992
| "Let's Talk About Sex"
| rowspan= "2" | Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan= "2"| 1995
| "None of Your Business"
|
|-
| "Whatta Man" (with En Vogue)
| Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group
|
|-
!scope="row" | 1997
| "Champagne"
| rowspan= "2" | Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
|
|-
MTV Video Music Awards
|-
!scope="row" rowspan= "3" | 1994
| rowspan= "3" | "Whatta Man" (with En Vogue)
| Best Dance Video
|
|-
| Best R&B Video
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | Best Choreography In A Video
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan= "2" | 1995
| rowspan= "2" | "None of Your Business"
|
|-
| Best Dance Video
|
|-
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
|-
!scope="row"| 1989
| Salt-N-Pepa
| Favorite Female Musician
|
|-
Soul Train Music Awards
|-
!scope="row" | 1989
| "A Salt with a Deadly Pepa"
| Best Rap Album
|
|-
Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards
|-
!scope="row" | 1995
| Salt-N-Pepa
| Entertainer of the Year
|
|-
VH1 Hip Hop Honors
|-
!scope="row" | 2005
| Salt-N-Pepa
| Honoree
|
|-
!scope="row" | 2016
| Salt-N-Pepa
| Honoree
|
|-
See also
List of best-selling girl groups
List of honorific titles in popular music
References
Bibliography
External links
African-American women rappers
African-American feminists
African-American girl groups
American feminists
American dance girl groups
American musical trios
East Coast hip hop groups
Women hip hop groups
Feminist musicians
Grammy Award winners for rap music
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Hip hop groups from New York City
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Musical groups reestablished in 2005
Pop-rap groups
Vocal trios
1985 establishments in New York City
London Records artists
PolyGram artists
FFRR Records artists
|
[
0.030338698998093605,
0.13418495655059814,
-0.3082054853439331,
-0.16886131465435028,
-0.44898757338523865,
0.3044564127922058,
-0.010783443227410316,
0.5336028933525085,
-0.28047680854797363,
-0.09968005120754242,
0.45594340562820435,
-0.006972186733037233,
-0.18983224034309387,
0.04625324904918671,
-0.495760440826416,
-0.39031991362571716,
0.4832395017147064,
0.5081648230552673,
-0.07283620536327362,
0.4635075032711029,
-0.18245792388916016,
0.43195003271102905,
0.230973020195961,
-0.45950573682785034,
-0.2861414849758148,
0.8389039635658264,
-0.13552026450634003,
-0.0552230067551136,
0.2661104202270508,
0.0625021755695343,
0.6734035611152649,
0.50300532579422,
0.6726449728012085,
-0.6854656338691711,
0.007748772855848074,
0.14586155116558075,
-0.682488203048706,
0.09104608744382858,
0.038230422884225845,
-0.5197612047195435,
0.12223027646541595,
-0.5591128468513489,
0.22720110416412354,
-0.015646908432245255,
-0.002131457207724452,
-0.32241493463516235,
-1.685735821723938,
0.7512056827545166,
-1.4354193210601807,
-0.2668358087539673,
-0.38758864998817444,
0.14125993847846985,
-0.42897820472717285,
0.2141401618719101,
0.26525259017944336,
0.3475305736064911,
-0.4858538508415222,
0.03630051016807556,
0.10843297094106674,
0.12831668555736542,
-0.1133020892739296,
0.0017749764956533909,
0.37459301948547363,
-0.5759792327880859,
-0.6124211549758911,
-0.12065437436103821,
0.41555243730545044,
0.9232409596443176,
-0.1814202517271042,
-0.38491103053092957,
0.29403558373451233,
0.10524701327085495,
-0.31835687160491943,
-0.17734304070472717,
0.013185557909309864,
-0.7913548350334167,
0.37549152970314026,
0.4490203261375427,
-0.26426759362220764,
0.7116009593009949,
-0.42129775881767273,
0.4361588656902313,
0.750007688999176,
0.2572300434112549,
0.13949792087078094,
-0.27769437432289124,
0.08593402802944183,
0.3863297700881958,
-0.8159783482551575,
0.6913525462150574,
-0.682745099067688,
-0.168386772274971,
1.0321323871612549,
-0.045754771679639816,
0.10488662868738174,
-0.36510419845581055,
0.19021177291870117,
0.4565703272819519,
0.7867527604103088,
-0.02398299053311348,
-0.20299957692623138,
0.14366957545280457,
0.21312347054481506,
0.45965129137039185,
-0.595178484916687,
0.38212186098098755,
0.2002103179693222,
-0.9235709309577942,
0.21106092631816864,
-0.19164569675922394,
0.4881899058818817,
0.2956547737121582,
0.5282462239265442,
0.21344029903411865,
0.18542619049549103,
0.2635469436645508,
0.3502824008464813,
-0.35987770557403564,
-0.6513426303863525,
-0.3661986291408539,
-0.004432821646332741,
0.8713327646255493,
-0.27293485403060913,
0.22398123145103455,
0.38833528757095337,
0.8104854822158813,
0.46841007471084595,
0.34596747159957886,
-0.3650720417499542,
0.2984619736671448,
-0.1644171178340912,
0.3352871537208557,
0.20954759418964386,
-0.3339932858943939,
-0.13233333826065063,
-0.6185265779495239,
0.44030529260635376,
-0.23991188406944275,
0.34317129850387573,
-0.3601990044116974,
-0.6132400631904602,
0.20040184259414673,
-0.17245954275131226,
0.11412801593542099,
0.4914000928401947,
-0.17275570333003998,
-0.0649740993976593,
-0.32929086685180664,
-0.27560827136039734,
-0.542592465877533,
0.10425756871700287,
-0.573767900466919,
-0.158819317817688,
0.0014805657556280494,
0.20199429988861084,
0.47397807240486145,
-0.1792488545179367,
0.019079001620411873,
0.13001371920108795,
0.47955554723739624,
-0.19424740970134735,
0.01940281316637993,
0.06743061542510986,
-0.14341647922992706,
-0.39105236530303955,
-0.4828255772590637,
-0.412645161151886,
-0.05652773380279541,
-0.1461709588766098,
0.26970338821411133,
-0.44016775488853455,
0.015814919024705887,
0.298130601644516,
0.07260985672473907,
0.3056427240371704,
-0.027409037575125694,
0.9540776014328003,
0.23616047203540802,
0.28737470507621765,
0.42599186301231384,
-0.5799388885498047,
0.5076165795326233,
0.6517232060432434,
-0.17904941737651825,
-0.11760761588811874,
-0.29312947392463684,
0.6577298045158386,
-0.40082475543022156,
0.6009461283683777,
-0.060871995985507965,
-0.7327698469161987,
0.20721042156219482,
0.0016920465277507901,
-0.165573388338089,
0.9044930934906006,
0.6617769598960876,
-0.8395932912826538,
0.4474736154079437,
0.1397475302219391,
0.49204394221305847,
-0.22765479981899261,
0.3183726668357849,
0.8266026973724365,
-0.3434942960739136,
-0.43876710534095764,
0.06034931540489197,
0.15417635440826416,
-0.37640324234962463,
0.4729418456554413,
0.23151655495166779,
-0.019384456798434258,
-0.6538490653038025,
0.48271527886390686,
-0.3844190835952759,
-0.4989369511604309,
0.04464852064847946,
-0.04377328231930733,
0.7834459543228149,
0.24306358397006989,
-0.07755894213914871,
0.6781054139137268,
-0.12572237849235535,
-0.2231675535440445,
0.01444409042596817,
0.3135480582714081,
0.5081583857536316,
0.037283461540937424,
-0.2968704402446747,
0.495814710855484,
0.7660704851150513,
0.5307429432868958,
0.15232032537460327,
0.46307089924812317,
-0.5811288952827454,
-0.10299362242221832,
0.10252422839403152,
0.5971049666404724,
-0.39283549785614014,
0.03146328777074814,
-0.6090332865715027,
0.08168929070234299,
0.013244363479316235,
-0.5765666365623474,
-0.1762102097272873,
-0.05653101205825806,
0.3254469335079193,
-0.327183336019516,
-0.5793983340263367,
-0.2050636261701584,
0.1910698264837265,
-0.09527084231376648,
0.4630562961101532,
0.21624596416950226,
0.17194654047489166,
-0.07306456565856934,
0.22475934028625488,
0.3182971477508545,
0.013927273452281952,
0.4360080659389496,
-0.2739582061767578,
0.043737657368183136,
-0.02538379654288292,
0.6224600076675415,
0.6130558848381042,
-0.025961950421333313,
-0.8963119387626648,
0.26078879833221436,
0.08215484768152237,
0.029151536524295807,
-0.3710246980190277,
0.9741278290748596,
-0.11954204738140106,
-0.09117219597101212,
0.3523300290107727,
-0.42102161049842834,
-0.3630756437778473,
-0.1721869707107544,
-0.12452138215303421,
-0.7150299549102783,
-1.2251869440078735,
0.21661511063575745,
0.8087594509124756,
-0.23476868867874146,
-0.547819197177887,
-0.16485683619976044,
-0.19745410978794098,
0.13768650591373444,
-0.5614913105964661,
-0.18418613076210022,
0.24400660395622253,
-0.24816226959228516,
-0.14863964915275574,
-0.7642040848731995,
-0.004606924951076508,
0.004138628952205181,
-0.5763417482376099,
0.39795956015586853,
0.2601902484893799,
0.030119188129901886,
0.44067487120628357,
-0.1802801787853241,
-0.04106615111231804,
-0.39724001288414,
0.32424598932266235,
0.31229811906814575,
-0.7789803147315979,
-0.19985000789165497,
-0.07791163772344589,
-5.707018852233887,
0.04629893600940704,
-0.07057540118694305,
-0.23408852517604828,
0.37728163599967957,
-0.29854103922843933,
0.16703622043132782,
-0.7292421460151672,
0.11447528749704361,
-0.07640188187360764,
-0.17118696868419647,
-0.00477404473349452,
-0.04415537789463997,
-0.03133958950638771,
-0.019236279651522636,
-0.06140841916203499,
0.24673302471637726,
-0.11251185089349747,
0.1531742662191391,
0.12943315505981445,
0.21251030266284943,
-0.2672078609466553,
-0.31684547662734985,
1.037974238395691,
-0.5492355227470398,
0.3062572181224823,
-0.10742581635713577,
0.18170258402824402,
-0.5673183798789978,
-0.42145487666130066,
-0.0810551568865776,
0.1916743814945221,
0.05395866930484772,
-0.5197536945343018,
-0.1145271509885788,
-0.03265445679426193,
0.816679060459137,
-0.16981141269207,
0.09561055898666382,
-0.5530874133110046,
0.03985900431871414,
0.6240909695625305,
-0.014691960997879505,
-0.6983464956283569,
0.7017507553100586,
0.5333982110023499,
-0.3049735128879547,
0.14915291965007782,
-0.6573917865753174,
0.7385953068733215,
0.6537043452262878,
-0.40654924511909485,
-0.07618854939937592,
0.026696491986513138,
0.00024641072377562523,
-0.2267143726348877,
0.10677602887153625,
0.06087595969438553,
-0.059101372957229614,
0.4906420111656189,
0.6340582370758057,
-0.08580321073532104,
-0.27060914039611816,
0.09637870639562607,
-0.13906992971897125,
-0.49073851108551025,
0.10687944293022156,
-0.036982811987400055,
0.2518220841884613,
-0.008409304544329643,
-0.005614094436168671,
0.3818681538105011,
-0.5694539546966553,
-0.8881955742835999,
0.1793346405029297,
-0.016255540773272514,
-0.040990810841321945,
-0.22944994270801544,
-0.3291659951210022,
0.9407322406768799,
-0.05040580406785011,
0.21696285903453827,
0.18028324842453003,
0.08168692886829376,
-0.375937819480896,
-0.120767742395401,
-0.3008149266242981,
0.3842594027519226,
-1.0347365140914917,
-0.09234417229890823,
0.4992853105068207,
-0.29772427678108215,
0.21853649616241455,
0.11534403264522552,
0.2502511143684387,
0.11412496864795685,
0.06747014820575714,
0.7204524278640747,
-0.2098170518875122,
0.12219614535570145,
0.5830393433570862,
-0.1110449805855751,
0.12288608402013779,
-0.27291858196258545,
0.07192034274339676,
-0.29144537448883057,
-0.29583263397216797,
-0.13516555726528168,
0.7976208329200745,
-0.39174216985702515,
-0.041584864258766174,
-0.050573743879795074,
-0.4428984522819519,
-0.4227370321750641,
0.15030516684055328,
0.056380704045295715,
-0.4479786455631256,
0.01818162575364113,
-0.09364869445562363,
0.7008600234985352,
0.09063546359539032,
0.1722160279750824,
0.01821397803723812,
-0.06261036545038223,
-0.062475431710481644,
-0.6078876256942749,
-0.23843440413475037,
0.5487285852432251,
0.5089596509933472,
0.36666569113731384,
0.18927493691444397,
-0.16823512315750122,
-0.44016820192337036,
0.21548694372177124,
0.2768748700618744,
0.09582960605621338,
-0.5152843594551086,
-0.023377148434519768,
0.06208106502890587,
-0.39386194944381714,
-0.025831308215856552,
-0.09453879296779633,
0.07802137732505798,
0.1329016089439392,
0.2326200008392334,
0.4928564727306366,
-0.4258177876472473,
-0.7310356497764587,
-0.5660851001739502,
0.4971136152744293,
0.18424224853515625,
0.18433500826358795,
0.03706613555550575,
-0.4147564470767975,
-0.0949447751045227,
0.16178551316261292,
0.06617317348718643,
0.5655857920646667,
-0.03357987478375435,
-0.09284526109695435,
-0.08761245757341385,
-0.6029974818229675,
-1.0849233865737915,
-0.19983284175395966,
-0.2943110764026642,
-0.11705836653709412,
0.26129794120788574,
-0.3126145899295807,
-0.2005232572555542,
0.07870856672525406,
0.014283956959843636,
-0.5829099416732788,
-0.05415106937289238,
-0.5086513161659241,
0.028789987787604332,
0.332172691822052,
0.16040554642677307,
-0.43464165925979614,
-0.058530934154987335,
0.04608883336186409,
-0.40816348791122437,
-0.3052271902561188,
-0.36758437752723694,
-0.2911360263824463,
0.052416373044252396,
-0.7940475940704346,
-0.2803325355052948,
-0.16797176003456116,
0.1920696496963501,
0.09908400475978851,
-0.2855914533138275,
0.05299759656190872,
0.4963233470916748,
0.12948520481586456,
-0.5114030241966248,
-0.5335953235626221,
-0.07768335193395615,
0.5456864237785339,
-0.20752596855163574,
-0.33744359016418457,
0.49857330322265625,
-0.3538929522037506,
-0.6273642182350159,
0.10332336276769638,
0.7443025708198547,
-0.37682291865348816,
0.2910667061805725,
0.5068438053131104,
-0.14859554171562195,
-0.16615013778209686,
-0.16528697311878204,
-0.49041467905044556,
-0.13939476013183594,
0.07184166461229324,
0.25511690974235535,
-0.09367618709802628,
0.21158573031425476,
-0.31128808856010437,
-0.043526146560907364,
-0.34298545122146606,
-0.5580406785011292,
-0.22277988493442535,
-0.8436962962150574,
0.3350112736225128,
-0.5364362001419067,
1.0360417366027832,
0.05994204059243202,
0.029573937878012657,
-0.40865203738212585,
-0.3616597056388855,
0.16007471084594727,
0.057380400598049164,
0.03878513351082802,
0.7460818290710449,
-0.17901229858398438,
0.5430653095245361,
-0.34338468313217163,
0.09936690330505371,
0.22756896913051605,
0.4947950839996338,
-0.15240716934204102,
0.390142023563385,
0.31278195977211,
-0.1184951439499855,
0.5221318602561951,
-0.20156165957450867,
0.41404110193252563,
0.04057832434773445,
-0.8335959911346436,
0.35717257857322693,
-0.06317458301782608,
-0.5893223881721497,
-0.39115774631500244,
-0.20929035544395447,
0.4554148018360138,
-0.7039939761161804,
-0.3449976444244385,
-0.17349347472190857,
-0.2643435001373291,
-0.26687631011009216,
-0.0005240151658654213,
0.44990018010139465,
-0.8743974566459656,
0.24435913562774658,
-0.14888980984687805,
-0.12414885312318802,
0.09923595935106277,
-0.6666309237480164,
0.13892540335655212,
-0.8708349466323853,
0.5680004954338074,
-0.28687340021133423,
0.08128994703292847,
0.6557961702346802,
-0.12537485361099243,
0.03785273805260658,
0.06549526005983353,
-0.6450387239456177,
-0.021262066438794136,
0.04506570100784302,
-0.5752211213111877,
0.7857690453529358,
-0.27272099256515503,
-0.2903198301792145,
0.560351550579071,
-0.7831366062164307,
-0.4118030369281769,
-0.29719656705856323,
-0.7390986084938049,
-0.007405484560877085,
-0.02631489187479019,
0.9664179086685181,
0.18740591406822205,
0.20821180939674377,
-0.8626339435577393,
0.2587738633155823,
0.21513207256793976,
0.3310098648071289,
-0.4301856756210327,
-0.048430588096380234,
0.056247446686029434,
0.3011772632598877,
0.08883897215127945,
-0.16902519762516022,
-0.38235846161842346,
-0.08138945698738098,
-0.015766020864248276,
-0.2284824699163437,
0.1792353093624115,
-0.08303950726985931,
-0.0118803596124053,
-0.7182403206825256,
0.025721412152051926,
0.2893303632736206,
-1.0237122774124146,
0.7875804305076599,
0.7464677095413208,
-0.13404877483844757,
0.3349936306476593,
0.6045541763305664,
0.16056233644485474,
-0.11203482002019882,
0.19262227416038513,
0.02564173750579357,
0.6822636723518372,
0.05140690505504608,
-0.10891702026128769,
-0.11685647070407867,
0.17733140289783478,
0.028092602267861366,
0.387321799993515,
-0.38777288794517517,
-0.1876986026763916,
-0.44791197776794434,
0.3575964868068695,
-0.6329312324523926,
-0.07179614901542664,
0.2851686179637909,
-0.7194490432739258,
0.8260793089866638,
-0.17707915604114532,
-0.06733191013336182,
-0.23354913294315338,
0.1352226287126541,
0.2243802696466446,
0.07242797315120697,
0.4986991286277771,
-0.3594139516353607,
0.7119017839431763,
0.051814332604408264,
0.1934303641319275,
0.25401341915130615,
0.13143426179885864,
0.11760632693767548,
0.9505281448364258,
-0.06791936606168747,
-0.01688481494784355,
0.009427977725863457,
-0.21464569866657257,
0.35174116492271423,
0.2875294089317322,
0.005216146353632212,
0.5252859592437744,
-0.17589235305786133,
-0.20872673392295837,
-0.09307102113962173,
-0.28794214129447937,
-0.31617674231529236,
-0.6455560922622681,
0.6896175742149353,
0.15753959119319916,
0.1383773237466812,
-0.06832452118396759,
0.7635133862495422,
0.030664226040244102,
0.8138067126274109,
0.18916410207748413,
0.6629745364189148,
-0.32677796483039856,
0.6932045817375183,
-0.1204770877957344,
-0.5300893783569336,
-0.3651365041732788,
-0.04320245236158371,
0.12273979932069778,
0.0842633843421936,
-0.22356677055358887,
0.6058255434036255,
-0.4695294201374054,
-0.37412700057029724,
0.2720727324485779,
-0.814720094203949,
-0.23778733611106873,
0.1695423275232315,
0.32458221912384033,
0.3876124322414398,
0.476144939661026,
0.83858323097229,
0.019270367920398712,
-0.053093720227479935,
0.3272169232368469,
0.33927568793296814,
0.4116918444633484,
0.15417253971099854,
-0.5196382999420166,
0.14406029880046844,
-0.8672503232955933,
-0.378900408744812,
-0.4306638836860657,
0.788266658782959,
-0.18562425673007965,
0.015057327225804329,
-0.028763500973582268,
0.4393840730190277,
0.10712433606386185,
0.03747609257698059,
0.5878027081489563,
-0.062487561255693436,
-0.47147464752197266,
-0.46732863783836365,
0.26031970977783203,
-0.06486252695322037,
-0.4789779782295227,
0.5393263697624207,
-0.18442223966121674,
0.006214937195181847,
0.4923309087753296,
0.04100755229592323,
-0.3062162697315216,
0.6062289476394653,
0.10660995543003082,
0.10036392509937286,
-0.6198263764381409,
-0.16109135746955872,
-0.4459436237812042,
-0.7866320610046387,
0.24365487694740295,
0.6739792227745056,
0.29293179512023926,
-0.2911204993724823,
0.3489980101585388,
-0.22185921669006348,
-0.6046258807182312,
-0.5151427388191223,
-0.11109155416488647,
0.0918382778763771,
0.28627318143844604,
0.09906812012195587,
-0.5068309903144836,
0.5387837886810303,
0.14107227325439453,
-0.2659379839897156,
-0.35388609766960144,
-0.0048860423266887665,
0.4868876338005066,
0.12023686617612839,
0.06248968094587326,
-0.5529791116714478,
-0.1516042947769165,
-0.10114803910255432
] |
210506
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expos%C3%A9%20%28group%29
|
Exposé (group)
|
Exposé is an American Latin freestyle vocal group formed in 1984 in Miami, FL. Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit "Seasons Change". In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time.
The group was popular in dance clubs, mainstream Top 40 and adult contemporary charts in the United States. The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today.
History
Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986)
Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group. Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé. The next year, the trio recorded "Point of No Return" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement. The success of "Point of No Return" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single. A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled "Exposed to Love". These songs were released during the period when radio began airing continuous mixes of House/Club/Dance songs in major markets. As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities. Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album.
Personnel changes (1986)
During the recording of the group's first studio album Exposure, the personnel of the group changed. Reports vary based on the source. According to People magazine, two of the original singers quit while one of the girls was fired midway through the recording of the first album, but according to Billboard, all three were fired. Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential. Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave. Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno. Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless.
Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases "I Wanna Know" in 1988, and "Stop Me if I Fall in Love" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12" single "Parallels" on Atlantic Records and a second single "Love is a Natural Magical Thing" on Meet Me In Miami Records. Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions.
Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits "You're The One", "Love Desire", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit "Notice Me". She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46. All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album. Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior.
Exposure (1986–1988)
In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit "Come Go with Me" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of "Point of No Return" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100. While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version. "Let Me Be the One", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay. The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad "Seasons Change". Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour.
Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song "Who's Getting Serious?".
During Exposé's peak, the group endured legal issues behind the scenes. The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles. According to Bruno, they were only paid $200 per show. Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers. Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract.
What You Don't Know (1989–1990)
Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000. The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction. The first single, "What You Don't Know", peaked at #8; and the second single "When I Looked at Him" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100. As an all-female group, the next single "Tell Me Why" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits. "Tell Me Why" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics. "Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue" (#9 U.S. Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and "Stop, Listen, Look & Think" (only released as a promotional 12" single) followed soon afterwards. "Stop, Listen, Look & Think" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period.
Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others.
The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage. The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song "What You Don't Know" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version.
With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990. It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from "Come Go with Me" through "Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue."
Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track "Jingle Bells" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of "Because It's Christmas." This version of "Jingle Bells" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version.
In August 1990, while touring with Exposé, Bruno began having throat problems—later linked to a benign tumor on her vocal cords—which caused the group to cut the tour short. The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover. Ultimately, Bruno lost her voice, and could not sing at all for several years—she also had to keep talking to a minimum. She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992.
Exposé (1991–1996)
After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire. It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs. The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album.
The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts. The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with "I Wish the Phone Would Ring" and "I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart. Subsequent releases "As Long as I Can Dream" and "In Walked Love" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight. A final, club-marketed single in 1995 saw the release of the group's first remake. "I Specialize in Love" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion. The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982. Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa.
In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song "I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits. The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals.
Label inactivity and solo projects
Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects. However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 "Point of No Return."
After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, "Race Against the Sky", and "Stone"). Moneymaker wrote and produced the "Love Songs" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including "Guitar Hero", "Hawaii 5-0", "CSI", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business. Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing.
In 1997, Bruno fully recovered from her throat tumor and began singing again. After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material. Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004.
Reformation
After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California. Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used. While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time.
In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years. Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions.
On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno. On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990. The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country. The group continues to perform at special events throughout the United States, including venues such as Epcot and Mohegan Sun's Wolf Den.
In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album. Exposé recorded a 2011 version of their hit "Point Of No Return" working with dance producer Giuseppe D. and Chris Cox. The cd single was released on June 20, 2011. The group released a single for Christmas called "I Believe In Christmas (Like It Use To Be)" in December, 2011 co-written by Adam Gorgoni, Jeanette Jurado and Shelly Peiken. Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project. In August 2012, the group independently released the single "Shine On," co-written by Ann Curless. Curless also sings lead vocals on the track.
Lawsuit over trademark
In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II). At issue was the trademark licensing agreement for the rights to use the name Exposé. The first case was dismissed without prejudice. The second one went to trial. During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs. On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs. The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the "[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members". The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark.
Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together. The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011.
Exposure (Re-issued)
In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album. Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks.
Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'. Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12" & CD Singles.
One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12" version of 'Exposed To Love'.
Discography
Exposure (1987)
What You Don't Know (1989)
Exposé (1992)
References
External links
Official Web Site
Further reading
American dance music groups
Arista Records artists
American freestyle music groups
American dance girl groups
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups from Miami
|
[
0.4557158648967743,
-0.052804045379161835,
0.046611394733190536,
0.005169834475964308,
-0.8186939358711243,
-0.3368544578552246,
0.6442239284515381,
-0.23336611688137054,
-0.0557464174926281,
0.21165014803409576,
0.27617788314819336,
0.5478140711784363,
-0.4197370409965515,
-0.19050566852092743,
-0.5122486352920532,
0.07484151422977448,
0.09836126118898392,
0.2759738266468048,
-0.4489947259426117,
-0.12873032689094543,
-0.12763579189777374,
-0.18215274810791016,
0.22039176523685455,
-0.0975547507405281,
0.09755651652812958,
0.27786046266555786,
-0.1445309966802597,
0.20960509777069092,
0.6006860733032227,
-0.04844564199447632,
0.34753310680389404,
0.6715906858444214,
0.35452142357826233,
-0.42756715416908264,
-0.054301705211400986,
0.19862276315689087,
-0.11783980578184128,
-0.28453153371810913,
-0.3473426401615143,
-0.5367888808250427,
-0.01535386499017477,
-0.5503024458885193,
0.4998180568218231,
0.45626333355903625,
-0.07166887819766998,
-0.8254351019859314,
-1.6580473184585571,
0.6163565516471863,
-0.653971254825592,
0.3164443075656891,
-0.32889142632484436,
0.2275310605764389,
0.0561782568693161,
0.1674961894750595,
-0.27532655000686646,
0.22724108397960663,
-0.6375434994697571,
-0.588426947593689,
-0.07208146154880524,
-0.5256194472312927,
0.12038533389568329,
0.5409643650054932,
0.3862079381942749,
-0.4296911358833313,
0.15756705403327942,
0.5153340101242065,
0.12460402399301529,
0.7911335825920105,
-0.5334545969963074,
-0.6590108275413513,
0.2922203838825226,
0.18141554296016693,
-0.3733668923377991,
0.039412111043930054,
-0.050288375467061996,
-0.007160494104027748,
0.317148357629776,
-0.3866231441497803,
0.42101001739501953,
0.8793386816978455,
0.2300436794757843,
0.4129640758037567,
0.3086394667625427,
0.4622655212879181,
0.27626463770866394,
0.17289502918720245,
-0.044070251286029816,
0.4256927967071533,
-0.4808395206928253,
-0.03586812689900398,
-0.3878863751888275,
-0.5443593263626099,
0.5561653971672058,
0.33393165469169617,
0.17624805867671967,
0.09796302020549774,
-0.09791930764913559,
0.010526859201490879,
0.1830892711877823,
0.08708561211824417,
-0.3838199973106384,
0.19477367401123047,
-0.509687066078186,
-0.2527492046356201,
-0.7282869219779968,
0.2950790524482727,
0.15513227880001068,
-0.42919474840164185,
-0.5139145255088806,
-0.1261032074689865,
-0.23804830014705658,
-0.15062178671360016,
-0.5386512875556946,
-0.34608906507492065,
-0.1741979867219925,
0.4398807883262634,
0.5756438374519348,
-0.021207906305789948,
-0.4676423966884613,
-0.1835182011127472,
-0.35472431778907776,
0.49966466426849365,
-0.367876261472702,
0.5299856662750244,
-0.24152833223342896,
0.6808492541313171,
0.2308049201965332,
0.5935802459716797,
0.14402343332767487,
0.06142200157046318,
-0.7348846793174744,
0.29087963700294495,
0.5810723900794983,
0.13081733882427216,
0.16933661699295044,
-0.34785762429237366,
0.3487733006477356,
0.06965213268995285,
0.14526055753231049,
-0.25384166836738586,
-0.4366248548030853,
0.054072488099336624,
-0.9245374202728271,
-0.6638808846473694,
0.022291887551546097,
-0.23079587519168854,
-0.6793538928031921,
0.2031935453414917,
-0.5718680620193481,
-0.24728015065193176,
0.30334973335266113,
-0.4531973898410797,
-0.39125704765319824,
0.02406487613916397,
-0.21392971277236938,
-0.20943665504455566,
0.13262540102005005,
-0.5581538677215576,
0.5337241888046265,
-0.055582787841558456,
0.11114858090877533,
0.21777735650539398,
-0.12516924738883972,
0.4778546094894409,
0.33875593543052673,
-0.5553300976753235,
-0.4069361686706543,
-0.2592700719833374,
0.23856085538864136,
-0.10968021303415298,
-0.5392659902572632,
0.04646553844213486,
-0.13877750933170319,
0.08604016900062561,
0.267648309469223,
-0.20660872757434845,
0.575760543346405,
0.19293524324893951,
0.27979224920272827,
0.1799166351556778,
-0.6055224537849426,
-0.06587853282690048,
0.41186320781707764,
-0.497040718793869,
0.5314903259277344,
0.2871570289134979,
0.20742273330688477,
0.6903324127197266,
0.04856295883655548,
0.3185790777206421,
-0.5703712105751038,
-0.24069201946258545,
0.4851006269454956,
0.016951579600572586,
1.1157622337341309,
-0.10822302848100662,
-0.5881938934326172,
0.7659627795219421,
0.4168875217437744,
0.590487003326416,
0.17098139226436615,
0.30999377369880676,
0.6042776107788086,
-0.18503406643867493,
-0.7095624208450317,
0.023420777171850204,
0.3562125861644745,
-0.1505584716796875,
-0.059227392077445984,
0.26563024520874023,
-0.515606164932251,
-0.19402845203876495,
0.26126131415367126,
-0.10708814859390259,
-0.29345574975013733,
-0.08421113342046738,
-0.5578729510307312,
0.6345964670181274,
0.47664129734039307,
-0.540220320224762,
0.7691724300384521,
-0.03823892027139664,
-0.3246287703514099,
-0.06558386981487274,
-0.34380966424942017,
0.9078747630119324,
0.31015485525131226,
-0.4198570251464844,
0.5002552270889282,
-0.21360048651695251,
0.12251058965921402,
-0.01989980787038803,
0.10069683194160461,
-0.8500595092773438,
-0.2892972528934479,
0.42575183510780334,
-0.009541677311062813,
-0.5081491470336914,
0.49617257714271545,
-0.023711806163191795,
0.555870771408081,
0.1901133805513382,
-0.8277904391288757,
0.23868180811405182,
0.5527868866920471,
0.20439964532852173,
0.22666975855827332,
0.02037016674876213,
-0.0796823650598526,
0.26838478446006775,
-0.2685341238975525,
0.3661571145057678,
0.25755640864372253,
-0.41829821467399597,
0.368535578250885,
0.2495257407426834,
0.20590239763259888,
-0.3469366729259491,
0.4666449725627899,
-0.3023650050163269,
-0.39537084102630615,
-0.006491456180810928,
0.4088166356086731,
0.47196486592292786,
0.4677944779396057,
-0.691474437713623,
-0.1326431781053543,
-0.2959344685077667,
0.47846752405166626,
-0.6023998856544495,
0.6239361763000488,
0.1507263481616974,
0.07651305198669434,
0.4596858024597168,
-0.34029459953308105,
0.02158631756901741,
-0.03457370027899742,
-0.04884890466928482,
-0.024309227243065834,
-0.9865430593490601,
0.10934825241565704,
0.2819838523864746,
0.35204216837882996,
-0.324095219373703,
-0.30374932289123535,
0.13360363245010376,
0.3914130926132202,
-0.4526980221271515,
-0.4771287441253662,
-0.4127158224582672,
0.3384491205215454,
-0.12690667808055878,
-0.3939211070537567,
0.2946217358112335,
0.31383442878723145,
-0.21002435684204102,
0.3359960913658142,
0.45290127396583557,
-0.24410276114940643,
0.424251914024353,
-0.37778910994529724,
0.021245479583740234,
-0.921785831451416,
-0.6600449085235596,
0.055266302078962326,
-0.4694090187549591,
0.31566351652145386,
-0.06485962122678757,
-5.7248406410217285,
0.1303337663412094,
-0.15703558921813965,
-0.11246349662542343,
-0.11649315059185028,
-0.33908870816230774,
0.5386579632759094,
-0.8071978688240051,
-0.10315240919589996,
0.07576204836368561,
-0.47143658995628357,
0.5256884098052979,
0.07284069806337357,
-0.11259131878614426,
-0.1033780574798584,
0.35638707876205444,
0.21311387419700623,
-0.18217231333255768,
0.5332136750221252,
0.5505841374397278,
0.3581102192401886,
0.17112798988819122,
-0.4233720302581787,
0.43149563670158386,
0.11186090856790543,
0.8105133175849915,
0.10471685230731964,
0.2300657480955124,
-0.25729435682296753,
0.23882374167442322,
0.24754177033901215,
-0.24600417912006378,
-0.08038734644651413,
-0.0721190795302391,
-0.6626238226890564,
0.22541290521621704,
0.9287687540054321,
-0.3607226610183716,
0.149515300989151,
-0.25979214906692505,
-0.5422542691230774,
-0.07044052332639694,
0.18766546249389648,
-0.5192477703094482,
0.10532411932945251,
-0.26296037435531616,
-0.35520920157432556,
-0.47708386182785034,
-0.24032849073410034,
1.266615867614746,
0.27875399589538574,
-0.45181047916412354,
0.23346513509750366,
-0.09930112957954407,
-0.07150901108980179,
-0.18937350809574127,
0.5121744275093079,
-0.08246739208698273,
0.28393614292144775,
0.7401471138000488,
0.9139391183853149,
-0.5991397500038147,
-0.09875618666410446,
-1.0504140853881836,
0.22223976254463196,
0.0828738808631897,
0.2783600687980652,
-0.06048087403178215,
0.14860649406909943,
0.43183696269989014,
0.5468180775642395,
0.5520883202552795,
-0.3936741054058075,
-0.8619776368141174,
-0.6859837770462036,
-0.10866333544254303,
0.11720351129770279,
-0.4069105088710785,
-0.3803810775279999,
0.14052799344062805,
0.14438022673130035,
0.11284258216619492,
-0.498539537191391,
0.28659215569496155,
-0.6232267618179321,
-0.6312699317932129,
0.43197035789489746,
0.45294177532196045,
-0.8351064324378967,
0.24203211069107056,
0.8731094002723694,
-0.08696569502353668,
-0.1957802027463913,
0.39741015434265137,
-0.10050449520349503,
0.6898676156997681,
0.3228475749492645,
0.15129128098487854,
0.3376138508319855,
-0.4616258442401886,
0.038483332842588425,
0.005429249722510576,
0.20386524498462677,
-0.3533759117126465,
-0.046774059534072876,
-0.7731417417526245,
-0.005973133724182844,
-0.21526357531547546,
0.8093951344490051,
-0.38237592577934265,
0.2452523559331894,
-0.15254946053028107,
-0.877778172492981,
-0.18086732923984528,
0.7215729355812073,
0.04887264966964722,
-0.2570653259754181,
0.3897489607334137,
0.7516392469406128,
-0.12560050189495087,
0.273812472820282,
0.5021190047264099,
-0.09041237086057663,
0.4133760631084442,
-1.0581949949264526,
0.004863650072365999,
0.3195151388645172,
0.586411714553833,
-0.3541629910469055,
0.37404611706733704,
0.1478891372680664,
0.03193454071879387,
0.17950831353664398,
-0.04719415307044983,
0.270881325006485,
-0.20071935653686523,
0.15540264546871185,
-0.17984141409397125,
-0.05369012802839279,
-0.0597129724919796,
-0.24887476861476898,
0.15660762786865234,
-0.2874673902988434,
0.5857173800468445,
0.6469489336013794,
0.7842488288879395,
-0.4339196979999542,
-0.2103661745786667,
-0.5951783657073975,
0.46782514452934265,
0.45560890436172485,
-0.655968427658081,
0.7080516219139099,
-0.16905668377876282,
0.12933318316936493,
0.3905487060546875,
0.1849687546491623,
-0.24836745858192444,
-0.16953423619270325,
-0.3992488980293274,
0.4942680299282074,
0.18280744552612305,
-0.9205359816551208,
-0.2511237859725952,
0.3427947461605072,
-0.21564802527427673,
-0.3488677144050598,
-0.9292073845863342,
-0.4156460762023926,
-0.12683378159999847,
-0.2726026475429535,
-0.33454975485801697,
0.25300711393356323,
-0.5208234190940857,
0.4371643662452698,
0.36520010232925415,
0.39272820949554443,
-0.17277780175209045,
-0.22632496058940887,
0.2141626626253128,
0.3010004460811615,
-0.3702312707901001,
0.16303831338882446,
0.42671942710876465,
0.8962828516960144,
-0.3414199650287628,
-1.1876407861709595,
-0.060316599905490875,
-0.4105696380138397,
0.5701205730438232,
-0.2962239980697632,
0.16112203896045685,
0.16966058313846588,
-0.01015086192637682,
-0.29598602652549744,
-0.48790469765663147,
-0.29444217681884766,
0.1400700807571411,
-0.21082766354084015,
-0.41258665919303894,
-0.19316448271274567,
0.061513837426900864,
0.39740002155303955,
0.3157082200050354,
-0.17563170194625854,
-0.6354066133499146,
0.6227130889892578,
0.1436755359172821,
-1.0445078611373901,
0.2841089963912964,
0.29325351119041443,
-0.5058390498161316,
-0.11041255295276642,
-0.1869698464870453,
-0.010190214030444622,
0.20495475828647614,
-0.15234743058681488,
-0.33039310574531555,
-0.01291191391646862,
-0.13777673244476318,
-0.07814956456422806,
-0.04429144039750099,
-0.1428271383047104,
0.21364818513393402,
-0.6081517934799194,
0.1571861356496811,
-0.24785307049751282,
-0.22495581209659576,
0.35132211446762085,
0.231220081448555,
-0.24015432596206665,
0.40991875529289246,
-0.1596672087907791,
-0.07478879392147064,
-0.8414607048034668,
0.08257941156625748,
-0.11776739358901978,
0.5103002190589905,
0.4040681719779968,
0.3088343143463135,
0.08028823882341385,
0.18458394706249237,
-0.19955144822597504,
-0.3514651358127594,
0.28160086274147034,
-0.04935246706008911,
0.24251948297023773,
0.09308396279811859,
-0.48521408438682556,
0.02752939984202385,
0.14170590043067932,
-0.18919861316680908,
-0.4156120717525482,
-0.6287089586257935,
1.0726163387298584,
-0.05300663039088249,
-0.20007365942001343,
-0.4084794521331787,
-0.5477356314659119,
-0.11545372754335403,
0.3772493302822113,
0.20311500132083893,
-1.2076719999313354,
0.18223066627979279,
0.015946906059980392,
0.11180014163255692,
0.11481906473636627,
0.2414064258337021,
-0.15555772185325623,
-0.29767996072769165,
-0.1399291753768921,
0.24779611825942993,
0.4141603708267212,
0.6696254014968872,
-0.32444292306900024,
0.059109050780534744,
-0.21010999381542206,
-0.9958719611167908,
0.14225029945373535,
0.5077503323554993,
-0.3398112654685974,
-0.025838125497102737,
0.03789973631501198,
0.015414749272167683,
0.1383851319551468,
0.016356736421585083,
-0.4012867510318756,
-0.2527317702770233,
-0.17757733166217804,
-0.14873918890953064,
0.2141542136669159,
-0.07961028814315796,
-0.17486286163330078,
-0.029494818300008774,
0.24043995141983032,
0.10012641549110413,
0.02887461893260479,
-0.3663412034511566,
-0.365876168012619,
-0.2830612361431122,
-0.6918976902961731,
0.5630841851234436,
0.259286105632782,
-0.10442188382148743,
0.19584520161151886,
-0.3337891697883606,
0.44264525175094604,
-0.15749120712280273,
0.21566841006278992,
0.42051661014556885,
-0.05462243780493736,
0.030584586784243584,
0.10520818084478378,
0.7156446576118469,
-0.9157245755195618,
0.47902002930641174,
0.5178619623184204,
-0.4165716767311096,
0.4055241346359253,
-0.05463059991598129,
0.03792108595371246,
0.4546770751476288,
0.2256615161895752,
0.6142231225967407,
-0.004664313979446888,
-0.10241074115037918,
-0.6491350531578064,
0.4529349207878113,
0.44107577204704285,
0.10252425074577332,
0.5814681053161621,
0.2950848639011383,
-0.09380626678466797,
0.23226726055145264,
-0.286347359418869,
-0.5134263038635254,
0.15378926694393158,
-0.14655815064907074,
-0.2596096694469452,
0.5813199877738953,
0.35522761940956116,
0.04424741864204407,
0.05511002615094185,
-0.2160574346780777,
-0.4165467917919159,
0.37937474250793457,
-0.184951514005661,
0.019775409251451492,
0.5231707096099854,
0.2017546445131302,
0.06302852928638458,
0.25872135162353516,
-0.24751968681812286,
-0.40290212631225586,
0.6288130879402161,
0.48399990797042847,
0.014082591980695724,
-0.09556999802589417,
0.2586808204650879,
0.15645331144332886,
-0.04172924533486366,
0.2630319595336914,
0.2619459331035614,
-0.008006596006453037,
-0.9300841093063354,
-0.33186689019203186,
0.36835479736328125,
-0.016715798527002335,
0.1286495476961136,
0.3663168251514435,
0.14434272050857544,
-0.06289656460285187,
-0.23275013267993927,
-0.05567271262407303,
0.22328755259513855,
0.2393760085105896,
0.48975104093551636,
0.5994406938552856,
-0.6125084161758423,
0.08178025484085083,
-0.3460085093975067,
0.25864237546920776,
-1.0081506967544556,
0.0332336351275444,
0.17238734662532806,
0.5006362795829773,
-0.3213036060333252,
0.22463195025920868,
-0.08022791147232056,
-0.04319693148136139,
0.1815120279788971,
-1.1750565767288208,
-0.0477113239467144,
0.38816720247268677,
0.007875539362430573,
-0.12828831374645233,
0.1984717845916748,
0.6394666433334351,
0.20157073438167572,
0.22854571044445038,
0.040110647678375244,
-0.11695951968431473,
0.3208293914794922,
-0.07848671823740005,
-0.10383282601833344,
0.24394181370735168,
-0.8639585971832275,
-0.10824046283960342,
-0.8510061502456665,
0.2116512954235077,
0.60947585105896,
0.04845548793673515,
-0.007897892035543919,
0.5830000638961792,
0.16007596254348755,
-0.19984237849712372,
0.33095064759254456,
0.08094946295022964,
-0.5784866809844971,
0.07786412537097931,
-0.6162906289100647,
0.08677569031715393,
-0.04338749498128891,
0.35490137338638306,
-0.15800772607326508,
0.2568471133708954,
0.2366565763950348,
-0.2390262931585312,
-0.39706480503082275,
0.5068340301513672,
0.4620738625526428,
-0.6614448428153992,
-0.3824847936630249,
0.24411901831626892,
-0.4691857695579529,
-0.39415478706359863,
0.04283566772937775,
0.5523926019668579,
0.9966548681259155,
0.03170086815953255,
0.9146572351455688,
-0.4636524021625519,
0.11125204712152481,
-0.3520302474498749,
-0.15629252791404724,
-0.04407917708158493,
-0.0588349923491478,
-0.5826641321182251,
-0.8126204013824463,
0.09585534036159515,
-0.3903634548187256,
-0.11039156466722488,
0.1680765151977539,
-0.41794538497924805,
-0.3992670178413391,
-0.1263168305158615,
0.561143159866333,
-0.34133902192115784,
-0.388015478849411,
-0.4996277689933777
] |
210507
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cover%20Girls
|
The Cover Girls
|
The Cover Girls are an all-female, New York City-based freestyle group that achieved most of its chart success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Among the group's best-known songs are "Show Me", "Because of You", "We Can't Go Wrong" and "Wishing on a Star".
History
The Cover Girls were formed by music producer and songwriter Andy "Panda" Tripoli and music promoter and dance club owner Sal Abbatiello and was originally composed of singers Angel Mercado, Caroline Jackson and Sunshine Wright. The group released their first album, Show Me, in late 1986. Five singles were released from this album, including the Top 40 Billboard Hot 100 hits "Because of You" and "Promise Me". The title track of the album was released as a 12-inch single prior to the album's release and was a Top 5 hit on the US dance chart. Sunshine Wright left after the release of the album and its second single "Spring Love", in late 1987, and was quickly replaced by Margo Urban, with whom the group released three more singles off the album. In 1988, the group recorded the song "Better Late Than Never" for the Coming to America film soundtrack, and it was released as a single.
The group's second album, We Can't Go Wrong, was released in 1989 and included the song "My Heart Skips a Beat" (Pop Top 40, Dance Top 5) as well as the title track, which was the group's first Top 10 pop hit in early 1990, peaking at number 8. The Cover Girls performed "My Heart Skips a Beat" and "We Can't Go Wrong" on the series finale of American Bandstand in October 1989. "All That Glitters Isn't Gold" was the third single released from the We Can't Go Wrong album. Shortly after its release Angel Mercado left the group to pursue a solo career, and was replaced on lead vocals by Evelyn Escalera.
The first song recorded with this line-up was "Don't Stop Now", released for the compilation album Music Speaks Louder Than Words, which was a joint collaboration between American and Soviet songwriters. The song's music is a cover of Russian artist Viktor Reznikov's 1988 song "Domovoy", with new English lyrics written by Todd Cerney and Harold Payne. The song was released as a single in 1990 with "Funk Boutique" originally as the B-Side. "Don't Stop Now" is credited for getting the Cover Girls signed to Epic Records. In 1990, the Cover Girls recorded the song "New York City Christmas" with Escalera on lead vocals. The song has appeared on several Christmas compilations. In 1990 "Funk Boutique" began to be played at radio and in 1991 a single including remixes of the song was then released with "Don't Stop Now" as the B-Side. After the release of this single, Margo Urban left the group and was replaced by Michelle Valentine.
The group's third studio album, Here It Is, released in 1992, features for the first time two lead singers, Escalera and Valentine, and produced the group's most recent hit, a cover version of the Rose Royce 1978 song "Wishing on a Star". The Cover Girls' version of this song became its second Top 10 pop hit when it peaked at number 9 in the summer of 1992. The song also reached the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart that same year. Followed by the single "Thank You", with Valentine and Escalera sharing lead vocals. A Spanish Version of the song "Wishing On A Star" was recorded as the B-Side to "Thank You", with Escalera and Valentine both contributing lead vocals on this version. Shortly after the release of "Thank You", Jackson left the group. Escalera & Valentine continued performing as a duo. "If You Want My Love (here it is)" was the final single from the album "Here It Is". The Spanish Version of "Wishing On A Star" titled "Estrella Del Amor" was also issue as a promotional single by Sony Discos.
In 1993, Evelyn Escalera recorded vocals on a promotional single entitled "Can You Feel It?" by Fish released on Cupid Records.
In 1994, the group contributed the new song "You Better Change" to the soundtrack of the film I Like It Like That.
The group returned in 1996 with the album "Satisfy". Both singles off the album had different versions and different lead vocals for each song. The first single "I Am Woman" was released originally with Valentine on lead vocals. But shortly after the single was released Valentine left the group. Lead vocals were then taken over by Gayle Ellis. On "I Need Your Lovin'" the album vocals were by Valentine and the single remix vocals were handled by Ellis and Escalera (who had then returned to the group from hiatis). Nicki Richards also recorded her lead vocals on some of the "Satisy" album tracks; notably "Whenever You Need Me" and "Keep On Giving Me Love".
In 1997, Sabrina Nieves contributed the track "Supersonic" under the name Sabrina Sang on the Jock Jams Vol. 3 album.
In 1998, Lorraine Munoz released the single "Ritmo De La Noche" under the name Lorena Martinez from the Latin Mix USA album.
Former member Angel Mercado released her solo debut album, Angel, in 2000. The album contained a new version of the Cover Girls song "Show Me" produced by Tony Moran.
In 2002 a remake of Sweet Sensation's "Hooked On You" was recorded by Escalera for the album Freestyle Party. Promotional remixes of the song, also featuring Escalera where released by Fever Records. Evelyn Escalera can also be heard singing the background vocals on the re-recorded instrumental version of "Show Me" from the Freestyle Mix USA Vol. 1 album. The song is featured at the end of the Cover Girls song "Because of You" ("Show Me" is not listed as a song on the track listing but is remixed in with the instrumental version of "Because of You").
Angel Mercado began touring extensively as Angel OCG (Original CoverGirl) under the bookings of La' Entertainment, landing dates with major Freestyle concerts throughout the country and abroad.
In 2004 Angel Mercado, along with Lil' Suzy and Lisette Melendez, joined a concept created by latif Mercado called S.A.L. a live compilation of some of Freestyle's biggest songs, the success of this group made S.A.L. one of the most sort of Freestyle acts in the market, which ran until 2014.
A planned dance single for the song "I'll Stand By You" featuring Escalera, Lorraine Munoz and Sabrina Nieves was never released.
In 2006, The Cover Girls (Escalera, Munoz and Nieves) contributed vocals on the Cobra Starship song "The Ballad of Big Poppa and Diamond Girl" from the Cobra Starship album While the City Sleeps, We Rule the Streets.
In November 2008, Evelyn Escalera released her first solo single, a cover of the Mariah Carey Christmas classic "All I Want for Christmas is You", available on iTunes, under her new pseudonym Evelyn DeMille.
In 2010, Evelyn Escalera contributed the track "Grown Up Christmas List" to the "A Traditional Freestyle Christmas Vol 1" Album.
In 2011, the "Original" Cover Girls, Angel Mercado, Caroline Jackson, and Margo Urban, reunited under the new management of Latif Mercado, husband of lead singer Angel.
The groups debut performance was for Long Beach Pride to nearly 40,000 attendees. The event was such a success that the group continued to perform as The "Original" Cover Girls, so as not to be confused by the others.
On July 5, 2014, Original Cover Girl, Sunshine rejoined the group and has been performing with them ever since.
Michelle Valentine went on to become an author, writer, and novelist. Writing Nyagra's Falls, A Girl's Gotta Eat, and The Year it Snowed in April.
On November 7, 2015, the Cover Girls (Escalera, Munoz and Nieves) were featured in a documentary on freestyle music titled Legends of Freestyle. Interviewing all top freestyle artists and delving into the history and movement of this genre. The Documentary presented by Stanulis Productions premiered at the HBO Urban Action Film Festival at the AMC Theater; one night only on Sat Nov 7th 2015 on 47th Street in New York City. Legends of Freestyle is available to download at Amazon.com with a run time of 1 hour, 36 minutes.
Members
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Singles
References
External links
Fever Records
Latif Mercado / La' Entertainment
Musical groups from New York City
Musical groups established in 1986
American dance girl groups
American dance music groups
American freestyle music groups
Capitol Records artists
Epic Records artists
1986 establishments in New York City
Women in New York City
|
[
0.10749833285808563,
-0.4769943654537201,
0.10449883341789246,
0.37146684527397156,
-0.3917067050933838,
0.42389199137687683,
0.3899799585342407,
-0.08126495778560638,
-0.3470069468021393,
0.4372352063655853,
-0.07557401806116104,
0.46640196442604065,
-0.5120301842689514,
-0.13448353111743927,
-0.6184970736503601,
-0.37581774592399597,
0.02207217551767826,
0.08755315095186234,
0.14287425577640533,
-0.6529035568237305,
0.09513291716575623,
-0.09678158909082413,
0.06366661936044693,
-0.6100832223892212,
-0.030235689133405685,
0.18601489067077637,
-0.32684561610221863,
0.06659850478172302,
0.603196382522583,
0.23486930131912231,
0.7109094858169556,
0.6674299836158752,
0.3173902630805969,
-0.5029365420341492,
-0.1448286920785904,
-0.0023441931698471308,
0.08827079087495804,
-0.14122800529003143,
-0.289389967918396,
-0.6545047163963318,
0.19292469322681427,
-0.2881970703601837,
0.2848758399486542,
0.5359278917312622,
0.1724349558353424,
-0.74778813123703,
-1.6012693643569946,
0.4481777548789978,
-0.5288501977920532,
-0.522993266582489,
-0.28431352972984314,
0.9307180047035217,
-0.15538805723190308,
0.12245959043502808,
-0.29235947132110596,
0.5072140693664551,
-0.20646952092647552,
0.19672812521457672,
-0.3356739580631256,
-0.3397752642631531,
-0.013826337642967701,
0.023502826690673828,
0.44586381316185,
-0.4514075219631195,
0.10524868220090866,
0.15191611647605896,
0.2883557975292206,
0.6704831719398499,
0.310835599899292,
-0.5850973129272461,
-0.030395222827792168,
-0.051658257842063904,
-0.04715748503804207,
-0.3232215642929077,
0.2627534866333008,
0.5088652968406677,
0.6227312684059143,
-0.15753847360610962,
0.7271630167961121,
0.5217657089233398,
0.06451529264450073,
0.3935631215572357,
0.6075963973999023,
0.6484383940696716,
0.3744826316833496,
-0.29449018836021423,
0.2851957678794861,
0.6377095580101013,
-0.28534695506095886,
0.0922403335571289,
-0.42902427911758423,
-0.17347343266010284,
0.3727242052555084,
0.07487019151449203,
-0.06848728656768799,
-0.167109876871109,
-0.2595588266849518,
-0.1302875131368637,
0.4724387228488922,
-0.2711268961429596,
-0.3888508975505829,
0.12178128212690353,
-0.5462004542350769,
-0.2800775468349457,
-1.1596155166625977,
0.005636181682348251,
0.25662168860435486,
-0.4470983147621155,
0.18134789168834686,
0.019821373745799065,
0.22601059079170227,
0.16844847798347473,
-0.23054218292236328,
-0.14708027243614197,
0.25742366909980774,
0.27933770418167114,
0.1400548815727234,
-0.373433381319046,
-0.5595514178276062,
0.3303811848163605,
-0.10500799119472504,
0.15231123566627502,
0.06066901236772537,
0.2045872062444687,
0.3429299592971802,
0.6760544180870056,
0.5336418151855469,
0.30823415517807007,
-0.13143986463546753,
0.21985328197479248,
-0.4633711576461792,
0.8379517793655396,
0.2039286196231842,
-0.28793781995773315,
-0.07893330603837967,
-0.2928787171840668,
0.47096869349479675,
0.28088945150375366,
0.6187776327133179,
-0.031086726114153862,
-0.42344775795936584,
0.0336674265563488,
-0.9527245759963989,
-0.7726059556007385,
0.5154949426651001,
-0.28978675603866577,
-0.1443127989768982,
-0.18416544795036316,
-0.49934181571006775,
-0.5770573616027832,
0.5349079966545105,
-0.36982497572898865,
-0.04687861353158951,
-0.1983279287815094,
-0.1016317754983902,
-0.0010088995331898332,
-0.11425307393074036,
-0.03768515959382057,
-0.05381188169121742,
-0.12909641861915588,
-0.2313116490840912,
0.35924032330513,
-0.14321914315223694,
0.8576838374137878,
0.26888683438301086,
-0.7322379946708679,
-0.4256644546985626,
0.41895976662635803,
0.11530143767595291,
-0.004068922717124224,
-0.4252312481403351,
0.08657889068126678,
-0.3789244592189789,
0.2355860322713852,
-0.010672030970454216,
0.5499342083930969,
0.9694138765335083,
0.3078676164150238,
0.535990834236145,
-0.38917186856269836,
-0.41022154688835144,
0.5341024994850159,
0.6990895867347717,
0.01907658763229847,
0.3415793478488922,
0.30470728874206543,
0.5747124552726746,
0.4391992390155792,
-0.13236308097839355,
-0.3323681354522705,
-0.8113030195236206,
-0.195490300655365,
0.4621380567550659,
0.27135539054870605,
0.6725957989692688,
0.29763349890708923,
-0.23697565495967865,
0.5015753507614136,
0.36647212505340576,
0.42882728576660156,
0.258672833442688,
0.08148006349802017,
0.27415019273757935,
-0.2569863498210907,
-0.8693415522575378,
0.018038934096693993,
0.35809844732284546,
-0.3872801959514618,
0.028672894462943077,
0.12247375398874283,
-0.48024508357048035,
-0.21119920909404755,
0.05341096594929695,
-0.0870075523853302,
-0.8040933012962341,
0.22861938178539276,
-1.017039179801941,
0.8880249857902527,
0.42033910751342773,
-0.744242250919342,
0.488422155380249,
0.274554967880249,
-0.299163818359375,
-0.866381824016571,
-0.10719361156225204,
1.0832527875900269,
-0.0468745194375515,
-0.25731900334358215,
0.27849510312080383,
-0.5112491250038147,
-0.12148386240005493,
0.21247999370098114,
0.3824591040611267,
-0.48700031638145447,
-0.3153590261936188,
0.5460435152053833,
0.43871843814849854,
-0.18199005722999573,
0.6215875148773193,
-0.4264008402824402,
0.16740521788597107,
0.40469664335250854,
-0.4281134307384491,
0.38729995489120483,
-0.4879334270954132,
0.136870339512825,
-0.2121202051639557,
-0.09209641814231873,
-0.2998555600643158,
0.3771112263202667,
-0.25435584783554077,
0.5773696303367615,
-0.14854952692985535,
0.013778681866824627,
0.17633014917373657,
0.4815153181552887,
-0.1864498108625412,
-0.05343427509069443,
1.0529344081878662,
0.10301893949508667,
-0.22532786428928375,
-0.06993003189563751,
0.6667279005050659,
0.7151481509208679,
0.006560285110026598,
-0.5434446930885315,
-0.36242085695266724,
-0.5293977856636047,
0.09491142630577087,
-0.32845422625541687,
-0.015162657015025616,
0.2031918466091156,
-0.6396797299385071,
0.4539470672607422,
-0.31214091181755066,
-0.1936611533164978,
-0.11928344517946243,
0.21892811357975006,
-0.06998942047357559,
-0.9336400032043457,
0.29240846633911133,
1.0158500671386719,
0.7392739653587341,
-0.6914828419685364,
-0.6286605000495911,
0.20944681763648987,
0.430595338344574,
-0.136974036693573,
-0.002618742873892188,
-0.20386597514152527,
0.01853804476559162,
0.21119636297225952,
-0.608903169631958,
-0.004549216944724321,
0.047201935201883316,
0.059292085468769073,
-0.1163502186536789,
0.9053994417190552,
-0.0635405108332634,
0.6922610402107239,
-0.39486777782440186,
-0.04114735871553421,
-0.5006120204925537,
-0.03275898098945618,
0.33202120661735535,
-0.31931525468826294,
-0.1422422081232071,
-0.06683468073606491,
-5.723407745361328,
0.49727049469947815,
0.08234751969575882,
0.15633469820022583,
0.17158979177474976,
-0.2933886647224426,
0.7577978372573853,
-0.5912834405899048,
-0.2577545940876007,
0.038571543991565704,
-0.24299760162830353,
0.171385258436203,
-0.4088575839996338,
-0.2035665065050125,
-0.06251499056816101,
-0.13415582478046417,
0.3241657614707947,
-0.6240805387496948,
0.3085053861141205,
0.22960560023784637,
0.21439191699028015,
0.08891266584396362,
-0.09339678287506104,
0.19007918238639832,
0.0062407683581113815,
0.9617010951042175,
-0.11832670122385025,
-0.19464078545570374,
-0.43359890580177307,
0.3410450518131256,
0.11025573313236237,
-0.05727866291999817,
0.015413564629852772,
0.12102319300174713,
0.05953599885106087,
-0.21294347941875458,
1.088340401649475,
-0.40440312027931213,
0.2639622986316681,
-0.06137184426188469,
-0.38220492005348206,
0.5275045037269592,
0.24457058310508728,
-0.2688533067703247,
0.4110756814479828,
-0.09822391718626022,
-0.1142643466591835,
-0.4907335340976715,
-0.10855817049741745,
1.025975227355957,
0.7964532971382141,
-0.5586755275726318,
0.34917503595352173,
-0.18542678654193878,
-0.24169161915779114,
0.030654694885015488,
0.3239612281322479,
0.17553842067718506,
0.11492018401622772,
0.017464324831962585,
0.641139805316925,
-0.4888085424900055,
0.13739129900932312,
-0.3985673785209656,
-0.05957057699561119,
-0.420892596244812,
0.18191023170948029,
0.1760936677455902,
0.019270705059170723,
0.4137735068798065,
0.49393996596336365,
0.20656068623065948,
-0.38488808274269104,
-0.9937228560447693,
-0.6640554666519165,
0.012429260648787022,
-0.12430710345506668,
-0.315979927778244,
0.07720725238323212,
-0.1866471767425537,
0.26070377230644226,
0.010913479141891003,
-0.18725796043872833,
0.4883567690849304,
-0.630340576171875,
-1.0319148302078247,
0.11201033741235733,
0.17614662647247314,
-0.9544988870620728,
-0.005646150093525648,
0.8575150370597839,
-0.27533838152885437,
0.02423095516860485,
0.2105427384376526,
-0.13118520379066467,
0.9751888513565063,
0.3703248202800751,
0.34514540433883667,
-0.008342445828020573,
0.27016302943229675,
-0.18860557675361633,
-0.26896581053733826,
0.5087222456932068,
-0.3953359127044678,
-0.06220707669854164,
-0.5526605248451233,
-0.11340740323066711,
-0.4402233958244324,
0.7330380082130432,
-0.5632919669151306,
-0.04768909141421318,
-0.337028443813324,
-0.1903504729270935,
-0.04334994778037071,
0.4200458824634552,
-0.05339503660798073,
-0.13464045524597168,
-0.0964168831706047,
0.7813563346862793,
0.1538325995206833,
0.45681267976760864,
0.44680842757225037,
-0.14253094792366028,
0.1396910846233368,
-0.8103351593017578,
0.08546509593725204,
0.10388511419296265,
0.5641481280326843,
-0.21214598417282104,
0.5453335642814636,
0.19017477333545685,
-0.006908127572387457,
0.07267539203166962,
-0.25119057297706604,
0.28849929571151733,
0.167073592543602,
-0.0989050567150116,
-0.15258848667144775,
-0.08178840577602386,
-0.018583063036203384,
-0.4293771982192993,
-0.22700242698192596,
-0.44448617100715637,
0.3959915339946747,
0.8855031132698059,
0.6450088024139404,
0.217849999666214,
-0.8110677003860474,
-0.3022027313709259,
0.25345462560653687,
0.2786841094493866,
-0.6896962523460388,
0.7402776479721069,
-0.6495331525802612,
0.4819290339946747,
-0.126169353723526,
0.2630230188369751,
-0.08245003968477249,
-0.28170153498649597,
-0.48092886805534363,
0.26759815216064453,
-0.6681643724441528,
-1.1441583633422852,
0.011758295819163322,
-0.2196643203496933,
-0.2784297466278076,
0.38793784379959106,
-0.7833412885665894,
-0.7296791076660156,
0.4375699758529663,
0.1468694508075714,
-0.0158951748162508,
0.21017062664031982,
0.06364709138870239,
-0.017712466418743134,
0.5212776064872742,
0.3712266683578491,
-0.1436224728822708,
-0.23540568351745605,
-0.2448636293411255,
0.04847767576575279,
-0.041721634566783905,
0.2609131932258606,
0.1766880452632904,
0.46679890155792236,
-0.3206740617752075,
-1.021532654762268,
0.3460516035556793,
-0.6229624152183533,
0.7826342582702637,
-0.04622497037053108,
0.18285629153251648,
0.2181510627269745,
-0.1254165768623352,
-0.9402799010276794,
-0.616305947303772,
-0.40804213285446167,
0.7953219413757324,
-0.3054644465446472,
-0.2805030643939972,
-0.11768870055675507,
0.11027449369430542,
-0.17764334380626678,
0.24614287912845612,
0.17022652924060822,
-0.6903491616249084,
0.7000306844711304,
0.49212831258773804,
-0.38762813806533813,
0.210174560546875,
-0.08215565979480743,
0.06575947999954224,
0.12788264453411102,
-0.10979584604501724,
-0.22314980626106262,
-0.11965519189834595,
-0.16803127527236938,
0.01388375461101532,
-0.12330635637044907,
-0.12452805787324905,
-0.08865275233983994,
0.08113189786672592,
-0.7452136278152466,
0.18508349359035492,
-0.32160684466362,
0.1358625441789627,
0.16968968510627747,
-0.2548615336418152,
-0.3110349476337433,
-0.005654449574649334,
-0.105659618973732,
0.06673047691583633,
0.21836575865745544,
-0.03460755944252014,
-0.422064870595932,
0.2924325168132782,
0.43433621525764465,
0.5663948655128479,
0.6458954811096191,
0.13579554855823517,
0.10586018860340118,
0.1689339131116867,
-0.6442551016807556,
0.29649263620376587,
0.09420866519212723,
0.17881804704666138,
-0.005246501881629229,
-0.5680310130119324,
-0.8193231225013733,
-0.062087152153253555,
0.41231390833854675,
-0.35181736946105957,
-0.5024160742759705,
-0.41185474395751953,
0.25418776273727417,
-0.21115408837795258,
-0.17288465797901154,
-0.11681869626045227,
-0.1429300606250763,
0.2863447070121765,
0.46874111890792847,
0.7027331590652466,
-1.017130732536316,
0.01148627232760191,
-0.006036293692886829,
0.3654886484146118,
0.2544957995414734,
0.24551533162593842,
-0.29015541076660156,
-0.12257253378629684,
0.1648598164319992,
0.3782704174518585,
0.3883984684944153,
0.24005714058876038,
-0.33037200570106506,
0.11131873726844788,
-0.4120999872684479,
-1.013690710067749,
0.43955129384994507,
-0.17103049159049988,
-0.5992946028709412,
-0.08672396093606949,
-0.1866016834974289,
0.08687103539705276,
0.204253688454628,
-0.13935738801956177,
-0.12751975655555725,
0.127106174826622,
-0.5252237915992737,
-0.2450525015592575,
0.34766924381256104,
0.28194695711135864,
-0.130888432264328,
-0.05939250439405441,
0.14726020395755768,
-0.08539898693561554,
-0.37374812364578247,
-0.25119340419769287,
-0.1415863037109375,
-0.2884090542793274,
-0.8135939836502075,
-0.30010998249053955,
0.4702730178833008,
0.13055984675884247,
0.26684725284576416,
-0.22979438304901123,
0.5237459540367126,
-0.3645308017730713,
0.10099712014198303,
0.2573680877685547,
-0.20446258783340454,
-0.2963905930519104,
-0.2917841374874115,
0.5061702728271484,
-0.9684571027755737,
-0.17026062309741974,
0.4785447120666504,
-0.4850960671901703,
0.351674884557724,
0.07247118651866913,
0.026106592267751694,
0.24755318462848663,
0.6724207401275635,
0.6320291757583618,
0.17402246594429016,
-0.1488340049982071,
-0.10036575794219971,
0.6334590911865234,
0.5417901873588562,
0.14465929567813873,
0.6195365786552429,
-0.2782171070575714,
-0.0561639778316021,
0.3599621653556824,
0.07132624089717865,
-0.8243699073791504,
-0.09367343783378601,
-0.45953524112701416,
-0.3676641583442688,
0.5352386832237244,
0.29836586117744446,
-0.4500739872455597,
0.24689790606498718,
-0.4622519314289093,
-0.5847381353378296,
0.41195154190063477,
0.07018506526947021,
-0.2850789427757263,
0.6737595796585083,
-0.2511259615421295,
-0.38101398944854736,
0.07991055399179459,
-0.7295275330543518,
-0.4587053954601288,
0.7277594804763794,
0.1958288997411728,
0.5936225056648254,
-0.30667632818222046,
-0.23062729835510254,
-0.31332990527153015,
-0.14756298065185547,
0.009958390146493912,
-0.007473749108612537,
-0.29106375575065613,
-0.5746588706970215,
0.0013236086815595627,
0.004910746589303017,
-0.00995616801083088,
-0.07127073407173157,
0.4341522753238678,
0.19765058159828186,
0.3270348906517029,
0.008019386790692806,
0.11082509160041809,
0.3930010497570038,
0.23991772532463074,
0.2534981071949005,
0.6486470699310303,
-0.03313330188393593,
0.136012002825737,
-0.07338858395814896,
-0.2784188389778137,
-0.20378361642360687,
-0.022691305726766586,
-0.16047631204128265,
0.04166222736239433,
0.04602576419711113,
0.017766566947102547,
-0.23834435641765594,
-0.4133889973163605,
0.21147511899471283,
-0.775537371635437,
-0.318103551864624,
0.31308603286743164,
-0.06696094572544098,
0.12080785632133484,
0.3612438440322876,
0.7473002076148987,
0.04874065890908241,
0.206376850605011,
0.2240401804447174,
-0.015220042318105698,
-0.34296518564224243,
0.32523614168167114,
-0.5310462713241577,
0.5795710682868958,
-0.4498661756515503,
-0.3410191535949707,
-0.25768423080444336,
0.6545220017433167,
0.08400260657072067,
-0.13167788088321686,
-0.024415886029601097,
0.24562111496925354,
-0.19136393070220947,
-0.37402981519699097,
0.46792498230934143,
0.20530499517917633,
-0.4002959728240967,
0.14191892743110657,
-0.607868492603302,
-0.0583726242184639,
-0.11987258493900299,
0.07464112341403961,
-0.13343271613121033,
0.17670109868049622,
0.12324798107147217,
-0.3033299744129181,
0.11648193746805191,
0.5059815049171448,
0.33766403794288635,
-0.2217579483985901,
-0.6935241222381592,
-0.08301490545272827,
-0.27784308791160583,
0.14338521659374237,
0.021123219281435013,
-0.022223317995667458,
0.7671306729316711,
-0.025873474776744843,
0.507367730140686,
-0.5358861088752747,
-0.3446936011314392,
-0.21672697365283966,
-0.21786949038505554,
0.007042589597404003,
0.34949827194213867,
-0.11037222295999527,
-0.5560697913169861,
-0.06349432468414307,
-0.12048157304525375,
-0.30612924695014954,
0.44673046469688416,
-0.550108015537262,
-0.5218634605407715,
-0.29535356163978577,
0.44715675711631775,
-0.39527446031570435,
-0.6100916266441345,
0.27002307772636414
] |
210508
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Class%20Wreckin%27%20Cru
|
World Class Wreckin' Cru
|
World Class Wreckin' Cru was an American electro and West coast hip hop group, during the 1980s in the Los Angeles area, that contributed to rap's development. Two of its members, Dr. Dre and DJ Yella, attained greater fame as members of N.W.A, which pioneered gangsta rap. A song by the Cru had also featured R&B singer Michel'le.
Early career
World Class Wreckin' Cru debuted in the nightclub Eve After Dark, owned by Alonzo Williams, an early West Coast DJ very popular in the Los Angeles area. In the 1970s, Williams had begun producing dance songs under the name Disco Construction, named after funk group Brass Construction. At his songs' popularity, Williams arranged nightclub performances. Initially directing its music program was Detroit-born Andre "Unknown DJ" Manuel, influenced by East Coast sounds, like Soulsonic Force, Orbit, and Scorpio.
As the 1980s opened, electronic funk arrived, sampling drum beats and borrowing from old-school rap. Disco Construction created a subgroup, the Wreckin' Cru, which was the Lonzos' roadies. Later, this honorific prefix World Class signified a recording group. Lonzo hired two local DJs—Antoine "Yella" Carraby and Andre "Dr. Dre" Young—who became the original Mix Masters for KDAY. Wreckin' Cru performed in various shows elsewhere in Los Angeles, too, including shows promoted by Lonzo as well as opening for New Edition.
Success and break up
Alonzo Williams created the label "Kru-cut" which began releasing The Wreckin' Cru music through the mid-1980s with very minimal resources through Macola Records", a local independent record manufacturing and distributing company. The Cru released the single "Slice", followed by "Surgery" and a full-length album titled World Class. The success of their early releases led to a major record deal with CBS/Epic Records. After being signed to CBS records Lonzo was asked if he had any other acts. After seeing Dre's cousin Jinx' group perform in a rap contest, a teenage group called C.I.A. (Cru' In Action) starring O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson, Dre's cousin Tony ‘Sir Jinx’ Wheaton and Darrell ‘K-Dee’ Johnson, who with Dre would record a demo tape called "She's a Skag". The group was then signed to a single deal with CBS.
After being released from CBS the WCWC had the group's biggest hit, "Turn off The Lights." WCWC, known as a dance and romance act, also had songs like "Surgery," "Juice," "Cabbage Patch," and "Lovers."
By 1985 Kru-Cut had produced World Class’ debut album, World Class, with Cli-N-Tel leaving to control his own direction in life, leaving Shakespeare to step up to be the prominent MC as they signed with Epic Records. With this they released a string of singles and also their second album, Rapped In Romance.
World Class's success was building an army of fans in the underground scene and each member a valued reputation. At this stage the look of Prince and Michael Jackson's Thriller outfits were cool, glitzy purple leather suits, sequin suits not unlike the glam-rock look running parallel to this scene, Dre was growing tired of the image and considered Lonzo's direction to be soft and yearned to control his own expression in music.
At this time, Dre was working on side projects for local entrepreneur Eric "Eazy-E" Wright in the Kru-Cut studio, and Ice Cube was ghostwriting for the World Class single "House Calls/Cabbage Patch" in 1987. In April 1988, featuring Michel'le, Dre's girlfriend, their hit slow jam "Before You Turn off the Lights" peaked at #54 on the Billboard Black Singles Charts. The last time Dre was arrested and jailed for missed court appearances on multiple traffic violations was in 1986, when he owed $166, enough for an arrest warrant, and Lonzo refused to bail him out a third time. Eazy-E posted it in return for Dre's production for E's new record label, Ruthless Records. Eazy and Dre's combined collaboration of talent known as N.W.A. As a solo artist, Lonzo released another LP, titled Phases in Life, in 1990. World Class member Shakespeare sought to become a pastor.
Discography
Albums
World Class (Kru-Cut, 1985)
Rapped in Romance (Epic/CBS, 1986)
Singles
"Slice" (Kru-Cut, 1984)
"Surgery" (Kru-Cut, 1985)
"Juice" (Kru-Cut, 1985)
"House Calls" (Kru-Cut, 1987)
"Turn Off the Lights" (Kru-Cut, 1987)
Compilations
The Best of the World Class Wreckin' Cru (Kru-Cut, 1987)
Turn Off the Lights (Before The Attitude) (S.O.H., 1991)
Dr. Dre vs. World Class Wreckin' Crew (Street Dance, 2005)
References
External links
Audio interview with Lonzo at SoundCloud
Dr. Dre
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
Hip hop groups from California
American electro musicians
Electronic music groups from California
|
[
0.31900516152381897,
0.389336496591568,
-0.3258228898048401,
0.03641609102487564,
-0.5444521903991699,
0.06163365766406059,
0.23956599831581116,
0.3188343942165375,
-0.21487398445606232,
-0.006409735418856144,
0.21256548166275024,
0.4968509078025818,
-0.024939438328146935,
0.19214756786823273,
-0.02790599875152111,
-0.022618267685174942,
0.08605174720287323,
-0.21094167232513428,
0.14717461168766022,
-0.42594099044799805,
-0.06965454667806625,
-0.0403379425406456,
0.19916218519210815,
0.11508990824222565,
-0.32436516880989075,
0.160893976688385,
-0.17911110818386078,
0.5073977112770081,
-0.01095161959528923,
-0.07217828184366226,
0.8905240297317505,
0.7509918808937073,
0.09352422505617142,
-0.6804082989692688,
-0.12716393172740936,
-0.13303710520267487,
0.1080242246389389,
-0.13419708609580994,
0.2700303792953491,
-0.5466800928115845,
0.6340458393096924,
-0.015424015931785107,
0.671346127986908,
0.42802178859710693,
0.4226696193218231,
-0.3048046827316284,
-1.4965028762817383,
0.6477309465408325,
-1.1379448175430298,
-0.33569836616516113,
0.04985146224498749,
0.7949838638305664,
-0.13851535320281982,
0.5820481777191162,
-0.16871410608291626,
0.5671060681343079,
-0.4085121154785156,
-0.21740467846393585,
0.4158305823802948,
-0.7078945636749268,
0.7185019850730896,
0.33818188309669495,
0.08617137372493744,
0.007931429892778397,
-0.3674848675727844,
0.7105695605278015,
-0.24305206537246704,
0.8148020505905151,
-0.016348090022802353,
-0.006780305877327919,
0.20776715874671936,
-0.5529055595397949,
0.29559943079948425,
-0.5001598000526428,
-0.012341395951807499,
-0.2788812518119812,
0.33397048711776733,
-0.25603771209716797,
-0.304910272359848,
0.17869199812412262,
0.15810391306877136,
-0.046129655092954636,
0.8550964593887329,
0.583007276058197,
0.4992692768573761,
0.038696978241205215,
-0.26045069098472595,
-0.15249794721603394,
-0.5543208718299866,
0.7159879207611084,
-0.48540955781936646,
0.10061977803707123,
0.5547417402267456,
0.4700222611427307,
-0.03559271618723869,
0.2691779136657715,
0.224382683634758,
0.3566145598888397,
0.12264250963926315,
0.10954079031944275,
-0.06450853496789932,
0.6941904425621033,
0.17997342348098755,
0.1148391142487526,
-0.814055323600769,
0.3763176500797272,
0.12370678037405014,
-0.8288546204566956,
0.27034592628479004,
-0.513421893119812,
0.24775907397270203,
0.22186806797981262,
-0.38440990447998047,
-0.16869695484638214,
0.22152478992938995,
-0.07059341669082642,
-0.03953811526298523,
-0.8845725059509277,
-0.2160472571849823,
-0.23399966955184937,
-0.7898305654525757,
0.4545859396457672,
-0.21109379827976227,
0.7365636825561523,
-0.24444590508937836,
0.9648542404174805,
0.3861583173274994,
0.29424968361854553,
-0.13634754717350006,
0.15008386969566345,
0.20127619802951813,
1.0193431377410889,
0.020638786256313324,
-0.4663207530975342,
-0.10840465873479843,
0.3001095652580261,
0.9118525981903076,
0.2258441150188446,
0.17093287408351898,
0.08568356186151505,
-0.5361796021461487,
-0.9968355298042297,
-0.8041367530822754,
-0.3772623538970947,
-0.05194791033864021,
0.033875852823257446,
0.060973502695560455,
-0.36971452832221985,
0.1709088385105133,
-0.6272317171096802,
0.36410054564476013,
-0.45858579874038696,
-0.4430682361125946,
-0.3866631090641022,
0.14335188269615173,
0.4664042592048645,
0.22628001868724823,
-0.5173550248146057,
0.15387530624866486,
0.31790077686309814,
-0.7179478406906128,
0.013581394217908382,
-0.7670034170150757,
0.06466449052095413,
0.25329354405403137,
-0.36507296562194824,
-0.201826274394989,
-0.5404978394508362,
-0.31410449743270874,
0.12994281947612762,
-0.7873908281326294,
0.1032925695180893,
0.26135221123695374,
-0.4118235111236572,
-0.04736202582716942,
0.39394477009773254,
1.6492514610290527,
-0.09199948608875275,
0.05246281623840332,
0.20430275797843933,
-0.6222237944602966,
0.06833551824092865,
0.5690925717353821,
-0.13979613780975342,
0.7465735077857971,
-0.36057427525520325,
0.09972336143255234,
-0.4640507102012634,
-0.6500825881958008,
0.08479201793670654,
-0.47523871064186096,
-0.38004598021507263,
0.42749452590942383,
-0.4074648916721344,
1.2925866842269897,
0.2429439276456833,
-0.44348037242889404,
0.6642551422119141,
0.4909653067588806,
0.3976370394229889,
-0.23780840635299683,
0.5145131945610046,
0.33236122131347656,
-0.29434651136398315,
-0.8847675323486328,
0.4097215235233307,
0.07810269296169281,
0.13371695578098297,
-0.2538323402404785,
0.18197192251682281,
0.3705998659133911,
-0.3352070450782776,
-0.42408987879753113,
-0.588860034942627,
-0.5193542242050171,
-0.26882776618003845,
-0.253461092710495,
0.9630717635154724,
-0.15165233612060547,
-0.6559467911720276,
0.7499947547912598,
-0.3409368693828583,
0.0031591716688126326,
0.03465232625603676,
0.06709636002779007,
0.6056677103042603,
-0.23696671426296234,
0.4579448103904724,
0.2926214039325714,
-0.5847254991531372,
0.39512771368026733,
0.2878382205963135,
-0.27035146951675415,
-0.8506957292556763,
-0.03761649876832962,
0.46233034133911133,
0.04888114333152771,
-0.34280791878700256,
0.4012455344200134,
0.05891697108745575,
-0.15871384739875793,
-0.012889775447547436,
-1.135907769203186,
-0.027755701914429665,
0.15270042419433594,
-0.17044202983379364,
-0.3264474868774414,
0.200676828622818,
-0.6658667922019958,
0.2866457402706146,
0.11535990238189697,
0.6284700632095337,
0.1374371200799942,
-0.13716338574886322,
0.26113951206207275,
0.11768272519111633,
0.1843770146369934,
-0.44271591305732727,
0.1202235296368599,
-0.7505969405174255,
0.08804072439670563,
0.05275680124759674,
0.08789852261543274,
0.38812369108200073,
-0.22543373703956604,
-0.9389032125473022,
-0.07335752248764038,
-0.18108586966991425,
0.5946643948554993,
-0.2877234220504761,
-0.2236100137233734,
0.5994055271148682,
-0.01997326873242855,
-0.32559096813201904,
-0.021680917590856552,
-0.31050682067871094,
-0.3652487099170685,
0.0553014799952507,
-0.1726066768169403,
-0.22833648324012756,
-0.2441006451845169,
0.568321943283081,
0.4155651330947876,
-0.7680099606513977,
-0.04943634942173958,
0.6034309267997742,
0.15512734651565552,
0.1089332103729248,
-0.07688160240650177,
0.03319929540157318,
-0.10131644457578659,
-0.40490996837615967,
-0.673147439956665,
0.5120812058448792,
0.4764879047870636,
-0.0896277129650116,
0.03953544422984123,
0.3340911269187927,
-0.2998512387275696,
0.026043303310871124,
-0.5564699769020081,
0.6512940526008606,
-0.7068459391593933,
-0.17194922268390656,
0.17929190397262573,
-0.21673044562339783,
-0.36108341813087463,
-0.1905456930398941,
-5.499149322509766,
0.37941858172416687,
-0.419674813747406,
-0.0701531246304512,
-0.07358547300100327,
0.44659602642059326,
0.36248886585235596,
-0.43233516812324524,
-0.26071253418922424,
0.16299384832382202,
-0.30140990018844604,
-0.16996748745441437,
0.32900601625442505,
0.19305074214935303,
-0.0025098889600485563,
-0.05534860119223595,
0.2979756295681,
0.08447311073541641,
-0.34526970982551575,
-0.18554723262786865,
0.09558900445699692,
-0.043335262686014175,
-0.2666170597076416,
0.20921830832958221,
-0.13570217788219452,
0.7320375442504883,
-0.35934075713157654,
0.10586462914943695,
-0.25095829367637634,
-0.019230468198657036,
0.043196901679039,
0.5158227682113647,
0.4745088815689087,
-0.4416048526763916,
-0.06380768120288849,
-0.12420654296875,
1.0073810815811157,
0.08053018897771835,
0.1314392238855362,
0.009953138418495655,
-0.5531928539276123,
0.5060935020446777,
-0.20313912630081177,
-0.3557581603527069,
0.7087152600288391,
0.04400068521499634,
-0.2144789695739746,
0.27849990129470825,
-0.23576974868774414,
0.6740866303443909,
0.13736429810523987,
-0.8083928227424622,
0.09945400804281235,
0.9073153138160706,
0.26481595635414124,
-0.5317690372467041,
0.21204769611358643,
-0.031953368335962296,
-0.15569163858890533,
-0.17198467254638672,
0.4897821843624115,
-0.7500642538070679,
-0.013290992937982082,
-0.7939676642417908,
0.12212035804986954,
-0.16095250844955444,
0.0830976814031601,
-0.09728730469942093,
0.012112980708479881,
0.5562531352043152,
0.09838582575321198,
0.39285650849342346,
-0.40668269991874695,
-1.0403541326522827,
-0.217887744307518,
0.12477363646030426,
-0.06392135471105576,
0.5728492736816406,
-0.20435303449630737,
0.12598952651023865,
0.4814055562019348,
0.08994947373867035,
-0.9362902641296387,
-0.09907016903162003,
-0.5183442234992981,
-0.5191196203231812,
0.14562222361564636,
0.3580643832683563,
-1.0174273252487183,
0.13923382759094238,
0.6102818250656128,
0.14819835126399994,
-0.24532675743103027,
0.20575957000255585,
-0.16586732864379883,
0.3138918876647949,
-0.027642950415611267,
0.23407220840454102,
0.22678156197071075,
-0.08029785752296448,
0.13784748315811157,
-0.6644805669784546,
0.2534245550632477,
-0.07505243271589279,
-0.31621888279914856,
-0.26654428243637085,
-0.08227415382862091,
0.19963963329792023,
0.7391034960746765,
0.055193088948726654,
-0.11930421739816666,
-0.4212675988674164,
-0.7154529094696045,
0.43255260586738586,
0.9165836572647095,
-0.09709987044334412,
-0.3855869770050049,
-0.046368714421987534,
0.08771765977144241,
0.3540623188018799,
0.563067615032196,
0.6278166770935059,
-0.06602220237255096,
0.13272973895072937,
-0.38618209958076477,
-0.034477267414331436,
0.33201196789741516,
0.6490767002105713,
-0.43074220418930054,
0.0017158187692984939,
-0.27396130561828613,
-0.10529348254203796,
0.1712658405303955,
0.18583035469055176,
0.13385464251041412,
-0.0969807505607605,
-0.61179119348526,
0.06161501258611679,
0.34209051728248596,
-0.13198132812976837,
0.30270788073539734,
-0.07671020179986954,
0.13504792749881744,
0.16565367579460144,
0.5188765525817871,
0.9408242702484131,
0.15670546889305115,
-0.046952396631240845,
-0.22469660639762878,
0.4337383806705475,
-0.29853105545043945,
-0.650553822517395,
0.12069011479616165,
-0.35514095425605774,
-0.3560432493686676,
0.14289863407611847,
-0.3109704852104187,
0.292488694190979,
0.013219079002737999,
-0.5383628010749817,
0.8305558562278748,
-0.06686285138130188,
-1.0470589399337769,
-0.10962606221437454,
0.1489955186843872,
-0.3406626582145691,
0.003253369592130184,
-0.6740831732749939,
-1.124284029006958,
0.1948929727077484,
-0.11755934357643127,
0.025485597550868988,
-0.4015527069568634,
-0.4630070924758911,
0.16343486309051514,
0.14344388246536255,
0.04972558841109276,
-0.21348045766353607,
0.5275505185127258,
0.021920423954725266,
-0.08930175751447678,
0.4881443381309509,
0.14617018401622772,
0.05048077553510666,
0.46606242656707764,
-0.737375020980835,
-0.24416634440422058,
0.3193051815032959,
-0.13482964038848877,
0.3976530432701111,
-0.010490022599697113,
0.4731096625328064,
0.6951035261154175,
-0.19513258337974548,
-0.46461042761802673,
-0.6410004496574402,
-0.026088858023285866,
0.6339237689971924,
-0.4555041491985321,
-0.5461156368255615,
0.3537670373916626,
0.17558465898036957,
-0.2742823362350464,
0.3926621675491333,
0.6027949452400208,
-0.6319015622138977,
0.49202215671539307,
0.004903882276266813,
-0.7095642685890198,
0.5957895517349243,
-0.4026106595993042,
-0.60210120677948,
0.13629412651062012,
0.31406137347221375,
-0.4617021977901459,
-0.44827452301979065,
0.366933137178421,
-0.012041376903653145,
-0.6195288300514221,
-0.32723861932754517,
-0.13877755403518677,
0.174742192029953,
-0.644633412361145,
-0.16578470170497894,
-1.049857497215271,
0.426980584859848,
-0.4657194912433624,
-0.06589924544095993,
-0.161956787109375,
-0.3071761131286621,
-0.29597732424736023,
0.19845899939537048,
0.467234343290329,
0.20629309117794037,
-0.12242903560400009,
-0.12371042370796204,
0.24441184103488922,
0.08496284484863281,
0.6413038372993469,
0.2282356172800064,
0.7290321588516235,
0.2054130882024765,
0.4123290777206421,
-0.3159380555152893,
0.5348257422447205,
-0.1346815824508667,
0.6911603212356567,
0.2330353707075119,
-0.24760545790195465,
-0.2922746241092682,
0.33158499002456665,
-0.7451645135879517,
-1.3048228025436401,
-0.5997928380966187,
0.479324072599411,
-0.5738168954849243,
-0.612694263458252,
-0.10163521021604538,
0.05406705290079117,
-0.0377366878092289,
-0.08111558854579926,
0.5282022356987,
-0.9087057113647461,
0.42491719126701355,
-0.0585143119096756,
0.48210522532463074,
0.21800605952739716,
-0.5366332530975342,
-0.09394921362400055,
-0.867951512336731,
0.9699681997299194,
-0.18467365205287933,
0.537926197052002,
0.23094810545444489,
-0.005515392404049635,
-0.20776453614234924,
-0.1104763075709343,
-1.0246672630310059,
0.6182586550712585,
-0.42217105627059937,
0.2578052878379822,
0.23917467892169952,
-0.226495161652565,
-0.19239841401576996,
0.2367933839559555,
-0.39849498867988586,
-0.29209795594215393,
-0.5316029191017151,
-0.017552971839904785,
0.09186270833015442,
-0.1968793421983719,
0.3378605842590332,
0.17531445622444153,
0.6466509103775024,
0.09650661051273346,
0.01103292778134346,
0.2186654955148697,
-0.24271853268146515,
-0.405539870262146,
0.2908734977245331,
-1.1164524555206299,
0.6110498905181885,
0.0027709200512617826,
-0.776218056678772,
0.6237862706184387,
-0.12946759164333344,
0.13026019930839539,
0.1937110275030136,
0.30663010478019714,
0.6973477602005005,
-0.15672464668750763,
-0.48263612389564514,
-0.13712425529956818,
0.5919779539108276,
-0.8744466304779053,
0.23400495946407318,
0.6224625706672668,
-0.6643053293228149,
0.7094683051109314,
0.07323206961154938,
0.18883447349071503,
0.2933935821056366,
0.7955182790756226,
0.43788790702819824,
0.6090349555015564,
0.537520706653595,
-0.4458382725715637,
-0.13580867648124695,
0.6428759098052979,
0.367608904838562,
0.4611096978187561,
-0.20133933424949646,
-0.5621893405914307,
-0.2159026563167572,
-0.4257747232913971,
-0.1535450965166092,
-0.035655565559864044,
-0.03831756114959717,
-0.5846083164215088,
0.5996995568275452,
0.12467718869447708,
-0.18094095587730408,
-0.08453765511512756,
0.2218107283115387,
0.27991440892219543,
0.01694609224796295,
-0.003338450100272894,
0.29980918765068054,
0.5811082720756531,
0.16178497672080994,
-0.05891406908631325,
-0.37406837940216064,
0.26086434721946716,
-0.22736062109470367,
0.8202937245368958,
-0.06181010976433754,
0.012812630273401737,
-0.31797629594802856,
-0.2902950048446655,
-0.17489321529865265,
0.14514866471290588,
0.14666837453842163,
0.7393897175788879,
-0.11435291171073914,
-0.22080174088478088,
-0.17527352273464203,
-0.09518484771251678,
0.21113857626914978,
0.20602186024188995,
0.450107604265213,
0.14568516612052917,
0.29863548278808594,
0.25982192158699036,
0.7646166682243347,
-0.23323418200016022,
-0.15081855654716492,
0.6243089437484741,
0.4117262065410614,
-0.043789081275463104,
0.36174798011779785,
0.018270153552293777,
-0.3497224748134613,
-0.4785996675491333,
-0.21542160212993622,
0.6948577165603638,
0.30095142126083374,
-0.19599227607250214,
0.23393666744232178,
-0.11111652106046677,
-0.3423116207122803,
-0.2505122125148773,
-0.962236225605011,
-0.40389391779899597,
0.5335695743560791,
-0.874808669090271,
-0.4018831253051758,
0.1170099526643753,
0.3241078853607178,
0.07640320807695389,
0.1321025788784027,
0.14391623437404633,
0.18014150857925415,
-0.24598009884357452,
0.47639521956443787,
-0.9222937226295471,
0.08530646562576294,
-0.6792236566543579,
-0.26225990056991577,
-0.6781845688819885,
1.0243699550628662,
-0.011631936766207218,
0.08185113966464996,
0.1649690568447113,
0.9322412014007568,
-0.370973140001297,
-0.1501569151878357,
0.7205988168716431,
-0.5583995580673218,
-0.2714384198188782,
-0.2633601427078247,
-0.593603789806366,
0.003036600537598133,
0.4600149393081665,
-0.18156138062477112,
-0.00861579179763794,
-0.23542055487632751,
0.3220936954021454,
-0.2560519278049469,
0.18207503855228424,
0.5072663426399231,
-0.1759461909532547,
-0.13323768973350525,
-0.6026642322540283,
-0.09678814560174942,
-0.10527250915765762,
-0.08118395507335663,
0.31364017724990845,
0.2384345382452011,
0.5479203462600708,
0.054230883717536926,
0.44259878993034363,
-0.43820223212242126,
0.17309768497943878,
-0.1873292773962021,
-1.1500219106674194,
-0.0010459021432325244,
0.03871013596653938,
0.13762043416500092,
-0.2869405150413513,
0.179346963763237,
-0.11535820364952087,
-0.06117040291428566,
0.03299875184893608,
-0.21591919660568237,
0.31111982464790344,
-0.005468026734888554,
-0.17330816388130188,
-0.6381397247314453,
0.11000022292137146,
-0.46040189266204834
] |
210515
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal%20Party
|
Liberal Party
|
The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of liberal varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left.
Active liberal parties
This is a list of existing and active Liberal Parties worldwide with a name similar to "Liberal party".
Defunct liberal parties
See also
Liberalism by country, for a list of liberal parties, such as:
Democratic Liberal Party (disambiguation)
Liberal Democratic Party (disambiguation)
Liberal People's Party (disambiguation)
Liberal Reform Party (disambiguation)
National Liberal Party (disambiguation)
New Liberal Party (disambiguation)
Progressive Liberal Party (disambiguation)
Radical Liberal Party (disambiguation)
Social Liberal Party (disambiguation)
Free Democratic Party (disambiguation)
Radical Party (disambiguation)
Freedom Party
Liberal government, a list of Australian, Canadian, and British Liberal governments
Liberal International
Liberal Party leadership election (disambiguation)
|
[
0.3186487555503845,
-0.40387633442878723,
0.13549795746803284,
0.1792905479669571,
-0.6473470330238342,
-0.09078121930360794,
-0.3298872113227844,
0.6752835512161255,
-0.8146621584892273,
-0.43257859349250793,
-0.3343454599380493,
0.2452526092529297,
-0.24531331658363342,
0.18835033476352692,
-0.056047357618808746,
0.4253985583782196,
0.12626154720783234,
0.4517749547958374,
-0.06633944064378738,
-0.20562487840652466,
-0.36892133951187134,
0.40353918075561523,
0.21463467180728912,
-0.2587957978248596,
0.00951735395938158,
-0.18822790682315826,
0.4718438684940338,
-0.09584353119134903,
0.08845386654138565,
-0.0717458724975586,
0.25294625759124756,
0.5674839019775391,
0.018242862075567245,
0.08944028615951538,
-0.03207247704267502,
-0.39199575781822205,
0.27861133217811584,
-0.2667972147464752,
-0.037914905697107315,
-0.34826093912124634,
0.0668378695845604,
-0.5914216041564941,
0.3370409607887268,
0.8002636432647705,
0.13399994373321533,
-0.3031091094017029,
-1.2477060556411743,
0.5240629315376282,
-0.5145961046218872,
0.14026190340518951,
-0.28082868456840515,
-0.03941044211387634,
0.3109695017337799,
0.5989099740982056,
0.14215430617332458,
0.38789594173431396,
-0.5721856355667114,
0.2006222903728485,
-0.46309351921081543,
-0.5824453234672546,
-0.016931608319282532,
0.19244934618473053,
0.21899738907814026,
0.005771826021373272,
0.8043439984321594,
-0.18913806974887848,
-0.15729279816150665,
0.004831253085285425,
-0.8953835368156433,
-0.37689465284347534,
-0.04798417165875435,
-0.653452455997467,
-0.15407955646514893,
0.17514526844024658,
0.11718317121267319,
-0.4454583525657654,
0.06219768151640892,
0.4933203458786011,
0.3998294770717621,
-0.30133751034736633,
0.20375214517116547,
0.31049463152885437,
0.42626458406448364,
0.2709670662879944,
0.315097838640213,
0.26846998929977417,
-0.031337179243564606,
-0.2643924653530121,
0.3017718195915222,
0.09588061273097992,
0.00759962759912014,
-0.1368359923362732,
0.8695489168167114,
0.030287841334939003,
-0.10276306420564651,
-0.35427647829055786,
0.42342397570610046,
-0.20318235456943512,
-0.2828678786754608,
0.09947241097688675,
0.13440653681755066,
0.0020609411876648664,
0.23767416179180145,
-0.397234708070755,
-0.6850858926773071,
0.17410749197006226,
-0.3142412006855011,
0.01566695049405098,
-0.26113802194595337,
-0.005206933245062828,
-0.1792549341917038,
0.3964846432209015,
-0.029875248670578003,
0.18964411318302155,
-0.06874977052211761,
-0.2871345281600952,
0.04442407190799713,
-0.46084070205688477,
0.15860994160175323,
-0.35982176661491394,
0.15898366272449493,
0.719664990901947,
-0.1843123584985733,
0.20388329029083252,
0.12955783307552338,
0.453968346118927,
0.19429922103881836,
0.45085787773132324,
-0.7308527827262878,
-0.3584730327129364,
0.7639395594596863,
0.36408475041389465,
-0.2222958356142044,
-0.3511774241924286,
0.00691854115575552,
0.018931392580270767,
0.3933218717575073,
0.385638952255249,
0.6430220603942871,
0.14938384294509888,
-0.504284143447876,
-0.28281036019325256,
-0.1486436128616333,
-0.5020438432693481,
0.36894312500953674,
-0.17045828700065613,
0.1897234469652176,
-0.5438644289970398,
-0.38254767656326294,
-0.78855299949646,
0.04521549120545387,
0.0505940206348896,
-0.024773698300123215,
0.2593967318534851,
0.238482266664505,
0.4836658835411072,
0.5550570487976074,
-0.6918874979019165,
0.5002567768096924,
0.38761964440345764,
0.01923198066651821,
-0.44959738850593567,
0.17687195539474487,
-0.23566387593746185,
0.3490348756313324,
-0.3170357346534729,
-0.1108103096485138,
0.3134042024612427,
0.24235941469669342,
0.26923826336860657,
-0.6265361905097961,
0.253801167011261,
0.2984565198421478,
-0.18750068545341492,
0.1426238864660263,
-0.14332890510559082,
0.2419917732477188,
0.08293912559747696,
0.4653099477291107,
0.03196387365460396,
-0.5339643955230713,
0.2287403792142868,
-0.14781667292118073,
0.09622674435377121,
-0.07248135656118393,
0.1788482666015625,
-0.10335373878479004,
0.002927296096459031,
0.1424569934606552,
-0.18794526159763336,
-0.17750521004199982,
-0.2624349594116211,
-0.336472749710083,
-0.4129709005355835,
0.976362407207489,
-0.3885363042354584,
-0.4869682192802429,
0.8896370530128479,
-0.08790895342826843,
0.2509116232395172,
-0.059749897569417953,
-0.3695142865180969,
-0.19440625607967377,
-0.3017660975456238,
-0.8937779068946838,
0.5419242978096008,
0.2946244776248932,
0.41823098063468933,
-0.07868454605340958,
-0.052339937537908554,
0.32503795623779297,
-0.5255517363548279,
0.30497291684150696,
0.09954053908586502,
-0.12175847589969635,
-0.2673937678337097,
-0.5121889710426331,
0.5340370535850525,
0.014754385687410831,
0.3257269859313965,
0.9413444399833679,
-0.30047816038131714,
-0.06114110350608826,
0.3373207449913025,
-0.01666926220059395,
0.4251949191093445,
0.09288176894187927,
0.4860321581363678,
0.26695045828819275,
-0.23766006529331207,
0.6387296915054321,
0.06764872372150421,
0.2030968815088272,
-0.3303224444389343,
-0.384480357170105,
-0.08152782917022705,
-0.04014650359749794,
-0.24698878824710846,
0.5140392184257507,
-0.263045072555542,
0.2905122935771942,
-0.05213575437664986,
-0.25407305359840393,
0.6549264788627625,
-0.45910051465034485,
0.0762767344713211,
-0.4237827658653259,
0.4968142807483673,
0.022928165271878242,
0.2487448900938034,
0.2288341522216797,
0.31419095396995544,
0.2074202597141266,
-0.19967593252658844,
-0.0014718130696564913,
0.10419023036956787,
-0.16518431901931763,
-0.2448994666337967,
0.5927292108535767,
0.37287136912345886,
-0.29040494561195374,
-0.2871414124965668,
-0.28595733642578125,
-0.05151571333408356,
-0.29684340953826904,
-0.33946362137794495,
-0.45561322569847107,
-0.6361047029495239,
-0.14281953871250153,
0.15216688811779022,
0.49749234318733215,
0.4892711937427521,
-0.5690773725509644,
-0.2643764913082123,
-0.100657619535923,
-0.22799156606197357,
0.07325504720211029,
0.5331627726554871,
-0.6045947074890137,
-0.7803937196731567,
-0.5191404223442078,
0.30129364132881165,
0.47681862115859985,
-0.45664963126182556,
-0.7341459393501282,
0.09136293083429337,
0.2500891387462616,
0.0542881116271019,
0.05956262722611427,
-0.08406275510787964,
0.1348087638616562,
0.08320773392915726,
0.12379498779773712,
-0.207608163356781,
0.2502811551094055,
0.26009508967399597,
0.3329811096191406,
0.3941037654876709,
-0.40762054920196533,
-0.3664640486240387,
0.0033010365441441536,
0.7911174893379211,
-0.22359374165534973,
-0.4379264712333679,
0.7369597554206848,
0.12356653064489365,
-0.24322302639484406,
-0.3202480673789978,
-6.179528713226318,
-0.3632735013961792,
-0.3157249391078949,
-0.15555734932422638,
-0.05372023954987526,
0.04709243401885033,
0.3301428556442261,
-0.4541364312171936,
-0.07140985131263733,
-0.3493606448173523,
-0.12832270562648773,
0.2543339431285858,
0.08032747358083725,
0.5295014977455139,
0.4234655797481537,
0.3353820741176605,
0.7139755487442017,
0.4947323203086853,
0.08742830902338028,
0.021384645253419876,
-0.05901949852705002,
0.0994919016957283,
0.18066072463989258,
0.6259839534759521,
0.2930551767349243,
0.24728445708751678,
0.28384968638420105,
-0.34104904532432556,
0.08738643676042557,
-0.3199986517429352,
0.15538102388381958,
0.2892957627773285,
0.08054311573505402,
-0.25637856125831604,
0.4737594723701477,
-0.19080880284309387,
0.5860443711280823,
0.1473059058189392,
0.08385109156370163,
0.22098350524902344,
-0.48884814977645874,
0.38060232996940613,
0.037398114800453186,
-0.5289340615272522,
-0.13986818492412567,
0.0025217642541974783,
-0.15725140273571014,
-0.2854308784008026,
-0.9223951101303101,
0.3228904604911804,
-0.31669867038726807,
0.033948108553886414,
0.7874838709831238,
-0.08511991798877716,
0.35013583302497864,
0.3116280436515808,
0.5771849155426025,
0.12125895172357559,
0.009582891128957272,
-0.26190441846847534,
0.1284841001033783,
-0.07373740524053574,
0.123334601521492,
-0.30053791403770447,
-0.3396730422973633,
0.028711853548884392,
-0.32609766721725464,
-0.20221373438835144,
1.091240406036377,
0.2524837553501129,
-0.428899347782135,
-0.2469763606786728,
0.1427423506975174,
-0.8824926614761353,
-0.06658267974853516,
-0.41542327404022217,
-0.059327539056539536,
0.2602696716785431,
0.24035903811454773,
0.34856241941452026,
-0.4566180408000946,
0.1163259819149971,
-0.26651424169540405,
-0.07711415737867355,
-0.05260815471410751,
-0.252625048160553,
0.0793536901473999,
0.19753298163414001,
-0.4731735289096832,
0.23637735843658447,
-0.1837412267923355,
-0.14786268770694733,
0.5275449752807617,
0.11165161430835724,
0.2892338037490845,
1.010475754737854,
-0.0457027368247509,
0.07476537674665451,
0.10952309519052505,
-0.47100403904914856,
0.347261518239975,
-0.16144214570522308,
-0.41863104701042175,
-0.36222708225250244,
-0.05507545545697212,
0.2575424611568451,
-0.01635175757110119,
0.3890272080898285,
0.7086222767829895,
-0.307366281747818,
0.0684531033039093,
-0.24302783608436584,
-0.44798988103866577,
-0.37544161081314087,
0.15350326895713806,
0.030452867969870567,
-0.613489031791687,
0.23533710837364197,
-0.0657389760017395,
0.3448728919029236,
0.21560296416282654,
0.45060837268829346,
-0.23206037282943726,
-0.11801116168498993,
-0.6249962449073792,
0.030898714438080788,
-0.4159536361694336,
-0.2793048918247223,
0.0851769894361496,
0.24976764619350433,
0.6384401917457581,
0.029929041862487793,
0.4622734785079956,
-0.4489138424396515,
0.03346841782331467,
0.3821852505207062,
0.13366341590881348,
0.3974396288394928,
-0.41579753160476685,
-0.4769503176212311,
-0.221833735704422,
0.0421164445579052,
-0.08847597986459732,
0.35568636655807495,
0.6812119483947754,
0.24682249128818512,
-0.48557668924331665,
0.2881816029548645,
-0.042726464569568634,
0.7304255962371826,
0.15435127913951874,
0.1556767076253891,
0.5228204727172852,
-0.06681321561336517,
0.20655354857444763,
-0.33275195956230164,
0.23443719744682312,
-0.09319710731506348,
0.18045055866241455,
-0.5232627391815186,
-0.19018509984016418,
-0.6998465657234192,
-0.6988551020622253,
0.17193835973739624,
0.4607793092727661,
-0.330570787191391,
-0.3219042122364044,
-0.2730087339878082,
0.00750900199636817,
0.3387235403060913,
0.15870130062103271,
0.21468913555145264,
-0.6583546996116638,
-0.20245704054832458,
0.02656516805291176,
-0.03303004801273346,
0.059279147535562515,
0.12437974661588669,
-0.46952563524246216,
-0.1905660182237625,
0.3441898822784424,
-0.028408566489815712,
-0.24083031713962555,
0.02656382881104946,
0.1719466745853424,
-0.3650512993335724,
-0.1518600732088089,
0.12493012845516205,
-0.0033554991241544485,
0.2926783561706543,
0.5493898391723633,
0.46172139048576355,
0.32915419340133667,
-0.2657800316810608,
-0.2122589647769928,
-0.14910884201526642,
-0.19268019497394562,
0.1500709503889084,
-0.39956268668174744,
-0.5054910778999329,
0.25925832986831665,
0.21882322430610657,
-0.1253633350133896,
-0.33687326312065125,
-0.005372302141040564,
-0.40210428833961487,
0.2400498241186142,
-0.4567054212093353,
-0.5143637657165527,
0.4331139326095581,
-0.3866865634918213,
-0.22710905969142914,
-0.2721470594406128,
-0.31271329522132874,
-0.30794811248779297,
0.2546202838420868,
0.16865713894367218,
-0.36599597334861755,
-0.468034029006958,
-0.1985410898923874,
0.19451338052749634,
-0.20559640228748322,
-0.13354909420013428,
0.026913626119494438,
-0.09439492225646973,
0.3008183538913727,
0.36994725465774536,
-0.4036099314689636,
0.3917516767978668,
-0.023677801713347435,
-0.0632399395108223,
-0.5523262619972229,
-0.3112639784812927,
-0.11174341291189194,
0.013802243396639824,
0.29304876923561096,
0.0695277526974678,
0.09274718910455704,
-0.48091650009155273,
0.08882000297307968,
-0.20056100189685822,
0.7811862826347351,
0.006036284379661083,
-0.7106012105941772,
-0.04006024822592735,
0.4280180037021637,
0.3941337764263153,
-0.42897623777389526,
-0.8131405711174011,
0.13076511025428772,
0.5434651970863342,
-0.29229918122291565,
-0.39308491349220276,
-0.12952184677124023,
0.3479641079902649,
-0.553200364112854,
-0.16344758868217468,
0.17378313839435577,
0.30326223373413086,
0.006719456985592842,
-0.0898720994591713,
-0.3164674937725067,
-0.5594335794448853,
0.10203491896390915,
0.07952666282653809,
-0.33283188939094543,
-0.21185199916362762,
-0.666164219379425,
-0.141976997256279,
-0.3969225287437439,
0.029291942715644836,
0.2521894574165344,
0.42492979764938354,
0.28046855330467224,
0.3993540406227112,
0.13925820589065552,
-0.41543906927108765,
-0.5239920616149902,
0.02274796925485134,
-0.05958975479006767,
-0.38381239771842957,
-0.0006717501673847437,
0.38199931383132935,
-0.33746084570884705,
0.11277013272047043,
-0.5923148989677429,
-0.11848768591880798,
0.12449190765619278,
-0.7177890539169312,
-0.5731003880500793,
-0.07999832183122635,
-0.37848997116088867,
0.014191338792443275,
0.3369278311729431,
-0.20896457135677338,
0.3539738655090332,
-0.1517675220966339,
-0.17500828206539154,
-0.2505929470062256,
-0.19912391901016235,
-0.42610520124435425,
0.7055559754371643,
0.02570839412510395,
-0.18914179503917694,
0.07279669493436813,
-0.09075634926557541,
-0.07023293524980545,
-0.3902926743030548,
0.22151722013950348,
-0.2555316984653473,
0.7304823994636536,
-0.003913762979209423,
-0.03623014688491821,
0.7041113972663879,
-0.56209397315979,
0.4854203164577484,
0.6004993319511414,
-0.6043693423271179,
0.4854607582092285,
0.2578935921192169,
0.668144166469574,
0.34230175614356995,
-0.053278714418411255,
0.05240025371313095,
0.03459349274635315,
-0.003213386982679367,
-0.2744179666042328,
-0.012223995290696621,
0.3295057415962219,
0.08809202909469604,
0.31342756748199463,
0.287054181098938,
-0.396013468503952,
0.5245599746704102,
-0.44931310415267944,
-0.9392356872558594,
0.06904970109462738,
-0.4825935363769531,
-0.7125428915023804,
0.5103626251220703,
0.3934307098388672,
-0.01336751040071249,
-0.2838467061519623,
0.24100661277770996,
0.05841019004583359,
0.47871172428131104,
0.1334632933139801,
0.12784676253795624,
-0.43432992696762085,
0.65470951795578,
0.8063533306121826,
-0.19616442918777466,
-0.13254134356975555,
-0.027555542066693306,
0.3267138600349426,
-0.5740180611610413,
0.4643426835536957,
0.006712441332638264,
0.05488171800971031,
-0.685850203037262,
0.1711818128824234,
0.15283526480197906,
0.18715207278728485,
-0.0062349415384233,
-0.06629366427659988,
0.20619577169418335,
0.08237629383802414,
-0.26306235790252686,
-0.3953227698802948,
0.27008649706840515,
0.2437715083360672,
-0.1650545746088028,
-0.30341625213623047,
0.36260393261909485,
-0.33050596714019775,
-0.13840210437774658,
0.4402264952659607,
0.3751682639122009,
0.14668989181518555,
0.19813229143619537,
-0.38048145174980164,
0.20496730506420135,
-0.2640966475009918,
-0.25393572449684143,
0.15965859591960907,
-0.3718525171279907,
-0.08000848442316055,
0.21714554727077484,
-0.6100888848304749,
0.23128417134284973,
-0.03046066127717495,
-0.3519035577774048,
-0.043905533850193024,
0.18097443878650665,
-0.17222435772418976,
-0.28451088070869446,
-0.4633159041404724,
0.5734708905220032,
0.02247132919728756,
-0.23477984964847565,
-0.18407204747200012,
0.471341997385025,
0.24830028414726257,
0.12766031920909882,
-0.11260245740413666,
-0.2915475368499756,
-0.22469143569469452,
-0.2782576084136963,
-0.4734816253185272,
0.4071635603904724,
0.033238235861063004,
-0.17465876042842865,
0.15367849171161652,
0.5022919178009033,
-0.00954858586192131,
0.27415236830711365,
0.9952288269996643,
-0.3354266285896301,
0.20095759630203247,
-0.06876100599765778,
0.20713059604167938,
0.0118251359090209,
0.4003082513809204,
0.03723562881350517,
0.0768117755651474,
-0.06451442092657089,
0.5144073367118835,
0.41701942682266235,
-0.4238922595977783,
0.18403677642345428,
-0.3018689453601837,
-0.2736218571662903,
-0.40645527839660645,
0.16914309561252594,
-0.4807145893573761,
0.34371355175971985,
0.3167072832584381,
-0.1472075879573822,
0.2616690695285797,
-0.06675157696008682,
-0.38134053349494934,
-0.11083193868398666,
0.2861497402191162,
-0.3147953152656555,
-0.5662485957145691,
0.2564885914325714,
0.5421857237815857,
0.13469979166984558,
-0.3175334632396698,
0.1684156358242035,
0.11884379386901855,
-0.16363561153411865,
0.33526405692100525,
0.058773934841156006,
0.2955048084259033,
-0.01918216049671173,
0.5338414907455444,
-0.5572980046272278,
-0.06083112582564354,
0.6449593901634216
] |
210516
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal%20Party%20%28Japan%29
|
Liberal Party (Japan)
|
Liberal Party (Japan) may refer to:
Liberal Party (Japan, 1881), formed by Itagaki Taisuke to promote a national assembly
Liberal Party (Japan, 1890), a merger including the Aikoku Kōtō, Daidō Club and Daidō Kyōwakai
Liberal Party (Japan, 1903), a breakaway from Rikken Seiyūkai by some National Diet members
Liberal Party (Japan, 1945), a right-wing party led by Ichirō Hatoyama
Liberal Party (Japan, 1950), a merger including the Democratic Liberal Party
Liberal Party–Hatoyama (1953), led by Mamoru Shigemitsu
Liberal Party (Japan, 1998), formed by Ichirō Ozawa and Hirohisa Fujii
Liberal Party (Japan, 2016), formed in 2012 as the People's Life Party
|
[
0.020520320162177086,
-0.7166235446929932,
0.35686302185058594,
0.3512795865535736,
-0.9642528891563416,
0.48949331045150757,
-0.484102725982666,
-0.1389508694410324,
-0.21243149042129517,
-0.4711671769618988,
-0.10473787039518356,
0.1599396914243698,
-0.14097851514816284,
0.5969638824462891,
-0.42485305666923523,
0.49645814299583435,
0.36868974566459656,
0.6689943075180054,
-0.35195082426071167,
0.1501275599002838,
-0.1338839828968048,
0.4168519973754883,
0.7785072326660156,
-0.1957641839981079,
-0.1930304616689682,
-0.1640584021806717,
0.7356477975845337,
0.5443106889724731,
0.22958892583847046,
0.05541849136352539,
0.05711589381098747,
0.8711196780204773,
0.206179678440094,
0.15012095868587494,
0.027799533680081367,
-0.5417040586471558,
0.06558912247419357,
0.016707783564925194,
0.47538480162620544,
0.17244784533977509,
0.25159791111946106,
-0.22409875690937042,
0.48912566900253296,
0.6192959547042847,
0.6165795922279358,
-0.6176749467849731,
-2.0664079189300537,
0.7151301503181458,
-0.9104443788528442,
-0.09204037487506866,
-0.13708408176898956,
0.25181901454925537,
0.43341419100761414,
0.7679553031921387,
-0.10706107318401337,
0.9248636364936829,
-0.7661756277084351,
0.03299710527062416,
-0.06344177573919296,
-0.6633297204971313,
-0.442356675863266,
0.39263102412223816,
0.5968880653381348,
-0.1212640330195427,
0.3844851553440094,
0.2500832676887512,
0.10380885004997253,
-0.13723762333393097,
-1.0220167636871338,
-0.3030627965927124,
-0.0628693699836731,
-0.19128850102424622,
0.06774189323186874,
0.2349271923303604,
0.0533565878868103,
-0.9508277177810669,
-0.3548668622970581,
0.5804769992828369,
0.5143826007843018,
-0.16176435351371765,
0.006338017992675304,
-0.09477266669273376,
0.49260571599006653,
0.24081942439079285,
0.5652361512184143,
0.09659687429666519,
0.21336303651332855,
-0.44842201471328735,
-0.272577702999115,
0.19712130725383759,
-0.09475529193878174,
-0.3718593716621399,
0.8992659449577332,
0.1486009806394577,
-0.6514793634414673,
-0.5809105634689331,
0.2626737654209137,
0.22275897860527039,
-0.3333294689655304,
0.1389840841293335,
-0.09519913047552109,
0.3320502042770386,
0.47131770849227905,
-0.07398267835378647,
-0.7668671011924744,
-0.3366173207759857,
-0.3473457396030426,
-0.32279470562934875,
-0.48653295636177063,
0.3222988545894623,
-0.7232852578163147,
0.7753106951713562,
0.10579009354114532,
0.4667116701602936,
0.17841629683971405,
-0.29316985607147217,
-0.14230835437774658,
-0.7773046493530273,
0.3755201995372772,
-0.08588843047618866,
-0.4395939111709595,
0.7431377172470093,
-0.25684618949890137,
0.776265025138855,
0.5840684175491333,
0.6353656649589539,
0.36645233631134033,
-0.08080421388149261,
-0.3793453574180603,
-0.1293947398662567,
1.4616978168487549,
0.673949122428894,
-0.13714347779750824,
-0.5730466246604919,
0.21680469810962677,
-0.3823389410972595,
0.5361073613166809,
-0.16045497357845306,
0.07939918339252472,
0.14552198350429535,
-0.7570620775222778,
-0.7037648558616638,
-0.1431557834148407,
-0.7159280180931091,
0.6331238746643066,
-0.09291330724954605,
0.17004232108592987,
-0.36504843831062317,
-0.6887257099151611,
-0.824429452419281,
0.0015687256818637252,
-0.05785968527197838,
-0.21017542481422424,
-0.014012421481311321,
0.5024252533912659,
0.29718121886253357,
0.713568389415741,
-0.5289582014083862,
0.5693766474723816,
0.5095734596252441,
0.037771496921777725,
-0.5419678688049316,
-0.35091012716293335,
-0.132424458861351,
0.4027899503707886,
-0.6330121755599976,
0.05086812004446983,
0.6128900647163391,
0.12031295150518417,
0.6444808840751648,
-0.6237049102783203,
-0.3283873498439789,
0.1370374858379364,
-0.3816780745983124,
0.5183296799659729,
-0.14414943754673004,
0.5325371026992798,
-0.05695950239896774,
0.5112109780311584,
0.010274091735482216,
-0.8729869723320007,
0.10419384390115738,
-0.07873503118753433,
0.24288904666900635,
-0.37425652146339417,
0.8117982149124146,
-0.208534836769104,
0.31392377614974976,
0.7723928093910217,
-0.1659592241048813,
-0.2701725959777832,
-0.3341507911682129,
-0.3274936378002167,
-0.37078362703323364,
1.182832956314087,
0.3423870801925659,
-0.4656658470630646,
1.3378030061721802,
-0.4347563683986664,
0.45179182291030884,
0.10256451368331909,
-0.6683886051177979,
-0.10964186489582062,
-0.027418281883001328,
-0.6559162735939026,
0.12759652733802795,
-0.03975243121385574,
0.3065607249736786,
-0.2549254596233368,
0.22102653980255127,
0.3533579707145691,
-0.13720108568668365,
0.06112270802259445,
0.14168906211853027,
0.03705829754471779,
-0.3876709043979645,
-0.49569839239120483,
0.2580186128616333,
0.2766088843345642,
-0.05192137882113457,
0.6484071612358093,
-0.06627433747053146,
-0.12204993516206741,
0.2313038408756256,
0.2862873673439026,
0.7644891142845154,
0.3550506830215454,
0.6904776692390442,
0.05480467155575752,
-0.30430325865745544,
1.1023873090744019,
0.04803565889596939,
0.2356920689344406,
0.05477852001786232,
-0.0478072352707386,
0.007443099282681942,
-0.07906704396009445,
-0.302907794713974,
0.5147294998168945,
-0.31235790252685547,
0.4533286690711975,
0.15669824182987213,
0.16764242947101593,
-0.005675423424690962,
-0.1757849007844925,
-0.12473778426647186,
-0.5013729333877563,
0.7906208634376526,
-0.2643854320049286,
0.09537411481142044,
0.10448816418647766,
0.4133206009864807,
-0.08912738412618637,
-0.14232394099235535,
0.1474592536687851,
-0.29874321818351746,
0.26346126198768616,
-0.13694490492343903,
0.33806440234184265,
0.5704087615013123,
-0.4241896867752075,
-0.4050903618335724,
0.16714631021022797,
-0.2455969899892807,
0.0997769832611084,
0.03605399280786514,
-0.5101253390312195,
-0.42173588275909424,
-0.13675113022327423,
0.008028735406696796,
0.07691925764083862,
0.6018710732460022,
-0.9685543775558472,
0.3593898117542267,
-0.40771546959877014,
-0.9477784037590027,
-0.13192643225193024,
0.7985105514526367,
-1.2018040418624878,
-1.143625259399414,
-0.3511388897895813,
0.20397526025772095,
0.3648683428764343,
-0.6252976059913635,
-0.7559881210327148,
-0.2520444095134735,
-0.1624092310667038,
-0.30987846851348877,
-0.3913099467754364,
0.23387764394283295,
-0.06500663608312607,
0.2602144777774811,
-0.3768046498298645,
-0.41312411427497864,
0.1582683026790619,
0.69305020570755,
0.1437898874282837,
0.11059267818927765,
0.2105218768119812,
-0.21033142507076263,
-0.29786184430122375,
-0.3715149164199829,
0.31886520981788635,
-0.05146792158484459,
0.6352265477180481,
-0.20606544613838196,
-0.06865554302930832,
0.06466122716665268,
-5.459476470947266,
-0.2793930470943451,
-0.1722179502248764,
0.4045020341873169,
-0.11555910110473633,
0.1724458485841751,
0.44575124979019165,
-0.25204914808273315,
0.15537695586681366,
-0.6718927621841431,
-0.029502347111701965,
0.2212923765182495,
0.06811615824699402,
0.48155057430267334,
-0.16173608601093292,
0.4366234540939331,
0.4882255792617798,
0.6952666640281677,
0.05375494062900543,
-0.5387929081916809,
-0.29852786660194397,
-0.19679690897464752,
-0.20085684955120087,
1.3743025064468384,
0.8786490559577942,
0.39903461933135986,
-0.005696359556168318,
0.015909934416413307,
-0.36354395747184753,
-0.22921310365200043,
0.23725035786628723,
-0.10149265825748444,
0.19883902370929718,
0.10465776175260544,
-0.03435436263680458,
-0.17087215185165405,
0.5445020198822021,
0.38998475670814514,
0.17875553667545319,
0.36116886138916016,
-0.08521237224340439,
0.6566867828369141,
-0.27362799644470215,
-0.7986177802085876,
0.05109444260597229,
-0.22439052164554596,
-0.253892719745636,
0.3024851083755493,
-0.5138117671012878,
0.42603030800819397,
0.305774450302124,
-0.12380430847406387,
0.4829596281051636,
0.22913241386413574,
0.5862321853637695,
0.5053036212921143,
0.53401780128479,
0.0005051702028140426,
0.06575754284858704,
-0.1735445261001587,
0.3190215229988098,
0.06857242435216904,
0.16152812540531158,
-0.1876993328332901,
-0.10506035387516022,
-0.0834258645772934,
-0.35787758231163025,
-0.07735627889633179,
0.703311562538147,
0.4580344557762146,
-0.7926595211029053,
0.236562117934227,
0.26634159684181213,
-0.8201797008514404,
-0.043281733989715576,
-0.1689998209476471,
-0.06922455877065659,
-0.02883104421198368,
-0.22371064126491547,
0.6451745629310608,
-0.32078251242637634,
-0.3464196026325226,
-0.1998530626296997,
0.5789123773574829,
0.15661807358264923,
-0.022296220064163208,
0.5762871503829956,
-0.06399040669202805,
-0.6747182011604309,
0.4541678726673126,
-0.3547391891479492,
-0.4361916482448578,
0.6570906043052673,
-0.08941055089235306,
0.36707252264022827,
0.5345814228057861,
-0.036670032888650894,
0.3170223534107208,
0.039515089243650436,
-0.6542530655860901,
0.4449501931667328,
-0.09445331245660782,
-0.7180511355400085,
-0.0739557147026062,
0.10886553674936295,
-0.4385690987110138,
0.03662855178117752,
0.21041932702064514,
0.3194984793663025,
-0.2118290215730667,
0.0320255272090435,
-0.47360262274742126,
-0.5901808142662048,
-0.18101246654987335,
0.31594327092170715,
0.1621749997138977,
-0.5161517262458801,
0.09995540231466293,
-0.22921457886695862,
0.5495554804801941,
0.03862305358052254,
0.531603991985321,
-0.7076138854026794,
-0.311450332403183,
-0.288236141204834,
-0.012899999506771564,
-0.6704718470573425,
0.21823358535766602,
0.06962814927101135,
0.35658466815948486,
0.7812085151672363,
0.049576882272958755,
-0.051276713609695435,
-0.421754390001297,
0.20027899742126465,
-0.0994546115398407,
-0.3098761737346649,
0.2756066918373108,
-0.5148870944976807,
-0.3761736750602722,
-0.41636645793914795,
-0.16263900697231293,
-0.79291170835495,
-0.06217842549085617,
0.13439743220806122,
0.6057529449462891,
-0.14869779348373413,
0.09929542243480682,
-0.3066388964653015,
0.8242905139923096,
0.2956179976463318,
-0.4030275046825409,
0.4856458306312561,
0.26482561230659485,
-0.2501578629016876,
-0.27782127261161804,
0.23554643988609314,
0.5167366862297058,
0.16172562539577484,
-0.8882519006729126,
-0.16378644108772278,
-0.7562158107757568,
-0.3115558922290802,
-0.007654682733118534,
0.07665343582630157,
-0.38259172439575195,
-0.5325186848640442,
-0.5413956046104431,
-0.15950727462768555,
0.0331280380487442,
0.5584108233451843,
0.1583806276321411,
-0.6218227744102478,
0.11386175453662872,
0.25093045830726624,
-0.4523485004901886,
0.14624492824077606,
-0.18343569338321686,
-0.40899303555488586,
-0.2380431592464447,
0.20001906156539917,
-0.09949871897697449,
-0.07068701833486557,
0.029703741893172264,
0.4799425005912781,
-0.33520007133483887,
-0.1484643816947937,
-0.1632654070854187,
-0.09366565197706223,
-0.012992308475077152,
0.3272252678871155,
0.49031466245651245,
0.6086686849594116,
0.21064884960651398,
-0.3014908730983734,
-0.2591051757335663,
-0.04519875720143318,
0.4341959059238434,
-0.5138279795646667,
-0.331103652715683,
0.1659308820962906,
0.564370334148407,
-0.09690142422914505,
-0.10926172882318497,
0.25146812200546265,
-0.5768141150474548,
0.38513851165771484,
-0.3210775554180145,
-0.31476855278015137,
-0.06383843719959259,
-0.5331271290779114,
-0.5209776163101196,
-0.3172818422317505,
-0.6798554062843323,
-0.3631085157394409,
0.032773036509752274,
0.7346013784408569,
-0.639596164226532,
-0.39071810245513916,
-0.6787497401237488,
0.021060489118099213,
-0.10029683262109756,
-0.1783287078142166,
-0.07228270918130875,
-0.3940357267856598,
1.0926222801208496,
0.26658958196640015,
-0.561621367931366,
-0.11860103905200958,
-0.2531948685646057,
-0.16843755543231964,
-0.578007161617279,
-0.25018343329429626,
0.3945233225822449,
-0.3849583566188812,
0.582269012928009,
-0.2614453136920929,
-0.11643686145544052,
-0.13905645906925201,
0.30404233932495117,
0.09932663291692734,
0.657107412815094,
0.19508840143680573,
-0.33591610193252563,
-0.37146812677383423,
0.6495069265365601,
0.503646731376648,
-0.2571619153022766,
-0.550809919834137,
0.23659074306488037,
0.39338552951812744,
-0.5240757465362549,
-0.3705891966819763,
-0.32996201515197754,
0.4580622613430023,
-1.0291863679885864,
-0.3728628158569336,
-0.17115843296051025,
-0.4777233600616455,
0.4494897127151489,
-0.09995048493146896,
-0.07520218938589096,
-0.48357170820236206,
0.34104570746421814,
0.05108831450343132,
0.1288948953151703,
-0.29338008165359497,
-0.6230766773223877,
-0.4583045542240143,
-0.6412840485572815,
0.07780169695615768,
0.43471038341522217,
-0.053648691624403,
0.46758025884628296,
0.11221645027399063,
-0.16191348433494568,
-0.5531840324401855,
-0.33534595370292664,
-0.03507351502776146,
-0.580197274684906,
-0.476563423871994,
-0.10798905789852142,
0.18224479258060455,
-0.3654153645038605,
-0.36978739500045776,
-0.9562090039253235,
-0.11575143039226532,
0.04165031760931015,
-0.8812246918678284,
-0.38492152094841003,
-0.2966232895851135,
-0.16706155240535736,
0.00547683285549283,
0.22135597467422485,
-0.2818153202533722,
0.5235788226127625,
-0.29678821563720703,
-0.24032729864120483,
-0.4517476558685303,
-0.2666662037372589,
-0.0864914134144783,
0.1939287930727005,
0.17315849661827087,
0.287729948759079,
-0.06191646307706833,
0.05078977346420288,
0.12375209480524063,
-0.1425168514251709,
0.1586487591266632,
0.40760454535484314,
1.2569375038146973,
-0.06768030673265457,
0.035624463111162186,
0.781020998954773,
-0.1737033575773239,
0.5355382561683655,
0.19202415645122528,
-0.7351565361022949,
-0.3792206346988678,
0.2801467478275299,
0.6655243039131165,
0.6249361634254456,
-0.022024642676115036,
-0.04322095587849617,
0.05436373129487038,
-0.18450689315795898,
-0.3142668306827545,
0.15683968365192413,
0.20732250809669495,
0.6526724696159363,
0.1955024003982544,
0.04190148413181305,
-0.6262173056602478,
0.8154472708702087,
-0.21156446635723114,
-0.9990662932395935,
-0.49024662375450134,
-0.6623867750167847,
-0.23728568851947784,
0.6095640659332275,
0.7822497487068176,
0.47915223240852356,
-0.756165087223053,
-0.33834585547447205,
0.4102419316768646,
0.47322407364845276,
0.0265404861420393,
-0.0996612086892128,
0.08387626707553864,
0.38964152336120605,
0.6477525234222412,
-0.3505552411079407,
-0.16849257051944733,
-0.8192541599273682,
0.3890034258365631,
-0.22730660438537598,
0.3153395652770996,
-0.44009894132614136,
0.04369065910577774,
-0.383779376745224,
0.16385217010974884,
0.017853695899248123,
0.21387512981891632,
-0.47069278359413147,
-0.2329343855381012,
0.33652424812316895,
-0.26446911692619324,
0.07519327104091644,
-0.541353166103363,
0.18512557446956635,
0.08900635689496994,
-0.21743617951869965,
0.03553321212530136,
0.48724719882011414,
-0.24012446403503418,
0.0541832260787487,
0.6632144451141357,
0.2733595073223114,
0.3654941916465759,
0.3925878703594208,
-0.3920484185218811,
0.1992119401693344,
0.032724395394325256,
-0.27290865778923035,
0.17720231413841248,
-0.11433891952037811,
0.05558609589934349,
0.24185220897197723,
-0.32003054022789,
-0.039216384291648865,
-0.46425044536590576,
-0.9733521938323975,
-0.08648670464754105,
0.3811536133289337,
-0.12363069504499435,
-0.39316311478614807,
-0.3022790551185608,
0.7032747864723206,
0.6997859477996826,
0.20486164093017578,
-0.186729297041893,
0.20895661413669586,
0.5148717164993286,
0.47037482261657715,
-0.2208530753850937,
-0.03714592754840851,
-0.8538904190063477,
-0.13952325284481049,
-0.08766647428274155,
0.3113049864768982,
0.3620471954345703,
0.2106683999300003,
0.07870680838823318,
0.1844286024570465,
-0.26343008875846863,
-0.19833263754844666,
1.1218901872634888,
-0.31297701597213745,
-0.1853243112564087,
-0.5753067135810852,
-0.04144865646958351,
-0.25276875495910645,
0.4379194676876068,
0.29164186120033264,
0.14752162992954254,
-0.21481673419475555,
0.33435583114624023,
0.24775288999080658,
-0.13493768870830536,
0.07620309293270111,
-0.4201447665691376,
-0.5159217119216919,
-0.14963017404079437,
0.04689963534474373,
-0.4987456202507019,
0.7365736961364746,
0.4676690995693207,
0.4321826994419098,
-0.06601829826831818,
-0.2342333197593689,
-0.5251980423927307,
-0.09215224534273148,
0.34986743330955505,
-0.14141197502613068,
0.25707557797431946,
0.34427934885025024,
0.356391042470932,
0.24814175069332123,
-0.6901165246963501,
0.27485692501068115,
0.3924075663089752,
-0.15004919469356537,
0.5593188405036926,
0.31049537658691406,
0.5761401057243347,
-0.5514893531799316,
0.28834885358810425,
-0.406733900308609,
0.038763344287872314,
-0.23095625638961792
] |
210518
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive%20Orders
|
Executive Orders
|
Executive Orders is a techno-thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and released on July 1, 1996. It picks up immediately where the final events of Debt of Honor (1994) left off, and features now-U.S. President Jack Ryan as he tries to deal with foreign and domestic threats. The book is dedicated to former U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who helped launch Clancy's worldwide success as a novelist. The book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list.
Plot summary
Following the conclusion of Debt of Honor, previously confirmed Vice President Jack Ryan is sworn in as President of the United States. With nearly every executive, legislative, and judicial figure deceased, Ryan is left to represent the United States by himself. He must deal with multiple crises: reconstituting his own Cabinet, the House, the Senate and the entire Supreme Court; a challenge to the legitimacy of his succession to the Presidency by former Vice President Ed Kealty, leading to press hazing; and a war brewing in the Middle East.
When the Iraqi president (implied to be Saddam Hussein) is assassinated by an Iranian deep cover agent, Iranian leader Ayatollah Mahmoud Haji Daryaei takes advantage of the power vacuum by launching an unopposed invasion of Iraq and later uniting it with his country, calling the new entity the "United Islamic Republic" (UIR). Daryaei then secretly unleashes a master plan of “weakening” the United States through a series of terrorist attacks: a biological attack in the country using a weaponized strain of Ebola virus, a kidnapping attempt on Ryan’s youngest daughter Katie from her school, and an assassination attempt on the President himself by a Secret Service bodyguard who is actually an Iranian sleeper agent.
China and India secretly assist Daryaei, first by causing a diplomatic crisis between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan when a PLAAF aircraft "accidentally" shoots down a Taiwanese airliner. The incident pulls a U.S. Navy carrier group from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea and allows the Indian Navy's own carrier group to move undetected to the Strait of Hormuz, cutting off access to the only sea-bound pathway to the UIR and Saudi Arabia. Daryaei thinks that with the U.S. government and military overwhelmed by a multitude of crises, he is now free to invade Saudi Arabia and claim superpower status for the UIR.
The attack on Ryan's daughter, as well as the assassination attempt on the President, is swiftly averted by the FBI and the Secret Service. However, the Ebola epidemic causes the President to declare martial law and enforce a travel ban in an effort to contain the virus. The epidemic later burns out due to the virus being so fragile that it cannot spread effectively. Meanwhile, CIA operatives John Clark and Domingo Chavez are tasked with investigating the origin of the virus in Africa, where they later find out about Daryaei's involvement, connecting the whole puzzle of seemingly unrelated global crises that are baffling the United States. Ryan then deploys what is left of the United States military (the virus immobilizes almost the entire military apparatus except for one fighter wing, two armored cavalry regiments, and one National Guard armor brigade that had been training at isolated Fort Irwin) to assist Saudi and Kuwaiti military forces in repelling a UIR invasion of Saudi Arabia.
The tide soon turns against the UIR, with its forces obliterated by the combined firepower of the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. President Ryan had sent Clark and Chavez into Tehran, the de facto capital of UIR, to target Daryaei with assistance from Russian intelligence. The Ayatollah is later killed in his residence by precision guided munitions dropped from F-117 Nighthawks. Ryan then threatens to launch a tactical nuclear strike on Tehran unless those responsible for the attacks are immediately extradited to the U.S. to face charges, and the facility where the weaponized Ebola was cultured is neutralized. He announces a new foreign policy doctrine, the “Ryan Doctrine", under which the United States will hold personally accountable any foreign leader who orders attacks on American citizens, territory, or possessions in the future.
Kealty's challenge to President Ryan's legitimacy fails in court; due to the way Kealty's legal complaint was worded, the federal judge who heard the case inadvertently confirms that Ryan is the President of the United States. In the aftermath of the crisis, public appreciation of the unelected president grows.
Characters
The United States government
Jack Ryan: President of the United States
Scott Adler: Acting secretary of state
George Winston: Acting secretary of the treasury
Patrick “Pat” Martin: Acting attorney general
Tony Bretano: Acting secretary of defense
Arnold van Damm: President Ryan’s chief of staff
Ben Goodley: National Security Advisor to President Ryan
Dan Murray: Acting director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Pat O’Day: FBI "roving inspector" working under Murray
Andrea Price: Chief of the United States Secret Service Detail
Aref Raman: Special agent for the Secret Service who is an Iranian sleeper agent assigned to assassinate President Ryan
Bert Vasco: Senior desk officer for Iraq, U.S. State Department
The Central Intelligence Agency
Ed Foley: Acting Director of Central Intelligence
Mary Pat Foley: Deputy Director of Operations
John Clark: Operations officer
Domingo “Ding” Chavez: Operations officer
The United States military
Robby Jackson: Director of operations (J-3) for the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Brigadier General Marion Diggs: Commander of the Fort Irwin National Training Center in California, later the senior U.S. commander in the American effort in Saudi Arabia
Al Hamm: Commander of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment at Fort Irwin working under General Diggs
Colonel Nick Eddington: Commander of the North Carolina Army National Guard's 30th Heavy Brigade later deployed to Saudi Arabia
Major General John Pickett: Commanding officer of the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
The United Islamic Republic
Ayatollah Mahmoud Haji Daryaei: Leader of Iran. Having previously met Ryan in the novel The Sum of All Fears, he underestimates him as out of his element and seizes the opportunity to turn Iran into a superpower, destabilizing the United States in the process.
Ali Badrayn: Daryaei's trusted advisor
Dr. Mohammed Moudi: Iranian doctor with the World Health Organization who is an agent for the Iranian government, finding out a strain of the Ebola virus in Zaire and weaponizing it.
"Movie Star": Terrorist with ties to Badrayn who is in charge of the kidnapping attempt on President Ryan's daughter Katie
Other characters
Ed Kealty: Former Vice President of the United States who consistently tries to sabotage Ryan's legitimacy as the United States's chief executive
Cathy Ryan: First Lady of the United States and associate professor of the ophthalmology department at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Kathleen "Katie" Ryan: Jack and Cathy Ryan's youngest daughter
Sergey Golovko: Chairman of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR)
Gennady Bondarenko: General-Lieutenant for the Russian Ground Forces and Golovko's trusted advisor
Prime Minister of India (unnamed): She regards President Ryan as weak and later agrees to an alliance with the UIR and China in order to continue with her plans to take over Sri Lanka, later backing out when the U.S. President threatens her with retaliation if Indian Navy ships, blockading the Strait of Hormuz, interfere with the U.S. surface group approaching the Persian Gulf through the strait.
Zhang Han San: Chinese senior diplomat with imperialistic motives who allies with Daryaei
Pierre Alexandre: Former U.S. Army colonel who becomes an associate professor of the infectious diseases department at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is later appointed Surgeon General of the United States by President Ryan for his efforts in handling the Ebola epidemic.
Augustus "Gus" Lorenz: Special pathogens branch head for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta
Ralph Forster: Head of the infectious diseases department at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Tom Donner: Television anchor for NBC who is suborned by Kealty into ambushing President Ryan in a televised interview. He later apologizes to the President after covering a battle in Saudi Arabia as part of the press pool.
John Plumber: A television commentator working with Donner who is also critical of Ryan, but later publicly admits to sabotaging Ryan's interview in the name of journalistic integrity.
Bob Holtzman: Senior White House correspondent for The Washington Post
Peter Holbrook: An anti-government extremist ("Mountain Men") who plots to kill President Ryan by using a cement truck loaded with explosives. He is later arrested by the police.
Ernest Brown: Holbrook's accomplice who is also arrested.
Sister Jean Baptiste: A nun working as a nurse in a hospital in Zaire who contracts Ebola from a patient. Dr. Moudi later extracts the Ebola virus from her and weaponizes it.
Themes
The novel is composed of three major storylines. The first part is a realistic portrait about being the President of the United States, with "a near fetishistic pleasure out of detailing the ways in which [the chief executive] is robbed of his private life every minute of the day", according to novelist Marc Cerasini's essay on the book. The second part is about domestic critics and enemies — "venal politicos, fat cats, and corrupt media types", according to Publishers Weekly's review of the novel — that cause problems for President Ryan as he tries to rebuild the entire U.S. government with his centre-right politics and his grassroots American values. The third part features United Islamic Republic's quest to become a superpower, which turns the novel into a "taut and harrowing" medical thriller that culminates in a military confrontation on land, sea, and air that is regarded as callback to Clancy's war novel Red Storm Rising (1986).
Clancy also discusses whether political outsiders, in this case Jack Ryan himself, are better reformers than those who have worked within the system, a theme explored in movies like Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) and Dave (1993).
Reception
Promoted by publishing company Putnam in an $800,000 marketing campaign that pitched Jack Ryan as running for president, Executive Orders sold 56,000 copies in its first week at Barnes & Noble. It eventually sold 2.3 million copies.
The book received generally positive reviews. Publishers Weekly praised Clancy as "a war-gamer without peer, and his plotting here is masterful, as is his strumming of patriotic heartstrings"; they concluded: "This is heavyweight entertainment, and come pub date it's going to be the world champion of the bestseller lists." The Washington Post hailed the novel as "compelling entertainment", explaining: "[it] shows that, despite the end of the Cold War and the temptation to coast that conventional success may bring, Clancy has lost none of his verve. As cultural artifact, the book suggests a domestic America that is perilous and grim." In a mixed review written by Oliver Stone for The New York Times, Stone praised Clancy's "fiendishly inventive" plotting and "a technically sharp command of the realistic detail"; however, he criticized its length, questioning whether Clancy's works are edited or kept in their place: "Realism comes at the expense of the story's flow, and here I must ask whether anyone actually edits Mr. Clancy, or for that matter whether there is any living workaholic who actually reads every cybernetic paragraph, with its obligatory expressions of grief, anger, fear and that little bit of love that in Mr. Clancy's world can be taken to mean responsibility."
References
See also
Assassinations in fiction
1996 American novels
American thriller novels
Bioterrorism in fiction
G. P. Putnam's Sons books
Novels by Tom Clancy
Novels set in Africa
Novels set in fictional countries
Novels set in Iran
Novels set in Iraq
Novels set in Saudi Arabia
Novels set in Washington, D.C.
Ryanverse
Techno-thriller novels
United States presidential succession in fiction
Novels set in Baltimore
War novels
|
[
-0.4360097050666809,
0.1513044536113739,
0.15858377516269684,
0.097950279712677,
0.0534684918820858,
0.09749570488929749,
0.0010194845963269472,
-0.35652002692222595,
-0.13848844170570374,
-0.2458285242319107,
-0.37857112288475037,
0.4739643931388855,
-0.6657070517539978,
-0.17741423845291138,
0.058434441685676575,
0.08534380793571472,
0.14253240823745728,
0.37163618206977844,
-0.47297099232673645,
-0.2260555475950241,
0.13849614560604095,
0.04320872575044632,
0.3173249363899231,
-0.3245293200016022,
0.15965895354747772,
0.23922613263130188,
-0.251510351896286,
-0.3435874581336975,
-0.42407646775245667,
0.407617449760437,
0.587745189666748,
-0.3925172686576843,
-0.21045586466789246,
-0.4833737313747406,
-0.31716176867485046,
0.3577544093132019,
-0.9680022597312927,
-0.11184459179639816,
-0.5599768757820129,
-0.36271846294403076,
0.03802356868982315,
-0.00046361214481294155,
0.10419028997421265,
0.16074666380882263,
-0.017516126856207848,
-0.19919230043888092,
-1.1931406259536743,
-0.2104581594467163,
-1.0963468551635742,
0.08417847752571106,
-0.1862306147813797,
0.523211658000946,
0.028811654075980186,
-0.2450568675994873,
0.26730144023895264,
0.5759048461914062,
-0.29496997594833374,
-0.2486477494239807,
-0.1892421394586563,
-0.40067383646965027,
0.2952585220336914,
-0.22289574146270752,
0.5337979793548584,
0.3736450970172882,
0.13304942846298218,
-0.11081046611070633,
0.11929673701524734,
0.5043755173683167,
0.17212070524692535,
-0.10049621015787125,
0.15479394793510437,
-0.3480226695537567,
0.12103402614593506,
0.1309986263513565,
-0.4517136812210083,
-0.3695437014102936,
0.42190903425216675,
0.48927029967308044,
-0.05544669181108475,
0.28355303406715393,
-0.1630520075559616,
0.6288822293281555,
0.44437968730926514,
-0.1485079973936081,
0.06337033212184906,
0.3131743371486664,
-0.34788113832473755,
0.19073006510734558,
0.11981892585754395,
0.20601437985897064,
-0.3616665005683899,
-0.4827246069908142,
0.1643863469362259,
0.06597777456045151,
0.03206801041960716,
-0.8033893704414368,
-0.5720161199569702,
-0.19885173439979553,
-0.05106162279844284,
-0.0336592011153698,
0.14987264573574066,
0.21292929351329803,
0.3341210186481476,
-0.14566808938980103,
0.07278184592723846,
-0.29486870765686035,
-0.03894243761897087,
-0.33788877725601196,
0.3898545205593109,
0.048100102692842484,
-0.2743329703807831,
0.013835136778652668,
0.019549716264009476,
0.04023232311010361,
-0.34079253673553467,
1.0192720890045166,
-0.06848615407943726,
0.19879530370235443,
-0.3807245194911957,
-0.17499515414237976,
0.7157718539237976,
0.5665700435638428,
0.33016589283943176,
0.16836707293987274,
0.25395697355270386,
-0.40394991636276245,
0.1705172061920166,
-0.08365517854690552,
-0.37331193685531616,
-0.23629449307918549,
-0.35429078340530396,
0.5327789187431335,
-0.4246760606765747,
0.41416996717453003,
-0.5059929490089417,
0.032750170677900314,
0.11295263469219208,
0.24101559817790985,
-0.0541069395840168,
0.0847427025437355,
-0.5521045327186584,
-0.15140588581562042,
0.20090711116790771,
-0.3364664614200592,
0.39376774430274963,
-0.06219039112329483,
0.1761874407529831,
-0.34356969594955444,
0.06732010841369629,
0.009295623749494553,
-0.2549155652523041,
-0.2882036864757538,
-0.4827277958393097,
0.09349442273378372,
0.1287694126367569,
0.4447968900203705,
0.6761297583580017,
0.032049089670181274,
0.10258021205663681,
-0.19543375074863434,
0.4145018458366394,
0.6129025816917419,
-0.1416919231414795,
-0.4574674069881439,
-0.09813037514686584,
-0.24177145957946777,
0.5333306193351746,
-0.012152228504419327,
0.7703611850738525,
-0.04334922879934311,
-0.3783890902996063,
0.3381785452365875,
-0.2748831808567047,
0.07834085077047348,
0.4797998070716858,
0.02487839385867119,
0.31796303391456604,
1.2088277339935303,
0.36369284987449646,
-0.1854056715965271,
-0.29636693000793457,
0.2568123936653137,
-0.4048122763633728,
-0.5714198350906372,
-0.11151919513940811,
-0.11856605112552643,
0.5788034796714783,
-0.029475102201104164,
-0.32296064496040344,
0.23393374681472778,
-0.715538740158081,
-0.30376967787742615,
0.7222115397453308,
-0.15471497178077698,
0.7799869179725647,
-0.0985231027007103,
-0.6383209228515625,
1.060884952545166,
-0.37293541431427,
0.9676167964935303,
0.12920451164245605,
0.12650030851364136,
0.9225063920021057,
-0.4817779064178467,
0.331691175699234,
-0.02238333225250244,
-0.021876024082303047,
0.019705073907971382,
-0.23944491147994995,
0.5284125804901123,
-0.0981001928448677,
-0.2282503992319107,
0.1104946956038475,
0.30104130506515503,
0.3534660339355469,
0.20354528725147247,
-0.46887123584747314,
-0.0506964847445488,
0.536211371421814,
-0.44787344336509705,
0.7210890650749207,
0.6527798175811768,
-0.3528344929218292,
1.0768316984176636,
-0.7643640041351318,
0.12071777135133743,
0.05007108673453331,
-0.14532047510147095,
0.32206693291664124,
-0.29421186447143555,
-0.34986642003059387,
0.11331874877214432,
-0.352195143699646,
-0.06510993093252182,
0.0616324208676815,
-0.4750591218471527,
-0.18637973070144653,
-0.6380499005317688,
0.004861827939748764,
0.29223984479904175,
0.4518476724624634,
-0.1414428949356079,
-0.4255213737487793,
0.35264793038368225,
0.3402080833911896,
-0.3430139422416687,
0.2911871075630188,
0.5017520785331726,
0.27426525950431824,
0.008767036721110344,
-0.4036591947078705,
1.1401832103729248,
0.5329544544219971,
-0.14484457671642303,
-0.033803973346948624,
0.03271986171603203,
-0.4140336513519287,
0.31873753666877747,
0.1954726278781891,
0.15836769342422485,
-0.006150439847260714,
0.3256896734237671,
-0.2397061139345169,
0.3639049530029297,
0.3208456337451935,
-0.8360973000526428,
-0.38875049352645874,
-0.6251311898231506,
0.26248693466186523,
0.24605360627174377,
0.20428627729415894,
-0.7312425971031189,
-0.6267510056495667,
0.05650102347135544,
0.25129836797714233,
-0.9425921440124512,
0.2607068121433258,
-0.000007246128461702028,
-0.20077665150165558,
-0.9396710395812988,
0.48360344767570496,
0.8205592632293701,
0.8027610182762146,
-0.28445789217948914,
0.08913908898830414,
-0.630980372428894,
0.0919453576207161,
-0.7113540768623352,
-0.26104843616485596,
0.0649692714214325,
-0.28698602318763733,
-0.10296019911766052,
-0.1512424498796463,
-0.25433266162872314,
-0.07090944051742554,
0.14825838804244995,
-0.20685431361198425,
-0.02652297168970108,
-0.10512912273406982,
0.24300037324428558,
0.10655523836612701,
0.212859109044075,
0.19922971725463867,
-0.07524602115154266,
0.5990841388702393,
0.04988640174269676,
0.15638823807239532,
0.29658281803131104,
-5.932680606842041,
-0.7483291029930115,
0.2330085188150406,
-0.02039293758571148,
0.40768542885780334,
0.4912828505039215,
0.5935869812965393,
-0.10630443692207336,
0.3793133497238159,
-0.37899094820022583,
0.043172698467969894,
0.16675715148448944,
0.18051984906196594,
0.012214095331728458,
-0.24048316478729248,
0.12324497103691101,
0.05194627121090889,
-0.14185060560703278,
0.1919628530740738,
0.400962769985199,
-0.1471693068742752,
-0.7659938335418701,
0.2616046071052551,
-0.08832590281963348,
-0.02650638297200203,
0.7431121468544006,
-0.7853148579597473,
0.5517370700836182,
-0.10128486901521683,
0.3038507103919983,
-0.02865944430232048,
-0.43104133009910583,
-0.5006386637687683,
-0.39976856112480164,
-0.7674720287322998,
-0.4529006779193878,
0.8982797861099243,
0.11580947041511536,
0.12064038217067719,
-0.10276606678962708,
-0.1443115621805191,
-0.42767682671546936,
0.07622300088405609,
-0.5127399563789368,
0.5742657780647278,
-0.19837531447410583,
-0.6402444243431091,
-0.13803069293498993,
-0.289042592048645,
0.36763128638267517,
0.03657277300953865,
0.0663190558552742,
0.21838614344596863,
0.09285356849431992,
0.2675190567970276,
0.10638785362243652,
0.15591271221637726,
0.588996171951294,
0.20071561634540558,
0.9616098999977112,
0.6096110939979553,
-0.3961048126220703,
0.7023965120315552,
-0.2458806335926056,
0.31602853536605835,
-0.055795494467020035,
-0.009180317632853985,
0.11945800483226776,
-0.00026004909886978567,
0.13221585750579834,
0.19173212349414825,
0.10325240343809128,
-0.10854886472225189,
-1.2010226249694824,
0.06331809610128403,
-0.4622557759284973,
0.4280010461807251,
-0.22869805991649628,
0.022725801914930344,
0.1023058071732521,
0.3049910068511963,
0.2471468597650528,
0.14144814014434814,
0.164241224527359,
0.10998786985874176,
-0.10019704699516296,
-0.11481111496686935,
0.7766286730766296,
-0.022654009982943535,
0.11245953291654587,
0.21238628029823303,
-0.0970643162727356,
0.09625346213579178,
0.1924220472574234,
0.3900497555732727,
-0.10289297252893448,
0.6466939449310303,
0.029718860983848572,
0.15318414568901062,
-0.1041828840970993,
0.31020447611808777,
-0.22793760895729065,
0.3368506133556366,
-1.106427788734436,
-0.41019871830940247,
-0.552680492401123,
-0.2404486984014511,
0.7625449299812317,
0.046718645840883255,
-0.34005361795425415,
-0.3654941916465759,
-0.33376193046569824,
-0.3938452899456024,
-0.44519034028053284,
0.04655320942401886,
0.40709879994392395,
-0.399878591299057,
0.35822877287864685,
0.19227777421474457,
-0.0961189866065979,
-0.6083691120147705,
0.31091123819351196,
-0.8286911845207214,
-0.2146468460559845,
-0.1473771184682846,
-0.42907974123954773,
-0.13791602849960327,
0.026249900460243225,
0.709368109703064,
-0.07293865084648132,
-0.041481323540210724,
0.191584512591362,
-0.04989759251475334,
0.237563818693161,
0.1782280057668686,
-0.7174871563911438,
0.01083896029740572,
-0.08133997768163681,
0.06943652033805847,
0.22300958633422852,
-0.3211769759654999,
-0.251322478055954,
-0.4441029131412506,
-0.08273538947105408,
0.1369905024766922,
-0.4964044690132141,
0.044989947229623795,
0.13635587692260742,
-0.0006346532027237117,
0.6520243287086487,
0.054075032472610474,
-0.046834323555231094,
0.9957994222640991,
-0.23808905482292175,
-0.24711669981479645,
0.07153229415416718,
0.2616085708141327,
0.29723769426345825,
-0.43814441561698914,
-0.3516436517238617,
0.12722089886665344,
-0.770785927772522,
-0.5282464027404785,
-0.5138538479804993,
0.09190509468317032,
0.36964190006256104,
-0.7927891612052917,
-0.9947553873062134,
-0.38452890515327454,
0.08563867956399918,
0.16446258127689362,
-0.3797682225704193,
-0.24896417558193207,
-0.31035199761390686,
0.6486697793006897,
0.1390409767627716,
-0.061456698924303055,
-0.33823251724243164,
-0.1372913122177124,
0.11040601134300232,
0.14100892841815948,
-0.3170572519302368,
-0.10738920420408249,
-0.08811222016811371,
0.26112648844718933,
-0.6354401111602783,
-0.04135693982243538,
0.05566489323973656,
-0.11073432862758636,
-0.32837769389152527,
-0.14615440368652344,
0.2406081259250641,
0.3710016906261444,
0.014720762148499489,
0.006203483324497938,
0.0833052322268486,
0.13207872211933136,
0.2868701219558716,
-0.19175809621810913,
-0.2624558210372925,
0.1713213324546814,
0.42304396629333496,
0.31841880083084106,
-0.11675821244716644,
0.44604185223579407,
-0.17840196192264557,
-0.31973952054977417,
-0.05435113608837128,
-0.26370540261268616,
0.3547029197216034,
0.01796600967645645,
-0.2564774453639984,
-0.3105756938457489,
0.05760427564382553,
-0.4512176811695099,
-0.032124005258083344,
-0.24652433395385742,
-0.5861238241195679,
-0.7627996206283569,
-0.08546511828899384,
-0.3214717209339142,
-0.0831032544374466,
-0.32922694087028503,
-0.018766408786177635,
0.029906976968050003,
0.13155953586101532,
0.5734747052192688,
-0.2891600728034973,
0.3328225612640381,
0.07601530104875565,
-0.4058261215686798,
0.3837398588657379,
-0.09455741196870804,
0.5197826027870178,
0.37889519333839417,
0.180565744638443,
-0.002162705874070525,
-0.00810100045055151,
-0.4708191454410553,
0.19389624893665314,
-0.44293472170829773,
1.1675361394882202,
0.3263676166534424,
-0.6926291584968567,
0.3980240225791931,
0.57996666431427,
0.2909151613712311,
-0.4809928238391876,
-0.11735179275274277,
0.4043538272380829,
0.3098786771297455,
0.2570725977420807,
0.2499770075082779,
0.32006290555000305,
0.6660979390144348,
-0.8253081440925598,
0.4249643385410309,
-0.14625033736228943,
-0.17213422060012817,
-0.13574804365634918,
-0.18027590215206146,
0.40694713592529297,
-0.41988492012023926,
0.09633828699588776,
0.424251914024353,
0.554175078868866,
-0.5245961546897888,
-0.21976524591445923,
0.26091939210891724,
-0.4874517321586609,
0.676241934299469,
-0.3783211410045624,
0.11213012039661407,
0.7121447324752808,
0.3242496848106384,
-0.0799383670091629,
0.038806140422821045,
0.12331084161996841,
-0.23486199975013733,
0.28201356530189514,
-0.3994307219982147,
0.45753800868988037,
-0.7291221618652344,
-1.0820748805999756,
0.315605491399765,
-1.0285475254058838,
0.04437001049518585,
-0.26298874616622925,
-0.06665907055139542,
0.20290429890155792,
-0.585202693939209,
0.7272956967353821,
-0.3214365839958191,
0.02868993952870369,
-0.23629868030548096,
-0.2707100510597229,
-0.09934714436531067,
0.020591622218489647,
-0.3704501688480377,
0.13574932515621185,
0.38189470767974854,
-0.06009041517972946,
0.17037609219551086,
0.0765031948685646,
-0.03291697800159454,
0.42666012048721313,
-0.493792325258255,
-0.3642426133155823,
-0.28962811827659607,
-0.20101499557495117,
-0.16751331090927124,
-0.4616372287273407,
0.14291168749332428,
0.18697939813137054,
-0.5510851144790649,
0.10945963114500046,
0.6494976282119751,
-0.5453110337257385,
-0.060115255415439606,
-0.014382588677108288,
0.0025891701225191355,
0.43891599774360657,
-0.1864132136106491,
-0.2559266984462738,
-0.2688232362270355,
0.3463938236236572,
0.05667036026716232,
0.37212929129600525,
-0.05293136462569237,
-0.07926081866025925,
0.5108169913291931,
0.7380288243293762,
-0.3459555506706238,
0.1995747983455658,
-0.4030895531177521,
-0.2606672942638397,
0.5123736262321472,
-0.4679056704044342,
0.5137697458267212,
0.3775502145290375,
0.33926060795783997,
0.14800362288951874,
-0.07759854197502136,
-0.2789059281349182,
-0.7988399267196655,
0.2988264858722687,
0.4367596209049225,
0.2114419937133789,
0.046943750232458115,
0.8235034346580505,
0.17159532010555267,
0.5060994625091553,
0.12486699968576431,
-0.07070481777191162,
0.15237204730510712,
-0.39791566133499146,
-0.4440017640590668,
0.1946217268705368,
0.08672817796468735,
-0.7699166536331177,
-0.5642678141593933,
0.15793298184871674,
0.38412123918533325,
0.480743944644928,
-0.005470542702823877,
0.5555508732795715,
0.1525954306125641,
-0.04704797640442848,
-0.09123210608959198,
0.01957661285996437,
-0.020527567714452744,
0.3430635333061218,
-0.02196367457509041,
-0.12425820529460907,
0.35861435532569885,
0.35911428928375244,
0.48665064573287964,
0.7488827109336853,
0.1469811648130417,
0.10946141183376312,
-0.06639748811721802,
0.12190715968608856,
-0.3273882567882538,
-0.3093937635421753,
0.22131027281284332,
0.5516846776008606,
-0.1415678709745407,
-0.08639734238386154,
0.0038202868308871984,
0.21435101330280304,
-0.1210414320230484,
-0.30491891503334045,
-0.5744947195053101,
0.023799829185009003,
0.16200999915599823,
0.2618310749530792,
0.17896628379821777,
0.8928921222686768,
-0.015128886327147484,
0.22000540792942047,
-0.18534256517887115,
-0.06668166816234589,
0.18738345801830292,
0.016329290345311165,
0.10392258316278458,
0.46386268734931946,
-1.086065411567688,
-0.05118105560541153,
-0.23169204592704773,
-0.1907586008310318,
-0.04546568542718887,
0.12676140666007996,
-0.3862749934196472,
0.37373802065849304,
0.15363608300685883,
-0.4384151101112366,
0.5188269019126892,
0.0913940966129303,
0.393500417470932,
-0.583496630191803,
-0.44084301590919495,
0.41865700483322144,
-0.16094934940338135,
0.5805698037147522,
-0.17605343461036682,
0.40224531292915344,
0.11237303912639618,
-0.10153082758188248,
-0.4543564021587372,
0.661134660243988,
-0.40361395478248596,
-0.5909651517868042,
0.10613030940294266,
0.14071501791477203,
0.4509795904159546,
-0.21813805401325226,
0.3434767425060272,
0.8632774353027344,
0.04747142270207405,
-0.40964481234550476,
-0.004790847189724445,
0.12237263470888138,
0.049057576805353165,
-0.22038689255714417,
-0.6211116909980774,
0.11486674845218658,
-0.32758331298828125,
-0.6896474361419678,
-0.4693993031978607,
0.12489709258079529,
0.11184313148260117,
0.020825723186135292,
-0.2842499911785126,
-0.5537815690040588,
-0.2960532009601593,
0.32007819414138794,
0.1624852418899536,
-0.5277193784713745,
-0.2506251633167267,
-0.2087232768535614
] |
210522
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20policy
|
Economic policy
|
The economic policy of governments covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy.
Most factors of economic policy can be divided into either fiscal policy, which deals with government actions regarding taxation and spending, or monetary policy, which deals with central banking actions regarding the money supply and interest rates.
Such policies are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties.
Types of economic policy
Almost every aspect of government has an important economic component. A few examples of the kinds of economic policies that exist include:
Macroeconomic stabilization policy, which attempts to keep the money supply growing at a rate that does not result in excessive inflation, and attempts to smooth out the business cycle.
Trade policy, which refers to tariffs, trade agreements and the international institutions that govern them.
Policies designed to create economic growth
Policies related to development economics
Policies dealing with the redistribution of income, property and/or wealth
As well as: regulatory policy, anti-trust policy, industrial policy and technology-based economic development policy
Macroeconomic stabilization policy
Stabilization policy attempts to stimulate an economy out of recession or constrain the money supply to prevent excessive inflation.
Fiscal policy, often tied to Keynesian economics, uses government spending and taxes to guide the economy.
Fiscal stance: The size of the deficit or surplus
Tax policy: The taxes used to collect government income.
Government spending on just about any area of government
Monetary policy controls the value of currency by lowering the supply of money to control inflation and raising it to stimulate economic growth. It is concerned with the amount of money in circulation and, consequently, interest rates and inflation.
Interest rates, if set by the Government
Incomes policies and price controls that aim at imposing non-monetary controls on inflation
Reserve requirements which affect the money multiplier
Tools and goals
Policy is generally directed to achieve particular objectives, like targets for inflation, unemployment, or economic growth. Sometimes other objectives, like military spending or nationalization are important.
These are referred to as the policy goals: the outcomes which the economic policy aims to achieve.
To achieve these goals, governments use policy tools which are under the control of the government. These generally include the interest rate and money supply, tax and government spending, tariffs, exchange rates, labor market regulations, and many other aspects of government.
Selecting tools and goals
Government and central banks are limited in the number of goals they can achieve in the short term. For instance, there may be pressure on the government to reduce inflation, reduce unemployment, and reduce interest rates while maintaining currency stability. If all of these are selected as goals for the short term, then policy is likely to be incoherent, because a normal consequence of reducing inflation and maintaining currency stability is increasing unemployment and increasing interest rates.
Demand-side vs. supply-side tools
This dilemma can in part be resolved by using microeconomic supply-side policy to help adjust markets. For instance, unemployment could potentially be reduced by altering laws relating to trade unions or unemployment insurance, as well as by macroeconomic (demand-side) factors like interest rates.
Discretionary policy vs policy rules
For much of the 20th century, governments adopted discretionary policies like demand management designed to correct the business cycle. These typically used fiscal and monetary policy to adjust inflation, output and unemployment.
However, following the stagflation of the 1970s, policymakers began to be attracted to policy rules.
A discretionary policy is supported because it allows policymakers to respond quickly to events. However, discretionary policy can be subject to dynamic inconsistency: a government may say it intends to raise interest rates indefinitely to bring inflation under control, but then relax its stance later. This makes policy non-credible and ultimately ineffective.
A rule-based policy can be more credible, because it is more transparent and easier to anticipate. Examples of rule-based policies are fixed exchange rates, interest rate rules, the stability and growth pact and the Golden Rule. Some policy rules can be imposed by external bodies, for instance, the Exchange Rate Mechanism for currency.
A compromise between strict discretionary and strict rule-based policy is to grant discretionary power to an independent body. For instance, the Federal Reserve Bank, European Central Bank, Bank of England and Reserve Bank of Australia all set interest rates without government interference, but do not adopt rules.
Another type of non-discretionary policy is a set of policies that are imposed by an international body. This can occur (for example) as a result of intervention by the International Monetary Fund.
Economic policy through history
The first economic problem was how to gain the resources it needed to be able to perform the functions of an early government: the military, roads and other projects like building the Pyramids.
Early governments generally relied on tax in kind and forced labor for their economic resources. However, with the development of money came the first policy choice. A government could raise money through taxing its citizens. However, it could now also debase the coinage and so increase the money supply.
Early civilizations also made decisions about whether to permit and how to tax trade. Some early civilizations, such as Ptolemaic Egypt adopted a closed currency policy whereby foreign merchants had to exchange their coin for local money. This effectively levied a very high tariff on foreign trade.
By the early modern age, more policy choices had been developed. There was considerable debate about mercantilism and other restrictive trade practices like the Navigation Acts, as trade policy became associated with both national wealth and with foreign and colonial policy.
Throughout the 19th Century, monetary standards became an important issue. Gold and silver were in supply in different proportions. Which metal was adopted influenced the wealth of different groups in society.
The first fiscal policy
With the accumulation of private capital in the Renaissance, states developed methods of financing deficits without debasing their coin. The development of capital markets meant that a government could borrow money to finance war or expansion while causing less economic hardship.
This was the beginning of modern fiscal policy.
The same markets made it easy for private entities to raise bonds or sell stock to fund private initiatives.
Business cycles
The business cycle became a predominant issue in the 19th century, as it became clear that industrial output, employment, and profit behaved in a cyclical manner. One of the first proposed policy solutions to the problem came with the work of Keynes, who proposed that fiscal policy could be used actively to ward off depressions, recessions and slumps. The Austrian School of economics argues that central banks create the business cycle. After the dominance of monetarismry and neoclassical thought that advised limiting the role of government in the economy in the second half of the twentieth century, the interventionist view has once more dominated the economic policy debate in response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis,
Evidence-based policy
A recent trend originating from medicine is to justify economic policy decisions with best available evidence. While the previous approaches have been focused on macroeconomic policymaking aimed at sustaining promoting economic development and counteracting recessions, EBP is oriented towards all types of decisions concerned not only with anti-cyclical development but primarily with the growth-promoting policies. To gather evidence for such decisions, economists conduct randomized field experiments. The work of Banerjee, Duflo, and Kremer, the 2019 Nobel Prize laureates exemplifies the gold type of evidence. However, the emphasis put on experimental evidence by the movement of evidence-based policy (and evidence-based medicine) results from the narrowly construed notion of intervention, which encompasses only policy decisions concerned with policymaking aimed at modifying causes to influence effects. In contrast to this idealized view of evidence-based policy movement, economic policymaking is a broader term that includes also institutional reforms and actions that do not require causal claims to be neutral under interventions. Such policy decisions can be grounded in, respectively, mechanistic evidence and correlational (econometric) studies.
See also
Stabilization policy
Budget process
Constitutional economics
References
Notes
|
[
0.3531492352485657,
0.06999984383583069,
-0.1524742841720581,
0.2173403799533844,
-0.08775245398283005,
0.4931527376174927,
-0.09870442003011703,
0.2924116253852844,
-0.4063284993171692,
-0.49825629591941833,
-0.3249993920326233,
0.7904542684555054,
-0.00997797679156065,
0.1911047250032425,
0.08273396641016006,
0.46986204385757446,
0.4489322602748871,
0.17087112367153168,
0.3009910583496094,
-0.16945356130599976,
-0.6604261994361877,
0.18828029930591583,
0.16721157729625702,
-0.025516925379633904,
0.4369046092033386,
-0.5290086269378662,
0.31678876280784607,
0.0126811433583498,
-0.26775574684143066,
-0.20581655204296112,
-0.04279524087905884,
0.6114141345024109,
-0.3561254143714905,
0.45678970217704773,
-0.1466698795557022,
-0.3497863709926605,
-0.2112009972333908,
-0.06615377962589264,
-0.6006909608840942,
-0.32999101281166077,
-0.10736528038978577,
-0.1996510773897171,
0.13302089273929596,
-0.005554777104407549,
-0.2659311294555664,
-0.8202329277992249,
-1.0918995141983032,
0.3143041729927063,
-0.5115996599197388,
0.20901185274124146,
-0.47497886419296265,
0.3729867935180664,
0.2847558856010437,
-0.1621147096157074,
0.06627783179283142,
0.6394710540771484,
-0.31880390644073486,
0.014999804086983204,
-0.2575277090072632,
-0.4349881410598755,
0.14993970096111298,
0.05673261731863022,
0.32497602701187134,
0.1192627102136612,
0.5875909924507141,
-0.17534267902374268,
-0.08982862532138824,
-0.07783660292625427,
-0.43551403284072876,
-0.574521005153656,
-1.081483244895935,
-0.5507713556289673,
-0.2181304693222046,
0.13959155976772308,
-0.6028335094451904,
-0.2864153981208801,
0.09308565407991409,
-0.02098829858005047,
-0.34259986877441406,
-0.18939965963363647,
0.15250398218631744,
0.2679344117641449,
-0.051765840500593185,
-0.3701415956020355,
0.24818876385688782,
-0.137976735830307,
0.2200852334499359,
0.4116542339324951,
0.11209449172019958,
0.7622206807136536,
0.6263127326965332,
-0.1349918693304062,
0.6486868858337402,
-0.28058403730392456,
-0.11936505138874054,
-0.2550245225429535,
0.4269486367702484,
-0.4584200978279114,
0.3231816589832306,
0.4172433316707611,
-0.23416487872600555,
0.009657284244894981,
0.4109475910663605,
0.24145130813121796,
-0.34015509486198425,
-0.30483129620552063,
-0.02128499187529087,
-0.8093788623809814,
-0.35348331928253174,
-0.213595449924469,
-0.29887327551841736,
0.09738875925540924,
-0.19343747198581696,
0.173283189535141,
-0.30102744698524475,
0.34363943338394165,
0.1696333885192871,
0.006204503588378429,
-0.5433526635169983,
0.4629214406013489,
0.2034142166376114,
0.11011642217636108,
0.05470601096749306,
-0.14568403363227844,
0.017059052363038063,
-0.24690431356430054,
0.4092232882976532,
0.0704701617360115,
-0.2720986306667328,
-0.6190974712371826,
0.4293808937072754,
0.33276259899139404,
-0.6136446595191956,
-0.09469904005527496,
-0.1831047683954239,
-0.647753119468689,
0.7156113982200623,
0.20719511806964874,
0.5145866870880127,
0.3239222466945648,
-0.16822557151317596,
-0.5327252149581909,
0.062093380838632584,
-0.23271754384040833,
0.26218125224113464,
-0.43114012479782104,
-0.0718996673822403,
-0.587748646736145,
-0.3144260048866272,
0.11645347625017166,
-0.027750235050916672,
0.43330350518226624,
-0.15953493118286133,
0.4271709620952606,
-0.03974461928009987,
0.1822710484266281,
0.7549205422401428,
-0.07821327447891235,
-0.5814250707626343,
0.09321564435958862,
0.3688163459300995,
-0.10352639853954315,
0.31737276911735535,
-0.25487616658210754,
0.11606988310813904,
-0.34662503004074097,
0.17004328966140747,
0.5952600240707397,
0.5362967848777771,
0.15646842122077942,
-0.4637734293937683,
0.45000526309013367,
0.5301586389541626,
-0.29666802287101746,
0.3797055780887604,
0.023687543347477913,
-0.2529366612434387,
0.2122870832681656,
0.684402346611023,
0.594410240650177,
-0.3154766261577606,
-0.16989314556121826,
0.21372810006141663,
-0.2625869810581207,
0.12779027223587036,
-0.09893768280744553,
0.21711666882038116,
-0.1328846961259842,
0.39397916197776794,
0.013397318311035633,
-0.3305739760398865,
-0.1824934035539627,
-0.0048561557196080685,
-0.7863664627075195,
0.5062617063522339,
-0.3129381835460663,
-0.31734034419059753,
0.7991765141487122,
-0.31002339720726013,
-0.3717149794101715,
-0.4085751473903656,
-0.8845036029815674,
0.22798173129558563,
0.0042676557786762714,
-0.2628255784511566,
-0.0524001307785511,
0.14599575102329254,
0.08238879591226578,
0.08334425836801529,
0.5614866614341736,
-0.05294320732355118,
-0.27521970868110657,
0.34304675459861755,
-0.6517431139945984,
0.052154071629047394,
0.12743361294269562,
-0.6211875081062317,
0.5984836220741272,
-0.1972142457962036,
0.0962161123752594,
0.5689846277236938,
0.044600263237953186,
0.28301146626472473,
1.0186994075775146,
-0.20327401161193848,
-0.4067172408103943,
0.4788530766963959,
0.2414475679397583,
0.4137965142726898,
-0.5011370182037354,
0.09344226121902466,
-0.17673270404338837,
0.3871171474456787,
-0.4392858147621155,
-0.06611990928649902,
0.5659695863723755,
-0.5919116735458374,
0.1530648022890091,
-0.17730455100536346,
-0.4695565700531006,
0.0360175296664238,
0.11149750649929047,
-0.3228292763233185,
0.6743772625923157,
-0.20794662833213806,
0.03915766254067421,
-0.2663814425468445,
0.2272975891828537,
-0.6494938731193542,
0.2929369807243347,
0.31395965814590454,
0.35313233733177185,
0.5311679244041443,
-0.2891140580177307,
-0.48807209730148315,
-0.31369462609291077,
-0.06791580468416214,
0.11803197860717773,
0.6331543326377869,
-0.0736149251461029,
-0.5567818880081177,
-0.01992400735616684,
0.2175111621618271,
0.22525988519191742,
0.140404611825943,
-0.3069401979446411,
-0.472629189491272,
-0.1736472249031067,
-0.3637143075466156,
0.21744436025619507,
0.8596981167793274,
-0.338742733001709,
-0.5196427702903748,
0.1429210603237152,
0.3990749716758728,
-0.7580305337905884,
0.3651285469532013,
0.4020881950855255,
-0.7658389806747437,
-0.5006009936332703,
0.17759862542152405,
0.5004579424858093,
0.1623547524213791,
-0.778597891330719,
-0.07031238824129105,
-0.7357304692268372,
0.2046850025653839,
-0.7453131675720215,
0.2778562605381012,
0.1805163025856018,
-0.3151969611644745,
0.12892408668994904,
-0.47224655747413635,
-0.5466793179512024,
0.220128133893013,
0.5157113671302795,
-0.5526113510131836,
0.43723851442337036,
0.24139180779457092,
-0.5126999616622925,
0.32333904504776,
0.058838438242673874,
0.3492604196071625,
0.10993742197751999,
0.19068673253059387,
0.047314587980508804,
-0.1793670952320099,
0.06528535485267639,
-5.975355625152588,
-0.3748425841331482,
0.04556507244706154,
-0.2758525609970093,
-0.020457861945033073,
0.09615133702754974,
0.8507391810417175,
-0.1909022480249405,
0.15829011797904968,
-0.46672841906547546,
-0.21995076537132263,
-0.4486008882522583,
-0.10200465470552444,
0.741891622543335,
0.22671104967594147,
0.6512033939361572,
0.7032232284545898,
-0.18200093507766724,
0.20011240243911743,
0.6925356388092041,
0.016524188220500946,
-0.13917750120162964,
-0.2307100147008896,
0.5841050744056702,
0.33035022020339966,
-0.39108940958976746,
-0.4065425992012024,
0.05996064096689224,
-0.6133449673652649,
0.16759173572063446,
0.1259719580411911,
-0.5672475099563599,
0.02919592522084713,
-0.4646385908126831,
0.5160926580429077,
-0.3012844920158386,
0.3230317533016205,
0.4883809983730316,
-0.0005182053428143263,
-0.26590999960899353,
-0.3012171685695648,
0.756648063659668,
0.15371829271316528,
0.43903928995132446,
-0.038713790476322174,
0.06527113169431686,
0.11990738660097122,
-0.3103451132774353,
-0.6104509830474854,
0.4391961395740509,
0.13129115104675293,
0.5645983815193176,
0.30512359738349915,
-0.6791148781776428,
-0.30514955520629883,
0.2627578675746918,
0.453384131193161,
0.17234770953655243,
-0.3379078209400177,
0.5262991189956665,
0.1921851634979248,
-0.3776790499687195,
0.053692515939474106,
0.03731388598680496,
-0.11947774142026901,
0.05156700313091278,
-0.9839702844619751,
-0.6140395402908325,
0.48982298374176025,
0.06563365459442139,
-0.08872536569833755,
-0.22122924029827118,
0.20617619156837463,
-0.6615966558456421,
0.13122676312923431,
-0.7057498693466187,
0.5262970924377441,
0.0986330658197403,
0.758033812046051,
-0.16119448840618134,
-0.4033350646495819,
0.08910777419805527,
-0.125046968460083,
-0.29468175768852234,
-0.20994341373443604,
-0.12764771282672882,
-0.04173196852207184,
0.155537411570549,
-0.4119689464569092,
0.0852460190653801,
0.33573728799819946,
-0.530737042427063,
0.6826155185699463,
-0.0884980857372284,
0.4315241277217865,
0.2886802852153778,
0.11823385208845139,
-0.2608916759490967,
0.1565409004688263,
-0.7056160569190979,
0.004713850095868111,
-0.4092539846897125,
-0.3517422676086426,
-0.4777023494243622,
-0.08268291503190994,
0.2305498868227005,
0.11448726803064346,
0.6285701990127563,
0.5280078649520874,
-0.5861887335777283,
0.20393206179141998,
0.26083406805992126,
-0.5895044207572937,
-0.5921609997749329,
-0.031820278614759445,
0.20102590322494507,
-0.7405828833580017,
0.11335887759923935,
0.646601140499115,
0.14134454727172852,
0.08029058575630188,
-0.04752682149410248,
-0.21341684460639954,
-0.1294669210910797,
-0.7406402826309204,
-0.1443815678358078,
0.0115127582103014,
-0.23719584941864014,
-0.2009734958410263,
0.154911607503891,
0.42435213923454285,
0.17890271544456482,
-0.3614484369754791,
-0.37033265829086304,
0.6391010880470276,
0.1254412829875946,
0.7478386759757996,
0.21120844781398773,
-0.40223145484924316,
-0.2795596122741699,
0.4034416675567627,
0.2997876703739166,
0.7077736258506775,
0.06784601509571075,
0.4365745782852173,
-0.04340839758515358,
-0.44350317120552063,
0.01269249152392149,
-0.04645738750696182,
0.18635067343711853,
0.1952715367078781,
0.3782951235771179,
-0.01717439852654934,
0.02000499702990055,
-0.11860457807779312,
-0.15599387884140015,
0.38254761695861816,
-0.19568543136119843,
0.15657144784927368,
-0.7418301105499268,
0.46111804246902466,
-0.20410442352294922,
-1.0877386331558228,
-0.09552696347236633,
0.06023029983043671,
0.4017927646636963,
-0.9560860395431519,
-0.24957124888896942,
0.4820830821990967,
0.5735156536102295,
0.4640413820743561,
-0.5290119647979736,
-0.4899795353412628,
-0.4997686445713043,
0.06682322919368744,
-0.19535265862941742,
0.14307273924350739,
0.22498618066310883,
-0.2026447355747223,
0.030084719881415367,
-0.03162665665149689,
-0.6172764301300049,
-0.2574363350868225,
0.20598594844341278,
-0.2886836528778076,
-0.06335028260946274,
0.03451097756624222,
0.557952344417572,
-0.2474147379398346,
-0.2004154920578003,
0.11449651420116425,
0.04794453829526901,
0.25431257486343384,
0.40491989254951477,
0.08338286727666855,
-0.5055038332939148,
-0.4400874078273773,
0.21413491666316986,
-0.858151912689209,
0.1060696467757225,
0.32450979948043823,
0.40998512506484985,
-0.20355404913425446,
-0.021301886066794395,
-0.25677749514579773,
0.046889789402484894,
0.1292567402124405,
-0.09613340348005295,
0.10262230783700943,
0.6056562662124634,
-0.6958192586898804,
-0.1900373101234436,
-0.7842649817466736,
0.23554836213588715,
-0.3223840594291687,
-0.3245161771774292,
-0.1610986590385437,
-0.2995505630970001,
0.019367866218090057,
-0.0680433064699173,
0.7360583543777466,
0.08325046300888062,
-0.5166802406311035,
0.22267687320709229,
-0.10401706397533417,
0.07126900553703308,
0.5687574148178101,
-0.5051900148391724,
0.06460808217525482,
0.05205681547522545,
-0.4261878430843353,
-0.11733920127153397,
0.1644398719072342,
0.27013781666755676,
-0.23408569395542145,
-0.08090762048959732,
-0.4760301411151886,
0.5456948280334473,
0.034031808376312256,
-0.020915530622005463,
-0.3744259178638458,
0.672459602355957,
0.05326183885335922,
-0.6351573467254639,
0.1288493275642395,
0.5957289934158325,
0.4146425127983093,
-0.3507227599620819,
-0.24914313852787018,
-0.022217746824026108,
-0.07792235910892487,
-0.4661785960197449,
-0.5602883696556091,
-0.07359950244426727,
0.2709246575832367,
-0.35277658700942993,
-0.3364886939525604,
-0.2356988489627838,
0.08077675104141235,
0.3934806287288666,
0.04745963215827942,
-0.4122590720653534,
-0.367820143699646,
-0.4291842579841614,
0.9238508939743042,
-0.2402622401714325,
-0.40158137679100037,
0.17604336142539978,
0.03704829886555672,
-0.4060867428779602,
-0.052935946732759476,
-0.5472115874290466,
0.11466255784034729,
0.10540904849767685,
1.1527408361434937,
-0.319918692111969,
0.1620796173810959,
0.08078614622354507,
-0.0910942405462265,
-0.18207865953445435,
-0.25101330876350403,
-0.07460461556911469,
0.39625078439712524,
-0.7698575258255005,
0.5341991186141968,
-0.7680644989013672,
0.17873992025852203,
0.12128874659538269,
-0.48510560393333435,
-0.32529887557029724,
-0.2706573009490967,
-0.24911563098430634,
-0.39167699217796326,
-0.07702042162418365,
-0.6409614682197571,
0.2734868824481964,
0.18404188752174377,
-0.15486015379428864,
-0.04927697032690048,
0.08050961792469025,
0.0430060476064682,
0.3667748272418976,
-0.09035173058509827,
0.31953945755958557,
0.5220807194709778,
-0.07481043040752411,
-0.08648185431957245,
-0.2690155804157257,
-0.15331044793128967,
-0.13747017085552216,
0.17790739238262177,
-0.049141835421323776,
0.5362232327461243,
0.5196982622146606,
-0.20422306656837463,
0.4210786819458008,
0.16965635120868683,
-0.5551143884658813,
0.7595311403274536,
0.6166119575500488,
-0.010941780172288418,
-0.05270267650485039,
0.15604998171329498,
-0.2001294046640396,
0.41041532158851624,
-0.15912191569805145,
0.14057554304599762,
0.41935575008392334,
0.0782802402973175,
-0.010439744219183922,
0.254852294921875,
0.9237591028213501,
-0.24946661293506622,
0.007149375509470701,
-0.22008220851421356,
-0.061614420264959335,
0.11691273003816605,
-0.8168842196464539,
0.16874241828918457,
0.5166804194450378,
0.9449330568313599,
0.08622581511735916,
0.173665389418602,
0.19219504296779633,
0.12132624536752701,
0.16002315282821655,
0.11031287908554077,
0.07529114931821823,
-0.6519192457199097,
0.7037705779075623,
0.6010660529136658,
-0.01636948622763157,
0.5412270426750183,
-0.2197570651769638,
-0.08416768163442612,
-0.3675537109375,
0.4560181498527527,
0.0851944163441658,
0.12400851398706436,
-0.24409115314483643,
0.20618762075901031,
0.7318031191825867,
-0.1804731786251068,
-0.27150610089302063,
0.5279216170310974,
0.35009974241256714,
0.4652150571346283,
-0.6021963357925415,
0.24935878813266754,
0.2788768410682678,
0.15871715545654297,
0.27832654118537903,
-0.12759776413440704,
0.2870359420776367,
0.054533664137125015,
-0.40015408396720886,
0.08278656005859375,
0.012723010964691639,
0.2840943932533264,
0.025666171684861183,
-0.19450750946998596,
-0.062208391726017,
-0.31938326358795166,
-0.5815319418907166,
-0.3271355926990509,
0.4205898642539978,
-0.15998394787311554,
0.18657830357551575,
-0.2770101726055145,
-0.17357748746871948,
-0.11151797324419022,
-0.31698036193847656,
0.25963056087493896,
0.40426382422447205,
-0.37186431884765625,
-0.1291074901819229,
-0.2770209312438965,
0.9351021647453308,
0.26092860102653503,
-0.18071851134300232,
0.18153248727321625,
0.22348906099796295,
-0.5940268039703369,
0.10548754781484604,
0.1913072168827057,
-0.14167650043964386,
-0.24394649267196655,
-0.07552012801170349,
-0.41479963064193726,
0.40002086758613586,
0.4808489978313446,
-0.4197358191013336,
-0.08547747880220413,
0.4741399586200714,
0.07341077923774719,
0.42326268553733826,
0.8144990801811218,
-0.11477524042129517,
-0.023920854553580284,
-0.2666262686252594,
0.12845546007156372,
-0.0011666426435112953,
0.39171135425567627,
0.0246425773948431,
-0.1863924115896225,
0.10910456627607346,
0.25201216340065,
0.4796888530254364,
-0.2485896646976471,
0.6388354301452637,
-0.7045658230781555,
-0.12052151560783386,
-0.570408821105957,
0.6302359700202942,
-0.27330851554870605,
0.5035178661346436,
0.2148941457271576,
0.5207924842834473,
0.17997361719608307,
-0.31331920623779297,
0.028294086456298828,
-0.16743800044059753,
0.6701005101203918,
0.04765063524246216,
-0.592464804649353,
0.01254834420979023,
0.026387860998511314,
0.1477791965007782,
-0.5981155037879944,
0.6135033965110779,
0.2590223550796509,
-0.38474881649017334,
0.11806392669677734,
0.10590101033449173,
-0.2734066843986511,
-0.4462836980819702,
0.415776789188385,
-0.2708395719528198,
-0.01889680325984955,
0.15489409863948822
] |
210523
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Shelton
|
Lee Shelton
|
Lee Shelton (March 16, 1865 – March 11, 1912), popularly known as "Stagolee," "Stagger Lee," "Stack-O-Lee," and other variations, was an American criminal who became a figure of folklore after murdering Billy Lyons on Christmas 1895. The murder, reportedly to be motivated partially by the theft of Shelton's Stetson hat, made Shelton an icon of toughness and style in the minds of early folk and blues musicians, and inspired the popular folk song "Stagger Lee." The story endures in the many versions of the song that have circulated since the late 19th century.
Background
The historical Lee Shelton was an African American man born in 1865 in Texas. He later worked as a carriage driver in St. Louis, Missouri, where he gained a reputation as a pimp and gambler, and evidently served as a captain in a black "Four Hundred Club," a political and social club with a dubious reputation. He was not a common pimp — as described by Cecil Brown, "Lee Shelton belonged to a group of pimps known in St. Louis as the 'Macks.' The Macks were not just 'urban strollers;' they presented themselves as objects to be observed." He was nicknamed "Stag Lee" or "Stack Lee," possibly because he "went stag," meaning he was without friends, or took the nickname from a well-known riverboat captain called "Stack Lee." John and Alan Lomax claimed that the nickname came from a riverboat owned by the Lee family of Memphis called the Stack Lee, which was known for its on-board prostitution. Lee Shelton's nickname was later corrupted into various other forms in the folk tradition.
On Christmas night in 1895, Shelton shot William "Billy" Lyons in a St. Louis saloon following a dispute. A story appearing in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat in 1895 read:
William Lyons, 25, a levee hand, was shot in the abdomen yesterday evening at 10 o'clock in the saloon of Bill Curtis, at Eleventh and Morgan Streets, by Lee Sheldon [sic], a carriage driver. Lyons and Sheldon were friends and were talking together. Both parties, it seems, had been drinking and were feeling in exuberant spirits. The discussion drifted to politics, and an argument was started, the conclusion of which was that Lyons snatched Sheldon's hat from his head. The latter indignantly demanded its return. Lyons refused, and Sheldon withdrew his revolver and shot Lyons in the abdomen. When his victim fell to the floor Sheldon took his hat from the hand of the wounded man and coolly walked away. He was subsequently arrested and locked up at the Chestnut Street Station. Lyons was taken to the Dispensary, where his wounds were pronounced serious. Lee Sheldon is also known as 'Stag' Lee.
Further details are preserved in trial accounts. For example, Shelton had first crushed Lyons' Derby hat, after which Lyons grabbed Shelton's hat and demanded restitution; Shelton then drew his gun and smacked Lyons on the head with it. Lyons lunged for Shelton and Shelton shot.
Lyons eventually died of his injuries. Shelton was tried and convicted for the crime in 1897, and sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was paroled in 1909, but was imprisoned again two years later for assault and robbery. Unable to get parole, he died in the hospital of the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City on March 11, 1912 from tuberculosis.
Shelton is buried at the historic Greenwood Cemetery in Hillsdale, Missouri. The Killer Blues Headstone Project raised money to place a stone on his unmarked grave, and on April 14, 2013, a marker was laid during a public ceremony.
Song and tradition
Shortly after the event, the murder became the subject of folk song tradition, known as "Stagolee," "Stagger Lee," and other variants. The earliest versions were likely field hollers and other work songs performed by African American laborers. The first evidence for it is a reference to "Stack-a-Lee" being performed by "Prof. Charlie Lee, the piano thumper" in the Kansas City Leavenworth Herald in 1897. The song was well known in African American communities along the lower Mississippi River by 1910. That year, musicologist John Lomax received a partial transcription of the song, and in 1911 two versions were published in the Journal of American Folklore by the sociologist and historian Howard W. Odum.
The song was first recorded by Waring's Pennsylvanians in 1923, and became a hit. Another version was recorded later that year by Frank Westphal & His Regal Novelty Orchestra, and Herb Wiedoeft and his band recorded the song in 1924. Also in 1924, the first version with lyrics was recorded, as "Skeeg-a-Lee Blues", by Lovie Austin. Ma Rainey recorded the song the following year, with Louis Armstrong on cornet, and a notable version was recorded by Frank Hutchison in 1927.
The song tradition embellishes the story with sometimes inaccurate or fantastic details. The songs play up the importance of Stagolee's Stetson hat as a symbol of manliness. he is often said to have received a death sentence for his crime, which he accepts stoically. Some versions add an additional section in which Stagolee goes to Hell and usurps it from the Devil. The 1995 version by Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds paints Stagger Lee as a sociopathic, bisexual, sexual predator who forces a foe to perform fellatio on him before shooting the man to death.
In 2004, The Black Keys recorded a song on their third album, Rubber Factory, dubbed “Stack Shot Billy,” which tells the tale of the infamous murder. Dan Auerbach drew inspiration from his heavy blues background, playing the song in drop G tuning, finger plucking on an old telecaster.
Impact
Stagger Lee has become an archetype with some Black People who admire the gangster type; a parallel to the glorification of the outlaw by a section of mainstream society. In this variation, he is the embodiment of a tough black man; one who is sly, streetwise, cool, lawless, amoral, potentially violent, and who defies white authority.
Within thirty years of Shelton's death, Benjamin Botkin records stories among the superstitious of his having been born with a caul over his face (signifying one with the power to see spirits and destined for trouble), or of having sold his soul to the Devil (in exchange for the hat, said to be magic, over which he killed Billy Lyons). Additional fantastic legends credit him with the ability to transform himself into animals, of having caused the San Francisco earthquake, and of having fought a duel with Jesse James.
Author and music critic Greil Marcus explicitly ties the Stagger Lee archetype to Sly Stone and his album There's a Riot Goin' On in his book Mystery Train: Images of America in Rock 'n' Roll Music.
From 1982 to 1984, two masked professional wrestlers were billed as Stagger Lee in the Southern US; Sylvester Ritter, better known as Junkyard Dog, played him first in Mid-South Wrestling and James Ware, who became Koko B. Ware, followed suit in the Continental Wrestling Association.
Dallas Theater Center in Dallas produced an original musical with an adaptation of the folklore around Stagger Lee and Billy Lyons. The characters explore African American history in the Northern United States, and experience racism and violence throughout multiple cities. It opened January 21, 2015 and featured Brandon Gill, J. Bernard Calloway, Tiffany Mann, Cedric Neal, and Saycon Sengbloh.
Damon Runyon references the song in his 1920’s short story “Broadway Financier,” where the song is called ‘Stacker Lee.’
In 2006, Image Comics published the graphic novel Stagger Lee, written by Derek McCulloch and illustrated by Shepherd Hendrix, examining the historical murder of Lyons by Shelton, and the folklore that came out of it, in the framing setting of a fictionalized version of the African-American community in Saint Louis.
HarperCollins published "A Lush and Seething Hell" by John Horner Jacobs in 2019. Consisting of two novellas, the latter - "My Heart Struck Sorrow" - focuses in large part on a horrific mystery connected to varied acetate recordings made in the 1930s as well as the folklore surrounding "Stagger Lee."
See also
Frankie and Johnny (song)
References
External links
The Myth and Song of Stagger Lee History of Lee Shelton and of the song.
1865 births
1912 deaths
1895 murders in the United States
20th-century African-American people
20th-century American criminals
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Criminals from Texas
Tuberculosis deaths in Missouri
American people convicted of murder
American people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Missouri detention
American pimps
People convicted of murder by Missouri
American folklore
|
[
-0.279429167509079,
-0.21412168443202972,
-0.5022114515304565,
-0.10158974677324295,
0.4820190370082855,
0.5841241478919983,
1.1394633054733276,
0.01615218259394169,
-0.4673287272453308,
0.16698028147220612,
0.057663921266794205,
0.31930458545684814,
-0.8649337887763977,
-0.03110749088227749,
-0.4759797155857086,
0.3944034278392792,
0.4183845818042755,
-0.2736155688762665,
0.07666897028684616,
-0.5202429890632629,
0.012825463898479939,
-0.623935878276825,
0.5241912603378296,
-0.2861312925815582,
0.28847208619117737,
0.42657074332237244,
-0.474374383687973,
-0.4391619563102722,
-0.07603193819522858,
0.6057150363922119,
0.014339210465550423,
-0.04599548131227493,
1.132223129272461,
-0.40954190492630005,
-0.6944214701652527,
0.35088858008384705,
-0.4040784239768982,
-0.35119354724884033,
-0.17570173740386963,
0.27424928545951843,
-0.4446072280406952,
-0.06017370894551277,
0.33327481150627136,
-0.3210291862487793,
-0.05381983518600464,
-0.5220414400100708,
-1.0122082233428955,
0.09438151121139526,
-0.11144299805164337,
-0.5029808878898621,
-0.4784820079803467,
0.6229934096336365,
-0.48873335123062134,
0.38208645582199097,
0.5555636286735535,
-0.4862687885761261,
-0.14291678369045258,
-0.7081868052482605,
0.24793075025081635,
-0.30478790402412415,
0.23764191567897797,
-0.009037957526743412,
1.2407307624816895,
-0.6021664142608643,
-0.7166445851325989,
0.2558754086494446,
0.18582169711589813,
0.6742759346961975,
-0.2859140932559967,
-0.0915444865822792,
0.5779939889907837,
0.5619233250617981,
0.1310320645570755,
-0.04091764986515045,
0.42807862162590027,
-0.23399358987808228,
-0.08426836133003235,
0.28201138973236084,
-0.03430058807134628,
0.2802649140357971,
-0.1516544222831726,
-0.22669191658496857,
0.24664685130119324,
0.6284520030021667,
0.18735332787036896,
0.04816935211420059,
-0.6214115023612976,
0.5160584449768066,
-0.0872194766998291,
-0.19495445489883423,
-0.02328079380095005,
0.11846671998500824,
-0.11519107222557068,
-0.05467000976204872,
-0.72318434715271,
-0.21297790110111237,
0.07811900228261948,
0.10685243457555771,
-0.08306289464235306,
-0.3309858739376068,
0.5200302600860596,
-0.15171757340431213,
0.4021455943584442,
-0.017097733914852142,
0.1434171497821808,
0.256695955991745,
0.8495967388153076,
-0.3313886523246765,
0.15711407363414764,
-0.5351290106773376,
-1.0135443210601807,
-0.03675726801156998,
0.40735191106796265,
-0.6775568723678589,
0.29167869687080383,
0.5645086169242859,
0.10444671660661697,
-0.12743407487869263,
-0.28070729970932007,
-0.11321872472763062,
-0.37429744005203247,
0.03147699311375618,
-0.07024465501308441,
0.16252341866493225,
-0.23515817523002625,
-0.48891565203666687,
0.09675273299217224,
0.8992878198623657,
-0.11500032991170883,
0.3309703469276428,
0.30947598814964294,
0.2625373899936676,
-0.0779397189617157,
-0.21028383076190948,
0.016740994527935982,
-0.31719571352005005,
-0.32235080003738403,
-0.08967956155538559,
-0.08974429965019226,
-0.15551497042179108,
-0.6273224353790283,
0.05858796834945679,
-0.3445158302783966,
0.1381908357143402,
-0.05751508101820946,
-0.020029067993164062,
0.06890549510717392,
-0.2771868109703064,
-0.10442262887954712,
-0.4504951238632202,
0.08133035898208618,
-0.13042545318603516,
0.2922506630420685,
-0.014500782825052738,
-0.4210878610610962,
0.4091111123561859,
0.04062632471323013,
-0.4619378447532654,
-0.08030249178409576,
-0.32795703411102295,
0.25635474920272827,
0.29837900400161743,
-0.12569580972194672,
0.06187310069799423,
0.11418958753347397,
0.10711982846260071,
0.030436519533395767,
-0.4129199683666229,
-0.49029529094696045,
-0.30612391233444214,
0.019184406846761703,
0.6541844010353088,
0.7147887945175171,
-0.1904333084821701,
0.16032208502292633,
0.35381776094436646,
0.5264228582382202,
-0.0827365443110466,
0.03180798143148422,
-0.3623587489128113,
-0.4316600561141968,
0.07440271973609924,
0.2580805718898773,
0.11397191882133484,
-0.06004855036735535,
0.30951952934265137,
0.5627785921096802,
-0.1522992104291916,
-0.04899101331830025,
-0.570200502872467,
-0.35839205980300903,
-0.5332551598548889,
0.18733377754688263,
0.025290682911872864,
0.847403883934021,
-0.14300425350666046,
-0.3581695854663849,
0.22124342620372772,
0.1145692840218544,
0.23187607526779175,
-0.14077240228652954,
-0.4722555875778198,
0.32415398955345154,
-0.468171626329422,
-0.752788782119751,
-0.05993758141994476,
0.12421220541000366,
0.5341252088546753,
0.669620931148529,
0.49673280119895935,
0.9219890832901001,
-1.3573790788650513,
-0.2816528379917145,
0.12287625670433044,
-0.2739427089691162,
-0.1399512141942978,
-0.35780632495880127,
0.17678433656692505,
0.4832841455936432,
-0.4679976999759674,
-0.09949348866939545,
0.3663095235824585,
-0.58049076795578,
0.4259434938430786,
0.033071763813495636,
0.9806247353553772,
-0.5188280940055847,
-0.38632816076278687,
-0.0719214677810669,
-0.4649285078048706,
-0.30076703429222107,
-0.025037307292222977,
0.12079005688428879,
-0.2328314483165741,
0.3443547785282135,
0.3799116015434265,
0.094635009765625,
-0.567987859249115,
-0.18509827554225922,
-0.9768241047859192,
0.1932290643453598,
0.21383507549762726,
0.22250813245773315,
-0.2448965460062027,
0.39891743659973145,
0.06747209280729294,
0.18330125510692596,
0.19842058420181274,
0.05899824947118759,
0.0555255301296711,
0.10660820454359055,
1.0884422063827515,
0.5308288335800171,
-0.04252728074789047,
0.5535696744918823,
-0.000570385018363595,
0.3314416706562042,
0.5011994242668152,
0.10878296941518784,
0.14339718222618103,
-0.28021201491355896,
0.1955627202987671,
-0.20445281267166138,
0.3485151529312134,
0.04539792984724045,
0.1950170397758484,
-0.34846457839012146,
-0.13367772102355957,
0.22650796175003052,
0.20287810266017914,
0.947810709476471,
-0.0023392438888549805,
-0.42883679270744324,
0.510212779045105,
0.09247388690710068,
0.7242343425750732,
0.19740945100784302,
-0.18594813346862793,
-0.4994995594024658,
-0.8779995441436768,
-0.19815975427627563,
0.6088045835494995,
0.08115312457084656,
-0.996591329574585,
0.13250695168972015,
-0.4880923330783844,
0.06802792847156525,
-0.10112050175666809,
-0.22286386787891388,
-0.1896377056837082,
-0.37727096676826477,
0.6063142418861389,
-0.3783363997936249,
0.622704803943634,
-0.5287677645683289,
0.19102604687213898,
-0.062030985951423645,
0.9486750364303589,
0.6422907114028931,
-0.08075067400932312,
-0.2071695178747177,
-0.01863616518676281,
-0.412389874458313,
-0.3131534457206726,
1.0325055122375488,
0.30043479800224304,
-0.08147096633911133,
0.04510662332177162,
-5.49453067779541,
0.9147361516952515,
-0.14206869900226593,
-0.7637965679168701,
0.4487696886062622,
0.3085356652736664,
0.1439550817012787,
-0.2678173780441284,
0.16218087077140808,
0.19131384789943695,
0.0662781372666359,
-0.13564100861549377,
0.5603432655334473,
-0.5330022573471069,
0.0037238479126244783,
-0.2291662096977234,
0.4563353955745697,
-0.6385016441345215,
0.49312523007392883,
0.6004651784896851,
0.1385013610124588,
-0.6034298539161682,
0.02443881705403328,
0.4040743410587311,
-0.08594851195812225,
0.38467371463775635,
-0.06280186027288437,
-0.38923078775405884,
-0.17667362093925476,
-0.4887045621871948,
-0.4066653847694397,
-0.04293875768780708,
0.01493485365062952,
-0.32941731810569763,
-0.2867251932621002,
-0.15449973940849304,
0.431028813123703,
0.03746439144015312,
-0.2187853455543518,
-0.20886337757110596,
-0.044201452285051346,
-0.29448747634887695,
-0.5057985186576843,
0.04865606874227524,
0.724099338054657,
0.29264500737190247,
-0.17852690815925598,
-0.4789258539676666,
-0.890410840511322,
0.09259262681007385,
1.0545152425765991,
-0.18473045527935028,
0.1389111429452896,
-0.1464715301990509,
0.6573715209960938,
-0.4164116084575653,
-0.4665142595767975,
-0.3727042078971863,
-0.6601369976997375,
0.5897248983383179,
0.6687290668487549,
-0.20135381817817688,
-0.2689541280269623,
0.38509196043014526,
-0.182914599776268,
-0.02816026099026203,
0.545033872127533,
0.18410223722457886,
0.12495341151952744,
-0.008671646937727928,
0.672447919845581,
1.0147887468338013,
0.29372331500053406,
-1.3289777040481567,
0.9369317293167114,
0.34102585911750793,
0.2548440098762512,
-0.15857933461666107,
-0.7506981492042542,
-0.3206271529197693,
-0.10523433238267899,
-0.010158180259168148,
0.6721452474594116,
0.004752820357680321,
0.6789003014564514,
0.030107636004686356,
-0.7501081228256226,
0.5054729580879211,
-0.6164700984954834,
-0.2781691551208496,
-0.10162612050771713,
0.1044243797659874,
0.3734736144542694,
0.17180481553077698,
0.15028789639472961,
0.5673473477363586,
0.04501025378704071,
0.64577317237854,
0.03788696229457855,
0.4487124979496002,
0.3882395327091217,
0.2163127213716507,
0.18919996917247772,
-0.705524206161499,
0.23491114377975464,
-0.3342209458351135,
0.1621772050857544,
0.16027748584747314,
0.3073102831840515,
-0.19164599478244781,
-0.28340408205986023,
-0.3601791560649872,
-0.7533119320869446,
-0.19514749944210052,
0.22993624210357666,
-0.687376081943512,
0.14391866326332092,
0.031669627875089645,
-0.02438945136964321,
-0.289511114358902,
0.1515321135520935,
0.3255821466445923,
-0.19725419580936432,
0.1657574623823166,
-0.18707510828971863,
-0.5199703574180603,
-0.2565916180610657,
0.23703518509864807,
-0.11575713753700256,
0.0928296148777008,
0.15104515850543976,
0.33418574929237366,
-0.26755258440971375,
-0.15327872335910797,
-0.419135183095932,
-0.05951480194926262,
-0.25760746002197266,
-0.7469291090965271,
0.07308066636323929,
0.23371542990207672,
0.3752124309539795,
-0.4525030553340912,
0.048255667090415955,
0.41009458899497986,
0.4560397267341614,
-0.14044703543186188,
-0.302339643239975,
-0.47402721643447876,
-0.30021047592163086,
0.48936927318573,
-0.6937815546989441,
-0.48461201786994934,
0.49348536133766174,
-0.8036402463912964,
-0.13520143926143646,
-0.2757778763771057,
-0.11351495236158371,
-0.41799241304397583,
0.04770465940237045,
0.055671703070402145,
-0.36929747462272644,
-0.1194520965218544,
-0.7864359021186829,
-0.003246051026508212,
-0.6313661336898804,
0.49101561307907104,
-0.41231006383895874,
0.09949327260255814,
-0.1508668065071106,
0.1483910083770752,
-0.3574688732624054,
-0.865609347820282,
0.16008956730365753,
0.7186806201934814,
0.46779587864875793,
-0.0463152751326561,
-0.7153609395027161,
-0.4792473018169403,
0.008666911162436008,
-0.03956528380513191,
-0.11916797608137131,
0.16730010509490967,
-0.5414029955863953,
0.2376200258731842,
0.8210971355438232,
-0.5973770022392273,
-0.28602153062820435,
-0.21599869430065155,
-0.48087596893310547,
0.43919292092323303,
-0.08943293243646622,
-0.13575440645217896,
0.1386735439300537,
1.1629444360733032,
-0.32637566328048706,
-0.1450524777173996,
-0.08680063486099243,
0.02318646013736725,
0.15500934422016144,
0.27311697602272034,
-0.07211225479841232,
-0.8007494807243347,
0.5017962455749512,
-0.28049391508102417,
0.3098573088645935,
-0.7985019087791443,
0.14768743515014648,
-0.07455728203058243,
-0.44107937812805176,
0.4736528694629669,
0.6309192776679993,
-0.5177150964736938,
-0.43315672874450684,
0.48056238889694214,
0.13352936506271362,
0.23299472033977509,
0.5172250866889954,
0.014047740958631039,
-0.41879189014434814,
-0.43308448791503906,
0.03793641924858093,
-0.38692450523376465,
-0.23661184310913086,
-0.0033040079288184643,
-0.34993863105773926,
0.5252744555473328,
-0.4230535328388214,
-0.9275718927383423,
1.072279453277588,
-0.06358606368303299,
-0.6200344562530518,
-0.2111557424068451,
-0.17189739644527435,
0.9854776263237,
-0.11376295983791351,
-0.1290282905101776,
0.6817744970321655,
-0.004058605059981346,
-0.7012891173362732,
0.41038545966148376,
0.14159409701824188,
1.4479972124099731,
0.11760135740041733,
-0.07731541246175766,
-0.5449687838554382,
-0.04517492279410362,
0.4480953514575958,
-0.2836914360523224,
0.07277078926563263,
-0.11461193114519119,
0.20382671058177948,
0.21587009727954865,
-0.02704484388232231,
0.4877616763114929,
0.7524964213371277,
-0.3809618055820465,
-0.14894147217273712,
-0.4054608643054962,
0.21429765224456787,
0.1735219806432724,
-0.16103993356227875,
0.6823201179504395,
0.06877665221691132,
0.3129936158657074,
0.3273375928401947,
-0.2771013379096985,
-0.12427779287099838,
0.024892153218388557,
0.5902203321456909,
-0.4383533298969269,
-0.6724157333374023,
-0.14627015590667725,
0.14932113885879517,
0.5374071598052979,
-0.4971131980419159,
0.42857784032821655,
0.06994065642356873,
-0.7174261808395386,
-0.1373560130596161,
0.22309207916259766,
-0.9954602718353271,
-0.3430549204349518,
-0.8545719385147095,
-0.3393156826496124,
-0.16961562633514404,
-0.3630309998989105,
0.13606175780296326,
-0.5323309898376465,
0.06770134717226028,
0.1043921560049057,
-0.2967126667499542,
1.0045477151870728,
0.2006969004869461,
-0.04736678674817085,
-0.19760635495185852,
0.2764967679977417,
0.05242783576250076,
0.3948225677013397,
-0.2935016453266144,
0.12828576564788818,
-0.09632880240678787,
-0.020811492577195168,
-0.022169196978211403,
-0.327669233083725,
-0.1840256005525589,
-0.4888673722743988,
-0.14550723135471344,
-0.8104698061943054,
-0.4723799228668213,
0.4517746865749359,
0.5902153849601746,
0.2273084968328476,
0.12779229879379272,
0.068748340010643,
-0.6337130069732666,
-0.256817489862442,
0.6164034008979797,
0.05148505046963692,
-0.6629913449287415,
0.2399040311574936,
-0.2663247883319855,
0.23346546292304993,
0.38000425696372986,
0.37341955304145813,
0.16829101741313934,
0.3544161915779114,
0.2617295980453491,
0.09366925805807114,
0.029177037999033928,
0.43888556957244873,
0.17217184603214264,
-0.8548110127449036,
0.16316889226436615,
0.6376568078994751,
0.21198536455631256,
-0.44129258394241333,
0.28461048007011414,
-0.7617120742797852,
0.010073302313685417,
0.25932633876800537,
0.10232207924127579,
0.31588125228881836,
-0.2867729067802429,
0.5156101584434509,
0.431542307138443,
-0.007935767062008381,
0.5069554448127747,
-0.06923306733369827,
0.017350081354379654,
-0.017454059794545174,
0.2229129821062088,
-0.1275898516178131,
0.2552368938922882,
-0.5987796783447266,
0.5643380284309387,
-0.2746286690235138,
-0.2979806661605835,
-0.15737514197826385,
-0.7037904858589172,
-0.32686686515808105,
0.032812245190143585,
0.021257465705275536,
1.1866568326950073,
-0.4346323609352112,
-0.13899435102939606,
0.028647959232330322,
-0.5769150257110596,
-0.14330892264842987,
-0.3471769094467163,
0.7282447218894958,
0.43432220816612244,
0.1429024189710617,
-0.1364755779504776,
0.042190294712781906,
-0.08659455180168152,
0.6470874547958374,
0.7611077427864075,
0.11734789609909058,
0.03802873566746712,
-0.12687236070632935,
-0.3296445608139038,
-0.12414101511240005,
0.08183607459068298,
-0.14961056411266327,
0.09767082333564758,
-0.2868947982788086,
0.1980387270450592,
-0.10043605417013168,
-0.026504861190915108,
-0.808604896068573,
0.3823590874671936,
-0.41628050804138184,
-0.012208900414407253,
0.6100673675537109,
0.8249719738960266,
-0.07160428911447525,
0.18580374121665955,
1.1865791082382202,
0.3834358751773834,
0.09897927194833755,
0.2840360701084137,
-0.038776375353336334,
-0.0972975417971611,
-0.4922955632209778,
-0.5434437990188599,
0.6359049081802368,
0.23743826150894165,
-0.32569175958633423,
-0.2348843812942505,
0.9810252785682678,
-0.10586952418088913,
0.564353883266449,
-0.17333196103572845,
0.05980057641863823,
-0.28038159012794495,
-0.29957425594329834,
0.3617754876613617,
-0.24371157586574554,
-0.2637363076210022,
-0.5627052783966064,
0.29976770281791687,
0.014165051281452179,
-0.056906819343566895,
-0.1207164078950882,
-0.3594737946987152,
0.2905751168727875,
-0.05525040626525879,
-0.6744669675827026,
-0.1861208826303482,
0.5798806548118591,
0.36170288920402527,
-0.5307835936546326,
0.2651388943195343,
-0.33895963430404663,
-0.1797918826341629,
-0.25891631841659546,
0.6186719536781311,
0.4694095551967621,
0.09366315603256226,
-0.6499561667442322,
0.8289374709129333,
0.20314465463161469,
-0.24691930413246155,
-0.27449116110801697,
0.21953381597995758,
0.15826240181922913,
0.21212002635002136,
-0.378723680973053,
0.026218771934509277,
0.6522873640060425,
-0.2830730974674225,
-0.10232566297054291,
-0.12980355322360992,
-0.6776160001754761,
0.5144528746604919,
-0.04453897476196289,
0.06757181882858276,
0.33611583709716797,
0.014454559423029423,
-0.7058866620063782
] |
210524
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejas%20and%20Jayhawk
|
Tejas and Jayhawk
|
Tejas was a code name for Intel's microprocessor, which was to be a successor to the latest Pentium 4 with the Prescott core and was sometimes referred to as Pentium V. Jayhawk was a code name for its Xeon counterpart. The cancellation of the processors in May 2004 underscored Intel's historical transition of its focus on single-core processors to multi-core processors.
History
In early 2003, Intel showed Tejas and a plan to release it sometime in 2004, but put it off to 2005. Intel, however, canceled development on May 7, 2004. Analysts attribute these delays and cancellation to heat and power consumption problems due to their goal of reaching ever higher clock speeds, even when sacrificing work done per clock (and therefore performance per clock) in the process. This was already the case with Prescott and its mediocre performance increase over Northwood (not to mention heavy competition from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) with their Athlon 64). Its changes were done to allow Prescott to attain >5 GHz clock speeds with ease, yet this was not possible due to physical limitations (heat generated, power consumed) at ambient temperatures. Tejas went even further ahead with this paradigm, with Intel targeting 10GHz clock speeds by 2011 back in July 2000 (Netburst was launched in November 2000). It was soon enough clear this represented a dead end.
This cancellation reflected Intel's intention to focus on dual-core chips for the Itanium platform. With respect to desktop processors, Intel's development efforts shifted to the Pentium M microarchitecture (itself a derivative of the P6 microarchitecture) used in the Centrino notebook platform, which offered greatly improved performance per watt consumed than offered by Prescott and other NetBurst designs. The outcome of these development efforts was the Intel Core processor line, and later the Intel Core 2 line, providing and building on the benefits of Pentium M and offering Intel's first native dual core products for desktops and laptops.
This defined the end for the Netburst architecture, with Core setting the foundation and path for power efficient architectures that followed along the Tick–tock model.
Design and microarchitecture
Tejas and Jayhawk were to make several improvements on the Pentium 4's NetBurst microarchitecture. Tejas was originally to be built on a 90 nm process, later moving to a 65 nm process. The 90 nm version of the processor was reported to have 1 MB L2 cache, while the 65 nm chip would increase the cache to 2 MB. There was also to be a dual core version of Tejas called Cedarmill (or Cedar Mill depending on the source). This Cedarmill should not be confused with the 65 nm Cedar Mill-based Pentium 4, which appears to be what the codename was recycled for.
The trace cache capacity would likely have been increased, and the number of pipeline stages was increased to between 40 and 50 stages. There would have been an improved version of Hyper-Threading, as well as a new version of SSE, which was later backported to the Intel Core 2 series after Tejas' cancellation and named SSSE3. Tejas was slated to operate at frequencies of 7 GHz or higher. However, it's likely that Tejas wouldn't have had linear performance scaling, as it would on average have executed fewer instructions per clock cycle due to more pipeline bubbles from branch mispredicts and data cache misses. Also, it would have run hotter as well with a TDP much higher than the Prescott core of Pentium 4. The CPU was cancelled late in its development after it had reached its tapeout phase.
Initial claims reported early samples of single core 90 nm Tejas running at 2.8 GHz and rated for 150 W TDP on the LGA 775 socket, a notable increase over single core 90 nm Prescott (Pentium 4 521, 2.8 GHz, 84 W TDP) and higher than 90 nm dual core Smithfield (Pentium D 820, 2.8 GHz, 95 W TDP). In contrast, 65 nm dual core Core 2 Duo processors based on the Core microarchitecture had a maximum of 65 W TDP (E6850, 3.00 GHz) while being much more efficient with markedly higher performance per clock.
However, the existence of engineering samples have been challenged and no source indicates that tape-out of Tejas ever existed - the sample shown in the Anandtech article being a Prescott B0 ES. Most probably only thermal samples of Tejas were produced.
See also
Mac transition to Intel processors
References
General
The New York Times - Intel Halts Development of 2 New Microprocessors
http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20040507000306.html
Intel x86 microprocessors
|
[
0.3523241877555847,
0.3946586847305298,
0.008951541967689991,
0.25525498390197754,
-0.019718585535883904,
0.19926825165748596,
-0.11365270614624023,
-0.06281613558530807,
0.37627720832824707,
0.23892493546009064,
-0.07255261391401291,
0.5838590860366821,
-0.046323537826538086,
0.2832378149032593,
-0.3860856294631958,
0.13274326920509338,
0.5008529424667358,
0.19276750087738037,
0.21428295969963074,
-0.2682681977748871,
0.1413605511188507,
0.060260456055402756,
0.5767732858657837,
-0.059762582182884216,
-0.04985950514674187,
0.4252595603466034,
0.313466340303421,
-0.2491525411605835,
-0.11395040899515152,
0.7720097899436951,
0.4697205424308777,
0.3118847608566284,
0.07538165897130966,
-0.09609836339950562,
-0.3500342071056366,
-0.011862379498779774,
-0.222690150141716,
0.25104033946990967,
-0.4008871018886566,
-1.0035351514816284,
-0.27669617533683777,
-0.39156195521354675,
0.033200569450855255,
0.2793603539466858,
-0.4162852466106415,
0.052301108837127686,
-1.4837734699249268,
-0.20039063692092896,
-0.4232483208179474,
-0.34550216794013977,
-0.4773658812046051,
0.19718420505523682,
-0.34106141328811646,
0.47928586602211,
0.43634292483329773,
0.4284023344516754,
-0.22279809415340424,
-0.9217060804367065,
-0.04619638994336128,
-0.1429438441991806,
0.41578876972198486,
-0.14081044495105743,
0.05461452528834343,
0.03558072820305824,
-0.261528879404068,
0.1328991949558258,
-0.11063167452812195,
-0.17482401430606842,
-0.6192197799682617,
-0.2466953992843628,
-0.4766264855861664,
-0.15709280967712402,
-0.27409759163856506,
0.059565044939517975,
0.09469462931156158,
-0.2778232991695404,
-0.09247392416000366,
0.32114580273628235,
0.42432883381843567,
0.5528730750083923,
0.18226858973503113,
0.5441206097602844,
0.6834836602210999,
-0.08234357088804245,
-0.08078835159540176,
0.36332711577415466,
-0.03476608172059059,
-0.3732994496822357,
-0.40387392044067383,
0.30851420760154724,
-0.660220205783844,
-0.2789841890335083,
0.6163962483406067,
0.7426493167877197,
-0.7557882070541382,
-0.3657984733581543,
0.07220777869224548,
0.16112320125102997,
0.1477462351322174,
0.09403114765882492,
-0.018830841407179832,
0.4784175455570221,
0.3742316961288452,
-0.039794426411390305,
-0.6154022812843323,
-0.15803958475589752,
-0.5279635190963745,
0.09811637550592422,
-0.2244933843612671,
-0.2977164387702942,
-0.6669020056724548,
-0.09079080820083618,
0.5021394491195679,
0.3117327094078064,
-0.11128837615251541,
0.45877528190612793,
-0.23834826052188873,
-0.3315197825431824,
0.11573372036218643,
-0.1055770218372345,
0.4195708930492401,
1.1041316986083984,
-0.009999962523579597,
0.35632893443107605,
0.4229538142681122,
0.4947011470794678,
0.40918827056884766,
0.2786671221256256,
-0.6223267316818237,
0.21405142545700073,
-0.04281569644808769,
0.08004971593618393,
0.14248332381248474,
0.3542109727859497,
-0.32853934168815613,
-0.31230664253234863,
0.5165770053863525,
-0.12935376167297363,
0.018879052251577377,
0.5689945220947266,
-0.7360645532608032,
-0.7350232005119324,
-0.16994161903858185,
-0.5120161771774292,
0.2564407289028168,
-0.18161378800868988,
0.4214831590652466,
0.15040598809719086,
-0.5584421753883362,
0.3659329116344452,
-0.2212435007095337,
-0.30329787731170654,
-0.38136398792266846,
-0.02408115565776825,
0.12573568522930145,
0.17243526875972748,
0.08069537580013275,
-0.0994390994310379,
0.5687752366065979,
0.05296097323298454,
-0.7139987349510193,
0.45146843791007996,
-0.2274155169725418,
-0.16211213171482086,
-0.14174337685108185,
-0.04597078263759613,
0.33181241154670715,
-0.18969684839248657,
0.3152608573436737,
-0.05667577311396599,
-0.0296952947974205,
0.10575544089078903,
0.000053740444855066016,
0.2592834234237671,
-0.20420020818710327,
-0.032067716121673584,
0.7404755353927612,
0.13218937814235687,
0.006750849541276693,
0.43321454524993896,
-0.5358186960220337,
0.19267530739307404,
-0.004797345958650112,
-0.025500083342194557,
-0.4995274543762207,
0.0010670172050595284,
0.4544581174850464,
-0.19557474553585052,
-0.695721447467804,
-0.30465590953826904,
-0.7608500123023987,
-0.10977675765752792,
0.2948443293571472,
-0.31941166520118713,
0.6123661398887634,
-0.17806822061538696,
-0.2592485249042511,
-0.07696540653705597,
-0.47713151574134827,
0.37190496921539307,
0.1545029729604721,
-0.05698321387171745,
0.30831649899482727,
-0.2306707799434662,
-0.2439933717250824,
-0.2309204787015915,
0.08828094601631165,
0.2639637887477875,
0.07628674060106277,
0.44158992171287537,
0.2264268696308136,
-0.2645902931690216,
0.13846047222614288,
0.3274327516555786,
0.21191295981407166,
0.10492517054080963,
-0.3974163830280304,
0.17437228560447693,
0.31451353430747986,
-0.5208446383476257,
0.5568324327468872,
-0.16525238752365112,
-0.09981243312358856,
-0.0020232645329087973,
0.043528664857149124,
0.5058256387710571,
0.05307931825518608,
-0.38368865847587585,
-0.029603568837046623,
0.10067691653966904,
0.02636924386024475,
0.034143850207328796,
-0.047486163675785065,
-0.513134777545929,
0.3227718770503998,
0.22638417780399323,
-0.4062235951423645,
-0.22469480335712433,
0.3668462634086609,
-0.2054097205400467,
0.25581297278404236,
0.17978093028068542,
-0.3129326403141022,
0.5973380208015442,
0.062495410442352295,
-0.6675257682800293,
0.18125708401203156,
-0.2261696755886078,
-0.4288471043109894,
-0.3305568993091583,
-0.1137077584862709,
0.44941335916519165,
0.17785762250423431,
0.30049678683280945,
-0.589904248714447,
-0.0011119385017082095,
-0.31514880061149597,
-0.10176236182451248,
-0.26193851232528687,
0.414305180311203,
-0.01986444555222988,
0.3544010519981384,
-0.09933479875326157,
0.2934649884700775,
0.5237919092178345,
-0.6765981316566467,
-0.2917700409889221,
-0.2753055989742279,
0.17441584169864655,
0.1715240478515625,
0.3221668303012848,
-0.29003921151161194,
-0.18958652019500732,
-0.5283056497573853,
-0.7106074690818787,
-0.8565182089805603,
-0.05545981600880623,
0.07648365199565887,
-0.39959242939949036,
-0.5418771505355835,
0.349541038274765,
0.5536673665046692,
0.5084924101829529,
-0.3058558702468872,
-0.32392746210098267,
-0.4671671688556671,
0.28668278455734253,
-0.8104431629180908,
-0.13621163368225098,
-0.3486374020576477,
-0.19188174605369568,
0.03383056819438934,
-0.6750743389129639,
0.32328635454177856,
-0.5132862329483032,
0.17839308083057404,
0.4699305593967438,
-0.014201967045664787,
0.442491739988327,
-0.31105756759643555,
-0.1444544643163681,
0.5854353308677673,
-0.14290975034236908,
0.09108082950115204,
0.7548849582672119,
-0.617512047290802,
-0.09612440317869186,
0.06210751086473465,
-5.966062545776367,
0.37307214736938477,
-0.15106555819511414,
-0.773160457611084,
0.8724886178970337,
0.44885993003845215,
0.059725746512413025,
-0.047197747975587845,
0.25755661725997925,
-0.3662509620189667,
0.4375046491622925,
0.07760215550661087,
-0.19722230732440948,
-0.38928401470184326,
0.20554642379283905,
0.3039969205856323,
0.5205435752868652,
-0.010180206038057804,
0.6955692768096924,
0.0724039077758789,
0.6895753741264343,
-0.5440710186958313,
-0.0998232513666153,
0.17049555480480194,
0.454190731048584,
0.1663273274898529,
-0.4619976878166199,
0.2831853926181793,
-0.3759060204029083,
0.37820911407470703,
-0.3903196156024933,
0.5785225629806519,
-0.4043191075325012,
0.05370629206299782,
-0.16283759474754333,
0.3474927544593811,
0.4946201741695404,
0.16168265044689178,
0.23940131068229675,
0.04382773116230965,
0.2927941083908081,
0.6154285669326782,
0.2952514886856079,
-0.16914761066436768,
0.1830635517835617,
0.15462209284305573,
-0.26043403148651123,
0.35763785243034363,
-0.08670861274003983,
0.4896886348724365,
-0.2591206729412079,
0.025857767090201378,
0.23342649638652802,
0.5058287382125854,
0.25927287340164185,
-0.36103516817092896,
0.0082938801497221,
-0.10432890057563782,
-0.3293948173522949,
0.8843845129013062,
-0.027956336736679077,
-0.7677127122879028,
-0.03080178052186966,
-0.9623710513114929,
0.17145313322544098,
-0.18483281135559082,
0.08847137540578842,
-0.2626934349536896,
0.4723653197288513,
-0.1625598967075348,
-0.14679856598377228,
0.4139346182346344,
-0.5106303691864014,
-1.2191866636276245,
0.6259016394615173,
-0.12789061665534973,
-0.16134248673915863,
0.1940898299217224,
-0.4961734414100647,
0.37618473172187805,
0.19472314417362213,
-0.5755317807197571,
-0.0893608033657074,
-0.3534283936023712,
0.09902945160865784,
-0.14858531951904297,
-0.704806387424469,
-0.014913692139089108,
0.38600316643714905,
0.5631659030914307,
0.6089773774147034,
-0.6385962963104248,
0.4443739652633667,
-0.2959170937538147,
0.8426073789596558,
-0.23200640082359314,
0.21775959432125092,
0.18981777131557465,
0.1908918172121048,
0.19913189113140106,
0.13292185962200165,
-0.1569041907787323,
0.23547793924808502,
-0.08101066946983337,
-0.1759607344865799,
-0.4350065588951111,
-0.01057122740894556,
0.0654551312327385,
0.6608009338378906,
-0.04510883241891861,
-0.13134291768074036,
-0.41029515862464905,
-0.7069076895713806,
-0.27671709656715393,
0.46207669377326965,
-0.3646053373813629,
-0.45238015055656433,
0.4482284486293793,
0.6417328715324402,
-0.3336303234100342,
-0.5033543705940247,
-0.09548638015985489,
-0.3439755141735077,
-0.12812475860118866,
0.2347128838300705,
-0.49688342213630676,
-0.23523260653018951,
0.3873389661312103,
-0.09610287100076675,
-0.12076719850301743,
-0.3167206048965454,
0.2615211308002472,
-0.3303745687007904,
0.07042351365089417,
-0.403663694858551,
0.12510733306407928,
-0.18265429139137268,
-0.2033568173646927,
-0.5008047819137573,
-0.2649061679840088,
-0.46251383423805237,
0.15348787605762482,
0.21247133612632751,
0.10499109327793121,
0.5897541642189026,
-0.0037035015411674976,
0.25053203105926514,
-0.6456444263458252,
-0.24064144492149353,
0.2741367816925049,
0.7222093343734741,
-0.16777010262012482,
0.6287937760353088,
0.08045550435781479,
-0.12578970193862915,
0.17135970294475555,
0.5884857773780823,
0.29074200987815857,
-0.4604800343513489,
-0.41643741726875305,
0.6707940101623535,
0.12986135482788086,
-0.721750795841217,
0.4880712330341339,
0.5216527581214905,
0.23013418912887573,
-0.24608992040157318,
-0.5452896952629089,
0.11628032475709915,
0.2337014377117157,
0.6492552161216736,
-0.684600830078125,
-0.6338809132575989,
0.19170576333999634,
0.39354583621025085,
0.1992504745721817,
-0.5139492750167847,
-0.4559258818626404,
-0.04224950075149536,
-0.06111739203333855,
0.07246209681034088,
0.022934332489967346,
-0.24445979297161102,
0.6705256104469299,
0.24721325933933258,
-0.7266191244125366,
-0.4197998344898224,
0.048306141048669815,
-0.4264139235019684,
-0.14126674830913544,
0.12253274768590927,
0.0138544961810112,
0.5448732376098633,
0.3893009424209595,
-0.4561561644077301,
-0.12801799178123474,
-0.2064579278230667,
0.5597610473632812,
0.20060642063617706,
-0.9642455577850342,
-0.26372554898262024,
0.43078792095184326,
0.3150676190853119,
0.3355860412120819,
0.5283446311950684,
-0.08099526911973953,
0.33578190207481384,
-0.19192096590995789,
-0.145956888794899,
0.21488834917545319,
-0.21942606568336487,
-0.9649766683578491,
0.2581782639026642,
0.6974229216575623,
0.256772518157959,
0.030724486336112022,
0.1815282255411148,
0.21337474882602692,
-0.5767678022384644,
-0.4485817849636078,
0.1351129710674286,
-0.17656216025352478,
0.02368781715631485,
-0.35121965408325195,
-0.6895842552185059,
0.5629609227180481,
-0.10735180228948593,
-0.1504759043455124,
0.34950926899909973,
-0.43316468596458435,
-0.3991851508617401,
-0.15223975479602814,
-0.26952436566352844,
0.2628070116043091,
-0.14508651196956635,
0.1889251321554184,
-0.12221354246139526,
0.02860727161169052,
0.25173816084861755,
-0.09667983651161194,
0.2272646427154541,
0.3262855112552643,
-0.2866985499858856,
-0.2274564504623413,
-0.24062666296958923,
0.5354415774345398,
-0.24316129088401794,
-0.09644084423780441,
-0.5724952220916748,
0.028514329344034195,
-0.36512070894241333,
-0.34522226452827454,
-0.14517471194267273,
-0.03660745918750763,
1.1866765022277832,
-0.3169950246810913,
-0.4763880670070648,
-0.3536215126514435,
-0.07681075483560562,
-0.31503087282180786,
-0.6985028982162476,
0.23765972256660461,
-0.8477017283439636,
0.2718340754508972,
-0.22329328954219818,
0.23533131182193756,
-0.4905910789966583,
0.04828109219670296,
0.3565058410167694,
-0.20409178733825684,
-0.04044976830482483,
-0.30807000398635864,
0.21994733810424805,
0.9983982443809509,
0.1134413331747055,
-0.15580900013446808,
0.08714558929204941,
-0.35993891954421997,
-0.3119353950023651,
0.4862097203731537,
-0.147647425532341,
0.14520607888698578,
-0.0428144596517086,
-0.5278659462928772,
-0.41849902272224426,
-0.03898869827389717,
0.04392073675990105,
-0.571051836013794,
0.12510375678539276,
0.24628402292728424,
-0.2587784230709076,
0.599698007106781,
0.4821842610836029,
-0.38720983266830444,
-0.5877177715301514,
-0.24595843255519867,
0.41110342741012573,
0.046598076820373535,
0.13475923240184784,
0.39732658863067627,
0.05821860581636429,
0.5381158590316772,
0.14770837128162384,
0.13544245064258575,
0.3640325665473938,
-0.09868314862251282,
0.4292645752429962,
0.30277660489082336,
-0.15684889256954193,
-0.4008667469024658,
0.01533330138772726,
0.05153638869524002,
0.07147762924432755,
0.4972870349884033,
-0.6434846520423889,
0.18629537522792816,
0.5546996593475342,
0.1286764293909073,
0.058375269174575806,
-0.09129583835601807,
0.5129249691963196,
0.2796432673931122,
0.4378490746021271,
-0.016445957124233246,
-0.10759288817644119,
0.32137179374694824,
-0.14464503526687622,
-0.9523535370826721,
0.014481657184660435,
0.42784515023231506,
0.4018470048904419,
-0.10606761276721954,
-0.35433295369148254,
0.21273154020309448,
-0.2120363414287567,
-0.26013609766960144,
0.17238286137580872,
-0.36410877108573914,
-0.4075370132923126,
0.8730460405349731,
0.5479182600975037,
0.45145756006240845,
0.16151151061058044,
0.2735554873943329,
-0.42863762378692627,
0.08114098757505417,
0.5521488785743713,
0.36394721269607544,
0.1071619912981987,
0.3704756498336792,
-0.3982638418674469,
-0.019353829324245453,
0.07682942599058151,
0.029643351212143898,
-0.08094122260808945,
-0.4679393768310547,
-0.035787951201200485,
0.23857788741588593,
-0.01578693650662899,
-0.4944556951522827,
-0.371174156665802,
0.42425665259361267,
0.7903158068656921,
-0.4281923472881317,
-0.23333190381526947,
0.37459662556648254,
-0.33867043256759644,
-0.3988886773586273,
0.08752326667308807,
0.19493786990642548,
0.09767947345972061,
0.33835330605506897,
0.10688909143209457,
-0.05138574540615082,
0.021289510652422905,
0.552221417427063,
0.7112157940864563,
0.24726036190986633,
-0.31018951535224915,
-0.11952254176139832,
-0.04489804059267044,
-0.019252613186836243,
-0.22113662958145142,
-0.2704430818557739,
0.1406680792570114,
0.29647448658943176,
-0.2584519386291504,
0.7980867624282837,
0.3445226848125458,
-0.21832476556301117,
0.24067623913288116,
-0.4546976387500763,
0.15233583748340607,
0.142067551612854,
-0.14491738379001617,
0.7034797668457031,
-0.09502246975898743,
0.37364229559898376,
-0.14234966039657593,
0.4744255244731903,
0.2226226031780243,
0.1229914128780365,
-0.1980031579732895,
-0.46263909339904785,
-0.2094312310218811,
-0.0870291069149971,
-0.5529801845550537,
0.3369402289390564,
-0.7883244156837463,
0.3033828139305115,
-0.05699702724814415,
-0.580815315246582,
0.1971786469221115,
-0.08420110493898392,
-0.7049202919006348,
-0.37884506583213806,
0.36740243434906006,
-0.3808102607727051,
-0.35650643706321716,
-0.16803008317947388,
0.04652654007077217,
-0.223744735121727,
0.1354377120733261,
-0.01098161656409502,
0.069407157599926,
-0.1345541626214981,
1.0154303312301636,
0.07565083354711533,
-0.5680283904075623,
0.3630068898200989,
0.48518332839012146,
-0.18912915885448456,
0.13813163340091705,
0.111130490899086,
-0.5727788209915161,
-0.6890854239463806,
0.39127790927886963,
0.2976391017436981,
0.0754695013165474,
0.11089232563972473,
0.3119075894355774,
0.1451326310634613,
0.3923487961292267,
-0.004424447659403086,
-0.4658328592777252,
-0.4327705204486847,
-0.17912240326404572,
-0.5207074880599976,
-0.5207498073577881,
0.5948945879936218,
0.0776059553027153,
0.08589577674865723,
-0.12319005280733109,
-0.22167213261127472,
0.6213674545288086,
0.36200249195098877,
0.5371407866477966,
-0.369705468416214,
0.3680255115032196,
-0.521799623966217
] |
210529
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Catholic%20dioceses%20in%20Ireland
|
List of Catholic dioceses in Ireland
|
This is a comprehensive list of Roman Catholic dioceses in the island of Ireland. Roman Catholicism in Ireland comprises only a Latin rite hierarchy, encompassing both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, having been unaffected by the partition of Ireland in 1920–22. There are no Eastern Catholic jurisdictions, nor other exempt Ordinariates.
There are 26 dioceses in Ireland, each led by a diocesan bishop (including four Metropolitan Archdioceses). They are organised into a single all-island Episcopal Conference that is based in the primatial see of Armagh.
The Holy See is represented by the Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland. A separate Apostolic Nunciature in London represents the Holy See in England, Wales and Scotland.
Structural changes over the years
The diocesan system of Christian church government in Ireland was set up by the Synod of Rathbreasail in 1111 and modified by the Synod of Kells in 1152, replacing the earlier Celtic Christian monastic model. The island of Ireland is divided into four ecclesiastical provinces each headed by a metropolitan archbishop. The provinces were almost co-extensive with their contemporary civil counterparts. After the
Reformation in Ireland, both the Protestant Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic Church saw themselves as successors to the pre-Reformation church. Most bishops were non-resident during the enforcement of the Penal Laws, but the dioceses continued to exist. Whereas English Catholic dioceses were forbidden by law from having the same name as a diocese of the established Church of England, no such prohibition was made for Irish dioceses.
The Roman Catholic dioceses remained close to the original, with a few notable differences. Firstly, several dioceses with small populations were merged, and now have more than one name to represent their merger. Secondly, the Diocese of Galway was created in 1831 following the abolition of the Wardenship of Galway.
James Butler 2nd, the Archbishop of Cashel and Emly (1774–91), on being appointed by Rome moved his residence and cathedra from Cashel, favouring Thurles instead, where his successors continue to reign today. Similarly, in the Diocese of Elphin, the Cathedral, which was originally established in the County Roscommon town of Elphin, is now in Sligo.
Another change is that the ancient see of Kilfenora has been administered by the Bishop of Galway in the province of Tuam since the late 19th Century. The correct title of the Bishop is now the Bishop of Galway and Kilmacduagh and Apostolic Administrator of Kilfenora. More recently, the Diocese of Ross merged with the Diocese of Cork to form the Diocese of Cork and Ross in the 1950s.
Geographic boundaries
Unlike many (European) countries, the boundaries of the Roman Catholic dioceses in Ireland do not conform with the political border between the Republic of Ireland (independent) and Northern Ireland (part of the UK). One archdiocese and three dioceses straddle the international border; two dioceses are wholly in Northern Ireland.
Metropolitan Archdiocese of Armagh (includes parts of counties Armagh, Louth, Londonderry and Tyrone)
Diocese of Clogher (includes parts of counties Tyrone, Fermanagh and Monaghan )
Diocese of Derry (includes parts of counties Londonderry, Antrim, Donegal, and Tyrone)
Diocese of Kilmore (includes parts of County Fermanagh)
Diocese of Down and Connor (in Northern Ireland)
Diocese of Dromore (in Northern Ireland)
Current dioceses
Ecclesiastical province of Armagh
Approximating the civil province of Ulster; mainly in Northern Ireland.
Metropolitan Archdiocese of Armagh, primatial see of all Ireland – seat Northern Ireland, part in Republic of Ireland
Diocese of Ardagh (united with the titular bishopric Clonmacnois) – Republic of Ireland only
Diocese of Clogher - seat in Republic of Ireland, part in Northern Ireland
Diocese of Derry - seat Northern Ireland, part in Republic of Ireland
Diocese of Down and Connor - Northern Ireland only
Diocese of Dromore - Northern Ireland only
Diocese of Kilmore - seat Republic of Ireland, part in Northern Ireland
Diocese of Meath - Republic of Ireland only
Diocese of Raphoe - Republic of Ireland only
Ecclesiastical province of Cashel
Approximating the civil province of Munster.
Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly
Diocese of Cloyne
Diocese of Cork and Ross
Diocese of Kerry
Diocese of Killaloe
Diocese of Limerick
Diocese of Waterford and Lismore
Ecclesiastical province of Dublin
Approximating the civil province of Leinster.
Metropolitan Archdiocese of Dublin
Diocese of Ferns
Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin
Diocese of Ossory
Ecclesiastical province of Tuam
Approximating the civil province of Connacht.
Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tuam
Diocese of Achonry
Diocese of Clonfert
Diocese of Elphin
Diocese of Galway and Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora
Diocese of Killala
As the Diocese of Kilfenora is in the Ecclesiastical province of Cashel, the Bishop of Galway and Kilmacduagh is its apostolic administrator rather than bishop.
Former dioceses
There are seventeen titular sees in Ireland (of which two are united in personal union with current sees): Ardcarne, Ardmore, Ath Truim, Ceanannus Mór, Cell Ausaille, Cill Fhionnúrach (united with Galway and Kilmacduagh), Clonmacnoise (united with Diocese of Ardagh), Cluain Iraird, Cunga Féichin, Domnach Sechnaill, Duleek, Eanach Dúin, Glenndálocha, Inis Cathaig, Louth, Mageó, Roscrea, Slebte, Árd Sratha (formerly as Ardstraw an abbey nullius becoming a diocese, merged into Diocese of Cinél nEógain and Ardstraw; territory now in diocese Derry).
See also
Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference
List of Church of Ireland dioceses for the Anglican church
List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) (including archdioceses)
List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view) (including archdioceses)
List of Roman Catholic archdioceses (by country and continent)
Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland
Notes and References
Inline
In general
Dioceses of Ireland
1836 Index of Roman Catholic Parishes
Sources and External links
Irish Bishops Conference - Map of the dioceses of Ireland.
GCatholic.org - Republic.
GCatholic.org - Northern Ireland.
2011 Census Boundaries, including shapefiles for Catholic dioceses; from the Central Statistics Office, Ireland
Catholic-Hierarchy entry.
Dioceses, Roman Catholic
Ireland
|
[
-0.4922291934490204,
0.5218341946601868,
-0.3739321827888489,
-1.0939606428146362,
-0.5113334059715271,
0.32011017203330994,
0.9271671772003174,
1.1018540859222412,
-0.8814009428024292,
-0.3580222427845001,
-0.3541107773780823,
0.11249373108148575,
0.14433911442756653,
0.21657657623291016,
0.4061130881309509,
0.8055537343025208,
0.5796310305595398,
0.6487635970115662,
0.2917529344558716,
-0.6952537298202515,
-0.03932401165366173,
-0.02401580661535263,
0.0009311334579251707,
0.2119191288948059,
0.2553618550300598,
0.18214236199855804,
0.6462706923484802,
-0.1983160674571991,
-0.6517422199249268,
-0.4111230969429016,
0.06384767591953278,
0.5504135489463806,
-0.08269695937633514,
-0.17393171787261963,
0.2759550213813782,
-0.4165193438529968,
0.35217994451522827,
-0.40767449140548706,
-0.44579094648361206,
0.04435845464468002,
-0.43436989188194275,
-0.617943525314331,
0.2169065922498703,
0.43518322706222534,
0.5966585278511047,
0.15079841017723083,
-1.0376101732254028,
0.11277662962675095,
-0.4394344687461853,
0.8785098791122437,
-0.4340093731880188,
-0.23934830725193024,
0.4986189603805542,
0.1426246464252472,
-0.011259179562330246,
0.3926204741001129,
-0.7988797426223755,
0.6753123998641968,
0.35542601346969604,
0.03809747472405434,
-0.3713884651660919,
0.8922295570373535,
0.04532117396593094,
-0.08270587772130966,
0.22413228452205658,
-0.4081237018108368,
0.1668158918619156,
0.5979667901992798,
-0.7869925498962402,
-0.3126402199268341,
0.23425717651844025,
-0.3921720087528229,
0.2842244505882263,
0.08036496490240097,
0.1581667810678482,
-0.22778531908988953,
-0.0736246258020401,
-0.2424774169921875,
0.11124754697084427,
-0.5484727025032043,
-0.1116395890712738,
0.3715543746948242,
0.6542647480964661,
0.28815144300460815,
0.6171525120735168,
0.18381813168525696,
-0.580600380897522,
-0.3963465392589569,
-0.3559519946575165,
0.9014086127281189,
-0.024309774860739708,
0.0830359011888504,
-0.12253671139478683,
0.1032399907708168,
-0.3280605375766754,
-0.07135968655347824,
0.25184011459350586,
0.2345726639032364,
0.004951065871864557,
0.4684355854988098,
0.21334947645664215,
0.4437926411628723,
0.4913249909877777,
-0.45313915610313416,
-0.544190526008606,
-0.3494376242160797,
-0.2421642243862152,
-0.07019446790218353,
-0.12754850089550018,
-0.822441816329956,
-1.2028149366378784,
-0.06866595149040222,
0.07089587301015854,
0.40492507815361023,
0.3336264491081238,
-0.2611786127090454,
0.31725025177001953,
-0.17751488089561462,
-0.4601171612739563,
-0.02607491984963417,
-0.27813977003097534,
0.6915280818939209,
0.1316622793674469,
0.03438461571931839,
-0.11614446341991425,
0.2880660891532898,
0.7854482531547546,
0.14096559584140778,
0.27363693714141846,
0.5975170731544495,
0.028221536427736282,
0.9985939860343933,
-0.611117959022522,
-0.0949149876832962,
0.2980289161205292,
-0.2754126191139221,
-0.24641366302967072,
-0.14170046150684357,
0.9596724510192871,
0.28538423776626587,
-1.102846384048462,
-0.12487774342298508,
-1.1791915893554688,
-0.05847613885998726,
0.5361897945404053,
-0.3272843658924103,
-0.810135006904602,
-0.32529959082603455,
-0.5415701866149902,
-0.3276282250881195,
0.18623659014701843,
-0.2052716165781021,
0.23502196371555328,
0.8288890719413757,
-0.311373770236969,
0.6894530653953552,
0.26944684982299805,
0.10083205252885818,
0.25041335821151733,
0.07879190146923065,
-0.27260643243789673,
0.0474732369184494,
0.3114262521266937,
0.10453903675079346,
-0.10662353038787842,
0.5497788786888123,
0.5515583157539368,
0.11984732747077942,
0.14726530015468597,
-0.30175673961639404,
-1.022834062576294,
0.1982520967721939,
0.6400115489959717,
-0.7955160140991211,
-0.36984166502952576,
0.15565937757492065,
0.7187151312828064,
0.22596526145935059,
0.29557085037231445,
-0.4237200915813446,
-0.7809734344482422,
-0.08042614907026291,
0.3774317800998688,
0.05394363030791283,
-0.12013167887926102,
0.13554424047470093,
0.4306459128856659,
-0.10587438195943832,
-0.20140761137008667,
0.1925240159034729,
0.065440334379673,
-0.47469860315322876,
0.7687235474586487,
-0.502574622631073,
1.0272955894470215,
0.01888568513095379,
-0.31892427802085876,
-0.33304908871650696,
0.25767314434051514,
0.5311566591262817,
-0.4722139537334442,
-0.23588813841342926,
0.31025752425193787,
0.5397815108299255,
-0.9291876554489136,
1.486628532409668,
-0.05216066166758537,
0.32714152336120605,
0.5077797174453735,
0.4178617298603058,
0.33234965801239014,
-0.5257534980773926,
0.5134882926940918,
0.24694527685642242,
-0.41468432545661926,
-0.05929818004369736,
-0.40559443831443787,
-0.566503643989563,
0.1442987322807312,
-0.7254049181938171,
0.41529956459999084,
0.39054590463638306,
0.5829504132270813,
0.643337607383728,
-0.3708520531654358,
0.534408688545227,
-0.057121824473142624,
0.14242751896381378,
0.38436999917030334,
-0.5752502679824829,
0.7862604856491089,
-0.14041730761528015,
-0.13146060705184937,
-0.27266979217529297,
-0.2697313129901886,
-0.49213942885398865,
-0.03854833170771599,
-0.2091609388589859,
0.04573642462491989,
-0.1514766812324524,
0.4090261161327362,
-0.36271098256111145,
-0.5119646787643433,
-0.041246943175792694,
-0.22463786602020264,
0.38581347465515137,
0.06027824431657791,
0.054217468947172165,
0.150566965341568,
0.15644517540931702,
0.9971874952316284,
0.06200820580124855,
0.2425040602684021,
-0.4054713249206543,
0.5931877493858337,
0.2985582947731018,
0.1473623812198639,
0.08218040317296982,
-0.21713967621326447,
0.3317275047302246,
-0.5174475312232971,
-0.26055964827537537,
0.26975834369659424,
0.5474046468734741,
-0.1671053022146225,
-0.6705687642097473,
-0.28280994296073914,
-0.773632287979126,
0.4409785866737366,
0.10150078684091568,
0.12655818462371826,
-0.5163418650627136,
-0.6894946694374084,
-1.6226712465286255,
0.13531626760959625,
0.5138447284698486,
-0.6035731434822083,
0.3562643229961395,
-0.6823589205741882,
0.15712787210941315,
-0.5608966946601868,
0.4049314260482788,
0.05900656804442406,
-0.30436500906944275,
-0.7650197744369507,
0.07900211960077286,
0.5836710333824158,
-0.5134477615356445,
-0.6147533655166626,
0.018087206408381462,
-0.5835095643997192,
-0.6150578856468201,
-0.11374659836292267,
-0.10670200735330582,
-0.23921431601047516,
-0.07911389321088791,
0.7799054384231567,
0.127641499042511,
-0.3799479305744171,
-0.7515830993652344,
-0.5814147591590881,
0.1658664047718048,
-0.025319447740912437,
-0.10076087713241577,
-0.05040939524769783,
0.1218147724866867,
-0.4936158061027527,
-0.06207514926791191,
-4.8331522941589355,
0.23221421241760254,
-0.5188266634941101,
-0.469331294298172,
-0.008417632430791855,
-0.2614602744579315,
0.37203022837638855,
-0.6963143348693848,
-0.05754268169403076,
-0.4947671890258789,
-0.08826874196529388,
0.15426340699195862,
0.10842905193567276,
0.9100978374481201,
0.7200433611869812,
0.7793022394180298,
0.8137333393096924,
-0.5570895075798035,
0.2408253252506256,
-0.03401878476142883,
-0.4904993176460266,
0.0726814866065979,
0.33248472213745117,
-0.046884190291166306,
0.0625789687037468,
1.3709129095077515,
-0.20049937069416046,
-0.13068585097789764,
-0.2816614806652069,
0.22789739072322845,
-0.056376274675130844,
-0.07375326007604599,
0.16822251677513123,
-0.5646607875823975,
-0.6614004969596863,
-0.3047214448451996,
0.7399068474769592,
0.20603622496128082,
0.6502162218093872,
-0.9213270545005798,
-0.13147643208503723,
0.6544251441955566,
-0.071158766746521,
0.11674967408180237,
0.4254103899002075,
-0.8507130742073059,
-1.3372867107391357,
0.18940342962741852,
-0.5650588274002075,
1.428983211517334,
-0.3443848192691803,
0.029883291572332382,
0.5092574954032898,
0.6805800795555115,
0.42031246423721313,
-0.7928782105445862,
0.47555291652679443,
-0.1954120546579361,
-0.2617296278476715,
0.45298221707344055,
0.48241299390792847,
-0.6256577372550964,
-0.6127675175666809,
-0.3661174178123474,
0.12023225426673889,
0.2953224182128906,
-0.920185923576355,
0.1328345388174057,
-0.051935505121946335,
-0.22794993221759796,
-0.3770677149295807,
-0.4506281018257141,
-0.1898641139268875,
-0.8845563530921936,
-0.12524552643299103,
-0.5735282897949219,
-0.5229352712631226,
0.03440919518470764,
0.5232385993003845,
0.3995817005634308,
-0.4402400255203247,
0.23434166610240936,
-0.791130006313324,
0.5031782984733582,
-0.06319738924503326,
-0.32784077525138855,
-0.35483816266059875,
0.2734837830066681,
-0.3576975464820862,
-0.9449924826622009,
0.204273521900177,
-0.2908291816711426,
0.5349550843238831,
0.6284862160682678,
0.18305940926074982,
0.9745754599571228,
1.0775920152664185,
-0.13898654282093048,
0.36556801199913025,
-0.19079966843128204,
0.5503942966461182,
-0.12215210497379303,
0.17572566866874695,
-0.00029770637047477067,
-0.12133783102035522,
-0.43960925936698914,
0.1414845883846283,
1.026350736618042,
-0.14283162355422974,
-0.3426196873188019,
-0.05027046427130699,
-0.5679867267608643,
-0.7102392315864563,
-0.14350715279579163,
0.400363564491272,
-0.03706718608736992,
-0.43902483582496643,
0.5869211554527283,
0.6786486506462097,
0.4576377272605896,
0.7150049805641174,
-0.5512328147888184,
0.09889513999223709,
0.5556240081787109,
-0.7622902989387512,
-0.2460339218378067,
-0.0014243244659155607,
0.17165857553482056,
0.1989588588476181,
0.1911005824804306,
0.37035486102104187,
0.2605695426464081,
0.3075321614742279,
0.2591959536075592,
-0.09525129944086075,
0.008435565046966076,
-0.03795679286122322,
-0.3740566074848175,
0.424699604511261,
-0.2972584366798401,
0.5756184458732605,
-0.6822671294212341,
-0.46158573031425476,
0.31383848190307617,
-0.2501879036426544,
0.7910045385360718,
-0.5394129157066345,
-0.20771577954292297,
-0.17949309945106506,
0.594128429889679,
-0.4577125608921051,
-0.487394243478775,
0.17217878997325897,
-0.6281870007514954,
-0.3909585475921631,
0.30471402406692505,
-0.09707918763160706,
0.17061755061149597,
-0.3935111463069916,
-0.3512273132801056,
0.13299638032913208,
-0.686134934425354,
-0.7409167289733887,
0.4258061945438385,
0.5433492660522461,
-0.6003013253211975,
0.2885519862174988,
0.05358090624213219,
-0.3888489305973053,
0.7702761888504028,
-0.35193365812301636,
0.014512543566524982,
-0.6694236993789673,
0.0780554786324501,
0.25275272130966187,
-0.11426401138305664,
0.4484436810016632,
1.0000333786010742,
-0.2761029899120331,
0.3949299454689026,
0.049128592014312744,
-0.2305244654417038,
0.11718770116567612,
0.7669245600700378,
0.6455797553062439,
-0.31038108468055725,
-0.4190855324268341,
-0.028840143233537674,
0.010564140975475311,
0.2810165584087372,
0.02595057524740696,
0.6987292766571045,
0.060655489563941956,
0.0654904916882515,
-0.7796787619590759,
-0.9986414313316345,
-0.04022343456745148,
-0.1034940779209137,
0.002814121777191758,
-0.29590460658073425,
0.6745558977127075,
0.24391746520996094,
-0.28258180618286133,
0.29967111349105835,
0.31764253973960876,
-0.41850540041923523,
0.8643367290496826,
-0.18049731850624084,
-0.4422551989555359,
0.3679402470588684,
-0.06547541171312332,
-0.5671049356460571,
-0.30852025747299194,
1.1500113010406494,
-0.19457638263702393,
-0.2938004434108734,
0.07189634442329407,
-0.10027918219566345,
-0.48095741868019104,
-0.1986757516860962,
0.033118877559900284,
-0.3282566964626312,
0.11679623275995255,
0.36441612243652344,
-0.13156545162200928,
0.4538070261478424,
0.42277106642723083,
-1.417596459388733,
0.18010982871055603,
0.12653584778308868,
-0.1260075718164444,
0.10670024901628494,
0.2585100531578064,
0.06171832233667374,
-0.20819951593875885,
0.6133338212966919,
0.05424737185239792,
0.2638508379459381,
-0.7872887849807739,
0.5027078986167908,
0.18006005883216858,
1.3193368911743164,
0.15110932290554047,
-0.9425990581512451,
-0.3382833003997803,
-0.39013540744781494,
0.1048538014292717,
-0.8798542618751526,
-0.6806420683860779,
0.3412201702594757,
-0.1362518072128296,
-0.40097442269325256,
-0.4750306010246277,
-0.5034801363945007,
0.4413106441497803,
-0.36628657579421997,
-0.3602486252784729,
0.44254744052886963,
0.005883983336389065,
-0.153961181640625,
0.39770540595054626,
-0.3463936448097229,
0.21822692453861237,
0.35803285241127014,
0.7324506640434265,
-0.6746829748153687,
-0.11129393428564072,
-0.5462563037872314,
0.6227172613143921,
0.389350563287735,
-0.5649909377098083,
-0.09609229117631912,
0.11687084287405014,
-0.05671524256467819,
-0.08260051161050797,
0.09340792149305344,
0.1789780706167221,
-0.45120033621788025,
0.7145849466323853,
-0.10914552956819534,
-0.20199117064476013,
0.15837427973747253,
0.07307028770446777,
0.08575280755758286,
0.1433550864458084,
-0.5989695191383362,
-0.2020527869462967,
0.10907948762178421,
-0.3454321622848511,
-0.04562150686979294,
-0.05540848150849342,
-0.6322859525680542,
-0.02596413530409336,
0.1536691039800644,
0.0032492137979716063,
0.24168312549591064,
-0.35089415311813354,
-0.39102476835250854,
0.11804443597793579,
-0.06562354415655136,
-0.48649510741233826,
0.4574442505836487,
0.1869228035211563,
-0.6311289072036743,
-0.08320675045251846,
-0.08145909011363983,
0.1995880901813507,
-0.16386114060878754,
-0.5082129836082458,
-0.5299715399742126,
0.5543660521507263,
0.4781116545200348,
0.3690130412578583,
0.4151562750339508,
0.09055977314710617,
0.17412133514881134,
0.5400278568267822,
-0.9665436148643494,
-0.09947985410690308,
0.4646415710449219,
0.14777077734470367,
-0.07365542650222778,
-0.1022542342543602,
0.4462551772594452,
0.10335784405469894,
0.4586607813835144,
-0.44654425978660583,
-0.4769303798675537,
0.6995843052864075,
0.24368074536323547,
0.4785597324371338,
0.12096881121397018,
-0.9216305017471313,
0.764897346496582,
-0.6932908296585083,
-0.48644429445266724,
0.3406229317188263,
-0.2779131531715393,
-0.3245682716369629,
0.5655820965766907,
0.34735313057899475,
0.8313193321228027,
-0.4209096133708954,
-0.28287896513938904,
-0.70012366771698,
-0.2485571652650833,
-0.41468003392219543,
-0.40641167759895325,
-0.04044966772198677,
-0.375166118144989,
0.3906019330024719,
0.3765529692173004,
0.44821247458457947,
0.7127318978309631,
0.126989483833313,
0.053698379546403885,
-0.04918479919433594,
-0.3086138069629669,
-0.08668055385351181,
-1.25734543800354,
-0.7294707298278809,
-0.09410340338945389,
-0.16359727084636688,
0.4149787425994873,
0.29230308532714844,
0.15312178432941437,
0.5475175976753235,
0.24787425994873047,
-0.3818259537220001,
0.6010268330574036,
0.25619012117385864,
0.018365560099482536,
-0.005799082573503256,
-0.6514397263526917,
0.11759965121746063,
0.7719648480415344,
0.031142091378569603,
0.21033020317554474,
0.09163037687540054,
-0.34962785243988037,
-0.6617257595062256,
0.29666247963905334,
-0.3639775514602661,
-0.2471756488084793,
0.4221331477165222,
0.12116909772157669,
0.000559729291126132,
0.6069552898406982,
0.26865455508232117,
0.4009045660495758,
-0.05142853036522865,
0.04231807962059975,
0.6728633642196655,
0.1940654218196869,
-0.01799788512289524,
-0.12797808647155762,
-0.4851456880569458,
0.593291699886322,
0.8932748436927795,
-0.23333975672721863,
-0.08933211117982864,
0.349782258272171,
-0.07457291334867477,
0.06629476696252823,
-0.21589770913124084,
0.6271153688430786,
0.19243565201759338,
0.13927201926708221,
-0.13710129261016846,
-0.220169335603714,
0.21825987100601196,
0.6414820551872253,
-0.35485631227493286,
0.24314957857131958,
-0.5303173065185547,
0.5913922786712646,
0.7438172101974487,
-0.08277253806591034,
-0.3074866533279419,
-0.3744296133518219,
-0.036338403820991516,
-0.2024526298046112,
0.20286601781845093,
0.8353407979011536,
0.13638532161712646,
-0.5650181174278259,
-0.125820592045784,
0.27044782042503357,
-0.600673496723175,
0.5994449257850647,
-0.18079286813735962,
-0.07056152820587158,
-0.18431603908538818,
0.2632857859134674,
-0.37019675970077515,
0.4522954225540161,
0.2485012710094452,
0.4375371038913727,
0.2721191942691803,
-0.12867136299610138,
-0.6813949942588806,
0.14540979266166687,
0.07633815705776215,
0.4613739848136902,
-2.4637234210968018,
-0.3750709593296051,
0.11491040885448456,
-0.6675228476524353,
-0.7798681259155273,
0.508616030216217,
0.05697603523731232,
-0.24942979216575623,
0.502697229385376,
-0.8949465155601501,
0.16994060575962067,
-0.5143419504165649,
0.49333035945892334,
-0.3067299425601959,
-0.033959124237298965,
0.7105006575584412
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.